Popular Science Monthly 1928-02: Vol 112 Iss 2

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et” ad Inventions a 1872 ertes an 2 e a 2 Z eo) 2 cAill the New Discov . hthis Issue’ What Doctors Dont Know About

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Lacie on bg gia oe When sore throat rules the house Mothers should present the facts to a great novelist and let him write of the trials of a woman whose three children and husband are at home for a week or more with a cold. Fretful little Junior . . . his sniffling sisters . . . the irri- table father out of his element . . . the worry of wondering whether it is just a cold or some- thing worse. Can such trying sieges be avoided? Oftentimes, yes. Listerine, the safe antiseptic, used early has checked many and many a cold before they had a chance to get the upper hand. At the first sign of irritation: use Listerine full strength. As a gargle. As a mouth wash. And occasionally diluted, as a nasal douche. You will be delighted to find what threatened to be a nasty cold is often gone in a day or two. The antiseptic action of Lister- ine explains its ability to check cold weather complaints. The moment it enters the mouth it attacks the disease-producing bacteria that lodge there. The intelligent thing to do is use it systematically during these cold weather months when “flu’’and pneumonia are a con- stant menace. Lambert Phar- macal Company, St. Louis, Mo., U. S. A. Do something about it - - - THE NEXT TIME! The next time you buy a dentifrice ask for Listerine Tooth Paste at 25¢ the large tube. It \has halved the tooth »\ paste billof more than // two million people. More than 50 diseases have their beginning or development in the THROAT and NOSE. Some of mild character, yield to an antiseptic. Others, more serious, do not. At the first sign of an irritated throat, gar- gle frequently with Lis- terine, and if no im- provement is shown, consult a physician. LIS TERINE -the safe antiseptic

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pebruary, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 bs = ates POS ee Oe ee > 4 eg oe * ; e er:

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 1973 pebruary, 1928 ———— —=:!= WHAT IS NEW THIS MONTH Table of Contents for February -Wuy Don’t WE Fty Srraicut Up? . LEADING ARTICLES Nine Wonpers of THE Mopern Wortp By Edgar C. Wheeler Nine up-to-date marvels to replace old seven Toys Tuat Save Minions. . By Alden P. Armagnac How models tell engineers if bridges and buildings will sag Nations Jorn To Sounp Seas . By James N. Miller What’s at the bottom of the ocean Srars Hotp Secret or Lire . ; Why Pupin, eminent scientist, believes in God. Siens PAINTED ON THE CLOUDS .. A 4,000,000,000-candlepower advertisement — Wuat Docrors Don’t Know Asout Diet’ By T. Swann Harding Startling facts from the laboratory of a food chemist Wine Stots Make Pianes Sare . By Edwin Ketchum An invention that may revolutionize aviation — Founp!—A Wuoie New Wor.p UnpEr Ovr Freer . By Myron M. ‘Stearns . By Arthur A. Stuart Learning about the soil we walk on EES a te oe ee a ee eee ee By Rear Admiral Charles P. Plunketi, U. S. N. What happened when the Navy took to dry land Exit—tTHE Torcu BurGuaR . New metals that fool thieves Is Tevepatny ALL Bunk? ; , How scientists look at “wireless thought” Cuances To Get Ricu Never So GREAT By Allan O’ Hara By Kenneth Wilcox Payne By Henry Smith Williams Why millions await discoverers and inventors Dopeine DEATH ON THE WIREs . Hazards and thrills in the lineman’s job *Wuart Car SHati I Buy?” Help Gus select an automobile and earn ten dollars . . By Ellsworth Bennett Where the helicopter stands today, revealed by an expert Is Your Son Like You? . . By L. G. Pope What a monk’s laws of heredity tell modern biologists Forp GaMBLEs For Huce StakE By Hyatt E. Gibson The modern romance of the search for rubber How to Setect Your LuMBER . By John R. McMahon Hints on picking materials for strength, beauty, and wear By Robert E. Martin By Martin Bunn Sam Loyp’s Puzz_e Pace Wuat Is Happentne To Rapio By Alexander Senauke, E. E. OVERHEARING A TALK ABout INVESTMENT TRUSTS FICTION . Tue Movie Maker—Part ONE . ByS.W. Newmeyer An amazing novel of the screen’s miracle workers WuistLe-Punk . By Paul Coonradt Courage, hate, and red-blooded youth i ina ‘a logging camp RADIO Rapio Notses You Can Cure By John Carr How To Buitp an Etectraic Set . By Alfred P. Lane THE HOME WORKSHOP A Prrate’s Cuest To Hotp Your TREASURES ScENECRAFT—PAINTING THE SET Speepinc Up Your LatnHe Work . By Andre Smith By H. L. Wheeler 11 17 19 20 22 23 25 26 28 31 32 35 37 Agriculture X-Rays May Beat the Cotton Pests Bug Nursery to Save Crops . New Sugar Cane Delicacy Only Cactus Apple Orchard... He’s Trying to Tame a Wild Fruit . Automobiles Teaching School Children Traffic Safety . Test Car Helps Improve Headlights “Athletic Automobile” Driven the Hand i Valve Grinder Saves Labor . New Kind of Shock Absorber Know Your Car New Guards ‘Shield People Car Passes Elevator Lifts Broken ‘Car; You Needn’t Crawl Under . Guide for Motorists in Fog . Finding Bent Axles Easily Queer Early Auto Ideas . Coal Gasoline Wins Races Sharp-Turning Car Wheels . The In-and-Out Bus... Windshield Sleet Wiper . A Good Remedy for Cold Feet . For Use on Steep Hills Waterproof Glue for Tops Wires Brace Garage Door Ten Dollars for an Idea . Aviation New Aerial Mapping Device Fokker Pictures New Planes .. Dirigible Can Land on Earth or Water .. Plane Drops Food to Caravan Bogged in Desert . ; Novel 5 tnt Challenges Fog New Airplane Self Starter Dies Setting Altitude Mark . Plane’s Sideways Drift Is Found I by New Device. . ' “Foolproof” Plane Tested . Novel Dirigible Propelled by Air Ocean Plane Model for 50 Passengers Exceptional People Blind Man Is an Inventor Senator Tree Doctor. . English Vicar Is Expert Silversmith Woman Wields Sledge on Rock Drill Health and Hygiene Huge Machine Fights Cancer Tests Vindicate Fried Food . ; Medicine Gains New Ground in Tireless War on Disease . Slot Machine Sells Medicine : Electrical “Normalizing” or Self- Massaging Machine gy Gas Cure for Seasickness__.. **Radium Bank” Projected . 49 49 50 48 49 49 53 54 57 —~ ‘ourth Avenue, New York, a Soe by t pular Science Publishing Entered as second-class matter Dec. 38, 1918, at the Post Office at New ork under the act of March. 3 “9879: additional ‘ent ry as second-class matter = Lay = Illinois. Eetered ‘ebruary, 1928, Vol. 112, No. 2. Popular prienes Monthly is published month- at nd F e Po as second-class matter at “the Post Office Printed . 8. A. Copyright, 1927, LAN? Popular msabitshing Co., Inc. Single “copy, 25 cents. Yearly ‘su scriptions to e g schemes is never ww Ar, United States, its possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. The contents of this magazine must not be reprinted without permission. In pre: senting in its editorial columns numerous stories of new products of applied seience, Popular Science Monthly does not underwrite the business met of the individuals or concerns postaens them. The use of Sent Setease Monthly articles for stock-sel Capen, President and Treasurer; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; Ee Cole, Secretary.

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y, 1928 February, 1928 —. 7 Hh — Laboratory Discoveries POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ice Patrol Tests Ocean’s Saltiness . Artificial Rubber Nearer ; Woman Discovers Better Steel Process ae Oe Alpine Cosmic Rays Studied. U. "S. Tells How to Kill Moths . Speed of Light Decreases, French Astronomer Finds . Fe, As Meteorology Greenland Yields New Storm Data Weather Gaged Weeks Ahead . . Climate Unvaried Seven Miles Up . An Ocean of Rain Every Day Models Plane Model Flies Almost Six Minutes. . at Sea Life Is Modeled i in Glass Warship Whittled from Wood .. Oregon Butcher Models Beautiful Statues of Tallow and Lard Model Airplane Design . A Santa Maria That Is Easy to Build . ‘ New Devices for the Home Finger-Grip Electric Plug Saves Wires é New Porcelain Double Boiler Sponge Rubber Kneeling Mat Making Ice with Fire New Teakettle Like Saucepan Nonsplashing Mop Wringer . Slices Fruit and Vegetables .. Dries Lettuce by Turning Crank Electric Ironer Folds Up Makes Ice Cream, Grinds Sausages Warms Shaving Water Rolls Out Noodles. New Electric Heater Keeps Water Bottle Hot Cooks Many Foods at Once. Umbrella Rack for Closet Door . Coffee Cups of Glass . ; New Processes and Inventions Giant Range Finder Covers 20 Miles Cobwebs Made by Machine . New Mail Box Weighs Letter .. Priest’s Liquid Air Blast —_ Than Dynamite 2 49 51 51 52 48 56 57 58 61 62 63 63 81 82 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 % “Glass” Rolls Up Like Cloth Submarine Detector Bank aneted Alarm. ' Typewriter for Sheet Music . Device Notes Speech Flaws . Magnetic Alloy for Telephones . Hair Clipper Erases Ink. . . Luminous Night Golf Balls . Clockwork Runs Razor . One Wheel Roller Skates Shears That Don’t Tire. . Machine Drops Wax Seal on Your Letter. cate Rotary Toothbrush New Pipe That Traps the Nicotine . Substitute for Sextant f New Gas Detector to Protect Miners Fire Hose Spares Furniture . Storage Battery Locomotive Photography Makes X-Ray Photos sana 120 Diameters . Photographic Film of Wood . Radio Radio Echoes Are Explained Broadcasting Station Is Pride of Students . “es A Method for Secret Radio : A Tip-Table Cone Speaker Your Radio Tool Kit Automatic Filament Control A BC’s of Radio. . Which Power Tube? . Ships New Navy Monster .. Guards Atlantic While Sister Ship Cruises Pacific .. Mile-a-Minute Boat . World’s Largest Submarine Is Launched. Mg A Nonsinkable Boat . Pulverized Coal Drives Ship Electric Liner Sets U. S. Record Why People Wear Clothes Overcrowded Earth Foreseen Chemist-Made Personalities . Earthquakes Laid to Moon . Earth Rotates More Slowly Each Day, Says Astronomer “ Fingerprinting’? Muffins » Any Questions? Unusual Facts and Ideas 51 & One-Man Town Enjoys Boom . . 51 Ranches in Arctic Proposed. . . 51 52 | You Breathe Pounds of Dust . . 52 52 | What Reward for Scientists? . . 52 52 | New Film Studio Dwarfs Others . 53 53 | Largest Block of Concrete in World 53 for Temple Roof. ? 53 53 | 760 Eggs Laid Every Second . . 383 54 | Beds Tested Scientifically . 53 54 | Lead Bullets Made Over and Used 54 Again. 55 Famous English Oarsman Rows in 54 “Boat” on Dry Land. . 55 55 | Last Comet’s Core Tiniest on Record 56 55 | Curbside Telephone Booths. . . 56 55 | Highest and Lowest Towns in U. S. 56 58 | The Brain Two Feet Square 56 58 | How Much Do You Know of the 60 World You Live In? . 57 How City’s Dust Dims Lights . a When Stamps Stick Too Soon . . 60 Swiss Mountain Toppling; Farmers Evacuate Valley . 60 49 Man Can Lose Many Parts of Body 59 and Carry On . 61 “ Tiniest Real Train Uses 15-Inch Track. ‘ 61 Sea Plants Make Sugar S iad: Revi. 2 Probing into Voleano’s Past . . 61 48 a For the Home Owner 60 Getting More Heat from Your Warm 68 Air Furnace. . 94 = Keeping the Hands in 1 Good Condi- tion . ath) CARS 68 Regluing Chair Rungs ee 3, | Hints for the Mechanic Milling Square Ends on Cold Rolled 34 Bars... ; 86 34 | Measuring Shoulders of Studs . . 86 A Prickpunch Magnifier .— . . 86 34 | A Tool for Packing Valve Stems 86 34 | Hardening High Speed Steel . . 86 51 | A Quick Way to Count Small Gear 51 Rs . 107 a Ideas for the Handy Man 48 | Making a Bookstand and Seat . . 88 49 | A Kitchen Plant Stand . . . . 88 49 | AGiftGavel .. ot ie ao Cocoanut Ash Receiver . 88 50 | Blueprints for Your Home Work- 50 Shop . wre 50 § Rosin in the Home W orkshop Se Are You Abreast of the Times? If you can’t answer the questions below, turn to the page indicated 1. Why were clothes invented? (p. 48) 11. Is fried food healthful? (p. 49) 2. What billion-dollar industry sprang from a college boy’s 12. W ny haven't helicopters gone up thousands of feet? crucible? (p. 35) (p. 43) 3. What nation has the largest submarine? (p. 34) 13. Why does a telephone lineman take a running jump when 4. Why aren’t blondes brunettes? (p. 45) he mounts an electrically charged pole? (p. 37) 5. What is the climate seven miles above the earth? (p. 57) 14. How many kinds of wood are commonly used in home 6. What is the principal problem in constructing an electric building? (p. 65) radio set? (p. 78) 15. What is the best way to kill moths? (p. 52) 7. Why has an inventor produced luminous golf balls? (p. 53) 16. How does science make its own “divining rods?” (p. 56) 8. What are the nine wonders of the modern world? (p. 11) 17. How does Pupin, electrical savant, believe life came to the 9. How much of yourself could you do without? (p. 61) earth? (p. 21) - 10. What is the dam that surprised engineers when it didn’t 18. What kind of metal can't burglars’ torches pierce? (p. 31) break? (p. 18)

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4 ts it aaa : An : Investment Trust 4 GROCER R RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR Rae. How YOU Can Safely Invest $100 — $500 — $5,000 You can invest $100, $500 or $5,000 just as skillfully, just as safely and just as profitabl as great banks, insurance companies and ric men invest their millions. You can do this by becoming a shareholder in Financial Investing Company of New York, Ltd., a general in- vestment trust, whose record shows net profits of over 10%%, With $100 You Can Share in Nearly 200 Sound Securities By making one investment in shares of Financial Investing Company, you own your share in nearly 200 of the world’s best bonds and stocks held by the Company. This ex- treme diversification gives you not only greater safety, but greater opportunity for profit. You profit by the dividends and inter- est _— by all these securities, You further profit as they increase in value. What the Investment Trust Means to You Financial Investing Company is made up of many shareholders. Their individual invest- ments combine to make large resources. Through the Company each shareholder gains advantages he could not get individually. You gain for your dollars the full benefit of the skilled management, superior facilities and expert judgment of a large institution en- gaged in the business of scientific investing. Our Booklet Reveals a Surprise Profit When you read our booklet you will learn how you will profit from the use of borrowed money. This is commonly done by business and financial institutions, but rarely by in- dividuals except when they are investment trust shareholders. This source of profit alone may increase the earning power of your money as much as 75%, Learn How YOU Can Make Big Profits Conservatively It is all explained in our new booklet, ‘“The pie egg plnomeny or we View- peint.”” Mail the coupon and profit by reading this free booklet. UNITED STATES FISCAL CORPORATION Managers of Financial Investing Co. of New York, Ltd. United States Fiscal Corporation 50 Broadway, New York Please send me, immediately, your free booklet that tells how I can invest for financial independence. BUUEEESEEEEEESeeEe SERGRERERRRE Ree > POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, pebeusty> 1928 Overhearing A TALK About INVESTMENT TRUSTs By WALLACE AMES, Financial Editor try club consists of Dr. Mark Atkins, Tom Kelsey, Asst. Sec- retary of a large insurance company, Larry Strong, Vice-President of an oil burner company and Allen Kirby, banker. One of the first to start play each Saturday afternoon, they gen- erally get through in time to sit around the locker room and chat a while before going home to dinner. ‘‘Everybody seems to be interested in investment trusts these days, at least when their interest is in invest- ment matters instead of aviation, sen- sational murders or who ‘chooses’ to run for the Presidency. But most of what I have heard or read about investment trusts has been in financial lingo, so I do not yet know clearly what they are all about.” A REGULAR foursome at the coun- Thus spoke Dr. Atkins, who was: just a layman in investment matters, hoping to get some enlightenment from his banker friend Kirby. Tom Kelsey, always ready to start a little razzing, took his cue: “‘I sup- pose ‘financial lingo’ is as clear to you as one of your ‘simple’ discourses on a favorite medical theme is to us.”’ And from Larry Strong: ‘‘What do you want to know about investments for? Has some patient paid one of your outrageous bills?”’ ‘“That’s enough of your wise cracks,’’ said the Doctor, good na- turedly. ‘“‘Dry up and give the floor to a man who knows something. I was talking to a banker, not to you two wits.” Tse BaNnKER’s StorY When the banker began, the rest listened more seriously, Se they were all interested in knowing more about the subject of investment trusts. And he had the faculty of expressing him- self simply and clearly. ‘‘I realize that many explanations of the invest- ment trust have been clouded with technical expressions, but there is no need of them. “It will be easy for you to under- stand the subject if you first compre- hend a certain similarity between an investment trust company and any other business corporation, such as a railroad, bank or steel mill. *“‘When a corporation is startea the first thing it does is to raise capital, by selling its stock and bonds to in- vestors. That is exactly what an in- vestment trust does. ‘Using its capital to buy proper equipment, supplies or merchandise the railroad engages in the transporta- tion business, the utility in the elec. tric power business, the store in retail. ing, the industry in manufacturip etc. With its capital an investment | trust engages in the business of mak. ing investments. Each corporation conducts its particular line of business as a means of making money for its _ bond and share holders. ADVANTAGES OF AN INVESTMENT Trust “If you own a share in a railroad ou own a part of its net assets; if a owe of a public utility, certain pro erty is pledged as your security. you own a share in an investment trust you own a part of its net assets, which are in the form of securities rather than physical yg ae behind your investment trust bond are the securities owned by the trust. ‘In short, any business corporation, including an investment trust, is sim- ly employing — to make money or its share and bond holders.”’ “Is it not a fact,’’ inquired Dr. Atkins, ‘‘that a conservative invest- ment trust buys standard securities such as I could buy for myself? And does not the operating expense of the trust come out of the return on these securities so that my profit is less than when I invest direct?”’ ‘The answer is yes and no,”’ said the banker, but as that seemed to be no explanation at all he went on to elaborate. **Yes, the trust buys the same secur- ities that you could buy and probably at the same price. Yes, their oper- ating overhead comes out of the gross return on securities owned before they pay interest or dividends on their own bonds and stock. But it is unlikely that you would do as well investing direct. “The investment trust gives you the safety of extreme diversification which you cannot get with any of- dinary sum invested in a few secut- ities. It also gives you the profits of expert management. There are other advantages, but let us confine our- selves to theses two: diversification and management. ‘Kelsey, here, will tell you that diversification is the very backbone of the strength of his insurance company. They can insure a (Continued on page 5) —— © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Issues method | Fidelit Establis First M Letters telling | Bonds. Wes bookle If ye line, yo venienc! modern The followit designs camps, the tho Econor “How t

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lary, er dig Orta- elec- tail. ring, ment mak. ition iNess t its If- ef- gebcuary, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY F Free Booklets to help Investors The desire of investors to be- come more thoro y ac nted with the advantages of First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds prompts us to offer the following booklets: Your Money—Its Safe Investment How First Mortgage Bonds keep your money safe, Explaining our method of doing business. ABrief History of Guaranteed Bonds d ibing the development and ao oy First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds as an investment. The House Behind the Bonds To help you judge the character of our Issues by describing our personnel and method of securing offerings. Fidelity Bonds are First Mortgages Establishing the investment position of First Mortgage Real Estate Bonds. Fidelity Service and the Morning Mail Letters from people in all walks of life telling of their experiences with Fidelity Bonds. We will be glad to send at once any booklet included in the above list. Write to I BOND * MORTGAGE CO. J3-U.MENTEER .Preident ~~. INCORPORATED 660 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis 1188 New York Life Bldg. , Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’l Bank Bldg., Denver FIDELITY MEANS KEEPING FAITH Lti7s Modern Plumbing Comforts for Your Suburban Home If you live out beyond the sewer line, you may enjoy the comforts, con- venience and health protection of a modern toilet and bath with SareEquip Septic Tanks The safe sewage disposal method, following U. S. Public Health Service designs, for suburban or country homes, camps, schools, etc. Not a failure among the thousands in use. No cost to operate. Economical and easy to install. Before you order —f system write for free plan sheets and booklet ow to Be Safe without Sewers.” CHEMICAL TOILET CORP., 867 E. Brighton Avenue, Syracuse, N. Y. Makers also of San- Equip Waterless -Foilets Overhearing a Talk About Investment Trusts (Continued from page 4) man today, collect one premium and pay his death claim tomorrow without ever feeling the pinch. By insurin many lives the diversification of risk takes care of the exceptional case. ‘‘Another reason an insurance com- pany is so strong financially is because its assets are invested all over the world, a little here, a little there, no great proportion risked in any one ven- ture or locality. “In the same way, an investment trust with its millions of assets secures the safety of wide diversification. I know one trust that has 157 different investments. They represent _— ments, municipals and 29 different basic industries situated in 24 sepa- rate countries. Another trust has over 400 diversified investments. “*You alone couldn't diversify so widely unless you had a million or more to work with. Yet, when you buy one share or one bond of an in- vestment trust you participate pro- rata in its diversified holdings. “Diversification is not only an element of safety; it is also a factor in. profits. One way to make an invest- ment income is through interest or dividends. Another way is to buy low and sell high. If you have a participa- tion in a hundred good securities you have one Sentend times the chance to make a market profit that you have if your money is all tied up in one. You have a hundred chances for stock dividends or other extra profits that frequently occur in pros- perous times. - “The investment trust movement is founded, at least partly, on the fact that investing is a profession. For the average man to pass judgment on which securities are best for his case and to undertake the management of his holdings is not unlike a sick per- son attempting to treat himself with the aid of the old family doctor book. ‘Making an investment is proper selection in the first place. Then it is necessary to keep in constant touch with the affairs of the enterprise in which you have invested and with economic conditions in general. This is essential in order to know when to sell to avoid a possible loss or to cash in on an exceptional profit opportu- nity. “Such management requires profes- sional skill and training as well as elaborate statistical records and other facilities. It means constant vigilance. With such facilities and such skill a well-managed trust attends to its in- vestments. * “Pretty good (Continued on page 6) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 r#)} ~ ~me 4 7 Ss Wherever Uncle Sam’s Mail is delivered Rain or Shine — Winter or Summer The Mail Service Department of | The F. H. Smith Co. under the direction of highly trained, proficient correspondents and invest- ment experts, functions, like every other department of this organization, for the benefit and protection of our clients who may be found in practi- cally every part of the civilized World. The same prompt, personal and courteous attention is given your inquiries— orders — requests— by our Mail Service Depart- ment as though you called at one of our offices which are conveniently located in important cities. Safe — Dependable — Attractive are Smith Investments Safeguards developed through our experience of over a half century in Investment Banking surround your invested principal and as- sure’ prompt payment of interest. For detailed information sign and mail attached coupon. “Yke EH.SMITH Oo. ‘Founded 1873 Smith Building, Washington, D.C. 285 Madison Ave., New York City Branch Offices in — Chicago — and Other Cities Kindly send without obligation the history of your organization and information relative to Smith Securities, Name ADpRESg___ “75-61” = = geen ai SE Amr pres ae aa i

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ci hase ack — Seti ai ee we ge ee 2 I t Here is the ANSWER to questions which bother many investors How can you tell what gives a ftrst’ mortgage bond absolute safety? How can you get the highest in- come from your money, consistent with safety? How can you select a safe invest- ment house? How can you retire in 15 years on your present living budget? How can you get 644%—more than double the savings bank interest rate, with all the convenience? How can you judge the security back of a first mortgage bond? What is the history of the first mortgage bond in Chicago? Why can Cochran & McCluer sell first mortgage bonds in every state of the Union without salesmen? All of these questions and many others vital to investors are answered in the new edition of a famous book, “How to Retire in 15 Years.” Get your copy now. We'll gladly send it. No salesman will call. SESSSSSESESSERSSREEREES 12-27 Cochran & McCluer Co. 46 North Dearborn St. Chicago, Il. Gentlemen: Please send me without obligation your book, “How to Retire in 15 Years,"* No salesman will call Name Address. ae ee Cochran & M‘Cluer Co. Established 1881 Never a loss to any investor 46 NORTH DEARBORN STREET cago reer See POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Overhearing a Talk About Investment Trusts (Continued from page 5) sort of scheme, I should say,’’ chimed in Tom Kelsey. **Well,’’ concluded the banker, ‘‘it is a plan that originated in Great Brit- ain a long while ago, I think in the 1860s and it has been going strong on the other side ever since. We just took it up within recent years. Undoubted- ly our people were ready for the plan, if the fact that they have already in- vested over half a billion dollars in investment trust stocks and bonds is any criterion. “Drop in the office any time if you are interested in further dope, or in making an investment. I'll try to February, Income Builders! Get full list and description of United First M Bond issues. Make your money work for you, and you will not have to work for money. You can buy $50—$109— $250—$500 or $1,000 Bonds. Buy them % a little at a time by depositing small sums with us. Your deposits 1928 February, 1928 Fully Illustrated. 250 Fourth Ave. Construction of Small Alternating Current Motors By PROF. A. E. WATSON Brown University This book contains complete instructions for building small al- ternating current motors in several sizes. e designs will be found in harmony with those of the very best manufacturers and they can be worked out by the amateur for making useful instruments. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Price, $1.50 help you out.” Thanks, Allen, I'll be there soon,’**} said Dr. Atkins. **So’ll I,”’ said Larry Strong. **Me, too,’’ said Tom Kelsey, and the foursome broke up for the day. To Help You Get Ahead fw. Booklets listed below will a every ex | in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. “Ideal Investments” is the designation universally accorded Smith First Mortgage 64%% Bonds which carry attractive tax refund features. A history of the House and information relative to their bonds and the safeguards that surround every issue they offer, may be obtained by addressing the home office of The F. H. Smith Company, Smith Building, Washington, D. C. The House Behind the Bonds reminds the investor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelit Bond & Mortgage Co., 1188 New York Life Building, Chicago, III. Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made tells how you can retire in fifteen years and have an income equal to your present living budget. This booklet can be secured by writing to Cochran and McCluer Com- pany, 46 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill. Thirty-two page illustrated booklet, describing one of the largest public utility companies, of interest to investors. Utility Securities Company, 230 S. La Salle St., Chi- cago, Ill. The Common-Sense Test of Invest- ment Trusts suggests an easy method by which you may correctly judge the worth of any investment trust before putting your money into it. United States Fiscal Corpora- tion, 50 Broadway, New York, will send a free copy if you request Circular CS. “The Making of a Good Investment” tells how 614% can be made on investment in First Mortgage Bonds in units of $50, $100, $250, $500 and $1000; how the bonds are protected and how simple it is to purchase them. For a copy of this booklet address United States Mortgage Bond Company, Limited, Detroit, Michigan. New York City : pay you6% interest, and soon pay WIRES) for the bond. Eee? New Book on Investment! Get full particulars and our new book, “The Habit of Success.” Every income builder should have it. The book io fees if you write for it, Howard C. Wade, President Resources $24,000,000 365 U.S. Mortgage Bldg. DETROIT, MICH, Saw ee ewe Sena Mail This Coupon Teday i United States Mortgage Bond Co, # pees Bienes i Detroit, le Gentlemen: Please mail copy of book,“The Habit of Success”. ; eee ee ee auasenmnsell ‘ Address. 5 See here, you little tinker! i See here, there and everywhere with a a good flashlight that puts the light ee right where you want it—testing Treo. the “A” battery, hooking up your = “B,” fixing a broken aerial or lead- Tap in some night in the middle of a Te good program. Tyco No matter what you use a flash- Sie light for, see that you are getting Fo the best it can give you, by using wi genuine Eveready Batteries. Yes, “ it DOES matter. I’ll say it does! pl These batteries are made in the : % same shops that make your Eveready 4 “‘B’s.”” You know they’re the best. Tye When you press the button, your Tyee flashlight will always come through Be with bright, white light if you insist on Eveready reloads. Nothing else ‘ will do. “I found that out,” as = Moran and Mack say. Get the flashlight habit. It’s a scientific habit . . . and how! How to Get the Most Out of } Your Radio Investment | T, — The Popular Science Institute has prepared a booklet that gives definite and helpful advice in buying, installing and operating a radio outfit. This 20- page radio booklet can be obtained for 25 cents from the Popular Science In- stitute, 248 Fourth Ave., New York City. rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 8.

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rs 18 pebruary, 1928 | (Quality of chocolates th ht j- —~ cre F pf siti we Se er Ee —— —— Cooking. A necessity — Sugar Meter. is insured by Zycos, the Sixth Sense Tycos for the Home Specs Office Thermometers An aid in promoting human efficiency. Fycos Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath. Ypler Home Set Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, The secret of accurate results in Feoe Wall Thermometers To help you maintain a temperature in your house conducive to good health. Inter Quality Compasses To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Iycos Fever Thermometers in every home. Tycos Stormoguide Forecasts the weather twenty-four hours ahead with dependable accuracy. Tycos Hygrometer To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmos- phere in your home correct at all times. ‘ Tycos for the Medical Profession Iycos Sphygmomanometer, Pocket and Office types. Tycos Urinalysis Glassware. cos Fever Thermometers. Your dealer will show them to you. Ask us, on a postal, for booklets on any of the a e bove. letin Write for Bul eS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY UALITY and purity have always been of first importance in the man- ufacturing of our chocolates and other confections,” says the Produc- tion Manager of a large manufacturer of branded candies. “To maintain these stan that have made us the best known manufacturer of fine candies in America, Zycos Instruments are used throughout our plant.” ‘The materials contained at one time in one of the holding tanks of this candy manufacturer are worth hundreds of dollars. Spoilage was always a possibility before Zycos equipment was used—but none has ever occurred since installing Tycos Instruments. The same economies and efficiency of manufacturing that this manu- facturer uses are available to every manufacturer using heat processes in his plant. Whether for making candy or armor plate or baking enamel or metal ware; for making rubber tires or hatching eggs or making paints, textiles, furniture, or any other product that goes through heat treating processes, Tycos, the Sixth Sense of Industry, will insure the uniformity of quality that is so important in this age of mass production. Whatever your needs in the Indicating, Recording and Controlling of heat, there is a Zycos Instrument to serve you—to save you money. Write us for literature on any instrument or type of instrument and it will be sent promptly. Or, if you prefer, our engineers will consult with you on the ap- plication of the Zycos Sixth Sense in your plant. Taylor Instrument Companies zx Main Office and Factory ROCHESTER,N.Y. - - U.S.A. Canadian Plant: Sees BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd. Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain OL ST HE ~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY cos Temperature [Instruments DICATING ~ RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. mbit RE Sete, mcne one ot laa iene, ee eee

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- ae —— _— fe cernas ost Se POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY What Is Happening By Alexander Senauke, E. E. Assistant Director Popular Science Institute of Standards ADIO, as an industry, is not what it was in 1920 or even 1926. For this we should be grateful. Radio is now entering an era of stabilization and standardization, brought about much quicker than was hoped for, and there are several forces to be credited largely for this. In the matter of stabilization we find that licensing agreements have been reached giving manufacturers and the public the advantage of the application to radio products the re- sults of the researches of the most able physicists, scientists and engineers in the world. Two very definite advantages re- sult from such stabilization. It means the elimination of irresponsible radio manufacturers and will lead to quality competition rather than price compe- tition. As to standardization, we find the efforts of the national associations, such as the National Electrical Manu- facturers Assoc.’and the Radio Manu- facturers Association, are bent upon the standardization of general manu- facturing practices, manufacture of small parts; and the establishment of standard performance tests and pos- sibly even performance standards. Just what will this do for the ublic? It means that increasing pro- Seision economies will consequently result in decreased prices. It assures higher performance standards. It pro- a common basis performance © Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. opuLar Science Monrtaty guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Scrence MontHiy may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guaran- teed this satisfaction by Popurar Science Monruty. Tue PuswisHers to This test arrangement Mr. Senauke is using was developed by him three years ago and provides a means of checking accurately certain features of receiving sets claims in advertising. And, lastly, it decreases the rate of obsolescence of major products due to minor changes. The Institute of Standards has for three years provided the readers of Poputar Science MonrTuty with man of the advantages that will benefit the general public when the efforts toward national standardization are fully ——_ by the industry. Through its tests and the establish- ment of its own standards, the Popular Science Institute has been able to advise readers what radio equipment could be considered reliable and provided a means for excluding from Poputar ScieNcE Monta ty the advertising of products found to be unworthy of the term ‘‘standard mer- chandise.”’ The Popular Science Institute of Standards fully appreciates the problems and welcomes the efforts of those organizations engaged in estab- lishing standards and in obtaining their acceptance by the radio in- dustry. = It is interesting to note with regard to the standardization of test methods, that many of the test arrangements that are being recommended for gen- eral acceptance at this time are basically, and frequently in detail, equivalent to test methods that have been independently developed by The Institute’s staff and used by it for more than three years. It is now the intention of the Popular Science Institute’s directors to expand the radio laboratory facilities to include every test arrangement that is recom- mended as standard by the associations of the radio industry, thus extending the value of its work. * * * A twenty-page booklet on buying, install- ing and operating @ radio outfit, as well as a list of tested and approved radio equipment, can be secured for 2f cents from the Popular Science Institute, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. february, 1928

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192 7

To owners of a *B” eliminator: Balkite ‘*A” is like Balkite “AB” but for the “A” circuit only. Itenables you to make an electric instal- lationat very lowcost. $35.

alkite “B” The accepted, tried and proved light socket “B” supply. Oneof thelongest lived devices in radio. Three models, $22.50, $35, $42.50. —_ Balkite Chargers Standard for **A’”’ batter- ies. Noiseless. Can be used during reception. High rate ortrickle. Three mod- els, $17.50, $9.50, $7.50. There are special models for 25- 40 cycle current at slightly high- er prices. Prices are higher West of the Rockies and in Canada. q

_ Without the uncertainty of untried apparatus And without any _ sacrifice in quality of reception Of course you want an AC electric re- ceiver. For its convenience. Now you can have it, without the uncertainty of untried apparatus and without sacri- ficing quality of reception. Simply by adding Balkite Electric **AB” to your present radio set. Balkite Electric *‘AB”’ replaces both **A” and **B”’ bat- teries and supplies radio power from the light POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY - Chicago Civic Opera

AC Electric Radio f. the clearest and truest reproduction. With this method there is no waiting for tubes to warm up. No difficulty in controlling volume. No noise. No AC hum. No crackling or fading of power. Instead the same high standard of re- ception to which you are accustomed. In this method there is nothing ex- perimental, nothing untried. It consists of two of the most dependable products in radio—a standard set and Balkite. And if you should already own a radio set, the cost of equipping it with Bal- kite is only a fraction of the cost of a new receiver. By all means go to AC reception. Its convenience is the greatest improve- ment in radio. But be as critical of an AC receiver as you would of any other. Let your AC

socket. It contains no battery in any form. It operates only during re- ception. It makes any receiver an electric set. This method makes possible the use in elec- tric reception of standard sets and stand- ard type tubes. Both are tried

on the air Thursday Even- ings, 10 o’clock Eastern time. Over stations WJZ, WBZA, WBZ, KDKA,KYW, WGN, WMAQ, WBAL, WHAM, WJR, WLW, WENR. 10:30 Eastern time: WEBH, KSD, WOC, WOW, WCCO, WHO, WDAF. BALKITE HOUR

and proved, — B | @ ~ Da kite © ELECTRIC AB__~ receiver be a standard set equipped with Balkite Electric *‘AB.” Then it will be as clear and faith- ful in reproduction as any receiver youcan buy. Two models, $64.50 and $74.50. Ask your dealer. Fan- steel Products Co., Inc., North Chi- cago, Illinois.

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. i

fees nema di neat arn nat ocaon.

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cman cones Fs 10 To prevent communication with the outside world, Antony closely surroun odena with his army and stretched nets across the river. Brutus, in charge of the defense, easily thwarted these measures of fastening letters to the feet of carrier pigeons, Factory: Richmond Hill, N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

the city of M the simple expedient Surmounting Barriers — Neither winter snows, nor impassable roads, nor sickness itself can bar you from contact with world events. Whai- ever the reason for your isolation, a Grebe Synchrophase Seven bridges the gap, bringing you concerts, ser- mons, lectures, music, sportin events in such clear, full, life-like fashion that you are one of the audience. You forget it’s radio. The Synchrophase Seven, es- pecially when combined with the

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the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

still reca mids of Sphinx, t of Baby Mausolus Temple the Colo Statue of the valle the Pha Alexandr centuries slavery 0 impleme! but one the Sphi The m ders far magnific ments of ed not b tery of | use of n every hé have m have alt They he course < they bee wonder: IM ~ Seeking invited cans e: applied greates

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'Y, 192g —_ Um SUMNER N.BLOSSOM Editor 3 2 VOL. I1I2, NO. » Nine Wonders of The Modern W orld Dr. Samuel W. Stratton, President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Selects Marvels of Today Beside Which Those of Antiquity Seem Commonplace HE ancient world had seven won- ders. All were ar- chitectural and artistic. You may still recall them—the Pyra- mids of Egypt and_ the Sphinx, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Tomb of Mausolus in Asia Minor, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Statue of Jupiter Olympus in the valley of Olympia and the Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria. Marvels of many centuries, all were built by the slavery of drudgery with crude implements. Time has left but one—the Pyramids and the Sphinx. The modern world has won- ders far different, vastly more magnificent. They are achieve- ments of applied science, creat- ed not by slavery, but by mas- tery of Nature’s forces to the use of mankind. They are on every hand. So commonplace have many become that we have almost ceased to marvel. They have changed the whole course of life; yet never have they been tabulated as were the wonders of old. ° en and again, PopuLaR Scrence Monrtuty has been asked to list the Seven _ Wonders of the Modern World. Seeking an answer, the Editor invited several hundred leading Ameri- cans each to name seven examples of applied science which they considered the greatest. An analysis of their replies By EDGAR C. WHEELER Dr. Samuel W. Stratton, President of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who strove in vain to include the stupendous marvels of the modern world in a list of seven. He covered the story in nine brought forth a list of some fifty works representing useful applications of dis- coveries in virtually every field of re- search. Now came the problem of choosing from these the seven most important. It called for the judgment of an expert. The Editor asked me to pre- sent the question to a man eminently capable of giving an authoritative opinion on the outstanding examples of ap- plied science—Dr. Samuel W. Stratton, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, formerly Director of the United States Bureau of Standards. FOUND Dr. Stratton at his desk in a great gray build- ing of science overlooking the Charles River at Cambridge, Mass. A staunch built, iron gray man of wide technical experience, he guides there the endeavors of hundreds of young men in training to wrest new wonders from Nature. “Seven!” he exclaimed. “You mean I am to reduce the wonders of today to just seven? It can’t bedone! Why, it would be more reasonable to name seven hundred and sev- enty-seven wonders!” He read down the list— agricultural machinery, air- planes, aluminum, anesthesia, antitoxins, automobiles, bridges —and so on to the end of the . alphabet. He took up a pencil and began to scratch off certain items. He threw down the pencil. “It can’t be done!” he repeated, and begged to be excused. Students were waiting outside his office; he would not 11

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2 jai ela Oe 3 12 delay them. Meanwhile he would con- sider the question. Later I returned. Dr. Stratton was still struggling with the list. I waited. Five o’clock—five-thirty. A voice on the telephone reminded him he would be late for dinner. Six o'clock. Another call told him he was late. Six-fifteen. He rang for his secretary. Six-thirty. He handed me, reluctantly, a typewritten sheet of paper. On this sheet—nine wonders of the world! Seven vanished wonders of old, changed to nine through the miracle of progress! The list, without attempt to rate the wonders in order of importance, appears on this page. In nine short sentences you may read the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY been robbed of much of their terror. Within the last year discovery of an anti- toxin for the treatment of erysipelas has been announced, and an antitoxin fpr measles promised for the near future. Marvelous antiseptics have revolutionized surgery. Modern sanitation, protection of water from pollution, and preservation of food have made life possible in crowded cities. In twenty-five years the span of life in America has increased from fifty years to nearly sixty, while the annual death rate since 1880 has dropped from nearly twenty per thousand of popula- tion to less than twelve. Revelation of the processes by which soil bacteria break down organic matter, February, 192 with swift motion, and charged With enormous energies which man may some day learn to harness. From the theory of atoms has e the magic of modern chemi in extracting useful by-products from raw materials, in developing valuable com. pounds, and in creating man-made mate. rials to match Nature’s own. | pen the discovery of radium hur} forth streams of electric particles at tre. mendous velocities, has come the coneen tion of atoms as midget solar s whose planets are whirling electrons, and finally the theory that all forms of mat. ter, living or “lifeless,” are simply é ing collections of vibrant e ‘ cal energy, radiating through whole amazing story of mod- ern discovery and mastery. space as light, heat and other more mysterious forms. Still, Dr. Stratton was dis- satisfied. “TT IS the best I have been able to do, but far from perfect,” he complained. “See” —he pointed— “I have failed entirely to mention chemistry; yet the application of chemistry lies at the heart of most of the wonders [ have listed.” Indeed, it was a chemist, the son of a humble French tanner, who laid the foundation for the first great wonder, “the dis- covery of bacteria and the applica- tion of bacteriology to human welfare.” By revealing the per- petual onslaught of these myr- iad microscopic creatures on all living matter, Louis Pasteur first led the world from black ignorance and superstition to scientific understanding of dis- ease. And by application of his discoveries to the relief of human suffering, he armed mankind against its subtlest enemies. As a result, infections and plagues have been beleaguered and con- quered, until today the people of the world enjoy better health THE NINE WONDERS OF THE MODERN WORLD | A List by Dr. Samuel W. Stratton The discovery of bacteria and the application of bacteriology to human welfare. The progress of our knowledge of the constitution of matter and radiation phenomena. The progress of electricity as to light, power and communica- tion. The internal combustion engine and its application. Modern methods of structure building with both metal and cement. Modern metallurgy. Processes of food preservation, including canning and refriger- ation, Aircraft and aerial navigation. The development of machinery to lessen the burden of labor and to increase its output. This new understanding of maiter as a dynamic, changi thing already has placed enorm. ous forces under human control, The uses of radium emanations, X-rays, ultra-violet. ra strangely powerful cathode rays, presage even greater marvels, Today physicists are studying the riddle of the penetrating cosmic rays that bombard the earth from outer space. Knowledge of light radiations have enabled astronomers to measure distant stars and learn of the elements composing them. Discovery and control of electro- the wonders of radio. tricity was given a mean- tion of the universe, inventors were designing the third won- der—‘“‘the progress of electricity as to light, power and communica- tion.” Electricity was bridled to the service of man. When Michael Faraday, early in the nineteenth century, in- and longer life than ever before in history. duced an electiic current in a coil of wire by moving it across the field of a magnet, he com- It was less than seventy years ago that Pasteur, searching a brewery for the cause of “‘diseases” that spoiled wine and beer, discovered that fermentation is not “spontaneous,” but the work of tiny one-celled creatures. He revealed that the atmosphere swarms with these invisible beings, which we have learned to call germs or bacteria, in count- less varieties, ready to invade and prey upon every form of organic substance, whether it be the juice of a grape or the blood of man. He went on to discover bacteria that caused certain diseases in animals and men, and to learn to con- trol and banish them. DAY a thousand varieties of bac- teria are known, and hundreds of laboratories are devoted to their study. Bacteriology has become a science in itself. To Pasteur we owe the use of antitoxins and other modern methods which bid fair to control all forms of in- fectious diseases. Diphtheria, smallpox, typhoid fever, cholera, influenza, dysen- tery, scarlet fever, among others, have producing nitrates which plants use for food, has brought vast benefits to agri- culture through scientific soil fertilization and crop rotation. Aes. researches in chemistry and in physics laid the cornerstone for the second great wonder Doctor Stratton named—“‘ihe progress of our knowledge of the constitution of matter and radiation phen- omena.” It began with the conception of atoms as the invisible building blocks of the universe—an idea resurrected from ancient Greece and presented to the world in revised form at the start of the nine- teenth century by a British chemist, John Dalton. It grew to majestic proportions with the discovery of radium, in 1898, by the French physicists, Pierre Curie and Madame Curie. This and subsequent explorations into the wonderful world of atoms stand among the great triumphs of all time. For they have revealed all matter in the universe as a changing, evolving thing, pulsating prehended little of the mighty forces with which he dealt. But out of his experiment came the first dynamo and the first magneto, forerun- ners of all our machines for generating electricity. Increasing knowledge brought a suc- cession of marvels—the telegraph of Morse, the telephone of Bell, the incan- descent lamp of Edison, heating appli- ances and electric furnaces, the wireless of Marconi, radio, television—any one which overshadows in magnificence any of the seven wonders of old. Electricity, little more than a curiosity half a century ago, has revolutionized in- dustry by the economical production and distribution of power. It runs our fac- tories, moves our trains, illuminates our homes, starts our automobiles, relieves drudgery, bridges’time and space, and unites nations. The fourth wonder—‘‘the combustion engine and its application” — has wrought changes almost as astonish- ing. Only forty-three years have ; since Gottlieb Daimler constructed his magnetic waves have given us ANY years before elec. | ing and a place in the founda. internal — . first succe run a bic rived frot gas and : transport the begir AF roll about 23 States. every Six producti vehicle v and bui Tepresen' the basic not bee swift in material

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY vt f Vf ii ee eee che Bi ime “ein an On nn cs Sas A vista of modern progress. Without the nine wonders listed by Dr. Stratton in the accompanying article, the achievements of applied science symbolized here could not have been attained. Flying machines, skyscrapers, motor cars, electric power and appliances, the conquest of disease through revelations of the microscope—all have been reared by the practical applications of scientific research first successful gas engine and used it to tun a bicycle. Since then the power de- rived from combustion of the mixture of gas and air has eclipsed the agencies of transportation which have endured since the beginning of history, EARLY 28,000,000 motor cars now rolling over the world’s highways, about 23,000,000 of them in the United States. America has one pleasure car for every six persons. Economies of quantity production have placed the motored vehicle within reach of almost every man and built a record-breaking industry representing billions of dollars. Though ¢ basic principle of the gas engine has not been altered since Daimler’s day, swift improvements in machinery and materials have brought power and speed under perfect control. No other single invention has worked such sweeping changes in human life and habits. Adding to the wonder are the powerful and highly efficient motors that have made possible the spectacular advances in aviation. Without them the recent epochal ocean flights never could have been achieved. Increasingly important, too, is the development of oil engines, and particularly the Diesel engine, which is gradually replacing less efficient steam in the propulsion of ocean vessels. HE fifth wonder on the list Dr. Stratton calls ‘“‘modern methods of structure building with both metal and cement.” This may not sound particularly magnificent, until you consider that it has created virtually all the mighty engineer- ie ing achievements of modern times—our great skyscrapers, bridges, ships, dams, subways, canals, tunnels, engines and machines. With steel and_ concrete, modern builders, in a few months, erect structures which would have required years of labor for the builders of the Great Pyramid. HE use of iron to build machines and implements goes back half. a dozen centuries, and iron was first employed in an important way as structural material more than a century ago. The Age of Steel, however, might never have been realized but for the experiments of a British metallurgist and inventor, Sir Henry Bessemer, in the search for im- proved metal for artillery. The result of his experiments, (Continued on page 114)

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RR tt OMG a 14 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY On the edge of the cliff stood Margaret Moreland. She raised her arm. Steel gleamed in the moonlight «“ NE million, seven hundred thousand, twenty-three dollars—and eighty-seven cents!’’ Jacob Eckstein’s moan rose to an anguished wail, but he was too dis- heartened to pound the desk with his usual fervor. * And not yet a picture! With so much money Carleton could’ve bought all the sheiks in Arabia and shipped them home in gold cages for personal appearances.” ““Lemme see the bad news.” Ed Porter, general manager of Popular Players West Coast studio, twisted his cigar to the other corner of his capacious mouth and stretched out a hand for the accountant’s sheets on the president’s desk. Jacob Eckstein had arrived in Hollywood that noon on a flying trip from the New York office, where he presided actively over the distributing end of the business. All afternoon he had been on the lot with his general manager, noting the various stages of completion in the pictures being made by the three producing units in California. His fourth and de luxe unit, under the direc- tion of the great Carleton, had been abroad for nearly a year making a gigantic historical spectacle under the working title of “The English Slave.” Month after month costs of the picture had risen, yet it was still far from completion—and not until a picture gets out of production and into distribution do its figures jump from the red into the black, as Eckstein knew so well. That was what had brought him West with sudden decision. But the activity on the lot that afternoon had not raised his spirits, and at five o’clock he had watched the day’s rushes in the projection room with a steadily sinking heart. No winners All of the romance and secret wizardry behind the screen revealed jp a stirring, vivid noyel} By S. W. NEWMEYER Illustrated by Ernest Fuhr there; though, in spite of his gloom, he had chuckled unexpectedly at the slapstick rushes Another chuckle now sounded in fhe gathering dusk of the office. Porter looked up, his finger on an item. As he read it aloud, the president of Popular Players winced, his small black eyes contracting with pain. “To replace costumes stolen by Arabs | —$5,000.00° ”’ “And not even did they wait for Carleton to shoot the scene—thieves!” The black eyes smouldered; then, thinking sadly of his squandered money, the little man behind the big mahogany desk inquired _plaintively, “Couldn’t. Carleton find robbers enough in California that he had to go to Arabia to hire them?” “"IDUT that wouldn’t have been local color,” protested Porter with a grin, “and you know Carleton makes his brag on never fakinga scene. When the script calls for a sequence in the Arabian desert, all the sand and sheiks in California won’t do. Why, he won't even let the Pacific Ocean double for the Atlantic!” “I know—I know.” Eckstein nodded his gray tufted head like a melancholy bird. “And for that, Popular Players must now suspend production for six months.” “That’ll hit some of our people pretty hard.” Porter’s broad, good-natured face lengthened into seriousness. ‘“‘ But we've felt it coming. Do we close down tight?” “A month will finish the pictures we’re now shooting, won't it?” “Just about. Jack O’Malley’s shot a few scenes of ‘Mixed es and Heller’s started casting for the South Sea super- special— ge shrilled Eckstein. ‘This company’s skid- ding into bankruptcy on super-special tires. Stop ’em both!” “ ‘Brick’ Kennedy spoke to me last week about buying a story for that feature picture you promised to let him make. Said he had a great script for it. But I stalled him.” 7 E ASKED me on the lot today could he see me tomorrow. Too bad I got to disappoint him.’ Eckstein shook his head thoughtfully. “He’s a bright young fellow and makes us money on those slapsticks. He can make a camera do tricks, that boy! Less retakes than any other difector on the lot, and we don’t pay him hardly more than a good camera man. But we won't have cash enough to even make two-reelers till we stop pouring money in ‘The Slave.’ ” “And if that’s a flop—” “You got to see it won’t be! Put Sims in charge tomorrow till we close down; you get ready to go at once to Arabia and—” February, gp parustt: 1978 Movie Make r i Peay! “Carleto Eckstein “Catch ascene in ¢ down from “ A brea! “Oh, he Then you bunch of § open the V better go t “What : “1 JOR ay price, may Porter’s the beauti in. He Oc She's take her ¢ ‘Frozen FI rid of her : Eckstei “T saw. for anoth contract! “She'd “Not ; down on. “Well, . walked b: “Don’t his chief. “Tl es on him. The si: creasing at the int them we with ma with thei

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WwW. his us we we op POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 15 Judy seized Don’s hand and s cateaihé it eau “Pll work for nothing—when do we start?” she asked. ‘*This minute,” said Don. “Carleton’s in Constantinople now.”’ Eckstein groaned. “Catch up with him quick before he thinks he’s got to shoot ascene in China. He’s resigning on account of a nervous break- down from overwork—” “A breakdown!” Porter interrupted, astonished. “Oh, he don’t know it yet, but he will when he gets my letter. Then you take charge and finish the picture—and bring that bunch of globe-trotters home! If ‘The Slave’ grosses big, we open the West Coast studio again. If it flops, like the last one, we better go through bankruptcy.” “What about contracts?” ORELAND’S the only long term we got left. It runs yet a year. Can’t we sell her to Earle Pictures—for half price, maybe? ” Porter’s eyes twinkled at the fire-sale instinct that would offer the beautiful but fading Margaret Moreland to a rival at a bar- gain. He shook his head. “She’s always starred in Carleton’s pictures. When he didn’t take her abroad, everybody knew she was through. And after ‘Frozen Hearts’ opens on Saturday, you won’t be able to get rid of her at any price. Did you see the rushes?” Eckstein nodded slowly and pronounced the death verdict. “I saw. She looks old. But what to do? A thousand a week for another year—and Moreland just resting? We break her contract!” “She'd sue—and you're not ready to declare bankruptcy.” “Not yet,” confirmed the president, eee settling down on him. “Well, I'll get things started for the finish now.” Porter . Walked briskly to the door. “Don’t forget to say the shut-down is temporary,” warned his chief. “T'll ease it to them,”’ promised the other, and the door closed on him. * * * The six o’clock sun of an August morning beamed with in- freasing brilliance on a group of forty or fifty people clustered at the intersection of two of Hollywood's street-car lines. Among them were a dozen or so assorted flappers, several housewives with market baskets and bundles, three or four women standing with their hands on baby carriages in which the infants were rolled- “You’re on the maint now. - Nothing an hour and double that ‘for overtime” up blankets allie and deceptively benesnals Two workmen, with bundles’of tools, reo ges against a lamp-post:at the outer edge of the group,’smoking. per hanger and his helper sat on their push-cart,:which Balged ith rolls of paper. At the end of the long planks protruding beyond the cart swung a pail filled to the brim with paste.: And around and about the group, like lively waterbugs, darted several small boys on roller skates. But they, as well as the other individuals, were paying close attention to a tall, homely young man in the center of [the group, whose brick-red hair, recently plastered flat with water, was drying in the sun into little flaming shoots that bounced with the energy of his movements. “‘Light’s strong enough now. Have to hustle and finish be- fore traffic begins. Long shots first and no retakes, You all know your places.” He glanced at the script inhis hand. “Num- bers one to five at the grocery store. Six, Seven, and eight enter the bank, nine and ten leavingit . . . As he ran through the list, his two camera men stationed themselves at strategic angles and the extras scattered to their places, several entering small cars of a popular make parked along the curbs. After glancing sharply up and down the two streets, where the actors stood motionless in place as though under a spell, the red-haired young man gave the script to a girl in a dilapidated car parked some distance from the camera. **Everybody here, Brick?” she asked, handing him a small megaphone. He nodded and, standing beside the car, blew a shrill whistle. MMEDIATELY the corners came alive with the bustle and ac- tivity that would animate the place in reality a few hours later. Young girls strolled down the street arm in arm and singly. House- wives chatted and exhibited their babies to one another. Two of the roller-skating small boys, rounding a corner nearest the cam- era, bumped into a fat policeman and ricochetted into the paper hanger’s cart, with a great splashing of paste on everyone in the vicinity. A double whistle shrilled, and all action on the streets paused. The camera men moved to the curbs. Don Kennedy, otherwise known as “Brick,” again blew a single blast, and the auto- mobiles became the focus of action. While the camera men ground at a fraction of their usual speed, the automobiles were driven into a traffic tangle at snail’s pace. Two street cars, with good-natured crews and a few interested passengers, were

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wT? 16 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pressed into service and moved gently to an apparent collision at the trolley crossing, while flivvers dodged at slow motion around them, jumped from track to track, got themselves caught in the collision, and did everything but leap over the tops of the street cars. The drama proceeding in the midst of all this motion com- manded by the red-haired young director was the pursuit of an eloping couple by the bride’s father, the fat man of the comedy. With others of the cast, bride and groom scrambled from car to car, became wedged between street cars and auto- mobiles, and escaped death a dozen times by carefully calculated inches. At last, leaping into the car of the villain, they tore down the street at two miles an hour, followed by the remainder of the company on foot and in automobiles. GAIN the double whistle. The camera men stopped cranking, the cars returned and picked up those who were walking, and the whole crew set out for their next location. Don Kennedy looked at his watch and jumped into the rickety old car beside the girl who held the script. **Seven-twenty,” he remarked, as he kicked the starter. ** Finished that up in pretty good time. We'll make the studio by ten-thirty. Everything safe?” He glanced hastily over his shoulder at a small, battered suitcase in the tonneau. Although he grinned at his companion as if amused at his own anxiety, there was an undercurrent of excitement in his tense voice, in the quick sparkle of his cheerful blue eyes. Judy Burke’s shining, pansy-black eyes sent back an answering sparkle. A flush glowed through the even tan of her round cheeks and her dimples pricked deeper. “Tm so excited I could jump up and down and scream!” she confessed, her voice catching in a nervous laugh. “To think we're just on the edge of our big picture! How much do you suppose they’ll give me for the script?” “Two thousand, maybe.” “Not any more? Eckstein paid a hundred thousand for ‘The English Slave.’ ” “Greedy! But that was a published book with a sensational sale—even if yours is a better story,” he added quickly. He looked down at his companion with an expression of brotherly worry. “Look here, Judy, you mustn’t count too much on this, you know. Maybe the whole thing will fall through.” “But Eckstein promised to let you do a program picture next, and you know how he praised you yesterday before everybody.” ; “Yes, but I’ve been hearing rumors about an economy sched- ule and—” * WEL that’s just where you shine!” Judy reminded him triumphantly, tossing her straight, thick black bob out of her eyes like an energetic Shetland pony. “ And when you ex- plain your invention to Eckstein and show him how you can turn out a super-special for less than the cost of an ordinary program picture, he’ll hand you the whole lot to play with.” “Hope so.” Don drew up to the curb of a sparsely built resi- dential street far out in the suburbs. The paving was half finished and a huge steam roller stood at one end of the street, ready to begin the day’s operations. The other cars were arriving, and as Don put his long, corduroy-clad legs over the closed door at - his side of the car, Judy hopped out at the other side, a small, sturdy figure in khaki riding habit, a gay bandana at her throat. With the script bent open at the next scenes to be shot, she followed Don around as he gave in- structions to the camera men and actors. Judy was that little famed but very important accessory in any motion picture studio—the script girl. It was her job to follow the scenario scene by scene as it was shot, jottiag down any changes made in the sequences, noting scenes omitted or added, and check- ing up in minute detail the costumes worn and the properties used in every set and location. Five years before, at the age of fourteen, she had obtained her first job as extra in a schoolgirl comedy at Popular Players; on the same day Don had begun work there in the laboratory. Two years later Don had all - important Don was silent, but Judy, glancing at the determined angle of his square, big- boned chin, knew he was suppressing with difficulty his excitement for that interview February, 1995 become second camera man of the comedy unit, for which J occasionally worked. Within another two years, through ha work, ingenious use of camera tricks and technique and lucky break or two, he had become director of the unit, Judy his script girl. And, as the usual slapstick comedy is mere] a loose—very loose—fabric thrown around the dummy of an ‘ae and pinned together with gags, they worked out the Scenarios together. But they had a shining goal ahead—a big picture some day, scenario by Julia Burke, direction and new Photographi process by Donald Kennedy. ‘ Judy’s eyes snapped as she automatically noted the details of the scene. By noon they would surely have Eckstein’s answer on the big picture project. Then, before another year had ssed, Don would be a justly famous director, and Judy herself would be refusing offers of fifty thousand—no, a hundred thousand— dollars for her scenarios. The haughty lady scenarist of the future was jerked back to present action by Don’s whistle. “Ready—camera!”’ The small automobile in which the eloping pair had fled was tilted on end against the front of the steam roller, as though it had collided with it and had been jolted skyward. In the front seat of the machine were two dummies clothed to resemble the bride and groom of the picture. As the first camera man began to grind very slowly, an actor hidden on the farther running board tumbled the dummies out on to the road in front of the camera. When shown on the screen, of course, the slow taking of this scene would result in such a rapid projection of it that the sub. stitution of the dummies would pass unnoticed. BF Novem moment the dummies landed on the road, the first camera man stopped grinding, the hidden actor jumped clear of the car, and the actors playing the eloping couple were helped into its front seat. Then the second camera man turned his crank slowly in reverse motion as the steam roller backed gradually away from the flivver, allowing it to settle to the road. When auto and roller were level, nose to nose, the camera j was stopped for a moment while the engine of the car was started. This accomplished, the second camera man resumed his slow reverse cranking while steam roller and automobile backed away from each other, the bride and groom, as well as the opera- tor of the steam roller, registering terror. Projected on the screen, this slow reverse photography would result in the apparent rush- ing together of automobile and steam roller. Don blew his whistle twice, the assistant camera man flashed the slate with the scene number on it, and the crank of the camera twirled to a stop. A few moments later it was turned again in slowre- verse, as the steam (Continued on page 158)

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ome 8 of On uld d— : to was a it ont the 1 to Ta. his ib- why. ake. aga aee2982 February. 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 17 NY | ‘Toys That Save Millions ogee: aah. es ee . tet. a heath eee “ » The $5 celluloid model from which the great- est Swiss railroad bridge, above, was designed CROSS the Potomac, the Arlington Memorial Bridge is bejng pushed to completion. Six mas- sive piers are finished and ready for the superstructure; and the end of next year will probably see a 2138-foot roadway joining Washing- ton, D. C., with the South. This bridge, the most notable monument built by the nation in recent years, bears witness to the successful applica- tio of an entirely new principle in bridge design. Before the first foundation had been laid, engineers watched a flat celluloid model of one of the bridge’s arches twist out of shape under a microscope. That view saved the Government about $25,000. Another look at a dif- ferent type of celluloid model told them that heavy granite blocks could be hung on the sides of the bridge, to enhance its beauty, with safety. TELL engineers how great structures will bend and twist un- Grand Fey Viaduct, near Fribourg, Switzer- land, built from celluloid model below at left Celluloid Viaducts, Dams and Skyscrapers Tested by Artificial Cyclones and by Floods Madewith Mercury to Determine How Real Ones Can Be Built Safely Testing model to tind strength of a skew arch, nearly impossible to learn by mathematics stance, a great dam has been built By ALDEN P. ARMAGNAC solely to see how such a structure re- acts to the pressure of the countless tons of water it holds back. Other researches are telling builders how to make buildings earthquake- proof. In North Carolina, a con- demned bridge was recently seized on by engineers as a splendid means of tests to find out how much weight a bridge can carry. A “Cave of the Winds” at the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards is investigating “exploding build- ings” and the effect of wind on sky- scrapers and high smokestacks. Bhp house you live in, the ground you walk on, the building you work in—these to your eye seem rigid enough. But suppose for a moment you have eyes that see in microscopic dimensions. The fiber of this very paper appears as open as mosquito netting. Your watch’s hour hand is a mighty beam moving at express-train speed. Now the stone and steel of which men build structures appear as quivering masses of jelly. The earth they rest on is shivering and shaking, too. Nothing, after all, is really rigid. That girders of steel and beams of reinforced concrete can support tons of shifting weight is due not to their stiffness, but to their elastic strength. They bend, or sag, ' and spring back none the worse for it— Prof. George E. Beggs using micrometer microscope to study effects of pressure on a celluloid model of a bridge arch with fixed ends. The effects are called identical with those of like degree on a real arch der whatever loads they may bear, Prof. George E. Beggs, of the Department of Civil Engineering at Princeton Univer- sity, invented an ingenious apparatus. In his system, scale models, quickly cut from sheet celluloid, reveal in a few min- utes what might require months, or be ut- terly impossible, to calculate with figures. This is but one of the remarkable ways that experts now seek to determine new facts about the behavior of skyscrapers, bridges, and dams. Jn California, for in-

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February, 1923 carefully proportioned, is then a plied the points where the load and ot will eventually rest. The model bends or twists; a po} it, the point being investigated. s ae Through a microscope Prof. Beggs watch, es and measures the degree and direction of the movement, which show exact} what the deflection of the finished men. ber will be! ‘ “I believe a great field for these mod. els,” Prof. Beggs toid me, “‘lies in the de. sign of such structures as the Westchester bridges above New York City—small structures where difficulties in design have hitherto prohibited the use of the most economical and attractive types, “The models will probably not replace usual design by calculation in places like New York, where for ordinary buildings the well-known for. mulas are entirely her forces

Slenderest and only full size test dam, 60 feet high, which has held back a volume of water that spread California mountains apart provided the load has not been too great. How much is “too great?” That is what the engineer is for—to tell us that. From such tests as those in great testing machines at the Bureau of Standards, he knows how much weight a given steel girder can safely carry. The arrangement of those beams in any given bridge pat- tern tells him, through his knowledge of the science of mechanics, what weight each one will be called upon to bear. That is, it generally does. But a few problems have him stumped. OR instance, not long ago an impor- tant highway was built running twenty miles north out of New York City. To eliminate delays at street inter- sections the commission in charge de- cided to bridge all important cross streets. Ordinary concrete arch bridges would have required a high “hump” in the middle, with long approaches, or else, if made flatter, exceedingly heavy abut- ments; for. such bridges are flexible, and “give” a little under traffic. These bridges are easy to design and are there- fore generally ‘used in all except the largest projects, even where others would be less costly. But the commission de- cided on flat, “rigid” bridges, both for beauty and economy of materials. Because so-called rigid, one-piece con- crete structures do not yield in any par- ticular direction under a load, but are de- flected throughout their entire structure, they are the nightmare of the engineer. One pier bends this way, another one that, and the result is often a terrifying mathematical problem with two dozen different unknown quantities to be de- termined. So the commission sought the advice of Prof. Beggs, who recommended celluloid models. One day’s work with the models,” said Arthur G. Hayden, consulting en- gineer for the commission, ‘‘accomplished results that agreed exactly with those obtained by a week’s tedious math- ematical analysis.” The bridges were soon completed at a saving of $5000 each over the flexible type bridge that might otherwise have been required. Reading the tele- meter, left, which shows interior pressure, and & strain gage of the -

adequate. But in Tokio, for instance, and other cities plagued by earth- quakes, there js great use for them. From _ seismograph records the forces unleashed by an earthquake are readily learned, and S! Sete

great test dam The greatest railroad bridge in Switzer- land—the huge, “‘rigid’’ Grand Fey Via- duct near Fribourg—was designed from a celluloid model that cost exactly five dollars. With a similar model, Prof. Beggs showed the engineers of the Arling- ton Memorial Bridge that, in considering it flexible, they had not taken advantage of the added stiffening strength given by the superstructure. Cutting down their materials only a part of the amount his model -indicated, they saved $25,000. Another celluloid model showed what no one had been able to calculate—the effect of the heavy granite facing. One engineer feared the roadway would crumple, and even suggested additional granite slabs’ as counterweights in the middle of the bridge. The model showed his fears groundless; the ninety-foot road would sag only one sixteenth of an inch at its edges! ‘Mathematical calculations, here, were not possible,” Prof. Beggs said. UILDINGS, factories, dams, and tunnels like the recently completed Holland Tubes of New York have yielded their secrets to the models. Now that solid arched concrete factory walls as well as one-piece floors, long popular in Eu- rope, are coming into favor here, such a simple means of designing them is im- portant. How strong the joints of build- ing trusses must be to withstand earth- quakes is shown by the models. The squeezing effect of tons of water and silt on an under-river tunnel is graphically shown and reveals where tunnel rings need greatest reinforcement. And through his flexible models Prof. Beggs was able to assure authorities of Princeton Uni- versity that their football stadium would bear a new four-inch concrete surface. Prof. Beggs cuts out a piece of cellu- loid to scale, to represent the bridge arch or building truss he is testing. Through the use of ingenious gages, pressure, also

with models the buildings can be de- signed to resist these known forces, “It is possible, too, that models may be used to check what happens in big dams, such as the proposed Boulder Dam in Colorado.” The idea of using models first occurred to Prof. Beggs, he said, when he was commissioned to compute the deflections of the great ‘‘rigid’’ Bessemer-Lake Erie Bridge over the Allegheny. Calculations were tedious. Prof. Beggs noticed that the deflection curves he obtained bore a striking resemblance to the shape of a thin wooden pole bent out of line. He tried using a wooden pole to predict the results, and found that it would show ina few minutes’ work what it had previously taken days to calculate. Encouraged, he tried cardboard models, then celluloid, The last proved most satisfactory. Prof. Beggs showed me a model of a bridge arch cut out in fifteen minutes with a jig saw. In a few minutes’ exam- ination it revealed all the essential facts about the arch. Near by was a pile of papers, three inches thick, covered with figures—a student's solution of a similar problem. “Yet the model tells facts the calcula- tions do not,” Prof. Beggs said, ‘and it is error-proof. Nature never makes mis- takes. And models solve any structural problem in the most natural way.” wa Prof. Beggs was making his diminutive models other engineers were not idle. Modern dams are moreslen- der than their predecessors, and to test the theory that a safe one could be made even slimmer the. Engineering Founda- tion, a great association of research engl- neers, did just that—a unique exploit. To their surprise, the sixty-foot-high Stevenson Creek Test Dam near Fresno, Calif., withstood the terrific pressure, even when a freshet sent water over the top. There is (Continued on page 128)

- is or near) the eal they eX] the secr¢ the wo! known ! hope to t place < earthqu: haps to submers SCI nai ation in underta mulated ago by resental nine nal ing of th Geodeti ical Un Czecho: v a7 by instru accurat beyond which or, sub Unti has go plorers measul From learnec ocean land. ’ averag wide a compa beneat

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rY, 1928 ied at forces int On 10Ves, atch. ction ractly mem. mod. le de. lester small have most place like ings for. irely t in nce, ties ith. e is 1em. ‘aph rces an are and the de- nay February, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 19 Nations Join to Sound Seas World Experts with New Instruments Will Depths — Plumb Last By JAMES N. MILLER XPLORERS of many nations are preparing to embark on what may be the most fer- reaching voyage of discovery since Magellan sailed around the globe. With ingenious new instru- ments they propose to penetrate and chart the “deeps”” — those WIRE SOUNDING ONE HOUR DOWN ONE HOUR UP vast black canyons of mystery that lie miles down under the oceans. Sounding the depths of seas that cover 140 million square miles, or nearly two thirds of the earth’s surface, they expect to reveal the secrets of some of the world’s last un- known regions. They hope to trace the birth- place of destructive earthquakes, and per- haps to discover great submerged volcanoes. SCHEME of inter- national codper- ation in this enormous undertaking was for- mulated a few weeks ago by scientific rep- resentatives of twenty- nine nations at a meet- ing of the International Geodetic and Geophys- ical Union in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The plan was made pos- FIVE MILES sible by newly devised instruments for taking accurate soundirgs far beyond the limits at which human divers or, submarines could hope to survive. Until now the challenge of the deep has gone virtually unanswered, for ex- plorers have had no effective means of measuring the miles-deep sink holes. From meager soundings they have learned, however, that the canyons of the ocean floor surpass anything known on land. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado, averaging about a mile deep, ten miles wide and 280 miles long, is a small gully compared with the enormous labyrinths beneath the sea. The great Aleutian Deep, largest under the Pacific, is estimated at five miles deep and 1500 long. Beginning off the coast of Alaska, it parallels the Aleutian Island chain; then, extending toward Kam- chatka, merges into another huge canyon that stretches past the Japanese islands, - ast to the Philippines and finally to the Unwinding a six-mile piano wire by machinery to get, after an hour or more, a sounding that will only approximate the sea’s actual depth South Sea Islands, where it splits into various deeps of smaller dimensions. The great Nares Deep, biggest hole in the Atlantic floor, drops 27,972 feet, more than five miles. It covers an area nearly equal to the state of Maine. The Mexican Deep sinks 18,000 feet. Other huge declivities include the ‘Tonga Deep, off Samoa, and the Java Deep. The deepest spot yet found, 145 miles southwest of Tokyo, goes down six miles. This enormous hole could swallow Mount Everest, highest peak in the world! Heretofore miles of heavy piano wire with heavy leads attached have been used—a laborious and inaccurate process taking an hour or so for a single sounding. | ECHO SOUNDING FIVE SECONDS DOWN FIVE SECONDS BACK The old, slow and inaccurate sounding by letting down a wire and the new, fast, accurate echo method. In circle: Fathometer also shows depth Using the sonic depth finder, which, by timing the echoes the ocean bottom sends to its signals and translating the time inte distance, takes more than 14,000 soundings an hour as the ship steams along Before a submarine could dive even a mile it would be crushed by the water pressure. Operation of the new sounding instru- ment, the sonic depth finder, already used effectively by the U. S. Coast and . Geodetic Survey, is placed in the bottom of a ship and sends down rapping noises, catching their echoes from the ocean bottom. Since the speed of sound is known, the depth can be calculated from the time between transmission of the sound and reception (Continued on page 121)

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hae che vances ES ee ‘ Th Ze nee ene o> ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 199g tars Hold Secret of Life Invisible Rays from Heavenly Bodtes Stimulate Growth at Order of Divine Power, Says Noted Electrical Authority SAVANT in the dark ages at- tempted to create life by black magic. He used such terrifying ingredients as the hair of a bewitched dog, snake oil, wolfsbane, toad’s eye, deadly nightshade, extract of vampire, a portion of black cat and a bit of rooster’s comb snipped off by moon- light. Was the recipe a success? Only too much so, if we are to credit legend of the period. In fact the worthy necro- mancer overshot his mark and created a monster, lawless and devastating, useless and dangerous, which was suppressed with the greatest difficulty. For some ages science put aside the life problem. Then, within our time, Jacques Loeb hatched an unfertilized sea urchin egg by treating it with salt, anda Rockefeller ‘Institute colleague demon- strated the apparent immortality of hu- man or animal tissue kept in a suitable medium and temperature. Today Michael I. Pupin, world author- ity on electrical phenomena, tells us that the production of life in an earthly work- shop is the small end of the problem. Life is not a mechanical accident, nor did it originate on this planet by a sponta- The starlit Hungarian plain was a night school for Pupin, Serbian boy herdsman By ARTHUR A. STUART neous chance. It may come here from the stars; at least it is revitalized by surges of majestic rays, invisible to the human eye but with a penetrative force greater than any other known. Pupin, devoutly religious, finds no trouble in reconciling his theory with Genesis II, 7: “‘God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.”’ OST scientists avoid theology, but this one invokes it. “Electrons are the building stones of the universe, seen and unseen,” said Pupin recently, “and I believe God created them. He endowed these building stones with at- tributes which make everything in the universe rise to higher and higher levels. This rise is observed everywhere in the life of the luminous stars, as well as in the life of plants and animals. It can be observed in the evolution of atoms, from those of lower atomic weights, like hy- ‘ drogen, helium and lithium, to those of higher weights, such as gold, lead, uranium and radium. ““ Whether the same building stones are employed in the construction of the hu- man soul I do not know, because I do not know anything about the physical structure of the human soul. I know only something of its activities in the creation of our world of consciousness and of our spiritual world.” In time past Pupin would have been accused of the philosophical heresy of dualism, and a hasty glance over his books, From Immigrant to In- ventor and The New Reforma- tion, tends to support the charge. He seems to mingle scientif fact with art, poetry and religion, but a closer reading shows his science js in line with the views of modern inyestj. gators, and he is careful to set apart from the realm of experimental knowledge his personal mystical speculations. . What are the life-stimulating rays that come from the stars? They were reported by Gockel in 1910 and three years later by Hess and Kol- i horster. Quite re- cently they were intercepted on Pike’s Peak, in soar- ing balloons,and in ¥, the depths of moun- /7, 3% tain lakes by the #y American physicist, ; f = oe : a en taiice = And for the youth who landed at New York with a nickel the next night school was a boiler room Millikan, after whom they were popularly named. Six feet of lead these celestial super-rays penetrate, utterly dwarfing in comparison our éatthly workshop prod- ucts of X-rays, radium beams and the like. **We know all chemical action is pre- ceded by ionization,” said Pupin at a private conference during a recent annual meeting of the American Association for february, 192 Advar io, that jonization . izing ] action in. Jonizat electrons Pupin a was out o referred 11 said they periment were brot handling. How @ ated? Ei death of form. microscoy itive 1 P numbe particles, around satellites orbits Ww power. away frol energy W will fly 1 This has oratory. under ter endless 1 -torn dow tered, des a vast a of creatic quadrillic merous | cles flies | 186,000 | Thess some 0 stimula’ a few 1 just ne this po regard | HE fan Mecha: he has name i every ¢

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197 but sti- om lat ed ter February, 1923 the Advancement of Science. “We know, that Millikan rays strongly cause ionization. My suggestion is that their ionizing power furnishes a stimulating action in the living cells. Jonization means, by the way, a tem- disturbance or dislocation of gectrons from their usual orbits. Pupin added modestly that the subject was out of his province, and that he had referred it to the biologists, who said they would be glad to ex- riment as soon as the rays were brought under control for handling. How are the super-rays cre- ated? Either by the birth or death of matter in the atomic form. Each atom is a sub- microscopic solar system with positive nucleus for its sun and a number of negative electric particles, electrons, revolving around the nucleus. These satellites are locked in their obits with an inconceivable wer. Tear them apart and away from their orbits, and the energy which tears them away will fly into space as radiation. ==3§ This has been done in a lab- oratory. In the sun and stars, under terrific heat and pressure, endless myriads of atoms are -torn down, wrecked, rebuilt, al- tered, destroyed, remodeled: and a vast amount of divine debris of creation consisting of trillions, quadrillions and yet more nu- merous hosts of energy corpus- cles flies into space at a speed of 186,000 miles per second. These give life to our earth. Indeed some of our current life may have been stimulated by a star that has been dead a few million years, but whose rays are just now reaching us. Some consider this poetic fantasy. Einstein and Pupin - regard it as sober fact. HE least of Michael Pupin’s titles to fame is his Professorship of Electro- Mechanics in Columbia University, which he has held for nearly forty years. His name is scarcely a household word, yet every civilized household makes daily use Now as a Columbia —_ University professor he has become a_ world authority on mysterious electrical POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 21 of his basic discoveries. Every time you telephone or send a telegram you avail yourself of an efficiency in transmission due to the “Pupin loading coil.” The value of that invention to America alone has been esti- phenomena After 18 years in America the former peasant develops, from the germ of Serbian bagpipe operation, the electric tuning that makes possible radio selectivity mated at hundreds of millions of dollars. Every time you tune your radio set to select a particular broadcasting station, you are utilizing the principle of -elec- trical tuning Pupin discovered before Marconi developed wireless spark com- munication. The son of poor and illiterate Serbian peasants in the Banat section of Hun- gary, Pupin, with the other village _boys, was herdsman day and night for the community cattle roaming the fence- less plains. At night they were doubly alert, lest the cattle stray too near a Michael I. Pupin as he is today-—who says science will never penetrate the veil beyond which divine power sits enthroned i ms, & Rumanian set- tlement and be stolen by cattle thieves. Lacking watches, they learned to tell time by the stars. Lack- ing means of communication for the guard line, they rigged up a sort of ground telegraph which some caveman probably first thought of. They thrust their long herdsmen’s knives into the ground. By putting their ears to the handles they could hear the tread of cattle at some distance, the tapped signals of their com- rades, and the approach of thieves. Michael noticed that his knife carried messages better through hard ground and that the vibrations were dampened by soft earth. So did the other boys, but it never meant much to them. The dark plains with the glittering stars overhead were indeed for him a night school in physics. UPIN came to America in 1874, an immigrant boy of fifteen. He did have five cents but squandered it on a pie. He was a queer looking young foreigner, when he arrived at Battery Park, New York. A crowd of newsies and bootblacks jeered him, pointing at his red fez. Then a big boy knocked it off. Michael punched his assailant’s nose and they ‘clinched. The immigrant won the con- test and threw the bully. The others yelled and the Serbian feared a con- certed attack, but they were merely cheering the victor. As he was seized by a policeman, the boys interceded and Michael walked off with his fez on his head. Pupin thought himself a greenhorn. On his way through Philadelphia to a farm job he asked if this was the place where Benjamin Franklin flew his kite and brought electricity from the sky. He was rebuked for a silly question, since his informant had never heard of anybody named Franklin. (Continued on page 130)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Signs Painted On the Clouds Four-Billion-Candlepower Beam from Huge Projector Promises to Make Whole Sky a Movie are now hurled across the sky above New York's “Great White Way” with a colossal four-billion- candlepower projecting engine—a device tamed from its war- time duty of sending blinding light against the crews of Zep- pelins over London. So powerful is the beam that a display cast at one moment on a building across the way may at another be swung to a cloud or bank of heavy air two miles above Times Square. Stencils on slides alone are used now, but motion pictures may soon cast figures into the heavens that will make pyg- mies of the giants of mythology. H. Grindell-Matthews, British scientist, developed the projector, using a Sperry searchlight with an unusually heavy electric current and a superior carbon mixture for the arc. Current passing between the carbon pieces in the searchlight produces an intense light that is reflected by a concave mirror through the display stencil in the framework of the machine and on through the magnifying lens at the far end. ers advertisements with letters 150 feet tall Above: The mecha- nism, including flag stencil projected by the four-billion-can- dlepower light. Be- low: Major C. H. Biddlecombe ready to project a sign The biggest magic lantern extant, atop a New York building, casting light on a near-by skyscraper before swinging its beam to clouds two miles up. The machine, which blinded Zeppelin crews, now promises sky movies “PARABOLIC REFLECTOR ARC. MECHANISM © CATHOD , STENCIL OF . EQOLING ADVERTISEMENT __ FRAME ————— TO BE DISPLAYED ee gira. — ape ae te eee anil ees mma ms tees cate. sin, . ““h-/ APLATE KEEPS FLICKERING LIGHT OF FLAME FROM BEAM , ‘ a” EAM” CATHODE (MOVES BACK AND FORTH TO oy KEEP CORRECT ARC ADJUSTMENT) HEAT FROM ARC LIGHT PASSING THROUGH LENS “CONTROLS MECHANISM THAT KEEPS ANODE AND £ IN PROPER ADJUSTMENT Diagram showing how the giant reflector casts light through a stencil and a powerful lens to paint signs on the clouds goer That i Possibly perience. cans, I v at times low expli diet instr cians or stricted « fad’ of t dreds of ties’ are bills of that are and bad faddists lead us t long life way of some 01 vative » turing, dictate dinner t W! ri cooked: also to on wit

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pebruary, 1928 . By T. SWANN HARDING MIDDLE-AGED man my acquaintance, ing from high blood pres- sure, called on his physi- cian —a_ highly reputable itioner—and after a thorough exam- ination was told: “My friend, your trouble comes from eating too much meat.” The patient heard the verdict in amused astonishment. “Perhaps you're right, doctor,” he said, “but I haven’t touched meat for two ” ! The doctor attempted no excuses. Frankly he admitted error and then pre- sribed the advice most likely to be fool- proot—that of avoiding emotional ex- citement. That incident is not extraordinary. Possibly you have had some such ex- perience. Millions of Ameri- cans, I venture to say, have at times attempted to fol- low explicitly equally absurd diet instructions from physi- dans or others. Indeed re- stricted diet appears to be a fad’ of the moment. Hun- dreds of self-styled authori- ties: are handing us perfect bills of fare, listing things ’ that are supposed to be good and bad for us. Quacks and faddists are promising to lead us to health, good looks, long life and prosperity by way of our gullets. Even some orthodox and conser- vative physicians are ven- turing, in ail honesty, to dictate what shall go on our dinner tables. E ARE told to eat food raw, and also to eat it cooked; to eat fruits, and also to avoid them; and so on without end until he is a hat Doctors Don’t Know bout Diet A Food Chemist Tells How Recent Research Explodes Pet Theories of Nutrition “*My friend, your trouble comes from eating too much meat,” said the phy- sician. “Perhaps you're right, doctor,” said the patient, hearing this with amused astonishment, “but I haven’t touched meat for two years!” of suffer- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY superman indeed who, escaping utter bewilderment, can find out what is really good to eat. Still, to keep up with the fad, many are willing and gullible enough to “try anything once.” The results are likely to prove disappointing, if not disastrous. For we are likely to give up the very food substances our bodies need most; or to stuff ourselves with foods we need least. Small wonder that many of us, throwing up our hands in despair, are returning to “the good old American bill of fare,” eating whatever and whenever the palate dictates, regardless of results. To get down to cases, this diet business, for the most part, is plain bunk, because no unalterable rules of eating can be made to apply to every one. In chemical make-up your body differs from that of every one else in the world. Food research proves that nobody knows the answer The careful student of nutrition, who has devoted himself to research and ex- periment, confesses he is just beginning to learn the facts. Any casual lecturer, shoemaker, obese East Indian swami, or anemic vegetarian will give you more “information” on diet than can the expert. Any person whose Aunt Minnie cured her gastritis by eating artichokes and raw onions can prescribe a diet for you that will remedy anything. They lack only one thing, knowledge of what they’re talking about. S* years ago I knew nothing about nutrition, and could have informed you about it fluently. Now, having engaged in research work with some diligence, I am reduced to painful con- fessions of ignorance. I have simply got far enough to know that none of us knows the answer. A friend of mine is a nutri- tion chemist. He does noth- ing else but investigate food problems—for other people. He began to feel ill and finally landed at Johns Hop- kins. What was the verdict? ““There’s nothing the matter with you organically. But if you'll go home and eat less or exercise more—either one —you'll be all right.” He did and is well. If nutrition investigators cannot regulate their own eating satisfactorily, what hope is there for the quack- ridden layman? Alas, the scientific nutrition investi- gator knows little enough, but the public should be told that little. From this humble stand- point we now can proceed at least to discover some of the things we specifically do not know to be true about

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TE Bs a oe —~ at pete Sg i 24 eating. ‘We can knock in the head a number of the most com- mon food fallacies, sort out cer- tain authentic bits of useful in- formation, and outline some of the broad general principles of nutrition. The instruments we shall use are the impartial re- sults of competent research. Imagine you feel “run down” and consult a doctor. Ten to one, he will advise you about diet, and among the first things he recommends will be milk and raw eggs. Well, milk is one good food, but by no means a complete diet. It lacks iron and other important minerals, as well as the growth-promoting vitamin A and vitamin C, which pre- vents scurvy. It is too low in vitamin D to protect against rickets. As for raw egg white, it is decidedly indigestible and ineffective in stimulating the flow of gastric juices and the secretion of bile. Of course, egg yolk is a valuable source of vitamins, but it is highly acid. Now what of the popular interroga- tion: “‘Have you had your iron today?” The physiologist Bunge’s idea that we must have iron from an organic source has long been in the museum of scientific antiquities, yet peptonized and other organic iron tonics still flood from manu- ‘ facturer to pharmacist to gullet. S A matter of fact, the body uses iron most economically. In case of iron starvation it will use what it has over and over again. We need from six to sixteen milligrams a day—an insignificant amount when you consider that there are about 29,000 milligrams in an ounce. Any mixed diet supplies the sixteen. Two eggs, a few peas or prunes will do it. Raisins and molasses are good. Iron tonics supply enor- mously more than we need, taxing our bodies to eliminate it. Now let us consider the vegeta- rians. Some years ago Chittenden, after extensive experiments at Yale with a very low protein diet, concluded much less meat protein should contribute considerably to American well being. But does this prove that man should be a vegetarian? The entire duration of Chittenden’s experiments did not exceed one percent of the normal span of life. Is that long enough to warrant conclusions? Actually we do not know what effects a long con- tinued vegetarian diet might have. As to the avowedly vegetarian higher ape, is his diet perhaps the cause of his low estate? Perhaps some ape became man when he be- gan eating meat! That is fanciful, but it is quite as logical as the demand that man should restrict himself to fruits, nuts and cereals because the ape prefers them. A vegetarian diet may be best for certain individuals but, speak- ing generally, it is difficult to assimilate enough protein on such a diet. The body cannot readily use vegetable proteins, and meat supplies the best available protein POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Does this prove that man should be an absolute vegetarian? supplement for a diet already adequate in green vegetation. Animals have thriven on diets containing as much as eighty percent of meat protein. It is true that rabbits fed on a high protein diet containing twenty percent meat showed increased blood pressure and excessive albumin, but rabbits are nor- mally vegetarians and hence poor sub- jects for such a test. Even so, they sur- vived this unnatural diet in perfect health if they ate green vegetation in abundance. Rats fed a two-thirds pro- tein diet grew normally. If raised on a low protein diet they readily adjusted themselves to more protein when it was fed. Mother rats nursing litters weighed more and raised healthier young when fed meat in an adequately balanced diet than when meat was not fed. We cannot conclude that vegetarian Wi. diet is best for man. Tt is trothmeaa{ eS) Baby specialists today are advising bananas, once called indigest- ible, as ideal food for very young infants February, 199 doubtful if it is ever temporarily during ae eased condition, although exception is to be noted Sale Still, we do habitually tend to eat too much meat. Cutt P down this over-consumptigg undoubtedly would help jj preventing disease. It js P fortunate that the human rose | seeks to cure so many of its. ills by oscillating from one inadvisable extreme to an- other. vo ALMUR STEFAN. SSON, the Arctic explorer for instance, lived for nine years on an exclusive meat diet and examination there. after proved him in perfect health. His examining physi. cian at the same time reported two American patients who had lived for years entirely on meat without apparent detriment. The Eskimos themselves, ex. clusive meat eaters, are decidedly healthy until they change to our mixed diet, and have indigestion. In a recent personal communication to me Stefansson speaks also of certain Asiatics who live exclusively on vege. tables and are free from constipation. He adds that “it becomes interesting to in- quire whether there is anywhere a commu- nity living on a mixed diet that is similarly free. Of course we must not conclude at once that it is the mere mixedness of the diet that causes the trouble.” These considerations at least indicate that heavy meat diets may have been castigated unduly and also that we know little definitely about human diet. It might be well while we're at it to knock on the head the advice to “‘eat only one protein food at any meal.” Proteins are built up of simpler substances called amino- acids. There are about twenty of these, and perhaps we need cer- tain amounts of all. One protein very often, will supply the amino- acids which another lacks. Hence combinations of proteins are just what we need to be sure of getting all the varieties. LMOST as silly is the “coarse food’’ fad—whole wheat, bran, fruit pulp—anything to keep the bowels functioning freely. True, bulk does have its use, but the theory is overemphasized. For one thing, coarse food particles tend to close rather than open the exit from the stomach, thus slowing down the digestive process. Wal- ter O. Alvarez, of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn., says the surest way of helping the average dyspeptic is to take away his bran mash. Bran is the most indigest- ible substance in Nature. Except in cases of severe constipation, it should not be riotously indulged in. ‘Avoid an acid diet” is another popular admonition, though there is no definite proof that a long continued acid diet is harmful. A tremendously abnormal dcid-form- ing diet was (Continued on page 116) peoruar> 1928 Auton Stalls I C t p t drone. Ex the field, v plane’s no: the slowin; speed. By thing cou! ground—a no room crashed. But the) almost mo dropped a Automa vention tc itted y seel deadly pe has lost th aloft. De Page, Bx they are | gineers t! vance in : When t Sir Samu Secretary pit and p When : wings los WING | FLOW | ae.

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icate now it to e to any D of ino- y of cer- tein ino- nce just ting arse ran, the rue, the one l to -xit ing al- yO the age ran ast - ept it in. her ere ng Ba 16) pebeuary 1928 Wing Slots POPULAR SCIENCE_MONTHLY Automatic Device, Operating When Motor Stalls, Prevents Dusasters in the Aur By EDWIN KETCHUM IVE hundred feet above the Cricklewood, London, airdrome the other day, a huge fighter plane’s motor coughed, sput- tered, and ceased its steady drone. Experienced airmen, standing on the field, watched with horror as the big plane’s nose went up in the air, robbing the slowing craft of its last mile of flying speed. By all accepted rules, only one thing could happen now, so near the gound—a, swift, uncontrollable spin with no room to recover before the plane crashed. But the plane, to their amazement, hung almost motionless in the air, then its nose dropped and it regained flying speed. Automatic safety wing slots, latest in- vention to make aviation less hazardous, permitted this hitherto suicidal maneuver. They seem to banish the flyer’s most deadly peril—the wild spin of a plane that has lost the speed it needs to keep aloft. Devised by F. Handley- Page, British aircraft builder, they are considered by some en- gineers the most important ad- vance in aviation history. When the plane circled to earth, Sir Samuel Hoare, British Air Secretary, stepped from the cock- pit and praised the invention. When a plane tilts upward. the wings lose their normal lift. They WING ORDINARY are standing on edge; and the air that passed over them before in a smooth, even stream is now a boiling, swirling eddy. The ailerons, the balancing flaps at the rear of the wings, cannot take hold. One wing dips. The plane spins and crashes. By trapping a stream of air at this time and sending it backward over the tops of the wings, giving the ailerons some- thing to grip, the new control slots avert such a catastrophe. They are incon- spicuous, miniature seven-foot wings, so - hinged to the main wings’ upper surface as to leave narrow slots through which the auxiliary air stream is directed to the ailerons just behind. Marvels of control result. An airplane can roll over on a wing tip to perform half of a side loop; then, still on end, turn right or left at will. It can make a high speed turn on an absolutely even keel, an exceedingly dangerous maneuver at low Flight Lieutenant Webster, winner of the Schneider Cup, in- spects the incidence gage, which indicates to the pilot the tilt of a plane equipped with the Handley-Page slotted wing ser ake Planes Safe Demonstration plane in flight, showing slotted wings that send auxiliary air stream to ailerons to control balance. Above: Sir Samuel Hoare, British Air Secretary, in pilot’s seat just before the test altitude. And with a plane stalled in mid-air the safety slots enable the pilot to control his machine’s rolling and pitch- ing even when the tail slants downward. In normal flight the wing slots do not operate, when the plane tilts so that normal control is lost the tiny curved planes commence work of their own ac- cord, swinging outward on their metal hinges. The air pressure on the plane causes this action; the pilot is left free to handle his machine. The brains of the automatic control is a wind gage, a U-shaped tube attached to a wing strut and facing forward. When the plane tips, the altered pressure on the tube, communicated through pipes to the cockpit, starts the mechanism that brings the wing slots into service. A feature of the Cricklewood plane demonstration was a huge “incidence gage” with a pointer that indicated, on a graduated scale, the plane’s tilt. It revealed that with aid of the wing slots the plane can practical- ly stand on end, or start to do so. Above twenty-six degrees, the nose drops through the automatic restoring action of the slots and the plane recovers poise and con- trol. It can even descend on even keel, nearly vertically. with power off at about twenty-five. feet a second. SLOTTED WING AUXILIARY wine WING pa ais bo en SS AIR FLOW AUXILIARY WING WORKING

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FSI SE ASS ee com — gaiatenees 2 ¢? a Z ‘i / VERY time you put your foot on the earth, you step on hundreds of millions of your partners. An entire microscopic world, with a population running into billions, lives and moves and multiplies in every shovelful of garden loam. We used to think animals and insects and plants were the only living things in the world. Now science has discovered that under almost every square foot of ground are more living inhabitants than the entire human population of the globe! Living and working and multiplying for centuries before the forms we know as animals and lants ever appeared, they form a om world in themselves, upon which the larger forms of life developed. And new studies have revealed that without the work of the whole underground world, all the plants and animals we know about would quickly die—and so would we! They would starve to death be- cause they could not get any food they could digest. Without the work of the tiny citizens of the soil as butchers and chefs, the plants would be as helpless as a starving man with a dead rabbit strapped to his stom- ach. This whole marvelous new field of knowledge, which is changing our understanding of man’s entire relationship to the world about him, is so important that the First International Congress of Soil Science was recently held in Washington, D.C., with foremost scientists of all the great nations attending, and What a powerful enough glass would show in any handful of earth—nmillions of organisms that renew very ie, thy), Meda @ MI: \ aN eC “me - a h imo & ME Wy POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY with one of America’s leading soil scientists, Dr. Jacob G. Lipman, as president. It received no headlines in newspapers, yet it dealt with a sub- ject so important that the slightest change in balance, the least disturbance of Nature’s equilibrium, may bankrupt nations, change the history of races, or cause the death of untold millions of human beings thtough disease in a single year! To learn more of this astonishing world beneath our feet for the readers of PopuLar Science Montuty, I went to see Dr. Lipman at New Brunswick, where he presides as Dean of the New Jersey Agricultural College of Rutgers University. “The reason we have not known be- fore of these underground citizens,’”’ Dr. Lipman told me, “is that they are so minute they can be studied only with powerful microscopes.” One little fellow, the Bacterium anthracis, and shaped something like a diminutive finger, is about one twenty- five thousandth of an inch wide, and nearly one five thousandth of an inch long! He is one of the giants! One of his really small cousins, belonging to a numerous family called micrococcus, is only one and a quarter millionths of an inch through. Forty thousand could march abreast through the eye of a fine needle. “Even after microscopes had come into general use,” Dr. Lipman explained, “for decades nobody suspected that minute plants and animals did work on which all larger life was dependent. Then, about the middle of the last February, 1933 Found! AWhole By MYRON M. STEARNS Drawings by Rutherford Boyd century, Louis Pasteur discovered them, Since then much has been learned of the workers in the soil, but most of the whole new world is still unexplored. “The whole underground world of life is made possible by the iormation of the ground. Soil is made up of solid particles of mineral matter, and the space between these particles. ‘This space, when dry, jg known as ‘pore space.” “Microérganisms can’t live in solid rock or metal. They have to have room, and moisture, and air. All these are found between the solid particles in the soil,” In a pile of big rocks, there's a lot of — in the chinks; it’s the same way with soil. “The ‘pore space’ between the solid mineral particles,’ he went on, “varies from perhaps one third of the total volume, as in coarse sand, to as much as two thirds in silt or fine loam or clay. In peat or muck it is sometimes eighty or ninety percent.” This was surprising! The smaller the particles of solid matter, the greater is the proportion of ‘pore space.’ Two scientists named Lyon and Fippin set out to count the mineral particles ina small amount of soil—one gram. In a gram of gravel they found 252 particles; in fairly coarse sand, more than 13,500. And with finer materials they had to count a small portion and estimate the total. ‘There are 65,100,000 particles in a gram of silt, and 45,500,000,000 in pipe clay! “But what of the moisture necessary for the life of the soil population?”’’ asked and learned of another one of Nature's astonishing provisions. Lyon and Fippin measured and found that even in “‘air-dry” sand like that of the Arizona desert there is from one half to one percent of water! In “air-dry” silt, two to four percent! And in clay, eight to twelve percent! “Around each mineral particle,” said Dr. Lipman, “‘is a film of moisture known- as ‘hygroscopic water.’ This film in even seemingly dry soil is about three one hundred thousandths of an inch thick.” We are accustomed to think of the world on which we live as a great planet, but small and insignificant compared to the hundreds of thousands of stars in the sky—each of them Dr. Lipm: conditions for the sé pass thr 44,310 si sand; 282 joam, an through p At low tures mo:

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ry, 192g le them, of the Whole of life of the ticles tween ry, is | rock , and ound ot of with solid aries total ‘h as . Ih y or ris ppin na POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 27 {New World under Our Feet Powerful Microscopes Reveal Strange Animals and Plants in the Soil; So Small That Millions Could Rest on Your Finger Nail and Yet So Energetic That They Feed Us All ighty suns, incomparably larger than our earth, so large that we yet know as jittle of it as the cricket along a railroad track knows of the mechanics of a loco- motive. But here we have the reverse of that picture—a complete world on the surface of each particle of fine loam or silt, sosmall that you can pile millions of them on your finger nail! “When water from the air, or rainfall,”’ Dr. Lipman explained, “is added to this hygroscopic moisture it rapidly expands, until the pore space of the soil turns into a teeming world of life.” But that is not all. Most of the soil ulation need air, and the passage of air through soil has been meas- “About 5000 cubic centi- meters of air was observed to through a column of gravel in thirty-seven seconds,” said Dr. Lipman. “Under the same conditions it took 1178 seconds for the same amount of air to pass through ordinary sand, 44,310 seconds, through fine sand; 282,200 seconds, through vay jam, and 2,057,000 seconds ] through pipe clay.”’ At low tempera- tures most of the plants and animals that we know. When the balance is not right, the soil popula- tion dies off, and life as we know it dies off with it.” - Too much moisture limits the oxygen in the pore spaces, and the soil citizens that require air begin to lose out; excessive moisture also breeds too many of their enemies; so the balance of power is dis- turbed. In air-dry soils like desert sand, the water is too limited; they can live only in the limited space of the hygroscopic moisture film. Under these conditions many varieties go into a dormant state in which they can survive for long periods— even years. When the necessary balance underground _ citi- zens become thick skinned and dor- : mant; they are killed by great heat. But at around sixty degrees Fahrenheit—and in the case ‘of some species far below that—they perk up and multiply, up to well above a hundred degrees they thrive mightily. “When the balance of air, moisture, and temperature is right,” said Dr. pman, “the soil population flourishes, and life becomes possible for the larger The life cycle. Plants, provided by tiny microjrganisms with nourishment made from the soil and from dead organic matter, grow up to feed the ani- mals, which eventually become the food of man. fertilizer or garbage, or in some other form, eventually reaches the earth to be made into food again for more plants, for more animals and more men Dead organic matter, as is secured again, they take up once more the burden of existence. The underground empire grows to best advantage in moderately coarse, well- irrigated soils, where the mixture of air and water is most favorable. I asked how it happened that plants and animals can grow, at least in summer, even in the frozen north. Did that mean there were soil-citizens that could with- stand great cold? The soil census shows a wide range. In newly-broken peat, like that of a Minne- sota bog, the population may be scanty— 650,000 to each cubic inch! In well-tilled and cultivated soils, such as are found around New Brunswick, it runs up to 100,000,000 or more. ‘How deep underground do these soil creatures live?” I asked. “Most of them live pretty near the surface. The first half inch or so is not so popular, because it dries out too fast, but after that the number increases rapidly down to seven or eight inches, where it is greatest. Then it diminishes again down to two or three feet, where it usual- ly stops entirely. Fifty million mi- crotérganisms to the cubic inch prepare food for growing crops in the average soil Below that there is not enough air.” And now we come to a still more marvelous thing—how the life of the soil prepares food for the larger plants and animals that we know. “Since there is only a limited amount of plant food *in the world, the continual return of plant and animal forms to the earth is absolutely necessary for further life and growth,” Dr. Lipman said. ‘Most people think of the process simply as decay or decomposition. But it comes about only through the presence of the microérgan- isms, and is solely their work. Wherever they are killed off, or not present, it does not occur. ‘*‘All plants, insects and animals are composed of fats, sugars, proteins and other ingredients. After they die and before they can be used as food by other plants they have to be broken down into their simple chemical constituents; the proteins have to be separated into amino- acids, and so on. With the ingredients into which they separate organic matter the microdrganisms mix various necessary minerals from the particles of the soil. “Every dried (Continued on page 122

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ae. ee Se “atin Ra 2 Gi ata, cre . T. NAZAIRE was the port se- lected for us because it had a 150-ton crane at one dock and two 125-ton cranes at French locomotive shops, with the Montoir storehouses near by. But when we got there we found plenty of chance for Navy ingenuity. The barracks they wanted us to sleep in were full of potatoes, and the floor had sagged. The 19th Engineers, all railroad shop men, were unloading and assembling locomotives. Some gob was heard to re- mark, ““That’s pretty good lumber those engines come packed in.” set to work making barracks, beds and all, out of locomotive packing cases. We had to re-lay the tracks to stand the weight of the gun car. To erect that car we would need compressed air, so we sal- vaged an old stationary boiler, patched it up, overhauled a leaky air pipe line, and were all set. But when the first shipload of material came in, all we could do was store it, for there was practically no complete unit. Wile waiting, some of our mechanics went to help at the roundhouse, others aided the 19th Engineers to as- semble locomotives, and _ still others organized switching crews, manned locomotives, and helped clear up the yards. When we were ready to start erection the Engineers lent us one of their thirty-five-ton steam cranes. But the battle of St. Nazaire had to be fought without a plan. We had no blueprints! A com- Right away we POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ee On the way to the front to chase Big Bertha. One of the Navy’s big guns, weighing with its car 267 tons, crossing a tem- porary wooden trestle in France. A single shot from such a gun drove the Germans fr2m Tergnier and the French walked in Bie Guns in France Despite Skeptics, Navy Goes into Action on the French Front, and Giant Weapons Take a Town with a Single Shot By REAR ADMIRAL CHARLES P. PLUNKETT, U. S. N. In Collaboration with Tuomas M. JouNson ‘Now It Can Be Told”’ Admiral Plunkett, who com- manded the Navy’s big guns that outshot “Big Bertha” and drove her from the field, reaches a thrilling climax in this, the second of his amazing stories of the American ‘Battleships on Wheels,” one of the most dra- matic incidents of the great war. plete set of them, showing the assembly of every car, had been mailed from the United States, but it never arrived. American sailors inside an ammunition car of a “battleship on wheels.”” The picture shows the machinery used to move the 1400- pound shells, 22 of which destroyed a German ammunition dump February, 19% All those gobs we had sent to the Baldwin Locomotive Works and the Standard Steel Car Works had kept note. books, sketching details of construction, parts and assembly. Time after time, as we put together what seemed like-a g- gantic jig-saw puzzle, somebody's note. book would show us where something went or how to put it there. The heaviest single job was lifting the gun girder from ship to shore. The 150- ton crane was run by a somewhat anti- quated Frenchman whom impatient gobs suspected of being a German agent—he certainly seemed to be delaying the war. His crane was not brand-new, and it was a heavy lift, but it was miraculous how often it broke down and how a fifty- franc note seemed to facilitate repairs. It seems to me I had to climb up on that crane and give first aid, so to speak, at least once a day until all ow stuff was ashore. NLOADING the big gun was a problem, for it would crush the light French flat cars. We solved it by first unloading the trucks, then putting the gun girder on them, next inse deck lugs and gun slide, finally unloading the gun on the girder and taking the whole thing to outside erecting tracks for completion. Here we a sembled the cars also, first trucks, then frames, sides and roofs, and lastly interior fittings. That was harder than it sounds, for when we opened the packages marked “rivets,” we found them full of stove bolts! February, i We hed , eac eet I Well, we J pivets alll « Those g to get cral . D . headlight proad day rivets, of pased On per siz the mayor friends de cains toss one anoth car's. W EV and beginning t long battleship: much dou » bu They were nish co:

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ry, 194 February, 1928 E 8 as SEEEEEE EE Fat eTe “ae wm 1 to put together seventy-two We bed of which needed to hold it ther between 500 and 1200 rivets. Well, we just started out and “borrowed rivets all over France. Those gobs had shown themselves able to get cranes from hard-boiled American jroad men and had even taken the _yeadlight off a French locomotive in proad daylight. In a few days we had rivets, of all shapes and sizes, but all jased on the metric system. Our me- chanics drew the large ones down to the ner size by hand. For days afterward the mayor of St. Nazaire brought all his friends down to see the marins ameri- eins tossing red-hot French rivets to one another as they put together their car's. E WERE getting along pretty fast, and the people of St. Nazaire were beginning to take interest. They saw our t long guns being mounted on our battleships on wheels, and they never had much doubt of our ability to deliver the , but there were others who had. They were the F rench and American “ex- perts” on ordnance. Of two such Ameri- can experts, one had been a clerk in a drug store (he was a Major); the other had trained for war by supervising important stamp-licking activities in a Southern city hall. They, and others who knew rather more about ordnance, were sure the French railroads wouldn’t carry the gun car, and as for the bridges, they would collapse from sheer fright when they saw us coming. American railroads were one thing, they said, French railroads another. The latter had been built for toy 40 ‘hommes, 8 chevaux boxcars that were pushed around the yards by hand (they really were) and were run down after four war years. But we sailors didn’t believe the experts. We did some land scouting by auto- mobile. Commander Garret L. Schuyler and I were accompanied by Lieut. Com- mander Dexter C. Buell, now of Omaha, Nebr., one of our first volunteers. He had been visiting in Washington when the contracts were let, and had walked into the Ordnance Bureau and said he’d like to go along. A fine railroad man, he first handled the job of material inspec- tion in the States, then bossed assembly in France. His assistant at home, by the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY way, was also a volunteer for this particu- lar job, Lieut. Commander George T. Ladd, of Pittsburgh. Our survey convinced us that the road- bed was perfectly safe, that all main line bridges were safe if we watched our step, and that most of them were safe even for ordinary speed. But the French weren’t so sure. We could shut up the drug store ordnance experts, but our Allies allowed those were the only railroads and bridges they had with which to fight the war, and they didn’t want them wrecked. They sent Captain Debonett, a French artillery con- structor who in civil life was a bridge engineer, to find out all about our old favorite, axle-load. He reported the bridges safe, but he would bet no. francs on the roadbed standing up. We put two and two together and decided that if we were sure of the track and he of the bridges, there would be no trouble. \ ," 7 E TOLD that to General Pershing, when he came to see us while as- sembly was going on, and he was much pleased, for some of the reverberations of the battle of St. Nazaire had reached his G. H. Q. at Chaumont, clear across France. The General had believed in us from the start, and was much interested to see the guns he had sent for. Although immaculate, as he always was, he climbed up onto a gun car while I explained the construction. Then who should appear but Commander Buell—with a long black cigar! A good railroad man—but he hadn’t been a Naval officer very long. Somehow I got be- tween him and Gen- eral Pershing, and landed a quick kick on Buell’s shins. Bis Psonic An example of Navy ingenuity. Broken down French boiler, salvaged, patched and made to fur- nish compressed air for use in erecting and riveting together the cars of the mighty 14-inch batteries ag At St. Nazaire. Removing a 14-inch gun from its car after unloading it from the ship. An anti- quated crane, operated by an old Frenchman who refused to be hurried, made this slow work “Throw away that cigar,” I whispered in his ear—and he did. Then I presented him to the General. Thus the Army and the Navy contin- ued to coéperate—and the war was won. General Pershing told me that day that the American Army would soon be as- sembled as an independent command, and that as soon as it was he hoped our Naval guns would be attached to it and work under his own direction. Meantime we were to be under orders of Marshal Foch, to go anywhere he might order—wherever the fighting was heavy and the need great. The first job the French had for us was to knock out the Berthas that were shell- ing Paris, or at least force them back so far that they could not reach the French capital. They were in a hurry about that, and we got one call after another to send forward two guns and trains as quickly as possible. Delay the others if necessary, the order was, but get two going. We rearranged our criginal schedule for assembling all five guns and trains, and concentrated on two. We were all work- ing under great pressure. The men were supposed to work from 7:30 a.m. until 5:15 p.m., with an hour off for lunch, but they refused to quit until it was too dark to see—almost ten o’clock. But for the men we could not have made the record we did in assembling the batteries. HE first gun girder was unloaded from ship July 30. August 11 we had the completed gun car and first train ready to leave for the front. Everybody was on edge to go. We wired the French High Command—“ All set. Where do you want us?” We waited. Then came a telegram, “Don’t come yet. Await fur- ther orders.” That was a hard blow. It was August 18 before we finally pushed off with Train No. 1, and next day Train No. 2 followed. Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, inspected the guns and mounts before we started. I had been skipping about from place to place, seeing French

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ne re nna pee cE es SE 2 RG Sailor turned soldier. Rear Admiral Plunk- ett, who commanded battleships on wheels generals and American “ex- perts,” but I went with those two guns myself. This was what I had been dreaming of ever since I got the job— going into action as com- mander of battleships on wheels. Our destination was Helles- Mouchy, about halfway be- tween Paris and Amiens, and over 350 miles from St. Na- zaire, and we had to pass over three railroad systems, the Orleans, Etat and Nord—a good “trial trip,” if we needed one. It was certainly the most thrilling rail- road journey I ever made, although we never went faster than six miles an hour. We were sure we could go faster, but re- spect for the nerves of the French and the drug store ordnance experts constrained us. Our trip was a sort of triumphal progress. We didn’t try to hide the guns, for we thought a look at them would do more to raise French morale than any- thing we could think up. Also, we were rather proud, you know, of having put it over and being at last on the way to the front, after all delays and mishaps. We were to find it wasn’t as simple as that. 1 fare pg we appeared, a crowd gathered. French soldiers, old men and women and children in wooden sabots stared and exclaimed, ““Oo! La! La!” Word that the train was coming was flashed ahead, and at our sedate speed there was plenty of time for a crowd to gather at each station. Many people had flowers and wreaths to decorate the guns. Some of the wreaths were too small to go over the great muzzles—and everybody laughed and cheered some more. Then we would glide slowly and majestically om —. ae as EARP, ai » PORE. - BN sq ' ts q — i oe "3 ro eee re POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY away for the next ovation. Sometimes that would be from American soldiers filling troop trains that we passed. How they did cheer! And when they heard our whistle and bell, they cheered again. “Ring that bell!” they would chant, “it sounds like home!” And we would ring the bell again and blow the whistle that sounded like a foghorn compared to the “‘toot-toot”’ of the French engines. I don’t think our French pilots enjoyed the trip quite so much. They had the axle-load complex, and Commander Buell and I, in the cab, had to calm them down when we came to a bridge. They didn’t under- stand the air brake, either, and were always shouting “Doucement! Douce- ment!’ which means slow down, when we came into yards. But we let them start the train according to their regulations, which are that the conductor must blow his whistle to show he is ready, and the station master blow a horn to show it is all right with him, before the train can leave. The gobs used to jump off and try to steal a horn so as to save time at thin’ te eh Covering a gun for camouflage after firing a shot in the Meuse-Argonne battle, in which the Navy’s guns, which some “experts” said would never reach the front, hastened the conclusion of the war the rest of the stations we were to pass. By the time Battery No. 1 reached Helles-Mouchy at 8:30 p.m., August 23, the whole of France must have known that the biggest guns that had ever been in the country were on their way to the front. It had taken us nearly a week to get there, but there we were. We had gone through Paris, but underground, by the subterranean tracks of the Ceinture, the circular belt line connecting all the railroads that enter the city. In that labyrinth we encountered a Minotaur in the shape of a French railroad official who crawled under our locomotive and trium- phantly discovered that certain nuts and bolts (probably French) hung down so low that they would foul some special fit- tings in the tunnel. He started a lengthy address about why we should go back, and before he got through we had cut off all the protruding bolts with oxy-acety- lene. Then we went on. But we couldn’t satisfy one French sta- tion master so easily. When we started February, 194 pepeuary, 1928 the French gave us a railroad map wi all the unsafe bridges marked in red ink Then they routed us across one of those bridges. When we reached the next sta. tion, the Chef de gare was horrified, Nea de’ Dieu, he said, we had been routed wrong. The only way to remove the offi. cial mistake from the record was to gp back over the same bridge and come ¢ another way. Well, we did. UR crew really saved us from get stuck by hot boxes. The bears ran hot, and we had to creep into sidj pretty often to cool off and repack, | got along at all only because some of, railroaders recruited from the Bald Works rode along hanging just clear of} roadbed, where they could feel the } ings’ pulse and feed them oil througha rubber tube made by cutting up a tom: niquet from a first aid package. ‘= They would lie for hours in a improvised rope hammock swinging @ the car side, and when they got out wou be aching and stiff and sore. You could order men to do that, but these m insisted on doing it. Oh well, c'est la guerre, as we learning to say, and at last we were Helles-Mouchy, a regular headquarter of the French General Re. serve Artillery, of which we were temporarily a part. | had made an earlier yisit there and now I supposed all was ready for our first shots at the Berthas. But I had forgotten our luck. The French artillery off cers had good news, they said, great news. The long range German bombardment of Paris had stopped. The Berthas had been withdrawn. That was what they called great news! Of course, we hated to break that to the gobs. It seemed pretty tough after all their work. But in a few minutes they recovered. ““No wonder, with all the fuss we made on the way,” they said. “The Germans heard we were coming, and skipped out.” The Navy believes to this day that is what stopped the bombardment of Paris, HE Germans were certainly inter ested in us. As soon as we approached Helles-Mouchy their airplanes were snoop- ing over us. The French were in a huny for us to get tarpaulins over the gun, and while our men were at work shrapnel fired from French antiaircraft guns chase the Germans away fell near them Some of their first real war souvenirs wert bits of shell fragment and shrapnel picked out of the ties. This region was an impor tant railway center, just behind the front, and the towns, especially Creil, were badly bombed. There were air raids every clear night, and we began to get the real feel of the war. But once more we were all dressed and no place to go. The French were cagey about our guns. We had proved we wouldn’t wreck railroads nor bridges, now they wanted to know whether We would wreck the Germans. They wanted us to fire afew (Continued on page 150) “WTsSa .vetel the « saw Dawn was ¢ beginning t small India trying to bi Beaten, “ acetylene t ty; all the away; the For three turns at th white flame massive me his welder’ floor. “They'r door,” he licked. Be. The five a rear Wi shadows. metaliurgi cisive triu cessful of since the burglar h: ago he ab: sives. H torches an and const Vantage « the torch, devised n tion. He vault he « The gr banks. F

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February» 1928 “ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31 Exit—the Torch Burglar How new vault doors of copper defy the most successful of all bank’ criminals By ALLAN O’HARA Burning through a two-inch steel plate in seven- teen seconds with oxy-acetylene torch—a test revealing the vulnerability of bank vault steel T’Sa flop,” cried ““Wabash Whitey,” veteran torch burglar. Glancing at the clock over. the bank door he saw that it was nearly four a.m. Dawn was approaching. Early risers were beginning to appear on the streets of the small Indiana town. It was no time to be trying to burn a way into a bank vault. Beaten, “Whitey” threw down the oxy- acetylene torch. The gas drum was emp- ty; all the torch tips had been burned away; the rest of the gang were fidgety. For three hours they had been taking turns at the torch, but its jet of blue and white flame had only half penetrated the massive metal door. “ Whitey”’ pulled off his welder’s helmet and threw it on the floor. ‘They're using some new dope in that door,” he complained. “It’s got us licked. Beat it!” The five burglars climbed out through a rear window and dissolved into the shadows. It was the first time in fifteen years that ““Whitey” had failed to burn his way into a vault, and this vault, which spelled his Waterloo, offered rich pickings, some $100,000 in cash and securities. This incident, reconstructed from re- ports of detectives who investigated the unsuccessful foray, tells the story of metallurgical science’s recent de- cisive triumph over the most suc- cessful of bank criminals. since the torch was invented the burglar has been using it. ago he abandoned drills and explo- sives. He found it easy to steal The torch test that proved the impenetrability. of the new vault door. Note, on the small frame at the right, a section of cast iron vault plate which has been pierced by the torch banked wealth, or $52,000,000,000, is deposited in financial citadels of America. Since the war, vault building in American banks has increased 500 percent, due to increased interest in security buying. Yet vaults were becoming less impregnable each year. For the year ending August 31, 1917, there were fifty-eight bank burglaries in the United States with a loss Ever Long torches and gas from railroad yards and construction jobs. Taking ad- Vantage of each improvement in the torch, he overcame each newly devised method of vault construc- tion. He defied science to build a vault he could not penetrate. The greatest sufferers were the . Five eighths of the world’s Wii) lin ; wnt of $100,000, and also fifty-seven unsuc- cessful attempts. During the year ending August 31, 1927, eighty-three burglaries were perpetrated and the loss was $185,000—almost double what it had been ten years earlier. More significant, only forty-three burglary attempts were unsuccessful. Alarmed, organized banking interests turned to the scientists for help. And science, instead of searching unexplored fields, turned to one of the world’s oldest of metals—copper—and found the secret that it was looking for. It was copper that “‘Whitey’s” torch encountered and that sent him and his gang scrambling out * the bank window, licked! The discovery that copper would turn the trick came about in 1927 in an unusual way. A metallurgist who had been specializing on metal vault construction was motoring through France. His car broke down in a small. French village and he lodged for the night in a peasant’s cottage. He observed that the housewife, preparing dinner, made The burglar-proof door swung open. The scout of the bank burglar ““mob” knows that this is one of those new things he can’t get into and advises his fellows to keep away from it sparing use of fuel. With a bellows she was able to fan a smoldering log into a blaze (Continued on page 118)

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—_ EST SO Se od are | i eR ns «Sy ao nante heen ne ee , , 2 ‘ f Sy R 7 ae I j oy : 4 é a eS ; . A gts ‘ “ee . ‘ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, Many eminent men believe in telepathy, either as a possibility or a demon. strated fact; yet thousands of tests in all parts of the world leave the of scientists still unconvinced, even despite the amazing successes Teported elepathy Atl Bunk What Sctentists Have Discovered About This Widely Discussed Subject in Thousands of Exhaustive Tests HILE American engineers were perfecting trans-At- lantic telephony by radio, an engineer in Paris was attempting a still more marvelous communication. He was try- ing to send messages to persons in New York without any physical apparatus at all, but by the direct action of mind on mind—by telepathy. He now reports seven successes out of twenty-two experiments. Various ideas, such as the mental nicture of a loving cup with handles shaped like antlers, have been intensively visualized in Paris and simultaneously perceived, so we are told, by persons of telepathic powers in America. HE organizer of this experiment is. René Warcollier, a chemical engineer of standing. In New York he has had the collaboration of Dr. Gardner Murphy, psychologist of Columbia University and one of the three best informed students of telepathy in this country. Warcollier has gathered together twenty-five per- sons who, he says, can send and receive thoughts over long distances. Dr. Murphy has discovered six Americans who can do the same thing—or seem to. But Warcollier considers telepathy established as a power in human nature; while Murphy, after three years’ exhaus- By KENNETH WILCOX PAYNE tive experiment, cansiders nothing proved. At the recent psychical research con- gress in Paris, Dr. Charles Richet, emi- nent physiologist of the University of Paris, testified to the truth of telepathy. Dr. Karl Krall, of Munich, declared he could by telepathy teach horses to do complicated mathematical problems. Professor Ferdinando Cazzamali, of the University of Milan, explained how he had actually taken photographs of “‘brain waves” that carry thoughts from one mind to another. EN or a dozen European scientists are convinced of. such marvels. Among them are Baron von Schrenck Notzing, Professor Frederick Meyers of Cambridge, Sir Oliver Lodge and the Russians, Behterev and Chakhovsky. But there isn’t an American scientist of repute who will go so far. Which group shall we follow? What is the scientific status of telepathy today? Most of us half believe in it because of personal experiences. The simplest and most familiar is the feeling of being stared at. If we credit that “sixth sense” as a fact—if we believe another person can compel us to look around merely by con- centrating his mind upon us—then by admitting telepathy in its simplest form we are breaking through the established principles of physics, biology and psy- chology; consequently, there are no obstacles left to our believing in stranger forms of thought transference, such as clairvoyance and communications from the dead. The great English pioneer in psychical research, Sir William Barrett, predicted the time when spoken language would be out of date, and human souls would con- stantly communicate by telepathy alone. But even the simplest form of telepathy has not been established. Dr. John E. Coover, psychologist of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, put 900 students, all of whom believed themselves susceptible to this sensation of being stared at, through 14,500 experiments, which proved them wrong. Whenever you raise your head to find somebody looking at you intently, you may be sure, on the basis of laboratory investigation, that it is due either to coin cidence or to knowledge that has come to you—perhaps unconsciously—through your everyday five senses. IKEWISE, laboratory attempts te demonstrate more complicated forms of telepathy have had negative results. Besides Dr. Coover, five American psy- chologists in the past decade have given telepathy a chance to prove its powers, — and none of them has found anything — conclusive in its favor. Dr. Murph one of these | Holding 2 | chical resea fellows I at Harvard f 992 to 1925 conducted iments W eee” P pictorial 1m] other people feet-to two I a puzzling p of several 0 tests. ears before anytl . . of clearly is prin Carl Mure’ ment of psy where last psychical re American C of the worlc “Th all fessor Mur careful eX] anywhere 1 petent inve in psychic | duplicated will have n daims of ps Twelve | in America tome in th is essential HE} perf its results « by anybod year-old b Warcollier

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BE February, 1928 em, however, found certain Two terion which leave the sub- t+ still @ fascinating field of research in wh science may yet discover not a wath sense, but* hitherto unrecognized refinements of our existing senses. one of these two. Holding @ Psy’ chical research fellowship at Harvard from — 1922 to 1925, he conducted ex- ‘ments with six persons of apparent “psychic” power, who reported receiving pictorial impressions and thoughts from other people distant anywhere from thirty feet-to two miles. And he relates also, as a puazling problem, the apparent success of several of Warcollier’s trans-Atlantic tests. gu LL, Dr. Murphy says his experiments would have to be continued for months before anything could be proved, and one principle of scientific research must be kept clearly in mind. his principle is stated by Professor Carl Murchison, head of the depart- ment of psychology at Clark University, where last year the first symposium on psychical research ever organized by an American college was attended by some of the world’s leading authorities. “In all fields of science,” says Pro- fessor Murchison, “the results of any careful experiment can be duplicated anywhere in the world by equally com- petent investigators. This is not the case in psychic research. Until results can be duplicated by others, the scientific world will have nothing but skepticism for the daims of psychic researchers.” Twelve of the foremost psychologists in America have expressed the same view tome in the last month. The point, then, isessentially this: HENEVER scientists or inventors perfect something new, like radio, itsresults can be observed and reproduced by anybody with adequate study. A ten- year-old boy can make a radio set. But Warcollier’s experiments in trans-Atlantic telepathy cannot be regularly reproduced orobserved even by himself. With fif- teen failures to seven successes, the hy- pothesis of coincidence is more easily accepted by science than the hy- pothesis of telepathy, against which 0 many known facts throw their t. “But,” say the psychical _re- searchers, “‘the evidence for telep- athy rests on thousands of cases reliably reported during the last ‘forty years. The evidence is strong tough to have convinced many Very distinguished persons, among them Professor William McDougall, of Duke University; Margaret Deland, the American author; POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Thomas A. Edison, Dr. Walter Franklin Prince, leader of the Boston Society for Psychical Research; Hans Driesch, Pro- fessor of Philosophy at the University of Leipzig. And you can add other famous names from the recent past—Mark Twain, for instance, and Luther Burbank and William James, the Harvard psy- chologist.” : Then the only question is how sig- nificant we may consider the types of evidence which have swayed these bril- liant minds. They have been won over either by, first, some personal experience; secondly, the study of collected cases as published in many books; thirdly, the demonstra- tions of professional mind readers; or, fourthly, their interpretation of results in laboratory experiments. ATELY I have gone over these four types of evidence with Dr. G. H. Estabrooks, of the Psychology Depart- ment at Colgate University, considered to know more about telepathy than any- one else in America. As to the first type, he points out that we are so frequently deceived in our ob- servation and understanding of personal experiences as. to make any case of the kind practically worthless to science. For instance, a thought pops into my mind at the same moment my wife utters it. “Telepathy!” I exclaim. “But,” says Dr. Estabrooks, “it may have been coincidence. Or your mind may have been following the same silent chain of association from a previous incident that your wife’s mind was following. **For instance,”’ Dr. Estabrooks added. What Was Your Experience? You have read what eminent men, some of them scientists, think of telepathy. You have read of tests and experiences. What do you think? What personal ex- periences have you had? For the best letter of not more than four hundred words received by February 15, this magazine will pay $25; for the next best, $15; and for the third, $5. Letters should be addressed, “Telepathy,” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. “a subject who could not see the playing card I had drawn from a pack said ‘I know that one. I heard you whisper it.’ Yet I would have sworn I hadn’t whis- pered anything. Twice during my ex- periments I was heard to whisper. I did it unconsciously. “Investigation proved that the famous Elberfeld horses in Germany, which showed wonderful intelligence that was credited to telepathy, reacted to minute, and probably unconscious, signals from their trainer. Human beings show similar keenness. Ordinarily we have no idea of how acute our senses really are. Once I distinctly heard a card drop to the floor in another room behind a double door. Sight and smell as well as hearing are constantly bringing us faint impres- sions that guide us without our knowing gg Thus, self-deception and poor observa- tion of details, on the one hand, and hyperaesthesia (or extreme sensitiveness to normal stimuli) on the other hand, are considered by the psychologist to explain the majority of personal experiences which we like to call “‘ telepathic.” en: a thoroughly typical instance. Sir Edmund Hornby, formerly Chief Judge of the Consular Supreme Court for China and Japan, has described in circumstantial detail how a Shanghai newspaperman appeared at one o'clock in the morning at the judge’s bedside. The judge mentions his wife as having - been present; and he declares that he learned next morning that the news- paperman was dying in another part of the city at the very moment his spirit appeared beside the judge. Now Dr. Coover reports the fol- lowing analysis of this evidence. First, the newspaperman is shown by official records to have died be- tween eight and nine in the morn- ing; secondly, Sir Edmund Hornby was not married at the time of the experience. And in (Continued on page 119)

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oa enna came oe ee | Navy Monster Below is shown the largest ship ever built in America, the airplane carrier Saratoga, recent- ly launched. It can car- | ry 83 planes. Its top | : deck, obstruction-free 1 for landing and starting, | is nearly 900 feet long World’s Largest Submarine Is Launched America’s first mine-laying sub, the V-4, takes the water at the Portsmouth, N. H., Navy Yard. She carries eighty-eight men. Electric cooking, movies, and post office are among features for the comfort and amusement of the sub’s crew POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Shipbuilding Marvels. "That Mark New BO ™ ‘i sia Ok eed > : now virtually ready for service. ee A Nonsinkable Boat Safety in the event of collision is claimed for his remarkable craft by Adam Drekolias, who recently tested the first full- sized model, seen above, at New York. Telescoping metal chambers, shown at right, ex- pand and make the ship buoy- ant. The lowest one releases a gas that is fire-extinguishing Guards Atlantic While Sister Ship Cruises Pacific The newly launched aircraft carrier Lexington, twin of the Saratoga, whichis February, lt , FANTAIL ry . . = Mile-a-Minute Boat © Speed records for load-carry. ing power boats are shattered by a new type of craft, tested recently at New York. An odd fin at its stern enabled it to better a sixty-mile clip with twenty-four passengers. The “fan tail” enables it to breast the water aquaplane style + Both vessels are all-electric in operation

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reast

ic hich is ration

In the physical laboratory— here is opportunity for men of energy, resource, patience HEY will tell you that oppor- tunity knocks once only at any man’s door. Don’t let them fool you. Opportunity knocks every day at all our doors. But most of us are too deaf to hear. Or if we hear, we fail to understand. Did you hear the static crackling last night, when you had your radio tuned-in on that concert? At times you couldn't hear much of anything else. You will hear it again tonight—and tomorrow night. Listen to it for a few moments sympathetically, instead of with imitation. Listen hard, as you have lis- tened for ball game scores when the radio has “faded”’ just at the critical moment. Strain your ears, and you will under- stand that what you thought was just a jagged rasping is a distressed voice crying I am op-por-tu-ni-ty—opportunity— op-por-tu-ni-ty—Big Opportunity!” A message that tells you of inexhaust- ible stores of energy in the atmosphere, striving to get to earth. Energy eager to do useful work, asking only that some oe—any one—will provide harness and jot; or, in more fitting metaphor, power wheel and crank shaft. Any sort of mechanism to link it with the ground, 80 that the divided powers of sky and earth (separated by insulating air) may work together. LL the centuries the two colossal powers have been thus severed. Spasmodically, fogs and rain help them tojoin hands. Now and again they break the barrier and rush together frantic spasm of joyful greeting call a flash of lightning. But never radio came was there the chance e the situation known to the public by persistent, day-by-day adver- you should find a way to let bo charge batteries in quiet content-

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY /Vhances to ment, instead of clamoring its complaints over the wire. Every radio user in the land —every one of the twenty million to whom radio will be a necessity in the near future—would gladly pay you a few dollars for teach- ing them a trick like that. And that is only the be- ginning. Your method of bringing the electric stores of air and earth together may go far toward answering the insistent cry of the industrial world for Power, More Power! Are there potential billions in such an opportunity? Or is it trillions? “But,” you say, “scores of learned electricians have tried to solve the static problem, and given it up. How can I succeed where such men have failed?” Perhaps you can’t. Yet there are some historic precedents to show that perhaps, also, you can. WE HAVE airplanes because, after the wisest of American physicists, Simon Newcombe, had proved mathe- matically that flying was impossible, the young Wright brothers flew. We have radio because, after number- less physicists had pointed out that electromagnetic waves traveled in straight lines and so must fly off on tangents from the earth’s curved surface. and could never carry signals more than a few miles—then young Marconi sent his signals across the Atlantic. We have synthetic dyes, synthetic drugs and high explosives galore because an English youth named Perkin, working in the laboratory of the famous chemist, A. W. Hoffman, rejected his preceptor’s admonition to throw away a mauve colored mix- ture he had accidentally made and used it instead as the basis of a billion dollar industry — which was well under way when the lad was twenty-one. We have ideal utensils of aluminum, and millions of miles of electric wires, and automobile and airplane bodies, because an Ameri- can youth named Charles M. Hall, at Oberlin college, and a French youth Get Rich Never So Great Here Are Things the World Says Can Be Done, and It Is Ready and Eager to Pay You Millions if You Can Only Do Them By HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS

named Heroult independently challenged .the belief of the scientific world that aluminum could be isolated only by elaborate and costly chemical or smelt- ing processes—and proved with home- made apparatus that rapid and effec- tive separation by electrolysis could be effected with a low-power current at a fraction of the cost of the other methods. Shortly before that, aluminum had sold for ten dollars an ounce. It is now worth sixteen or eighteen cents a pound, and the annual output is upward of a quarter of a million tons. A billion-dollar industry sprung from a laboratory crucible in the hands of a college boy! ND not through the discovery of any strange new principle. Merely by a new use of familiar principles. When you pass an electric current through a solution of a chemical compound of a metal, the metal is drawn to the negative pole of the battery. Sir Humphrey Davy gained fame by thus isolating such elements as sodium and potassium more than half a century before Charles M. Hall was born. Electrolysis, as the process is called, had become a familiar commer- cial method—as in electro-plating cheap- er metals with sil- ver or gold. Davy,

however, had failed to isolate alu- 4 minum that way, mer 4; though ~-he came iy So near succeeding aah | 1s <h j

And to those who work with electricity, opportunity cries out constantly for aid in becoming more useful to the world

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36 that he named the metal, even without quite proving that it was an element. The famous German, Wohler, found out how to isolate small globules of aluminum chemically in 1845. The Frenchman, Deville, spent ten years trying to perfect a commercial method. But no solvent could be found for aluminum minerals that would make electrolytic isolation of the metal feasible on a commercial scale. Hall reasoned that there must be some such solvent— and that perhaps he could find it. So he tested all aluminum compounds he could lay hands on. One was a curious mineral from Green- land—a compound of aluminum with sodium and fluorine, called cryolite, or frost-stone, because it looks like ice and melts in the flame of a candle. Hall found . that melted cryolite readily dissolves powdered bauxite, a mineral composed of aluminum and oxygen, with water of crystallization. He sent an electric cur- rent through this solution—and got a few globules of white metal at the negative pole. It was aluminum. i now for the present application of this story. Forty years have passed. Yet Hall’s method remains in its essentials unchanged. Only certain native minerals, notably bauxite, can be utilized. The best supplies are limited to a comparatively few local deposits—in this country chiefly in Alabama, Arkan- sas, Georgia, and Tennessee. A _ vast deposit in British Guiana has recently come under American control. Obviously, the cost of transporta- tion must be added to the selling price of the ultimate metal. Meantime other native com- pounds of aluminum are every- where. This is the third most abundant element in the world. It is a constit- uent of practical- ly all rocks except - very pure lime- stone and sand- stone. It forms eight or ten per- cent of nearly all soils, and is a dom- inant constituent of common clay. But clay and the various feld- spars and other aluminum-con- taining rocks are unavailable because they contain an admixture of the element sil- icon, which interferes essentially with the process of electrolysis. But might not the silicon be removed, or rendered innocuous by some chemical or electrical manipulation? That is the question. A handful of clay and the high-frequency current used by some radio amateur may perhaps found a new aluminum industry that will banish the bauxite method as Hall and Heroult established it. Consider the place that aluminum already holds in the industrial world, the yet more important place it must hold as native supplies of copper, zinc, and tin are exhausted. Do you see the billion- dollar opportunity? As a hint the import of which will be more evident before we are through, note Besides fame and the joy of service, here is the reward POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY that the now obnoxious silicon is next above aluminum in the atomic scale. Remove one proton from the silicon nucleus, and you have aluminum. We shall see that this has been done—by Sir Ernest Rutherford—in the laboratory. But perhaps you do not care to dabble in clay. Then what about a little dip in water? A project worth considering. Water, as everyone knows, consists of hydrogen and oxygen, in chemical com- bination. Split up the water molecule, and we have hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Bring the two gases together, ignite them, and we have the oxy-hydrogen flame, which carves iron like so much cheese—or, under different pressure con- ditions, serves as an ideal fuel. There need be no further bother about February, 1993 and better ways of accomplishing a cop responding result were devised, with the aid of heat and catalysts; notably Haber-Ostwald process, making ammonia and then nitric acid; and the cyanimide process of two other Germans, Caro and Frank, which consists of passing nitrogen from liquid air over white-hot calcium carbide. Cre of these days, some keen young : fellow, who will probably get his introduction to practical electricity through manipulation of a radio appara. tus, may find out how similarly to mag. nify the effect of an electric current in splitting water into hydrogen and Oxygen —perhaps with the aid of some simple catalyst that lies near at hand, its potency unsuspected. The World Cries to You For— WAY to harness the immeasur. able energy manifested by static in the radio and make it supply useful power. An inexpensive way to refine alu- minum from the limitless rock and clay in which it exists. A method to convert water into fuel gas at moderate expense, as can now be done at prohibitive cost. Practicable ways to extract potas- sium from rocks and manufacture phosphorus, and thereby fertilize barren fields. A way to produce power by con. trolling gravitation, thus provid- ing illimitable power, A method of making gas from air by simplifying the production of radium so that its cost will be moderate instead of $3,000,000 an ounce. But perhaps you are an ambitious young chap, and would like to tackle g really formidable problem. Well, there are several sources of cosmic energy which, when we stop to think of them, fairly stagger the imagination; yet which are perhaps no more inaccessible today than elec. tricity, as a working force, seemed a few generations ago. What, for example, if we could control gravitation, in the sense that we now control electricity? Imaginative men have long pon. dered the conception of “negative gravity.” The idea is suggested by the observed linkage of positive and negative polarities in the electric and magnetic forces. Gravitation appears to be a mutual pull between every pair of particles of matter in the uni- verse. What if the pull, under certain conditions, could be reversed—turned into a push, that would make the particles mutually repel one another, like electrified bodies of the same polarity? A demagnetized piece of iron no longer attracts other pieces of iron, coal or fuel oil if the hydrogen of water could be cheaply released. Cheaply released. That is the whole story. The way to split it up with an electric current was discovered by the Englishmen Nicholes and Carlyle 125 years ago. The experiment of “burning water’ with sodium metal or potassium metal is performed by students in every chemical laboratory. Either process might be feasible on a commercial scale were it not for the cost. 6 ee was what stood in the way of getting nitrogen from the air to re- plenish the exhausted agricultural fields at the beginning of the present century. In an electric arc, as had long been known, nitrogen will unite with oxygen—but at a prohibitive cost. Presently, however, it was discovered—by Birkeland Eyde, in Norway—that a magnetic field would spread out the arc, and so facilitate the union of nitrogen and oxygen as to make the project commercially feasible. The most curious part of that story is that, almost before this manner of fixing nitrogen had ceased to be a novelty, other If any substance could be degravitated —made oblivious to gravity as glass, for example, seems oblivious to magnetism— such a substance would tend instantly to fly off into space—at cannon-ball speed— propelled by the momentum acquired from the whirling globe. Such a substance would obviously be- come a projectile or working mechanism of appalling power. UT if you think the job of harnessing the world forces too strenuous or too dubious, there remain plenty of other worlds to conquer. Consider, for instance, how great is the world’s need of larger and cheaper sup- plies of the two chemical elements which, with nitrogen, form the great triad of plant foods that become exhausted in cultivated soils, so that the richest acres are sterile unless the lost elements are replaced. I mean, of course, potassium and phosphorus. There is, to be sure, abundant supply of potassium scattered through the rocks of the earth’s crust. A method to extract the potassium content from the feldspar rocks that cumber the barren hills of tens of thousands of New England acres, for example, would forecast a new era of prosperity. A phosphorus (Continued on page 154) February» 1928 New York | toward a cli , silhou acm y varieties of five-foot sti ground see on a night tearing the “Risky? “Tl say ably 2200 7000—sizzl just above roosters.” enough to Not a he stuff, wher to help it where it is: ILL w it’s ha doesn’t exe he takes th He's alway duty that

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Cor. the onla nide and gen ium un his city ara. lag- t in gen aple its ious lea 3 of stop the 3 no lec. da uld hat on- tive the and and “Ars ery Ini- ain ned the ier, me ct ar ns 2S, of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Above: A cable splicer takin forces of electricity and gravity 50 feet in the air. Below: A perilous balancing HOSE fellows are playing with red-hot death!” My friend Bill, who has spent half his life at that very kind of “play,” in and about New York City, jerked his head upward toward a cluster of linemen on a telephone pole, silhouetted against the dusk. “Once you’ve flirted with fifty-seven varieties of danger on top of a thirty- fve-foot stick,”’ Bill went on, “‘life on the ground seems mighty tame—especially om a night like this, with a storm tearing the wires into tangled havoc.” “Risky?” I asked. “Tl say it’s risky. There’s prob- ably 2200 volts—maybe 4500, maybe 700—sizzling along the light wires just above the heads of those ‘pole roosters.’ Five hundred and fifty’s enough to knock a dozen men cold. Not a healthy neighbor, that hot stuff, when everything’s soaking wet to help it move all sorts of places where it isn’t wanted.” ° ory was right. It’s risky and it’s hard. A telephone lineman doesn’t exactly sleep in his spurs, but he takes them home with him nights. He's always ready for instant duty— duty that may mean _ twenty-four hours’ straight struggle with miles of tangled light wires, trolley wires, hone wires, all spitting danger— struggle in cold that bites like a knife with lines coated three inches thick with ice—legs stiff from climbing slip- ey poles, heads giddy from lack of “But in winter it’s harder than it is dangerous,” said Bill, “though its always dangerous enough. You've got to keep your head. A careless move, a wrong touch, and good By Ro g his chances with night! In a hard winter storm the current is pretty sure to be cut before the linemen reach the scene; in summer the light wires on the same poles may be undisturbed, full of deadly ‘juice,’ and the phone men have to work up there in the dark with death sputtering all around. ™ Az> years ago a June storm killed four thousand phones in this county, tore down three hundred poles, and blew a barn through a toll line. Lightning struck in two or three places, and soldering act Linemen Struggle in Icy Storms Without Food or Rest to Repair Phone Lines That Sputter Tragedy BERT E. Martin and two hundred cables were burned. It took three hundred men five days before things began to get back to normal. “I saw two fellows keeled over that time. They were standing in a puddle, helping hoist a pole, wet and‘ green, into a hole. The top of it hit a high-tension light wire and ten thousand volts shot down it and through those fellows into the ground. “A heavily charged pole I tried to climb knocked me down three times before I made a running jump and sank both spurs in it three feet above ground. You see, I was safe as long as I wasn’t grounded.” AFETY first campaigns have ma- terially reduced casualties among linemen, and power companies have helped by improving insulation, but some insurance companies still refuse linemen, and some others are likely to put them among special risks. Oddly, the accident records show the safest place for such workers is up among the wires, largely because they are more cautious there. Most mis- haps are from handling material and tools. A tool dropped from a pole has laid out many a man. That’s the reason the men are instructed to take only pliers, wrench and knife up a pole and to fish for the rest with a handline. More linemen are laid up by poison ivy than by shocks; although the latter, constituting less than ten percent of the accidents, are gener- ally the most serious ones. “Once, on the aqueduct transmis- sion lines,” said Bill, “we'd just finished with the right-hand side of the booster transformer, and the white flag Linemen on the job among death-sputtering wires had service well on the way to full restoration before the $1,500,000 fire that wrecked two Jersey City piers had finished its nine-hour ravages was given, the signal to cut the current in. The current was cut in—on the wrong side They say I crumpled and hung from my (Continued on page 129)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MCNTHLY What Car Shall | Buy?” Gus Finds in So Many Autos of Merit the Problem That Confronts Us All and Puts Client’s Query Up to You as OW about giving the Auto Show the once over tonight?” suggested Gus Wilson to his partner as they were closing up the Model Garage for the night. “I’m game,” Joe Clark replied. ‘Stop around for me any time after eight.” “Can’t you make it earlier? I'll have Bill Crowley in tow. He wants me to help him pick out a car.” “What!” exclaimed Joe. “Bill Crow- ley going to buy a car! Why, he’s always saying he hates automobiles!’ “Yeah,” grunted Gus, “‘that was when he was broke. But he’s made money recently, so he can afford a car now.” Joe grinned. ‘Well, I sure don’t envy you the job. No matter what car you recommend, if he has any trouble with it he’ll blame you.” “No, he won't,” contradicted Gus as he shuffled his muscular frame into his overcoat. “I’ve got a scheme to beat that. You watch how I work it.” Joe was just finishing his supper when he heard Gus’s horn. Bill Crowley was already in the car. “So the bug has stung another vic- tim,”” grinned Joe. By MARTIN BUNN **Yes,” Crowley admitted sheepishly, “it’s got me at last. I guess the only cure is to buy one; but what gets me is which to buy, they all look so good.” “Now,” said Gus, as they passed into the vast hall filled with shiny, new mod- els, “‘before we start-going the rounds let’s figure out about what type of car you want, and how much you can pay, and also let’s see if you have any particu- lar requirements that might affect your choice. How big is your family, Bill?” **Four, the wife and I and the two kids. One of ’em is eight and the other six.” “Ts your wife going to drive?” “Yes,” Crowley replied. “7 ae I can see one mistake you’ve made right at the start,” asserted Gus. “You should have brought Mrs. Crowley along. She’ll have a lot to say about the type of body and the color scheme.” “That’s what I thought when I first brought up the question, but she says she doesn’t know one car from another and doesn’t care what kind I get so long as I get a good one and get it right away.” *‘All right,” said Gus, “‘now tell me how much you want to spend, and we'll look over all the cars in that class.” Crowley hesitated. ‘‘I haven’t decided that either,”’ he confessed. ‘‘I can spend up to a couple of thousand dollars, but naturally I don’t want to spend any mor than I have to.” “TT JUMPH!” grunted Gus. “How aml going to suggest a good car to buy when you haven’t any idea what kind you want or how much you think a car will worth to you? Well, let’s get started and see if we can’t pick up some good ideas.” They moved slowly from exhibit to exhibit and examined each glistening me chine. Now and then Gus halted befor one and briefly pointed out various mechanical and body design features. “‘Of course,” said Gus as they stopped to admire a particularly good-looking coach, “it isn’t so hard to point out the types of cars you shouldn’t buy. For instance, you certainly don’t want 4 roadster, even one with a rumble seat i the back for the kids, because you will want to use the car in rainy weather in the winter, and the passengers in th back seat have no protection at all. “You might want an open touring caf instead of a closed model, but that would depend on want it m: try when t ure drivin; if you wal with comf kind of we Most of 1 sold today like me « owning 1 car. ‘cheap ope but there p factor.” “How n ought a m asked C1 craned his shoulders gathered 1 cylinder c “PAH A’ wha value m« plied. “F point of general u no differ you get eight. M sible sourc outside tl the igniti bad, for i stall an eis as it will car, and t tomany c “But eights m advanta

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9 depend on how you use the car. If you want it mainly for trips about the coun- try when the weather is good—real pleas- ure driving—then an open car is fine; but if you want to combine pleasure .driving with comfortable transportation in any kind of weather, you'll want a closed car. Most of the open cars sold today go to old birds like me or to families owning more than one car. Of course lots of ‘cheap open cars are sold, but there price is the main factor.” “How many cylinders ought a motor to have?”’ asked Crowley as he craned his neck over the shoulders of a crowd gathered round an eight- cylinder chassis. “FIAHAT depends on what features you value most,” Gus re- plied. ‘From the stand- point of reliability and general utility it makes no difference whether you get a four, six or eight. Most of the pos- sible sources of trouble lie outside the cylinders. If the ignition system goes bad, for instance, it will stall an eight just as quick as it wi!l a four-cylinder car, and the same applies tomany other troubles.” “But the sixes and eights must have some advantages or they POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY wouldn’t sell any,” objected Crowley. “Certainly they have,” Gus agreed. “The more cylinders, the smoother the engine runs and the more flexible and quiet it is. Also, it is easier to build a motor with plenty of power by using a lot of small cylinders than to use four big cyl- Rather bewildering is an automobile show with seemingly innumerable cars, each with its own appeal. Choosing a car that fits your own particular needs is a real problem - A Chance to Earn $10.00 US, whose automobile wisdom has proved so valuable and interesting to readers of Popular Science Monthly, has put up to you the problem of selecting a car for his friend, Bill Crowley. What make and model would you buy if you were in his place, and why? Name the car. Do not say merely a “‘five-passenger sedan,” if that is the type of car you think Crowley should have. Give the actual name—Cadillac, Buick, Ford, or whatever it is. Mr. Bunn, Gus’s literary sponsor, plans to publish in an early issue of this magazine the best letters of advice he gets from our readers. And he will pay $10 for every letter published. Advice from everybody, everywhere, is welcome, whether based on personal experience, the experience of friends, or observation of the results other people get with their cars. No restrictions are laid down; it is not necessary to own or drive an automobile. Sit down and tell us what make of car and type of body Bill should buy and give five reasons for your opinion. Keep your letter within 200 words. Address it to Martin Bunn, care of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. And mail it so it will reach him not later than February 1, 1928. inders with correspondingly heavy pistons that would cause excessive vibration.” ‘“‘What’s the advantage of long wheel- base?” asked Crowley, seeing a sign listing the lengths of wheelbase obtainable in a certain model. ‘“‘The longer the car, the easier it rides, other conditions being equal,’ Gus explained. “On -the other hand, a long car is harder to han- dle in traffic, and it takes more space to park or turn around in.” “ ELL,’’ said Crowley, as the three men stood gazing out over the sea of cars and people after they had examined every exhibit, “now that we've seen them all, what shall I buy?” Gus revolved the ques- tion in his mind. “That's a tough one to answer,” he finally replied. ““Your family is about the aver- age size. You want to use the car in an average way. You are of average size; the average driving seat will be comfortable. ‘You don’t seem to have formed any opin- ions or acquired any prej- udices. I'll be hanged if I know what to ad- vise—tell you what we'll do—let’s put it up to the readers of PopuLAR Scrence Montaty!”

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40 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Whistle-Punk The story of a boy who wanted to be a mechanic, and _ his winning fight with the crookedest man in the lumber camp HE Old Boy was at his _ wits’ end. There went the bell on the tractor again,’and the whistle- punk was still missing. He went to the door of the cook-shack and bellowed: “Emmet!” There was no answer. He waited a few seconds, his troubled eyes on the graying east. Then, “Emmet!” the second time. Well, by the jumpin’ Judas! This was the limit. Herb had been sitting in the tractor cab a good ten minutes already, and the loaders were at the skidway. He didn’t like to have Herb kept waiting, especially this morning. The Old Boy had had words with the driver only a few minutes before—stinging, caustic words. A light glimmered feebly in the window of the log lean-to that they called the “office.” The Old Boy made for it, slipping, in his frenzy, on the icy path. He flung open the door, and what he saw made his mouth drop open and his throat contract into speech- lessness. He just stood and stared. For there was Emmet, the whistle-punk, sitting on the van- box, one long leg hunched up to his chin, his dark tousled head bent into the light of the kerosene lamp. And before him on a * rough desk was a book. Emmet looked up expressionlessly as the Old Boy slammed the door. “What yuh say, Mr. Codgy?” he asked drawlingly. The Old Boy stuttered and found that speech was slowly re- turning. “T ain't said!” he shouted hoarsely. “But I'm goin’ to.”” The old fellow looked around wildly, first at the boy, then at the book. “What you doin’ in here? Don’t you know Herb’s been waitin’ fer ye ten minutes already? Didn't ye hear the whistle?” Emmet looked at him dazedly. “I didn't hear nothin’. I got interested—”’ “A good time o’ day to git interested in anythin’ ’cept work! It’s most six o'clock, and ye been drawin’ down pay fer one solid hour already when ye oughta been down greasin’ the tractor. Put down that book and git out o’ here!” by looked sheepishly at the Old Boy, and tried to cram the book into his pocket. It would not go, so he slipped it into the front of his shirt. “Leave that book here, I told ye! First thing ye know ye'll be readin’ that trash while ye’re punkin’, an’ somethin'll happen.” “*Tain’t trash,” -the boy said slowly. “What is it then, if it ain’t?” the Old Boy said sharply. “It’s litterchure.” “Litterchure in a pig’s eye! I'll litterchure you.”’ He looked steadily at Emmet for a second. “I'm tellin’ ye now—once more I find ye like this in the mornin’ and ye’re fired. Hear?” “Yeah,” the boy dragged, his voice showing not the least strain of emotion. The tractor skidded and crashed against a beech tree. ‘“That,”’ said Herb leeringly, ‘‘was just to show you what might happen” February, PAUL COONRADT Illustrated by HARRY FISK~ And with that he ¥ slowly out of the office and dom the hill to the tractor shed, th om Boy gabbling threats aly m. : The tractor was ing, muffled low, its cxhaml of ing out gulping puffs of steam iy the cold morning air. : driver, was slouched im the driver’s cab, sucking on. & dead pipe. we Emmet climbed in besidé him without a word. ’ “Thought you’d come towork after all, did you?” Herb leerd, “Why can’t yuh let a feller know when yer ready?” the boy asked. “Rung the bell three tima ‘Sides, it ain't my job top around collectin’ whistle-punks.” There was a curling of his lips on the last word. And Emmet knew what he meant. He knew that he was far too old to be a whistle-punk; that whistle-punks were usually boys in their early teens, and he was twenty. Furthermor, although he did not show it, he knew how all the loggers lookel down upon him, and he was not unmindful of the jibes that continually came his way. He realized that the lumberjacks did not look upon him as a man; he did not have to use his muscles, but could sit all day on a tractor load of logs with nothing to# but watch for slides or slipping chains on the long string d sleighs towed behind. |e epee voice broke in upon his thoughts like the crashing of gears. “What you think I let you ride inside fer? An ornyment _ you goin’ to give the signal to start, er sit there an’ moonal ay?” i “Oh,” Emmet said, and reached up and pulled the bell cord. Herb always let the boy ride in the cab to the skidway, but always insisted upon keeping up the disciplinary form of start and stop signals. As the bell rang, the tractor driver threw the gears into low and cautiously guided the machine down the slope to the level going. “Old Codgy say anythin’ about me?” he asked after awhile Emmet shook his head. “Said this mornin’ he was goin’ to fire me,”’ Herb continued with a sneer. “‘Go on,’ I says, ‘Go ahead and fire me!’” Th man’s laugh had a snarling quality. “He don’t dare fire me” “Giss he could fire yuh if he wanted to. Seems like he’s bos around here,”’ the boy answered dryly. Herb eyed him sharply. “That's right! Go on stickin’ up fet the old fool and see how you come out!” Then, after a minute “Don't know what you got to stick up fer him fer—a whistle punk,” he threw at the boy. “He’s treated me all right.” The boy put his hand inside his shirt and drew out the book he had concealed there. “Give mt a fountain pen fer Christmas,” he added. “Yes, and he didn’t do it fer nothin’. Either yer awful dum er you ki Emm« know w]

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Emmet’s long right arm shot out again and made a contact with something hard, and the big driver’s body crumpled to the floor. He heard the voice of the Old Boy above the rest: “The kid ain’t no whistle-punk. He’s a fighter! Two of the cleanest knockouts I ever see!’’ er you know more’n is good fer you. A whistle-punk a man of your age! He kin git a kid to work fer the wages you git.” “Ain’t heard me say nothin’ about wages, hev yuh?” “No, and thai’s jest what I’m gittin’ at. Looks like he’s givin’ you somethin’ on the side so’s you'll tattle when a man tallies up a few hundred feet on the side fer Juniper money.” “T ain’t said nothin’. If I teld him-whut I knew, I giss I'd have a right to ask fer more pay.” “You shut yer blabbin’ mouth about me, see?” “T ain’t told nothin’, I said.” HE boy opened the book he had drawn from his shirt, and the movement caught Herb’s eye. “What the——Say, you put that book up, now. Put it up!” Emmet looked up at him calmly. “Don't see no harm readin’ till I git to the skidway.” “Le’s see it!”’ the driver commanded. “I don’t never let nobody monkey with my litterchure.” “Litterchure?”’ the man scoffed with a curled smile. “What you mean, litterchure?”’ “Why—why—litterchure—this here is litterchure,”’ he stam- mered with an awkward smile. “What you talkin’ about? That’s a book. Le’s see it.” The man at the wheel made a dive for the book, steering with oe hand, but Emmet was too quick for him, and had the book back inside his shirt in a twinkling. “Keep it there, then, you poor punk.” A scowl came between Herb’s eyes, and his red, wind-beaten face became almost purple. After a pause he added, “I'm tellin’ you, now, try buckin’ me an’—an’ 4 Emmet was looking out the cab window, watching the snow- laden spruces that were shooting by. Without turning his head, he said, “An’ whut?” “An’ I'll fix you like I fixed that punk last fall.” Emmet did not answer. They came in sight of the skidway, and Herb said: “Sometimes I think you’re jest dumb—so dumb you don’t know when you're apt to git a pile o’ logs rolled on you.” Besides the desk and the van-box in the office, there was an iron bed, heaped with tossed-up blankets. On nights when the shanty boy kept a fire going Herb slept there; if it was cold, he would go to the loft over the cook-shack, and Emmet would take the office bed. That night after supper the Old Boy, making his usual evening pilgrimage around the buildings, found the office unoccupied. He went in and sat down on the van-box. He relaxed, and his eyes, fixed on the smoky-brown kerosene lamplight, were vacant with thought. His heavy, red jowls sagged. After awhile he drew a tally sheet from his side pocket and studied it until his eyes became blank again. He wished he could get something on Herb. The tally sheet looked right enough, but it stood to reason something had happened to the logs that he did not know about. It had been a first-rate week for sleighing, aud logs had left the skidways in a steady stream. Maybe he was getting old and his eyes were deceiving him. But still, there were fifty thousand feet on the Windfall skidway alone, and the tally showed that only thirty thousand had been drawn to the mill. He'd stake his life that there were fifty thousand there on Monday. His mouth sagged more and more as he pondered. The door opened and closed softly. The Old Boy looked up. “Why hello, Emmet,” he said. *Hullo.”” Emmet came over and sat down upon the bed. ““Giss Herb’s goin’ to sleep in the loft tonight. Turnin’ colder out.” ROM his shirt he drew the book and opened it to a turned- down corner. “Jest what is that there book, Emmet?” the Old Boy asked. . “Qh, jest readin’.”” The boy tried to appear unconcerned, but the Old Boy noticed that he concealed the cover by holding it against his shirt. “Say, Emmet, ye don’t wanta get huffy about what I said this mornin’. I didn’t mean nothin’.”’ “IT didn’t notice yuh said nothin’.”” Emmet avoided the older man’s eyes. And they sat quiet for a long time. The wind sobbed through

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42 the spruces outside the building and whined in the stovepipe. “Well, this kind o’ weather is better’n a thaw,”’ the Old Boy observed indifferently after a time. Emmet had opened the book and his eyes were fixed on the printed page. He looked up inquiringly at the man’s words. “Say, boy, ye want to spoil yer eyes?” the Old Boy added. “T wasn’t readin’. Jest thinkin’. Makes a feller think some- times when he’s lookin’ at somethin’ he don’t understand—like a lot o’ words.” E ROSE quickly, embarrassed at his own self-expression, and threw a two-foot chunk into the stove. “Say, Emmet—” the Old Boy’s eyes had an expression of helplessness; there was something in them that pleaded with the “ee Say, I think boy for his confidence. He waited a minute, then, something’s wrong about this tally sheet.” The boy came back and sat down. “Seems like they’d drawed more logs than this—don’t suppose Herb’s in thick with the tally boss, do ye?” “Dunno.” The boy had opened his book again and was trying hard to read. “Didn’t never see him monkeyin’ ’round with the tally down to the skidway, did’ye?” “T never noticed. I set in the cab and read most generally.” “Herb say anythin’ this mornin?” ., “Nothin’ more’n usual.” “I told him Id fire him. Wish I could.”” He looked at the boy closely. “Seems like ye oughta learn how to drive that tractor some day.” ““Mebbe I could.” - “Ye gotta show more spunk. A feller don’t git ahead in this -* world mopin’ over books. I’m tellin’ ye fer yer own good.” “Some says as how fel- lers' does git ahead from readin’.”’ “Won't learn ye how to drive a tractor or keep tally.” “Can't never tell,’ the boy said dreamily. They sat in silence. The kerosene light burned low and began to flicker. The light from the stove grat- ing made long red fingers on the floor. “T found out why I can’t git no men,” the Old Boy resumed. “I hear down in the valley Herb’s tellin’ around that they pay a dollar a day more over to the Black River camp. Everybody down to Homes- ville thinks I’m payin’ less than anybody else. They’re tellin’ the lumberjacks that come through lookin’ fer work, and it’s sendin’ ’em all over to McGuire’s camp. Can’t blame the valley folks fer tellin’ what they hear.” “No, giss yuh can’t.” me HEN Herb comes back here,” the Old Boy went on, “and gits the men all stirred up with that talk of his and they all start packin’ up to leave. That’s why I told Herb I was goin’ to fire him this mornin’.”” He paused, “But I ain’t. I can’t. The job ’d be all shot to pieces with nobody on the tractor.” “Yis, giss it would.” “You guess it would!” The Old Boy’s voice was shrill in exasperation. “Don’t ye know it would? Don’t ye know nothin’ ’cept to agree with everythin’? Whut ye suppose I pay ye fer? Settin’ on a load of logs and readin’ all day? Well, I ain’t. I’m payin’ ye to use yer head once in awhile.” The Old Boy rose and came over to the bed where Emmet was half- reclining. “‘Ye don’t git much money, but ye git a good wage fer a whistle-punk, and yer supposed to earn it. Yer supposed to know why the tractor gits broke up every few days and why POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 192 they’s so much tippin’ over and slides. If ye’d show some and keep yer eyes open, ye wouldn’t have to be a punk rest of yer life.” The old man puffed in his vehemence, He heavily over to the stove and back, his eyes never leaving the _ Emmet seemed not to notice. His lips moved finally, byt he spoke as if it were an effort. “Pa used to say—he used to say, rope, and he’ll hang hisself.’”’ “‘What’s that mean? What's that got to do with it?” “Oh, nothin’.”’ The Old Boy snorted in disgust and started angrily toward the door. “Don’t know what I’m wastin’ my breath on a whistle. punk for. Guess mebbe you're as bad as the rest of ’em, or ely yer so durn lazy ye jest don’t care.” “Giss mebbe that’s it, Mr. Codgy. That—and kinda intereste in litterchure.” The Old Boy stamped out, slamming the door on By. met’s words. The boy rolled over, pulled a Scraggly blanket up to his ears, and was instantly asleep, * * * * The men filed into the cook-shack for breakfast. Their gait was slow, their eyes averted. None of them spoke to the Old Boy, who was already eating potatoes with bacon grease at the head of the long, scrubbed table. OldC too, kept his eyes on his plate with only ocea, sional side-glances down the row of sullen faces. He could tell, the Old Boy could, when there was an ill wind blowing. He could telj by their downcast eyes, their chewed mumbling, incoherent except between them. selves, that Herb had been talking to them again. He had suspected it the night before when he heard him come up the loft stairs, the ‘Give {the Devil enough ERB came in after the rest and sat near the foot of the table. Emmet was already there,eating rapidly, The men bolted their pan- cakes and hurried off to the bunk houses. Herb was one of the last to leave the cook-shack. As he passed En- met, he halted a second and said out of the corner of his mouth: “IT got some thin’ to say to you. I ain’t goin’ to ring no bell fer you neither.” Emmet lin- ” gered over an ex- ‘“tra cup of coffee after the rest had gone. He, too, felt the note of un rest. He looked up as the Old Boy rose and started toward him. “Say, Emmet—” the Old Boy looked down at the whistle-punk and the boy saw that his eyes were dark-rimmed and _ hollow. “Say, I'm jest tellin’ ye, they somethin’ up. Don’t go and git into trouble because—fer— fer him. Last fall he let them logs roll on the other punk, and mebbe he’s layin’ fer ye. Ye been a good boy, even if ye ain't no lumberjack. Mebbe that’s why I’ve kinda took a notion to ye.” He leaned over and blew out one of the kerosene lights on the table. The sky came through the window opposite in cold, dirty gray. ‘“‘Mebbe it’s cause ye read them books and ain’t jest like the rest that I kinda got faith in ye.” The boy grinned foolishly. “Aw, shucks,” he said, “I aint havin’ nothin’ to do with him.” “See that ye don’t. Hear?” Emmet nodded. “Giss I better be gittin’ on the job.” The Old Boy opened his mouth as if to speak, then shut it Emmet rose and left the cook-shack. There was the whistle- punk on the van-box, one long leg hunched up to his chin, strug- gling with a book (Continued on page 144) AT rising st flying m In A wide in’ fusal to craft or, rising Cl Small twin-bl: upon al Isacco t Are craft th still, ar larger ‘ ‘back y. wingles by hug their i the hel “Exe after t brothe de Bo signer the U. fundar widely types | ‘ H) carriec pilot i genera er. 7 questi flight few vi

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ard the , j OF else ike n't 4) February, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY hy Don’t We F! i a. * = ae (EN sh a = |__ al ii = Bass. es Be on €* AE re aangpeton The Oehmichen helicopter, with four huge lifting propellers fashioned after bird wings, and others to balance the machine while in the air and for forward propulsion We Can and Will, Says an Air Authority, and Helicopters Will Vie with Planes When the Problem of Endurance Is Solved By ELLSWORTH BENNETT § ATE reports from England re- veal that the British . Air Ministry has purchased the plans of an Italian engineer, Isacco, for a plane capable of rising straight up into the air—a type of flying machine long sought by inventors. In America, a recent report aroused wide interest, despite the company’s re- fusal to confirm it, that the Curtiss air- craft organization was building a vertical- rising craft similar to the Italian’s. _ Small air-cooled motors would whirl a twin-bladed horizontal wing mounted upon an airplane frame and lift the odd Isacco craft against the force of gravity. Are we to have, at last. a helicopter—a craft that can rise vertically, hover stock- still, and descend at will into a space no larger than itself on a roof top or in a back yard? Already there exist curious, wingless craft of metal frames, supported by huge propellers alone. How far have their inventors progressed? Where does the helicopter stand in its development? “Exactly where the airplane stood after the first few flights of the Wright brothers.”” The speaker was Dr. George de Bothezat, aeronautical expert, de- signer of a helicopter built and flown for the U. S. Government, and discoverer of fundamental principles of air motion now widely applied in the manufacture of all types of aircraft. ELICOPTERS have flown,” Dr. de Bothezat told me. “They have carried two and three passengers and a pilot into the air. They have ascended, generally a few feet, under their own pow- er. They have demonstrated beyond question that the mastery of vertical flight i is within our very grasp.”” And ina few vivid words he showed me why we are nearly, but not quite, ready to fly straight up. Tomorrow, you and I may fly in them. “We cannot avoid it,” Dr. de Bothezat assured me. Yet—today, frankly, helicopters appear at a standstill, this expert declares. “To the best of my knowledge,”’ he said, “‘no serious experi- ments are in progress either here or abroad.” For the helicopter still has to make its reputa- tion as a successful com- petitor of the airplane, and those who would attempt to solve its unique problems must be prepared for heavy expense and possible disappointment. Just what these problems Dr. de Bothezat pointed out for me. OW can you keep a helicopter from tipping over? That is the most per- plexing question that would face you, should you attempt to design one. To create a craft that can rise in apparent defiance of gravity is not so difficult. It has been done repeatedly. Propellers revolving in opposite directions keep it from whirling like a top. But will it stay right side up and level? A free flying craft cannot be kept up- right by hanging most of its weight at the bottom—it no longer obeys the laws of fixed bodies! To keep it from tipping over in mid-air and crashing to earth— straight Up: tl canne ance Pam Page 4 2. The von Karman “captive heli- Upper picture: copter” at a height of 150 feet with two passengers in barrel-shaped cabin. It had shock absorbers on_ the bottom, and three ropes operated by a ground crew kept it balanced. In a later experiment this machine tipped and fell, injuring pilot and passenger Lower picture: An inauspicious attempt at flying straight up. A French inventor built a helicopter and by way of experiment tried to rise with his machine roped to the ground so that some control beside the pilot’s could be kept over it. But the tether unbalanced the helicopter, which crashed

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44 and from rocking like a ship in a stormy sea—is the stumbling block of man} an oe — safeguard if the motor fails is equa ly important. Since an airplane can, if bigh enough, glide to a safe landing when the motor stalls, some inventors have attempted to combine airplane and helicopter in a single machine. The de- signer of the true helicopter seeks to make his propellers themselves large enough to check a forced descent. Motor must be powerful enough and propellers efficient enough to lift the craft to any altitude. MPROVED motors and lighter fuel are not a necessity, Dr. de Bothezat points out; helicopters that can get off the ground at all can rise thousands of feet if nothing goes wrong. The real reason they have not done so is that no pilot would take the chance! When you drive an automobile for the first time, you do not run it with the speed throttle wide open; you must first learn to control it. There is, to be sure, a slight uprush of air, the reflected blast of the helicopter’s propellers, that makes easier the first few feet of ascent; but this amounts to only about five percent of the total lift and vanishes at a distance from the earth equal to half the diameter of the propeller. Directed horizontal, as well as vertical, flight must be within the power of the successful helicopter and its controls must be as easy to manipulate as an airplane’s. In helicopters that have been built, forward mo- tion—if provided for at all —is accomplished either by small auxiliary propellers or by tipping the whole machine frontward. Extremely ingen- ious mechanism has been de- vised to accomplish this. ORMIDABLE as the many complexities appear, there is ample incentive to solve them. We need a successful helicopter not entirely to re- place the airplane, but to sup- ee One of the early experimental helicopters of Emile Berliner. This machine could not carry men, but it was able to lift its own weight into the air plement it. Helicopters, Dr. de Bothezat foresees, will some day buzz with mail and passengers over congested city streets alighting on roofs; for, unlike airplanes, they will need no landing fields. At sea, he says, voyagers on near-by ships will visit each other in helicopters. Their possibilities in war are unlimited. Airplanes, Dr. de Bothezat says, have POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ard one a definite speed limit —about 400 miles an hour. At such speeds, which we are just ap- proaching today, an airplane’s wings create a dangerous drag that is apt to cause nose dives. But the true helicopter, according to aerodynamic laws, has no speed limit! It is unique in that it uses its entire “wing” surface—its pro- pellers—for propulsion. There is no dead wing area to act as a drag; with the sole, negligible exception of the helicopter’s thin frame, all its surface |is active, not passive. Hence its velocity depends alone on the power of the motor, Dr. de Bothezat concludes. Thrilled by such possibilities, inventors have wrestled with gravity to conquer the secret of vertical flight, giving aviation one of its most fascinating chapters. A later Berliner airplane-helicopter hybrid. Huge propellers lifting; stand- gives forward motion First hovering (hanging stil] in air) by de Bothezat heli. copter, with pilot, in free flight. Trailing rope in dicates height of 15 feet A demonstration of stability and lifting power. De Bothe. zat helicopter keeps level in the air, de- spite three men hanging from cor- ners, the fourth corner unoccupied The Argentine engineer, Pes- cara, working in France, got his third craft up a few feet while two men steadied it. With a fourth he tipped over and crashed. Undaunted, Pescara equipped a later. model with poles attached to the wheel hubs; by flying a few feet above the ground, and bouncing off it with acrobatic skill on these ‘‘skids,” he was able to jockey his craft “to keep it right side up. His seventh machine annexed the French distance record for hel- icopters of 2414 feet and stayed in the air several minutes. Propellers shaped like a bird’s wing were a feature of another helicopter built by the Frenchman Oehmichen. He hitched his second machine, with no one in it, to a balloon, where it showed such lifting force that he was encouraged to build more. Later he flew man-carrying machines for short distances without the balloon’s aid. Oehmichen was one of the few helicopter designers to make a serious attempt to balance his helicopter at any height in the air; he added four extra pro- pellers to aid in balancing, and one for forward motion, controlled in flight by the pilot. O RUN an electric-motor helicopter by a cable from the ground was the unique proposal of Prof. von Karman, Aus- trian inventor. Experiments proved, how- ever, that gasoline motors were more suit- able; and he built among other types @ three-cornered helicopter with a passenger cabin above the (Continued on page 125) from you What gi eyes, ano woman : brunette: Some thin, oth some sho to diseas These fc artists, mechanic Certain | make a | of their time gett And he great ¢ spring fr ne’er-do- of plenty that eve comes in from eve Biolog years, ha puzzling idea tha they ha’ amazing and mer us from dividual found la control — able to | plants eventual to breed INCI cent about h entirely Yet, the of a mo tered ga Trave years tc kloster, garden, hastens asturdy eyes. I som—o!l

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nd ara ibs; the vith ls, ” raft the hel- ved ing ter He ved zed ing the the us ny for the ter S-* Wwe it- ae: } er 25) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 45 Is Your Son Like You? Mendel, who lived and died a devout monk, put gave to science the laws of heredity that have made his name immortal \ ‘2 are you different from your brothers and sisters? ‘What gives one man brown eyes, another blue; makes one woman a blonde, another a brunette? Some of us are naturally thin, others stout; some tall, some short. Some are subject to diseases that others resist. These folks are talented as artists, those as engineers, mechanics, mathematicians. Certain men find it easy to make a fortune, while certain of their fellows have a hard time getting along. Why is this? And how does it happen that great geniuses sometimes spring from lowly hovels, and ne'er-do-wells from mansions of plenty? Why is it, in short, that every living creature comes into the world different from every other? Biologists and naturalists, in recent years, have begun to find answers to these puzzling riddles of life. Disproving the idea that “‘all men are created equal,” they have discovered something of the amazing processes by which our physical and mental equipment, handed down to us from past generations, shape our in- dividual destinies. By applying newly found laws of heredity, and learning to control these processes, they have been able to breed new and better varieties of plants and animals, and hope that eventually the same laws may be applied to breed better human beings. aN CE the beginning of the present century these remarkable discoveries about heredity have given the world an entirely new understanding of creation. Yet, they originated not in the great halls of a modern laboratory, but in the clois- tered garden of a monastery. Travel back, in imagination, sixty-odd years to the old monastery of Kénigen- kloster, in Briinn, Austria. Into the garden, when morning prayers are said, hastens a black-robed Augustinian monk, asturdy man with strong jaw and piercing eyes. Everywhere are pea vines in blos- som—of many kinds and hues. Yet, as The holy man of science in the monastery garden in Austria, where with his experi- ments with plants he proved heredity laws he passes among them, the monk recog- nizes each one. He knows its ancestry and its history. Now and again he stoops over the vines to examine one of these friends of his, studying its leaves and stem, peer- ing closely into the faces of its blossoms, jotting down a record of his observations. He is Father Gregor Mendel, holy man of science. The garden is his laboratory. Day after day, year after year, he observes the cycles of reproduction—the seeds giv- ing forth green stalks; the plants unfold- ing blossoms; the blossoms producing seeds from which, the next year, will spring a new generation. He mates one plant with another. With infinite pa- tience he traces the offspring, generation after generation. Until at last his labors are rewarded by a revelation of funda- mental laws of heredity by which Nature brings forth life in myriad forms and characters. It was in 1865 that Gregor Mendel, standing before the Natural History So- ciety of Briinn, first announced his revo- A Monk’s Laws of Heredity, Ignored For Years, Now Explain Differences Between Members of the Same Family By L. G. POPE lutionary discoveries. To his amazement, his work received no recognition and was soon forgotten. But he accepted dis- appointment philosophically. ‘“Meine Zeit wird schon kommen,” he told his friends with a smile—“‘My time will soon come.” And though he did not live to see it, his prophecy came true. Buried in obscurity . for thirty-five years, and rediscovered at the beginning of the present century, Mendel’s laws of heredity today are uni- versally accepted. Experiments without number have demonstrated their sound- ness and vastly extended their applica- tion, giving us wonderful new kinds of _ grains, vegetables and flowers; splendidly improved cattle and horses. ENDEL’S own life afforded an ex- ample of the surprising way in which Nature sometimes brings forth great- ness in lowly places. Poverty stood be- tween the Austrian peasant lad and the education he craved. His sister gave up her small marriage dowry to send him to school. Graduated at twenty-one, he en- tered the monastery, where he began to study plants, first as a “hobby.” This work, as well as his success as a teacher of natural history in the technical school at Briinn, attracted the attention of his superiors, who enabled him to continue his studies at the University of Vienna. Two years later, his course completed, he returned to the monastery and undertook his revo- lutionary experiments. Significantly enough, Charles Darwin was startling the scientific and theological worlds with his “Origin of Species’, in which he laid the foundation for his theory of evolution. Although Darwin relied on the obvious variations in living plants and animals as a basis for his theory of natural selection, he confessed his inability to explain the origin and causes of such variations. It may be that this admission spurred Mendel’s efforts. At any rate, he set out to. learn of the processes of reproduction that caused individuals to differ from one another. In a flash of inspiration, he saw that the path to a solu- (Continued on page 156) --THIRD GENERATION) Diagram of the operation of the laws of heredity as discovered by Mendel in his experiments with tall and dwarf peas

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GOOVEAR TIRE’AND “> RUBBER COMPANY, 5000 ACRES IN SUMATRA OMANCE is unfolding anew in the drama of industry! What gold, diamonds, coal and oil used to be, rubber has become—the lure to ad- venture and a source of fabulous wealth. A new race of treasure hunters has arisen. Throughout a vast belt drawn around the waist of the earth, extending some 900 miles on each side of the equator, men are plunging into the jungles for the precious milky fluid that produces the rubber we know in thousands of everyday articles without which the conveniences of modern communication and transportation would be well-nigh impossible. Elsewhere, other men are ing” in the soil for “*prospect- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AND U.S ae By es Ri SOUTH AMERICA DEPT. RE EXPERI- FIRES Releley 000 ACRE iN LIBERIA 4 = = oo ‘ Where men and millions strive to make America supreme in modern romance of rubber Ford Gambles for Huge Stake Establishes Rubber Plantation as Large as the States of Connecticut and Rhode Island Combined By HYATT E. GIBSON tires, and the number is mounting. At least 30,000 different articles of rubber are being made in a thousand factories. Moreover, while we are using more rub- ber than any other nation and supplying the rest of the world with manufactured goods, we are almost entirely at the mercy of other nations for supplies of the raw product. Last year the United States consumed 380,000 tons of crude rubber, nearly two thirds of the world’s total production. Yet of this we control less than four percent. The other ninety-six percent is largely in the hands of the British and the Dutch. This situation, however, now seems in a fair way to be changed. In last De- cember’s PoputarR ScreNncE Montuiy Thomas A. Edison told of his plans to produce substitute rubber from quick- growing shrubs and weeds, and of the belief he shares with Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone that a larger control of rubber supply is vital to the safety and peace of the nation. And now comes Henry Ford with an announcement that he has received from the Brazilian Government a rubber con- cession of from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 acres in the Amazon Valley of South America, the native home of the Para rubber tree. There he is planning rubber production on a vast scale. Harvey Firestone, too, after preliminary expert ments in various parts of the world, has had since 1926, under lease in Liberia, — Africa, 1,000,000 plants to rival the rubber tree in the yield of sticky rich- es. Still others, in laboratories, are ex- ploring for the chem- ical secrets of dupli- cating Nature’s processes by creating man-made rubber. In this treasure quest America is taking the lead. And with reason. We are using rubber in such enormously in- creasing quantities that experts have warned of a serious shortage by 1929 or acres devoted t growing rubber trees. This project already is showing results. Production will begin in 1930, and Mr. Firestone believes his African plantations will become a factor the world market by 1935. EANWHILE pioneer in rubber growing, the United States Rubber Com pany, after seven teen years of experi- 1930. Our automo- biles are shod with nearly 100,000,000 AU photographs by courtesy of U. S. Rubber Company Clearing vast jungles of the Malay Peninsula for the establishment of rubber plantations, using seeds originally smuggled from South America. In a few years millions of acres have been planted ment in cultivation, has enormously in- creased the yield America’s been atte planned aeons. ual in | ar Rh« fighting slashing and final an imm Here is | the com plantatic cultivati pounds t duce fou ber a y billion F UBB For almost t1 and pest omous r treacher« it will re elaborate nillions | For m laying hi Bud ars strains o

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february, 1928 from rubber trees. Today its plantations, ing more than 134,000 acres in tra and Malaya, have become the test single rubber estate in the world. B. Seger, president of the company, ntly announced that these plantations gre yielding 441 pounds an acre a year, as pared with the average yield of 350 ds the world over. And he estimated that the ultimate yield from the latest ted areas will be a thousand pounds an acre annually. Still another American venturer is the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, which, since 1916, has been developing tations in Sumatra that today cover 5000 acres. It is a real race for high stakes in a billion-dollar industry. No rush for Klon- dike gold nor stampede for Transvaal diamonds ever offered richer rewards or a greater challenge to daring and skill. Never before has rubber prospecting been attempted on so vast a scale as that planned by Ford in his Brazilian con- eessions. Picture a wild, unknown land ual in area to the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. Imagine fighting a way through the jungles, slashing trees and tangled undergrowth, and finally converting the wilderness into an immense, orderly farm of rubber. Here is a tract that is almost equal to the combined area of all the rubber plantations in the world. Under entire cultivation, yielding a thousand pounds to an acre, it would pro- duce four billion pounds of rub- ber a year, enough for half a billion Ford tires! UBBER—but try to get it! For the region is perilous, almost trackless, ridden with fever and pestilence, infested with ven- omous reptiles and spiders and treacherous savages. To conquer it will require thousands of men, elaborate plans of campaign, and millions of dollars. i For months Ford has been carefully laying his plans. In 1926 he sent Professor POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 47 Carl Larue of the University of Michigan to make preliminary sur- veys of the region, which lies on the Tapajos River, with the famed River of Doubt to the west and the Xingo River to the east. And now the work is to begin. HE army that will be sent to fight the jungle will be led by skilled technical men—engineers, foresters, botanists, soil experts, chemists, railway and marine ex- perts. Every task will be under- taken with scientific precision. First, settlements and supply bases will be established. These will be served by steamships of the Ford fleet, which will make regular trips to the district, and later perhaps by airplanes. Medical experts will enforce a wide- spread campaign of sanitation to safeguard against the danger of pes- tilence. From the set- tlements the woodsmen will Natives pour latex on wooden core and hold over fire. The rubber coagulates; waste evaporates advance, leveling the forests. The planters will follow, cultivating the soil, fertilizing it, planting selected seeds. Each year, as the terms of the concession dictate, thousands of acres will be planted, until eventually the whole wilderness will be convert- ed into a fortune in Hevea rubber trees. Still, it is all a gamble. It means enor- mous financial investment without hope of immediate return. From the time of planting, at least five years must elapse before the rubber trees can begin producing, and ten years before production can be brought to a profitable commercial basis. In that time, anything may happen. Who knows but that the world’s rubber requirements will have been entirely altered, or that some more economical substitute for the natural product will have been discovered? At the start, however, Ford at least has the advantage of valuable knowledge gained by other American pioneers in rubber growing. He can Bud grafting—one of the methods by which 27 Strains of rubber trees with greater yield are produced profit, for example, by the experi- ments of United States Rubber Com- pany experts, who by seed selection A rubber tree is ready to tap if no part of its trunk goes between the tines of a fork seven inches .apart and bud grafting have developed © nearly thirty varieties of high- producing rubber trees, and who have vastly increased their milky yield by careful cultivation and scientific methods of tapping. As you know, crude rubber is obtained from the milky white juice, called latex, that flows from certain tropical trees and plants. Millions of these trees, of many varieties, grow in regions near the equator. Most important of all is the famous Hevea brasiliensis, or Para rubber tree. Until a little more than half a century ago the wild Para trees supplied all the world’s rubber. Then certain British planters smuggled out seeds, which they tried in Kew Gardens, London, and in Ceylon to learn if the tree would flour- ish outside of Brazil. Successful in the experiments, they used more seeds to start the great plantations in the East Indies. A’ THE beginning of the present cen- tury, when the world’s consumption of crude rubber was only 54,000 tons, most of it was still “wild rubber” from Brazil. Then the automobile entirely changed the picture. Tires required huge quantities of high quality rubber. The ‘wild rubber” gathered by South Amer- ican natives who slashed the jungle trees haphazard was uneconomical and of un- certain quality. As a result, thousands of plantations covering millions of acres have sprung up in recent years in the Dutch and British East Indian colonies. Today the world’s consumption has in- creased tenfold; and of the 600,000 tons of crude rubber produced annually, at least nine tenths now comes from culti- vated trees of the tropical East. And of this eighty percent goes into automobile tires. When you consider that it takes a year’s milk from two full- grown Hevea rubber trees to produce enough rubber (Continued on page 124)

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48 Fruits of Research | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY In Scientific Fields Advances and achievements in diverse scientific fields of research and in- vention, important for their relation to the daily affairs of life, are recorded each month in these pages. Huge Machine Fights Cancer ARGEST of weapons yet de- round trips, producing a series of echoes. Recent experiments in Germany re- vealed that the echo signals always came at intervals of a seventh of a second. Since radio waves take just that time to encircle the globe, the experiments were considered proof that their round trips caused the mysterious echo signals. February, 1928 vised for war on disease is a gigantic new X-ray machine operated successfully for treat- ment of cancer in the research hospital of the University of Illinois in Chicago. It weighs four tons, occupies three large rooms, and cost about $500,000. Using an electric pressure of 250,000 volts, it shoots the pene- trating rays through the human body to destroy or retard can- . cerous growths. In eight to twelve minutes it is said to perform a treatment that for- merly required one to two hours. In the machine is the largest X-ray tube ever assembled, cooled by a constant flow of water. The tremendous voltage applied to the tube is supplied by transformers which “step mde PS For an extensive air-mapping Program, the U. S. Geological Survey is testing a new device for making contour maps. Two airplane photographs taken at once are mounted and illuminated, and through the double eyepiece the map maker sees them combined with the stereoscopic effect of depth. With the hills and valleys standing out plainly, it is easy to sketch lines in, using a point of known height as a guide. The system makes practicable mapping of territory inaccessible to surveyors eventually be averted by advance radio storm warnings. “TI firmly believe,” he says, “that Greenland is the birth- place of the terrific storms; that they are over Greenland up” ordinary electric light cur- rent. Delicate measuring instruments control the intensity of the ray. Why People Wear Clothes Ho came people to wear clothes? Was it because of modesty? Or immodesty, to make the body more mysterious and alluring? Or for adorn- ment, or for protection from the elements? Each of these theories has been advanced. Now Dr. Knight Dunlap, professor of psychology in Johns Hopkins University, offers a new explanation. Primitive men and women first took to clothes, he says, to ward off flies and similar pests. “Crawling and flying pests are with primitive man abundantly and very intimately,” he says. “The most efficient protection is afforded by hanging strings, leaves, animals’ tails, and similar articles that flap with the movements of the wearer. The fly protections used on domestic animals are exactly of the types of primitive human clothing which have baffled the anthropologists. ‘Clothing itself is neither modest nor immodest,” he added. “Any degree of clothing, as well as nudity, is perfectly modest when we become used to it.” Radio Echoes Are Explained NCE radio’s big problem was to send the waves far enough. Now they often travel too far, around the earth and back again, causing an interfer- ing echo. Occasionally they make several Berlin school children in the elementary grades are taught the traffic and safety signals of the city. One acts as instructor and calls on the others to give the meanings of the various signs. Posters in the classroom also show safe and unsafe ways to board and leave street cars and cross streets, thus reducing the dangers to life and limb in large cities Overcrowded Earth Foreseen PULATION is increasing so fast that unless drastic limitations are effected the world is headed for catas- trophe and will have to hang a day or two before they are reported at sea. “If we can substantiate this, then much can be accomplished through broadcasting storm warnings. We have only one station in Greenland. Much more could be accomplished if we had them at scattered points. If my theory is correct, no doubt that is what will happen, and the loss of life and property on the Atlantic may be greatly reduced. It should also be a help to aviation.” out the “Standing Room Only”’ sign in sixty years. . Such are the recent warn- ings of Edward Alsworth Ross, professor of sociology in the University of Wiscon- sin. During this year, he predicts, the people in the world will increase by 20,000, 000, or at the rate of about 50,000 a day. Greenland Yields New Storm Data FTER months of weath- er observations on the dreary Greenland ice cap, Prof. William H. Hobbs, head of the University of Mich- igan Greenland Expedition, returns more than ever con- vinced that the disasters from hurricanes which sweep down from the North upon Atlantic shipping lanes can their faces. In experiments to develop a more satisfactory motor car head- light, investigators of the U. S. Bureau of Standards follow this test car and note the distances at which they can see the rectangular target when the various headlights are turned in Distances are measured with an Army range finder. H. H. Allen, of the Bureau, is adjusting the lights United Stat are attachec with weigh them open, water. Thet proper place clean bottle: Chemi ELIE! event in the lab in Dr. J known ch recently future wil find ways by chemi “What fascinatin vivacity, ¢ hormones. known as “Courage of sugar. of one per may make ice and co Even se a chemicz lated by | Xray phot : ~a thieved by Mt give m: @aphs, but \ Magnified ticrobrga: nit

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s2F ave uch y is en, the It d- Ww he in ge its Pris ee 9* POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY pounds in the blood or food. “Jacques Loeb,” he said, “showed us frogs which had no father but afatty acid, and he held artificial production of living beings from lifeless matter might sometime be achieved in the labo- ratory. The factors of heredity and the origin of species are chemical problems.” 49 Medicine Gains New Ground in Tireless War on Disease A NEW English antiseptic called “mon- sol,” derived from coal tar, is hailed as a revolutionary aid in medicine and surgery. It can be swallowed without harm and can even be injected into the blood through the veins. Another important medical discovery is claimed by the Ringgold Chemical Lab- oratory in Hamburg, Germany. It con- sists of testing blood taken from the ear lobe or finger. The condi- United States cutters on ice patrol also test the ture and salinity of ocean water of various regions and depths. The Greene-Bigelow bottles are attached at intervals to a wire that is let down with weights. An “electric messenger” makes them open, fill and record the temperature of the water. Then they are hauled up and put each in its place in the rack. Later the water is put in clean bottles and then sent off for salins analysis Chemist-Made Personalities ELIEF that man-made living beings eventually will be created artificially in the laboratory finds another supporter in Dr. Edwin E. Slosson, nationally known chemist, editor and author, who recently declared the chemist of the future will not only create life, but will find ways of altering personal character by chemical compounds. “What we value as individuality— fascinating temperaments, charms of vivacity, and so on—all are due to definite hormones, some of which are already known as chemical compounds,” he said. “Courage is not a matter of ‘sand,’ but of sugar. A variation of a few hundredths of one percent in the glucose of the blood may make the difference between coward- ice and courage.” Even sex, he added, may be regarded as a chemical affair, which might be regu- lated by small amounts of certain com- tion of the white corpuscles indicate, it is said, pres- ence of cancer years before other symptoms appear. New facts about colds were given recently by Dr. Volney S. Cheney, medical director of a large Chicago packing firm. After eleven years’ study, he declared colds are not infectious, but are caused largely by over- eating, lack of exercise, loss of sleep and mental strain. The average American family pays $60 a year for medical service, according to latest estimates. Every new step in medical research saves us money. Tests Vindicate Fried Food OLLOWING experiments just com- pleted in the University of Chicago, A. C. Ivy of the Department of Physiol- ogy and Bessie Boggess of the Depart- ment of Home Economics assure us now that “fried foods move just as rapidly through the stomach as boiled foods, and cause no blocking of the gastric secretions, as has been alleged.” Testing fried and boiled potatoes in pancreatic juice, they found the fried va- —~ riety responded more readily to digestive processes. Steeped in an excess of fat, how- ever, gastric disturb- ances resulted. Simi- lar experiments proved good pie digestible. magnified up to 120 diameters have been tchieved by Pierre Goby of France. Since X-rays will tot give magnified images, he takes life-size photo- ‘Paphs, but with a plate so fine that it can be accurately Magnified . Above: Goby with X-ray camera. Left: Micro$rganisms in grain of sand magnified 50 times Xray photographs of germs and other microscopic England’s experts in agriculture and entomology now cooperate with farmers of the British colonies and dominions by breeding insects that make war on various crop pests. The insects are hatched in “nurseries” and then are sent abroad. Invaluable service has been rendered to New Zealand by this plan. The photo shows a “bug nursery,” with insects in jars and boxes X-Rays May Beat the Cotton Pests R. H. J. MULLER, of the University of Tex- as, who discovered recently that the use of X-rays speed the proc- esses of evolution in plants and animals, at the same time encouraging new varie- ties, will now employ X-rays in efforts to breed a new kind of cotton to grow so fast that the boll weevils will have no chance to damage it. University authorities have instructed him to devote his entire time to the work in hope of circumventing the insect pests. Apples that bear the year after plant- ing, strawberries the year around, and raspberries growing where they never grew before are other new achievements of plant wizards, reported by George M. Darrow, of the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry. Earthquakes Laid to Moon EVERE earthquake shocks in recent months have aroused more than usual interest in seeking ways to ward off disas- ter from them. R. M. Wilson, temporarily in charge of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, says that when the moon is in its first or last quarter, earthquakes are unusually plen- tiful. He believes the answer may be found in the gravitational pull of the moon on the earth’s rocks. Earthquake alarm bells to sound warn- ings automatically a few hours in advance of a shock are proposed by John W. Evans, British seismologist. The sugges- tion is based on the fact that in great earthquakes the actual tremor has been preceded by a slight rising of the ground that would be sufficient to ring a bell.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Giant Range Finder Covers 20 Miles if Sighting glasses in ends of this huge range finder are trained by mirrors through the middle opening on objects 20 miles away, fixing their exact distance. It can be used on land and ships A FAR away as twenty miles, an object’s distance is accurately de- termined by a new giant among range finders. Within its thirteen-foot tube is a sensitive optical apparatus through which, as in smaller instruments of this kind, two sighting glasses at the ends are trained upon a far-away ship or other point of interest. By the difference in the angles at which they must be pointed, the exact distance to the vessel is auto- matically indicated. Accuracy is im- proved by making the device large. For use in coast stations, this huge range finder. recently demonstrated by its Paris maker, is mounted on a tripod. War vessels would install it in a revolving turret similar to a gun turret, so that it could be pointed in any direction. New Sugar Cane Delicacy O POPULAR has cane cream, a new sugar product developed by the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry, become in the South that the Government is now introducing it to Northern cookery experts. The delicacy is a dark brown, thick, sirupy cream. Its taste is midway between that of mo- lasses and Canadian maple cream, a spread made from maple sugar. Unlike molasses, the left-over juice of sugar manufacture, cane cream is the whole juice with none of the sugar removed. “Fingerprinting” Muffins “TS INGERPRINTING” muffins to identify them was the novel ex- — of Miss Mary Little, a Tusca- oosa, Ala., teacher, when, to win a Master of Arts degree, she recently con- ducted an elaborate study of ways to make them. Hundreds of muffins, some good and others failures, had to be pre- served and distinguished from éach other. Miss Little smeared a cross section of each with mimeograph ink, taking its print on paper. Not two muffins, she found, gave the same “fingerprints.” Artificial Rubber Nearer Sewer ICIAL production of rubber is brought a step nearer by a recent chemical discovery at the University of Notre Dame. Two chemists there have found a new catalyst (a substance that promotes a chemical reaction without itself taking part in it) that will aid in combining rubber’s chemical constituents. Cobwebs Made by Machine ORE cobwebs than a spider could spin in a week are produced in an instant by a “mechanical spider” in- vented at a Los Angeles motion picture studio. It covers shrubbery with misty webs, as shown below, to add realism to the scenes. A jet of liquid rubber spurts from the device and solidifies as a tiny fan blows it into a million strands. The webs are said to be indistinguishable from the genuine insect product. To make cobwebs on bushes in motion picture scenes, a machine spurts liquid rubber and fans it into myriad tiny strands Any Questions? HENEVER possible, PoPpuULAR SCIENCE MonTHa ty is glad to answer questions on subjects within | ig its field. Queries, with |} stamped, self-addressed envelopes inclosed, should be sent to Information De- February, 194 Earth Rotates More Slowly Each Day, Says Astronomer ACH day on earth, from noo, noon, is a little shorter than the Sir Frank Dyson, Astronomer Royal, np. cently declared in an address in Long England. Latest investigations by tw young Cambridge astronomers show the earth is slowing down, he said, Ing hundred years, according to their a day will be one thousandth of a shorter. The tides’ frictional drag jx blamed; eventually it may bring th earth to a standstill. At the preseg rate, however, this would not ha before at least 8,000,000,000 more yeay, New Mail Box Weighs Lette iy TESTS now being conducted g Leipsic, Germany, prove it succes. ful, a new automatic mail box tha weighs and stamps letters will come inty general use in that country. The sende drops in his missive and then_ inserts coins to pay the postage. He pulls, lever, and an inked stamp within prints on the letter a mark that shows th postage has been paid. Fokker Pictures New Planes UTURE airplanes will have power plants completely inclosed in a engine room, says Anthony H. ¢ Fokker, noted aircraft builder. He rp. cently told New York City engineer: “The airplanes we have now are loaded up outside with all sorts of things which should not be there.” Fokker pictures tomorrow's plane with four or more engines, each connected by a clutch to the propeller. If one failed, the engineer would release its clutch and repair it, using others meanwhile, Only Cactus Apple Orchard A’ THE only cactus apple orchard in the United States, near San Fer nando, Calif.. huge quantities of this re markable delicacy are grown for markets throughout the country, Their watery meat, which hasa pulpy sweetness, is used to make jellies, preserves and candy; @ the apples may be eaten just they are plucked. Each acr produces 500 to 600 boxes of the rare fruit. partment, PoPpULAR Harvesters at the only cactus apple orchard in this country, SCIENCE MonrTHLy, 250 at San Fernando, Calif. Here each acre produces 509 to 600 Fourth Avenue, New York. boxes of the fruit, which goes mostly into candy and preserves pebruary, 1 Pries Migh GER: for Pp js said to lous been know soot and ¢ sives omg e now h, danger th Alum ‘ Father B accidental which occ riments detonation js attache vented ar the liquid before us' ive pC er One-M HE Oh another t with him operate t Ohio. It piano sto —all und and an ¢ attractio course ni man to Lincoln - and Ma: yield it | $50,000 « ——_—-

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Wary, 95 ouly Omer noon to the UCCe ss, Inserts pulls . prints WS the February, 1928 Priest’s Liquid Air Blast Mightier Than Dynamite GERMAN priest has just perfected for practical use an explosive that is said to be more destructive and less lous to use than dynamite. It has known that carbon powders such as soot and coal dust form powerful explo- sives when impregnated with liquid air; now the Rev. Johann Julius Braun, of Marbach, Germany, has eliminated the danger that barred their use. Alum or borax added to the mixture, Father Braun finds, will prevent such accidental spontaneous explosions as two which occurred in the course of his ex- riments. To minimize danger of pre- detonation when a mercury cap detonator is attached to the cartridge, he has in- yented an igniter that works only when the liquid air is added a few moments before use. The compound loses its ex- ive power after thirty minutes and is safe to handle again. One-Man Town Enjoys Boom HEN they raised taxes in Wooster, Ohio, T. E. Rice -built himself another town. He took his wife and son with him to the country, where they now operate the highway village of Riceland, Ohio. It boasts a good hotel, restaurant, piano store, automobile shop and grocery —all under one roof. Gas filling stations and an adjoining garage are added attractions, while a nine-hole golf course near by completes the one- man town. Passers-by on the Lincoln Highway between Wooster and Massilon stop at Riceland to yield it a business of more than $50,000 a year. i T. E. Rice, who quit Wooster, O., because of a tax increase and now runs his own town. This gas station is only one of his industries POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Woman Discovers Better Steel Process WELVE years of re- search taught Madame De Silva, an American wom- an of English descent, a new process of making steel. The excellent quality of the metal she makes is due to the addition of titanium- bearing sand, which she ob- tains from all parts of the world. At her Sheffield, England, factory, of which she is business manager, many types of steel prod- ucts are made. The picture shows Madame De Silva demonstrating the flexibility and strength of her steel. “Glass” Rolls Up Like Cloth IKE cloth is a new glass substitute that is said to be weatherproof and translucent. It is sold in rolls, and also by the yard, to be used for garages, barns and temporary buildings of many sorts. The maker declares that it admits the healthful invisible ultra-violet rays of the sun; this feature would make it useful for sun porches, letting in the rays while insur- ing privacy. Its flexibility and unbreak- ability are, however, called its chief ad- vantages, The town of Rice- land, O. With only one building, it hous- es many enterprises Pulverized Coal Drives Ship ULVERIZED coal is the novel fuel used by the freighter Mercer, first vessel owned by the U. S. Shipping Board to be fitted with engines capable of using this source of power. In a recent trip from Baltimore to New York, the craft averaged the excellent speed, for a vessel of its type, of 10.8 knots. The most out- standing feature of the ship’s perform- ance with the powdered fuel, however, was its great flexibility, according to Carl J. Jefferson, Chairman of the Fuel Con- servation Committee of the Shipping Board. It behaved well under both light and heavy loads. Alpine Cosmic Rays Studied O CHECK up on the “cosmic rays” discovered not long ago by Prof. R. A. Millikan, noted American physicist, Swiss investigators have braved the bitter cold of the Alps. The students, under Prof. Dr. De Salis, were dressed 51 oe no Madame De Silva proves strength and flexibility of steel she makes by a process that employs titanium-bearing sand. At the left are some products of her plant at Sheffield, Eng. like polar explorers and slept in fur-lined ags near the summit of the Moench and the Jungfraujoch, the first peak 13,000 feet above sea level. Here they set up quartz-wire electrometers, delicate elec- tric instruments to detect and measure the little-understood rays. These mysterious vibrations, observed by Millikan on the highest slopes of Mount Whitney, Calif., are more pene- trating and of higher frequency. than X-rays. They are thought to come from the stars, but their cause is unknown. Electric Liner ‘Sets U. 8. Record LL American records went by the board with the recent launching at New- port News, Va., of the 22,000- ton S. S. California, largest commercial steamship ever built in the United States. The mighty vessel is also the largest electric-driven pas- senger ship in the world; her generators produce enough power to run eight Panama Canals. Steam turbines run the dynamos. With electric power for the propellers, an engineer can control the huge ship with three simple levers. Electricity will be used for cooking and refrigerating food and ventilating cabins with cool air in tropic latitudes as well as heating them in cold weather. Now under construction at the same yard: is a duplicate sister ship. Ranches in Arctic Proposed Wee the pressure of life in tem- perate climes grows too high, move to the Arctic. That was the recent amazing suggestion of Dr. Rudmose-Brown in his presidential address to the Section of Geography at Leeds, England. In huge unoccupied areas such as Spitzbergen, the northern Canadian Islands, and parts of Alaska, Canada, and Siberia, man could raise herds of reindeer and musk oxen and obtain an almost unlimited | supply of meat and hides. Transport north is comparatively easy now; scurvy, dread disease, is conquered. . By radio the colonists would talk with the rest of the world; and live meanwhile, says Dr. Rudmose-Brown, with no great hard- ships in the beautiful Arctic valleys. -

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 199, Submarine Detector Bank Burglar Alarm Cabinet with additional electric relays and equipment used to connect the inertia microphone to other alarm cir- cuits, such as those of the police or private detective or protective agencies HERE elaborate alarm systems may fail to pro- tect a bank’s vaults against the The inertia mi er with its relays, ye inside a bank vault, reaft to respond and send ta! alarm if a burglar’s dri. or blowtorch attacks ‘anu. be part of the vault's wall, > A cross section of the iner.' tia microphone, heat the essential parts by which it senses vibrations the vault wall is attacked by. cracksmen and by electri relays sends out an alarm ae Felt Washers ‘ ; skillful burglar. the newest in- vention, an inconspicuous little metal “can,” will call the police and result in the cracksman’s capture. It contains an inertia microphone, used in warfare as a submarine detector, and now science’s latest weapon against the safe-breaker. When the intruder turns his whirring drill upon the steel door of a vault, the vibrations actuate this sensitive electric device and turns in an alarm. Even the sputtering of burning metal under a blowtorch will operate the apparatus. Its principle is similar to that of the telephone, in which the air vibrations of your voice alter the passing of electricity by alternately compressing and releas- ing a small chamber filled with carbon granules that transmits the current. The consequent pulsating current reproduces your voice at the other end of the wire. In the inertia microphone, as de- veloped by the Bell Telephone Labora- tories for use as a burglar alarm, the whole inside of the transmitter is fixed to the vault wall and vibrates with it. The inner shaft terminates in a brass disk facing a similar one on the outer shell. Between the two is the electricity-con- ducting carbon. Flexible mica disks serve as springs to hang the free outer shell on the shaft. When the wall is attacked, the whole inner shaft vibrates, but the heavy shell outside remains practically stationary by virtue of its sluggishness or inertia. Hence, as in the telephone, the carbon is alternately compressed and released; but instead of reproducing a voice, the result- ing pulsating current is made to operate a relay that sounds an alarm. By properly adjusting the action of the mica disks, they are made to respond only ~ to such vibrations as indicate a thief at work, and are shielded from ordinary shaking, such as that caused by vehicles passing in the street. Typewriter for Sheet Music wit the aid of a recently invented machine, you can type off a popu- lar song as easily as a letter—if your mind runs that way. Maestro Ferretto, a musician of Milan, Italy, has just de- vised a novel form of typewriter that turns a blank sheet of paper into a com- plete musical score. It writes the lines of the staff, the musical notes themselves with all accidentals and marks, and even the accompanying words! An electric motor operates the device. You Breathe Pounds of Dust rr A year’s time the average American inhales in the air he breathes five times his weight in dust, according to a recent estimate. However, air-purifying apparatus is now doing much to reduce this alarming total, particularly in in- dustrial occupations. Device Notes Speech Flaws RRECT enunciation is soon learned with the aid of the telegraphone, a new device recently used, as illustrated below, in public speaking classes at the . University of Southern California to enable students to hear themselves talk. Like a dictaphone, it records and re- produces the voice, but the record is so perfected that when it is played over it reveals any imperfections of speech such as indistinct tone or lisping. The public speaking student on the left is criticizing her companion’s enunciation, and the telegraphone makes a record to test her criticism * s az i i “L/ll mm Nip i Fe Oe ee ee ee U. S. Tells How to Kill Moths — to human beings and fabrics is a powerful new moth. killing preparation developed by Gover. ment experts, R. T. Cotton of the Bureau of Entomology and R. C. Roark of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The solution should be suspended in an air- tight closet or chest above the clothes, The vapors descend and kill all moths. Anyone can mix the fumigant, which consists of one part by volume of carbon tetrachloride to three parts of ethylene dichloride. The first liquid is obtainable at drug stores; the second may have tobe purchased from a chemical supply house. Both are inexpensive. Other Government tests show that certain marketed ‘“mothproofing” s0- lutions immunize fabrics against moths if used to wet the cloth through while it is in the whole piece; many manufacturers have installed machinery for the purpose. What Reward for Scientists? HOULD the inventor of a new electric airplane bea- con, or the creator of an im- proved X-ray tube, share his profits with the scientist whose theories and formulas made the invention possible? John H. Wigmore, Dean of the Faculty of Law at Northwestern Uni- versity, considers this a coming theme of importance, and the Faculty of Law is seeking to interest lawyers in the question. Whether the patent or copy- right laws should be extended to give 4 quasi-patent right to the discoverer of @ principle of science is a subject in whiel they invite legal men to submit their views in a $1000 prize essay contest. ARGES' mendo built at | its nearest $200,000 s football ge Magnet OW p mag! developed tories for « use in a s! equipment the Weste in seeking much mor than iron, powder ar trical teley At last coils whos alloy have They are third the and are m 760 E; D y so it egg, some where in ‘ four billio ‘second, i: of Ameri Departm« recently « By rca poultry r sixteen | value of various p Slot - HI fee thing to cure a cx near ling-in-t}

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a c= a -OGPesSs&e FRERES = - 2 Be Te ES —-—_ aa eo, © POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 53 Largest Block of Concrete In World for Temple Roof ‘TT? FORM the roof of the huge George Washington Masonic Na- tional Memorial Temple, at Alexandria, ‘Va., workmen recently poured the largest one-piece concrete slab in the world. Seventy-eight feet eight inches wide, 110 feet long and more than three feet thick, it rests upon massive beams and columns of reinforced concrete. The photograph below shows the pouring operations. The great slab itself contains 953 cubic yards of concrete. The beams on which it rests are seventy-two feet long and fourteen and a half feet deep. The span of the beams is broken by eight granite columns forty feet high. ARGEST in the world is the tre- UL mendous De Mille studio being built at Hollywood: Calif., surpassing its nearest competitor, in Berlin. The $200,000 stage, almost big enough for a football game, has 43,680 square feet. Magnetic Alloy for Telephones OW permalloy, the highly responsive magnetic alloy of nickel and iron developed by the Bell Telephone Labora- tories for deep-sea cables, has proved its use in a skillful adaptation to telephone equipment. Metallurgical engineers of the Western Electric Company assisted in seeking a way to embrittle the alloy, much more susceptible to magnetization than iron, so that it might be ground to a powder and used to mold cores for elec- trical telephone coils. At last they succeeded; “loading” coils whose cores are made from the new alloy have proved exceptionally efficient. They are also exceedingly compact—one third the size of the old iron-core coils— and are more economical to manufacture. 760 Eggs Laid Every Second D you know that in the minute or so it takes you to eat your breakfast egg, some 50,000 more are laid some- where in the United States? Twenty- four billion eggs a year, or about 760 a ‘second, is the present laying record of American hens, the U. S. Department of Agriculture recently announced. By rcaching-this new mark, poultry now represents about sixteen percent of the total value of ali livestock and its various products. Slot Machine Sells Medicine WHEN the busy Londoner 'Y feels the need of some- thing to ease his nerves or to cure a cold, he may find it on ie nearest street corner; for a shil- ling-in-the-slot. machine selling medicine New Film Studio Dwarfs Others has recently appeared on the streets of the British metropolis. The machines will soon be ready to supply the impatient purchaser anything from pills to hair tonic, reports say. Hair Clipper Erases Ink. Y REMODELING ‘a hair clipping machine, New York’s Public Library has just provided itself with an electric eraser that speeds altera- tions of records. When clerks faced a volume of revising and correcting, the engineer of the building, John H. Fedeler, proposed this ingenious expedient to re- place the hand rubber. Now, with the whirring eraser disk, four or five hundred catalog cards can be changed daily. Other inventors have devised electric power erasers, and one is marketed by a Newark, N. J., firm. ‘“‘But this simple interpretation of it,” Fedeler says, “seems to satisfy everyone on the premises,” An electric hair clipping machine converted into a rotary eraser, being used in the revision of records in the New York Public Library Courtesy of Edison Monthly . Concrete is sliding down the chute (at top, left center) in pouring of a single slab to make the roof of the Alexandria, Va., Masonic Temple Luminous Night Golf Balls J greg é golf, played with lumi- nous balls, may be the fashion one of these days. Recently spectators in a New York City park saw Millard J. Bloomer, a New York experimenter, un- wrap from tinfoil eight balls that glowed in the twilight with a greenish yellow phosphorescence. Swinging a club, he sent each ball for a Jong drive, whose light-streaked course could be as plainly followed as that of a tracer bullet. When Bloomer set out to collect the balls he found four shining like mammoth glow- worms in the fairway, while the others revealed their hiding-places amid bushes and leaves. The round-up took but six minutes. A chemist at Columbia University is seeking to improve the secret compositicn with which the balls are coated, Bloomer said; for now they lose their light after eight or ten minutes’ exposure to the air. Beds Tested Scientifically EDDING of all types came in for scientific investigation recently at the hands of Dr. H. M. Johnson, of the Simmons Fellowship for the Study of Sleep. Vertical coil box springs were best, he concluded; for the mattress, good cotton filling or horsehair. An innovation found excellent was a mattress with light coil springs inside. Recent investigations show the deepest, most restful sleep is concentrated into less than three hours. Ane a Bn US aR Mba te HE TE Sine a RR saat si Whit) x Tat: gl _peea RS Fores f

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54 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Februsey, tay | peice. 1 Inventive Oddities} And Utilitie Toot Clockwork Runs Razor When the spring is wound the blade in a razor invented in England oscil- lates from side to side in a metal holder. The user simply directs it here and there at will over his face and emerges clean-shaven. The holder also serves as a safety guard, says its inventor One-Wheel Skates One roller is centered beneath the arch of each foot by Maxwell Stoops, English inventor, who says that more natural balance results Valve Grinder Saves Labor } Ga: This valve grinder, adopted by the By mi: Government, of cast aluminum and Dr. F. steel, has an oscillating motion. vides ¢ An auto power pump drivesit. R.E. lieved Veltum, Eugene, Cre., invented it coming “Athletic Automobile” Driven by Hand To increase the development of his arm and back muscles a wrestler is touring the United States with a strange-looking auto driven by chain and sprockets. The operator supplies the motive power with his hands and steers with his feet Shears That Don’t Tire The shears at the left are operated by a single handle, connected bya hinge and spring to the other blade. The spring reopens the shears’ blades after each stroke : ‘ Machine Drops Wax Seal on Your Letter “ae . ‘6 * 2 ” a : : Insert a stick of sealing wax in the top of a new electric heating math Electrical Normalizing or Self Massaging Machine device and the cylindrical reservoir fills immediately with nary Somewhat resembling a physician’s examining table, this device is composed of a molten wax, which you can drop in desired quantities. It can vente series of padded blocks on which the subject lies. When current is turned on the be operated with one hand and avoids the messy use of matches. Unive sections roll from side to side in alternate directions, thereby massaging the body C. Johnson, an English major, invented this handy office device | tude

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7, 19q | peorvry, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 55 Shaving by Clockwork—Curing Seasickness “IT with Gas—A Dry Land Boat—A Whirling Toothbrush—-Many and Varied Novelties New Pipe Traps the Juice Cutting a slot in the bowl of a pipe, an English inventor has inserted a pivoted disk with holes to permit passage of smoke alone. Swinging disk ejects pa- per pellet it holds, which traps moisture Rotary Toothbrush When a new rotary brush is held against the teeth, pres- sure at the other end makes the bristles whirl. Rapid manipulation of the spring lever increase; the speed or Gas Cure for Seasickness he By mixing a special gas with oxygen, ad Dr. F. Dammert, Munich physician, pro- n, vides a cure for seasickness, which re- E. lieved him and many other passengers it coming to America recently. It is admin- istered to the patient with an ether cone See _ /— a Lead Bullets Made Over and Used Again Tire On their pistol range the Los Angeles police have devised behind the targets a steel bulkhead which deflects bullets into rated atrough. They are salvaged, melted up, cast and fired again. ei The U.S. Army may adopt the idea when building new ranges s the troke . 2 , ; Substitute for Sextant Instead of requiring calculations by : : ‘“ ”y : atten Guemiutee ob dnan tin ont Famous English Oarsman Rows in “Boat”? on Dry Land h Mary sextant, the instrument above, in- For practice at his home in Sussex, England, Perry, the famous oarsman, has con- a vented by H. B. Kaster, of California structed a tank in which he operates a twelve-foot oar. His “‘boat”’ is a wooden box x University, enables the observer’s lati- fixed securely beside the tank, whose metal rim, high where required, prevents escape p | tude and longitude to be read directly of any water, The size of the tank provides the maximum “stretch” for the rower

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New Kind of Shock Absorber OTORISTS who wish to take some of the bumps out of a day’s ride may now avail themselves of a con- venient new shock absorber, attached in a few moments to the spring. It is said to arrest the vibration and jolts caused by irregularities in the road, without interfering with the spring’s natural action. In addition to comfort, greater road traction, easier steering, longer tire mileage and better braking are said to result, since the wheels hold the road instead of flying up at every jar. The device differs somewhat from the conventional shock absorbers in that a hinged weight is used to check excessive spring action. Curbside Telephone Booths HONE service is brought directly to your car seat by a handy new type of curbside booth. For the use of passing motorists, a Pasadena, Calif., hotel re- cently installed the new phones on the highway outside its doors. It reports that tourists are quick to take advantage of the convenience; important telephone calls they forgot to make are accom- plished in a moment without leaving their cars. So popular is the innovation that other curbside booths are being erected throughout southern California. They are expected to eliminate delays in hunting for an indoor telephone. 7 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Last Comet’s Core Tiniest on Record _ of any comet ever before observed was the core of the Pons-Winnecke comet that passed near the earth last summer. According to the recent announcement of Dr. V. M. Slipher, director of the Lowell Observatory at Flag- staff, Ariz., a comparison of its apparent size with that of the moons of Jupiter, whose actual size and distance are known, showed it to be probably not more than two or three miles in diameter. Through the most powerful telescopes, he had observed, it was impossible to dis- tinguish the nucleus from stars except by its motion. Weather Gaged Weeks Ahead CIENTIFIC weather forecasts weeks, instead of days, in advance, have al- ready given encouraging results, accord- ing to H. H. Clayton, the noted meteorol- ogist. Last year, he announced recently, his advance estimates of prevailing monthly temperatures proved to be correct for all except the two months of February and August. The new system of weather prophecy is being developed from the recent discovery that the earth’s climate is closely related with the sun’s activity as indicated by sun spots, and varies in certain definite cycles whose period has been determined largely through the work of the Smithso- nian Institution. New Guards Shield People Car Passes OURTEOUS motorists in Europe are adopting new splash guards to avoid showering pedestrians with mud or slush as they pass. The devices fit close to the wheels, near the ground, to stop flying dirt and water. They are mounted on the axles in such a way as to remain stationary while the wheels revolve. In Europe many roads and even city streets are paved with cob- Telephoning while motoring is simple with the roadside tele- phones in southern California. All you need do is drive up to one of the booths, lift out the instrument, and call your number blestones, from which cars bouncing over them spurt quantities of mud. MALLER than. the nucleus _ February, 1% Leadville Is Highest Town; , Brawley, Calif., the Lowes sg ite highest_ and lowest towns jn the’ United States are disclosed by recent census. Leadville, Colo., first MK gold mining camp and then a silver zinc, and copper source, tops the country with its altitude of 10,185 feet above sea level. Brawley, Calif.. a fruit-groyi town in the Imperial Valley, is 119 feet below sea level. .Each has approximately 5000 inhabitants. / Scientific “Divining Rods” OW the modern “divining rods” of science can actually detect buried treasures of useful ores was recently told by Dr. Max Mason, ‘president of the University of Chicago. Ingenious ney instruments send special forms of sound waves, or electric or magnetic impulses into the earth, and through their sensi. tive recorders reveal what lies beneath, Other devices measure so delicately the pull of the earth’s gravity that they can detect a heavy mass of valuable ore, None of these devices, Dr. Mason emphasized, bore the faintest resem. blance to the “divining rods” long used by charlatans to fool the ignorant. The Brain Two Feet Square hr page out, the cortex, or outer layer of gray matter, of a man’s brain would cover more than two square feet. It contains 9,200,000,000 nerve cells. Know Your Car HE question of what oil to use in the crank case during cold weather is most important, but you will also find that using the correct cold weather lubri- cant in the transmission and rear end will save wear on the working surfaces in these parts and make gear shifting easier. The correct grade of oil for | the crank case depends on | whether you are careful to keep | the motor at normal summer | running temperature by covering | @ sufficient portion of the | radiator, or whether you neglect | this precaution. If you keep | the motor as warm as in sum- mer, you should use the same grade of oil as in hot weather, but vou must be careful about starting a cold motor. Let it idle slowly for several minutes until the oil warms up and | starts to flow. Racing a cold motor causes excessive wear on | every working surface. If you insist on allowing the motor to run cold and on racing it to warm it up quickly, fill the crank case with oil that will flow at zero temperature. Have your transmission and rear end flushed out and filled with a fairly light transmission oil in order to eliminate difficulty in shifting gears. © February, 1928 Elevate You Ni RE’S a car! cramped *p the garage hine on! the electric } vice. Ina, off the floo ition the eral men te sylvania co ingenious Climate ECEN’ balloo exists abov England, a enough, ac of the U. | cording in pilotless be indicate th miles the the world degrees bel “Radi SIXT] most may be | throughou “radium lend its di qualified t

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CY, 19) Jest in ther Ya irst 9 silver: untry ye Sea Wi feet ately s” 5” of hew ound ilses, ensi- sath. Can sem- used Are ayer rain eet. _l February, 1928 Elevator Lifts Broken Car; You Needn’t Crawl Under ERE’S the modern way to get under H acar! Instead of crawling into the cramped space between the chassis and the garage floor, a mechanic runs the machine onto a novel elevator and starts the electric motor that operates the de- vice. Ina jiffy the automobile is hoisted off the floor and locked in an elevated ition that affords ample room for sev- eral men to work beneath it. A Penn- syivania concern recently introduced the ingenious device. Climate Unvaried 7 Miles Up ECENT observations with sounding balloons show that the same climate exists above the United States, Russia, England, and the equator, if you go high enough, according to L. T. Samuels, of the U. S. Weather Bureau. Re- cording instruments sent aloft on ilotless balloons and later recovered indicate that above a height of seven miles the temperature is the same the world over, roughly seventy degrees below zero. “Radium Bank” Projected SIXTH of an ounce of radium, the most precious substance on earth, may be made available to physicians throughout Australia by a proposed “radium bank” that would keep and lend its diminutive stores to any doctors qualified to use it for treatments. How Much Do You Know of the World You Live In? EST your knowledge with these questions, chosen from hundreds sent in by readers. Correct answers are on page 134. 1. Where is coal mined in the Arctic? ‘2. What river is called ‘‘the boat destroyer’’? 3. What is the Isle of Pines? 4. Where is the greatest pearl fishery in America? ‘ 5. What United States city was once a Russian Capi- tal? 6. Where do fish help plant mussel shells for buttons? 7. Where are automobile roads made of straw? 8. Where do the trade winds blow? 9. Which is the oldest grain? 10. What is the only work of man that could be seen from the moon? 11. Where do ants build hills forty feet high? - How do the African pyg- mies kill elephants? POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The necessity of crawling under a motor car is obviated by this elevator for garages, whose elec- tric motor hoists and holds the machine Guide for Motorists in Fog RE you on the road, or off it? Lest you drive into a ditch, on some foggy day when clear vision is impossible, this remarkable new device for your dashboard, known as a “roadometer,” tells when you are approaching the edge of the highway. When this happens, the needle on the dial swings over to warn of danger. The device contains a level, and depends for its operation on the principle that most highways are graded to curve upward at the center and slope off at the sides. It is the product of an English inventor, who claims it will eliminate most of the accidents due to thick fog. Dirigible Can Land on Earth or Water ITHER water or land serves as a landing field for the latest nonrigid air- ship, just completed at the Naval Air Station, Lakehurst, N. J. The amphibian dirigible, said to be the first of its kind in this country, has: a boat-type control car, two 180-horsepower Wright engines that give it a speed of fifty knots, and a gas bag that holds 200,000 cubic feet of heli- um. It can fly for twenty- five hours without de- scending. The novelaircraft, which is officially known as the J-4, will be used as a training ship for dirigible crews. Its sister ENT or twisted front axles are dis- closed in a few minutes, without removing them from the car, by a new axle gage, said to be the only practical device ever invented to measure on the car, in degrees, the axle’s tilt. The entire operation of testing one end of the axle requires less than five minutes. To find the cause of the steering wheel’s “shimmy,” for instance, you remove the hub cap, as shown below, and mark a point on the axle’s spindle, setting the gage to the exact height from the floor of the point you have marked. Then turn the front wheel, resetting the gage for the new height of the axle caused by the tilt. Then you can compare the dif- ference, registered in degrees, with a manufacturer’s chart showing the original adjustment. Any discrepancy will in- dicate you have a bent or twisted axle. The trueness of the rear axle can also be checked with this apparatus. The device has been hailed by many mechanics and automotive experts as an easy way to solve a vexing problem. a ship, the J-3, is now in commission at Lakehurst. The new way to find if an axle is bent. The gage is set by the spindle. Then turn the wheel and see if it agrees properly with the spindle figure

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58 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘New Gas Detector to Protect Miners Exploring a mine with the electric de- tector for the dangerous fire damp that causes explosions. creases the heat of the electric coil in the detector on the end of the stick and moves the pointer on the connected dial The gas in- ae: Fire damp detector, battery box, and dial. makes the detector increase the amount of electricity IRE damp—the explosive gas that is the dread of coal miners —is detected by electricity in a new sensitive instrument just per- fected. In recent tests it showed its ability to reveal slight traces of methane, the principal ingredient of fire damp, long before enough has accumulated to cause an explosion. The apparatus, easily portable, con- sists of the detector itself, mounted on a stick to explore overhead corners, and the small battery that supplies the electricity. A needle indicates on a dial the amount of fire damp. Five percent will cause a blast. The standard method heretofore of detecting methane was with an oil lantern, the Davy safety lamp, whose blue flame lengthens slightly in the presence of methane. In the electric detector a platinum coil heated by. electricity becomes hotter when in contact with fire damp, and the al- tered electric current caused by its changed electrical resistance is indi- cated on the dial. According to E. K. Judd, mine technician, detectors placed at fixed points in the mine will auto- matically ring alarms. Fire damp taken from the battery, which is recorded on the dial Lead Varies in Its Weight OW the familiar phrase “heavy as lead” might evoke the response, “Which kind of lead?” Recent experi- ments reveal that the metal, long re- garded by chemists as an invariable element, may be made up of three or more kinds whose weights vary. When radium goes through its sur- prising changes and finally ends as lead, chemists have been at a loss to explain why its weight differs from that of the metal we mine. To solve the problem, Dr. F. W. Aston, British physicist, caused ordinary lead atoms to fly be- tween the poles of a powerful magnet. This sorted them out according to weight, and Dr. Aston had at least three different kinds of lead, and possibly more. Or- dinary lead, he proposes, is a mixture of about fifty percent of the heaviest kind and about twenty-five percent each of the two others. New Lock Foils Bank Thieves HROUGH a new time lock for bank vaults that allows the door to open only after a predetermined time has fol- lowed the unlocking of the combination, bandits may be foiled. Even an author- ized official must wait while the hidden machinery is whirring. The device can be set to open the vault at any time from ten minutes to seventy-two hours after the knobs and dials have been twirled to their correct combination. The same timebination principle, as it is called, can be applied to chests used to transport money from one bank to another. Police officials agree that many bank robberies could be prevented if it took just a few minutes longer for the burglars to gain entrance to the vault. An Ocean of Rain Every Day ACH day sufficient rain falls upon the earth, official figures show, to fill a reservoir 400 miles square to a depth of ten feet. It descends at the goodly rate of sixteen million tons a second. . February, 195 Speed of Light Decreases, French Astronomer Finds T LIGHT as speedy a thing as i, ever was, still fast enough to dart around the earth seven times a second, or is it slowing down? That jts speed may be, at least, gradually de. creasing is the amazing suggestion o M. E. J. Gheury de Bray, French astronomer, who cites the various deter. minations of light’s velocity made from 1849 to the present. Of the nine measurements, all but the first two—which may have been inacey. rate because of faulty apparatus—seem to show a consistent decrease of speed: if they are a true indication, M. De Bray declares, the decrease is nearly three miles a second each year. The last figure, found last year by Dr. A. 4 Michelson, University of Chicago, was 186,284 miles a second, considerably less than that observed fifty years ago, If the new determination he is now working on proves lower yet, the theory yil] have new support. Though such a varia. tion would be of little importance to the layman, it would profoundly modify the ideas of theoretical physics and of rel. ativity in particular. How City’s Dust Dims Lights HREE weeks’ dust in a modern city will lower an electric light’s brillianey by ten percent, according to H. Lingen- felser, German illuminating engineer, He finds that for maximum efficiency lamps and reflectors should be cleaned every ten days, with monthly use o soap and water. The wages of sucha light-tender in an industrial establish. ment are fully repaid by the light saved, Fire Hose Spares Furniture HEN H. L. McDaniel, a fireman of Fort Worth, Tex., saw countless pieces of furniture demolished by the high-pressure water jets that were turned on burning houses, he set about devising some way of taming the fire hose for use at close range. ‘Now the fire nozzle he invented is in use by the local depart- ment. By a quick turn of the wrist; the nozzle is made to spray two less forceful streams of water from outlets on its side, which can be used inside a small room without damage. The usual powerful single jet is available for use in an instant whenever it is needed. The fire hose nozzle invented by H. L. McDaniel, of Fort Worth, Tex., to convert one powerful stream that would wreck furniture in a home into two less powerful ones that will deliver as = . much water, but more gently. A turn of the nozzle changes it from one form to the other -~ pebruary, | Pla: O' H: n ingly ill drawn fr Heavy mian Ww air mai transpor the muc with its 1 gers he maroone Canne dates, a cuits wel diately in eyli When th light revc that aviat

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Y, 1948 eS, ds as it ) dart 1S g at its on of Tench deter. from it the lacey. will varia O the v the f rel. thts | city ancy igen- neer, ency aned ch a lish. ved, man itless the rned ising Pr use e he part- ’ the ceful side, oom erful tant tine Drops Eo gem POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 Food to Caravan Bogged in Desert Another exploit that will find a place in aviation history is illustrated here by the artist from reports of an airplane’s life-saving service to a caravan of men, women and children bogged and hungry on the Irak Desert. A plane was sent to drop food packed in metal containers to the mud-bound travelers voyagers’ plight, reported it. a motor caravan bogged in the mud of the Irak Desert is strik- ingly illustrated in the sketch above, drawn from reports of the recent incident. Heavy rains had made the Mesopota- mian waste impassable, and a passing air mail plane observed the motor transport that crosses it stranded in the mud fifty miles west of Ramadi, with its men, women and children passen- gers hopelessly marooned. Canned meat, a dates, and _bis- ‘mat cuits were imme- ' diately packed in cylindrical H™: an airplane rushed food to When the platform holding these bars of “neon” light revolves the effect is of a red cone—a beacon that aviators are said to be able to see 120 miles in fog metal containers, fitted with buffer caps, and dispatched by airplane to the hungry travelers. As the swooping plane passed overhead, far above the treacherous mud that had engulfed the land vehicles, it released the cylinders with parachutes attached. Eagerly they were seized and retrieved, while Arabs of the party evidenced awe at the seeming miracle of “‘manna” dropping from the skies. Novel Beacon Challenges Fog sh latest fog-piercing beacon for airplanes is the 1,300,000-candle- power light, recently demonstrated in New York City, whose flaring cone of scarlet is said to be visible through thick haze for 100 to 120 miles. It whirls constantly on a revolving platform as shown at the left, to give a more conspic- uous display. The remarkable cloud- penetrating ability results from _ its peculiar red-hued “neon” light, similar to that of another aviation device described in Porutar ScrIENCcE Monrtuty last June.’ For more than a year, says the maker, the new beacon could be run day and night without requiring any adjustment. Queer Early Auto Ideas wo the automobile might have been is disclosed by U. S. Patent Office records. A Kalamazoo, Mich., man’s self-starter was a hinged chassis that dropped the body a foot or two, operating cogs that cranked the motor. An- other invention was a windmill-like blower to banish road dust. Other devices were a box to sprin- kle sand beneath the wheels in wet weather and a phonograph to an- nounce a turn or a stop, An air mail flyer, seeing the ra * ‘. New Airplane Self-Starter OUR electric motors in a new self- starter for planes whirl the propeller to set the engine in operation. The device was first used by Lieut. Alford J. Williams for his plane, which recently made a new unofficial world speed record. Storage batteries supply current to spin the shaft; when the plane’s engine starts, the device automatically unmeshes and slides clear. Photographic Film of Wood . | er ve coating made from wood-fiber cellulose, instead of gelatine, may rev- olutionize photographic methods. It is said to permit ten-minute development, including drying of the wet negative.

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Broadcasting Station Is Pride of Students HAT they conduct their own broadcasting station is the proud boast of the radio class members at Lane Tech- nical High School, Chicago. Great interest has been shown by the students in this project, which enables more thorough teaching of the principles of radio than could otherwise be provided. Harry C. Rowe, Jr., national champion radio builder for 1926, is one member of the class. Among the class members many orig- inal experiments are made, and any one of these students may discover new facts of the utmost importance in the still youthful art of wireless. Dies Setting Altitude Mark APTAIN HAWTHORNE C. GRAY again reached a height of 42,470 feet, the greatest altitude any man has ever attained, in the recent balloon ascensjon that cost him his life, the War Depart- ment announced after calibration of his barograph by the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards. His previous record-breaking flight to the same altitude was described in the September Poputar Science Monrucy. The first mark, official in this country, was not internationally accepted because the flight ended in a forced parachute drop. This time Capt. Gray hoped to set a new record and take elaborate observa- tions.of the upper atmosphere. Anxiety that followed his failure to re- appear after he had vanished in the clouds above Scott Field, IIl., culminated next morning in the discovery of his balloon in a tree near Sparta, Tenn. Its basket contained the body of Capt. Gray, his hand still clutching a log book. The last entry showed he was at 40,000 feet and had just dropped his last ballast. Death came, it is believed, when in the thin air Capt. Gray became too weak to open the valve of his second oxygen tank. Three full oxygen tanks remained in the basket. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Plane’s Sideways Drift Found by New Device O DETECT and record the side- ways drift of an airplane during flight, a factor that has often upset the most carefully planned voyages of skillful aviators, a new instrument has just been perfected by Rubino Plastino, war-time inventor of mili- tary devices. By an automatic photo- graphic device, it is said to produce a complete record of the plane’s travels through space. The new ap- paratus is about to be placed on the . ! market. Harry C. Rowe, Jr., champion radio builder (standing) explain- ing mechanism to William Hawley, comrade in Lane Technical High School, Chicago. Above: Rowe and William Loebel, Jr. When Stamps Stick Too Soon W.. makes postage stamps sold in book form often stick to the separating leaves has just been investi- gated by the U. S. Bureau of Standards. As a result of its tests, it has advised the Bureau of Printing and Engraving, where the stamps are made, that it may find a special moisture-proof cellophane, thin transparent material often used in wrap- ping of candy, better than paraffin sheets to separate the stamps in books. A Method for Secret Radio EANINGLESS jumbles of syllables were formed into intelligible words by a unique radio device recently demon- strated at Chicago. When Sergius P. Grace, of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, spoke a curious sort of gibberish into a trans- mitter, a loudspeaker formed the words, “Chicago, Illinois.” The odd device is intended to facilitate secret radio communi- cation. Ordinary words will be converted into the code language at the transmitting end, by con- verting low tones into high ones and high into low, producing the gibberish of which Grace demon- strated the principle. At the receiving end, other. apparatus would automatically de-code the secret language and re-form it into English syllables. February, 19, Swiss Mountain Toppling: Farmers Evacuate Valley AY ANY moment now Monte Arbinojg likely to topple into the Arbedo Valley, in Switzerland, and local author. ities have been advised: by the Swisg Geological Survey to remove the farming people of the valley to another part of the country with all possible speed, For years it has been known that the mountain was sliding. Its summit gt first was moving about one inch a year Of late this has increased to fourteen inches. This year heavy rains and numer. ous earthquake shocks are expected to precipitate a catastrophe; it is believed no human power can prevent the whole mountain from crashing and burying the farms beneath tons of debris. Storage Battery Locomotive ECRET tests of a new and revolution. ary type of storage battery, of un. usual capacity, are being made in London, say recent reports. It is said to be power. ful enough to drive an express train fora long distance over standard track, re. quiring no third rail or overhead wires, It is also claimed that, if successful, the battery could also be used for the pro. pulsion of automobiles. A Tip-Table Cone Speaker ADIO music from the table is the innovation offered in an attractive furniture piece recently placed on the market. Its design suggests many unique possibilities both decorative and useful, for it may well be used as an aquarium stand or for flowers, while on the other hand a game of bridge on its musical top would be quite delightful. The speaking unit is so constructed that the entire wooden casing is used for a sounding board and the table top may be tipped, if desired, to various angles without changing the tone quality. When the top is in a vertical position the piece occupies little space and may be set ‘oub of the way in a corner of the room.

A flat loudspeaker on a swivel forms the top of a novel tip-table which serves many needs while giving music & + &,

pebrusty, | Man ¢ of B I’ MIG! arm or had to, | without t tonsils as Dr. John you'd get appendix, of your li and as mt in additio Better creased k organs, D Interstate cation, 2 organs a the surge< ration: lobes of t Junk ISTA Artl Conn., to driven sn in the jur two-cylin draws gas from a ta Through motor dri belonged partment mounted riage cha at the res mower W certainly snow,” | marks a behind while ne shoveling weary ba

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er 3 the ctive i the rique seful, rium other ] top icted 1 for may angles Vhen niece: SRE? Ret SG AG. SE Ss Man Can Lose Many Parts of Body and Carry On T MIGHT be inconvenient to lose an I arm or a leg—but you could, if you 4 to, go usefully about your work without these, and an eye and a set of tonsils as well. For that matter, asserts Dr. John F. Erdmann of New York, ou'd get along pretty well without an appendix, gall bladder, one kidney, part of your lungs, a portion of your brain, and as much as twelve feet of intestines in addition. ; Better methods of surgery and in- knowledge of the functions of ns, Dr. Erdmann recently told the Interstate Post-Graduate Medical Asso- ciation, are increasing the number of organs a human being can safely lose to the surgeon’s knife. Recent advances are rations on the heart and removal of lobes of the lung and of the gall bladder. Junk Made into Snowplow ISTASTE for the snow shovel led Arthur E. Beauchamp, of Hartford, Conn., to assemble an ingenious motor- driven snow sweeper from varied items in the junk heap. A wheezy but efficient two-cylinder motor runs the machine. It draws gasoline through a rusty carburetor from a tank the size of a thermos bottle. Through a bicycle sprocket and chain the motor drives a spinning brush that once belonged to the city street cleaning de- partment. The whole is mounted on a baby car- riage chassis, supported at the rear by two lawn- mower wheels. “But it certainly takes off the snow,” Beauchamp re- marks as he saunters behind the machine while neighbors cease shoveling to rest their weary backs and watch. $ Mounted on a baby carriage chassis and old lawn- Mower wheels, this sidewalk snowplow is driven by *procket, chain and. an old two-cylinder motor POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Plane Model Flies Almost 6 Minutes Y STAYING in the air for five minutes and thirty-seven seconds, a model airplane built by John Lef- ker, 12-year-old schoolboy of Chicago, recently established anew world’s junior duration record for outdoor model flight. The mark was made at the National Miniature .% Aircraft Tournament at Memphis, Tenn. John Loughner, of Detroit, — international model cham- “© arrays pion, holds the world’s record for all classes. One of his machines kept the air at Philadelphia for ten minutes. Coal Gasoline Wins Races wr synthetic gasoline, German motor cars won two of the recent races at Frankfurt. The cars, averaging nearly a mile a minute, made better time than in trials with ordinary gasoline. The new fuel is made by a chemical process from coal. Since crude oil, source of standard gasoline, is scarce in Germany and coal plentiful, the new product is economical. In America its manufacture might not pay at the present time. Tiniest Real Train Uses 15-Inch Track HIS is not a scene in an amusement park, but a picture of a passenger train of the Hythe and New Romney Railway line passing through Hythe on the southern coast of England. Said to be the world’s smallest public railroad, it operates over a fifteen-inch gage track of eight miles and claims the amazing rec- ord of 178,000 passengers in ten weeks. The train weighs but eight tons, and exemplifies the last word in locomotive engineering in its representation of the equipment used on larger systems. Sea Plants Make Sugar ONS of sugar, which fishes immedi- ately gobble, is produced by micro- scopic ocean plants called diatoms, says Prof. H. H. Gran of the Norwegian Fish- eries Bureau, who has just completed measurements of their activities. They absorb energy from sunlight, and use it to make sugar from air and water. Sharp-Turning Car Wheels HARP curves have no terrors for a motor car equipped with this new revolving axle. A small lever on the front axle tips the wheels almost completely sideways when a turn is to be made. Fiat- tened out, the front wheels swing the car around more sharply than would otherwise be possible. Pleasure cars and trucks can be equipped with the new device, to aid in parking and driving. “Foolproof” Plane Tested ¢ A specially-built, ‘“‘foolproof” plane with enlarged control surfaces, Clar- ence Chamberlin, transocean pi- lot, recently gave an amazing demonstration of safe flying at the Teterboro, N. J., airport. His first stunt was entirely involun- tary. When his engine stalled, unexpectedly, while the plane was at an altitude of only 1000 feet, Chamberlin glided two miles without power to the landing field. Later he showed that the plane could land at a speed of fifteen miles an hour, on an even keel, without the pilot’s hand on the control stick! After grounding smoothly of its own accord, the lightweight craft—it weighs but 500 pounds—rolled only seventy-five feet to a stop. {t took off again after a brief run of sixty feet. Despite its risk-eliminating features, it is said to be a speedy machine. The new control surfaces are said to avert the danger of a dive or spin. Probing into Volcano’s Past IXING the date of a volcanic eruption by a study of magnetism is the feat just accomplished by A. E. Jones, of the Lassen Voleano Observatory. Since rec- ords have been kept, Lassen Peak, in northern California, has never been seen to erupt; but two flows of solidified lava near its top have interested geologists. Not long ago, Dr. P. L. Mercanton, French physicist, discovered that lava flows, at the time of’ their solidification, acquire magnetism from that of the earth. The earth’s magnetism varies in direc- tion from year to year, with a shifting of its magnetic poles; and records of this change have been kept for centuries. By comparing the direction of the lava’s magnetization with the records of the earth’s, Jones dates one lava flow in 1832 and the other in 1795,

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62 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Distinctive People In Odd Acctivities A Blind Inventor—Vicar Expert Silversmith —Butcher a Sculptor In Lara—Senator a Tree Doctor Novel Dirigible Propelled by Air *. Wellington B. Wheeler, of Los Angeles, exhibits ‘ ie stl — a model for his proposed “flying fish’’ dirigible, which he believes will revolutionize flying. The - force of air entering through the craft’s nose and expelled by blowers through the finlike append- ages on the sides will propel the craft, he says. An automatic stabilizer is another novel feature Blind Man Is an Inventor Although he has been totally blind for more than fifty years, George Keith, of Illinois, pictured at the left, has invented an array of articles that range from com- bination locks with more than 25,000 combinations to traps for almost all known animals. A numter of his pat- ented devices have proved successful. Keith, who is a machinist by trade, is seventy-two years old, but says he is not near *through ‘inventing. He is shown at left at work on one of his animal traps The In-and-Out Br A bus to avoid incon i and loss of time has been & ‘he signed by C. H. Ballard, a moty i driver, of London, g é Passengers leave from exity Le one endj while others go in y * entrances at the other. Exiy of both the top and the mais “deck”’ of the vehicle are cop. trolled from the driver's se A Senator Tree Doctor When Smith W. Brookhart, U. S. Senator from Iowa, finds time to spare from other duties, he spends it at tree surgery at % his new home at Hyattsville, 12 Md., not far from Washington a In the photograph at the eft the Senator is seen in overals operating on a tree in his yan Sea Life Is Modeled in Glass All the skill of the expert glassworker is combined with the knowledge of the natu ralist in the unique models of forms of més rine life prepared by Herman Miller, glass worker of the American Museum of Natural History. Completed, they will form a pet fect exhibit of undersea life. The glass objects, many of them of amazing delicacy, are far more permanent than the specimens from which their designs are 9 accurately copied. It is for the sake of this permanency that the models are made

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iifeke iit j cer is natu- f ma- tural | per: cacy, ctual POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 63 English Vicar Is Expert Silversmith In his London study the Rev. C. G. Langdon makes hand beater gold- and silverwork of rare beauty, also setting stones in rings that he makes in his leisure hours i . Woman Wields Sledge on Rock Drill Mrs. Mattie Cook, Spruce Pine, N. C., in a recent contest set a record by driving a steel drill twelve inches into solid granite in twenty minutes Ocean Plane Model for 50 Passengers Alexander Kartrely, left, and Edmund Chagniard show the model of the plane they hope to build for trans-Atlantic service. The giant craft, propelled by seven engines, would weigh forty tons —_ em on a Oregon Butcher Models Beautiful Statues of Tallow and Lard Wilbur Freece, of Portland, Ore., has won fame as a sculptor, although he is a butcher by vocation. Using lard and blocks of tallow, he molds and cuts beautiful and lifelike figures, some of which won him first prize at the International Live Stock Show at Portland. The photograph above shows the butcher-sculptor producing one of his best masterpieces Warship Whittled from Wood With spare time, a penknife and $13 worth of wood, Charles A. Cary, of St. Louis, Mo., made this model of the U. S.S. Vermont boasting full equipment. Even the steam launches on the deck , es have boilers. A rolling pin, coat hanger ‘ ‘ and razor strop helped form the vessel ” i He’s Trying to Tame a Wild Fruit G. P. Rixford, of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, is experimenting on his Los Altos, Calif., ranch with the wild pawpaw tree fruit, which he hopes to domesticate. It looks like a potato, but has a swecetish pulp similar to that of a banana

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Courtesy of Maurice E. Connolly POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 193 Is wood durable? The middle part of this house at Elmhurst, Queens Borough, New York City, still in use, was built by Samuel Moore in 1660. After 268 years there is no evidence of decay in a plank or beam of this quaint old structure, built when Uncle Sam was yet unborn How to Select Your Lumber Why You Can Build a Better House if You Use Care In Choosing Just The Right Wood for Each Purpose = LICE and I came to buy the wood to build our new house,” stated the young man at the lumber yard office. “Yes, Mr. Morton, and we’re in a ter- rible hurry, because we have to catch a train in forty minutes,” said blue-eyed Alice with an appealing smile. “‘So I know you'll wait on us right away.” “Sure thing,” chuckled the rubicund and grizzled lumber merchant. “I'll have it wrapped up in a jiffy. Just say what you want.” “‘George has the plans. Give them to Mr. Morton, George,”’ directed the effi- cient young woman. “You see it’s a Colonial house, all wood.” By JOHN R. MCMAHON himself after the facts are put before him. Now suppose you newlyweds call at my home some evening this week. We'll spend an hour or so discussing lumber and then when you come here to shop you'll know what’s what and get a real bargain.” " ILL you bring some samples?” inquired the young woman. “Oh, I guess so,” laughed the mer- chant. “Everything except sills and gir- ders that are too hefty for a man of my years to tote around.” On the appointed evening, Mr. Morton began by explaining lumber’s numerous qualities or grades, ignorance of which causes many troubles of amateur buyers. ““A cheap bid on a house probably means low quality lumber will be used,” he said. ‘You don’t expect a cheap pair of shoes to equal a pair made of good leather. Of course, fancy quality may run into looks, and instead you may be satisfied with a sound medium grade.” . “What are the grades called?” asked George. ““American Standard is the general name for softwood lumber, which com- prises the principal material in a frame house. Under this standard there are four grades of ‘Select’ material used for trim and finish. These run from Grade A, which is perfect, down to D, the poorest. In some kinds of wood A is left out or “I see. A nice six-room cottage. Now have you young folks ever looked into the question of kinds and grades of lumber?” “Don’t believe we have,” con- fessed the boyish husband. “Well, I admire your spirit. Most people leave all these details to a contractor or carpenter. You want to buy the raw materials yourselves and have them put together by day labor, I guess. But it wouldn’t hurt those who have a contractor to study the question of materials. There are questions the owner can best decide What Is Your Problem? Many hundreds of problems are sent to this magazine’s Home Building Depart- ment or to Mr. McMahon, who conducts it, and all are gladly answered for readers. Many of the letters come from almost the ends of the earth. If you wish advice in planning your home or to assist friends or relatives, you are welcome to write to Mr. McMahon, care of this magazine, or to Home Building De- partment, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. included in ‘B and Better.’ Two minor defects, as small knots and pitch pockets, are allowed for each eight surface feet on the face side in Grade B. I would hardly advise you to go lower. C allows twice as many defects. Knots and pitch are unde- sirable on exposed fine work, since they tend to show through shellac and paint after a time.” a GUESS ordinary boards are in different class,’ said George. “Yes, they qualify as common lumber, known as No. 1 Common This pictu wood tha’ down to best may its streng tight. T! has more _ whether | or roof. for covel worst pal “Wher or framin fours, jo! three gr: three in the facto middle Structure detail as Select is. fir or So ignore &« method - tomer these lin looks, he durabilit good enc but edge is superis shingles. has not ized but “ Ho al asked A] “Abot used in are bunc good thi names fi Pp thousan less tha ought to

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asked neral com- Tame : > four le A, rest. ut or Two de in » you nany inde- since ellac ina e. mon : R JOISTS, STUDS AND ore x, Di ne INE ott Aik SIDING - WHITE PINE, WESTERN RED CEDAR, CYPRESS OR REDWOOD \ i j i ne 1 Uses uf a1) a oad oo . a Hit Ss — — thea td i aioe, tL. _— jh a ig ~ — ” = = Sse \ " er od at erm pie “4 = plea ey 4 } = es _ Vf - 4 be Se i lant & ; (A SHEATHING BOARDS: | J . TOP FLOOR- y ail MON YELLOW/ INTERIOR TRIM- OAK, MAPLE OR ps PINE HESTNUT, CYPRESS EDGE -GRA \ . * BARCH, WHITEWOOD. SOUTHERN. PIN ~ AG SY: AMERICAN GUMWOOD, >.“ suB-FLOOR« me rs Wr SOUTHERN PINE. ETC. COMMON YELLOW PINE = aes ‘J POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY RAF TERS - FIR OR SOUTHERN PINE SHINGLE LATH - SPRUCE SHINGLES- CYPRESS, WESTERN RED aaa /CEDAR OR REDWOOD = Se) » » ‘ae om ~ WINDOW SILL J AND FRAMES te WHITE PINE, CYPRESS) OR OTHER WEATHER- | ae 7 PROOF LUMBER This picture diagram shows the construction of a house and the various kinds of wood that should be used in it according to the purposes they are to serve down to No. 5 Common. The first and best may have defects that do not affect its strength; it is supposed to be water- tight. The next grade, No. 2 Common, has more faults, and I would not go lower, whether for a subfloor or sheathing walls ' orroof. However, some people use No. 3 for covered work after cutting out the worst parts. — “When we come to so-called dimension or framing lumber, which includes two by fours, joists, rafters and so on, we find three grades, which resemble the first three in the board list but also embody the factors of stiffness and strength. The middle grade is generally satisfactory. Structural timber may be also graded in detail as Select or Common, while Dense Select is a top notch specimen of Douglas fr or Southern pine. The grading rules ignore color, amount of heartwood and method of sawing, but the cus- tomer may obtain selection on these lines. Color is a matter of looks, heartwood means the most durability, sawing in flat grain is esg enough for common lumber but edge grain or quarter sawed issuperior for top floors, trim and shingles. Grading of hardwood has not yet been fully standard- ized but is on its way.’ OW many kinds of wood are there, Mr. Morton?” asked Alice. “About thirty that are largely wed in home building. Several of these are bunched under single titles, which is a good thing. We have too many duplicate lames for the same variety, which con- people. America grows over a usand different trees, which have no than ten thousand names. There ought to be a law to reduce this verbiage. Fortunately, a home builder does not have to worry about more than a dozen or fifteen names.” “What is’ Southern pine?” asked George. “That is a general name for half a dozen species of pine growing in the South—long leaf, short leaf, loblolly, slash and others. The lumber is medium hard. It is widely used in framing, sheathing, even in top flooring and inside trim. There is a considerable difference in quality according to species, although it is claimed the differences are equalized by classification on a basis of density. “The long leaf or Georgia pine is red- tei ‘x Coaing Psthar tte i Janes CLEAR ise ene x6 V6 CLEAR 2x6 ¥ || FLOORING STRIPS CLEAR (RS BS Mes Pee Ae Re Transverse section of Douglas fir log as it might be sawed. The diameter at 30 years was 14 inches; at about 300 years, when cut, it was 42 inches ¥ a. ie 50 sod dish and yields lumber both long and sizable with the fewest knots. When quarter sawed it makes good top flooring at less cost for labor and material than hardwood. Labor is saved because the pieces are long, which saves fitting. The ends are now tongue-and-grooved as in oak. Short leaf or North Carolina pine is satisfactory as top flooring if quarter sawed and selected. Flat grain becomes splintery and uneven under wear. There are enough legitimate uses for Southern pine without asserting, as some do, that it is suitable for all parts of a dwelling.” HAVE heard that white pine is either coming or going—which is it?” “Going, I fear,” replied Mr. Morton regretfully. “‘I have a sentimental feeling about that noble timber that is white and soft as a child’s hand, yet endures like granite. A white pine house in Massachusetts was the home of my ancestors for two and a half centuries. The original New Eng- land supply is about. exhausted, but we may still obtain it from our Northwestern states, eastern Canada and the Pacific coast, where it is termed California sugar pine. White pine is good for all parts of your house exposed to the weather, and excellent for choice interior details. It does not warp, crack or splinter, has an ideal workability, and takes a fine finish. It is the thing for home cabinetwork, shelves, bookcases and all repairs.” “I'll remind George of that later,”’ said Alice. “Are there any more passing trees that you mourn?” *‘Hemlock is on the list, but it never engaged my affections,” chuckled the rubicund dealer. (Continued on page 126)

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66 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 1% New Tools ‘hat Simplify Quick actin, and nonsplashing, this new mop wringer is an added convenience for any household. Metal tabs over the holes deflect the spray downward when the mop is wrung by an easy pressure on the powerful lever. The wringer is designed to hang on the rim of any pail and is so fashioned that it can be readily attached regardless of the size of the tim. It is of sturdy, durable construction Of odd design is a new slicing knife for kitchen use. Two deep and many small **nicks”’ in its blade, say the makers, adapt it to cut oranges, lemons, grapefruits and pineapples, as well as tomatoes and other vegetables, with added smoothness and ease. It is made of a high grade of steel From France, famed for its salads, comes this new invention to dry lettuce speedily after washing, preparatory to salad making. When the wet lettuce is placed in the wire cage, a few turns of the crank whirl it and speedily eliminate the moisture—in much the same manner a “centrifugal dryer” dries clothes wo rmassimeg se An ena to the fraying of electric wires that run your toaster or vacuum cleaner is claimed in an ingenious hook for the attachment plug that makes it as easy to pull the plug with your fingers as by jerking on the wire. No rewiring is need- ed; the finger grip is slipped over the plug and then tightened with a screw driver For cooking cereals, or vegetables, the new double boiler of porcelain illustrated below is said to be particularly suitable. Its smooth, shining white walls lend themselves readily to the cleaning brush or rag, and are easily kept spotless. When in use, the porcelain container keeps contents hot when removed from the kettle for several minutes Comfortable and resilient, a new kneeling mat is made of sponge rubber. It provides a soft cushion for the housewife who is faced with the tiring work of washing or polishing floors. At the front of the mat a rubber ledge, slightly higher than the base, keeps moisture and dust from the worker’s knees The odd-shaped new refrigerating device seen at the left terminates in two spheres, Once a day you heat one sphere on your stove; then, placed in the. ice box with this end protruding, it keeps it cool all day, A volatile, liquefied gas is compressed within the balls. When the outside ball is heated, the liquid is gasified and forced into the refrigerator ball, which has been placed in cold water; here it condenses into liquid again. It is this ball which chills the bor A new type of teakettle recently exhibited at an invention exposition in Westminster, Eng- land, has a top that can be lifted off, making it simple and easy to give it the cleaning the ordinary utensil seldom gets. Similar to a ordinary saucepan in its design, the new article is said to boil more quickly than the old kind february, 19. device ma} to a meat to an ice c

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Pruary, i9y g device on your with this all day, -d within s heated, into the laced in o liquid the bor d at POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY the Home . Making ice cream, grinding meat for sau- sages, or cleaning your knives is equally easy for a versatile new dectric machine. At- tachments include buf- fers for polishing silverware and an ar- rangement whereby the device may be hitched toa meat grinder or to an ice cream freezer ~ Compact enough for the smallest apart- ment kitchen is the new electric ironer that folds up, seen at the tight. It has all the latest conveniences for flat work, shirts, dress- and everything that hand iron can do— but with added speed When you want to warm a little water, Use this handy new apparatus. Though ‘it does not boil the water, the little metal cylinder inserted in the liquid quickly brings it to the desired temperature. A charge of a special powder that comes with the device is inserted in the cylinder Like a miniature rolling pin is a new kitchen implement that rolls out noodles “‘by the yard.”’ It is made of metal, and its length is serrated with circular knives that cut many strips at once. Three rollers are provided, for narrow, medium, and wide noodles The photograph above shows the new electric ironer in use, while that at the left pictures it folded up to be set in a closet or out-of-the-way corner. The machine uses no foot or knee control. A touch of the fingers suffices to operate all attachments How long will a hot water bottle stay hot? An ingenious new electric heater that screws into the mouth is said to maintain heat for any desired time. Simply fill the bag with warm water, screw in the plug and attach the wire to a light socket. The device is in- tended simply to keep the water from cooling To cook a number of dishes at once an ingenious new water bath has been devised to fit over two burners of the gas stove. When it is filled with water, a constant even heat is maintained in each of the several food compertments. It is useful, too, to keep other foods hot and ready to serve On the inside of a closet door fastens a handy new umbrella rack. It keeps the umbrellas in order, and prevents them from getting torn or lost. At the top a spring clip holds each one; water drips into a moisture-tight pan below. Only a screw driver is needed to install it Coffee cups, too, are now made of trans- parent oven glass, so they can be filled with no danger of breaking, and the con- noisseur can judge the color of the brew and detect the presence of grounds. They enable the rich color of the drink to add to its delight. Saucers are made to match

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Fine Points for the Radio Fan February, 19y “Fool-Proofing” Your Set Tools to Simplify Hard W ork—How Long to Charge a Battery HILE some radio fans take pride in the fact that they can turn out good work with only a few tools, such as a bent screw driver, a battered pair of pliers, and a soldering iron that works only part of the time, most radio fans don’t like to work that way. You will find that any job, no matter how trifling, can be done easier, better and faster if you have the right tool for the job. That does not mean, however, that you must ‘buy out the contents of a large hardware store so as to be able to tackle any job with exactly the right tool. One of the illustrations on this page shows two tools that are not expensive and yet serve greatly to facilitate all ordinary radio wiring jobs. One is a pair of diagonal cutting pliers. This is par- ticularly useful in soldering wires be- tween terminals that are very close to each other. Instead of cutting off a very short piece of wire that will just reach from one terminal to the other, use a long piece as shown in the illustration. You can hold the piece so that the bent end touches the two terminals, solder it at both points, and then, with the pliers, cut off the superfluous wire close to the terminal. This method avoids the trouble you usually have with a connection where the heat necessary to solder the second connection loosens up the first one. The other tool shown in the same illustration is a pair of what are known as duck-nosed pliers. This tool takes the place of clumsy thumbs and oversize fingers in holding work in odd, hard-to- get-at corners. After you have owned a pair of these pliers for a while you will wonder how you ever got along without them. Aside from holding the end of a wire while you solder it in place, these pliers will prove useful in holding nuts in close quarters while you turn the screw with a screw driver in the other hand. Then you really ought to have two or three screw drivers of the long, slender variety. Many screws in radio apparatus are tucked away in corners that you can’t get at with the ordinary short, stubby screw driver. You will find it worthwhile to keep your screw drivers in good condition. When the edge of the blades get dull so that they slip out of the slot in the screw on the slightest provocation, get out your carborundum stone and sharpen them to clean, square corners that will stick to the slot of a screw head as long as there is any slot to get a grip on. Screws that you can’t re- move at all with a dull screw driver are easily persuaded to loosen up This automatic filament control will enable you to turn the rheostats full on and then forget them A B C’s of Radio (THE storage A-battery used to operate a radio set has a definite life limit, the same as the tubes in the receiver. The receiver itself may last for years, but the re- placement of the vacuum tubes at intervals averaging about a year and the storage A-battery at long intervals is a legitimate part of the upkeep expense. The life of a storage battery de- pends on the care it receives. It may give out in six months or a year if neglected, or it may last as long as five years if it receives the right care. The worst thing you can do to a storage battery is let it run down and stay in that condition for more than a few hours. More storage batteries are ruined through this one cause than all others combined. Long continued charging at ex- cessively high rates is bad for a battery, but not nearly so harmful as letting the battery stand dis- charged. Most radio batteries do not receive enough charging to keep them in really good condition. Duck-nosed pliers wita which wires can be held in awkward places until they are soldered, and diagonal cutting pliers to cut off superfluous wire after short connections are made when a real blade is applied to them Hence a little time in caring for yoy screw drivers will save much time in using them. Automatic Filament Control [- YOU are tired of having the family turn the rheostats on your battery. operated radio set ‘on so far that the tubes become paralyzed, you can make the set “fool-proof” by applying ap automatic control device such ag js shown in the illustration at the top of this page. All you need do is cut either of the wires leading from the A-battery and clip the bared ends in the special clips at each end of this device. Then you snap in place a pair of automatic controls that will pass the right amount of current for the number and type of tubes in your set. Turn the rheostats on the set all the way on and forget them. Which Power Tube? WHie the designation “power tube” as applied to the special tubes used for ,last stage amplification is technically correct, it has led to a serious misunderstanding. A power tube is one that will handle a lot of power as compared with the stand- ard 201A type tube but power, in the sense that it is used here, means ability to handle more volume without distor- tion. It does not mean that the tube amplifies weak signals and makes them sound louder than they would if a stand- ard 201A tube were used. The problem is, therefore, under what conditions does a power tube improve results? Four types of power tubes are available and each has its particular advantages, but no power tube is really worth while if you are located so far from the nearest broadcasting station that you never get the signals at above a rather weak volume level. If you are situated where the majority of stations are received weakly, use the 112 type power about the same as the 201A; it gives the same volume on weak sig- nals. If you are living where a number of stations are received with plenty of volume, use the 171 type tube. It doesn’t amplify as much as the 112 but you can turn the volume control quite a bit farther with this tube than you can with the 112. The 210 tube combines the advan- tages of both 171 and 112. It amplifies weak signals as well as the 112 and on strong signals you can turn up the volume control till:the music or speec is twice as strong as it is with the 171. tube. Its amplification factor is: February: 19 and put service 1 Or yor electric of your But. i causes, correct | interfere Recer panies | able fac cure. F the tro be false as they ered wi the tro authori about s Inve: in pole near-b} . Ther get rid

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rUATY, 1995 | 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY & 9 e . ( You Can't Get Rid of Static, but You Can Tame Racket ry from Household Electric Devices and Loose Contacts in Set » them, By JOHN CARR oT Your Ame jn does not apply. You electric meter while the disturbance is may still hear a noise going on. If that stops the trouble it’s atrol with both the antenna a sure thing that the difficulty isn’t your ; and ground off if the own home. If it doesn’t, it’s equally sure family disturbance is created that the source of electric sparks is out- attery. by a piece of electrical side your home and you can ask the power at the machinery located company if it has any suggestions. The | Make close to your set, but companies are eager to aid. They know ng an even in this case the — that radio interference cuts down the use as is strength of the noise of the radio and consequently cuts down top of will be diminished _ the amount of current you use. when you take off the It is quite obvious, of course, that you of the antenna and ground: can’t make this test if you use a B- ad clip Many kinds of elec- eliminator, because the set would cease t each ; trical machinery may cause trouble, but to function the moment you screwed out 1ap in Soldering a 14-mfd. condenser across the con- aan eae ¥ Br ? ited t tl] f I h % catst tact points of a buzzer charger stops interference _ y producing no sparks does not. re fuses. In such a case you migh S that That’s why the pole transformer, except _ borrow a set of B-batteries. urrent HEN crackling and siz- in rare cases, is innocent. 1 your zling interfere with your The tiniest little spark inside the ther- A= the types of electric apparatus et all radio reception, you may’ mostat of a heating pad or the minute that may cause trouble are buzzer- decide that something is sparks from the brushes of a five-dollar type battery chargers, violet-ray ma- wrong with your receiver electric fan may create a noise from your chines, fans, vacuum cleaners, ice boxes, and put the problem up to the local radio loudspeaker resembling a load of coal oil burners, washing machines, heating service man. going down a chute. appliances such as electric flat irons, heat- power Or you may blame it on static or on the ing pads, electric grills and so on; and pecial electric light power transformer in front any other household electric appliance. ation of your house. . ’ Some of these just naturally create tee But. if your diagnosis is one of these The New Electric Set! disturbance whenever they are used. causes, what are the chances that it is . . Buzzer-type battery chargers and the dle a correct and that you can get rid of the You will find the first of & series violet-ray medical outfits are in this ‘and. interference? of articles on how to build a new class. Both instruments produce a co- 1 the Recent investigations by power com- and tremendously powerful full- pious flow of sparks from the vibrator lity panies have brought out some remark- electric radio receiver on page 78 with a steady roar of interference as a stor- able facts about radio troubles and their in the Home Workshop Depart- result. Other types of apparatus cause tube cure. For instance, more than a third of ment of this issue. trouble only when they are defective. them the troubles investigated turned out to Heating appliances such as grills and and- be false alarms. The sets were working toasters operate without creating dis- as they should. The owners were both- What counts is the location of the turbances unless one of the connections what ered with static but couldn’t recognize spark with reference to wiring that may _ to the heating element is loose, in which = the trouble. And according to the best act as an antenna to transmit the spark case a noise is produced in the loud- br: authority there is nothing you can do to your set. The more easily the spark speaker that strongly resembles the ‘ular about static. can act on lengths of wire hung in the _ sound of frying eggs. ally Investigations have shown that defects air the greater the disturbance. That is This same characteristic sizzling or rom in pole transformers capable of disturbing why a street lamp, when it becomes de- frying noise is produced by any poor con- you near-by radio fans are extremely rare. fective and starts arcing at the contacts, tact as distinguished from the crackling veak . There are two noise producers you can will cause trouble in every radio receiv- snaps of the sparks from a buzzer outfit. here get rid of. ing set located within a large radius. . ived Any poor contact in the -_ NE is trouble within the radio re-_ electric wiring of your pe) ceiver itself; the chances are about _ house is a serious matter. 3 it ‘one in four that your set is to blame. It means a succession of sig- This does not include whistling or other minute sparks that cause re 8 sounds of a sustained character. It ap- radio interference, and if ved plies only to those irregular, rough, neglected longenough may 171 grating, frying noises that sound just like — set the house on fire. y as static. After you are sure your ura These noises arising within the set it- receiver is not to blame bit self are almost without exception due to for the noise, the next step you a loose contact. It makes no difference _ is to find out if it is due to whether you have just gone over the con- either a loose connection. an- nections. If you hear irregular scratching in your electric wiring or fies and grating noises when you have dis- to some piece of apparatus he connected both the antenna and the _ operating from it. If your t : und wires, you can bet that if you look set is battery-operated, all Sianate, Decne teen ealls-tubinssias Hails lll iiataauaas “ enough you will find the loose con- you need do is screw out in addition to fixed condensers to stop interference from electrical 71. nection. There is just one case where this the main fuses near your apparatus, such as motors, if the apparatus is in bad shape

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The pole transformer outside your house may be causing the noises, but the chances are it is innocent. Don’t blame the pole trans- former until you are sure that there are no loose connections inside your set or that some household device is not causing the noise The noise produced by the sparking brushes of a small motor is between these two, a sputtering sizzle that grinds on as long as the motor is in use. The mere fact that you have tested your set and found it noiseless and have proved to your own satisfaction that nothing in your own house is causing interference is no guarantee the trouble is in the nearest electric light wiring. It may be the sparks from the roller of an overhead electric trolley car, or perhaps the man in the house or apart- ment next to yours is running something that ruins your radio reception. Your neighbor may not have a radio set and so be unaware of the trouble he is causing. Just as radio disturbances aside from static and heterodyne whistles can be summed up in one word, sparks, so the cure for these troubles ordinarily can be found in the proper use of one piece of apparatus, the bypass or filter condenser. ae waa sparks always produce high frequency oscillations that radiate and are picked up by your set. The func- tion of the bypass condenser is to provide an easy path for these currents and thus keep them out of the wires from which they may radiate. In theory, at least, all disturbing sparks can be rendered innocuous by means of bypass condensers, but in some cases the theory cannot be put into practice be- cause of mechanical difficulties or because of the expense involved. The sparks produced by the trolley wheels in overhead trolley systems is a case in point. If there were any practical way to split up the overhead wire into small sections, insert a radio-frequency choke coil between each section and then connect a bypass condenser between each section and the ground, the sparks would no longer cause trouble. But the expense — SS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY would be prohibitive. While the con- denser is the mainstay in killing radio interference from sparking apparatus, a radio-frequency choke coil is good in aggravated cases. Although it has a high sounding name, the radio-frequency choke coil in the styles needed for interference prevention is the simplest of all coils. Just a few turns of wire wound criss-cross fashion on a wood- en spool and you have it. See upper photo on page 69. HE simplest connection for a bypass condenser is shown at the right in the diagram and as carried out in practice in the other illustration. In this case a vibrating or buzzer-type battery charger is being cured of its interference-causing propensities. Connect condenser to the buzzer contacts. The same method works with the violet-ray medical outfits, but you will have to take them apart to get at the vibrator contacts. If you don’t want to do this you can get nearly as good results by connecting the condenser across the lead wires from the electric plug to the instrument where they enter the case. In every case it is desirable to connect the condenser directly to the wires that go to the brushes of the motor or to the vibrator contact points, but many house- oe eee ais Three ways to cut out motor interference. The arrangement at the left is often sufficient. The one at the right is for severe cases. Make con- nections to brushes of the motor if possible hold electrical devices are so constructed that you can’t get at these connections, Also there are so many types and Sizes of devices and motors that specific in. structions cannot be given. With many motors, using two con. densers in series grounded at the mid. point will prove more effective in elim. inating the interference. This is an es pecially good arrangement if the motor frame is not grounded. At the left in the diagram is shown the arrangement to use in obstinate cases. Radio-frequency choke coils are added to force the interfering oscillations to flow through the condensers. The size of the wire used in winding the radio-frequency choke coil depends on the amount of current drawn by the motor or other electrical apparatus. Two hundred turns of No. 14 double cotton covered wire wound jumble fashion ona wooden spool one and one-half to two inches in diameter will do in cases where the current is not more than five amperes. yyy winding the wire in smooth lay- ers. The effectiveness of the coil asa radio-frequency choke depends to a large extent on winding the wire back and forth so that successive turns criss-cross each other as much as possible. The capacity of the condensers needed to cut out the interference largely de- pends on the severity of the spark. The heavier the spark, the larger the con- denser. One half microfarad condensers will do on small motors in good condition. Use one, two or four-microfarad con- densers on big motors. You can start with small capacity and add to it by put- ting the additional condensers in parall with those already in use. CAUTION: Use high-grade condensers with a rated working voltage at least twice that of the circuit in which they are to be used. Not cos “C0! . Ite the ever Ant are the

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wary, 1m] pepeosey 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY n | 5¢ oF THE LEADING ELECTRICAL MAN- UFACTURERS USE SKF BEARINGSAS ,ff STANDARD EQUIP- MENT. INSIST UPON THE SKF -EQUIPPED MOTOR BECAUSE 1. SSS. Bearings show no appreciable signs of wear, even after years of gruel- ling service. This means continued and permanent armature alignment. SRLS Bearings on electric * motors require lubrication only every six months. 3 SACSiP Bearings are so * housed that lubricant can- not penetrate and short- circuit the coil windings. 4 SSACSiP_ Bearings are self- Tucted i | WHY DO THEY SELECT SKF— the Highest Priced Bearing in the World? > Con. * contained and require no 2 mid. . . F adjustments. - elim. OU can’t build a bearing on a an ¢s. basis of economy and expect it oe to produce economy in operation. ri You can’t put anything less than stinate ° ° Is are the best into a bearing and expect ations it to function at its best. ng the You can’t expect a bearing to =p: function properly in a motor if it Two a never proved its ability to function ottn | ‘Wothing is apt to properly in the laboratory and field. \ ona cost so much as : , ' \. > two _a bearing that And so, in spite of the fact that a cost so little ~~ SS Bearings are the highest _ It costs more toreplacea priced bearings in the world, the h lay- Pe pearing trate _ leadersin the electrical industry, as ° en Ant-FrictionBearings inall industries, select S:iS Bear forth the world" Prived in =—s ings as standard equipment. each eded y de- The con- nsers ition. canes ae start ti) Ball Bearings @™® Roller Bearings ated ae f the SKF INDUSTRIES, INC. Nagi” +40 E. 34th ST., NEW YORK CITY 1943 o— ————————— 0 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. . See page 8. R ving § e ight Bearin, erthe B

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72 Helpful Hints for Your Car Windshield Sleet W iper— Ending Cold Drafts—Other Useful Kinks VERY motorist quite frequently encounters the peculiar combina- tion of atmospheric humidity and sudden temperature change that results in heavy fog forming on the inside of the windshield. The ordinary wiper, either mechanical or hand operated, wipes only the outside of the windshield and the driver continually has to wipe the fog from the inside of the glass in order to obtain clear vision. Then there usually is trouble in winter with sleet freezing on the glass, in spite of the operation of-the wiper. Fig. 1 shows how to eliminate both fog on the inside of the glass and freezing sleet on the out- side. Remove the regular rubber wiper and substitute a tubular piece with a strip of felt let into a slot in its side as shown. A mixture of alcohol and glycerin SSFELT WIPER Fig. 1. Adjustment of a felt wiper to take sleet from outside or fog from inside of windshield poured into the tube will allow the wiper to keep the glass clear in a sleet storm. A duplicate tube fitted to a special arm will take care of the inside of the glass in the most severe weather. Ten Dollars for an Idea! ALTER 8S. ESTBY, of Buhl, Minn., wins the $10 prize this month with his suggestion of a windshield wiper improve- ment (Fig. 1). Each month POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY awards $10, in addition to regular space rates, to the reader sending in the best suggestion for motor- ists. Other contributions pub- lished are paid for at the usual rates. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Good Remedy For Cold Feet HILE it would be possible to fit the floor boards of an auto- mobile so carefully that there would be no space around the ped- als for air to blow through, most cars aren’t made that well, and consequently there always is a blast of cold air coming up around the brake and clutch pedals in winter. The result is cold feet and discomfort. The remedy is to fit a support- ing plate covered with a piece of sponge rubber on each pedal at a point where _ it will press lightly against the un- derneath side of / the floor board Y when the pedal , is in the up posi- tion, as shown in Fig. 2. The idea is equally useful in summer to keep the heated air under the hood from burning your feet. Putting a felt pad under the floor mat in both the front and rear compartments also helps to keep the car warm and also makes the car more silent,absorbing the rumbling and rattling noises. SPONGE RUBBER METAL WASHER” /f// / ON PEDAL LEVER //7 Fig. 2. A plate covered with sponge rubber, fitted on a pedal, keeps the cold air from chilling the feet For Use on Steep Hills w= you park your car on a very steep hill there is always the chance that some mischievous child will throw off the emergency brake and allow Fig. 3. A simple brake is made with a rope, ring and snaffe hook that fastens wheel and front bumper the car to coast down the grade into a_ serious accident. There are times, too, when you have to change a rear tire on a steep hill and you have to release the emergency brake in order to turn the wheel. On such occasions, you will find that a short piece of rope fitted with a ring on one end and a snaffle hook on the other will prove useful. As shown in Fig. 3, the rope is snapped in place around the rim of one wheel and the bumper. It will keep the car from coast- ing even if the brake is released. February, jy Waterproof Glue for Tops 1. are a number of waterproof cements on the market, but if you cannot secure any in your locality, g satisfactory waterproof glue can be made at home by taking an ordinary small bottle of glue and stirring in a teaspoonful of water to which has been added five or ten grains of potassium bichromate. The glue must be hot. After this mixture has dried and been exposed to the sun fora few hours, it will not dissolve or soften in water. It is fine for painting into small cracks in the top of a closed body and to repair a leak, and it looks much neater than a patch. On open car tops a neat re. pair can be made by using this water. proof glue to attach a patch to the inside of the fabric. Wires Brace Garage Door [I THE garage doors are sagging s0 that they no longer close properly, the best remedy is to have them taken down and repaired by a _ competent carpenter, but a temporary job can be done that will actually pull the doors back in place and prevent any further sag by drilling holes as shown in Fig. 4. Then a piece of stout galvanized wire is looped through the holes as indicated, and a bolt or spike used to twist the wire to take up the slack. Considerable tension can be obtained in this way—enough to pull the door into shape. eee -_ || | Pe wae yy | TWISTED WIRE BRACE Fig. 4. Sagging garage doors are temporarily made right by drilling holes, running wire thr them and then twisting it with an iron spike of heavy bar until the wire is as taut as possible

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vesroery, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 73

A Radiotron for every purpose

RADIOTRON UX-201-A r Detector Amplifier RADIOTRON UV-199 1 Detector Amplifier Ops RADIOTRON UX-199 Detector Amplifier Fp RADIOTRON WD-11 1 you Detector Amplifier lity, 9 RADIOTRON WX-12 e made Detector Amplifier - small ; RADIOTRON UX-200-A Doonfyl Detector Only five RADIOTRON UX-120 °. The Pope, Areptis tos ° ure has RADIOTRON UX-222 Make sure that your new r adio . for a Seaman Aen »ften in RADIOTRON UX-112-A : : ; snd Pres tmane set is equipped with RCA and to RADIOTRON UX-171 Power Amplifier Last , neater Audio Stage Only Z reat re. RADIOTRON UX-210 Radiotr Ons thr oughout. Man- water- Power Amplifier Oscillator - RCA HOUR > inside RADIOTRON UX-240 e - Detector Amplifier f Every Saturday Night “taal ufacturers of quality receiving "yr tne, RADIOTRON UX-213 : stations associated with the National Broadcasting pe. eamvoTmom uxt sets specify RCA Radiotrons “=

‘ing 80 A.C. Filament : — RADIOTRON UY-227 f . f — l . Ta - m. oo . en C. Heater = petent RADIOTRON UX-280 or testing, or initia equip WEEI WRC <2 RADIOTRON UX-201 WAR KDKA _ door Pape at ment and for replacement. wc ww =a “4 RADIOTRON UX-874 WCSH WIR 1g 4, Voltage Regulator Tube , ve naagynon vee They are recognized by experts 3.» wn wire to . | RADIOTRON UV-886 KSD Wow 1: ees asthe standard of performance. Yo? war e standar WHO WMC —— a RCA Radiotrons are the joint product of RCA, Westinghouse baa -T, and General Electric, developed and perfected by the radio 8 10.9 p. m. Pacific Teme | engineers who designed and built the leading broadcasting sta- KPO _—iKF 7 HH tions. Never use new tubes with old ones that have been in “caine Rava use a year or more. See that your set is completely equipped KHO ‘f with RCA Radiotrons once a year at least. Look for this mark === RCA Radiotron 1

MADE B MAKERS OF THE RAD 1.0.0 A, yrarily 1rough RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA + NEW YORK : CHICAGO + SAN FRANCISCO _— A one: 9881 sa - © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See-page 8.

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74 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 19% Puzzles That Sam Lofa’s Brain Bafflers Put Your Wits in High Gea Test Accuracy and Speed in T. hinking valuable as well because they train the mind to think swiftly and accu- rately are offered here by Sam Loyd, the world’s most famous puzzle maker. Try your capacities on these problems, noting the time you require to solve them; then look on page 153 for the correct answers and your ratings. The Full Market Basket ? HERE, your basket’s full,” re- marked the groceryman to Mrs. Miller; and with that casual comment for a text, the lady delivered quite a disser- tation on the high cost of eatables. ** You fellows don’t seem to realize that the war is over.”’ said Mrs. Miller, among other things. “I can remember when it would have cost five dollars less to fill that basket. In those sensible days I would have got one third more food than there is in that basket for one third less money than has just passed from my pocketbook to your cash register.” That is as much of Mrs. Miller’s argu- ment as we shall need for puzzle pur- poses. If her statement is correct, how much did it cost her to fill her basket in the good old days? See how long it takes you to find out; then turn to page 153 and see if you have found the right answer in the time allowed for the problem’s solution. Prstoaite that are entertaining and Building a Home AM planning to found a Puzzlers’ Home, and in going over the estimates furnished me I find that they supply ma- terial that makes a very interesting puzzle. So whether the builders do the work or not, they have at least been of consider- able value to people who love to try con- clusions with difficult problems. Here is the situation: The paper hanger and the painter will together paper and paint the building for $1100; the combined charge of the painter and the plumber will be $1700; the plumber and the electrician together will want $1100 for their work; the (ID combined bills of the electrician ie \ and the carpenter will be $3300; YS ‘p the carpenter and the mason to- gether will charge $5300; and the mason and the paper hanger together will charge $2500. Also, I see that the paper hanger's estimate is two thirds as much as the electrician’s. See how quickly you can de- termine the estimate of each man. The correct answer and the time given to find it are both given on page 153. The Mysterious Letter A AYS the professor: “The letter A represents a certain number com- posed of five figures. When A is increased by placing the figure 1 before it and multiplying by 3, the product is Al.” Who can translate the professor’s A into a number fitting the conditions? See if you can; then turn to page 153 for the correct answer and the time in which it should be found. The Spratt Family’s Pork ACK SPRATT and his wife could to- gether eat a barrel of fat pork in sixty days, whereas it would take him thirty weeks to perform this feat alone. They could together consume a barrel of lean pork in eight weeks, although she alone could not dispose of it in less than forty weeks. Under those conditions, how long would it take Mr. and Mrs. Spratt dining to- gether to eat a barrel of mixed pork, half fat and half lean? Try your capacities on this problem and note the time you take to solve it. The correct answer and time allowance for it are given on page 153. \) Rails and Acres TEXAS ranchman who owns a yas extent of land boasted that in one square field that was inclosed by a three. rail fence there were just as many acres as it took rails to surround it. Supposing the rails were just twelve feet long (no allowance being made fo lapping) and the fence was three rails high, how many acres would there be if there were just as many acres as rails? The answer and the time given fo finding it are on page 153. A Puzzling Post Card WO shut-ins whose mutual hobby is arithmetical puzzles keep up a lively contact through the medium of cipher post cards. One of their recent missives carried the following odd message: “TNFGZ XQD IBZ UMBZZ UNP2ZT BNGMZB UMIF N MQH PDGM SQQBZB IP N UMIF XQD?” Since it is constructed on the simple principle of letter transposition—mixing up the letters of the alphabet—one should de. cipher that message without a great deal of difficulty. Perhaps the harder job will be to solve the arithmetical problem it sets forth. Here we have really two puzzles in one, First your familiarity with letters is tested and then your facility in handling figures is put on trial. See how long it takes you to solve this pair of posers. Then look on page 153 to find the correct answers, and see if you have worked them out in the time allotted. Taking in a Partner N THE old firm of Dombey & Son, the senior’s interest was one and one fifth times as great as the junior’s. Then it was decided to take Uncle Henry into the firm upon the payment of $33,000, which sum was to be divided between senior and junior in such a manner as to leave the interests of the three partners exactly alike. How should that $33,000 be divided between senior and junior? It required considerable figur- ing to determine the proper di- vision, and some persons would probably have given up the project rather than work out the problem. See if you can do it. After you have tried hard enough and succeeded or failed, turn to page 153, where you will find the correct answer and the time within which it should be de- termined.

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& Vast iN one . three. y acres twelve de for € rails e be if ails? en for l bby is . lively cipher issives NPZT DGM simple ‘ing up ld de. it deal ob will lem it in one, tested figures es you n look swers, out in yn, the e fifth hen it y into ent of to be and as to three How ivided 2 | figur- er di- would ut the do it. nough irn to 1 find > time e de- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY — A Pirate’s to Hold Yo ur Tr CaSures It Can Be Made Easily at Small Cost for Matertals IRATES, treasure, jewels, Spanish galleons, romance, adventure on the high seas—all these are vividly suggested by the ancient chests of dull brown oak, clasped with bands of iron, that are now so highly prized as decorations for the home. Almost everyone would like to have one of these time-worn, battered old compared to the construct- ing of almost any other piece of furniture. The chest itself can be nailed together, and the effect of hand-forged metalwork may be obtained in a number of ways ranging from the use of thick cardboard, wallboard, wood or gesso to real wrought iron. An ex- cellent idea of what the amateur can accomplish in this way was given last month in an article by F. N. Vander- walker on turning cheap barn door hinges into hand-wrought hardware. quality. strong boxes, but they are practically unobtainable except in expensive re- productions. “Why not make one?”’ you say. Why not, indeed? It is a simple task Q > Py e N G e \ / Z ° — 5 e D sie e ° a jo o-> 3 ° @ a +9' oad > 3" 4—| o ° € a N a ao / ° ° a ale °o [j— } 8 ——)" @ s E m a O- ° e a -— -_ 2 a a v A F Fig. 1. The top, front and two end views of an ornamental treasure chest. The fittings may be thin plywood, wallboard, linoleum, gesso, sheet lead, copper or real wrought iron ; Arthur Wake Ss =] Treasure chests are in great demand for their decorative They hold anything from firewood to silverware Two designs for treasure chests are offered. Both were prepared by William H. Varnum, Associate Professor of Ap- plied Arts in the University of Wisconsin and one of the foremost authorities on design as applied to the industrial arts. The details of the construction and the hints on building the chests were worked out by Charles A. King, author of King’s series of books on woodwork and car- pentry, who has been for many years one of the leading manual training teachers. A blueprint has been prepared to give the details of the chest illustrated in Fig. 1 on a larger scale and more com- pletely than is possible here. On the blueprint is a complete list of materials, a list of tools and a summary of oper- ations. If you wish to build this chest, it will pay you to obtain the blueprint by sending 25 cents to the Blueprint Service Department of PopuLar ScrENCE MontTaiy, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. Ask for Blueprint No. 78, or use the coupon on page 93. TS design of the chest, shown in Fig. 1 and more completely on the supplementary blueprint, makes it pe- culiarly suitable for household or gift purposes, As a treasure chest it may not perplex a determined burglar, but as a hope chest it will safely guard its con-- tents from prying eyes. The chest itself may be made of any kind of wood and stained as desired. Red oak, however, is recommended; it bears out the romance of the oaken chest and the wood is not too hard for the home worker to handle. (Continued on page 98)

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78 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 19 How to Build an Electric Set Assembled from Standard Parts, This Sensitive and Selective Set Gives Superb Tone and Great Volume ERE is a new and remarkable electric radio receiver es- pecially designed for construction in the home workshop. It is sen- sitive. The selectivity is of a very high order, and the - great volume, combined with true-to-life tone qual- ity, will prove a revelation to anyone who-has never heard a receiver using such tremendous power. Yet the alternating current hum has been reduced almost to the vanishing point, without sac- rificing tone quality on the low notes in the slightest degree Full electric operation has brought up several important problems in design and con- struction. The question of how to control the volume, a relatively simple matter with battery operated receivers, is one of them. With battery operated sets you can turn down the filament current of the radio-frequency amplifier tubes, and the job is done. But you can’t do that with alternating current tubes; first, because the control necessary to accomplish the re- sult would be needlessly complicated, and second, because turning down the fila- ment current of one tube would throw the grid biasing and plate voltage circuits out of adjustment. By-passing the audio transformer wind- ings is bad, too, because it upsets the tone quality through affecting the amplifica- tion of the transformer and because it allows the detector tube to become heavi- ly overloaded on strong signals. We wanted to adopt the modern drum dial control on the new set but didn’t By ALFRED P. LANE

This article, first in an unusual series, describes our new elec- tric receiver, which has been tested and approved for home construction by the Popular Science Institute of Standards want to have the usual trouble caused by the antenna coupling, which makes it im- possible to get the first and second stages to tune alike on different antennas. OTH the volume control problem and the antenna detuning problem have been solved in the new receiver by the use of an additional tube in an untuned stage of radio-frequency amplification. As an amplifier it does not accomplish very much, but it allows the two tuned stages to be operated at the very peak of efficiency, which isn’t possible in any other way without using additional con- trols. The extra tube does give an increase in volume when the set is used on short indoor or outdoor antennas. The. tuning units are all exactly alike and are so constructed that a cam fas-

1 1 G | ] | £2 9 Ay 8, \ h ve) | | | & ' eS ee ” T f) 90 Xx “Ge x Se (OO DODOOOSOT"D tened on the condenser shaft moves the primary farther and farther away from the secondary when you tune to the low waves. The result js more than normal volume op the high waves and extraor. dinary selectivity on the short waves. The detector circuit js tuned by a separate drum, because it is extremely diff. cult to get the detector cir. cuit to tune exactly like the radio-frequency stages. Shielding is used on all tuned stages to increase the selectivity and _ because it makes the balancing much easier. Satisfactory full electric operation means that the entire receiver and power supply unit must be designed as a complete system. Thisis particularly true if the power unit is to be constructed throughout with fixed resist- ances so that there will be no voltage ad- justments or biasing adjustments. The receiver shown on these pages is part of such a system. Next month we will show the combined power amplifier and current supply unit. that is con- nected to the leads from the receiver shown on these pages. As you will note from the diagrams, the electric receiver itself includes the three tubes operating at radio frequency, the detector stage, and the first stage of audio amplification. The second stage of audio amplification, which is included in the power supply unit to be described next month, is one of the most powerful ever designed for home construction. So this month's receiver plus next month’s

ee

~ _— gh €: ! ” = | ! ! | Cy p ! 45 a See 0S OO OO Fig. 1. The Theoretical Wiring Diagram Minus B is considered as ground in this diagram and wire ends so marked should be connected together and to the minus B terminal of the power unit. Points marked X are to be connected together. Points marked 90 are connected together and to the 90-volt terminal power unit. Twisted cables indicate alternating filament supply

February» 1 current give you radio Fe struct. The re take adv marvelou modern ¢ records. device C@

* Fig. 3. jack us in the u pick-up: neath t right en volume means © plied w device. stantly radio 1 out the ately, ¢ happen: will be usual w je up grams friends pair of place o vice. one of and y come r loudspe ume th: You parts te electric Al-B1, Cl, C2 mfd. C4, C5 Cé6—gr ity ¥ . Ci—b; pacit C8, C cond Di—r: milli D2, D . coils 1—g E2—p be n E3, E4

Page 79

ary, 1994 Dower igned hisis to be esist- ze ad- es is h we rlifier eiver 3, the \udio ed in erful nth’s February, 1928 nt supply and amplifier unit will — you as fine a complete electric radio receiver as it is possible to con- struct. The receiver is designed so that you can take advantage of the great volume and marvelous tone quality to reproduce the modern electrically recorded phonograph records. Any standard electric pick-up device can be used. Just turn on the set Fig. 3. The audio amplifier stage, the volume control, and the jack used to play phonograph records and to reproduce voice in the usual way, plug the cord from the pick-up. device into the jack located be- neath the volume control knob at the right end of the panel, and control the volume of the phonograph music by means of the special volume control sup- plied with the pick-up POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY E5—potentiometer, 6 ohms. F—audio-frequency trans- former. G1, G2, G3, G5—standard X-type vacuum tube sockets. G4—-special socket to fit UX 227 vacuum tube. J—double circuit jack. K—illuminated drum dial. L—laminated inlaid walnut wood or com- position panel, 7 by 24 inches. M—wood baseboard 4% by 12 by 23% in. Nl, N2, N3—standard aluminum box shields, 5 by 6 by 9 inches. Fig. 2. Looking down on the model receiver with the top plates of the shields removed. To identify parts refer to the picture diagram below 79 One piece of 44 inch round brass rod 10% in. long, a supply of flexible enameled fabric covered wire of standard diam- eter, and 10 feet of No. 10 flexible en- ameled fabric covered wire; three lengths of regular bus wire; two bind- ing posts, screws, etc. T= tuning units Al-Bl, A2-B2 and A3-B3 used in the model re- ceiver are supplied mounted so that they can be attached to the frames of the variable condensers. Cams to fit the ends of the condenser shafts are supplied with each set of tuning units. The variable con- device. You can in- stantly shift back to radio music by pulling out the plug. Immedi- ately, any station that happens to be tuned in will be heard in the usual way. OU can even make up broadcast pro- grams to amuse your frends by plugging a pair of headphones in place of the pick-up de- densers C1, C2 and C3 must have detachable shafts so that a single long shaft can be used to operate condensers C1 and C2, and so that the shaft of C3 can be pulled through far enough to engage with the coupling on the drum dial. Part E2, the 500,000- ohm potentiometer, must be noninduc- tive, and the ca- vice. Then talk into one of the headphones and your voice will come rolling out of the loudspeaker with a vol- ume that will startle you. You will need these parts to build this section of the complete electric receiver: Al-B1, A2-B2, AS—B3—tuning units. Cl, C2, C3—variable condensers, .00035 mfd. capacity. C4, Ci—adjustable balancing condensers. C6é—grid condenser, .00025 mfd. capac- ity with clips. 7—bypass condensers, .001 mfd. ca- pacity. C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13—bypass condensers, 44 mfd. capacity. Di—radio, frequency choke coil, 250 millihenries inductance. D2, D3, D4, D5—radio-frequency choke coils, 85 millihenries. El—grid leak, 2 megohms. E2—potentiometer, 500,000 ohms (must be noninductive and noncapacitive). E3, E4—fixed resistances, 400 ohms each. ANT GRD pacity between the Fig. 4. This picture wiring diagram was made directly from the model receiver. The parts have been turned to positions where the connections show. Note that connections to the tuning units should be made to the lugs provided and not directly to the coils. Find the lug that connects to the point indicated on the coil. The soldering lugs are easily located Blueprints and Information LUEPRINT No. 79, de- scribing in still greater detail the construction of this section of our modern and ex- traordinarily powerful electric radio receiver, can be obtained for 25 cents (see page 93). A complete list of parts approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards for use in building the set shown here will be sent with each blueprint or will be mailed without charge to those readers who do not wish the blueprint. Address requests for information to: Radio Editor, Poputar ScieEncE MonrHuty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. g| terminals and the resist- ance element must be low, as otherwise you will get no control of volume on loud stations. Do not use any of the compact all-metal types at this point in the circuit. They are designed for a different kind of service and will not work as a volume control in this particular arrangement. Assembling the Set HE first job is to fit the drum dial K to the panel. A template showing the exact location of the screw holes and the opening is supplied with the dial. ° Use a jig saw to cut out the piece that - must be removed. The dial should be set ¥ inch off the center of the panel toward the right-hand end. This is necessary to allow the aluminum shield boxes N1 and N2 to stay within the limits of the panel. In the model set the drum dial is set so that the shaft (Continued on page 109)

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arahe ne emer POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 194 cenecraft—Painting the Set Colors and Brushes—Outlines, Shadows, Stippling and Spattering—How to Get Brillant, Posterlike Effects HE term “‘scene By ANDRE SMITH Author of “The Scenewright” painting’”’ dates back to those days, not so very long ago, when a stage set was a painted picture composed of a back drop and a series of wings or flats, upon which were painted (of- ten in rather amazing perspectives) the ele- ments of the scene, ex- terior or interior. But with the advent of the “plastic” setting, that is, a setting in which as many as possible of the elements of the scene are real, or seem to be real, scene painting refers now mostly to the preparation of the back drops or the flanking side pieces of an exterior set. The change from the painted room to an actual one has made the scenewright’s job more a matter of construction than clever pictorial deception. It requires the scenewright to be more like an archi- tect or builder than the old-time scenic artist. In writing on this subject of scene painting I must divide my remarks into two groups: the painting of (1) interiors and (2) exteriors. The average interior set of today, when carefully designed and built with thor- oughness, is to all appearances an actual room. The problem of painting it is very often not so different from the painting or decorating of an ordinary room. The requirements of the play and the particular scene for which the setting has been de- signed will, of course, govern the selection of a color scheme, as well as the manner in which the painting must be done. A cheerful, sunny country-house interior will demand an entirely different selec- tion of color and the application of that color than will a room in a sordid city tenement. Pw yey this may seem obvious, I have, nevertheless, seen a well- designed set of the latter type fail to create the desired grim atmosphere of _ poverty and hardship merely through the use of the wrong color for the walls and because of the neatness with which the paint was applied. Although the interior set calls most frequently for nothing more than a house painter’s skill, there are many occasions when the old scene painter’s artistic touch is necessary for creating the illusion of age, atmosphere and charm Painting a back drop. The scenewright at the left is drawing the outline with charcoal, the painter is boldly brushing in the foliage, and the man at the right is mixing powdered tempera colors with water. A cardboard model of the complete scene stands on the table For fear that the reader snould think that the task is beyond him, let me assure him that it is by no means as difficult as he may think. And strangely enough, the reason for most failures among amateur scene painters comes not because they cannot paint well enough, but because they paint too well. They paint too care- fully. They cover the thin paper or muslin-covered flats so smoothly that instead of creating the illusion of solidity, the very slickness of their job results merely in a weak sort of tinting. VERY scene painter must remember that his settings are always seen under conditions that are far more favor- able than he imagines. From the view- point of a-person in the audience the Are You Taking Part in Your Neighborhood Theatricals? id YOU are, you will find invalu- able hints on stage carpentry, scene painting and kindred subjects in the articles Mr. Smith is writing for Poputar ScreNcE MonrHuty. The present article is the fourth of the series. If you have not joined your church, club, school or neighbor- hood players, you are missing some- thing worth while, for amateur theatricals have become a great pastime in every community. And no one is more welcome in a group of players than the man who is handy with a hammer, saw and paint brush. room is seen through the advantageous dark frame of the prosceniym arch; its plasticity gives it at once the suggestion of reality; the lighting helps the illusion; the furniture enhances the effect of solidity; and the actors bring to the whole setting the neces. sary quality of life. If I appear to contra. dict myself when I say that the scene painter should not work too carefully and at the same time not slight his job, I wish merely to make the distinction be- tween applying the paint with the unimaginative sweep of the house painter instead of the suggestive brush strokes of the artist. It is better to apply the paint with short, broken brush strokes, a stippling, or anything to sug. gest a textural quality. If the suggestion of rough plaster is called for, the brush strokes can be freely handled, but for the more usual wall finishes it is best to use a two-coat method consisting of a flat underpainting and an overpainting in another color, stippled on with a small brush or spattered with a large brush. Spattering is the quickest and the most satisfactory way: if you are unfamiliar with the way it is done. your local painter will, no doubt, be able to show you. The brush should be only slightly charged with paint, otherwise the spatter spots will be too large and uneven. The advantage of this duo-tone paint- ing is that when it is used in conjunction with proper stage lighting the color scheme of a room can be changed merely by the use of warmer or cooler lights, that is, by the use of amber bulbs or white daylight bulbs. HE experienced scene painter, an- ticipating the effect of his stage light- ing on the two-color walls, is often able to make one set do for two different interiors, merely by a slight readjustment ° of doors, the introduction of a flat to screen a window, and a complete change of color in the stage lighting. The actual painting of the set had-best be done on the-stage with the setting in place. Unfortunately, most amateur play- producers are denied the use of the stage until a night or so before the presentation of the play, nor is there sufficient space otherwise available to allow for anything more than the (Continued on page 100) pebruatys 1928 N T | mod ple: These c and the surfaces In th stability the pro that he ward W incident Thus ir reaches at whic loses lif sink to power forwar« wing is nearly front ¥ and en nose tc The —that which retical: point weight center center ments elapse and ¢ ments correc 0 th along wher

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igh the dark nium J Zives zestion ghting 1; the Ss the 3 and to the neces. e, ontra- I say ainter ¢ too ; the ht his ly to on be- paint ative house brush apply brush Sug stion rush t for st to of a ating small rush. most uiliar inter The reed pots uint- ‘tion ‘olor rely hts, $ or an- oht- able rent ent ° . to nge rest yin ay- age jon ace ing (00) pebruary, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY fuselage construct model's model airplanes there are some sim- ple rvies that should be kept in mind. These concern the stability of the model and the determination of wing and tail surfaces, their angles, sizes and location. In the question of the longitudinal | THE design and construction of stability of a ‘“‘pusher’—a model with the propeller or propellers in the rear— that has two lifting surfaces, the for- ward wing should have a greater angle of incidence, or attack, than the rear wing. Thus in a steep climb the forward wing reaches the “‘burble’ point—the point at which the air stream breaks up and loses lift—before the rear wing and will sink to a normal position at which the power can continue to drive the plane forward. Conversely, in a dive, the rear wing is at an angle to the flight path more nearly approaching the negative than the front wing. Thus the rear wing loses lift ind enables the forward wing to lift the nose to a normal attitude. The center of pressure of the wing curve —that is, the point along the profile at which the lift is concentrated—is theo- retically over the center of gravity, the point along the fuselage at which the weights, fore and aft, balance. As the center of pressure is removed from the center of gravity, the corrective move- ments of the airplane cover a greater elapsed time, and consequently the dives and climbs are increased between mo- ments at which the airplane assumes the correct flight attitude. ORTUNATELY, in model airplanes the wings can be slid back and forth along the fuselage until they reach a point where the centers of pressure and gravity Model Airplane Design How to Dimension Wings and Other Parts— W ays to Get Steady, Long Flight By J. D. BUNCH and A. F. KOCH coincide. The correcting movements are then not perceptible and the airplane is said to be stable in flight. The best method of securing longitudi- nal stability in a tractor is as follows: Rig the stabilizer, which should be a non- lifting surface, at a negative angle. In relation to the air stream in normal flight attitude, it is depressing. Then rig the wing, or lifting surface, so its center of pressure is slightly to rear of the center of gravity. The object is to arrange the wing in such a manner that the depressing action of the tail is counterbalanced by the nose heaviness at a normal flying speed. With this arrangement at high speeds, such as in a dive or with motor wide open, the airplane tends to climb. At low speeds, as at the top of a steep climb, when the plane nears a stalling attitude, it tends to assume the dive. As the center of pressure approaches the ideal position in relation to the center of gravity, the correcting movements of the airplane become smaller and smaller until the plane is stable. ] pvcsersne stability is best obtained by rigging the plane with a dihedral angle. Do not use an excessive dihedral, how- ever, as it entails too great tip losses and results in decreased lift. The pendulum action of the dihedral angle is best over- come by bringing up the center of grav- ity. Very stable airplanes have been made with the entire weight of the machine built above the wing, as in the famous Junkers low-wing monoplanes. In propeller design there are two gen- eral types, one with wide and the other with narrow blades. The modern tend- ency is toward (Continued on page 104) 81 Make your present home NEW IVE your present home life-time beauty this simple, new, inexpen- sive way. Lay Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles right over present siding or stucco. Re-roof with them, too. Atless than the cost of twothorough re-paintings, you will add anothercoat of insulation—most owners find Creo- Dipts over siding save 15% to 25% of yearly fuel bills, And you'll reduce paint-bills, be- cause genuine Creo-Dipts are selected _cedar shingles —-weatherproofed by exclusive Creo-Dipt staining processes. Send for photographs Mail the coupon below today, for examples of old homes made new by rebeautifying with Creo-Dipts. Or, ask your builder or lumber dealer. Leading lumber dealers everywhere carry Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles in stock. Insist upon genuine Creo-Dipts —endorsed by prominent architects and builders for the past 20 years. The name Creo-Dipt on each bundle is placed there for your protection. CREO-DIPT Stained Shingles SEND FOR PHOTOGRAPHS Creo-Dipt Company, Inc., 1329 Oliver St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y. (In Canada: Creo-Dipt Company, Ltd., 1610 Royal Bank Bldg., Toronto.) Sales offices in principal cities. Enclosed find 25 cents for twenty-eight large-size photo- graphs of new Creo-Dipt homes by leading architects old homes rebeautified, booklet of color suggestions, and name of local Creo-Dipt dealer who will recommend a reliable carpenter-contractor, ’ Check [—] Covering siding CT Building new [[] Covering stucco [_] Re-roofing ~~ ©C-D Co., Inc., 1928 © This coal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, iy A Santa Maria That Is Kasy to Build How to Set Up the Rigging of Our New Ship Model—Blueprints Make It Simple By E. ARMITAGE McCANN The foremast should be almost upy The mainmast lies aft at an angle of¢ degrees, the mizzen at about 11 and the bowsprit rises at an angle of abou 32 degrees. The bowsprit is 4 in. in diameter tapered; it extends 51% in. from the deck The hole to step it is bored into the hull through the square hole in the forecast). deck, close up to the right side of the fore. mast. Have it firmly fixed and nailed down ‘if necessary so that it will not lift from the strain of the forestay. b All the spars can best be eh: made from straight-grained dowel sticks. The mainmast will set about 34 in. into the deck and extend 17 in. It is 34 in. at the base and tapers to about one half that at the . top, as do all the masts. The mM \ foremast is 9 in. long and the. mizzen 7 in., each 4 in. in diameter at the base. The main yard is in two pieces of 14-in. dowel, each 8 in. long. They overlap 4 in. where they 6 Be we chainwales (the modern name js are lashed (bound) together channels) to spread the rigging are with four cord lashings. The wooden platforms 34 in. wide, 4% long © main topsail yardis4in.long and 3% thick. They extend from the first and 3% in. in diameter; the — skid abaft the mast to the fifth. They are fore yard is 6 in. long and a __notched inside to fit on the skids and lie bare 14 in. in diameter, and on the upper wale. The outside edge of the lateen yard at the mizzen each has nine equidistant notches to take is in two pieces, each 614 in. _ the chains. long by 3% in., overlapping When these are on it will be necessary 254 in. All the yards taper to make 56 heart-shaped deadeyes, Y, in, R to nearly half their diameter high, 3 wide and \ thick. I believe they at the ends. They and the should have three holes each, but it is masts should be stained and _ possible that the original deadeyes had There lightly varnished a reddish only one large one. They have a groove tion th brown to represent antique round their narrow edges. pitch pine. For the sake of brevity and clearness, Clear. EG PTR ER BIE OEE RATS PES EIS, 52S. TER SRR TBS tte The Santa Maria, with her yards braced in as if for a quartering breeze, is a decoration of unforgettable beauty HILE this is the third alae a few nautical terms must be used in de- faithf: : Th lan. Th a rae —% art of the story of how a ” ae sap a i scribing the rigging. Most of these are p A ppe 7 a from i to make what many con- Blueprint 75, upon 3 self-explanatory and are lettered on the sider the most desirable — - anand - full size rigging drawing on Blueprint 7%. unde r ship model it is possible to possess— pons eet neta ‘ i of a are — and many are which the Santa Maria—it is not too late As in all conventional 1 ustrate in unabridged dictionaries. recepti for anyone to begin work on a 4rawings of sailing \ \ The lower deadeyes were probably : model of his own. — a Bony \ fastened to the hull by chains, but thin leries © Sian Dill eh deck superstruc- Cally fore a - tgp . wire (say No. 22 (Continued on page 90) Currer tures, which were described in the ey ie on —_~ Ss that is : aa : model they should be / preeding artalinents canbe built Soci cesaats 7 ai, tained on Blueprints 74, 75 and 76, (TH | ASS ro el turbed which may be obtained from the R 7,” ee Blueprint. Service Department of Poputar Scrence Monruty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, for p. 75 cents. They show the construc- \ tion in great detail and have as well a complete bill of materials. The (iiik December, 1927, and January, bit | N } ff} \ % \ deli 1928, issues, in which the two pre- ff 4 ceding parts of the article were PEED] published, also are available for bid? those who wish them at 25 cents | ii\\; | Piri Ti Ne each. Lia a SEE tif] The desirability of this model of . x PioiftiD Sk S@RRER the flagship of Columbus lies in the Re pPGGe!|d brassy : fact that she is really what the 7 \} PRL TTY world’s most famous vessel must : a) 4 p have looked like and not the im- = = possible ship usually depicted. ; Those who have completed their : = 4 models as far as described last month now have only to make the spars, sails and rigging.

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pright, - e; abo meter, e deck, he hull ecastle 1¢ fore. Nailed 10t lift ame is ng are 4, long 1€ first ey are and lie dge of ‘0 take essary Y in, e they t it is »s had Zroove Armes, in de- Se are on. the int 75. 1y are es, »bably t thin age 90)

february, 1928 In the

Radio is better with Battery Power There is a kind of radio recep- tion that is radio at its very best. Clear. Hum-free. True in tone, faithful. Reliable. Reception from a receiver that is working under exactly the conditions for which it was designed. For such reception, use batteries. For bat- leries provide pure D.C., Direct Current, the only kind of current that is silent and unnoticeable in radio. For utmost results, undis- turbed enjoyment, and unalloyed delight, use Battery Power.

VEREADY POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY In the radically different Eveready Layerbilt the cells are flat, and the bat- tery is assembled under pressure into a solid block, eliminating waste space, maxi

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5 pee ordinary dry cell “B” bat- tery is full of useless holes— waste spaces between the cylindri- cal cells. The wasted space may amount to more than 30 per cent of the total. A number of years ago we set about correcting this state of affairs. Dry battery traditions were dropped. An entirely new kind of dry cell was developed. It was flat and square, like a book, instead of cylindrical. Such cells were pressed together into a solid battery block with no waste spaces. The new invention was patented, thus making it ex- clusively Eveready. The Layerbilt embodies the first radical improvements ever made in the construction of the dry cell. But before this remark- able battery was ever sold, it was tested for several years in the laboratory. Then it was put on trial in home service in all parts of the country. Several re- markable things were dis- covered in this way. The most remarkable is this: In the Layerbilt from a given quantity of materials Each cell in the cylindrical type of “B” is a unit connected to the others by soldered wires. The space between the cells is wasted, useless. Illustrated is the Eveready Heavy Duty “B’”’ Bat- tery No. 770, Eveready’s highest de- velopment of the cylindrical cell type. 4 : i ‘ 49 r : ‘ i) . ; ‘ at ; i = : / ae o . —/ ‘ - ; : & j *. fh ‘ - : ile : 5 : i. ; ; ' “eee ’ i 6 a, ’ € . —_ aes : a P i ‘ 3, : . ; a a me oo ee hap, : - . s "a ™ § ; bike . ; g | 4 ™ a : 2 ; i ~ i: < i ie ; i . we have put the holes to work. EVERE

you get more current than you would if the same amount of chemicals were put in a cylindri- cal cell battery. The Layerbilt construction makes the active ma- terials produce more electricity. That is why the Eveready Lay- erbilt “B” Battery No. 486 is the longest lasting of all Evereadys. It is a heavy duty battery for use on all loud-speaker receivers. Hundreds of thousands of people have found it to be the most economical battery they ever used. For convenience, as well as economy, use the Layerbilt. NATIONAL CARBON CO., INC. : New York ucC San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation

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Radio Batteries EE. they last longer

The air is full of things you shouldn’t miss © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Genk aa eres ee ee eee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Speeding Up Your Lathe Wor Hints on Tools—Centering, Facing, T hreading and C utting-Off ; Operations—Templates and Gages— Drilling and Boring ACHINISTS who take the lead in lathe work are those who know and use many time- and labor-saving kinks. Maximum production, with due regard for quality, is what counts in the modern shop, especially on lathe work. Every good lathe operator has his own bag of tricks. There are, indeed, hundreds of kinks well worth knowing. To the young machinist who wishes to make a specialty of lathe work I suggest as the first step to becoming a topnotcher that he spot one or two men in the shop who are recognized as first-class workmen. Observe their work and any special methods they use. It is the custom in many shops where large numbers of engine lathes are used to keep an operator assigned to one individual machine. Workmen seldom shift from one lathe to another. If you find yourself so situated, you will profit considerably by clean- ing and oiling your lathe regularly and keeping it in good repair. Adjust the gibs on cross slide and compound rest so that these members will move freely and yet have no side play. It is a great handi- cap in respect both to quality and speed to have any moving parts bind so that undue exertion is necessary to move them. § foo speed at which the counter shaft runs is an important consideration. Some lathes run too fast and some too slow for the work they are required to do. This can be remedied by having pulleys of the correct size on the line shaft to give the maximum and minimum spindle speeds. The correct cutting in different jobs in feet per minute then can be easily approached by using the various speed changes on the lathe. The spindle, when in open belt, should turn easily with a light pull by hand. If it should pull hard, a part of the power required to run the lathe is not being Fig. 1. between it and the tail center. Setting a lathe tool by placing a size block By H. L. WHEELER ¢ Compare with Fig. 4 delivered at the tool point under heavy cuts and there is a consequent loss of time on each job. In fact, the smoother the lathe runs, the better the quality and the larger the quan- tity of work you can turn out. Most lathe men who’are required to handle a large variety of work on the same machine day after day have a set of tool holders and often a collection of forged tools shaped for special operations. Whatever the design of your collection of tools, it is always an advantage to have them sharp. If you happen to be called upon for a rush job, your tools are then ready; otherwise it may mean a trip to the emery wheel and perhaps a wait for one or two other men ahead of you. There are times, such as just after you have started a long cut on some job, when you can step up to the wheel and grind three or four tools. New tool bits are long enough to have a cut- ting point on both sides, so that when one end is dull you simply have to reverse it in the holder, thus saving time. Some men have a prejudice against tool holders and high-speed tool bits and often express a preference for the forged tool. It is true that the forged tool has advantages in certain cases, but for a large part of the work the tool holder is just as good. The principal difficulty some mechanics experience with tool bits is in the grinding. A man ance angle with the base of the tool bit instead of with the base of the holder. He then finds that when the bit is placed in the holder at an angle of about twenty degrees, the tool has no clearance or, in any event, not enough. Don’t forget that the clearance angle must be ground ete ~ one d f a ¢ Fig. 2. A true center line drawn on the faceplate can be transferred to the work with a surface gage with the base of the tool holder. Another fault I have noticed is the practice of grinding the clearance angle on the face of the wheel. This produces an effect like the upper tool shown in Fig. 3, page 96, which is not the correct form. The clearance angle should present a straight line as shown in the lower tool. The first view is exaggerated somewhat to emphasize the principal defect of this method of grinding a tool. It clearly demonstrates that the point of the tool, where great strength is required, has been weakened; having no (Continued on page 96) (ptHEe timesaving shop ideas are contained in the continuation of the Better Shop Methods Department, whichyou will find on pages 86, 96 and9. will sometimes grind the clear. . pebruatY> 1 The Tape: hack: mous to he rate ' impr descr Catal who self. No. 2 you o

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s, but k the d some 1 tool . man clear- . of the base finds ed in bout aS no » not t the ound POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 85 he a. ; The New Starrett Catalog No. 24 Tapes, rules, squares, gages, calipers, hacksaws, micrometers,—all of the fa- mous Starrett line of 2500 and more tools to help you to do better and more accu- rate work, easier—many of them new or improved —they’ re all clearly illustrated, described and priced in the New Starrett Catalog No. 24, just off the press. It’s a valuable handy reference that every man / who buys or uses tools will want for him- fg self. Ask your tool dealer for Starrett Catalog No. 24 “W”. Or write us and we'll send you one by return mail. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., U. S. A. Use Starrett © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. 1462

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“Shop Kin ILLING square ends on the cold rolled rods used on the gates of elevated railway cars and for other purposes proved a problem in a large repair shop until the fixture illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 was devised. The rods are from % to 1% in. in diameter. Both ends of each rod must be squared, and it is important that the squares be milled in the same plane. Formerly these rods were milled one at a time by the use of the dividing head. Now 60 percent of the time is saved. The fixture is composed of three sepa- rate housings, A, B and C, made out of old angle plates. The base of each is tongued and fitted to the slot in the mill- ing machine table. A slot F is milled in each to take the largest rods to be ma- chined; to accommodate smaller sizes, adapters like G and H are screwed on. Plates A and B are alike in every detail, but plate C has the added feature of an in- dexing slide D, operated by thumbscrew J and moving in the groove E. In operation, the housings are spaced to suit the length of rods to be machined and bolted to the milling machine table. Straddle milling cutters are set to the required width of the squares and the first cut taken. The rods are then turned end for end in the fixture, and the indexing slide D is screwed in to hold the newly cut faces at right angles to the cutting position. For the third and fourth opera- tions, the same reversing is done. This fixture was designed by Frank Kutolski and the writer.—ALBrert M. Tuomas. HE block illustrated in Fig. 3 is use- ful for measuring accurately the different lengths of shoulders on studs. For example, put the small end of the stud B in a hole D that is about .015 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ks That Save Time Milling Square Ends on Cold Rolled Bars—Measuring Shoulders of Studs—A Prickpunch Magnifier—Other Short Cuts Fig. 1. Straddle milling square ends on rods held in angle plates made as in Fig.:2. February, 199, out from a scale by means of a scratch awl. It can be used on a pencil, too, for very fine work in laying out locations on the drawing board.—HeEnry Smoy, A TOOL for packing the stems of valves can be made from a piece of seamless tubing as shown in Fig, 5, Select a size to fit the valve and large enough inside to slip over the stem, Op one end cut an opening with a milling cutter and bevel as shown. The packing is started in the usual way. Then the tool is slipped over the Lc = ' ” ‘ rono- 1 Gt) ANGLE PLATES A AND B Fig. 2. Two of the housings are plain, but the third carries an indexing slide. various sizes are accommodated by changing the indexing slide D and guide plates G and H tions without the help of a strong glass. Unfortunately, this aid is so much in the way that it is apt to be dispensed with. The writer is enabled to lay out the finest work at top speed by the use of the “‘egg-of-Columbus” at- tachment illustrated in in. | than it and { | eee SSC 0 lO O COo°0o in.); then put that part | 7, of the stud marked A | OQOO0o in a suitable hole as at | E and measure over all (.415 in.). Deduct F ©ooo0°90 ooo Fig. 4. All that is required is an ordinary lens about 34 in. in diameter and from \% to 44 in. thick. It should give a magni- fication of from six to ten times but it need not from G and it will give you A.—J. C. Fisner. AYING out and | be expensive, nor is it necessary for it to be a “thoroughbred” mag- nifying glass, as all that spacing center and prickpunch marks are often difficult opera- Fig. 4. A magnifying glass attached to a prick- punch or pencil insures accuracy in fine work Fig. 3. How to make and use a block for measuring studs with shoulders is required is that it gives a sharp: picture over the central portion. The lens is pressed into a holder twisted from half-hard wire to fit the lens and punch shank. The holder and lens can be quickly adjusted to focus the glass on the point of the punch. The attachment is equally useful in many cases where, instead of prickpunching, work has to be divided by lines laid ~~ PP POTS Oe meee ween mem en eee qrewees H 4 ANGLE PLATE C Rods of stem, and, while being turned with the left hand, is tapped lightly with a hammer or mallet.—H. L. W. | iy’ HIGH speed steel is to be hardened for use as lathe bits and neither the origin nor the composition is known or can be easily discovered, the following method can be used successfully even if only an ordinary forge is available. Heat the bits on a small iron plate in such a way that the nose of each sticks over the edge of the plate and is_ directly over the hot blast. In this way the body is not over- heated. Cool the point in kerosene until it stops siz- zling and drop the tool in water. While not a_ scientific method, this pre- vents cracking.— GrorGE ScHMIDT. TAP LIGHTLY WITHA HAMMER SECTION A-A Fig. 5. A handy tool for packing valves I= |

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‘Ary, 1993 WAS , 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE. MONTHLY 87 ESSENTIAL TO PRECISE WORKMANSHIP — , r s Mt Sn _— jn _ ~. af ee ici A BG eal BES e - freon y Thickness gauge No. 649, shown above, has extra long blades which increase its usefulness in a number of measuring operations. It is especially valuable in finding the clearance between piston and cyl- inder walls. The blades are tempered and accurately ground t5 size Unfaltering Performance | ““2222* Depends On Good Tools ; While accuracy is essential in most fine manufacturing, there are some industries in which it is vital—if an airplane motor falters in the clouds, for example, life may be forfeited. Manufacturers of airplane engines almost univers- ally use Brown & Sharpe Precision Tools to make the accurate measurements upon which unfalter- ing performance depends. And men everywhere who appreciate good work- manship will want a few Brown & Sharpe tools * TOOLMAKERS’ BUTTONS in their home workshop. Catalog No. 30 lists Catalog No. 758 over 5,000 items. Copy at your hardware dealer’s or sent you free on request. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., Providence, R. 1. U.S.A. Dept. P. S. * MICROMETER CALIPER Catalog No. 55 * This tool shown in Catalog No. 30 BS WORLD’S STANDARD OF ACCURACY © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Hammacher- Schlemmer TOOL CATALOGUE?’ 7 S SIR, and not only this dandy spiral ratchet screw driver, but a whole carload of other headliners — the best saws and planes and files that are made—and a lot of special tools besides, [aD Dovetail Saw—with straight, or offset handle as shown, (see arrow). Extra thin spring steel blade, 17 pointstoinch. Excellent for sawing in close quarters, or ‘f" fine cabinet work, ‘Made by Disston. With 8" blade, each $1.45; 10" blade, each $1.55; 12" blade, each $1.70. the sort of things you can’t pick up around the corner anywhere. “Hammacher-Schlemmer have the right idea, all right. You see they don’t make any tools themselves, vut just select the best of each manufacturer, so that you’re sure when you buy from them of getting the finest tools there are. “And if you want some real enjoyment, just send in the coupon below for your own copy of this Tool Cate. logue. It’s free, but I'd gladly pay them a dollar for a book as good as this.” Farrand Rapid Rule — A round metal cup 2" in diameter, holds this 72% steel rule that springs out when released. Can be safely bent or twisted, to measure places hard to get at. Each $5.00. Hammacher Schlemmer & Co. 4th Ave. at 13th St. New York, N. Y. Since 1848 Clip Coupon Now POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, ai Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co, Kindly send me your free No. 615.P— all about Tools for the Home Workshop. Name Address City State. Ps2 OUR easily made home workshop _proj- ects are shown in the accompanying _illus- trations. The convertible bookstand and seat |: Ce | aan Simple Build-l, t-Y ourself Idea - Bookstand and Seat—Kitchen Plant Stand —A Gift Gavel—Cocoanut Ash Receiver | ) %x)e" BRASS | FOR 'BROTECTION | f HANDLE | ~ TG Y fm 2'5R. shown in Fig. 1 was fe made by E. A. Zinke, [7 of Richmond Hill, N. Y. The joints were assembled with the best quality liquid —" 2-10" Land glue. Then the piece was thoroughly smoothed with fine J PP — ~wowhe, —Ssueives AND SIDES 2°x HARD WOOD TRIMMED DOWN BACK RAI TO % x 12" WIDE ; ; sandpaper, given a thin coat of shellac and two coats of var- nish, and rubbed to a dull finish with a ome Ig" we 4 k pumice stone and oil. The combination flower stand and book trough shown in Fig. 2 was made by John | ued id? te 1 (TT -* Ket it eee ee. | | Fig. 1. A simply made bookstand that can be carried with its con- tents bined flower stand and book trough for use in breakfast room . o- a 3-0° , S16 F from place to place and also used in an emergency as a bench F. Hardecker, of Brooklawn, N. J., to match the table and “server”’ of a break. fast suite used in the dining nook of his kitchen. The top is of finished white pine 34 by 12 by 36 in.; the legs are of the same wood and are 2 in. square, tapered at the bottom. Because of the comparative narrowness of the stand, some bracing was necessary be- tween the legs for stability, so a book trough was inserted. The whole stand was built in an eve ning. It was finished with light gray en- TNT amel and decorated PARTSZ¢77/ with a flower sten- RK cil to match the Fig. 4. Ash receiver other pieces in the with dumping tray breakfast suite. In Fig. 3 is shown a gavel, which was developed as an exercise in turning by H. B. Kellam for shop classes in a Los Angeles high school. If it is desired to make the piece still more ornamental, the surfaces marked A, B, and C may be covered with silver or other metal and suitably engraved. ; The little novelty shown 1 Fig. 4 is an ash receiver made of a cocoanut in such a way that the tray may be tilted so as to dump its contents into the larger accumulator. When this has been done the tray Fig. 3. For the home worker who has a wood-turning lathe, this presentation gavel is an attractive and instructive project automatically rights itself. The design was suggested by George D. Hugo, of Seattle, Wash. a ® This seal on a radio, teol or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. DRIL with ‘ work duty. joists powe electt peepee

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 89 MILLEAS FALLS TOOLS for ELECTRICAL WorK too / DRILLING JOBS will seem easy with a set of MILLERS FALLS Drills. Hand drills for the light work. Breast drills for heavier duty. Electric drills for tiles, joists and girders -- with power from the nearest electric light socket. February» 1928

ELECTRIC

, break. < of his ite pine of the ered at arative DRILL No. 414

J., to

Rachet Screw Driver No. 55 Delicate work on radio sets is quickly handled with MILLERS FALLS Automatic tools. Radio Ratchet and Spiral Ratchet Screw Drivers, and Automatic drills all contribute to the ease of the work.

HERE IS AN EASIER WAY! _ Electrical workers find countless uses for MILLERS FALLS Tools. Do you know that the particular job you dislike the most can now be made a pleasure? MILLERS FALLS has designed a tool for that very purpose. You'll like the work and be proud of the results. The easiest way is always the quickest way. You'll work faster and better when your tool kit carries that new MILLERS FALLS tool we have made specially for you. More jobs, better work, greater profits! The qualities that have made the finest workmen in other fields turn to MILLERS FALLS—have also won the respect of electrical workerseverywhere —in the factory, in the shops, on out- side construction work, and for the amateur as well. Some labor-savers are illustrated on this page—perhaps not the one you want, but WE MAKE IT. Send to- ‘ day for complete catalog and if you want to tell us your particular troubles, we'll find the exact answer.

Hack Saw Frame No. 1027

: Cable armor that defies most hack saws gives in to MILLERS FALLS equipment. Wiring jobs are sim- plified with MILLERS FALLS Braces, Bits, and Bit Extensions, And for all-round use there is the MILLERS FALLS Plain Screw Driver.

OME DEALER in your vicinity handles MILLERS FALLS Tools. He can tell you all about them and will assure you that they are dependable. Complete MILLERS FALLS catalog will be mailed free on request if you mention Popular Science Monthly when writing. © MILLERS FALLS COMPANY NEW YORK: 28 Warren Street

MILLERS FALLS MILLERS FALLS, Wg?” MASSACHUSETTS rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. CHICAGO: 9 South Clinton Street

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SUGGESTION for Finishing the Santa “Maria y OU can speed up the finishing of the.Santa Maria if you buy the fittings instead of making them by hand. Making 56 dead eyes, 74 blocks, etc., is tiresome work. There is none of the thrill of creation about it that you get from shaping the hull, laying the deck, stepping the masts and seeing the ship take form. Below are the spars, rigging ‘and fit- tings needed for finishing the Santa Maria that we can supply you with. Blocks, double 3g inch. .................10¢ each 44-inch Square Spar material (Spruce) ..i0c per foot Ball No. 40 Running Rigging. ..........50c a ball Ball No. 5 Running Rigging............50c a ball EC) Band Bpety 96 tathe oo 0 0ss'0e 5 5000055.98 each I, BR Ing 6.000 00.00.0-00 00:04 00 v0.0 OEM ) Heavy Rigging Line..................5¢ per yard () Anchors, O. S. W. M. 2 inches........ ..75¢ each 0 Blocks, single 1 inch....................6¢ each (1) Blocks, single 3g inch....................8¢ each O O O O Just check the items you need to finish your model, specifying quantity, and send to us and we will send you your order by parcel post. You pay the postman the amount shown on the label on the package when delivered—which will include a few cents for postage. If you prefer send your remittance with your order and we will make delivery postage prepaid. Remember Boucher fittings are all beautifully made of finest quality wood. Every block, dead eye, etc., is a gem that will help you make your Santa Maria a beauty. If you haven't started the Santa Maria as described in Popu- lar Science Monthly we can supply you with the finest quality white pine, hard wood. plywood, dowels, etc., and you will save time and money by merely cutting it to shape to meet your re- quirements. Just specify kind of wood aad quantity and we will fill your order. We will be glad to quote prices on the Santa Maria or for any other of the thirty ships that are listed in ‘Scale Models”’ the most complete catalog on ship mode! making published. KCION, Send for Booklet “Scale Models” This booklet—SCALE MODELS—has 92 pages of useful infor- mation for model makers. Contains history of steam engines, nautical terms, knots, hitches and splices commonly used on boats. Recommendations for finish- ing and painting model ships and hundreds of other ideas you will find useful. Whatever type of ship—sail or steam—ancient or modern—you are building, or planning to build, you will find the booklet, SCALE MODELS, of tremendous help. Send asc today for your beautifully il- lustrated copy. It will be sent you by returo mail, postage Gentlemen :—Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me immedi- ately your 92-page illustrated booklet, SCALE MODELS. Headquarters for Model Makers for 22 Years 415 Madison Ave. Dept. MF N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 198 The modelwith masts, shrouds, yards, main- and forestay soft) twisted around them with an eye in the lower end is sufficiently good. ‘Each deadeye should sit on the chainwale, and the lower eye should be fastened to the hull about 1% in. below by a round- headed nail, placed in line with the shroud and in line with the other nails. The forward rigging has no chainwales. The “chains” are about % in. long and made and fastened the same as at the main. There are no deadeyes or chain- wales at the mizzen. Mae all the rigging I strongly advise the use of linen cord, such as fishline; it looks like rope, is not “hairy,” and does not.stretch and slack with the weather. It should be stained a rich dark brown before use. Three thicknesses will be sufficient; one about as thick as twelve sheets of this magazine, another two thirds of that, and the finest half of that again. The latter may be stained a much lighter brown. A Santa Maria Model (Continued from page 82) when all are on, bind them firmly on the mast. The first three (forward of the chain. wales) are temporary, and have double blocks in their lower ends, connected with thin cord lanyards to single blocks fas. tened to the hull with short chains‘ heavy cords. The others set up by lan. yards through deadeyes or hearts to the lower deadeyes. The ends of the shrouds are fastened to their hearts by passing them around with single hitches on top and then lashing with thread around the ends, so that they ar all in one line conforming with the sheer of the ship. The centers of the upper deadeyes should be about 1 in, above the lower. The forward shrouds are rigged exactly the same, but with a shorter drift between the deadeyes. There should be five ona side. The mizzen shrouds set up with double and single blocks, the forward pair coming to the after end of the chainwales, and the other three aside to staples about % in. below the top of the bulwark, to which they are fastened by thin cord or wire, 6 be pee for the rigging, and nearly all the others, are just oblong blocks of wood with holes bored in them and the corners rounded, one hole in each direc tion, or in the case of double blocks, two holes together in one direction and one in the other. The sizes are determined by the holes that have to be bored in them to take the cord. Keep them as small a possible. The mainstay should be three parts of the heavy cord twisted together. I starts above .the shrouds and has a large heart turned in the other end, to lie abait the foremast. From there it sets up, with a lanyard, through the forecastle deck to the stem. The forestay sets up with a smaller heart to the bowsprit. Model makers will be glad to learn that ratlines would be incorrect for the period, In place of them There should be 12 main shrouds, but the three forward ones may be omitted. They will, of course, be of the heaviest cord. The first pair (pendants) goes up one side and down the other; the others go around the mast- head and down on the same side again, starting with the for- ward pair and alter- nating the sides. Cut each pair amply long, make a loop in the middle with a thread blueprints. Next—A Model of the MAYFLOWER HE “Mayflower” will be the next and seventh in the Scrence Monru ty series of his- toric ship models. An article telling how to construct this famous model will begin in an early issue. There will be -the usual supplementary As in the case o Maria,” Captain gone back to original sources for data and has created a model that is thoroughly authentic and at the same time relatively easy to con- struct. Because of its simplicity, its picturesqueness and its historic there is a Jacob’s lad- der, abaft the mast This is easily made, First make some % steps from slips of wood not more than l% in. square and & bare 14 in. long. Then get a double piece of the thick cord, long enough to reach from the mast top to the poop deck. Starting 114 in. from the loop of this and _ holding the two parts te gether, open the strands with a sharp point at 3% in. inter PopuLAR the “Santa cCann_ has oo “they” ignificance odel will appeal : binding, slip it over significance, the m ed vals and slip the the masthead to the ne pe mpewere and experie through. When position shown, and, (Continued on page © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. COSTS N are given illustrate that has how casy the most Learn ho shown on

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Have Fun Making Money through the Afts! Yes, you can—anybody can make a lot of money right at home, and what’s more, have real fun doing it. We show ou how. We furnish complete outfit or work and give you this big assort- ment of giftwares without extra charge. are given you free. Send coupon at once for beautifully illustrated idea book telling all about wonderful plan that has made so many women independent. Learn how easy it is to make from $10 to $50 a week in | COSTS NOTHING to learn about our plan. All details the most delightful home work you can imagine. Learn how to get the assortment of giftwares shown on this page without extra charge as part of easy and dignified plan for making money at home. Don't miss this opportunity. Send coupon nowe Book and Plan are Free. ' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 91 FREE of extra cost—Send coupon for de- tails of our amazing new plan. It tells you how to get a big assortment of giftwares worth $63.10—24 separate articles—with- out a cent of extra cost. Men and Women Earn'10 to'50 a week, painting these artistic objects at home this Easy Way A business of your own. $10 to $50 a week. Your own gifts for friends at wholesale prices. Furnishings for your home. Beautiful imported art wares. The admiration and envy of all your friends. All this can quickly be yours. Whether man or woman, you can learn the fascinating new profession of Art-crafter right in your own home. You don’t have to know how to draw. No experience required. We show you everything and tell you the secret of Fireside’s famous ‘Three Step Method.’’ Almost overnight you find yourself decorating beautiful, exclusive Fireside Creations. And the best thing is that you can work either spare time or full time. There is no limit to the profits you can make. By our new plan we furnish complete outfit and give you a big assortment of giftwares free of extra charges. When you paint them as we show you they have a value of $63.10. No extra cost for any of these things. This assures you a good profit and a big start without extra investment. You don’t do any peddling or canvassing. When you have decorated your first gift assort- ment, we show you exactly how to dispose of it at a profit. From then on you can make from $10 to $50 a week as many of our members do. FREE MAIL COUPON FOR IDEA BOOK ON DECORATION HOW TO GET GIFTWARES WITHOUT EXTRA COST Write or send coupon at once for your copy of this valuable book. It is free. It tells you how to become Fireside Member and get all advantages and privileges outlined here; how to get artist’s outfit and this assortment of giftwares with membership and how you can start making money without leaving your home. Don’t miss this opportunity. It costs nothing to find out. You are not obligated in any way by sending for the book. Mail the coupon today. FIRESIDE INDUSTRIES, INC. G Dept. 51-B Adrian, Michigan 20n Mail Coupon Joday/ "43 - ee EE 7 FIRESIDE INDUSTRIES, INC. , Dept. 51-B, Adrian, Michigan. Tell me how to get (1) Big Assortment of giftwares (2) Complete artist’s outfit of materials (3) Privileges of Fireside Membership (4) Plan for profit- making on easy basis. I am not obligated in any way and this information I I i i is Free. i RRR, ..40:000000 j (oO re i (Write in Pencil—Ink will blot) : rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Pipe Smoker Hunts Two Years For Right Tobacco The good old maxim, “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again,” evidently applies to tobacco as well as anything else. Many a man has quit trying after a few different brands have failed to give him pipe-smoking satisfaction. Here’s the story of a man who persevered until he found the kind of pipe tobacco he spent two years searching for: Dallas, Texas, March 22, 1927 Larus & Bro. Co., Richmond, Va. Gentlemen: The worst thing in the world to try to find is a good pipe tobacco that is well within the reach of everybody, and at the same time does not taste like it had just come out of the cabbage patch. I have been smoking a pipe for two years and have just this month started to smoke a real smoke, Edgeworth. If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again. Believe me, I tried for two years, but finally success is more than mine. I have just been looking around, and have found to my delight that I can get Edgeworth practically anywhere. I even found it out at the lake near Dallas where I go fishing. Oh boy, what a combination —a perfect day, a can of good tobacco, and your pipe. I always thought these ad letters were the bunk, but this time I know somebody is wrong and that is me. Here’s to old Edgeworth, Edmund Condon. To those who have never tried Edgeworth, we make this offer: Let us send you free samples of Edge- worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the samples, you'll like Edge- ») worth wherever j and whenever you buy it, for it never changes in quality. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother Company, 10 8. 2lst Street, Richmond, Va. We'll be grateful for the name and ad- dress of your tobacco dealer, too, if you care to add them. Edgeworth is sold in various sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket- size packages, in handsome humidors hold- ing a pound, and also in several handy in- between sizes. —the Edgeworth Wave length (254.1 On your radiomtune inon WRVA, Richmond, aa } Station. meters) 1180 kii POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 1% A Santa Maria Model (Continued from page 90) TOPPING LIFTS 7) Whe Mh) a 2 > \ a TOPPING LIFTS JACOB'S LADDER UNDERNEATH VIEW OF TOP The mast top in position on the mainmast directly above the shrouds and mainstay are in, separate the cords so that the bare ends of the steps are still through each strand, mak- ing a tiny ladder. Bind the top and bottom steps in position with thread. When you are ready to put the top on, pass the loop of this ladder through its square hole and over the mast and fasten the lower ends to staples in the deck so that it is almost upright. A part of the ladder appears in the illustration above. The top must now be made. Cut a round piece of thin wood 13 in. in diameter. Around this glue a piece of cardboard, so that it flares out as shown and is %4 in. high. This may be painted antique white with red crisscross stripes and may have thin spline moldings top and bottom. It has a hole in the center to fit the mast very snugly where it rests on the rig- ging. There is another oblong hole abaft this, and three staples are set in the bottom. The top should also be fitted with a top- crane for hoisting up fighting material, such as arrows and stones. The crane is a curved piece of wood nailed to the floor of the mast top, with a pulley or hole in the protruding end. Fas- ten the top down on the eyes of the rigging F as illustrated above with glue and a small nail through to the mast. The sails are the next thing to be considered. Any thin “canvassy” looking material, linen for preference, will do. Their size and shape can be seen in Blueprints 75 and 76. Note that the mainsail proper has a bonnet, which is a primitive provision for reefing, laced to it. The canvas looks best if it is stitched in rows about 14 in. apart to represent seams. The edges should have a narrow hem and may have a cord sewn to that. As the rest of the model is being antiqued, the sails also should be treated. Strong tea makes a good base color, with other browns streaked in while the sails are wet, and a re- strained touch of green and perhaps red. Fasten the sails to the yards with heavy brown thread or thin cord. Use a marline hitch, which is the same as a buttonhole stitch. To the leeches of the main- and fore- How to whittle the It is long ship’s boat. only 3% in. —————___ sails are fastened thin cord and bead crow’s feet. Those leading abaft are called i and those forward bowlines. At the corners of all make loops in the cord or sew o little rings. The yards are held to the masts by parrals A turn of cord will serve for this, but the rect method is to use rollers (beads) and bg. tens (four rows of five beads and five little battens) to keep them apart, with thin through both beads and battens. This jg shown in a detail on Blueprint 75. Halyards are used to suspend the yards There should be two of heavy cord at the main, hitched to the yard near the middle and lead. ing through blocks lashed to the mast, over the shrouds, then down to double blocks, which are connected by thin cords to other double blocks fastened to staples in the deck. Ta yards are kept horizontal with top- ping lifts, two to a side at the main and one at the fore. The cords are tied to the yan, pass through single blocks and back to the yard; from the blocks other cords lead through blocks at the masthead and to the deck. From the martinets other thin cords lead through masthead blocks to the deck and cords lead from the clews through blocks lashed under the yards to the deck. To the clews heavy cords are hitched, one part leading aft to a large single block to form a sheet and the other forward for the tack. The tack goes through a hole in the forward bu- wark and back through another hole beneath and then forward to form the fall of the for sheet, its end being fastened to a staple beneath the two holes. A strengthening piece may he glued to the bulwark where these holes come called a chestree. The fall of the main sheet starts from a bolt in the hull, abaft and below the chainwale, and passes back to a hole in the after bulwark. There will also be a single heavy cord from the clew of the bonnet leading aft. The main brace pennant is from the yardarm to a large block and its fall comes from a staole in the hull to a hole in the after bulwark. The fore brace pennant is similar but shorter, and its fall leads from a bolt in the forechains to the post upholding the cow bridge on the opposite side of the deck. HE lateensail at the mizzen has a similar but smaller parral; a single halyard; an elaborate crow’s-foot leading to the mainmast head; a single or double sheet to a short boom extending over the stern, and a tack made fast to the main rigging. The main topsail is but a small sail. A cord parral and a single halyard making fast toa staple in the top will hold it. The sheets also lead to other staples in the top, and light braces lead through single blocks lashed to the mir zenmast head. There should also be preventer backstays from the masthead to blocks abalt the mizzen rigging. Models most frequently have their yards directly across the ship, but I prefer in a cas) like this to have themslightly diagonal, orbraced in as if for a quarterly breeze, and for this mo I stiffened them and bellied them out. This 1 accomplished by coating the after sides with thin, tinted casein glue, blowing them out wilt an electric fan while drying. The anchor cables are three parts of the thick cord laid together, or other heavy cord; | they are hitched to the anchor rings, the endé being glued and nailed inside the hawse pipe | forward and aft. The flukes of the forward anchors are lashed to staples in the cow bridge and their to the fore rigging. The after anchors a lashed to the chain- (Continued on page 108) Pie 38 HFFFSRSS S BR ee © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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nary, yy | yebeusey, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 93 a ee Blueprints for Your Home Workshop. NY ONE of the blueprints listed j A below can be obtained for 25 cents. Gore The blueprints are complete in them- ben selves, but if you wish the corresponding wel hack issue of the magazine in which the . roject was described in detail, it can be had for 25 cents additional so long as the cor. copies are available. The Live Spring in nd bat: the Handle makes ve little popular Science Monthly “Yankee” No, in conls| | | 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 130A the Quick. This js Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have ‘Return Spiral Screw underlined below, _ which I inclose........ driver. - yards, dso ¢ Ae eee steensacsses cents € main, Described ad lead. No. Title inIssuesof Price ~ _ Sewing Table Feb., °22 25¢ terge: . Smokin a Mar. R = Up or Down is the same to > blocks + Kitchen Cabinet May, °22 25c this world-famous “Yankee” g. Shaving gee ee June, "220 25c Spiral Screw-driver, No. 130-A, 9, Arbor, Gate and Seats july, (22 = 25¢ Just push! The spring in handle, 10. Porch Swing Aug., 22 25c ; ‘ Pre “ th top. 11. Bench and Tilt Table Sept., °22 25c with the “Yankee” Spiral, does ain and 12. Electric Washer Oct., °22 25¢ the work for you—and saves hey 13. Tea Wagon Nov., ’22 25c our ti € yard, 14, Christmas Toys Dec., °22 25¢ Fue Saat. SG itace. te BE $s 16, Inlaid Radio Cabine eb., Y c : to the 17, Cedar Chest Mar., '23 25¢ M k Phone Table and Stool Mar., °23 25c a e SU Te OU e i. Grandfather’s Clock Apr., ’23 25c ds lead 0, Flat To: Sang = . a 25c 21. Colonial Des: = 5 25¢ id cords 2. Cabinet and Desk Apr., °23 25¢ e lashed 23, One-Car Garage May, 23 25c 24, Gateleg Table June, ’23 25¢ ed 25, Canoe Sailing Outfit uly, °23 25c » OR 26. Baby’s Crib and Pen pt.. °23 25¢ to form 2. Kitchen-Cabinet Table Oct., °23 25c ck. The 28. —— 7 Table tag °23 25c rd buk 29, Toy Tea Cart, etc. lec, —°23 25c 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. an., 24 25 beneath 31. Sewing Cabinets ie — = 23¢ se 99 the fore 32. ae Some Table ny . r+ 25c 33. Dining Alcove ae 25c beneath | J | 34, Garden Trellises — 6 may be 35. Simple. Radio Cabinet Oct » °24 5c 36. -Bottom air , 25 73 {99 d belon| | |™ sBheraton Style, a ee on the tool. That is important because ] ole a. Sal Drop-Front Desk, — 2 it is your protection against imitations. a! heraton Style Mar., ’25 25 ad J 99 a5 rg aft. 41. One-Tube Radio Set May, °25 25¢ The rege YANKEE” on a too means the best a ardamm| | | 2 Three-Stage Amplifier June, 25 25 tool of its kind on earth. Each “Yankee” part is : . -Tu eceiver " . ° . a stwole| | | {4 Pirate Ship ModelHut Pex’? sq 28° made only of the finest material and finished with é k 45, Pirate Ship—Detail M ‘ “é 99 cos ‘ . 73 ” ie hua ced + a J —. = Yankee” precision. The ingenuity of “ Yankee f cy . . A hains| | | {2 Galleon Modeb—Details June, 26 25 design is unequalled. “Yankee” Tools are cheapest oO ’ . . “4° ou |@. Broce Cabinet —as = in the end because of their stability. They stand $0. Airplane Model (Flying) c, 26 r i iL, Clipper Ship Model Hull Oct. 26 8c up for years under hard service. 1“ om , i. Clipper Model—Details Oct. 26 25 Drive screws the quick, easy way. Use “Yankee ard; an| | | # Five-Tube Radio Set. fin @& Spiral Ratchet Screw-drivers. inal lead Adind te — 2 a5c “Yankee” No. 30-A, Medium Size—The World’s t boom |} | $7. Constitution Model “Hull Jan, °27 25c Standard Spiral Ratchet Screw-driver. No. 31-A, ade fast) F | 5). Constitution—Riesing © Max’, ‘a7 - Heavy Pattern. No. 35, Light Pattern. “Yankee” 0. Welsh Dresser Mar., '27 5c No. 130-A, No. 131-A, and No. 135 have Spring in A cord |} | 61. Viking Ship Model—Hull Apr., °27 25c H ai ? en 35 pring ist toa} | | 6. VikingShip—Details Apr., °27 5c eer . . ena [ora Motor Bost—Hull Mey, (27 25c Besides Spiral movement, all have right and left ey 6 Six Simple Block Puzzles. June, °27 25¢ ratchet and rigid adjustments. eventer | | | 0. T ar per bs Tinduergite —_S © Some other “Yankee” Tools: Ratchet Bit Braces, Ratchet is ew York-to-Paris Plane Aug., °27 25c Breast and Hand Drills, Automatic Feed Bench Drills, Auto- iergeeune Rack Teble end Sept., °27 matic Push Drills, Plain Screw-drivers, Ratchet Tap Wrenches, r yards | f | ® Flying Model 63 ft.) - - = Vises with removable base. LSC tte ce” ote 2 ie Dealers Everywhere Sell “Yankee” rbraced il Console Cabinet—Details Nov. (27 28 Tools. model 's House ie 8 This | m. Doll's House Furniture | Dec., °27 25e “Yankee” on the tool you buy means cs WHE 178: Sane eta —— .lU the utmost in quality, efficiency and yut with | F | _— Marie—Detaile jan. "3 250 durability. ee P Write for Free “Yankee” Tool Book. Decorative Wall Shelves Jan 28 25¢ of the} | m. Simple Treasure Chests Feb., ’28 25c This interesting little book is for all lovers of fine tools. y cord; . Electric Radio Set. Feb., °28 25 It tells just what you want to know about all the famous he ends . Yankee” Tools for making work easier and quicker. i i ame . . Be! inal REE eee rr eee ere ee eee ee ee ee ee ee es + . . ° bd e pipes (EERE er nanan en NortuH Bros. Mrc. Co., Philadelphia, U. S.A > lashed ob 99 IED Sissi aid d's'osnnaboicneiebaccoseadeScoeudeceba ors are rage 108) eRe mew OTe ° Inechanics Make Beller © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, ‘See page 8.

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PLASTIC WOOD? Reg. U. S. Pat. Office Loose or broken banisters— Plastic Wood will quickly fix them. Apply it with the fingers or a knife and it hardens into solid wood. It knits a wooden break together; it sticks like glue, and the more it dries the firmer it holds. Where glue dries and crumbles and putty disintegrates, Plastic Wood en- dures. It is waterproof, grease- proof and weatherproof. Use Plastic Wood to keep the home ship-shape—It makes a handy man of every man around the house. Use it to fill holes and cracks, hold loose casters, repair broken toys; and it is invaluable in making model boats. When soft, from the can, you can mould it as you will. When it hardens, it has all the properties of wood except the grain, can be sawed, chiselled, sandpapered, takes nails or screws and will varnish, paint or lacquer perfectly. For loose tiles, cracked porcelain or enamel, use Plastic Wood White Waterproof Tile Cement, a special compound for this particular need. 1 Ib. can $1.00 14 lb. can 35cts. At Hardware and Paint Stores ADDISON-LESLIE COMPANY 301 Bolivar St. : +: Canton, Mass. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 19% | may be yours. THE SHIPSHAPE HOME Getting. More Heat from Your Furnace By Orvitte H. Kneen “TF YOUR furnace fails to do its duty when the thermometer drops way down,” said a heating engineer recently, “it may be the fault of the furnace, or it Provided the heating plant is reasonably well suited to the size, location and construction of the house, a little extra effort should enable you to ‘force it’ when the worst cold snaps descend. You can make certain of being able to do this and also steadily reduce your coal bills by the following methods, just as I have done: “See that the furnace is insulated to restrict radiation in the basement. Of the total heat units released from coal burned in your grate, only about a third may be reaching your rooms. Several years ago the U. S. Bureau of Mines found that the average of many tests showed only one quarter effective for ac- tual heating. The engineers found that half of the lost heat units passed with the _ waste gases up the chimney, while the remainder were distributed among un- covered piping, poor firing and dirty flues. While a certain amount of lost heat in the basement helps to keep the first floor warm, anything more is dead loss. “Tf your furnace is not clean, it may not ibe giving you half the heat that it should. The losses from accumulation of soot and ash dust are so great that it will well repay you to clean the furnace thoroughly. “At intervals of about two months, in the heating season, let the fire go out and clean the radiator of a warm air plant (the top section around which the smoke passes to flue). A method that usually is satisfactory is to remove the stovepipe, insert a garden hose with nozzle set to throw a fine spray, and sluice the dust out, catching it with a pail as the dirty water pours out of the flue opening. Push the hose inside and around the radiator on each side. This will remove the dust and soot. It can be done in half an hour. Also clean the soot from the stovepipe by pushing a gunny sack tied to a stick through the sections. ay THE summer every part of the fire box, radiator and flues should be thoroughly scraped. Stiff wire brushes are used to remove the soot and dust from inside surfaces. Clean the warm air piping with the vacuum cleaner. Con- siderable dirt settles along the bottom of these pipes after a few months, which the first hot fire will stir up.” Parenthetically, the writer has found that much of the dust nuisance can be saved by sprinkling the basement floor regularly, and even the walls and ceiling, with the hose and a fine spray. It is convenient to keep a short piece of hose connected to a tap near the furnace for laying the dust before removing ashes. tas Spraying the interior of the radiator of a warm air furnace to wash out soot and dust A slight wetting of the coal also helps to lay the dust, but do not forget that every pound of water in the coal must be evaporated before the coal will burn, and the efficiency of combustion is reduced by that much. An old vacuum cleaner is useful for cleaning the basement. In cities an old cleaner often can be pur- chased for from five to fifteen dollars, as OT air furnaces sometimes reach their limit in very cold weather,” the heating expert continued, “and if the whole house is being heated, no room will be really warm enough. By cutting off some bedrooms and unused rooms during the mornings, more heat can be thrown into the main living rooms..- In the after- noons or toward the end of the evening, the fire can be well stirred up, part of the living room cut off, say half an hour before retiring, and the heat forced into the bedrooms. During the day, if the’ living rooms become overheated, they can be quickly cooled by opening the bedroom registers. As a rule, it is better to’ operate the dampers located near the furnace, thus saving the heat which radiates from pipes not in use.” “Many localities,” said another com- bustion engineer of my acquaintance, “have soft coal from local mines, which can be burned satisfactorily. Buy the steam coal with the highest heat units per pound, but with the lowest ash and moisture content. Of the three, the ash percentage is of least importance, up to twelve percent. Keep the steam coal, which is rather fine, entirely separate from the egg-size lump coal used for start- ing fires. There is no object in burning coal larger than egg-size coal at any time; lump coal costs decidedly more and simply delays your fire until it has broken down into a burnable size. A ton of starting coal should be enough for three or four tons of steam coal; it need not be used except in the morning or when the fire is low. igniting break u arched | A good soft coa ‘“ A in They ec with in: layer . te bi 0 ae start to up the { of air fe ing, ho Efficient leaving after a tained. serious, gas and up the « A cok will usu joints of break, t well as : air and : safe side nace tak ed every are dam was OV months. ing the v OS’ in ever, yO} find it d chimney An av five to ty a season, other fac the heati twenty-f of fuel a services | the first saving fc Althou ments ir matic oil continue come, an to the in tems, the book. Home w. good con or partic ing lath er na they star paint or “Thin layers (Continued on page 9) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. pores of {

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» 1928 _ s to very and iced aner In pur- pach er,” ' the will r off ring ‘own fter- ing, the hour into the they the etter - the hich com- ance, rhich - the units and » ash ip to coal, arate tart- ning time; mply Jown tons ccept low. February, 1928 The Shipshape Home More Heat from Your Furnace (Continued from page 94) of steam coal can be added to the fire from time to time. Heavy charges of coal will dampen the fire and distill gases, Which go up the chimney before igniting. Occasionally it is necessary to preak up the coked surface, where it has arched over and burned out underneath. A good draft is necessary to ‘coke’ a soft coal into a solid bed. “fVOAL-GAS explosions are common in winter, but quite avoidable. They come from a distillation of the coal with insufficient air, often caused by a layer of ash having accumulated on the grate bars. This gas finally ignites and explodes. A good shaking until hot coals start to drop into the ash pit will open up the fire and admit the proper amount of air for combustion. Too much shak- ing, however, will ruin a good fire. Efficient combustion will be aided by leaving the lower drafts almost closed, after a good bed of coals has been ob- tained. The explosions are usually not serious, but they often fill the house with gas and smoke, and also tend to loosen up the cement in cast-iron furnaces.” A cold winter, with many red-hot fires, will usually cause the cement between joints of cast-iron furnaces to crack and break, thus allowing smoke and gases, as well as ash dust, to seep into the warm air and up into the house. To be on the safe side, it is desirable to have the fur- nace taken down and thoroughly cement- ed every alternate season. Many houses are damaged every winter because this was overlooked during the summer months. You can detect gases by smell- ing the warm air arising from the register. eb chimneys are high enough to insure good combustion. If, how- ever, you are in a low, flat building and find it difficult to get a strong draft, the chimney may be too low. An average home burns from seventy- five to two hundred dollars worth of coal aseason, depending upon the climate and other factors. Unless properly installed, the heating system probably wastes from twenty-five to one hundred dollars worth of fuel a season. This would pay for the services of a competent heating engineer the first season and be a “pure velvet’’ saving for every season thereafter. Although there are modern improve- ments in home heating, such as auto- matic oil burners, a good many of us will continue to burn coal for a long time to come, and the more we apply ourselves to the improvement of our heating sys- ory the better it will be for our pocket- Home workers can keep their hands in good condition even when doing painting or particularly dirty work by rubbing a stiff lather into the skin and under the er nails and allowing it to dry before they start work. The soap prevents the paint or dirt becoming ingrained in the pores of the skin. e 95) ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY To Men “From Missouri” : Let Us Show You That what we claim for this unique shaving cream is based on scientific fact 10 Shaves FREE Mail the Coupon GENTLEMEN: We like to make a booster of men with “the world’s toughest beards"’ by proving that Palmolive Shaving Cream is quick, luxurious, and leaves the face feeling ‘like a million dollars." For it isn't the ads that sell Palmolive Shaving Cream. It’s our policy of giving the first ten shaves free, to PROVE its supremacy. And second, the word-of-mouth adver- tising for it, as one man tells another—in clubs, in Pullmans, on the links. Hundreds of thousands have made this free test We say “Don't buy . . . yet’’—first let us prove our case. For we know the ma- jority of men who make our test, thereafter stick to Palmolive Shaving Cream. Sixty years of soap study stand behind it. Years were spent in our laboratories trying one formula after another, discard- ing them one by one. Success finally came after our 129th test. Here are the five exclusive features we claim for Palmolive Shaving Cream. See if they are not what you've always sought for shaving comfort. The ideal shaving cream 1. Multiplies itself in lather 250 times. 2. Softens the beard in one minute. 3. Maintains its creamy fullness for ten minutes on the face. 4. Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. 5. Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. Now mail the coupon We take the risk—not you. We under- take to please you . . . to win youinten shaves. Give us the opportunity to prove our case. The coupon is for your conven- ience—to prevent your forgetting. Won't you use it, please? THE PALMOLIVE-PEET COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL. ieceeteieesamen ad PR having Cre am nee me To add the final touch to shaving luxury, we have cre- ated Palmolive After Shaving Talc—especially for men. Doesn't show. Leaves the skin 10 SHAVES FREE and a can of Palmolive After Shaving Talc smooth and fresh, and gives that well-groomed look. Try the sample we are sending free with the tube of Shaving Cream. Wis. There are new delights here for every man. Please let us prove them to you. Clip the coupon now. Simply insert your name and address and mail to Dept. B-1441, Palmolive, 3702 Iron St., Chicago, III. ; Residents of Wisconsin should address Palmojive, Milwaukee, itt eee eee eee eee ee ee eee ee ee ee Please print your name and address IS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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eres.a tough pipe up here; Send up © TRIMO’ When there is really hard work for a pipe wrench to do, wise workmen call for a TRIMO. TRIMO’S mighty grip never gives in and TRIMO’S rugged construc- tion eliminates danger of break- ing. The TRIMO steel frame rein- forced by over- lapping side lugs, andthe drop- forged steel han- dle are more than a match for the stiffest pipe. As for wear, just re- member that all TRIMO patrts are replaceable, includ- ing the famous insert jaw. TRIMO Roxbury (Boston), Mass. America’s Leading Wrench Makers for Nearly Forty Years POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 195 TRIMONT MFG. CO., Inc. Speeding Up Your Lathe Work (Continued from page 84) support, it will quickly break down if it has hard work to do. The second tool will last much longer, with a consequent saving of time, but it can be produced only on a straight face or with a special tool grinding machine that passes the tool” across the curved surface of the wheel with a re- ciprocating verti- cal motion. It is practical, when grinding a tool, to rough it down on the face of the wheel, but the clearance should be afterwards straightened out on the side of the RIGHT CLEARANCE = wheel if the grind- Fig. 3. The clearance ing is done by should be straight hand. All work to be WRONG CLEARANCE done on centers should be accurately centered. Where there is a centering machine in the shop, it is almost always a saving. of time to use it. After thé centering is completed, the first operation on the lathe is to face off the work. On short shafts or cylindrical work a half center may be used to ad- vantage for the facing operation. Often jobs in small lots are repeated at intervals. In shops where it is not the practice to make expensive special tools and gages, the lathe man may take it upon himself, or ask the permission LENGTH ROD . . }>——__ 3° —_+} > —___ > ame a ib I - —"F —y : =f __-_ ii | op £4 P yA Fg y fll Va 4 ya . OVERALL TEMPLATE OF 4” SHEET METAL? le TAILSTOCK SPINDLE STRAIGHT Ee SIZE BLOCK (015°) %4 SHEET TOOL POINT AL Fig. 4. A template for turning duplicate parts, and a quick method of setting a tool of the foreman, to make a cheap gage or template to increase the speed of pro- duction. If you have a small lot of, say, fifty or a hundred pieces that are to be turned to two or more diameters, as in Fig. 4, you can save time by turning all the pieces in the lot on the 1-in. diameter and follow up in the same way with the other diameters. If the pieces are to be fin- ished to size in the lathe, all the roughing should be done first. same procedure for the finishing and make a final set-up for the threaded end. Then follow the Fig. 5. Experienced lathe hands often make small size blocks for setting their calipers Length rods and templates can be quickly made for the average job from scrap pieces of cold rolled steel and sheet metal. They can be used in checking boring and inside turning operations, as well as for shoulder measurements. Small size blocks are useful for setting calipers (Fig. 5) or for gages when turn. ing work having shoulders and two or more diameters. These may be made from standard sizes of cold rolled steel, although some machinists make hard- ened and ground blocks of tool steel. It is much quicker and easier to set a caliper with the blocks than by using a scale. It is possible to use a size block instead of a caliper in gaging the diameter of work being turned. This is illustrated in Fig. 1. In order to make effective use of this method the tail center is made to some standard diameter, as .750 or 1.000 in. and on larger lathes in proportion. This diameter should run straight instead of tapering, as shown in Fig. 4. Suppose you are turning 50 or 100 pieces of duplicate shafts that are to be finished on the grinder to 134 in. In the rough this diameter possibly will be from .015 to .020 in. larger. All you have todo is subtract the diameter of the tailstock center from the diameter of the work, divide this by two and use a size block to set the tool. A small piece of sheet metal will serve in combination with the block for the grinding allowance. If the job has more than one diameter, suitable blocks may be used for all. The point of the tool, which is presumed to be set on center, is then brought to bear against the block with just enough pressure to hold the block without slipping. Remove the block, start the feed, and your diam- eter will come right every time. No time will be lost in trying each piece with the caliper or “mike.” 4 pe method of gaging is, of course, recommended only on work where 4 few thousands one way or the other is not important, such as work that is to be ground and work that is to be left rough. It may be used to advantage, however, for all roughing cuts. Cutting threads and cutting-off oper tions give the lathe man more trou erhaps, than anv Continued on 9) perhap y (Continu page © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. circles 01 ting the OUC sha hold sec should h and be « them. I or knoc] that mig firm bea A tru plate wi quickly work bet When y a job it : of a surf: plate, as saving k must ha work fo: When tailstock work r

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n the to do stock work, ck to netal block b has locks f the t on ainst re to move liam- time h the yurse, ere & is not ough. ever, February, 1928 Speeding Up Lathe Work (Continued from page 96) more trouble, perhaps, than any other work. Thread tools, to give the results, should be made from the shest grade a -- obtainable and tempered. it or miss temper- propetty ecciuthy cause trouble. ne get a smooth job in the shortest on tough steel, use pure lard i] mixed with sulphur. In threading cast iron, any tendency of the metal to crumble is often caused by insufficient tool clearance or a dull tool. F YOU are cutting a long thread, a I t deal of time can be saved by wing out the nut at the end of each psy a running the carriage back by hand. Many modern lathes are provided with a dial indicator that makes the trick of catching the thread simple and easy. but on old style lathes without this attach- ment, it can be done by chalk-marking the faceplate or chuck and the starting int of the carriage on the way of the lathe. Stop the lathe in the same relative positions of the marks each time and run the carriage back to the starting point. When using a cut-off tool, run on open belt speeds whenever possible, except on very. large diameters where the cutting speed would be too great. With open-belt speeds there is less chance of the tool’s breaking if it should stall the lathe; in most cases it will merely throw the belt off. Adjust the tool so that it.cuts freely and do not force the feed, It is common practice to handfeed a cut-off tool, and unless the work is well supported the hand feeding method is the safer, as it is frequently necessary when making deep cuts to clear the slot of chips. When turning shafts or other work having two or more diameters, you can save time by using two or more calipers. When chucking a piece of work, the jaws should be set approximately to the rough .position before placing the work. Measure the outside diameter and use the circles on the chuck face as guides in set- ting the jaws. ee or irregularly shaped castings are often difficult to hold securely in the chuck. All jaws should have a good bearing on the work and be as tight as it is possible to make them. It is advisable to chip a flat spot or knock off any bumps or high spots that might prevent the jaw from having a firm bearing on the work. A true center line drawn on the face- plate will serve as a permanent aid in quickly transferring center lines on the work before it is removed from the lathe. When you have to place a center line on & job it is necessary only to set the point of a surface gage with the line on the face- plate, as shown in Fig. 2. This is a time- saving kink for tool and jig makers who must have accurate center lines on the work for subsequent operations. When it is convenient and feasible, the tailstock center should be run against the work revolving in the chuck. This steadies the cut and allows maximum feeds and speeds to be used without danger of disturbing the setting. ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AUUTECTEERUTUEEUOTORROTOOTOEAOOATAOOTNOONUOGUKMAMRMOORORKRQRREERRMOOE Riythn, Symphony or Soprano— Whatever it is that Radio brings to your set you can get it crystal clear and undistorted with the CARBORUNDUM_ REG. U. S. PAT. OFF. Stabilizing Detector Unit IT gives you pure, natural tones with the necessary volume. Can be used on practically any set. YOUR reception will also be improved with the Carborundum Grid Leak. A dense solid rod of genuine Carborundum. Assures uninterrupted flow of current. Unbreakable —cannot disintegrate. No chance of minute noisy arcs. Carborundum Grid Leaks are tested at the maximum operating grid voltage, namely —5 volts, and Resistors at go volts, REsISTOR Grip LEAK UAUALUIAIOGIUGAUGIESUUGAUGUEAAGESARUUGANGNNATAUSERENONSNREVEVOVONOVOUREER N From Your DEALER oR SENT Direct | Write for Our Hook-Up Book P-r J Tue Carsorunpum Company, Niacara Fa ts, N. Y. CANADIAN CARBORUNDUM CO., LTD. NIAGARA FALLS, ONTe The Detector Alone is $1.5 SSTETE oo Se eee | Saunt re © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. ein et eer % CC

Page 98

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, igy

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A Pirate’s Treasure Chest (Continued from page 77) . The decorations may be of lead, copper, linoleum or even well-shellacked heavy pasteboard if glued in place before any shellac is applied. It is quite possible, indeed, to obtain the desired effect of an iron-bound chest by the use of gesso (whiting and liquid glue with a little varnish and boiled oil) or plastic paint. In any case, the presence of the antique nailheads is an important factor in carry- ing out the illusion. In making the chest, cut the sides B, 3% by 9% by 24 in., and the ends E, % by 12 by 14% in. Note that B and E

a Cut the 1% in. thick decorative ety; fit them to the chest itself as ty. ceed, and fasten them with antique y holstery nails. It must be remember that the handle pieces M, which are \, by 1% in. by 7% in., and N, & by 9% by 244 im, have purely decorative functions and are not intended to be in lifting the chest, as the material would not stand the strain involved, handles should be fastened to the chest with nails or solder to prevent. any one from trying to lift the filled chest by them. More substantial handles may

= Ebi's oo Oa a ~ sie a 2 ° se =: Fone <a Z OSS] Sh ® e | a a ch se . - se jose0 : . | . . SECTION|||f - B ik © ox * * a % by e ee sce me Da an sar 3h iti 25 ,

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Fig. 2. How to construct a chest of more rugged design. Here, too, the ironwork may be either real or imitation, and a flat top may be substituted for the rounded lid illustrated are 4 in. wider than required, which allows for making the saw cut AA and fitting the joint. Cut off the corners of the ends E at 45 degrees as shown to re- ceive the tops D. Plane the top edges of the sides B, setting a bevel by the angle of the sketch shown by the dotted line marked I-II between B and D of section A. Assemble B and E, using sixpenny finishing nails; drive them slantingly, being careful that they do not penetrate into the place where cut AA is to be made. Plane the lower edges of B E so the bottom A, 16 by 24 in., will fit closely, and nail it in place. Bevel the edges of tops C D and glue and nail them in place, driving sixpenny finishing nails into the ends and 1%-in. No. 15 brads into the angular joints. Plane all surfaces flush and sandpaper with No. 1 sandpaper. Make the saw cut AA and fit the upper and lower parts of the chest together. Fit 2\%-in. iron or brass butts (hinges) with the entire rounded portion of their backs projecting beyond the wood of the chest. A suitable chest lock with an old- fashioned hollow key should be fitted. Select a lock in which the key is placed as low as possible.

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devised in a variety of ways, if the builder wishes to have them strong enough for actual use, but handles such as are commonly sold for chests should not be used unless they are treated to make them look thoroughly antique. RAW the scrolls, enlarging by the square method as indicated on Blue- print No. 78. Make patterns and place them upon the pieces from which the scrolls R S T U are to be cut so two may be made from each piece. Mark around the pattern carefully with pencil or scratch awl, and cut with knife, scroll saw or shears. If of soft metal, they may be placed together in pairs and sawed on band saw. Smooth the edges with files or emery cloth to correct inaccuracies and remove burrs. Place the scrolls in their exact location, bend them where they pass around angles, and fasten with antique nails. Hold the feet in place with screws, or use plate casters. The decorations may be fitted and fastened temporarily upon the chest, then removed, and the chest itself stained, filled and finished as desired. Then the straps and scrolls may be re-

placed and (Continued on page 99)

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pause the followed by must be well 3

Page 99

ry, 1% february: 1928 ae ee | . eo | Te. ws.w FF F ’ age 98. vee Si gongoct for any home worker who 4 Pirate’s Chest (Continued from page 98) fastened permanently. However, most workers vil ntly in the first place and then finish i est. mt wl prefers to make a flat top he should have no difficulty in adapting “above suggestions to the simpler form. ie & of such a chest appear on Blueprint 78. The scrolls R will be the same in shape N oth cases, only bent differently when they " f on. The length dimensions of S nd T may be easily adapted. At Z extend the back onto the top, say about 9 in., adapting either scroll R S or T as preferred. the wood with dark oak stain weal by dark paste wood filler, which ust be well rubbed off across the grain as cae it becomes flat in color and appears to he drying- When the filler is hard, apply two three coats of shellac, rubbing each with Yo. 4/0 sandpaper, and finish with wax. If preferred, two coats of brushing lacquer may ie used over a single coat of thin shellac. _ The decorations may be treated with aluminum, copper, bronze or other metallic int, if their natural color when finished like the wood does not assist the illusion the chest isintended to create. A judicious use of burnt ‘umber ground in japan or oil will aid the atique effect; apply the brown pigment freely and rub most of it off before it has had a chance to dry hard. A little powdered rotten- sone dusted here and there before the finish isthoroughly dry will lend further antiquity to rance. on rugged type of chest is illustrated It- should be a most | likes iron as a medium of expression. But if he prefers, the worker may make the straps and immings of sheet lead or copper; indeed, straps of linoleum or gesso will carry out the ilusion of extreme strength and suggest the dark deeds of Henry Morgan quite acceptably. The entire design may be simplified by making the top of the chest flat, for the dimensions and suggestions may be easily adapted to almost any size or similar design of chest. The stock required is as follows: 2 sides 34 8% (4 in. being allowed for fitting the lid assembly) by 25 (Continued on page 100) Fig. 3. A chest with commercial forged iron hard- ware. Three hasps, 3 hinge straps, 3 com- mon 2-in. iron butt hinges, 1 staple and flap, 2 pairs of drop- Tring handles of two different designs, and a supply of strap iron are needed find it easier to place the decorations - POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY You know the result Here’s the reason why Shaving is Smoother a Small-Bubble Way Razor-pull banished. No more sting or smart. Off come whiskers clean and smooth when beards are softened this scientific way. There’s a big difference in shaving creams that you can prove by test... see offer in coupon below. o ° @ IF you think all shaving creams are alike, there’s a surprise for you in this advertisement. It’s the story of a new way... an easy way ...a quick and scientific way to get your whiskers off. — millions have adopted it. Thousands buy it daily. No other shaving cream is like Colgate’s. No other can offer you such unique results, It is, we believe, the ultimate attainment in the science of beard- softening. A shaving | cream based on the now proven principle that water, and not soap, is the real softener of your beard. Thus Colgate lather is designed to absorb more water ...to scientificall drench your beard wit moisture right at the base where the razor work is done. It’s a “small-bubble” lather. For small bubbles hold more water. The carry it closer to the base of your hosed Good-by, Razor-Pull The minute you lather up with Colgate’s, two things happen: 1. The soap in the lather breaks up the oil film that covers each hair—floats it quickly away. 2. Then billions of tiny, moisture-laden bubbles seep down through your beard ... Ordinary Lather Photomicrograph of ordinary lather sur- rounding single hair. Note how the large bubbles hold air in- stead of wateragainst the beard, a crowd around each whisker . . . soak it soft with water. Instantly your beard ets soft and pliable ... fee and lifeless . . . scientifically softened... ready for your razor. Thus your whiskers come off clean and smooth. No razor-pull. No stinging and smart- ing.. Twice-over shaves aren’t needed now. Your face feels clean, fresh, smooth, invigorated throughout the day. You be the judge .. for 7 days These astonishing improvements are so easy to judge, that we ask you to make a test. ell gladly send a 7-day trial tube of Colgate’s to any fair-minded man. Compareit with the shave cream in your bathroom now. Do this please, at our expense. As an extra dividend -we will also send you a sample box of Colgate’s Talc for Men. Try it after shaving. Mail coupon below. Colgate Lather Under identical con- ditions note the- closely knit texture of Colgate lather. The small bubbles hold water instead of air against your beard. ae Colgate & Company Dept. 500-B 595 Fifth Ave., New York Please send me FREE — of Colgate’s Rapid Shave Cream, Also sample of Colgate’s Talc for FREE OFFER en, Address_—___ @& This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page &,

Page 100

lr YOU take pride in your tools and your workmanship you owe it to yourself to owna genuine Maydole Hammer. Head press-forged of selected tool steel; handle of clear, sec- ond-growth, air-dried hickory put on “for keeps;” and that mar. velous Maydole “hang”’—there’salife- time of service in this truly fine tool. y. Ask. your dealer to | show you the styleand weight you prefer. Write us for interest- ing free Pocket Hand- book 23 “B.” © Hammers } whe YouR HAMME SINCE.411843 Maydole The David Maydole Hammer Co.. Norwich. NY 1516 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY in.; 2 ends 34 by 11% by 101% in.; 1 bottom 34 by 12 by 25 in.; 2 false ends 34 by 25% by 101% in.; 1 top 34 by 15 by 25 in. to be split about 134 in. wide and beveled to make curved top; 2 edge pieces for top 34 by 1 by 25 in.; straps, 4 by 1 in. by 50 lineal ft., 4 by % in. by 16 lineal ft. and 4% by 114 by 30 in.; curved strips 4% by 12 by 12 in.; hasps and plates 4% by 24% by 42 in.; rods for handles, etc., 3; in. in diameter by 60 in.; 4 iron feet 34 by % by 314 in.; 3 common iron hinges 2 in. long; nails, antique nails, screws and bolts. UT out the sides and ends. Curve the tops of the ends as indicated and nail the four pieces together with sixpenny finishing nails. The bottom may be of pine, nailed to the lower edges of the sides aa | ends. The two false ends should be shaped like the tops of the ends and fastened temporarily to a board in their correct permanent relation to each other. Note that they set back 114 in. from each end of the top as in section B. Fit the edge pieces of the top, which are 34 by 1 by 25 in., and nail them in place. Split the top piece into strips about 134 in. wide; these should be beveled, fitted, glued and nailed in position as indicated in sections A and B. Plane the top to a smooth surface of the desired curve. If a flat top chest is being made, the last process is omitted and a piece of oak the same size as the bottom is nailed in place. Smooth and sandpaper the entire outside of the chest and hang the cover with three 2-in. common iron butts (hinges). We will assume that the chest is to be decorated with iron straps and trimmings, and that the worker has access to a small forge and the necessary tools and has some knowledge of their use. The exact length of the straps should be found from the chest itself rather than taken from the sketch. They may bé held in place with small brads for fitting other picces and for making holes that will coincide when the antique bolts and nails are to be placed permanently. The brads may then be drawn or set out of sight. Ye possible, however, the permanent fastenings should‘be used at the outset; for example, fit the corner pieces, then the lengthwise straps, most of which may be fastened at once, for the vertical straps lay upon them. The splayed vertical straps at the joint of the chest and the spade shaped ends of the hinge straps may be heated and drawn to the desitéd shapés'--- ~~ - * The iron rod passing through the three hasps adds much to the impression ‘of massive strength given by the ensemble. ‘Fit the long top straps and the curvéd top ends, which should be flush with the tops of the top straps. These curves may be cut from a 12 by 12-in. piece, also the curved strip at the top of-each- end. Fasten these in-place‘and fit‘and fasten permanently the top..straps,- himgeand hasp pieces and the vertical straps of the end. Note that the curved’ end of the top shuts over the end pieces of the chest as in section B. The curious spacing and bending of the 1-in. straps at y should be carried out, also the somewhat erratic spacing of the straps, for this is characteristic of the work of that period and adds greatly to the quaintness. The back straps may be omitted if desired, for they are usually out of sight. If an extra staple is placed at z and the hasp fitted over it, an awe-inspiring padlock may be used. The end and side handles and the feet may be forged to their curious shapes and per- manently secured. Many home workers may wish to make the chest, but having neither tools nor smithing skill, find the cost of special forgings prohibi- A Pirate’s Treasure Chest (Continued from page 99) , painter, 4 man with good intentions but slight tive. They may still make the chest, for forgings which acceptably reproduce the de signs of old-time craftsmen may now be ob. tained through any hardware dealer, ey he does not carry them regularly i shelves. They may be obtained in a lis of finishes, but for the sake of unifo nite) is {well to give all the ironwork of the cogs - re een paint. then brought out by the use of e or steel wool, and a protective cont ofa ‘= or varnish is applied, if desired. This will a pleasing illusion of old age. ” The high lights w HE design shown in Fig. 3 Suggests Vee similar to the one desclihel i planned to meet the needs of those who wish to use stock forgings. While the sketch s method for the adaptation of these forgings ty a chest of the same size, if the chest were 4} wider the strap forgings would fit as well or better; in fact, the chest may be made of any size by adapting form and’ measurements to co. form to one’s needs. In aly case, some of the yw w+ ° must be wy hoe fit. The terminal esign on the straps is known as the “ lock.” ? we There are certain advantages in finishj the chest, all but the final coats, before th irons are fitted; on the other hand, there is the danger of defacing the finish while placing the ironwork. Probably the best results will he obtained in most cases by staining, filling and finishing the wood after the ironwork is in place. If desired, the chest may be built of pine and finished with paint or two or three coats opaque brushing lacquer of selected colors. Painting the Set (Continued from page 80) making of the frames, one by one, and the setting up of two or three adjoining frames, In that case the painting will have to be don a section or two at a time. Care must be taken to have the painting and particularly the spat- tering of the adjoining edges as nearly alike as possible. Otherwise, when the setting is set up as a whole, the difference in the finish will be very noticeable. as The painting of an exterior set, or the back- drop or window view of an interior set, calls for a little more artistic skill. If-your groupd players boasts an artist, the matter of painting a backdrop will rest wd upon his ability | to work on a considerably larger scale than he} does for his usual easel pictures. He need accustom himself to the use of tempera colors | in order to work efficiently. But in this article | I am addressing myself*to the amateur scene ability at drawing or painting. He will have to borrow.from any and all sources available for his inspiration— magazine illustrations, snapshots, post cards, and advertising pages will offer him suggestions. ‘ AVING chosen a pi¢ture-that will fit the / a: play’s requirements, .he is confronted | with the rather heroic task of enlarging this picture of only a few square inches to one is measured in square feet. The simplest way to effect this enlargement is by the old reliable |} method of “squaring off.” It consists of drawing over the surface of the picture that | February, peorustY> 1928 is to be enlarged a number of small ae The backdrop is then marked off in correspond ing proportionate squares. In this way the : scene painter can draw in a square at a tim) 3} setting down merely the essential outlines. The inexperienced painter should facie} tate his task by a © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. (Continued on page 108) ; :

Page 101

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Page 102

When you use a Cheney Nailer you can often avoid building time-taking, ex- pensive scaffolding because the Cheney Nailer enables you to set nails with one hand in high places impos- sible to reach without it. You can quickly slip any nail up to 30 penny into the nail-holding niche of a Cheney Nailer and it will stay there until the weight of the hammer—with no effort on your part—re- leases it when set. The Cheney Nailer is strongly built for hard work and has the good old Cheney “hang” that’s so easy on your wrist, as well as every other well-made Cheney part. You can have bell face or plain face Nail- ers. Ask your dealer or order direct from us. Price $2.00. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, yp February 1928 Diwali Phaies the Set (Continued from page 100) deliberate simplification of. outlines. Instead of attempting to draw the more or'‘less intricate details of his small picture, he will do well merely to suggest the simple masses, and handle his picture in a posterlike manner. The billboards on any American highway (alas!)*wall offer him suggestions not alone in the use’ of effective color but particularly in the use of simplified drawing and massing, boldly presented. | fs IS far better to attack the problem of |. 4 painting the back drop with a dash and courageous flourish than to fail in a dismal effort to be realistic. And in these days of bright colors and expressionism the amateur need have only a brave heart, a willing hand, ‘and a courage a little beyond his convictions in order to get away with his job. The average audience, which has long since become ac- customed to be pleasantly shocked, will accept the daring scene painter's offering, whereas it will spurn the half-hearted wish-wash of the | uncourageous amateur. Go to it with a zip, and remember that the play, the actors and the lighting are all in your favor. Water colors in powder form should be used for scene painting. These are now manu- factured in convenient one-pound packages in a wide selection of bright colors. They need only to be mixed with water to be ready for use. However, it must be remembered that wet tempera paint is many shades darker than when it is dry; for that reason, in mixing the paints in order to obtain colors other than those already in prepared packages, it is best to mix the dry powders rather than the wet paint. The brushes depend a great deal upon the scene painter's personal preference, his ex- i perience in handling brushes, and the of the painting. For skies and flat Surfaces brush six or eight inches wide is best. Fop : indication of foliage, the painting of door window frames and other narrower bands, two-inch brush is convenient. The mal ’ painter should also have a few wide bristh brushes of the long-handled kind used “at ists. These are admirable for drawing» outline of the back drop and indicatg shadow forms. a INCE scenic colors are generally of a i S shade than oils, the amateur pl may have trouble in defining the forms of objects he is painting and giving to the pig the necessary appearance of solidity. For reason it is best, I find, to establish the dr by the use of a firm outline and indicated shadows, all in a medium shade of grays This having been done, it is an easy matte fill in the design by means of “ broken” ¢ that is, color applied in dabs ~and ‘oby brush strokes. In this way the painti possess a vibrant quality, which at a di is far more effective than if the colors had ber evenly applied. 4 In closing I must again urge beginner in scene painting the impa jumping into his job with a brave heart active and willing brush, and an absolute fail in his ability to do a good deal better than’ thinks he can do. The spirit of make-bele that is at the heart of all play-producingy help him put it over. The fifth article in Mr. Smith’s series on amateur stage carpentry and scene painting will appear in an early issue, The True Santa Maria (Continued from page 92) wales, the cables leading from the cat-holes. The flags are best made from thin white silk, and painted with artists’ water colors, using a little gum with the water. Photographic stamp colors serve well. The flag at the fore is green on white, and represents the badge of the Band of Discoverers. At the main is the royal standard of Castile and Aragon in red and yellow; at the mizzen the escutcheon of their Catholic Monarchs with the eagle of St. John; and at the mizzen peak, the streamer of the Castile Armadas. A line of thin white shellac around the edges of the flags will prevent their fraying when cut. The staffs can be of wood or wire; reed chair spline is the best because it bends when accidentally knocked. THER gay touches may be shields hung on the pavisades. These are easiest made from thin wood. A flat staple in the back of each, representing the arm hold, serves to hang it on a pin driven into the pavisade guardrail. The shields should also be tied in position. The designs given are more or less arbitrary, sup- posedly the arms of Columbus’ companions. To the mainmast there should be hung a slightly larger shield painted with the arms of Castile and Aragon, perhaps centered with those of Leon. This is to be carried ashore when new lands are taken possession of. Sim- ilarly, a cross on a long staff may be placed by the mizzenmast, to be handy for the same purpose. Everything is done now but the base on which to stand the model. Any kind may be used, but the simplest form is advisable. Mine is two pieces of 3%-in. oak, cut to fit on the bottom of the hull 6 in. apart, with the edges just curved out a little and joiried with a square stick of the same wood, projecting through and fastened with wooden pegs. There is your model! It will have taken longer to make than it has to read this, but I feel confident that everyone who has built it carefully will be more than satisfied, It would have been so much easier for meto have taken the lines of the conventional Sania Maria and to have given you that, but I should never have been satisfied with it or have felt that I was playing fair with those who depend on me to give them correct information soft} geaay Jig s as 1S In my power. . J This Pattern Make May you have as much joy in making|— Sy /ypet ofthe your model as I did in mine! aioe. Batre bie . Regluing Chair Rungs The dowels are inserted almost entirely in the rung and then worked partly into the leg wa a chair rung breaks at the poimt]—- where it joins the leg of a chair, it often} Get Your can be repaired without taking the chair apart . or using unsightly nails or screws. ia Carefully saw off the rung at the unbro i end close to the leg of the chair and bore ali in each end to receive a 3¢-in. dowel. corresponding holes about 4 in. deep if chair leg. Cut two dowels about ) in. Ie than the holes in the rung. Apply liquid and push them as far as they will go inte holes in the rung. Set the rung in place with a knife blade work the dowels inte holes in the legs as far as possible. Bit legs tightly with cord until the glued hardened. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 103

aeEsar Faroese ee FE Eek # 883° Es ae es! Handy Jig Saw This Pattern Makers Ji Shop. Follows a per- fect line. Extra blades in- Guded free. Practical Bench Saw Built heavy and strong. Set into place and operated in 5seconds. Rips, miters, grooves, cross cuts, RDLAY Be POST . Get Your Magazine Basket Quick ! While they last, we are giving away the lumber to make the beautiful Magazine basket shown down in the lower left hand corner. It is yours to keep even if you should decide to return the shop. Act at once before they are all gone. Instructions for making it are in- cluded of course. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Yours for the Asking Everyone who fills in and mails the coupon will receive free of all charge, illustrated plans and instructions for mak- ing this beautiful Pris- cilla Sewing Cabinet. Per- haps you read about it ina Trivial Down Payment We'll show you how to earn or save the small down P yments that come due just once a month. So simple too, for any man who knows his ABC’s about tools. Ask what Mr. Watts of Miami, Fla. did. Send in coupon today! Free Trial and Instruc- tions—Free Pians ; and Materials recent issue of a well-known magazine but I want to show you how to make it in one fourth the time on my MOTORIZED work bench— the Speedway Shop! Discard Your Hand Tools Don’t let hand tools put a limit on your Craftsmanship. Let me show you how to start with this simple Priscilla Cabinet—go on_ into grooving, mitering, mortising, scroll work, wood turning—make Humidors, Fancy Gateleg Tables, etc. Why limit your ingenuity when it is so easy to own a Speed- way Shop? Remember—Speedway is the Shop used by Manual Train- ing instructors everywhere. Motorize Your Workbench You can be sure you're getting the right shop when you realize that Speedway alone has been serving the World’s Industries with Portable Electric Tools for the last twenty years. I want you to examine the exclusive features of a Speedway Shop. DETACSANA ELECTRO MAGNETIC TOOL CO. 7 We are anxious that every owner of a Speedway Shop shall get the maximum pleasure and profit from it. That's why we have established the Speedway Personal Serv- ice Department. 24 Blue Prints Free With each Shop we include 24 Blue Prints of Furniture, Toys, etc., that any one can make with the Speedway Shop. Mr. L. L. Hull in charge of our Personal Service Dept., will answer your special questions. Here is a real service department at your beck and call. Free Crafts Books When we receive your coupon we will send you a list of the best books on Craftsmanship from which to make your selection to be sent free with your shop. Quick Action Needed We cannot continue Special Offers like this indefinitely. Use the coupon today and we will send the Priscilla Cabinet plans and instructions at once! Mail today! MAIL TODAY Electro M etic Tool Co., Dept. 5-F 1832 So. S2nd Ave., Cicero, Mi. Gentlemen; Please send me free the complete lans and instructions for meking the Priscilla wing Cabinet shown above. Iso complete 'e details about your shop and free offers. Department 5-F 1832 So. $2nd Ave., 1eafisbitee seit 0 eceede Cicero (Adjoining Chicago) Illinois r{S) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page &.

Page 104

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Ingersoll p wet M A Really Dependable Alarm Clock for $]2 Oh Time, what crimes are committed in thy name! Alarm Clocks at apparently cut prices— 89c, $1.39, $1.69—any old price as long as it looks like a Bove 4 Some of these clocks reasonably well con- structed and some, well—not so good! Rioggcingment for the purchasers. Trouble for the merchants who sell them—who more often than not feel forced to carry them because of com- petition. And then along comes Ingersoll with a line of alarm clocks. And a really dependable alarm clock for $1.50 —constructed so solidly that it doesn’t need to be coddled. —endowed with a half dozen good looks features such as a mat finish metal dial; antique handle, stream line with the beautifully shaped to bell; heavy rolled edge case; — y designed hands and figures; feet that are part of the design—all part of a whole that is pleasing to look upon. —AND backed by a service depart- ment where repairs, if needed, are made promptly and at small cost. Your Ingersoll Alarm will never be- come a tickless, timeless orphan. That’s the Ingersoll Type-T! High in quality, low in price, a trusted name and a famous guarantee. Like the Ingersoll Yankee watch. Other models up to $4.50 Ingersoll Watch Co., Inc., New York . Chicago . San Francisco . Service Dept., Waterbury, Conn. = Made by the Makers of

— * i we

Tugel, WA TCHE §S February, i9y

‘wing to its length, which may be from th

machine will do. n. saw, cuts with splitter. of table. mould ings. Write for complete information and price of this Universal Handisaw. Also free €4-page booklet describing complete line of Boice rows. Bench Saws, Jointers, Lathes, Drills, Mortisers, Jig Saws and Motors. Ww. B. & J. E. BOICE, Dept. P. S.2-D, Toledo, Ohio ris] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Now Boice has perfected another time and labor saver. Table, 15 in. x 17 in., elevates for groov- . Tilts 45 degrees for beveling. Swings 2'%-in. stock. Saw guard Insert takes in. x 1 in., Cope Heads and 8&in. Sand Dise. Another insert provides opening for 2-inch Jointer Head. tachment quickly fits on right Machine as illustrated rips and joints boards 2 in. thick without stopping. Other NEW low-cost attach- ments for the Universal Handisaw will PLANE BOARDS TO THICKNESS, mortise, shape, bore, tenon, drum sand, grind, dise sand, rout, polish and make oice Universal Handisaw It is amazing the work this

dado head 6 Jointer At-

a Model Airplane Design (Continued from page 81) INCIDENCE ARRANGEMENT FOR PUSHERS ZERO INCIDENCE, * GLEQF . =< 4 pu) LIFTING SURFACE LINE OF THRUST a LIFTING SURPAgg INCIDENCE ARRANGEMENT OF —— VERTICAL LIFTING 1 aaaaaad SURFACE , a) " ‘NEGATIVE UNE OF THRUST i NON LIFTING ) SURFACE INCIDENCE

DIHEDRAL ANGLE WING SPAN) —-—

ACT! ~_#& ONE METHOD OF OBTAINING ANGLE OF INCIDENCE FRONT SPAR REAR GREATER DIHEDRALIN FRONT SPAR How wings are set for best results on both pusher and tractor types of model airplanes the “toothpick,” or narrow. In_tracton, where the diameter is not so restricted, the writers use the “toothpick’’; for pushers, the wide-bladed type is used. The propeller is a screw. Its advance into the air is determined by its pitch in the same manner as a nut advances on a bolt with each turn. As models have a relatively low speed, they should have low-pitched propellers. The sizes of various parts of a model ar best determined by a few general rules, but of course one may vary. It is well to know the aspect ratio; this is ratio of the width of the proportion of 1 to 6 to 1 to 8. Plan tractos with a greater aspect ratio than pusher Figure diameters of propellers at about on third the wing span and the overall length d the airplane about the same as its wing span. Design rudders with 1 sq. in. of surface for each 1 in. of propeller diameter. Allow for stabilizers with an area from 214 to 234 times the md der area. Make the forward wing on pushers with about one third the area of the main wi In the construction of single and two-tig fuselages for airplanes more than 24 in. long it is best to use longerons which taper from point of greatest strain—the point at which the rear undercarriage struts are attached the front and rear. Longerons in single-stick fuselages for the ordinary experimental models 24 in. long can be about 3g by 7 a in.; for models from 36 in. to 40 in. long, 14 by Bs i in., tapered. In two stick fuselages, “O4 in., use longerons about 4 by 3% in.; if 36 in. to 40 i in., use longerons about 3% by % in. scant, tapered. Compression struts, skids and ribs should be about i in. square bamboo. Bamboo can be cut thing for lighter weight airplanes. NDERCARRIAGES for small, lightweight models can be made of 3; in. diametét rattan. Lightweight 36 to 48 in. area 3 quire 1% in. diameter rattan; heavy airplat from 60 to 72 in. need #;-in. rattan. For very small, single-surface wings, is by \ ins | are ample; for 24 to 30 in. wings, #5 by Yj na] Always round corners off with sandp per. Double-surface wings should have 7g |; by ht spars up to 30 in., with 3; by 3’; in. leading trailing edges; ar by te to 14 in., spars up td in., with 7g by 4% in. leading and ‘trailing edges. Wings. of 72 in. require spars a scant ly by 4m) with js by 3 in. leading and trailing a Longerons for built-up truss fuselages ¢ be 1% in. square for airplanes of 36 inches, # in. square for. 40 to 54 (Continued on page 1)

Page 105

February, 1928 CONSTITUTIO POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Build cA Ship Model Can Be Put Together by a School Boy in a Few Hours IN 15-Year-Old School Boy $6.98 a Wins First Prize HISTORICAL ship model should be in every home. We supply all the parts, cut to fit, and ready to put together. Every part necessary to construct any of the models pictured. A full diagram of numbered parts comes with every kit, with full Tetailed instructions so that it is impossible to make a mistake. All you need is a small hammer to tap parts in place. Here is a part of the instructions copied from the regular sheet that comes withevery kit: Take part % 57, place it at the front end of #56 and down on #55. Next take part # 58 and place it at the rear end of #56 and tap in place with a small hammer. So clear are the instructions that the 15-year-old boy pictured above won First Prize in a model contest held by the publishers of Science & Invention Magazine. Hundreds of ship models were entered from all parts of the country. from a regular kit of our parts. The educational and historical value a boy gains in constructing one of these models can not be measured in dollars and cents. Boys like to build things. They learn while they build. These models, with the exception of the Constitu- tion, may be converted into a beautiful toned loud- speaker that serves a double purpose, being useful as well as beautiful. The mainsail acts as the dia- hragm and is driven a unit of the electro- magnet type. This at- tached to the mainmast, which is embedded in the hull. Power am- plification is not needed as the unit will operate a 72” cone. This as- sures you faithful re- production at all fre- quencies. MAYFLOWER Size: 25" high; 10° wide; 26” long. SOLD ON MONEY BACK GUARANTEE All goods shipped same day order is received $4.98 These Ship Model kits are not only for boys, but make a beautiful gift for everyone. Doctors, Lawyers, Business Men, Nurses, Stenog- raphers and Housewives all over the country have built models from our complete kit of parts. They have become so interested in building the first model that, in many cases, they have sent for the parts to construct all our models. Ship Model building is indeed a fascinating pastime. When the Model is completed it makes one of the finest home decorations that money can buy and the adventure of building your own models adds zest to the achievement. You will be proud of your model, because you are the builder. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, Inc. 3818-20-22-24 Baring St., Philadelphia, Pa. Canadian Branch: 1485 Bleury St., Montreal, Canada Canadian Prices Slightly Higher. Send all Canadian Orders to Canadian Office. $4.98 OO; $12.50 O; Catalog only 0 1 ) 50 Ship Model Loudspeaker Size: 26 high: 27° long; 12° wid MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, Inc., DEPT. O-5, 3818-20-22-24 Baring St., Phila., Pa. Please send me complete parts, cut to fit and ready to assemble for the Constitution, $6.98 0; Mayflower, Santa Maria, will pay postman purchase price a postage (a few cents). Check which model you want s $4.98 OC. PLEASE PRINT NAME AND ADDRESS PLAINLY 105 7 LA PINTA his model was constructed SANTA MARIA Size: 25° high; 11° wide; 27” long. Santa Maria, $4.98 0; Melody; $12.50 O; La Pinta, Ships: La Pinta, Mayflower, $12.50 O. I ipped. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. |

Page 106

106 DELTA Quality — Tools the NEW. and LARGER “American Giant” Scroll Saw

Patented Aug. 21-23 Designed Especially for Heavy Duty Production While embodying the same patented principle as our small “American” Scroll Saw, the “American Giant” is a much larger and husk- ier saw. Cuts wood up to 1% inches thick, easily and quickly. Is ideal for cutting alumi- num, bakelite, fibre, bone, soft steel, zinc, sil- ver, mica, etc. Saw blade is always accurately guided and perfectly supported by a hardened steel guide under the table top. This exclusive lta feature prevents jiggling and saw break- age. Saw has balanced wheel, hardened husky crank block with bronze bushing, large heavy steel table, and heavy % inch diameter saw frame that holds blade securely and steady. e material, finish and workmanship is the finest. There is a real need for this reliable and useful tool, and it will quickly pay for itself. Furnished with plain frame for 5-inch pin blades for ordinary work; also with special frame for clamping 5-inch jewelers’ blades for very fine and delicate work. NEW and NOVEL Delta Tilting Table

Patent Pending ® Table tilts 45° to left, 15° to right. Securely locks in any position by a singl> wing nut. Another Del- ta achievement is the secure support of the saw biade at all times by a hardened steel guide under the table top. Blade always remains in center of hole regardl.ss of whether table is level or tilted. is table is a welcome addition to our line, and was developed at the request of many mechanics. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Delta Specialty Co. (Dept. MSP-228) 858 3rd St. Milwaukee, Wis. Mfr. of Delta Quality — Tools vV Check items interested in: 0 Details of Scroll Saw Oo - “* Handi-Shop oO 7 “ Circular Saw tt atshtecwamondlnnéccsuchéadencies TES EE PEEP TI SY a ae re Dib iSiwnccccece

Model Airplane Design (Continued from page 104) in. models, and ;% in. square for 72-in. models. Struts and diagonals, especially in the fore part of the fuselage, should be the same cross section as the longerons. To the rear the struts may: be made lighter. Built-up fuselages should be covered with China silk, as its tensile strength makes it ideal for bracing the structure diagonally. Select soft white pine for propellers. Make a paper pattern of the blade outline and draw around”it to mark the block selected for the blank. One can have these blank outlines cut out at a planing mill on a band saw; this saves considerable work and time. The con- tour of the cross section should always be that of a wing curve. The blank for a 12-in. “toothpick” propeller of average pitch should be 34 in. thick, and for a wide-blade propeller, 5% in. Center holes should be drilled accurately and the blades should be carefully finished with sandpaper and balanced. The concave side of the blades, after being cut down with a knife, can be scraped with a sharp piece. of broken glass. Ribs should be carefully matched in the bending process to assure an even curve throughout the wing panel. Always bend bamboo with the glossy side on the outside of the curve. The curving is easily accomplished. Hold the bamboo an inch above the tip of a candle flame and force it into the required METHOD OF OBTAINING ANGLE OF INCIDENCE al BLOCK LEADING EDGE ABOVE FUSELAGE REST TRAILING EOGE UPON FUSELAGE TAPERED LONGERON CONSTRUCTION 1 1 FORCE OF TENSION CENTER OF id \ COMPRESSION —

* February, 194 Makes New Phono Out of Your Old eal”

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Produces Thrilling, Life-Like Tones Wonderfully Rich, Deep, Powertul New SUPERPHONIC REPRODUCER brings your phon graph up-to-date, Makes your machine produce musie of fay | homens oy Br > aa lo ef bass notes n wi Ty Peat trebles heretofore® .”? The warmth and tone, the tremendous volume will amaze you. ony room living singers or real orchestra. Splendid dancing and home entertainment. Order today on 10 DAY TRIAL—AT OUR RISK : Don’t send 8 poner, Jost name and address. BE SPECIFY THE N OF YOUR PHONOGRAPH. SUPERPHONIC Reproducer arrives, deposit with postman epee: Sustery price of $2.98, plus few pennies postage, (ay a je e wondertulim merennee volume, deoth end richness of come, Deckeesal e: you are not delighted, return the ot type macli and you will not be Satisfaction guaranteed or de refunded. SEND TODAY! RIALTO MUSIC HOUSE, Dept. 212, 330 S. State St.. Chicas

FORCE OF LANDING SHOCK > a , TOOTHPICK PROPELLER <<

PLAN VIEW SIDE VIEW SS an WIDE BLADED OR CLUB" PROPELLER BLANK PLAN VIE SIDE VIEW d ]

Where strains come when your “ship” lands—popular types of ,propeller blanks curve. Then hold it in this position for a moment while it cools and it will retain its curve. White pine can be bent in the same manner, but it is best to soak it first at the point that is to be bent. Care must be exercised to prevent charring, especially with white pine. With a little practice, however, one can bend bamboo and white pine easily. Rattan is best bent in a form. Draw the outline on a board and around this outline drive brads. Soak the rattan well in water, then put it in the form. Dry it in an oven for a few moments but do not get it too hot, as that causes brittleness. In thé construction of wings put a drop of glue on the spar at the point where the rib is to be attached, then bind the rib in place with about five wraps of thread each way. On 4 to 6 ft. wings use seven or eight wraps of thread. In the construction of double-surface wings, the same wrapping holds both upper and lower ribs. After a wing is constructed, true it up and let the’glue dry before covering. To cover single-surface wings with bamboo paper, glue lightly (Continued on page 107)

nograph will be transformed into latest rot a@ penny. positively MAKES ACOMPLETE MACHINESHO?

M 14.5 P.M. 110 Voit 60 Cycle A. C. Day-Fan Electric 12.00 2H. 50 R.P.M. 110-220 Volt 60 Cycle A.C. Cay-Fan Electric 29.75 rite us your motor requirements for other bargains. UNITED ELECTRIC MOTOR CO., 178-D2 Centre St., New York True Santa Maria Construction Sets and Separate Parts Whether you are building the True Santa Maria, or any other Popular Science model, our new ill catalog will save you time and money. Sent postpaid upon receipt of 0 cents (coin preferred). Model Ship Supply Co, Dept. O Mineola, N. Y. FANCY WOODS We have on stock all kinds of hard and soft fancy woods for Inlaying, Models, and Scroll Work. List ae, on request. Set of Fancy Wood samples, Also a 184-page Illustrated Catalogue describing our 800 designs for Scroll Work, 70 cents.

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How to Work with Tools and Wood This book explains in a simple, straightforward manner all the prot esses of working with tools and wood. It takes all the mystery out of using tools and enables you to spend many inte esting and profitable hours in your home workshop. All details are clearly expla Price $1.00 Popular Science Monthly 250 Fourth Ave., New York City

the cover! In coveril the ribs, | when dry, other side IVE | or bi quires onl two coats coat the | treating t give the f UN ligh have to we get ¢ satisfy 1 The | accurate

An ac the d tooth a it with dividers time, ' multipl and ms over or ___

Page 107

& E3 NEES | fF isltiie” Bae fe sikbg? © | 3 55 =P 5 358@ ||: ALS Hes ie Lista FPiiiiel Airplane Design (Continued from page 106) rib, spars and tips. After the glue along tried, ube off the edges with a razor blade. It is not necessary to glue over the edges of the spars, as the glue on top will hold the covering securely and makes a neater job. In covering double-surface wings, glue along the ribs, leading edge, trailing edge and tips, but not the spars. Press on the covering and, when dry, trim off the margin and cover the other side in the same manner. IVE bamboo paper two coats of “dope,” G or bamboo varnish. Silk on the wings re- quires only one coat, but that on the fuselage two coats. In doping double-surface wings, coat the top side first and let it dry before treating the bottom. It is a good practice to give the framework of a model a coat of dope after the glue has dried thoroughly. To cover wings and fuselages with. silk, spread the silk over the framework and brush over with dope at points where the silk is to be fastened. The dope penetrates the silk and sticks to the framework. After the dope sets firmly along the ribs and spars, or longerons and struts, as the case may be, trim off the margin and dope the surface. A model has the proper amount of power when the propeller stops turning before the plane lands. If it is still wound up when it lands, loop on a few more strands of rubber until the proper amount has been installed. A model can be wound until a double row of knots appears in the rubber. the December issue, the authors have described the most popular types of airplane models, listed the tools and materials for building them, and explained briefly a few general prin- ciples of design with which every model maker should be familiar. In their next article, they will tell in detail how to construct a single-stick tractor mono- plane, one of the simplest and most satisfactory models for a beginner to build. A Quick Way to Count Small Gear Teeth UNTING small teeth in a number of light gears is a trying job. Most of us have to count over several times before we get enough corresponding “finals” to satisfy us we are correct. The illustration shows a quick and accurate way to count them. Mark one he An accurate count is obtained by adjusting the dividers to span ten teeth at a time tooth and adjust the dividers to include it with nine others as shown. Move the dividers around, taking in ten teeth each time. Then, to find the total, mentally multiply the moves of the dividers by ten and make allowance for any teeth left over or under, as the case may be. ee In this article and one published in | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY NICHOLSON FILES Save Time To Hold A File The experienced tool user knows that proper grasp of the file is essential to good work. Notice how he holds his file. The larger files he grasps with two hands. Both thumbs are up, resting on the top of the file to exert the needed pressure. For one hand filing with smaller files, his forefinger lies along the handle in the direction of its length. The thumb is underneath. But satisfactory filing work calls for more than “fingers and thumbs.” The tool itself must be right, and the surest guarantee of that is the NICHOLSON trade mark stamped on the tang. WOLs, Ser USA. o {TRADE MARK) —A File for Every Purpose rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Our booklet, “File Filosophy,” gives a number of “pointers” for better filing work. You may have a copy free. NICHOLSON FILE Co. Providence, R.1!., U.S.A.

Page 108

108 Si SAWS F AS “The Saw Makers” Fitchb for fast€ft production— SIMQNDS Machine Knives are J made of the finest steel, specially wmpered to their purpose. The cu g edge on a Simonds Planer Knif the product of years of haste wig Ns ify Si onds for a a y! ND g, Mass. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 19% DS 5> STEEL PANY Established 1832 BRANCH OFFICES AND SERVICE SHOPS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES “Young man, consider - the impression it makes” “Keep your hair smooth, in order, my boy—it’s noticed at once... ” And not only by the other sex. In business as in society, Stacomb keeps your hair at its best — all day long. Healthy, too—this modern hairdressing combats dandruff. (Take no chances with water, authorities say.) w LIQUID Stacom Reg. U. 8. Pat. Off. Standard Laboratories, Inc. Dept. R-1,113 W. 18th St., New York FREE Send me sample of Stacomb as checked: New liquid form (1 Cream form 0 NSE SN ee Fe ee ee Pe a ee PARKS WOODWORKING MACHINES Cabinet Shep ial No. 10 $290 with Motor You ought to have this’handy Parks in your shop. It is a compact, complete machine designed just like a big produc- tion outfit at one-fifth the cost. Includes 8-inch circular rip and cross cut saw with polished cast-steel saw table, 16- inch band saw with tilting table for bevel-sawing, 6-inch —. and motor operating from any light socket. Just plug in and go to work! Fits in a cor- ner of your basement. Does any kind of cabinet and joinery work. Add lathe, shaper and other attachments any tire at small cost. For the man who does “odd jobs” in his off time this Parks is a big money maker. Turn out as much as a four-man shop working by yourself. Write for circular and Parks complete catalog of handy woodworking machinery The Parks Woodworking Machine Co. 1547 Knowlton Street, Cincinnati, Ohio Canadian Factory: 208 Notre Dame East, Montreal, Can. 3 Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas tha Will Save Tiny OSIN has many uses in the home workshop and should always be on hand. It serves asa noncorroding flux in soldering and is useful in making vay. nishes for second-rate work. Various knife and tool handle cements can be made with its aid. Other uses are in maki cheap soaps and paper size, and as ap adulterant of various waxes. To make an alcohol varnish, powder or crush about 1% Ib. rosin, add it to a pint or less of alcohol, and shake. Adding 2 oz. of alcohol soluble turpentine (ozonized or oxidized turpentine) improves the varnish, A harder varnish is made as follows: Placethepowdered rosin in a large metal or porcelain dish and set on a wide, shallow tray containing sand. For each ounce of rosin add 1/10 oz. of magnesium oxide, then heat to the melting point and stir for about five minutes until fumes are given off. Pour the molten mass on a metal slab to make a thin layer. This hardened rosin is then used in making a varnish as already described. An amber colored linseed oil and tur- pentine varnish is prepared by heating 1 oz. of rosin and 1/10 oz. powdered calci- Rosin varnishes must be heated in a large vessel or else in a dish placed on a tray of sand to insure safety um oxide in a very large vessel, as the mixture bubbles violently. Another way is to powder the rosin, mix it with the cal- cium oxide, and add linseed oil to the ex- tent of about one half the weight of the rosin. Then heat as before, stirring con- tinually. Cool on a sheet of metal or, if linseed oil has been used, merely remove from the sand bath, cool a little and add 1 oz. of turpentine for each ounce of rosin. A knife and tool handle cement may be made by mixing 1 oz. powdered rosin, % oz. shredded beeswax and 4 oz. plaster of Paris. This is placed in the hole in the handle and the tang of the blade or tool is heated and forced in place, melting the cement. A wax for linen bowstrings is made of one part rosin and three parts beeswax. The following label is intended to be pasted on the rosin container: Rosin Rosin melts at about 105 degrees C., slightly above the boiling point of water. It dissolves in alcohol, ether, benzol, benzine, acetone, linseed oil and turpen- tine. Alkalies saponify rosin. Used as a noncorroding flux in soldering. An alcohol varnish is prepared by dissolving as much rosin as desired in alcohol; a better varnish is obtained by adding a small quantity of alcohol soluble (ozon- ized or oxidized) turpentine. ye Rosins may be hardened by being melted with varr ous oxides such as calcium oxide (burned lime), magne sium oxide, and zinc oxide. C'S] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. tom plate enough 2 where the allow the inst tl care the | above th measure | ve in ter of the urements one of the with a st with a q' UT th the he on the en two mor have dril drill thro large two the side bolted b; nut. Go thr locating | separatel in setting Next t. the coils hub opp« ting inte cams on Assemble the plat frame so the cond the cam to get th will be t! of the al ance. Set th that wh small co large coi justed sc when th EX’ anc of the sl and also instrume from th these ho Now ; connect to the st and C3. these co: and sold stationa: inches | soldered the cond in the sl that yo complet plates a Now : _— r t! denser { denser ¢ look th long she

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ler or int or | #9 888 853 yebruary, 1928 Ie An Electric Set (Continued from page 79) line is 2% inches above the baseboard. Then 1 the holes for the volume control E2 and “ok J, Fit the panel to the baseboard. Now assemble the uprights to the base of one of the aluminum shields and set it in posi- tion at N2. It should be against the front el. Rap the top of each upright with a Piock of wood, then remove the aluminum bot- tom plate and uprights and bore a hole deep enough and large enough in the baseboard where the impressions of the screws show to allow the aluminum bottom plate to lie flush inst the wood. Next measure with extreme care the height of the center of the drum shaft above the aluminum bottom plate, and also measure the distance from the bottom of the ve in the upright straight back to the cen- ter of the drum shaft. Reproduce these meas- urements and center punch the location on one of the aluminum side plates. Drill through with a small drill and then go through again with a quarter-inch drill. UT the side plate in place and note whether P the hole lines up with that in the coupling on the end of the drum shaft. If it does, clamp two more of the side plates to the one you have drilled, getting all the edges flush, and drill through with the quarter-inch drill. En- large two of the holes to half inch. These form the side plates to which the condensers are bolted by means of the single-hole mounting nut. Go through the same procedure for N3, as locating the hole in the side plate of this shield separately will allow for any lack of squareness in setting the drum in the panel. Next take all three of the cams supplied with the coils and file off as much of the end of the hub opposite the cam as you can without cut- ting into the set screw thread. Mount the cams on the ends of the condenser shafts. Assemble the coil mounting and carefully bend the plate that is screwed to the condenser frame so as to throw the coil over as far toward the condenser plates as possible and still have the cam clear the frame. You should be able to get the coils over far enough so that they will be three eighths of an inch from the sides of the aluminum shields, which is ample clear- ance. Set the pins that engage with the cams so that when the plates are fully engaged the small coils will be just inside the end of the large coils. The pins and cams should be ad- justed so that the small coils start to move out when the condenser plates start to disengage. — study Figs. 2, 3 and 4 very carefully and mark and drill the holes in the sides of the shields where the wires pass through, and also the holes for the screws that hold the instruments in place. You will be able to tell from the picture wiring diagram just where these holes should come. Now get busy with the soldering iron and connect the upper ends of coils B1, B2, and B3 to the stationary plates of condensers C1, C2 and C3. Then connect the stationary plates of these condensers to the lower ends of the coils and solder on to one of the lugs on each set of stationary plates a piece of wire about nine inches long. These connections should be soldered in place before you start assembling the condensers with the coils mounted on them in the shields. They are the only connections t you cannot easily reach with the shields completely assembled except for the back Plates and tops. Now assemble the condensers in the shields. You will find that the half-inch hole is enough r than the threaded portion on the con- mser frame so that you can move the con- nser enough to get the holes in line when you look through them from the ends. Put the long shaft through (Continued on page 110) ——— ‘POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Complete Set of Craftsman’s Home Working Tools Red Jacket electrically driven tools turn out work like magic. A complete made to order workbench equipment of efficient and powerful craftsman’s tools that are small and compact enough for portable use and so inexpensive that any man or boy may have one. LRed CpJacket) Waco Craftsman’s Lathe RED JACKET A chest full of tools designed by a master for the private use of tool lovers and men who want to build, con- F [ RED JACKET HOME WORK SHOP Turning struct, invent and create at home. You will be able to make every- | Sawin Winding nea thing—attractive odd furniture, toys, home and garden improvements, Spinning all around manufacturing, repairing. THE COMPLETE EQUIPMENT consists of - Making a powerful Red Jacket Drill Motor, with | Scgoll, | direct drive to the Waco wood turning lathe | Drilling (capacity 9 in. x 34 in.); a bench saw, that has depth and side gauges, scroll and jig saw; Pomtins and all accessories for both portable and Jointing stationary power drilling, buffing, grinding | Shatpenine and cleaning. Attaches to any light socket Scratching and converts your work bench into a complete yearn, private tool and machine shop. Master-. pieces The Waco GUARANTEE If It Is Not What You Want When You Get It— Send It Back. Special Crafts Course FREE SPECIAL CRAFTS COURSE and blueprint service is free to Red Jacket Shop owners—all that there is to know about handicraft methods, raw mate- rials, woods, carv- ing, sawing turning, designing fre € BLUE PRINTS carpentering, deco- rating, is taught by special correspond- ence. 10 DAYS’ FREE TRIAL Our literature tells you how to start a job of your own. I zoe are not pleased return the hop. Interesting Literature Free Send the coupon. You will be surprised with all it contains. Beautiful, Instructive, Fasci- nating, Interesting. —————_> Look out for imitations. Waco—one Wm. L. Aylward, Mastercraftsman. There is only one Red Jacket—one Buy On Your Own Terms Only $10.00 down. Liberal discounts for cash. Easy monthly pay- ment plans. It is no hardship This Headstock to own a Red ~ ny Jacket. available. Feseaseeeseseeeeeeeeeeee8 WACO TOOL WORKS, Inc. N. Parkside Ave. o M er, t. 2. Please send oaatee i Ps about 10-day free trial, free blueprints, and $10 down payment, rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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ALUMINUM “The mark of Quality in Radio f H : ¢ i Aluminum Box Shields Essential in many popular amateur sets OR greater selectivity, tiner ap- F pearance, longer life, lighter weight, use Aluminum Box Shields in the set you build—and look for Aluminum Shielding in the set you buy. Designers agree on the superior- ity of Aluminum for shielding. It has become an established factor in radio design—recognized alike by advanced amateur set builders and seen responsible for com- mercial production. Aluminum Company of Ameri- ca’s standard box shields, designed especially for amateur sets, are made of, heavy Alcoa Aluminum with satin-dip finish, size 5 in. x 9 in. x 6 in. high. They are easily adapted to smaller sizes. They require no soldering. If your dealer cannot supply you with Aluminum Box Shields send us his name and we will see that he is put in position to service you promptly. Be sure to send, also, for a copy of the new edition of “Aluminum for Radio.” It is free. THE ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA Pittsburgh, Pa. 2459 Oliver Building © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY An Electric Set (Continued from page 109) condensers C1 and C2 and into the coupling on the end of the drum shaft after cutting it off short enough so that the side plate of N1 can be slipped into place afterward. The regular shafts in these condensers are discarded. They slide right out by loosening the two set screws in the hub of the rotary plates. Don’t forget to mount the two cams. Next mount condenser C3 in shield N3. You will find that the regular shaft can be pulled out far enough to engage with the coupling so that no special shaft is needed at this point. The rest of the assembly is merely a matter of fastening the rest of the parts in place as shown in the picture wiring diagram of Fig. 4 and in the illustrations in Figs. 2 and 3. Note that the fixed resistances E3 and E4 are bolted one with one end to shield N2 and the other with one end to shield N3. "pase particular care with this part of the circuit. ES and E4 automatically apply the necessary C voltage to the radio and audio amplifier. Do not make any changes, however apparently insignificant, at this point. Mounting the drum dial and condensers is the only part of the assembly that requires any particular care, and even this work will be found easy enough if you take the time to study out exactly what is required and don’t do any drilling until you are sure that your - measurements are right. Wiring the Receiver The wiring presents no particular diffi- culties. The parts are so arranged that the terminals, with the exceptions above noted, are easy to get at. Put in the wires according to the picture wiring diagram of Fig. 4 or use the theoretical diagram of Fig. 1 if you understand radio symbols. The theoretical diagram has been simplified to the last degree in order that those readers who are familiar with radio cir- cuits will be able to grasp at a glance the essential differences between this full electric circuit and a similar battery operated receiver. Note that the detector shield N3 is grounded, which means minus B in this circuit. Shields N1 and N@ are connected together because of the common condenser shaft. Connecting points marked X in the diagram supplies the needed C bias. UT in the wires inside the shields first, checking each connection as you go along so there won’t be any mistakes to rectify after- wards. Be careful to get the wiring in shields N1 and N2 as nearly alike as practical, so that these stages of radio-frequency amplification will tune exactly alike. Leave the back plates off until you have all the wiring inside the shield finished, then slide the back plates in place and stick the ends of the. rear wires through the holes and solder them where they belong. The filament wiring for sockets G1, G2, G3 and G5 is done by soldering the ends of two five-foot pieces of the No. 10 special wire to the F terminals of socket G5. Then the two wires are twisted together and brought along back of the shields where short pieces of regu- lar flexible hook-up wire can be brought out from the F terminals of sockets G1, G2 and G3 and soldered to the heavy wires. The sockets are all connected in parallel, and as the current in this circuit is alternating, the plus and minus markings have no significance whatever. If you can’t get the special No. 10 wire use six lengths of the regular wire, three to take the place of each No. 10 wire. The filament circuit of socket G4 should be wired with a pair of regular wires for each fila- ment terminal twisted together to form a cable. Carefully tag the ends of each pair so that you won't make (Continued on page 112) February, i9y SS , HAMMARLUND Precision PRODUCTS Are Officially Specified For the Best Radio Circuits of the Year Improved **MIDLINE’’ CONDENSER The premier condenser, approved by leading radio engineers throughout the world. Soldered brass plates; alumi- num alloy frame; ball bearings; clock. spring pigtail; removable, full-floating rotor shaft. Extremely low losses, sep- arates stations on all wave-lengths. New AUTO-COUPLE COIL Specified for the Hammarlund Rob- erts HiQ Six and other high grade receivers featured by the leading mag- azines. Space-wound coils with mecha- nism for automatically varying the primary coupling at each condenser setting, insuring maximum transfer of energy at each wave-length. Essen- tially the same as previous model, but designed for use with the new Ham- marlund Drum Dial. Illuminated DRUM DIAL Makes single-control of multiple cir- cuits practicable. Two circuits tuned as one, or individually by movement of only two fingers. Translucent wave- length scales illuminated from back. Beautifully embossed, oxidized bronze ~ escutcheon plate gives distinction to panel. Built for hard usage. A typical Hammarlund precision product. Write for Folder HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438 W. 33rd St., New York Jor Betien Radia . ammarliund PRECISION PRODUCTS Built peo er am ore UX-1 Employs R the Thor "B,” and "B” volt rectifier. This he 7 su. Thordai Choke |

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ny, yy | pebeuaF> 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 111 ll é MA)

A Home Assembled Thordarson Power Amplifier Will Make Your Receiver facturers as Victor, Brunswick, Federal, the Thordarson Power Compact R-210. Provides “A, ; ' . ) “B® voltage for the recesver, Employs one 216-B or 261 Philco and Willard insures you of un- ate. _ questionable quality and performance. Give your radio set a chance to reproduce real music. Build a Thordarson Power Amplifier. Write today for complete constructional booklets : sent free on request. : } JHORDARSON vork THORDARSON 210 PUSH-PULL ad a Ih |B tery su per ater operates ro 210 poner THORDARSON ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING CO. bes in oushcpull and has on ample reserve ot gone Se a rmer SDec. nce supply for the heaviest drain recetvers. Bus wo) LDEST AND LARGEST EXCLUSIVE TRANSFORMER Thord T T-2098, and Double ot uron and Kingsbury Streets —~ Chicago.lil. USA.

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8

Page 112

Designed for your RIC SET / ELATSITE wire cable No. 10 is designed for wiring the 4 volt alternating current filament circuit. It prevents excessive voltage drop and supplies full current to the tubes. Standard size Celatsite is recommended for the rest of the hook up. Nine beautiful colors. Parvolt Wound Condenser Parvolt wound conden- sers % mfd. capacity, 400 volt rating, series A, are for use in your Electric Set for by-pass service. They are com- pact in size, accurately rated and their wide safe- ty margin makes them stand the gaff of long hard service without breaking down. Acme Solid Celatsite Wire Tinned copper bus bar hook-up wire wi-th non-inflammable Celatsite insulation, in nine beautiful colors. Strips easily, solders readily, won’t crack at bends. Sizes 14, 16, 18, 19; 30 inch lengths. Spaghetti Tubing Oil, moisture, acjd proof; highly dielectric —used by leading engineers. Nine colors, for wire sizes 12 to 18; 30 inch lengths. (We also make tinned bus bar, round and square, in 2 and 2% ft. lengths.) Loop Antenna Wire Sixty strands of No. 38 bare copper wire for flexibility, 5 strands of No. 36 yn bronze to prevent stretching. reen or aoe silk covering; best loop wire possible © make. Send for folder THE ACME WIRE CO. DIV. 20 NEW HAVEN, CONN. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY L An Electric Set (Continued from page 110) a mistake and cause a short circuit when you come to connect the cable to the terminals of the power unit later on. A twisted pair is also connected to this cable and run over to the small light that illuminates the dial. The 2% volts will give a soft light behind the dial, which will be found ample for tuning; but if you want a very bright light you can use a three-volt two-candlepower auto bulb. This will not fit the socket provided, but it is easy to solder leads to the contacts on the bulb. No binding posts are provided except for the antenna and ground. The wires conveying current to the set and the plate current that transfers the signal to the powerful amplifier incorporated in the high power supply unit to be described next month, or to the medium wer unit to be described in the month fol- lowing, are to be pulled through holes cut in the floor of the upper compartment of the con- sole cabinet and connected to the binding posts on the power unit. You will note in illustration in Fig. 3 that a single lead is brought out near the rear of the receiver and three other leads are bunched together and brought out close to bypass con- denser C11. The single lead is the P lead of Fig. 4 and the three leads in one bunch are the B minus, 45 plus and 90 plus. Do not bundle the P lead in with the others. Then in Fig. 4, the picture wiring diagram, you will notice that the twisted wires to be connected to the 214-volt alternating current | supply are brought out at the back of the set in order to simplify the diagram. Actually you are to out at the left end of the set along with the 114-volt leads as shown in Fig. 2. Console type cabinets are made to accom- modate sets with thirty-inch panels, so there is ample space at both ends of the set where you can bore holes through the floor of the upper compartment through which to pass the wires down to the power below. The terminals of both types of power unit will be arranged to match with the holes. HE construction of the receiver is exactly. the same no matter which type of power amplifier and current supply unit is chosen. You will find that Blueprint No. 79 will prove a big help in building the receiver. It gives many details that space limitations will not allow us to include here. In the next issue of Poputar Science Montaty (March) you will find a construc- tional article showing you how to build the current supply and high power amplifier unit that forms, with the receiver described here, a complete electric radio receiver of the very highest class. The article also will give in- structions on connecting the two sections of | the electric set in the conventional type of | console radio cabinet together with complete | Operating instructions. A blueprint of the high power unit will be available at that time. In the following issue of PopuLar ScrENcE Montuty (April) there will appear a con- structional article showing a medium power amplifier combined with a current supply unit that will appeal to those of our readers who do not care to invest the amount neces- sary to build the ultra-powerful outfit. But no matter which power unit you decide to build, you may proceed at once with the construction of the receiver portion of the complete outfit as described in this article. Both types of power units are designed to give exactly the right voltages to operate our new receiver without making any changes or adjust- ments in the receiver or in the amplifier unit. In fact, both types of power units are of the foe voltage type with no adjustments of any If you do not care to buy a console type of cabinet, you can get a regular type of radio cabinet at least twelve inches deep and then mount the power unit on a shelf underneath. . tools. It is a profession which offers almost unlimited opportunities to men who combine. natural mecha. ical ability with technical training. For this is The Age of Machinery. Almost convenience, luxury or necessity which we enjoy de. pends on machinery for its production or ability to our needs. Every new invention multiplies the opportunities for competent designers, builders, ered. ing engineers, etc. One of the best ways to train yourself to secup a position as a Mechanical Engineer is through the home-study courses of the International Correspon- dence Schools. These courses are complete and up-to-date they are especially arranged to meet the needs (a student who studies at home. They are particularly helpful because they ae written by well-known mechanical engineers why have had years of practical experience in this fie who know the quickest, best way to solve every problem. Just mark and mail the coupon and we'll gladly send you Free Booklets describing the I. C. S. courss in Mechanical Engineering or any other course is which you are interested. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7660-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me one of your booklets and tell me how I can qualify for the position « in the subject before which I have marked an X: Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Course — Mechanical Drawing Complete Shop Practice Electrical Engineering Lighting adio Railroad Positions Civil Engineer Surveying and Mapping Metallurgy (© Mining Steam Engineering Architect OQUDUODUDIUUUWULL BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Business Management Industrial Management (CD Personnel Organization 0 Traffic Management Business Law Banking and Banking Law Accountancy (including Bookkeeping Private Secretary Cc. P. A.) fees Cost Accounting Salesmanship Mechanical Engineering Learn at Home MECHANICAL Engineering embraces the design, cop. struction and operation of machines and machiy Toolmaking : Blacksmithing and Forging () Patternmaking is Foundrywork 0 Architects’ Blueprints 0 Contractor and Builder O Architectural Draftsman (0 Concrete Builder 0 Structural Engineer OChemistry O ( Airplane Engines (J Agriculture and Poultry 0 Mathematics O Spanish (J French 0 Advertising Better Letters Show Card Lettering Stenography and Typing Business Eng Civil Service () Railway Mail Clerk (JCommon School Subjects Beh School Subjects Illustrating Oo0000 City income for lifetime. A 1690 Boston Read Automatic Concertina Played With Rolls Interchangeable B-BATTERY Musical Entertainers wanted everywhere and earn big money -at Moving Pictures, Vaudevilles, : Restaurants, Inns, Lunch eddings, Fairs, Parties, or travelling wit year. kntertainers charge $10.00 per evening. © AUTOMATIC CONCERTINA, played with int changeable Rolls, offers opportunity, to make money or steady side income. You play perfect ia minutes Songs, Dances, Operas, Marches, Walt: Trots, One Steps, etc. without a faint idea of m notes. Beautiful tone and melodious as artists. The AUTOMATIC CONCERTINA posse charm, which no one can escape. The player is playing, without any study or praccice. t professional cards furnished without charge, lead to a UTOMATIC CONCERTINAS & used in Song and Dance Acts on the stage. 28 Models for Home, Concerts, and Paid En from $30.00 to $60.06. Descriptive circular — om mailed free. TREASURE SALES COMPANY Rooms, Outings, Da seraped, it less tiring scraper handle ths steel blad of the 1 a oe es is not be made ris} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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Bee. 5 ae rea be Fe: ce he] Z i ie

; straper with a os steel blade. If one Zp .-—_ peorwsry, 1928

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

—— small Hinges Cut from Old Tobacco Tin HEN one has need of small hinges Wiora fancy box, they can be quickly sbtained b cutting them from an old tobacco tin with a pair of tin shears, as

ummm pe HU “tL “THE RE! TOBACCO BOX HINGE Hinge?

L By cutting a section out of an old tabacco tin, a small hinge can be quickly made shown. Attach the hinges with brads. This proved a useful expedient in one in- sance after an unsuccessful hunt had been made in the hardware stores of several towns for a very small pair of hinges. -W. H. Trowsripce. Radio Storage Battery Used for Ringing Doorbell W HEN a doorbell is operated by dry cells rather than a_ bell-ringing iransformer, the battery gives out at in- tervals, usually at a time when it is par- ticularly annoying to have to hang out a “pell-out-of-order” sign. This may be

B-BATTERY

STORAGE BATTERY PLUG FUSE ‘Without disturbing any existing wiring, the bell wires are connected to the battery easily remedied in any household where a storage ““A’’ battery is used for operating aradio set. All that is necessary is to dis- connect the old dry cells and extend the bell wires that were connected to them as faras the terminals of the storage battery. A three-ampere plug fuse should be in- serted in one line of the bell circuit as a salety precaution.—Epwin J. BACHMAN. Two Easily Made Holders for Cabinetmaker’s Scrapers WHEN large HANDLE For wooden sur- SCRAPERS faces have to be scraped, it is much tiring to use a

than a plain . of the various The scrapers fit into ue of commer- slots in the handles Scraper hold- : &$ is not available, a wooden handle can be made quickly in either of the ways il- listrated.—Haroip A. MELrose.

“You wouldn’t buy a car> 1—Without a Self Starter -2—Without Four-wheel Brakes 3—Without Selective Gear Shift No e Then—when you buya radio be sure it has all of these modern elements. Show this advertisement to your dealer—ask him to confirm what constitutes a modern—up-to-the-minute radio. No Matter What Radio You Buy«~ Ask Your Dealer These 10 Questions

1 Does it get all its power directly from Has it more than one tuning control? the house lighting socket? ; The latest type uses a single control for se- The modern radio uses no auxiliary devices, lecting the station to which you want to listen. 2 Does it utilize the new A.C. Tubes Is the station selector window electri- (Type Nos. 226 and 227)? cally lighted so that one can tell The A. C. detector tube has five prongs in- whether the current is on or off? stead of four. Look for these five prongs. It It should be. Otherwise you have no way of is a simple means of finding out whether the telling whether the current is on or off. A set is of the latest type or a made over bat- small electric light behind the tuning dial tery set. should illuminate it when the set is turned on. 3 Are there any exterior power units & Does it amplify equally on low and connected by wires to the set? . high wave lengths? An inductor [variometer] in the antenna cir- The most modern electric radios are self-con- eit imgeevts Gnaliicaion Gs vob i. it ae with an output trans- ; eet pinged Uiraas ormer Every fine radio should have two large audio 10 Is it genuinely shielded? transformers and an output transformer as Real shielding consists of a series of three well to protect loud speaker windings from or more separate metal compartments separat- burning out and to insure permanent quality ing and shielding the tuning elements from of tone. each other. IT COSTS NO MORE TO OWN ’ @vhe New FREED-EISEMANN Electric RADIO

Itine, Radi oe Brooklyn Hocenet wecdtotents Gat aetucheus a telessoo Con, -___ New York Show this ad to your Radio Dealer

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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114 New Model PocketGen A reliable watch will help you be on time. The New Model Pocket Ben is that kind — thoroughly trustworthy. It’s goodlooking, too—and sturdy as they make them. Sold everywhere, $1.50. With luminous dial that tells time in the dark, $2.25. Built by the makers of Big Ben and other Westclox WESTERN CLOCK COMPANY La Salle, Illinois ———————— ees SS? © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | glass bottle which he Nine Wonders of the Modern World (Continued from page 13) in 1856, was the Bessemer converter, embody- ing an economical process of decarbonizing cast iron. This, with the subsequent invention of the regenerative open hearth furnace and the development of the rolled I-beam, gave mod- ern builders a cheap material twenty times as strong as wood, ten times as strong as stone, and five times as strong as cast iron. The famed hanging gardens of Babylon rising 400 feet may have been wonderful, indeed, yet they could not have compared with the marvelous — of steel that now spring up on every and. EMENT, likewise, has been used for centuries. The earliest was little more than mud. Builders of the Pyramids made mortar of burned gypsum, and the Romans learned to mix volcanic ashes with burned lime. But it remained for the invention of Portland cement in 1825 and the development of the rotary kiln nearly seventy years later to produce the artificial rock that can be mold- ed into virtually any form and shape desired. The wonder of metal construction goes hand in hand with Dr. Stratton’s sixth wonder, that of “modern metallurgy.” This fascinating science, by combinations of metals and by delicate processes of heat treatment, has created alloys possessing special qualities, such as strength, lightness, or toughness, to meet special needs. In steel alloys these properties are imparted by introducing quantities of such metals as tungsten, nickel, manganese, chro; miumand soon. The list of marvelous materials, already long, is continually growing. For example, nickel steel, fifty percent stronger than ordinary steel, is used for propeller shafts, engine forgings, automobile frames, and recently also for bridges. Manganese steel makes burglar-proof safes and rock crushers because of its remarkable hardness and tough- ness. Chrome and chrome nickel steels are used for armor plates and projectiles, plows and automobile forgings. Silicon steel, possess- ing unusual magnetic qualities, provides the core material for electric transformers and generators. Vanadium steel, one of the newest and most wonderful, possesses tensile strength of from 100,000 to 225,000 pounds to the square inch. Its enormous toughness and resistance to twists and jolts makes it espe- cially valuable for automobile gears, axles, engine parts and springs. A= outstanding new metals is dura- lumin, the aluminum alloy of extremely light weight and strength, widely used in con- struction of airplanes and dirigibles. Metal- lurgy also has performed many works of magic in transforming the properties of metals. Such was the transformation of brittle tungsten into ductile wire suitable for filaments in electric lamps—a laboratory achievement which made possible the tungsten lamp. With the perfection of electric furnaces with temperatures as high as 6000 degrees F., metallurgy promises still greater things. Not every person, perhaps, would think of including among today’s wonders the seventh on Dr. Stratton’s list—‘“‘processes of food preservation, including canning and refrigera- tion.” Yet, next to food itself, the preserva- tion of foodstuffs is the vital factor in modern existence. It is the support on which modern industry rests; for it is the only thing that enables people to congregate in industrial centers, distant from the sources of food supply. The inventor to whom we owe the discovery of food sterilization was a Frenchman named Nicholas Appert who, in 1795, learned how to preserve fruit by inclosing it, after heating, in a (Continued on page 115) Build and Fly a 3-ft. Model of LINDBERGH'S “Spirit of St. Louis” Plans for Model Airplanes . ed the Atl Teaches the principles of + plans and ditections for bering: rm and racers, and full information about scale Models of real planes: also complete catalog of materials en model builders. Sent postpaid for 5c IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY Co, 163-165 Spring St. Me = This IDEAL N * Bit tov kta ine in Ww! i q Le Onc rindbergh cross. an Ocean. Any boy can build thi : The Construction a Rodel: Ibe Biggar gg (Weat of Denver, Gols.” sais Canada, price is $8.00) Ask your dealer or order direct, New 64-page of Model pratt. New York ———_————-¥"" Lowest wholesale 3 . BEALL # 4 * f} Pete we quay Ss. Any H can install his own of economical service to ‘ puliders and mechanics. ing and Heating BY } ny fl ee | METHOD. Oe e best and pa a each jmonth. fae Send for FREE Book, 5| New bargain catalog just issued. Wit our Cut-to-fit systems you save Wasp material and high labor cost. 50 yen oMition Dall Call B and Cat- alog. Get your copy to- day. Send nd postcard now! American Auto & Radio Mfg. Co. HARRY SCHWARTZBERG, PRES. Cept. 283 American Radio Write for my Big 1928 Radio Catalog —just off the press. T! of marvelous bargains in nation ally advertised goods. All the LATEST IN RADIOS and equipment. Lowest whole Kansas City, Me. 3 Hunting, fishing or camping, wher ever you go you will need a Zip-Zip Shooter, 4 plenty of pep and force, scien’ and practically made. See your dealer. If he can’t supply you, order from us Shooter 35c or three ‘s aft) /ZIP-ZIP SHOOTER for $1.00, send stamps, coin or money order. AUTOMATIC RUBBER CcOo., Dept. B. B. Colum! LET’S GO, BOYS: elastic and lasting with S. Ce hi it. Ci is0 quote on j gears of al kinds. Sond ‘us your be quiries. Write for Catalogue 214 CHICAGO STOCK GEAR ras Street Chicag GEARS All Kinds-Small The most accurate made and prices reasonable. W. e carry ac line of gears in stock for imm 105 South Jefferson be launche one 0 Rhodes wo When D last wonde lessen the output,” he tions were hy a ter it mi; Wherea crumbled They gro One of disease no mors wonder from its ating ar POPULAI doctors

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we]; Lables tall vadibee?? ui} es 7 ant “e “Slee PAGE oul! © Always — ME UNITED STA PlOMAL MUS oa p AND ARTISS Gres GIF ts ets SIE E GLUE HANDIEST TOOL IN YOUR WORKSHOP

AG E'S | 20 Attractive Pieces of Furniture LePage’s New Home Work Shop Book will show you how Nw in the long winter evenings, let this New LePage’s Home Work Shop Book show you how to make 20 different pieces of gift furniture, designed by an expert—attractive, artistic, useful, practical and easy to make, New Book—Greatly Improved The first LePage’s Home Work Shop Book, pub- lished a year ago, proved so popular that, though advertised only a few times, over 30,000 copies were sold—an enormous edition for a book of this kind. Now the new book, of which 30,000 additional copies have already been sold, repre- sents a wonderful improvement over the old one. Of its 20 com- plete projects, 16 are entirely new and never offered before. Each project is presented in three parts—a photographic illus- tration of the finished project, a complete dimension drawing of its parts, and simple, easy-to-follow directions, for making, given step by step from start to finish. Designed by Expert For each of the 20 gift projects, the design, dimension drawings and photographs, as well as the actual articles were’ made by William W. Klenke, Instructor in Woodworking, Central Com- mercial and Manual Training High School, Newark, New Jersey. Assurance is therefore given that each project and the direc- tions for making it is perfectly practical. In addition to the four pieces illustrated above, the book in- cludes the following 16 projects: Occasional Table, Spanish Ship Model, Folding Sewing Screen, Fernery Stand, Tilt Top Table, Piano Bench, Costumer, Priscilla Sewing Box, Table Desk, Desk Chair, Card or Console Table, Turned Bench, End Table with Book Trough, Foot Stool, Book Stand and Back Rest. Where else could you get complete directions for making all these things for only 10 cents? : : In addition, this new LePage’s book contains full information on how to secure plans for — fifteen more new projects, prepared by Frank I. Solar, Teacher of Manual Training in etroit Public Schools, and widely-known tool craft writer. Send 10c for this NEW LePage’s Home Work Shop Book Just write your name and address on the coupon below, tear it out and mail to us today with 10 cents in coin or stamps, and we will at once send you a copy of LePage’s New Home Work Shop Book, postage paid. Address LePage’s Craft League, 560 Essex Ave., Gloucester, Mass. Tear out. coupon now so you won't forget it. Mail This Coupon LEPAGE’s CRAFT LEAGUE, 560 Essex Ave., Gloucester, Mass. Gentlemen: Enclosed please find 10 cents (coin or stamps) in payment for LePage’s New Home Work

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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A en DN 116 HereMan “The handiest close guarters wrench you ever sa Williams’ Obstruction ‘“‘Super- rench"’ is a wonder for rapid work in cramped quarters. The slim, pointed jaws and thin heads with 75° angle opening work easily around obstructions where the ordinary wrench would be aaa useless. With both openings on one side, the, Obstruction ‘Super- rench™ provides a smooth, com- fortable grip. Forged from Chrome-Molybdenum steel, the toughest wrench material ever produced. Heat-treated and chromium-plated (RUST- PROOF). Sold singly or in sets. Send for our literature. J. H. WILLIAMS & CO. “The Wrench People” 246 Vulcan St., BUFFALO, N. Y. © Every “Superrench” | is Guaranteed . SET No. 2040 Agsinst 5 “SUPERRENCHES” Breakage Ten openings %” to 1%”. No duplicates WILLIAM “SUPERRENCH” ( Chrome-Molybdenum) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY February, 19y What Doctors Don’t Know About Diet (Continued from page 24) found to have no ill effects upon experimental animals, while an alkaline diet had definitely bad effects! Nor has acid diet been shown to cause kidney trouble, as certain faddists have asserted. The body can easily neutralize excess of acid or alkali of any normal diet. Thus, when acid foods are eaten, the normal system easily increases the amount of blood alkali in compensation. While a strictly acid diet is, of course, not to be advocated, the faddist here, as usual, has exaggerated the subject’s im- portance. Possibly millions of Americans have inno- cently followed the advice, “‘Do not eat pro- teins with starches!’ This is absurd on the face of it when you consider how often Nature supplies this very combination in foods that digest well, like cereals or beans. Do we have to pry the protein from the starch before eat- ing whole wheat bread? “Milk itself contains a complex combination of starch and protein. Furthermore, when proteins are eaten with starches, the former unite with the stomach acid, tending to lower stomach acidity and so permitting the alkaline salivary digestion to proceed on the starch unimpeded. A MIXTURE of starch and protein foods will leave the stomach more rapidly than protein alone, and the addition of the starch may actually speed digestion. Perfectly healthy people combine the two continually without harm. Again, how often do we hear the warning, “Too much sugar.” We are told to substitute honey, raw sugar or maple sugar. Yet there is nothing harmful about granulated sugar in reasonable quan- tities, and few persons ever eat sugar to dan- gerous excess, The fear that sugar will cause stomach fer- mentation appears unfounded, because the high acidity in the stomach doubtless makes fermentation impossible. Moreover, the body is well supplied with acids and the chemical accelerators called enzymes, which break down common sugar into the simpler sugars which the body can use. Even milk sugar has to be so broken down into dextrose. Cane sugar gives with dextrose an equal quantity of fruit sugar or levulose, which must somehow be changed over into dextrose before the body can use it. This alchemy of the organism cannot be re- produced in the laboratory as yet. Honey, of course, is already broken down, but its levulose must too be changed over to glucose or dex- trose. THERWISE honey has no especial vir- tue. Vitamins are present only in small amount. Maple sugar is simply the same com- pound chemically as is found in beet, cane or sorghum. Potassium, of which we always get plenty, predominates in honey and maple, while calcium, which we do need radically, is not plentiful. When confronted with a case of indigestion, many a physician throws his stethoscope into high gear and says, “Now no fried stuff and no pastry for you. No pies, no French fried Well, what about it? Rananas are so far absolved that special- ists are advising them as ideal food for very young infants. A standard medical journal of America editorially finds nothing gastrically reprehensible in a well-made fruit pie. The fried potato has been found guiltless. The starch is more thoroughly cooked than in boiled potatoes and no normal human stomach should find fried potatoes indigestible unless they are literally varnished with fat. For fat does in certain sensitive people inter- fere with the delicate mechanism control- ling gastric motility. (Continued on page 117) Out of Work. Got a Foley-. Now Making Good Money “T lost my job on account of a strike. I last money and bought a Foley Saw Filer. now I am making a comfortable living flim saws. Saws filed on the Foley cut truer, cleaner easier and faster than hand-filed saws,” A. Stolz, 132 Hillside Ave., Richmond Hill, N.Y, You can have a steady year around busi- ness of your own with a Foley. Be your own boss and make good money. File saws for carpenters, contractors, wood- working plants, factories, schools, farm. ers and homes. No canvassing. Just put the saw in the Foley and snapa switch. The Foley files and joints the saw automatically. More than twice as fast as hand filing. No eye strain, Saws cut faster, cleaner and _ truer, Build up a permanent business while at your present work and make $3.00 to $5.00 a day extra. We'll help you Write for valuable plan on how to get into a money-making saw filing business of your own. No obligation. Address— FOLEY SAW TOOL CO., Inc. 21 Foley Bidg., 9 Main St., N. E., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. BUILD Yirnournes, “LOCK Profitable spare time work for winter, Turn idle hours into welcome dollars building clocks from our instructions, We furnish plans, instructions, blue prints, works, dials and all materials at surprising low prices. You make a big profit building artis tic clocks for your friends. Banjo Clocks, Mantel Clocks, Beautiful Grandfather Clocks with Chimes. Complete works low as $5.00. Many styles, all rices. ASK FOR OURA C- IVE FREE BLUEPRINT PLAN AND CATALOG. American Chime Clock ¢. 1691 Ruffner Street, Philadelphia potatoes—and you better cut out bananas.” | A Gerstner CH is valuable to oe oo Saves its cost times in value of tools it saves from loss aud) damage. Write for catalog. H. GERSTNER & 550 Golumbia St., Dayton, The Midget “‘Five-in-One”’ Slide Rule is a combination Mannheim, P ric, - .. Binary, Add -— tract Slide Rule. It will instan subtract, multiply and divide any bination of whole num mix. \e every root and power, also Logs, and Tangents. ade of aluminum scales on white celluloid. Size 4 in, Ay proved and adopted Ng with instructions, $1, le 60c extra, Sent C.O.D.if alogue Free. GILSON SLI LSO' Stuart. Florida (Patented 1-17-22) anew, meal, a almost one 1S and labor: scientific « Experir sively tha is deficien have shov diet, cont insidious of a bad tions. It as ricket: faulty nu N GE) over-r tables, a exclusion rich in ne The p1 milled ce cient am in calciui and in vi a diet w na size | ce, 2 food doe consist | buttered peas or | - apple pie Yet, a nutritior

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Fe 55.5e Bee te Mil tE |i le RE | eetee February, 1928 What Doctors Don’t Know About Diet (Continued from page 116) curious quack dictum is that “milk, and fruit is an acid-forming combina- tion.” This is not necessarily true, for it would depend altogether on the roportions. Certain fruits could readily make the combina- : line. Sliver eat more than one kind of starch at any meal,” is another. In ordinary foods you gre almost bound to eat starches from more than one source. “The mixture of bread, butter, meat and is very harmful.’”’ If so, then milk too must be harmful, for it combines the same food materials—protein, fat, carbohydrates (starch and sugar) and mineral matter. “Don't eat eggs, because they make the a good culture medium, promoting infection,” says another prominent physician. The truth is that the blood is normally an ideal culture medium for bacteria, and the ins of eggs cannot pass directly into the stream as such. Tn exposing food fallacies such as these, do not imagine that I am seeking to minimize the importance of proper diet. Scientific nutrition is vitally necessary and is too much neglected. Instead of reliable knowledge to guide us in healthful eating, we are overburdened and bewildered by all sorts of reckless quackery and unfounded theories. What we need most of all is closer codperation between physicians and laboratory investigators to carry the latest scientific discoveries about diet to the public. Experiments have demonstrated conclu- sively that the prevailing American diet today is deficient in health-building materials. They have shown, too, that even a slightly deficient diet, continued over a long period, is very insidious in its evils. Moreover, the effects of a bad diet are visited upon coming genera- tions. It is well known, too, that such diseases as rickets, scurvy, and beri beri result from faulty nutrition. N GENERAL, we Americans eat too many over-refined cereals, too few green vege- tables, and too much muscle meat to the exclusion of organs such as liver and kidney, rich in needed food substance. The prevailing American diet, consisting of milled cereals, peas and beans, meat and defi- cient amounts of milk has proved inadequate in calcium, so vitally needed for bone building, and in vitamin A,which promotes growth. Such a diet will prevent even a rat from reaching full size or attaining normal fertility. At first glance, a typical menu of such good American food does not look so dangerous. It might consist of—broiled steak, mashed potatoes, buttered beets, combination salad (or gelatin, peas or carrots), bread, butter, sweet pickles, apple pie, coffee and cheese. Yet, as we are told by a leading authority on nutrition, Dr. E. V. McCollum, ‘“‘when a family is confined to such food supply throughout several generations, the physical development gradually deteriorates. They show signs of old age rather early and fail to maintain a well- Nourished appearance.”” But add fat soluble Vitamin A and calcium, and the picture changes completely. Since milk is the most accessible source of calcium, this means we need to raise our milk consumption to a quart a day to a person, and increase our consump- tion of all the following foods—butter, cheese, creamed soups, spinach, turnips, beet tops, leaves, romaine, collards, lettuce, cab- , cauliflower and endives. n short, if you will drink plenty of milk and tat freely of raw or lightly cooked green vege- | tables and raw fruits to round out the ordinary basic diet, you will fulfill the fundamental fequirements of well balanced nutrition. You ae oreet about “‘going on a diet” and be joy- SS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 117 me nN oe SUS Liat - sg Sd 5 ., ui wl I vr No sport like motorcycling | >. \ et, if a ] d Anny (lh , mao —no motorcycle like HARLEY-DAVIDSON HRILLS, health and the beauty of the open road crowd every mile when you ride a Harley-Davidson. Distance means only the pleasure of covering it. Alone or with a pal in the chummy, comfortable side car you can travel the highways or back trails safely and in solid comfort — and 2¢ per mile is all it costs you! Built into the 1928 models are all the improvements learned from 24 years of motorcycle manufacture. Front and rear-wheel brakes, throttle controlled motor oiler The Single — the famous solo motorcycle that travels 80 miles to the gallon. One cent per mile pays all operating costs. Thousands of men are using ‘it for quick, economical transpor- tation for work and sport. and carburetor air cleaner are only a few of the features of this great motorcycle. Stop today at your local Harley-Davidson dealer and ask for a demonstration and details of his Pay-As-You-Ride purchase plan. Send the coupon for our new catalog. Send it now. HaARLEY-DAvIDSON Motor Co. DEPT. P. S. MILWAUKEE, WIS. MARLEY-DAVIDSON Motorcycles Dept. P. Name HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR CO. . S., Milwaukee, Wisconsin Send me your catalog. I am interested in (1) Twin ( Single (] Dealer Proposition. Streee IR City... iseesaitiiahas ae ais ...5tate rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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118 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Read the Right Operating Speeds Work at machines may run too slow, or the machines may run too slow:— Veeder Coun- ters will tell. On the dial of a Veeder Pro- duction Counter, you can see (and keep up) the speed of the operator. On the dial of a Veeder Speed Counter, you can see and keep up the speed of machines. You'll read the right operating speeds—and the speeds you read will be right when te- corded by COUNTERS This small Rotary Ratchet Counter (No. 6) counts reciprocating movements of the lever, as required for recording the output or on- erations of small ma- chines. When the lever is moved through an angle of 40 to 60 degrees, the counter registe’s one. The f.:ther the lever is moved, the higher the number registered. A complete revolution of the lever registers ten. This counter can be adapted to no end of counting purposes. by regu- lating the throw of the lever. Price $2.00. Cut nearly full size.) Small Revolution unter, also $2.00. Speed Counter Here’s the handiest instrument for finding revolutions-per-minute of a shaft or flywheel. You hold the tip of the counter against end of revolving shaft; press lightly when the second hand of your watch comes to 0; release pressure when minute is up. A spring clutch controls the recording mechanism. UO 00 ¢ (Cut less than 1} size) The Veeder Speed Counter enables you to keep motors, engines, generators, line shafting and machines operating at efh- cient speeds. Price, with (as illustrated), $3.50. The Veeder booklet shows in- struments that “‘count every- thing on earth.” See them— by sending for the book. The Veeder Mfg. Co. 44 Sargeant St. Hartford, Conn. two rubber tips Exit—the Torch Burglar (Continued from page 31) which, though small, cooked a four-course din- ner thoroughly. The secret was revealed. She used only copper pans and kettles. Copper was a ductile metal, a great conductor, and it was because it absorbed all the heat from the smoldering log and diffused it to all parts of the pans that the peasant housewife got results. The metallurgist at once conceived the idea of using copper in bank vaults. Hitherto the use of manganese and chrome steel had pre- dominated, for it offered the strongest known resistance to the torch. But it concentrated the heat on one spot and that, he believed, explained why it was vulnerable. Copper would diffuse the heat. A month later, in a Pennsylvania laboratory, the metallurgist stood before a committee of doubting bankers and safe builders. Steel, they told him, was the nearest thing to an attack-proof metal. Copper was soft metal, they said; it melted easily and a torch would go through it like a hot fork through butter. " A right,”’ said the metallurgist, “if you men can stand the glare of a torch we'll see what happens with steel, iron and copper.” The bankers agreed to watch. A plate of steel one inch thick and a foot square was stood on end against a wall of fire brick. An oxy-acetylene torch under 120 pounds oxygen and twenty pounds acetylene pressure burned a hole through in two sec- onds! A plate of five-ply steel, one inch thick, was pierced in the same time. A plate of cast iron two inches thick was burned through in seventeen seconds, using a three-eighths-inch fluxing rod. “Now we'll use cast iron mixed with a small portion of copper,”’ the metallurgist an- nounced, and his assistants racked a two-inch plate against the fire wall. A fluxing rod was again used and a hole burned through in twenty-one seconds. Next the section of a circular vault door was rolled in. This section, sixteen inches thick, was made up of a 6-inch layer of steel, an eight- inch layer of cast iron and copper, and a two- inch layer of five-ply chrome steel. The size of the hose leading from tank to torch was increased to a half inch. In twenty-four seconds a one and one half inch hole was burned through. Twenty pounds of gas was consumed. “Now we'll try pure copper,” the metallur- gist announced. SEVEN-INCH-THICK plate of commer- cial copper stood upon the rack. The torch was applied. In less than a second its tip dissolved under the intense heat! Two seconds later another tip melted; then the supply of gas was exhausted and two new lengths of pipe were used to replace those which had burst. At the end of fifteen minutes, actual burning time, the torch was shut off. The flame had eaten in only seven eighths of an inch! “At the rate we have been burning” the metallurgist explained, “120 minutes would be required to penetrate the copper plate. This means 211 times the resistance of the cast iron-copper plate we tried before. When you prolong the torch operation two hours you have beaten the bank burglar.” One final test was made with a new secretly compounded vault copper specially treated for drill and torch resistance. Against this a torch burned for ten minutes, but had no effect on the plate. Since then 400 of the largest banks in the country have installed vaults made of the new copper shield. Burglars have attacked several of them but, in each instance, have abandoned their attempt. After all, the lowly copper, which most bank- ers detest, has proved one of the best friends he’s ever found. rIS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. Be a muscular marvel. Have the muscles of a superman. Become stron: for your health’s sake or to astoun your friends with extraordinary feats which only men of giant strength can do. In a few short weeks you will eas- ily, do stunts which now seem diffi --then real muscles and stren yours--and yours to keep. ercise to just keep in good shape y duce the strength of th: t resistance so as to be iid vs e bie solid muscles, then use the full strength. HOW IT IS MADE Made of new, live, springy rubber ao tive it long wearing and great YOUR GUARANTEE The Giant Chest Expander is sold with uarantee that you will say it is the finest you ever saw or your money back. for Strength exer- ciser has resist- ance of over 200 Ibs. HOW TO ORDER--SEND NO MONEY Sign your name and address to coupon low and get your Giant Exerciser at tj present low introductory price by ret mail. @ price is made low want everyone to enjoy Ss. 2 Se Se oe ee we ee ee Oe ee ee oe os rT SBQsressive EXERCISER CO., i Langdon Bidg., Broadway and Duane Street, New York. | Please send f } Your ” copie} Progressive Exerciser. ! Check the Exerciser you want. It will be sent by return mail, ! Pay postman introductory price, plus few cents postage on ar 1 rival. If you are not entirely satisfied with your exerciser you may return it within 6 days and get your money back. : 1 ! ! t 1 Name. Street. City. won State... 22... ccccncee If you live outside the United States send cash with order. t Nltieitiatatiakadiad All oh 2-211) EDWARDS Scoes L&ST LONGER LOOK BETTER AVE YO SMON EY Edwards Metal roofing, shingles, Spanish tile, sid- ready-made garages and farm buildings, are rust. proof, fire - proof, " lightning - proof. Last i three times as long as or- dinary kind. Quality in ev- ery detail. Styles and types for every purpose. Easy and economical to apply. Lifetime satisfaction. f We are the world’s largest manulacturers of sheet metal building materials. We control every op- eration from the raw metal to the finished product. You can buy from us at manufacturer’s prices and sa all intermediate profits. FREE Jyev‘and prices ‘ask for Booting SAMPLE ik No. 49Sor for Garage Book. Books and The FDWARDS MFG. CO. Estimates 248-298 Butler St., Cincinnati, 0. Ti \\ LL TL bh 7] SW LIT TL LL LT CLINT TILL ATS ‘ ey, — vee ea Yi Trac- Cutter Bar M Attachments. Write for Free SHAW MFG. CO. 5701 Center St. Galesburg, K Make More Money Read the Money Making Opportunities om Pages 136 to 166 of this issue. It conc world-famo riment 1924, has | success in } ictures fr ves ther an idea, ar movemen W, | consin, h apparatu: lutely mo object, ac ments wi ‘object or It is p periences cases anc ers, are w The la have be try. Thr In the n Dr. Coo _—___

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ae jeiiié

February, 1928

a relepathy All Bunk? (Continued from page 83) the experiences of eminent persons are flaws that cast doubt on the evidence. And, as Dr. Estabrooks says, “People don’t always misrepresent the facts consciously, but they fail to perceive the details accurately and thereafter they unconsciously exaggerate a little point here, and another there, until the final story goes off at a tangent quite distant from the actual facts. So science dismisses the ponderous mass of a cases of telepathy with a shrug and an, “Interesting if true.” — As for the demonstrations of professional readers, these are almost universally admitted to be fraudulent. The majority of ‘the professionals do not even claim their results are more than clever trickery. TAR. RICHET and Warcollier mention that LJ Thomas A. Edison was led to believe in that Reese’s method was mere sleight and if men of the standing of Richet and War- eollier nevertheless offer his alleged conversion as evidence—we can see why the psychologist discredits both the exploits of professional mind readers and the testimony of eminent men. Dr. Coover says that if telepathy can ever be proved, it must be in the psychologist’s laboratory, where all conditions can be con- trolled and minute observation can be applied and properly recorded at the time. Before we come to the laboratory experi- ments, however, one famous case of drawing room telepathy remains. It concerns Professor Gilbert Murray, world-famous scholar of Oxford, who in 236 experiments between April, 1916, and April, 1924, has had thirty-six percent of complete success in either guessing or receiving mental ictures from a group of friends. Murray fees the room, those who remain decide upon an idea, and when the professor returns they concentrate mentally upon it and he attempts to “read” it. Often the thought is a scene from literature or history. Iasked Dr. Estabrooks how the psycholo- Pine Professor Murray’s extraordinary ts. the possibility of some sort of hyper- aesthesia,” said Dr. Estabrooks. ‘Remember that he is one of the best read men in the world. And in his unconscious mind there is probably ten times as great a store of literary and historical knowledge as in his conscious mind. So it is quite possible that faint but ectly normal cues from other members of his.group may stir up the appropriate picture in his own mind.” Modern psychology teaches that there can be no thoughts without muscular movements that tend to form words. The possibility that essor Murray detects and interprets such movements is important. Professor Joseph Jastrow, psychologist of the University of Wis- consin, has shown by records with delicate apparatus that a man thinking himself abso- lutely motionless while concentrating upon an object, actually makes constant minute move- ‘ments with his hand that point toward the object or outline roughly its shape. It is plain, then, why alleged personal ex- periences of telepathy, together with compiled cases and the work of professional mind read- ets, are unacceptable to science. The laboratory tests alone remain. There have been four notable ones in this coun- try. Three have shown only negative results. n the most comprehensive of all, those by

Dr. Coover at Leland (Continued on page 120)

jnind reading, some ten years ago, by the | exploits of a professional mind reader, Burt | Now Dr. Walter Franklin Prince, a | prilliant and relentless investigator, has re- | ofhand. If Thomas A. Edison was deceived— | .|“DROFESSOR MURRAY himself suspects |

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 119

“Get the message through” An Advertisement of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company LTHOMt g In THE Sixties the “pony express” over mountains and Indian wildernesses from St. Joseph, Missouri, to San Francisco. The express riders and station keepers won undying fame for getting the message through, regardless of hardship or danger. Today, in the city of Denver, there is rising on the site of one of the old pony express corrals another splendid structure dedi- cated to the service of modern message-bearing—the new headquarters building of one of the companies of the Bell Sys- tem. In fact and in spirit, the i B) carried the mail ® ae 8) Bell System is the lineal descendant of the pony express. It is this spirit of responsibility that causes operators to risk their lives by remaining at their switchboards in the face of fire, flood or other great danger. The same spirit calls linemen or re- pairmen to go out, even at the risk of their lives, to repair the lines in timeof accidentorstorm. There are no instructions re- quiring Bell System employees to endanger their lives. It is the spirit of communication that bids them, “Get the message through.”

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Campbell’s Infra-Red Ray alt i e Relieve Congestion pene iiomiion POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY RELIEVE PAIN WITH PENETRATING with Infra-Red Rays Have you heard of Infra-Red Ray treatments for relieving coldsin head or.chest, neuralgia, neu- ritis,croup,rheumatismandotherailments such as catarrhal deafness, head noises, etc.? If you but knew how Infra-Red Raysrelievethese ail- ments you would never be without this won- derfultherapeutic discovery. Users everywhere ery in three weeks. Case 2. John D. Age 51. Cervi- cal adenitis of five months standing. 15 minute applications of the Infra-Red Ray Lamp, twice daily for three weeks, complete recovery. C.K.Morris, Chicago, got rid ofa bad cold just overnight. Frank L. Wood, Petersburg, Mich., says, it has relieved him of lumbago, catarrh February, I are telling of wonderful results had with Camp- bell’s Infra-Red Ray Lamp. A Harold Mayer, M. D., Alliance, Ohio (Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Specialist) ,reportson two outstanding cases. 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If not _ satisfied after 10-day trial Fe et your money +, THOUSANDS OF a mtg le is is lowest riced practical calculator made. more for inferior fnitations?™ Order from this od. — seecsessesseees Mail Coupon Today suscceeceseese BABY CALCULATOR SALES COMPANY Write for Free Blueprints Dept. 61, P. O. Box 1118, CHICAGO, ILL., U.S. A. of the Victoreen Universal and the { ] Iam enclosing $2.50—send adding machine prepaid. New Victoreen A. C. Circuit © {] Send adding machine C. O. D. $2.50 plus postage. Kb eee6 1060044055 8nehhs ocebehaveeREcaoade lf, { 4s @)? oro ww . 7 + Adar Ear ee er ne ae e e GEORGE W- WALKER © 282% CHESTER, AVENUE CC ever ane cu ° > See eee ee State ........eeeee Write for big ission and lusive territory proposition. AGENT .to be some unknown human faculty under. —__3 Is Telepathy All Bunk? (Continued from page 119) Stanford, two hundred students were through ten thousand tests in which the perimenter drew a card and sometimes lols at it and attempted to transmit the idea of j to the subject. Out of 5135 cases in which experimenter actually looked at the card endeavored to transmit its name there were 13s complete successes. The successes were so close to the number of correct guesses to be expected from the theory of probability (128) that Dr. Coover decided nothing but chance had operated. F more, in 4865 cases the experimenter did not look at the card and made no effort to transmit it. The results of.this series of tests con the results of the other. And finally, in g Series of a thousand tests with ten students who seemed to have special psychic powers, there was no better showing for telepathy than th larger group of students had achieved. Dr. Coover's negative results were parallele| by Dr. L. T. Troland, at Harvard, who aly used playing cards with no greater success, Then Dr. Murphy took up the subject and he says: “The great bulk of my work has yielded results closely comparable to those of Dz Coover; that is, the vast majority of successes offer no difficulties of explanation in terms of coincidence.” The fourth set of laboratory experiments was carried out by Dr. Estabrooks, who succeeded Dr. Murphy in the Psychical Research Felloy. ship at Harvard. He picked his subjects a random from among friends and students. He directed them to sit at a table in one room, and name a card every time an automatic time sig nal clicked. In another room, separated from the first by a closed double door, he cut cards and visualized one intently at each time signal, IGHTY-THREE subjects named the color correctly 938 times; if their guesses were determined by chance alone they should have named it correctly only 830 times. They named the suit correctly 473 times, chance of correct guess being 415 times. Carefully analyzing his results in several different ways Dr. Estabrooks concluded that the figures simply could not be explained merely by coincidence. And that there seemed lying the correct namings was implied by one odd circumstance. The students, in naming the first ten cards “‘transmitted,” were un- formly more successful than the second ten. | If they named only.by chance, there should have been no element of fatigue. If there was some human power involved, fatigue would be explained. Furthermore, in one series of tests, a moment of rest was allowed between the naming of the first and second tens. The second ten were named more successfully than in other series which were run off without a rest period. But even in Dr. Estabrooks’ experiments there are circumstances that leave room for doubt. For instance, the twenty-eight subjects tested in his first series of experiments were tested a second time, with the “sender” now in.a room sixty feet distant. There were four closed doors between him and the “recip ients.”” The results were wholly negative. Success was slightly below the likelihood of chance, both in naming color and suit. _ If you interpret these experiments as proving that telepathy exists but that the transmitting power is so weak as to fail when the distances increased a few feet and four instead of two doors are interposed, then you will find it hard to explain the apparent success of telepathy im experiments by Dr. Murphy and Warcollier when the distance was anywhere from two t0 thirty-six hundred miles. , And there is on record a brief set of expert ments by Professor (Continued on page 181) ee © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. February, 1928 —a Is 1 ( elaborate ex University ’ ment in So the ra that telepa ments have work has bi of other At unpreparec from them “ If we hypothesis. js still on against it.’ Natior of its eche 14,000 sou full speed. Accordit the U.S. C representa survey is | of earthq fourths of Their part seems to b The pl seismogra| quakes a already e3 determine ‘ locate the causes it. The pr

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rms of nts was ceeded Fellow. ts. He m, and me sj rT t cards ignal, e color S were d have named orrect several d that lained ander- Y one aming e Uni d ten. should re Was would ment of the were series ments m for jects were ’ now >» four recip- ative. ihood ving itting nce is two hard hy in ollier vo to peri- 191) February, 1928 SS ee Is Telepathy Bunk? (Continued from: page 120) g. J. F. Brugmans, of Groningen Univer- t ‘Holland, in which the successes out- ae spered the failures considerably more than ‘ ce would seem to account for. Nevertheless, the negative results in three daborate experiments seem to counterbalance the unexplained phenomena of the other two. , as Professor W. B. Pillsbury, director of the Psychological Laboratory at the Univer- sity of Michigan, puts it, even the laboratory experiments offer little hope of reaching a definite conclusion on telepathy. ECENTLY radio has been used in an effort R to test mass telepathy. Sir Oliver Lodge such an experiment. in London, an- nouncing by radio the moment at which several ns in a locked room were concentrating n certain undescribed objects. Out of the 95,000 listeners who next day sent in guesses gs to these objects, so few were correct that only one conclusion could be drawn: __ Neither telepathy nor the theory of probability gov- emed the results. Professor Robert H. Gault, of Northwestern University, conducting a similar radio experi- ment in Chicago, reports negative findings. So the radio experiments have failed to prove that telepathy exists. The laboratory experi- ments have failed; even Dr. Estabrooks, whose work has brought results at variance with those of other American experimenters, is today still unprepared to draw any positive conclusions from them. As Jastrow says: “If we consider telepathy as a scientific hypothesis, the best we can say is that it js still on trial, with the odds enormously against it.” Nations Join to Sound Seas (Continued from page 19) of its echo. The device can make more than 14,000 soundings an hour while the ship is at full speed. According to Commander N. H. Heck of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, American representative at the Prague meeting, the great survey is likely to reveal important knowledge of earthquakes and their causes; for three fourths of all the quakes originate in the sea. Their particularly active birthplace of tremors seems to be in the Pacific Ocean. The plans include establishment of new seismograph stations for the study of earth- quakes and the improvement of stations already existing. Then experts will be able to determine just where a tremor occurs, and to locate the slipping of rock formations which causes it. The program will include studies of varia- tions in the force of gravity. Objects weigh slightly more at some places on the earth's surface than at others. These differences are deemed important as indicating variations in the density of rocks. Until recently it was virtually impossible to measure gravity variations on shipboard, because of the rocking of the ship. Tz difficulty was solved by a young Dutch explorer, Dr. Vening Meinesz, by carrying the instruments undersea in a sub- marine. Not long ago he completed a sub- marine voyage around the world, making pre- cise observations. His studies revealed that, while the force of gravity at sea averages about same as on land, it is somewhat lower over deeps; also that the rock formations far beneath the sea are unusually*dense. These facts may have a direct bearing on the condi- tions of the earth's crust that resulted in formation of the canyons. ore many years have passed new knowl- tdge of earthquakes may have robbed them of terror. 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122 | WEEKS AGO heclipped the coupon Other fellows had left him in the social background. Girls avoided him. He was missing all the modern fun. Then one day he read an advertisement. It held a promise of popularity if he would learn to play a True Tone Saxophone He thought himself musically dumb. Still, the ad said it was easy. He mailed the coupon, and later sent for a Saxophone for six days trial. Before the end of the week he was playing easy tunes. That was six weeks ago, and today he’s ‘“‘popularity’’ itself. He is always welcome, everywhere. You can do it too! If you try If you can whistle a tune you can master an easy fingering Buescher Sax- ophone. 3 lessons given on request, with each new Saxophone, teach scales in an hour and within a week you can be playing popular tunes. 204A Six Days Trial - Easy Terms Try any Buescher Instrument in your own home for six days. See what you can do. Satisfaction guaranteed or no sale. If you like the instrument pay a little each month. 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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Found—Whole New World Under Our Feet (Continued from page 27) e leaf, every cornstalk, every dead rat, every particle of organic matter from which life has departed has been temporarily ‘withdrawn from circulation.’ If it were not restored to circulation, the whole volume of material available for new life would be lessened. After a while we would have only an earth piled high with carcasses and dead plants.” It is almost terrifying to think of the work of the soil population that is going on all the time! I asked Dr. Lipman if it could be stopped. “Man can stop it for a while in a limited place. When food is canned, for example, the microdrganisms are killed by heating, and the sealed-up contents will keep indefinitely. But open the can and a new set of the microscopic workers gets at it from the air or from water or from the earth. “We can also use extremely low tempera- tures—freezing or cold storage. We can use poisons—as with embalming, or preserving in alcohol, or pickling. We can use disinfectants, like carbolic acid or formaldehyde. ” Yi UMMIES have resisted decay for thousands of years; embalming killed off the microédrganisms. The Egyptians were aided by the fact that the air of the Nile Valley is very dry. “Science is not alone in checking, at least temporarily, the work of the invisible empire. Since the microscopic workers require moisture, Nature dries out the things she needs to proteet against the processes of decay—the plant seeds that have to be kept from season to season.” In the world of the soil are both plants and animals. There are different races and nations and tribes. Some clans are bitterly at war, some are friendly. I asked Dr. Lipman to tell me something about them. “The biggest class,” said Dr. Lipman,, “‘is made up of bacteria. Some can move about, and others can't. Some partake of the habits of animal life, some plant, some both.” For their size, some of them can travel al- most as fast as speeding automobiles! Some use feelerlike legs. Others move by doubling up and undoubling. “The plant life,’ Dr. Lipman went on, “‘is composed chiefly of algae and fungi—tiny forms resembling slightly some of the larger plants we know. **Protozoa can be classified as animals. They are largest and least numerous of all. Mostly they are roughly globe-shaped, or like tiny eggs dented on one side. When they want to eat anything they fold themselves around it, like little living stomachs—which is about what they are.” : ge te seagar unicellular organisms are the villains of the soil cities, eating millions and millions of bacteria, algae and fungi. Imagine a big brute of a protozoan surround- ing and eating one of the little bacteria, as an octopus might seize and crush and eat a kitten! In an average soil population of, say, fifty million, in a cubic inch of earth, six or seven million may be algae and fungi and allied forms and a far smaller number protozoa. The bal- ance of forty-odd million are usually bacteria. Different soil population races have some- what different functions. The duties of some of the bacteria are known; the exact functions of others are still unguessed. “One of the earliest species to be classified,” Dr. Lipman said, “was the nitrogen-fixing bacillus that lives in the roots of alfalfa. Whether it breathes out nitrogen while still alive, or gives off nitrogen when it is dead, has not been determined, but some way or other it stores up nitrogen in the soil. Alfalfa, like other members of the pea-and-bean family, requires lots of nitrogen. 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Ne wike Unit Back i ‘century, t 40,000,000 science is cause, unt bubonic | change in Today 1 Indiana a1 of the Mic the soil, th lack is a c bacteria a “ An in Lipman cx working 0 junction ‘ station at light on t ially : time fact that f soil popul: that the t the reseat went to R men cam found tha heating, | but many enemies t soil cools, once mot until thei fore the p fertility been exp! This o} the prod: change t

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et sncasietes | FF: | i eel Er be leo § Fs —_————— found—Whole New World - Under Our Feet (Continued from page 122) at it finds already in the soil, im- : cote it greatly. But when the particular ‘Jlus is present in great numbers, nitrogen is wn from the air by the plant and furnished food to the bacillus in its roots. The plants 4 w larger, richer, and more luxuriantly. the soil, instead of being impoverished, is ly enriched even though the alfalfa is eut and taken away, and only the roots are allowed to remain. — “When you realize that there may be as as two tons of nitrogen in an acre of fertile soil, while infertile soils may have less than a quarter of a ton, the value of this nitro- ‘gen-fixing bacillus becomes evident. We have already imported more than two million tons of nitrogen from Chili alone, to be used in come mercial fertilizer. Germany has developed a factory for nitrogen manufacture capable of turning out a product worth $100,000,000. But through the aid of science we now know how to enlist the underground population in the manu- facture of nitrogen for us, and can do it almost without expense!” Already agriculture experiment stations are selling, for fifty cents or less apiece, thousands of bottles of legume-bacteria culture for the jnnoculation of alfalfa seed. ‘Last year the micultural College of the University of nsin sold more than 50,000 bottles. No one can say where the investigations into this new science will lead. Obviously, if our present civilization and accumulation of scientific knowledge continue, it may change the history of nations. “ ABOUT the middle of the last century,” Dr. Lipman said, “the soil population of Ireland—for some reason we do not know— began to die off or change rapidly. As a result the potato crop failed. With successive years of failure the great Irish emigration to America began. Not only Ireland, but the racial history of the United States was changed.” Back in the middle of the fourteenth century, the Black Plague killed more than 40,000,000 people in Europe alone. Soil science is now revealing that the underlying cause, underlying even the presence of the bubonic bacillus in the black rats, was a change in the underground population! Today the prevalence of goiter in southern Indiana and Illinois and certain other regions of the Middle West is due to lack of iodine in the soil, the scientists say. But the cause of the lack is a change in the balance of power of the bacteria and protozoa and fungi! “An interesting recent experiment,” Dr. Lipman concluded, “‘is one that we have been working on here at New Brunswick, in con- junction with the great English experiment station at Rothamsted, England. It throws light on the subject of the great fertility of coped sterilized soils—a matter that for a ng time seemed to contradict squarely the fact that fertility and increased numbers of the soil population go hand in hand. To make sure that the two stations codperated efficiently in research, a representative of our station went to Rothamsted,and one of the Rothamsted men came to watch our investigations. We found that partial sterilization of soil, through heating, kills off most of the microérganisms— but many bacteria are more hardy than their enemies the protozoa. Consequently, after the soil cools, and conditions for increase are right once more, the bacteria multiply unchecked until their numbers are even greater than be- fore the partial sterilization. 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124 To makea hap ap Lay it with SMOOTH-ON NO.7 y SR tis A DIRTY garage floor is as bad an eyesore as a dirty car. Ordinary concrete is porous. Oil sinks in and makes ugly spots, and appearance is also marred by the dust that grinds loose at dry places. By mixing Smooth-On No. 7 into the top layer when laying the floor, you get a perma- nently smooth, dense, iron-hard, non-abrading, impervious surface that sheds water, absorbs no oil, is easy to keep spotless and stays spick and span. Adding the Smooth-On No. 7 to the concrete involves no special effort—merely spreading over while the top surface is soft, rubbing in with a float and finishing in the ordinary way with a steel trowel. The extra cost for the Smooth-On for a single-car garage is about $9.50 and anyone familiar with the working of concrete can do a perfect job. FOR WATERPROOFING SE Smooth-On No. 7 also for waterproofing old damp and leaky cellar walls and floors, boiler pits, stopping leakage from ponds, cisterns, troughs, etc. Can be applied easily like a paint and when so used is the only practical waterproofing material that can be applied from the in- side and to wet or dry sur- face. On old concrete, and Write for masonry surfaces, about 25 FREE BOOK ibs. of Smooth-On No. 7 are required for each 100 sq. ft. of surface covered, and no experience is necessary. Get Smooth-On No. 7 in 5-lb. tin or 25, 50 or roo-lb. keg. If your dealer will not supply you, write to us direct. SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send literature on Smooth-On No. 7. eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee eee ee eee eee eee Ce CeCe eee ee ee eee ee ee eee eee Return this coupon for a FREE copy of Booklet POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ford Gambles for Huge Stake (Continued from page 47) for a single tire, and that each of America’s 25,000,000 motor cars uses four tires and prob- ably a spare, you can understand why rubber has become a treasure worth gambling for. Aside from the new plantation projects, the most promising possibilities for increasing the American supply lie in the growing of rubber- yielding shrubs and weeds and in the chemical production of synthetic rubber. The U. S. Department of Agriculture has succeeded in growing Para rubber seedlings in experimental gardens near Miami, and has cultivated more than a score of rubber-yielding plants. Certain of these natives of desert regions have been tested in California and in arid valleys of the West. One in particular, the Mexican guayule shrub, now is producing rub- ber in commercial quantities in California. One of the common milkweeds growing pro- fusely in southern Arizona and the desert regions of southern California is being studied especially, since it thrives in waste lands and yields large quantities of latex. HE problem of successful rubber produc- tion in the United States, however, in- volves far more than growing such plants in large quantities. Machines and methods must be found for harvesting and extracting the rubber economically enough to compete with the extremely low labor costs of the tropical rubber plantations. The same problem bars the way to commer- cial production of synthetic rubber. For years the chemistry of rubber has been understood. Fifteen years ago a British chemist, Prof. W. G. Perkin, produced rubber from potato starch, while a German, Dr. Carl Duisberg, exhibited synthetic automobile tires. More recently Dr. Fritz Hoffmann, German chemist and director of the Upper Silesian Coal Research Institute, in Freiberg, made synthetic rubber from coal tar. And Prof. James F. Norris of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology and Earl P. Stevenson of the Arthur D. Little Laboratories at Cambridge, Mass., have shown that syn- thetic rubber can be obtained in great quan- tities from waste products of oil refineries. O DOUBT remains that artificial rubber is possible. In every instance, however, the cost of producing it has been too great for commercial success. Scores of research men in the United States and elsewhere are seeking the solution. At any moment they may find the answer. A few weeks ago Dr. A. von Weinberg, a di- rector of Germany’s great chemical trust, said synthetic rubber soon would be produced from coal commercially and sqld in competition with natural crude rubber. The new product, he said, comes from the discovery of a catalyst, or chemical accelerator, which simplifies the process of uniting the chemical constituents of rubber found in coal tar. He declared the product equal in quality to natural rubber and cheaper to produce. Reports indicate it is an outgrowth of Dr. Hoffmann’s discovery, which was impracticable becausé of high costs. Still another source of supply, which is growing in importance, is found in reclaimed rubber. Last year one third of all the rubber consumed—200,000 tons in round numbers— came from the salvage of worn-out tires and other rubber goods. Thanks to improved proc- esses and machinery, experts assure us that old rubber now can be made into good tires. With experts of chemistry, engineering, agriculture and other fields of science joining in the search, it seems hardly likely that the feared rubber famine in the United States will materialize. Indeed, it is entirely possible that within the next few years we shall possess greater quantities of rubber and rubber goods at lower cost than ever before. + | February, iyy Save YourEyes / Dr. C. W. Trail says: — ‘When I | am not using the Farrington, my wife \ ts using it; when my wife is not using \¥ it, our 8-year old daughter is using it, Every home should have at least one.” Insures esac a Correct Posture a sa / % f At last—a Long Felt Human Want is F: great necessity—Dr. Farrington’s pore Reading Table ‘i Conserves the Life of Youd Eyes Here is the helper you have always needed. It sayy your eyes—conserves your energy— insures posture—preventseyestrain—permits concen a with pee relaxation and absolute comfort. The deme FARR : tego eens mage magazines, read. be able to la ing matter, typewriter, writing mater: 7 ee the right angle to se lo coral bw he motor failure regardless of position. It will help everyone wig reads, writes, draws, etc. MBODY IDEAL FOR CHILDREN ie fir Don’t let your child hump! It’s dangerous! : of vert Eyestrain, dis organs, curved spine and retardation of normal development results, a true The Farrington compels correct posture. f orward mot Students Delight In Its Use with no prel Prof.E.L. Eaton, Universi- ES saisien aoe amet od ee easily in r4 her maiden wait mows have a net f90 nee reading while? a Q,, at thirt With the Farr ington every gended, jus one can increase their ca- flight of: ne: pacity for mental effort. ‘et was wi Sit right—read right—feel right } | suchine, ex Think what this means! Comfort, enjoyment, great the very ou er mental and physical energies. Greater facility for th the mechanics of reading and writing. Genuine re More . laxation. The Farrington allows you to assumea the invento comfortable position when reading, writing, ete, odd craft h —— to SS Awd bo sed wil | than thirty than five m Four pri wer, mac ing by bei of al D ter | sequently 1 air current Mr ce propeller 2 oe . - automatice = Ww . . Ideal Gift it will give many years airplanelik ful service. Beautifull finished. Lig portable, flattened o {ieee than $8 ozs. sturd i epnatwncted, and i piece of forniture ed tii ¥l position. ‘ippit Styles eae Prepaid & mee i | thus tippit 1. Natural Finish_______- $6.50 =} ‘qusing it 2. Walnut Finish___.___. 7.50 > motor fail 3. Mahogany Finish ____- 7.50 propellers 5. Genuine Walnut ______ 9.50 gy . ? 6. Genuine Mahogany .._. 9-50 nes N t . Boeeial detachable legs for. ae gently stra ng, W n; in; Obes be rites ogee mith its re Order Now on S Da 3’ Trial Jost tell ue the piste ‘on’’ will be ray = aa 4 ver: rymbere EFOR -8.A. Use 9g "re not delighted, we Iti t will refund — ran cage. our check or ine aititu Struct us to ship C.O.D. STATE STYLE DESIRED. itruct 0 | The oe x Company W. Elm St. Dept. PSI Chi re) Illino tS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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i y 8228825 my IR aig fe s Sai SD. ee rrelabllenhis a SD a ee pebruat’> 1928 ——— Why Don’t We Fly Straight Up? (Continued from page 44) auperstructure and football-shaped shock- absorbers beneath. This machine flew to a ’ of 150 feet with pilot and passenger in 2 jous perch while a ground crew kept nced by tugging on attached ropes. At “s overturned, seriously injuring pilot and ienger; but it had demonstrated that given ity, a helicopter could climb to any height. tempt was made to make this “captive Santer” capable of controlled free flight. jaile Berliner, American experimenter, ht to combine airplane and helicopter in a A that could glide to a landing if anything wrong. He spent a small fortune in the , e of his later machines made a Fort flight, showing that it could be steered. This type of craft could make a safe landing ysan airplane only when it was high enough to pick up the forward speed that sustains an air- in flight. Meanwhile the Spanish engi- neer La Cierva designed an airplane known as the “autogiro,” with a huge motorless four- bladed windmill, free to revolve, above its fuselage. It could land at greatly reduced due to the added support of the whirling =. demonstrating that a helicopter might he able to land safely without wings in case of motor failure if its propellers were large enough. MBODYING this idea in what appears ‘the first automatically self-balancing type of vertical flying craft, Dr. de Bothezat built.a true helicopter capable of steering and forward motion for the U. S. Army Air Service, with no preliminary models. When Col. T. H. Bane, Army Air Corps, “gave her the gun”’ for ber maiden free flight, the craft shot ten feet into the air and started across McCook Field, 0, at thirty to forty miles an hour. It de- sended, just as a fence loomed ahead, after a fight of nearly two minutes. This successful test was unique in that the inventor's first machine, existing before only on paper, flew at the very outset. More than a hundred flights followed, and the inventor and his pilot learned to make the odd craft hover motionless above the ground. It once carried three passengers besides the pilot; another flight took it to a height of more ‘| than thirty feet, and it stayed in the air more than five minutes at a time. Four propellers, designed for high lifting power, made the 3600-pound craft self-balanc- ing by being tilted toward the center at an of about five degrees. As soon as the helicopter swung from an even keel and con- sequently moved in the direction of the sway, uir currents striking the under side of the near propeller and the upper side of the far one automatically righted it. To steer the craft an airplanelike “‘joy stick’’ in the pilot’s hands flattened out the propeller blades on one side and increased the pitch of those on the other, thus tipping the whole machine in the air and fusing it to “drift’’ horizontally. In case of motor failure, the 900-square-foot area of the propellers compared favorably with that of an airplane's wings; the machine could settle gently straight down, according to the inventor, with its released screws whirling. ; BEFORE attempting a free flight to a great # altitude, Dr. de Bothezat hoped to con- struct a helicopter along the same lines with crtain improvements for added endurance. But the Government was unwilling to under- take the additional expense, and all experi- ments were abandoned—temporarily at least. _ This relatively simple matter of endurance, Dr. de Bothezat maintains, is the principal Rmaining problem of helicopter design. It thould be possible to simplify the design of a I-flying machine and to construct it of materials, in a way that would assure its Success. ee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Change one Rectigon lead - Jor either trickle or high-rate charging LS gegrcengpenn 4 er that trickle charges, too! Rectigon has two charging rates. Under ordinary condi- tions, the low rate, “trickled in” during the hours that the radio is idle, will keep your “A” battery strong and effi- cient. Then, for occa- sions when prolonged use of the set drains more power than a trickle charger can replace, Recti- gon’s high-rate charge will put your battery on its feet. Another change of terminals and you charge your wet “B”. “pee $14.20 SAmpere Rectigon 125 12400 125 Also charges your automobile battery. All with one charger— Rectigon. Remember—Rectigon is a Westinghouse prod- uct. It’s safe. Has no moving parts to break or wear out — uses no acids or chemicals. Does no harm if you accidentally tune in or if the power company shuts off the current while you’re charg- ing. Rectigon is an economical charging outfit—to save you from continual charging station ex- pense. At your dealer’s. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING CO., E. PITTSBURGH, PA. Offices in All Principal Cities ’ Representatives Everywhere Tune in with KDKA—KYW—WBZ—WBZA Westinghouse Rectigon Battery Charger Rectox—for trickle charging only. Connect it permanently to your wet “A” battery. Every time you turn off the set, let Rectox put in new power for the next program. Trouble free—uses no acids or chemi- cals, has no moving parts. Adjustable to 14 and %-am- pere rates. © Besides Rectigon and Rec- tox for better battery charg- ing, Westinghouse also makes Micarta panels and tubing for better insulation, and radio testing instruments for better reception. Getting Ahead? Read the advertisements on Pages 136 to 166 this issue if you want to get ahead! STUDY AT HOME Become a lawyer. Legally trai: men win high positions "and suceess in business and public life. Be independent. Greater R = ties now than ever before. Big corpo- rations are by men with legal training. Earn 5,000 to $10,000 Annually train at home gar. $ ste by step. You can of LL.B. conf. We guide students found . i We Seraieh oft tons Guide™ and = LaSalle Extension University, The World’s Largest Business RADIO Pros batonn 0) nmior "Dealers Agents Set Builders “Build your own with ‘RASCO’ Parts” a Radio Specialty Co., 96-P Park Place, New York. N.Y. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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126 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Col. J. G. Vincent How to Select Vice-President Your Lumber in Charge of Engineering (Continued from page 65) “Its place as framing lumber has been ably CKARD taken by Douglas fir the last few years. This PA is a. tall native of the Pacific coast. The lumber is reddish brown, with few knots, easy to work Motor Cc ar Co _and extra durable because it is mostly all e heartwood. It has fine grain and uniform texture and is especially suited for studs, Sa S$: joists and rafters as well as porch ceilings, ¥ © while it is often used for porch floors and rail- ings. It is perhaps the best compromise or all- a = resist Of ~p Starts Your Cay} | 427° rts % around lumber for inside and outside. redwo My Nokol has operated per course no compromise is equal to a specialty peed fa fectly through four years of for a given purpose, and we have better woods | J NUS TAN T LY jon wha : for entirely exposed positions. eter A PRD ; *htive of service and we have never For example?” inquired the young man. ein a d do it in a — secon = ‘aoe Mt ep mm and I guess ° e : . marvelous new device which put : ion 0} ‘ been without heat during this * (YYPRESS, which has no peers in resistance | cylinders. Not a gas, not a special liquid. "W, > ae si * . from the Dash. Just a touch gets resu] orks man . I inetalled to decay except maybe white pine, red- : : ts. Jain on the time. A year ago | inst wood and red cedar. The tree grows Ns —_ This Amazing Invention years on tl : ern swamps and thereby seems to learn the open simple. but utilizes a well known selentifie prineip whose one of your new silent burn- secret of endurance. Water pipes of bored gy oe — cold weather start ae has 1 ers and after carefully trying | ‘yPress logs have lasted in the South almost a | gugine ind can be installed in Agents’ Offer | | and takes 1 century; cypress shingles in the North, about | is so small that anybody can — Any go-getter why for protecti it out, I wish to advise that I twice as long. The wood is soft, reddish and | *ord it. mite money, who sawed trim is we r . 7 4 has a pleasant smell. It does not warp and.| Winter Driving _ de independent a" grain and consider it a perfect piece of requires paint or stain for appearance rather It's now a pleasure to drive Mere Job and who ta hogany. h f 3 : ded f. in cold weather. Let your ear S019 00d {nin” mahoga . I ill al f 1 than or protection. It is recommen or stand wherever you want to. our epedial san mechanism. I wi ways ree everything outside a house, and many pentine te pow gag pF ny agents, Send on “7 HAVE * +s like it for interior trim. Since moisture an away you go. Or a turn of the {Ormation now about Georg — s ° ° ig discounts . ie safe in we my ae not tank we wood, it is desirable in Use your, car in cold. weather special Droposition be _. riends to equip their homes ae with this marvelous device, 18 all takenup,.” |_| Mr. Morto ] ked, “If ¢ has all thos ; with Nokol.” e. -. Be sap reee | we look further? Why nor Satisfaction GU AR AN —[ build our entire house of cypress?” - — ; pes wn as ’ . ° “Because it would cost more,” replied Mr. nret, we suarantes every Impelorater to ay sort is call Don t go on putting up with Morton, “and because a proper combination Weather starting easy” and we back or guaran wa the attract . of woods makes a better house than any single | Gay, five days, ten days if cto. ie - is a reddis the dirt and drudgery of old- wood. Cypress is not perfect against hard kind of waster, and then if anon are not more than wi hue in the : H f wear, as in @ floor. In trim it tends to be | to you without question or argument. You can't los This is fav fashioned heat 6 methods for splintery, being usually sawed flat grain. We | 24 you can have all the summer advantages of driving | | work and i ° b he cold ‘ \ another season. . Now is the may use it for an open porch floor because | ‘"° °°" re aN. - a filler coa : 5 weather protection is most important there. ellis en . °o — may be us time to modernize your home Oak - mee 7 on ~ = — soon which tell you h ow ya ut ee iin te full "ene te is hee . . ° warp, then decay. It wou wasteful to use ow price. Remember its cost 1s so little sapwooc with Nokol oil heat. An in- — as —s oy eg where com- handsome in destan ind an ornament to the Dash. the tree. | - ‘ ‘ ) esitate, but write right now. ed as 2 stallation can be made with mon cheap lumber would serve. However, you sa . ; might —_ ee eee The Impelerator Corporation, Dept.3% | |, “12m 2 practically no interruption of eee 25 East Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ill Sag P . , PI d without heating service. Call on your obligation, of your marvelous invention, he impaetae, ) | oor,” lax “T AM a little mixed on the quarter sawed | °n4 tell me how I can get one for my car. choice bet local dealer and see the new A versus flat grain question,” said George. om £0, Sateneted in the Agents bie a great diffe Sil Nokol i ° mail In general, quarter sawing is superior for light tone lient INOKO! 1n action; or looks, wear and nonwarping,” said Mr. Mor- PEPE TOUT PORE EEE IC CETTE TIT cost for r : * ton. “It is most essential in common pine | Address....................ecceceeeceeseeeeensnenne three nom the coupon for instructive flooring, less in hardwood and cypress. The | City......ooeeeeeeessiiineeoen State...cccssessnn | | thee eigh' boo. ; ails latter is not inclined to warp anyway. rd- actual thi Klet on oil heat and det wood is supposed to be protected from damp- E thin as thi of our attractive budget plan. ness, and its tough fibers do not readily yield h an old dou splinters even in flat grain.. In quarter sawing cua» eanoenan teete te less. It ni the log is first quartered lengthwise into four D Messine— 50 pager ching ris. pinares material i pieces, after which boards are sliced from each the WINNIT CLUB — badge button, big outfit, heavier gr catalog and brand-new plan for making ™ © section. You can see why the product is some- coop money end oval pro, ALL ERES! warping. ; N E WW 1 e nN times called edge grain or vertical grain. Rift Sint ecsinasbabbiinat-cneets bit’ more sawed is another ong i — —— WINNIT CLUB 940pen Road for Boys coming. shows fine lines along its length, each line ua eta risicia ment of Ic oom SOAe being a ry ring. In ov ~- = log is bern squared and sliced into s. The surface a. ] “Maple © © lines are irregular and broken — prs islands The Electrician s -_ _ that may later become ridges and splinters.” Wi ° M al 4 REG.U.S.PAT. OFF. “« : rin anu : AUTOMATIC OIL HEATING FOR HOMES | “Is the wood that cedar chests are made of s = used in building a house?” asked Alice. By F. E. SENGSTOCK, E.E reply. “*) “Generally not. Virginia or eastern red "= Oe schools an FREE—NEW BOOK cedar, a small tree, is worked into chests. The Contains all the information need- _* ne western red cedar, a giant of the Pacific coast, ed for the proper installation of very gre AMERICAN NOKOL COMPANY is widely used for siding, clapboards, shingles Mettine aad mauert eveteme Me quality is 4201 Schubert Ave., Chicago and all exposed parts of a dwelling. It is one & b power syste - with whic Please send me your new book on oil heat and de- of the best weatherproof materials—light, soft, and other buildings. aoa satisfied. tails of your budget plan. a good insulator, with a pleasing surface for It completely covers inside elec- matched 2 N. natural finish and well adapted for paint. The trical wiring and construction m agths ar —ee size of the tree insures knot-free lumber in accordance with the National Elec- “We hi: py ae ’ all widths and lengths, hence western red cedar tric Code. Pocket size—flexible binding Morton,” has largely taken the place of white pine for now I wis City. State siding or clapboards. The a_i not quite 448 pp. Price, $2.50 out | Oldest and d ie oil kt fit the name, being brownish buff. You can tell e trust op cont rare on magn © eid it also by its spicy (Continued on page 127) a — MONT The lu © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

Page 127

F 2Rees s — ae Z Fass as: ibs pt erst iad. February, 1928 i How to Select YourLumber (Continued from page 126) odor. A good many people line closets with cedar in thin matched boards or a new style of veneer- The idea that this makes the closet moth-proof is not supported by Government ientists.”” go don’t like the cold facts, do they?” “Not every day,” laughed the lumber mer- chant. “We nearly all like to be flattered in our ignorance. Now that we're talking about decay-resistant timber, we might as well con- sider redwood. This native of California doesn’t get very far east. Redwood is to the Pacific ‘on what cypress is to the Atlantic. It isa relative of the mammoth Sequoia or big tree, and I guess is next in size to that world cham- pion of the forest. Sound lumber has been manufactured from a redwood log that had jain on the ground six hundred years. Five years on the ground is enough to ruin many trees whose lumber is used in building. Red- wood has no resin and hence is fire-resistant and takes paint well. But paint is not needed for protection, and the usual finish for interior trim is wax, which brings out the natural gain and color, between light cherry and mahogany. “y HAVE heard of American gumwood,”’ said George. ‘‘ What is it used for?” “Interior trim and cabinetwork,” replied Mr. Morton. “It is a hardwood of fine grain that sometimes runs into ornate and intricate tterns, used for decorative paneling. This is ot as figured gumwood, while the usual sort is called plain, although it shares some of the attractive features of the other. The color isa reddish brown, with more of the former hue in the heartwood, classified as ‘red gum.’ This is favored for all kinds of interior wood- work and is usually given a natural finish with a filler coat of paraffin or linseed oil. Stains may be used, and it is customary to apply en- amel on household conveniences that are built of sapwood or the lumber from the outside of the tree. It is well to have gumwood quarter sawed as a protection against warping.” “I am anxious to know all about oak floor- ing,” announced Alice. “You will have no anxiety with an oak floor,” laughed the merchant. ‘“‘Take your choice between white and red. There is no great difference except in looks, one being a light tone and the other dark, and slightly less cost for red. Oak flooring is now made in three nominal thicknesses, inch, half inch and three eighths. By universal trade custom the actual thicknesses are less. I don’t advise as thin as three eighths unless perhaps to recover anold double floor. Naturally, thin stuff costs less. It needs a rigid base. Some of the thin material is ready finished at the mill. The heavier grades are hollow-backed to prevent warping. Narrow strips are preferred, and a bit’ more expensive because of wastage in matching. In length, take the usual assort- ment of long and short pieces if you want to save money.” “Maple is next to oak, isn’t it?” “\ TEXT above it in hardness and price, which is news to many persons,’ was the reply. “You see it in public buildings, hotels, schools and dance halls. It wears like iron and there is not a sliver in a carload. The color is silvery gray, or something like that. The best quality is called ‘clear,’ and the next is No. 1, with which most home owners would be well satisfied. Like oak, all this flooring is end matched as well as side matched, so that short are securely held in place.” “We have learned a lot about lumber, Mr. Morton,” said Alice, “and we thank you. But now I wish you would take our plans and just out the kinds of wood we ought to have. e trust you.” The lumber dealer laughed appreciatively. a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Modernize your Philco Socket Power This New Unit replaces the rectifying jar— eliminates all watering and attention— no changes in wiring—Price $5 complete Now a new Kuprox all-metal Replacement Unit has been designed especially for Philco Socket Powers, to take the place of the large rectify- ing jar, and make any Philco “A” power unit dry. This new unit elim- In addition to eliminating attention, the Kuprox Unit increases the output . of the Philco rectifying unit to supply larger sets than formerly. Anyone can install the Kuprox Unit on the Philco Socket Power. No inates all the water- ing and attention necessary with the old wet rectifying jar. You simply throw away the pres- ent jar. The Kuprox Unit fits neatly in its place. You simply install it and forget it—you never have to water or bother about it. For Balkite, Silite, Vesta, Eagle and other wet Trickle Chargers Eliminates the acid jar. Makes any c er ot, Complete, $4. TUNGAR Bulb Replace- ment eliminates the 1-ampere ulb in trickle chargers. Price $5 changes in wiring are necessary. Two sim- ple connections that can be made without tools. You can’t make a mistake. Improve your PhilcoSock- et Power today. Elimi- nate the attention. Pur- chase the new Kuprox Philco Unit from any Philco dealer or any other radio dealer. THE KODEL RADIO CORP., 500 E. Pearl St., CINCINNATI, O. KUPROX RADIO POWER DEVICES 127 this your biggest ra- 4 dioseason. Shure’s great g wholesale catalog insures th : best in quality at lowest This wonderful book is jammed full of the newest oTerings of Nationally known radio parts, kits, sets, accessories, table and con- sole cabinets, etc. Also t: short > gli sectronshowing the finest electrical appar- \\s ©_-> atus for short wave receiving and trans-\g> Shure Radio Company 345M West Madison St., Chicago, Il. nr 1928 Book offers finest, newest, well-known sets; rts, eliminators, accessories at owest prices. DEALEKS— WR for this CATALOG! tS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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“I’m going to raise his salary” “T’ve had my eye on him for some time and I know he can handle big- ger work. “He studies those I.C.S. text- books every chance he gets, and I want to tell you it has made him a valuable man for this business. “I'm going to raise his salary and give him that new job we were talk- ing about. I wish we had more men like him.” How do you stand when your employer checks up his men for promotion? Does pass you by as just a routine worker, or does he think of you as a man who is ambitious to get ahead? Won’t you be far more likely to get the promotion if he knows you are studyi udying at home c . are really preparing yourself to handle bigger work Think it over. Then act. it takes only a moment to mark and mail the coupon and find what the International Correspondence Schools can do for you yet that one simple little ste may be ithe means 0’ changing your whole life. o it now,”

~ INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS he Universal University’’ Box T064-E Seranton, Penna. Without cost or Atsation, Beare send me a copy of your let, “Who W ** and full particulars about the course before shel I hee marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Business Management Salesmanship Industrial Management Advertising Personnel Organization Better Letters Traffic Management Show Card poy Business Law Stenography and Typing Banking and Finance English Acmuntancy (including O.P.A.)f]itallway Mail Clerk untancy a ailway Ma er Cost | Common Schoo! Subjects Bookkeeping High School Subjects Private me Tilustrating Spanish ( French Cartooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineer Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions Structural Engineer

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If vou reside in Canada, tional Correspondence Play in a Band LLOW Sousa’s advice and get into a band or or- chestra. With a Conn instru- ment, used and endorsed by Sousa and-his artists, you learn to play quickly. Then profit and pleasure opento you. Conn’s many exclusive fea- tures cost you mo more. FREE Trial; Easy Payments. , Write for the free literature, ff mentioning instrument. \ Cc. G. CONN, Lid., ~ 232 Conn Bidg. .» Elkhart, Indiana gs send this cou to the Interna- Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal

‘ONN , INSTRUMENTS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of te INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Toys That Save Millions (Continued from page 18) talk of raising it to a hundred feet or until it collapses, but already the sensitive instru- ments imbedded in its concrete have given through electric wires valuable figures on de- flection and interior stresses. And measure- ments with a nonvarying tape of invar steel show the dam with water behind it actually spread apart the mountains of the canyon! Prof. Beggs’ one-fortieth size model of this dam was tested—using a tank of mercury in- stead of water so that measurable deflections would be given. The only difference between deflections of model and dam was due to two tiny cracks in the concrete that upset the instrument reading. Now Beggs, under aus- pices of the foundation, makes celluloid mod- els of all types of dams, measuring their deflections through needle-tipped rods and also with the aid of a marvelous instrument loaned by the U.S. Bureau of Standards—an optical strain gage reading to a millionth of an inch T THE Bureau of Standards a differ- ent sort of investigation has already revealed surprising new facts showing how skyscrapers should be designed. Within a huge wind tunnel, housed in a building appro- priately called “The Cave of the Winds,” models of skyscrapers, bridges and factory chimneys are subjected to enormous wind action to find how they behave. Preliminary results seem to show that suction rather than pressure causes buildings to collapse in ex- cessively high winds; they “explode” out- wardly! Now the experts are learning how to design a “streamlined” building that offers the hens resistance to the wind. They know, too, what forces a high wind unleashes as it whistles around a smokestack. Twenty-four pressure gages are attached to holes that pierce the circumference of a thirty-foot experimental stack on the laboratory roof. Tests of a full-sized bridge under forces likely to wreck it, marking an event unique in en neering history, have just been made ede When a new dam heightened the level of the Pee Dee River, and the thousand-foot con- crete bridge near Albemarle, N. C., was ren- dered useless, state highway engineers ob- tained permission to test the old span before it was removed. A movable tank that weighed, when filled with water, 115 tons, was hauled from place to place on the bridge and the sag was meas These tests have been completed with the bridge in its original condition. At this writ- ing, the engineers are now removing all arch bracing to compare with previous results the behavior of the bridge under a load when it has nothing to stiffen it. Out of these tests of models and actual structures is likely to come a new science of structural engineering. Already several uni- versities in this country are teaching young engineers the use of the newly-invented cellu- loid models. To the engineer’s handbook of formulas to design ordinary structures there is added information for any unusual and baffling problem. re ee for instance, has a history almost as long as man’s, yet here is a new and revolutionary tool in the hands of bridge builders. Yesterday a huge “skew bridge,”” the Monier Arch at Bendigo, Aus- tralia, collapsed with loss of life and showed our mathematical theory of. such slantwise-built arches inadequate. Today skew bridges are being designed with models that will resist any load they may be called upon to bear. And with the extension of difficult structural design from the hands of the few engineers qualified to perform intricate calculation to the many who can use the new ways, a modern era of beautiful and sturdy structures is sure to dawn.

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Ve pebeuary, 1928

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! Ga : = a fies cir Hlis8 i i RIS = i ‘ ’ ' 88 az 1 5 booklet, “Why Many Men Are Old Over Wretched Old Age! Noted Doctors Endorse This New-Type Treatment for Men Past 40! Now, in your own home, you can use a new type of drugless gland stimulation endorsed by noted doc- tors and sanitariums throughout the world. Thousands of men, some of them even as old as 90 years, have used the method successfully. ‘D0 YOU SUFFER THESE DISTRESSING SYMPTOMS Prostate Trouble... Weakness ... Nightly Risings...Foot Pains? 4 Do you know how a disordered prostate gland tamses a myriad of pains in legs, back, feet, disturbed sep, debility, lack of pep? Medical science says that about 2 men out of 3 past a certain age are victims. Often the trouble is confused with bladder or kidney . If you are a sufferer you should act im- mediately to learn the details of this new drugless ation that has already proved a godsend s0 many thousands of men. To many it has been the means of avoiding serious operations. Other men, tome as old as 90 years, report that through its use they are now living youthfully. FREE Book— Mail Coupon This new method is described in an outspoken book, Many Men Are Old At 40.”’ Send for this book these amazing newfacts about oldage.Simply C : filoutand mail the blank today to The Electro Thermal Co. 4002 Morris Ave. Steubenville, Ohio It Eve West of the mail your inquiry toThe Electro Thermal Co., 40-B, 303 Van Nuys Building, Los Angeles, California. THE ELECTRO THERMAL CO. 4002 Morris Ave., Steubenville, Ohio | Please mail at once a FREE copy a me t 40,” an details E-about the new treatment. I am not See SES POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Dodging Death on the Wires (Continued from page 87) safety belt. I was out two hours and a half —a record, I guess. But they kept the pul- motor going and the next thing I knew a dozen red-hot needles were pushing into my chest. “The ‘juice’ generally ties a man’s muscles in knots and makes him swallow his tongue. When you try to get his tongue free his jaws may clamp down on your fingers. I jam pliers in his mouth. Once the tongue is free you use artificial respiration.” The current a man can stand depends on the man—largely on his heart. Five hundred and fifty volts is said to be fatal, but one lineman, standing in dry boots on a dry cement walk, took “‘five-fifty”’ and barely felt it. Still, men have been killed by a hundred and ten. Joe Moran, a cable splicer, a veteran like Bill, pointed out the high-tension electric light and power wires, called high lines, often on the same poles with telephone wires and carrying 33,000 volts and upward. ; “A lineman can work barehanded on phone wires; there’s only the twenty-four-volt battery current in them,” said Joe. “But in a bad storm there might be a high voltage cross somewhere up a jointly used pole, and then —” Moran shrugged. “TF A lineman’s in good physical condition there’s always a little body oil on his hands, which may serve as insulation and help him a little, but if there’s a small cut on his hand, the ‘juice’ will find it and go through him. Worst shock J ever got was from opening a terminal box and getting stung by a swarm of bees I'd disturbed. Ants and squirrels cause trouble, too, chewing the cable. One ‘trouble shooter’ found a short circuit caused by a spider web strung across open wires and cov- ered with dew.” Odd accidents are not infrequent. “A fellow out west named Hosler,” said Bill, “climbed a pole to loosen a crossarm where the cable had sagged going over a river. A log jam had reached the cable and put a devil of a tension on it. The cable snapped and the pole, with the tension relieved, catapulted Hosler a hun- dred feet into a grove of firs.” “This isn’t so funny,” said Moran. “A line- man in Canton, O., looked down and saw four gunmen in a motor car kidnap a policeman who had halted them. He tapped the wire and notified the police. Well, three of the bandits were wounded and the other was killed.” INEMEN generally have an _ induction coil and transmitter with a pronged clip to pierce the wire insulation and call central. “Trouble shooters”’ have test sets with genera- tors to ring the operator. Often this equipment, as in the Canton episode, renders more than telephone service. Frank Ciccarino was on a pole when a little girl rushed from her house, crying that her father was overcome by gas. Cicearino cut in, called a doctor, dropped forty feet, and with first aid had the man out of danger before the physician arrived. A Michigan lineman tapped a wire in time to hear a near-by mother calling a far-away doctor. Her small son had cut an artery. The lineman raced to the house and with a tourni- quet saved the child from bleeding to death. And so it goes—curing wire trouble, and other trouble, too. Ordinary wire difficulties, I learned, are fairly well provided against, but it would cost untold millions to make the serv- ice proof against the unusual, such as torna- does and blizzards—and it is things like these that make linemen work almost till they drop, resetting poles, digging out tangled wire and frozen wire and wet wire, splicing and tying in new lines—cleaning up dangerous wreckage —and dodging death. The first rule is service at any cost for the 50,000,000 calls a day on America’s 17,000,000 telephones. 129 SUPERIOR PARTS cfor Sets and B-Eliminators BradlgunitA 8 Control of radio tubes ig stil] mighty Popu- lar. Provides noiseless, step. ess filament br - Control for va Bradleystat on rathecen set. Electric Controlling Apparatus MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN © This seat-on a radio, tool or oil burner advarticement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE-OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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130 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY - Learn To Be A Real WOoOOD-WORKER No.990 KNAPP WORK SHOP $27.50 Reavgt Westend Ow oe can do it, for now you can buy tools that do real work, at prices you can afford. The above outfit, lathe, jig saw (described below), speed drill that will not only drill wood but bakelite, brass, iron, slate, etc., 144sth horse-power a.c.,d.c. motor, tools, book. All jor Knapp Jig Saw No. 900 Capacity to in. lumber, ase . celeron, ete. Handy for making radio panels, as well as jig saw andscroll - Instruction book, wood with design laid out ready for cuttin and 3 blades tornished. $4.00 Denver West & Can. $4.25 Sh. Wt. 33¢ Ibs. uipment, instruction 27.50—Denver West and Canada $30.00. Turns wood up to6 in. length, 2% in. diameter. Tool rest, head rest, tail stock all fully adjust- able. Complete with 3 step pulley, 3 high grade cutting tools, and in- struction book. Denver W 8 ; Stars Hold Secret of Life (Continwed from page 21) A blue-eyed young daughter of the American farmer took the greenhorn in hand and taught him the English language. She looked exactly like a Serbian vila, or fairy, and acted like one. She suggested there might be wider oppor- tunities in this country than driving mules on a farm. So with fifteen dollars saved from wages, Pupin went to New York and bought stylish clothes from the -riotously competing merchants of Chatham Square. A friend slapped him on the back and said, “Who would ever think you are a Serbian greenhorn?”’ Michael's friend, a young German named Christian, got him a contract to paint a baker's wagon for five dollars. The first rain washed off the paint. Michael was troubled when he learned it was his fault because he had put no dryer in the paint. His friend laughed: “Don’t worry, it serves him right. He wanted a twenty-dollar job done for five dol- lars, because he took you for a greenhorn.” It cost the baker another five to have the jod done over. Porin moved to a hall room near Cooper Union for the benefit of a free library. He followed coal carts, ringing the householders’ bells and offering to shift the coal inside at fifty cents a ton. Once inside there was a chance for more work, painting and the like. Later he found steady work in a cracker factory. Jim, the boiler room engineer, accord- ed him the privilege of being a volunteer fire- man in his spare time and encouraged him to attend night school at Cooper Union. “He was my first professor in engineering,” says Pupin. “The first ideas of sound and light I caught on the pasture lands of my native village; the first ideas of the phenomena of heat I caught in the boiler room in Cortlandt Street and at Cooper Union lectures.” Through attending Henry Ward Beecher's famous church, Michael found a benefactor. He obtained a job in a doctor's office and entered Adelphi Academy. He made a hit at the academy by winning a ten-mile race. His athletic prowess made him popular at Colum- bia College, through which he later worked and : IWant to Send You ' Santa Fe Special. ‘Watch ely | Watches, guarant Company, but them. ments. ! In addition to our NEW LOW PRICE, I wil send for your approval one of these Standard factory service, not only by the Santa Fe Watch by the Great Illinois Watch factory. So accurate, Government officials carry them; so perfect and beautiful, jewelers say they are worth 1/3 to % more than we ask for I will send you one to see WITHOUT ONE PENNY DOWN —allow you to use it 30 days FREE—then sell it to you on easy pay- Why Not Own a 21 Jewel Santa Fe Special Watch? You will never miss the few cents a da ——- in the Case to suit your own ideas. Write today for Free Watch Book, and make your selection at once, while this offer lasts. Ask for Special 30 Days Cash Offer for a lifetime of satis. that will THE S" tutored his way. He won scholarships at Columbia and went to Cambridge University in England for post- A limited offer! With every Santa Fe Special, a beautiful gold chain or strand of ex quisite pearls. Write today, FREE ing everything from toys to practical household articles. Sempies of work done cn the Lathe with Out! . consisting of 12interesting and useful turning designs; and Semplates, 43 white pine bloc! 3s, 5 in. long, from % to1'¢ in. diameter. graduate study. The home of Faraday and J. Clerk-Maxwell, fathers of electrical science, had a great fascination for him. In Paris he picked up a bargain—the mathematical mas- terpiece of La Grange, the Newton of France, entitled Méchanique Analytique. The musty book, a hundred years old, had more thrills for the buyer than the best novel. g bec book gave Pupin the clue to the Matl Coupon for Both Watch and Diamond Catalog SANTE FE WATCH CO. Dept. 280 Thomas Bidg. (Home of the Great Santa Fe Railway) Santa Fe Watch Company, * Dept 280 Thomas Bidg., Please send prepaid and without obligation your Watch Book Free, explaining he Money Down” Offer on the Santa Fe 8 Topeka, Kansas Topeka, Kaa, | . solution of the problem of hard and soft Watch. Cure 098, 32-00 Outfit 935, $1.25 ground in pinot h. messages on the Banat asec Sh. Wt. 6 lbs. Sh. Wt. 7 lbs. plains. Suppose the ground t feodl ‘tn Se, FE NP str erereeonnoner+so> cerca won't it carry better than if it is all soft? The Address Complete INSTRUCTIONS FREE answer, translated to the electrical field, is an City = ey epoch-making yes. Pupin inserted a series of hard spots in the form of coils in electrical conductors, thereby tremendously increasing When you buy any of the above you get, free of chargeacomplete MANUAL of Instructions, which shows you how to turn wood, do jig saw and scroll saw work, how to drill all sorts DIESEL ENGINES | dh of substances, to care for, handle and sharpen the carrying ability of telegraph and telephone - Test the Pho: wns —_ - a ogee be ray wires. Marine and S tationary Semvour you can soon learn tom: » r . nei is toys and useful home articles. Skill is easily When Pupin referred to principles of his | By ENSIGN DAVID L. JONES, U. S. Naw | tie Theni acquired. The work is fascinating. loading coil in a scientific paper published in um " jete, thor | éays and ; Send 10¢ for full color catalogue fully describ- 1899, a friend urged him to obtain a patent. oi be most complet aa Sea would ing this real line of miniature machine tools Pupin followed the advice barely in time to date treatise on the Di Since on that work. protect his invention, which was sold a year S ———— mm "i published. °3 CARL HENRY, 4 toon desler endece a Knagp Werk Shop later to The American Telephone and Tele- | | tS poe en conadianta — 327 West 36 San hae aes sea memes, | | graph Company. The Company gave me what MMMISMUMMIOM and) acivsinents, wail PP store (toy dep’t usually). / I asked,’’ says Pupin; “my friends thought I | MARINE triale and tests and: Cm all If cut of stack we will send direct 0: had not asked enough.” But to a former LOCOMOTIVE atone of the Diesel Enginé _——. Seiaidh af folie dies lerenandine costs, Peasant boy the rig was more than —. STATIONARY The book is fully ilhusteae? Win idays Another boyish inspiration came from a we Gee Se U.S. $4 anaAre LECTRIC CORPORATION village musician. Says Pupin: “Few things S50 panes. deal Oe Nene odiceneand s of Knapp El — N.Y. excited my interest more than the operations Price, $5.00 (= f the Serbian bagpiper as he forced the air roan ie Address In Canada: “7 SATOH ot ¢ : we Popular Science Monthly al from his sheepskin (Continued on; page 131) ee ee 250 Fourth Ave. New York, ME 9 Qty © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Loudspeaker! make it more responsive to weak signals —IM- PROVE TONE QUALITY —eliminate tube noises. HE Sterling Power Output Trans ‘ former connected between the radio set and loudspeaker absolutely prevents the high voltages now delivered by “B” Power Units from ruining the speaker. This transformer is more than a protec- tive device. It permits closer adjustment ofgpeaker diaphragm, increasing its sensi- bility to weak signals. Prevents shock when using headphones. Eliminates tube noises and IMPROVES TONE QUALITY of the speaker. Attach in two minutes, leave permanently con- _ nected, Model R-360—$5.00. Sterling * POWER OUTPUT TRANSFORMER THE STERLING MFG. COMPANY 2831 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio New PHONIC Reproducer makes an e up-to-date PHONIC Phonograph out of your old machine : Now you can havethe $ 85 beautiful, nat- ural toneof expensivenew phonographs simply by re-_ placing your old Reproducer with a new PHONIC Reproducer. Double volume and perfect tone guaran- No Money a ten days Testthe Phonicon any record you have. Hear the dif- ference yourself. Mail coupon or post card now. Pay thepostman $3.85 plus postage when the PHONIC ar- tives. Then if you are not delighted, return it within Wdays and your money will be refunded. If sold in stores, would cost at least$7.50. BESURETOSTATE THE NAME OF PHONOGRAPH YOU OWN. CARL HENRY, Inc.,-Dept. 82 U7 West 36th Street, New York Please send me a New PHONIC reproducer for a rarien 1 will pay the postman $3.85 (ive name of Phonograph) plus few cents postage. if! hot satisfied after trial, I will return your reproducer 10days and you guarantee to refund my money, Out- U. 8. $4.10, cash with order. t State Stars Hold Secret of Life (Continued from page 130) bellows and made it sing by regulating the passage through the pipes. The operations which the bagpiper called adjustment and tuning commanded my closest attention. I never dreamed that I should do a similar oper- ation with an electrical circuit. I called it ‘electrical tuning.’ The operation was first suggested to me by the bagpiper, some twenty years before I made the invention in 1892.” Nobody, including the inventor, thought much of the commercial value of the discovery at the time. His invention of electrical tuning seemed to have no important application until Marconi developed his wireless system. Then one morning, after Marconi had de- veloped his wireless system, a stranger stepped into the professor’s office at Columbia and asked, “Are your wireless inventions for sale? How much?” “It was Mr. Green, organizer and promoter of the Marconi Company of America,” says Pupin. “I gave him the first figure that came into my head and he asked if I would take half in cash and half in stock. I asked twenty-four hours to decide.” Pupin would have been “perfectly satisfied to accept the cash without the stock, but I was afraid that any over-anxiety might scare him away. The next day he called and the deal was closed.” Pupin is simple in his tastes, unpretentious, friendly and eager to help everyone with whom he comes in contact. His country home in Connecticut reflects his boyhood environment with a goodly cattle barn and silo right next to the stone mansion. The same stars are visible in Connecticut that instrueted and inspired him in the Banat long ago, and he looks to them for further guidance H E USED to spend earlier vacations moun- tain climbing in the Alps-and in visits-to the home village during the lifetime of his mother. The villagers, always glad to see him, listened to his stories of America with interest and -polite skepticism. Once he re- ceived a cablegram from America. An old native said that to send a message so far over land and sea the Americans were very clever. Pupin agreed. “Then,” demanded the old man, “how in the name of St. Michael do you manage to make a living there?” When Pupin established his country place in Connecticut he spoke for good roads at a town meeting and was severely rebuked as a city intruder by the oldest voter present, a Mr. Nettleton. Two years later Pupin be- friended a homeless pointer dog, who became his constant companion. One day Pupin on horseback was halted by Mr. Nettleton, who said: ** Professor, I was severe with you two years ago. I didn’t know you. That dog there would not stay with anybody in this town, but he stays with you, and he follows you just as he followed his master. Shake. I shall never oppose you again.” Pupin, the scientific philosopher, has long pondered the origin of life and has seen an answer both scientific and devout. Thus he has said: “Every physical fact has two terminals— one in our consciousness and the other in some star which is rejoicing in the blazing vigor of its youth. Just explore the path which leads from one of these terminals to the other, and you will discover on each side those beauties which continually thrill the heart of a scientific man. Do that and you will never again speak _of the cold facts of science. ““Who has not heard of Einstein and of his verified prophecy that a beam of light will be deflected by gravitational force? A beam of light represents electrical energy and electrical energy is gravitation- (Continued on page 182) 131 Se Use an 7% Indoor Aeria In large cities, near the big radio sta- tions, selectivity is a difficult problem. An indoor aerial sharpens the tun- ing of any radio receiver without materially reduc- ing the volume of programs received from local broadcasting stations, Fur- thermore, the indoor aerial is easy to install and requires no special lightning protection. Belden Indoor Aerial Wire is extremely flexible, and is avail- able on 125-foot spools. It can be obtained with a brown cov- ering which makes the wire easily concealed around pic- ture molding, window or rug. Belden Manufacturing Co. 2304-A S. Western Ave., Chicago i —s — — — — —— “ —e — AAA AN NA \ For sale at leading Radio Deal- ers in distinctive Belden cartons. Ideal for making loop antenna for superheterodyne sets. Indoor Aerial Wire OV © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Ht-Q Stz—the newest advance tn radto—four completely isolated tuned stages—Automatic Vart- able Coupling—symphonic amplification. This non-oscillating, super-sensttive receiver assures lengths and establishes a totally new standard tonal quality. This Perfect Receiver CUSTOM-BUILT for less than $100! Imagine a CUSTOM-BUILT Re- ceiver—desighed by ten of America’s leading Manufacturers — incorporat- ing every last modern constructional feature and America’s very finest parts— and costing you only $95.80. The new advanced “Hi-Q SIX” is more than a radio receiver—it is a marvelous musical instrument—a set that produces even and high amplification over the entire tuning range and a set that utterly eliminates oscillation. These exclusive fea- tures result in the faithful reproduction of all musical frequencies and the full, natural tone-quality that radio has been working towards for many years. An important consideration is that you can build the Hi-Q SIX yourself and save at least $100.00. Simply get a copy of our complete Constructional Manual; buy the approved parts and our Foundation Unit, which contains chassis, shields, panels, all special hardware and wiring. Construc- tional Manual 25 cents. From your dealer or direct from us. riS] Associate Manufacturers Carter Radio Co. Acme Wire Co. (Parvolt) Jamson Elec. Co. H. H. Eby Mfg. Co. Jangamo Elec. Co. International Resistance Co. Yaxley Mfg. Co. (Durham Resistors) Hammariund Mfg. Co. Radiall Co. (Am te) Benjamin Elec. Mfg. Co. Westinghouse Micarta Mammarilund ROB e RTS Hi.O’ SIX HAMMARLUND-ROBERTS, Inc. 1182 Broadway, Dept. U, New York marimum, untform amplification on all Fa | bri Pet 4 TT BUY NOW ‘Su FREE A Complete Line — Big Vari All New Stock—All pn Baines 4 Established 1888 PLUMBING HEATIN WATER SYSTEMS Save L Stars Hold Secret of Life (Continued from paje 131) ally active just like any other mass consid- ered by Newton. A star radiating light radiates electrical energy, and therefore it throws out to us a part of its own mass. **When this radiation reaches us we can say, therefore, without indulging in figures of speech, that the star is visiting us. I am not indulging in a flowery figure of speech when I call solar radiation the balmy breath of the heavenly bridegroom, the glorious sun. “Fifty years ago, instructed by David's psalms, I found in the light of the stars a heavenly language which proclaims the glory of God, but I did not know how that language reached me, and I hoped that some day I might find out. That hope was in my soul when I landed at Castle Garden. Today science tells me that the stars themselves bring it tome. Each burning star is a focus of energy, of life-giving activity, which it pours out lav- ishly into every direction of the energy-hungry space; it pours out the life of its own heart in order to beget new life. Oh, what a beautiful vista that opens to our imagination, and what new beauties are disclosed by science in the meaning of the words in Genesis: ‘He breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul.’ The light of the stars is a part of the life-giving breath of God. I never look now upon the starlit vault of heaven without feeling this divine breath and its quickening action upon my soul.” UPIN sees the universe as microcosm and macrocosm. The former, below our vision or that of the highest powered microscope, is changeless and the seat of immutable power. The latter or visible world is quite transient and relatively feeble in energy. He says: “The elements of the microcosm, the elec- trons in the atom, are, as far as we know, im- mutable and immortal, because man knows no natural process by which the electrons and the laws they obey can ever be changed. They are not the product of any natural process of evolution known to man. “To discover the immutable laws which this substantia, this immutable foundation of the universe, obeys is the highest aim of scientific research. The existence of these eternally un- changeable things brings us face to face with a power which is the eternally immovable background of all physical phenomena. We feel intuitively that science will never pene- trate the mysteries beyond it, but our faith encourages us in the belief that there, behind the impenetrable veil of the eternal background, is the throne of a divine power, the soul of the physical world, the activity of which we con- template in our research of physical phe- nomena.” Evolution rules in the visible world from nebula to star and from ameeba to man. It is an upward process from chaos to cosmos, as the Greeks called it, from the noncodrdinated to the codrdinated, from anarchy to law, from disorder to order, from unfitness to fitness, from destructive combat to harmonious and fruitful peace. Will evolution produce a super-man? “Yes,” says Pupin, “either as an individual or as a member of an ideal democracy.” We should be satisfied either way. A wonder story of inventive genius and scientific achievement is the life- work of Elmer A. Sperry, to be told in the March issue of PopuLtarR SCIENCE MontTuiy. How one man was able to perfect the gyroscope, build the world’s most powerful searchlights, create elec- tric automobiles, and erect the highest electric beacon in the world on the shores of Lake Michigan is the subject of a fascinating account that explains why nations have showered him with medals and honors. February, 1% Most Amazing INVENTION FREE MACHINE FOR AGENTS *90 WEEKLY IN SPARE TIME! Men, here is a wonder—the most sen sational invention of the age! If you'r looking for a rapid fire seller—an item that Nets you 100% profit—an item that sells itself to 7 W men on demonstration—I’ve got it in Ve-Po-Ad, thy amazing new vest pocket adding machine! Sells for $2.95—You Make $1.65 This most remarkable invention does all the work of a $300 adding machine. yet fits the-vest pocket and sell for only a It sells 4 waht tn store busi- ness men, an everyone who uses Tres— makes over 100% profit on every sale! 7 ‘Ac = kind of figuring in a jiffy. yet weighs but 4 oz, County up to a billion. Shows total visible at all times, Pe. fectly accurate, lightning fast. Never makes & mista or gets out of order, Over 100,000 in daily uset 1. moet Your Machine FREE uive wire salesmen are dropping ey flocking to Ve-Po-Ad. Ve-Po-Ad ie a hy » e- 7g a money and lots of it. $475 in one week! ing a steady, substantial income, write at once f details of my MONEY-MAKING PLAN PO-AD given to new Agents. Do it NOW TODAYS” Cc. M. CLEARY, 152 184 W. WASHINGTON ST, ICAGO, ILL, 18 TOOLS IN ONE Greatest Machine You Ever Saw The S&B 8-in. Combination Saw (18 tools in one) is the ideal machine for the shop, factory or the home; will rip, cross cut, bevel, miter, groove, drill, tenon, grind, rabbet, buff and polish. Motor is mounted on a base that is a part of the machine proper. Complete with attachments price includes 4-H.P. Motor, 60-cycle, 110-volt A.C. run from any light socket. Shipping weight 100 Ibs. (Planer attachment to fit on table top will smooth pieces up to 2 in. wide, $12.00 extra.) Write for Complete Illustrated Folder SCOTT-BANSBACH MACHINERY (0. 130 So. Clinton St., Dept. 62, Chicago, Ill. Dept. 284 American Radio ' mnansas City, Missourt © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. A 2c STAMP (21. road to success. See Money Making heh tow knew tl an equa One : in “aig aper; oe day to every ‘light a1 dled the en, no 1 * The 1 long si name ¢ clerk in forever He t: travele confine countie history work o! and dr: He « and, in custom system ence of mind | eyes b backw fifty, t name Send th: Opportunities on pages 136 to 166. il ia eoneee aia

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ary, 199 ag oe side *ge°sa & wfelaet e ams es* ss = Sere Th E =o |/? vaerecehei Pig tor] So February, 1928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY E knew the secret which is revealed in the free book offered below. Read it and realize what even 15 minutes a day will mean to you in success and pleasure. 133 The clerk whose name will live forever WO men lived in the same town a century ago; they - knew the same people and had an equal chance in life. One spent all his spare hours in idle talk or with the daily paper; he knew nothing beyond theday’snews. [Theother brought toevery subject a wealth of side- ‘light and illustration that kin- died the interest of men and wom- en, no matter where he went. The name of the first man has long since been forgotten; the name of the other, the humble clerk in a country store, will live forever. He talked like a man who had traveled, though his travels were confined to a few backwoods counties. He knew something of history and biography of the work of great philosophers, poets and dramatists. He owned a few great books and, in the odd moments between customers’ calls, he read them systematically. It was the influ- ence of those books that gave his mind its start; then lifted his eyes beyond the horizon of a backwoods town. Before he was fifty, the whole nation knew the Name and acknowledged the eee Send for this free booklet that gives Dr. Eliot’s plan of reading —__ a power of that humble, unschooled man. Has name was Abraham Lincoln. His Secret Given to You What was the secret of his wide range of knowledge? How cana man who must work every day in a routine job find time to make himself so interesting to other men and women? What are the few great mind- building books out of all the millions of volumes in the world? There is no more important question for you to ask yourself. It is answered in the free book offered below—a wonderfully in- teresting little book that tells the scope and plan of Dr. Eliot’s Five-Foot Shelf | of Books The Harvard Classics Every well-informed man ———— and woman should at least know something about this famous li- MINUTES \ DAY ee ee P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY, 250 Park Avenue, New York By mail, absolutely free and without obligation, send me the booklet that tells the scope and plan of Dr. Eliot’s Five-Foot Shelf of Books (Harvard Classics). Also please advise how I may procure them by small monthly payments. brary. The free book tells about it. In a wonderfully interesting way it explains how Dr. Eliot, out of his lifetime of training men for success—forty years as President of Harvard—-selected the few great books that contain the essentials of all books—the “essentials,” as he says, “of a liberal education.” Your Reading Problem Solved by Dr. Eliot Think of it—the knowledge of literature and life, the broad cul- tural viewpoint that every uni- versity strives to give—these may be yours in the pleasant spare moments of your active days. Make yourself a bigger, more interesting man or woman this year. Send for “Fifteen Minutes a Day.” **For me,’’ wrote one man who had sent in the coupon, “your little free book meant a big step forward, and it showed me be- sides the way to a vast new world of pleasure.” Every reader of this page is invited to have a copy of this handsome and entertaining little book. It is free, will be sent by mail and involves no obligation of any sort. Merely clip the coupon and mail it today. Gort HCB-L © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8.

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134 Radio - Is > BETTER * With - Dry * Battery > Power made to run the full race / AWN Y horse can make a good start..... But it takes real stamina to finish! So it is with batteries. Stay- ing power is the quality to look for—unfailing power over a long period of serv- ice. Millions prefer Burgess Chrome Batteries for just this reason. They hold up..... They /ast. Next time, buy black and white striped Burgess Chrome Batteries. You are certain to get longer and better service or your money. —the preserving ele- Chrome ment loon in eer. metals, paints and other materials subject to wear, is also used in Burgess Batteries. It gives them un- usual staying power. Burgess Chrome Batteries are patented. Ask Any Radio Engineer BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Office: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg _ lk 26) BURGESS FLASHLIGHT & RADIO BATTERIES POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Here Are Correct Answers to Questions on Page 57 1. On the islands of Spitzbergen, north of . Norway, which belong to that country, are ex- tensive deposits of coal. To some extent this coal has been mined, but the severe winters and the long periods of continuous night make it difficult and expensive to maintain any industrial operation in these islands. 2. This is the meaning of the native word from which the name of the Amazon River was derived. Before the coming of the whites, the natives evidently had trouble in navigating this mighty stream and named it accordingly. 3. An island more than 1000 squfare miles in area, just south of the west end of Cuba. The name refers not to any growth of pine trees, but to pineapples produced on the island in considerable quantity and of high quality. 4. Off the coast of lower California, center- ing around the town of La Paz. In the years immediately preceding the great war, the La Paz fisheries had become the third or fourth in the whole world. During the war the in- dustry declined somewhat, but gradually it is regaining its importance. 5. Alaska was colonized by Russians. In 1799 the seat of a Russian government was founded at what is now the city of Sitka. This city remained the capital of the Russian pos- Alaska by the United States in 1867. 6. Along the bed of the Mississippi River there grows a shellfish of the mussel family, the shells of which are used to make péarl buttons. The young mussels attach themselves to the gills of fish. These fish swim around, the tiny mussels fall off, and thus the young mussels are “planted” over the bottom of the river. 7. In the desert regions of California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona, the ground is covered frequently with loose sand, forming great dunes. Automobile wheels will sink into this and be unable to move. To pave the roads with concrete is usually too expensive. Ac- cordingly, roads often are covered with straw or brush. 8. The name of “trade winds” is given to the winds that blow, with great regularity, over the main ocean areas. In the northern hemisphere the trade winds blow from the northeast to the southwest. In the southern hemisphere they blow from the southeast to the northwest—of course with certain local variations. In the United States, it is the trade winds blowing from the Pacific that make San Francisco such a windy city and that are responsible for the cool and healthful climate of that part of the California coast. 9. If one ignores the many kinds of wild plants, seeds of which probably were gathered by prehistoric man, the most ancient grain is almost certainly wheat. It is believed wheat grew wild thousands of years ago on the moun- tains of Syria. 10. The only one that would certainly be visible to an astronomer located at that dis- tance would be the Great Wail of China. The wall is long enough to reach from Philadelphia to Kansas City. ; 11. This is the habit of a variety of ant found in central and eastern Africa, especially in Kenya Colony. The sand appears to be stuck together with some glutinous substance. Often these hills are quite steep, looking like skyscraper buildings. 12. The pygmies, who live in the jungles of the Congo region, are usually less than four feet high. They creep up with sharp knives and slash the elephant’s legs. He then is nearly helpless and can be dispatched without | difficulty. sessions in America until the purchase of | February, i9y Sat Jten This new self-massaging belt not only makes you look thinner INSTANTLY —but quickly takes off rolls of excess fat. IET is weakening—drugs 7 are dangerous—strenuous reducing exercises are liable to strain your heart. The only safe method of reducing is massage. This method sets up @ vigorous circulation that seems to melt away the surplus fat. The Weil Reducing Belt, made of special reducing rub- r, produces exactly the same results as a skilled masseur, only quicker . and cheaper. Every move you make causes the Weil Belt to gen- tly massage your ab- domen. Results are rapid because this belt works for you every second. Fat Replaced by Normal Tissue From 4 to 6 inches of flabby fat usually vanish in just a few weeks. Only solid, nor- mal tissue remains. The Weil Reducing Belt is en- dorsed by physicians because it not only takes off fat, | helps correct stomach dis-! orders, constipation, backache | shortness of breath and puts sagging internal organs back into place. Special 16-Day Trial Offer Send no money. Write for detailed description and testimonials from delighted users. Write gt ence. Special 10-day trial offer. The Weil Co 102 Hill Street, New Haven, Connecticut. x ~ The Weil Company, .102 Hill Street, New Haven, Conn. Gentlemen: Please send me complete descrip. tion of the Weil Scientific Reducing Belt, and also your Special 10-Day Trial Offer. PR be dslis caidicwenesce cach eke | a Sree Modern Aircraft By Major Victor W. Page, Air Corps, U.S. R. This book describes the various types of aircraft, their construction, principles of operation and commer- cial application. It shows by simple diagrams just how any airplane flies and is controlled, outlines and de- scribes all important parts of the plane and tells just what they do and how they are used. Complete chap- ters are included on all latest types of engines, both air and water-cooled, their construction, application and care. The most recent types of air- planes and airships are described and illustrated, including the Ryan NYP Monoplane flown from New York to Paris by Colonel Charles Lindbergh, the Wright-Bellanca Monoplane flown by Clarence Chamberlin from New York to Berlin, and the Fokker Tri-Motored Monoplane used by Commander Byrd in his polar and trans-oceanic flights. The Wright air-cooled motor and the navigating instruments that made these epochal flights possible are fully described. Price $5.00 PopuLar SCIENCE MONTHLY © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. 250 Fourth Ave., New York City ES. anc have le way. Half giganti Some a in orck are dai some 11 Sure the suc perfect sic! A done, ' Man lion ¢ note Others an in half th learne: favorit of all ing 1 easy. hours tediou pensiv metho as A-F It is the ve can’t begint

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february, #928 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

135 Half a Million People have learned music this easy way

ES, half a million delighted men and women all over the world have learned music this quick, easy way. Half a million—500,000—what a gigantic orchestra they would make! Some are playing on the stage, others in orchestras, and many thousands are daily enjoying the pleasure and popularity of being able to play some instrument. Surely this is convincing proof of the success of the new, modern method perfected by the U. S. School of Mu- sic! And what these people have

You, Too, Can Learn To Play Your Favorite Instrument ~ Without a Teacher ~ Fasy as A-B-C we eyes in print and picture. First you are told how to do a thing, then a pic- ture shows you how, then you do it yourself and hear it. And almost be- fore you know it, you are playing your favorite pieces—jazz, ballads, classics. No private teacher could make it clearer. Little theory— plen- ty of accomplishment. That’s why students of the U. S. School of Mu- sic get ahead twice as fast—three times as fast as those who study old- fashioned, plodding methods. You don’t need any special “tal- ent.’’ Many of the half million, who’

done, YOU, too, can do! have already become Many of this half mil- What accomplished players, lion didn’t know one Instrument never dreamed they pos- note from another— - others had never touched | organ an instrument—yet in | half the usual time they on learned to play their Flute favorite instrument. Best | G#"., of all they found learn- | ‘Cello : ° ° Guitar mg music amazingly easy. No monotonous hours of exercises—no

for You? 5-String or — Traps Mandol Saxophone Voice and Speech Culture Automatic Finger Control Piano Accordion sessed musical ability. en steel | They only wanted to gums play some instrument— just like you-—and they Harmonyand | found they could quick- Sight Singing ly learn how this easy a way. Just a little of your spare time each day is needed—and you enjoy every minute of it. The

tedious scales—no_ ex- pensive teachers. This simplified method made learning music as easy as A-B-C! It is like a fascinating game. From the very start you are playing real tunes perfectly by note. You simply can’t go wrong, for every step, from beginning to end, is right before your cost is surprisingly low —averaging only a few cents a day— and the price is the same for what- ever instrument you choose. And re- member you are studying right in your own home—without paying big fees to private teachers. Don’t miss any more good times! Learn now to play your favorite in- IS] TI is seal on a radio, tool or oil kurner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 8. a een re

Wy Y ) ye strument and surprise all your friends. Change from a wallflower to the cen- ter of attraction. Music is the best thing to offer at a party—musicians are invited everywhere. . Enjoy the popularity you have been missing. Get your share of the musician’s pleasure and profit! Start now! Free Booklet and Demonstration Lesson If you are in earnest about wanting to join the crowd of entertainers and be a “big hit” at any party—if you really do want to play your favorite instrument, to become a periormer whose services will be in demand —fill out and mail the convenient coupon asking for our Free Booklet and Demon- stration Lesson. These explain our wonder- ful method fully and show you how easily and quickly you can learn to play at little expense. Instruments are supplied when needed—cash or credit. U. S. School of — 82 Brunswick Bldg., New York ity.

U. S. School of Music, 82 Brunswick Bldg., New York’ City. Please send me your free book ‘‘Music Lessons in Your Own Home,” with introduction by Dr. Frank Crane, Demonstration Lesson, and particulars of your offer. I am interested in the following course: Terre reerererere ree er errr errr rrerrerrrrer eee eres | Have you above instrument?..........ssseseceseceee Marthe. 25.0 ci bec nbgeuds s outpe ised sidan Ue eECS (Please Write Plainly) AAAGONS...... .<000.. 6000+ cacddessassnailssccessennsenne CI on okn 5.0. 0B¥s25000 de ibaceee State. ..i sc. ccvsscsee Se eee einen

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tine 0! show Style book and details free. ford he > apolis, Ind. Hosiery Mills.) Business of your own! Proved carsiegs 00 week. Large company established 1887 365. supplies = question Wonderful opportunity for of juestioned ~~! In their com- dresses, coats and lingerie, we will Write Har- 215 Walnut Street, Indian- (A subsidiary of “Real Silk lence. Fairbanks, B, Oakley yabansia Ave., Chicago. $1.00 to $7.00 Per Hour for Your Full or Spare Time can show America’s finest) you how to make $25 to $125 a week.' in Bonus besides. Introduce new dren. uaranteed free. Finest. saw. New (9) sales plan. Credit given. time satisfactory. Write for samples. _ Hosiery Co., pt. invention ae more discom Ps omfort. Women adore it particulars and free offer. _Ling: pany, 5 Lake St., North Windham, Conn. Agents $24@ month and auto to cones ne guaranteed hosiery for men, women, chil-| 126 ayes. colors. Beats store prices.| wear 7 months or new hose line Silk ey you spare re 835, Greenfield, Women Representatives bas wen ° POPULAR*SCIENCE MONTHLY rite for ate mR Gom- 1@ Book Library 10c. Amazing Bargain to interest new friends in Pathfinder Magazine. yclopedia of unitics. Stories, Humor, News, nd one dime for 10 books. Pathtinder ‘Liprary Dept.. Washington, D. C. Agents $240 mdénth. Bonus besides. Introduce — ag silk hosiery. Guaran- e furnish auto and give les furnish Wy ter your own use. Sam- e quick. extile Co. Stik 435, Greenfield, Ohio. BIG PAY EVERY DAY! Complete @ a ress Is, Pants, Leather Coats, sweeten, Playsuits. 310-825 daily! I:x- 7 mo von a silk hostery peuence S un oe 2 Big Outfit FREE! Nim- rod Co Dot 4 4922-28 Lincoin Ave., Chicago. 1 —— for sell- 1 pay $100 a ing our tailored to meunsure all wool suits and overcoats at $23.50 and $31.50. Highes commissions. Extra -— for producers. Large swatch samples free. Z. Gibson, Inc., 500 Throop St. Dept. P-673, Chicago. Free Cap and Great New 1928 Rain- Proof Cap Line! —— measure. New- est styles $20.00 dail t-— $2.85 sale. Caps. Dept. B-1, Cincinnati, Ohio. ° weekly events.|men $100 __ profi Excellent side, line. _ Gaagee Ladies make $15.00 a day int i new christmas Eve” delightful, Trench perfum Ounce bottle worth $7.85. You sell it “for $1.25. Make 50c on each sale. Write for ney particulars or send $1.25 for demonstrating bottle, which guarantees quick \. 1, Parfumers, 551 Fifth Avenue, New York. $25.00 daily selling colored Raincoats and lickers, Red, Blue, Green, etc., $2.95. Hat Free. y daily. Outtit Free. “Elliott Brad- ley, 241 VanBuren, Dept. AF-2, Chicago. America's Greatest sere Line Free! 130. large Swatch Samples—All Wool—Tailored to Order—Union M rey ey Ice. Get outfit at once. Address Dept. wear, 844 W. Adams. Chicago. $5,000.00 Given. 350 Cash Prizes. Dersons—men, . women, boys, giris. who send me their names get prizes—from $5.00 to 53.099.00—w ittr $500.00 extra for all its attachments. All complete $2.95. 100% gan, Mre., 797 Grimes Be Fairfield. lowa. m!Collect big FREE tie offer and FRE _™* Beautiful, orid’s Lake St., Bay City, Mich known articles! -|are making $500 to $1,000 monthly Right Now. ing wear Mfg. Co., Dept. CS-2, Reading, Pa month and home furnished; permanent, hunt. Everything in Rayon lingerie for irre- Don't worry with —— 7 profits and un- cked by tremendous na- tional advertising. hundreds of Nogar aalesmen Men, get Forest Ranger job; $125-$200 World's ~~ wearing suits, $12.50. Amaz- TO SQUARE-DEAL ADVERTISERS ONLY . paid. -_. ys ,* Cay 8 sone Norton, 270 wm. ead over s.900 worth of questionable rt "00 Atma, Detvet it, emple Court, Denver, Colo. wertising every mon 3 Punchboard Salesmen Take Notice. New|, t. ee iness ago the basts of **satisfac- a, tml Pate Paotes. New Methow Easily — “$209 weekly any, ‘One minute poten — ck ~~ and other maousinee, Cw we a Free. Steady e ~ eo Freeda sales ne. Pa iy. "cigar Stores Novelty|?? 3 Classife roice, ast ” Pictorial Ar St 926° Broadway, Co., P Peorie 1 New York. Dept . C., Chicag , February, 195 can sell the est fin gh a price which § Means ‘ou need the wae « and a a third dis rage eo ae of fine hand tailoring clothes Dankere Sat yers, business men Special wooiens. Unless you can sell le tee _ oe Flooi = Leonard ° ~_ Cincinnati, Ohio. > = $1000 Profit in6 7 a Cleaner. © wo oo ie Ly New, rofit. Sample free. “~—= ver - 250%, $325W Irving Park Chicos Tl. Ca, POLMET POLISHING CLOT se all metals, gets enthi at 25e: sample free, Fece Gagntlon, set boro St., Boston, M BY New Household De: naa dows, sweeps. cleans 8 walls, scrube, wore Cane ms. Over half profi 530 Third St. Fairfield, low Harper, “7 asmetine orden Orden ates $75-$100 weeki N-85, Covington, Ky. Get 1000 money making opponuas. from reliable firms Free. No $ Sane ra name and address Saleso! 500 'N. Dearborn, Desk C-1, Chinage a . Tailoring Salesmen: Selling Simpsons new — — b woo ry * Simpson commissions in advance; —F territory’ big outfit 175 sumplies ee “ a Dept. 1454, Chicago, Il, nt Ad Catalogue No. 33, om 1,000 B. R Many comblaekion fm Publishers rates, we anywhere. Brineker, hoff, Inc., 37 W. Van Buren, Chivago, Til, Write for Frey Samples. Inti Chie tain’’ Guaranteed Silk, Broadc' loth. b Work No capital or experience needed. Your Pay Doily. Monthly bonus extra Cincinnat} Shirt Co., Shop 2062, Cincinnati, oO. 200,000 agents looking for | something ty sell. You can start mail order agents busines in spare time. We spent lifetime teams learning how, Have just written correspondence — plains everything about starting your ness. Over 25,000 words boiled down to made Ww uiton. 365 Lincoln Place, Brookiyn, NY, Men—South American’ work. ~~. ee companies. Good pa outh American Service. - Be Sign Letters for Stores and office windows. 4) Easily Ny Large demand everywhere. Metallic Letter Co., 431 N. Clark, Chicago. Fancy Goods. 1000 sa Importing Co., Dept B- i”, 573 Broadway,N. 4 Be a Real Estate Expert. neckwear at ST ae commissions irite f isammes 309% ercae "yree Samples Gold New Invention beats vacuum sweeper and eye bg 8 or- ake big money, taking orders for our beautiful Dress Ry Silks, 3 Wash Fabrics. BY osiery, es furnished. Natieent $5,000-S15, 000 shields, show = etc., without water, or chamois. No m ‘Easily demonstrat Housewives, moteriets, es, stores, tutions. buy on sight. Write for Special troductory Offer. 1661 Monmouth, Cincinnati, O. Frocks factory No ex Froc! for women. ices. Big line new styles lence necessary. s1s's dayesure! Cleans. windows, window- insti- Jiffy Glass Cleaner Co., Earn $80.00 weekly with Fashion Big acvence commissions. New plan! Fashion ks, Inc., Dept. M- ioo. “Cincinnati, Ohio. ces a _— Scasationas Profits orders for Taylor made-to-measure, ra’ caps and women’s hats. $75 to $100 weekly, Commission in advance. We deiiver outhit free, Taylor Cap Manufacturing Co. Desk E-if, Cincinnati, Ohio. Home Study and Resident “Learn Fg by Soe ia 90 days—Make °o money, Dractice Write for Free Book, ated |¢% In- at —No notes to learn. Old estab. mfg. co. gives you cred starts you in business (city or country) selling it; |T1inois School! of Music, 133 Hunter Building yearly. Experience unnecessary. i'll teach 185 widely known household necessities. Per-|C2!c8°- Lit) —_—_____.. you everything. Connect you with my chain|manent business; steady customers; large| Girls wanted for stage. Big pay, of real estate Write for FREE!/profits. McConnon, Dept.TH2, Winona. Minn |Learn stage dancing at me in klet National Real Estate Institute, Ankrum Advertisi Agency, A2o W. time. Costs only 2 few cents a 3 - 500. Fort Smith. Ark Jackson Bivd Chicago it “specialists in ~ — oe ree a Ves. ; “° . * oO Studio " es Street, . ge fo es line now free! aie direct selling, mail-order and poultry advertis-| cew York. N. Y. ces./ing. Service circular and catalog on request. prom: 1736.00. ane Sant. ce —- Pa, Neckwear, Desk B-125, Covington, Ky won oman in Claysv Why work for others? Employ agents $1,000.00. I make this offer becaus’|yourselt. Make your own ue oilet want to send e one who answers this/.rticies, househoid specialties, etc. ae — an 8 vay Mhe ae profit. Valuable booklet free. Nat'l ‘setemite ligation. Nothing to buy—now or ever! Laboratories, La J ie _Rienmene, Va. Just aay How can I get 2 ze? G. gi’ Rm. ‘= ay se. Catates. , m 9, 500 Nort rborn # bes . 1 " world. oan, home and office articles. listed. Sell beautiful ‘‘Style Tailored" shirts . Co., Lesueur Center, Minn. and neckties direct to wearer at factory prices Many beginners earn $50 t week in s time. $100 weekly full time easy. Selling outfit Free. . Howard Sh 1219 Van Buren, ar as Cae, 8 your spare time? ap hears a8 v0 aslly easy full time. troduce months Guaranteed Hosier. 4 Styne 39 colors, for men, women, chil- dren, aeeies latest “Silk to the ails No capital or experience we. furnish sam Suk hose for osiery Co.. Road 9282, free) for $16.95 tailored extra commissions. Both sample oes free|B. if you wane ae. Tru - Fit, way, New Y “Sell Me s Fine Suits (extra trousers pants. Big 808-A Broad- ~ non this craze for Colo needed. pies. ‘our own use FREF. New po Macochee De k Gleanae for Live Agents! Cash nial rugs sweeping coun- a ing. Agents earning Bettermade Puritan rugs sell at . commissions advanced. © obligation. Puritan h Street, Waltham, Mass. Ever. Iv IT’S NOT HERE WRITE — Here 1s a new service for the conventence of our readers. If you are tng Sor certain articles ed delow, P.C.8. information Dept., 9 East 46th 'St., New York. 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Canned Goods, Cotes and Le Men's New we Goods Line. 47 Money|& or eee No Dull Times Selling Food. must eat. yearly and up. No capital needed; guaranteed sales; unsold be returned. peat orders. Ask now! perederal Pp ure Food Co., Archer, Chicago. People Federal distributors make $3,600 or experience} may We furnish you with sample case, ——— and Free Sampics for customers Exclusive territory. F R23 Men 18 up. $1700-$2700 year. Ry. Postal Clerks. City Mail Carriers. Common suffic‘ent. Write immediately for full particular, Franklin Inst., Dept. T90, Rochester, N. ¥. Learn Electricity in Los Angeles. Tech nical practical training qualifies you forme sible position. School established 19065. proved by electrical industry. 17,000 ate. let. Nat'l Electrical Sebeat 11/2 ever known. N.R.G. 32, W. Mail! Superior, comes, Spare Time. = 3 Creutar Service. - 48-page ge M. Elfco, 525 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago. $1,000.00 Reward if this is not the great- est aes house to house proposition tablets wash clothes in 10 minutes without rubbing. Free Samples. |{ish, Profits. vovelties, Bargains. Rea y Made Catalog Free. 4006-AX, So. Figueros, Los Angeles, Men, become Forest Rangers: sas month and home furnished; — trap, ete. For details, write e Nortom, Yemple Court, Denver, Colo. Woman—Care for invalid, fine your vicinity. $21 weekly if willl home training course in nursing. ‘winehep Nurse Service, D6206 Winthrop, Chicago. tells the truth about sex. Explains the Laws the Love-life. —Write for a copy. We'll $4.00 Gift Edition. Pay teed. J. Z. Clark Street, Chicago, Dept. 4 Amazing 512 page book— **SafeCounse!l,"’ Scores of intimate subjects. 104 chapters, 121 illustrations. Send no money send our regular postman only $1.98, plus pegieee one arrival. "Satisfaction guaran- Catalog ~—_ ~~ aa 800 N. “Men _ qualify Forest Ranger ‘of|start $125 month; cabin and vacation. the forests; protect the game. Write i Dept. M- 44, Denver, Colo. : Big Pay Jobs open in Automotive Learn how on real equipment with real in te Ladies, reoutable time, experience necessary. N World Mfg. Co., 346 6th Avenue, New Yor manufacturer offers you opportunity - a extra money spare o selling. Cincinnati, O. Men-Women, 18-50, qualify for rk. DISTRICT SALESMAN — All woo! Union Made suits, overcoats, $23.50. Liberai ladvance commission, bonus.’ Write for large FREE outfit. O. W. "Harvey, Box 00, Chicago. Ranger, Ry. Mail Clerk, Special Age 001,|Govt. Positions, $140-$200 Pp struction Bureau. Dept. 137. Earn $25 Weekly, Spare Time Wi DISTRICT MANAGERS for Newspa M2 azines; ex Copyright Book ow to Write for. . Producin garm 32 Street, New Y Finest shirt line best eotins —. ts and commission arra ments right! Ki Lt Speciaities Aluminum Cleaner Can , Coo! ‘i ak -_ Women ‘"s Spectaisies © Sica Mender, J Home Furaienings Dishes, Nursery Stoc' Curting Irons, yer Plates Miscellaneous Special Makers. Baby 'y_ Gar- Ash Recet nitialed Biola. Suit Hangers, |ments Gloves. "Rubber ” Rugs, Cushions, L., g Pencils, Watches etc. Big’ Speciaitios —- a Sectory at Rub! ber Center. ‘$90 sroat Bags sraunt Flute terrary, sCataioe oF weet Vacuum ci Wind eg a x nod Bar St., Akron, Ohio, | ro ourself and West 23nd St Mgr., 20 West 22nd Street, Managers who know go00d genuine value, write or wire for ure worsted ales-|P enapeury Tailors, 22 West in America with Big doubled swatches. nge- Send *tull information about Confidentiat. New York Free! 1307 Press Institute, St. Men—Get eae Mail Clerk or We are in touch with the best and most |schools in America If you are interested in art, engt tricity, radio, aviation, or any kind of trainingwe will help you find what you a fa mg t oe es cost of postage “ receive a of prominent coe School Dept., P.C.S.,9 East os 4608 Sa ork, " A 4 paHiteg Novos funinés i - Sz pss Ses ead set Tat ~ 8

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| MONEY .MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 137 | | q co] ‘ual pebruary, 1928 BS y-FEcows. ber Ti Ivro e L, F CTRI Cl Ty! rid] iil tl 291 ideal NS % eS qh ALS | 2 AB ei iP fF fi 2 75 Be aa ACTUAL A: ona L MAGHINERY, — Tian ~ he H. C. LEWIS— President = Sasaze, iettt| Bit i i ‘aii s BY Bil Fee! v2 ¥ NN H cf beige Be \n ay brett Tes if ; reas zt = = aoe ta titee! tamu — ee En Er PLOYMENT THRICE FoR DIF: / fen! | fi ct Do Tr To DAY? SoNr wait / adedell REE Gel seel*fi. di) FILL OUT - MAIL TODAY/ Mr. H. C. Lewis, Pres. Dept. 28-73 Electrical School, S00 So. Paulina St., Chicago, Ill. Mr. Lewis: Without obl d stare, eat ception cod a 7am, Ws te sees H. C. LEWIS, Pres., Dept. 28-73 — Established 1899 500 S. Paulina Street, Chicago ‘ =e SBE BG82G20 882065 Ow eee wesc ees eeeceenseees OU... cccccnnss wera

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Advertising Services ADVERTISE in 24 gy gg dailies, 24 words, $15.00. = ful Guide li oc By ublieations, 4¢ stamps. — Company, Baltimore Bidg., Chicago. 24 NDS. e151 rural weeklies, 36.04. Ad- Meyer, 4112P ‘Hartford. St. Louis, Mo. portant Advertisers should not be bo re the’ im- oney ng. Write today for the FQuick Action “Advertising Rate Polder" “which contains rmation of value to you. If you are anxious for quick MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Rates 30 Cents a Word. A 10% discount is allowed on all contracts for six consecutive inser- tions. Advertisements intended for the April, 1928, issue should be received by February 5th. Branch Office Services BALTIMORE, Maryland, Address, $2.50 monthly, Daily Service, 341 Equitable Building. proat returns. do it now! Address your, inquiry to: Rianager, Classified ag te opular Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. LETTERS, sales literature written. Long experience. Reasonable. 0. Bartells, 504-52nd St., Milwaukee. Authors, Song Poem Writers, Manuscripts Hib- ONG Poem Writers—Send for Sepesttion. beer D10, 2104 N. Keystone Ave., Chicag ONG Poem Writers. Address, a 55th, Dept. 126, New York. WRITE Stories, Poems, Ete. Criticism, typing my ge Hursh Service, Dept. 3, Box 1013, Harris: urg. Pa. 236 W. Business Chances FREE Circular. Sell little novelties by mail. Hadwil, 80A-74 Cortlandt Street, N. Y. February, 199, Duplicating Devices STENCIL Du ed Posten Machine, (Post eard ane Prints Illustrate Ay ee 310d Complete outfit $10.50. Se C.O.D. Your Money 1800 depont Education and Instruction DON’T prepare for any Civil Service . without seeing our free catalogue. Columbian spondence College, Washington, D. . “DOUBLE entry peokmeqsing master ~ with 8 keys; guaranteed; diploma.” interes L,. keeping Institute, Desk 10, Springfield, Mo, Business Opportunities _ Carnegie College, Rogers, Ohio. Satisfied. Keller Manufacturing ees HOME Study: a Bookkee) California. , S Ding, Acccuntancy, High School, and other e courses, LEARN the coeaiien. pastas. Good income; — results. Interesting “Skillful Collecting,” National Collector's pe oR Science Building, — ark, Ohio. BECOME a Foot Correctionist. A New Profession not medical nor chiro y. All the trade you can attend to; many are making $3,000 to $10,000 yearly, fd terms I BUY, Sell, ty ap 8 Songs. Chester Escher, 12 Vroom for training by mail, no further capital needed or goods to 8t., Jersey City, N i” * buy, no agency or soliciting. Address Stephenson bora- ‘tory, 10 Back Bay, Boston, Mass. Byrd— cAviation MINIATURE die-casting machines, $50.00. 318 Reed, Erie, Pa. GOVERNMENT pays big salaries. Prepare for at examination now. Expert coaching, Dext Write L. Hampton. Box 1818-Al, Washington, De LABORATORY experts earn $300 to $500 mont Study microbiology, bacteriology, sanitation, granted, 71-piece outfit free. Free Drospects re ollege of Microbiology, 722 Calumet "ave. ; Hatimon Ind. o tig My f. ight ~ Stenography eepi . Squared-circle, Interest robleme Marr, Teacher, B605, Nashville, Tenn. tte ——— THE American School of Aviation announces a new correspondence course in Mechanics of Aviation. A thorough training in Practical Aeronautics. American School of Aviation, Dept. 6741, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois. BIGGEST, Best Catalog Model Airplanes, Parts, Supplies; 5c A —lape Ideal Compary, 163% Spring Street, New SEND dime for 12 inch mounted propeller and circu- lars on free three foot model aeroplane. No selling. Aero Shop, 3050 Hurlbut Ave., Detroit. Mich. BUILD your own Sport Monoplane. Blueprints and Speseustions, $2.50. Allison Airplane Co., Lawrence, ans AIRPLANE ——_, build and fly them. Our large catalogue ow gene 51 finest models, complete line of supplies sent paid for 10 cents. U. 8S. Model Air- craft Corp., 341 Meares St., Brooklyn, N. Y. LEARN Aviation. Complete courses flying taught by rienced men the year round at one of the oldest schools in the country. Learn aviation in allits branches or specialize. Applied Airplane Mechanics. Aerial Navigation. Airplane design and construction, Also a Home Study Course. Write for ou of opportunity in 1928 for Aviators. Varney School of Flight. 1813 Main Street, Peoria, Illinois. AVIATION’S Primer eu Stamps 29c. Church, 1603 Francisco. HOME-STUDY course in Aviation, $15.00. Thorough, comapiete. including: Motors, W: ngs, Fuselage, Flying, Flight Theory, Drawings. Nomenclature, Repair, Main- tenance, Manufacture Assembly Design Meteorology, Navigation, and 50 other subjects. $18 own, $3.00 weekly or monthly. Diploma given. Free Be ployment Service. Enroll now or write Romby National Pxcronautical School. Dept. E, Box 43. Santa Monica, Calif. BUILD and fly your own monoplane. 20-foot vi spread, 72 MPH with only 12 H. P. motor. Plans an ps ee | drawings complete, $10.00. Warner Co., 311 Edwards Bidg., Cincinnati, Ohio. Instruction) 25c, en Gate Ave., San Bending Machines THE Famous Hossfeld ‘“Wrenchless’” Universal trent Bender is the last word in bending machines. Bends on ones or hot into most any conceivable shape, in- eluaia Fye e Bolts and Automobile Spring Eyes. Bends pipe col Th ds ah ck classes of trade, 2 pio the smallest shops to the largest railway systems. Write for circular and prices. Hossfeld Mfg. Co., Winona, Minn ALL Agvertoere — 3 be without the important facts on Mo Write S ae for the ‘‘Quick- Action Advert any Rate Folder’ ich contains in- formation of value to you. If you are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it now! Address — inquiry to: fanager, Classified - Advertising, opular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. Blue Prints TO THE man who has a Home Workshop and likes to work with tools, Popular Science Monthly offers the oppestansey to purchase blue prints giving details of the construction of useful articles tor the home. The follow- ing are a few of the _ pow may available: No. 15, Work- shop Bench, No. Cw M tee oe neath ti No ase F ibe ith three stages amplifica om, No. our-tu Radio Receiver, 44 and 45, Model Pirate Ship, 46 and 47, 8) Galleon, 48, M Sailing Yacht, a. 50, Air- model, 51, 52 — = 53, a per Ship and 55, ‘ve-tube Radio’ set. lor each Xs print you wish to Popular Science re haoathly, 242 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Boats and Launches BUILD your own —» Outboard motor aaa. runabout, cruiser, row or sail using our knock-down materials. 55 Models. Send 25c¢ for eatale Brooks Bost Co., Inc., Salt Street. Sacinaw W.S., Mich. Books A ys ~~ Life 3$3.00—Write Art Card Co., Omaha, N USED correspondence school courses sold on re- es ge basis. Also rented and exchanged. Money- ack guarantee. Catalog free. (Courses bought.) Lee Mountain, Pisgah, Alabama. INVENTIONS commercialized. Patented or un- potguted. PY sa Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, St. Louis, Mo. For Boys - ————____ “BOYS, Limited autographed edition 's Book. Send advt. and $1. Gem Press, 236 Bailey et Angeles." ‘ — WE START you in business, furnishing everything. Men and women, opportunity to earn $35 to $100 week- ly operating Ragsdale’s original ‘‘New System Specialty Candy Factories’’ anywhere; wholesale or ret Big commercial candy book free. W. Hillyer Ragsdale, Drawer 19, East Orange, N. J MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly myer td, like to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Man- ager, "Classified ‘Advertising — Slexce Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New Yor PRINT 250 signs or nature an hour without press, type or machinery. Sample and particulars 10c. Sartco, 1014, Springfield, Ohio. ONE of the biggest mails on earth. Sent to any address for 10c._ Louisiana Distributing Service, Dept. PMX, Harmon, La. $50.00 WEEKLY, your own business. We furnish everything. Samples 10c. Whitney, Station C, Cin- cinnati, Ohio. SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All lines, smteieg. circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington, MIRRORS Resilvered at Home. Costs Less 5 cents per square foot; you charge 75 cents. Immense profits, a autoparts, reflectors, tableware, stoves, refinish- ng metalware, etc., outfits furnished. Details Free. Write, Sprinkle, Plater, 94, Marion, Indiana. Ra For copy of “The Promoters’ Hand ook,” a leaflet on financing, send $1.00 to Amster lane, East Orange, N. J. FURCRAFT at Home. Positively the finest, surest and easiest big profits at home in spare time for men and women. Investigate now. N. W. r Co., Dept. 39, Omaha, Nebr. THIS Advertisement may make you Thousands of Dollars, if you'll write immediately for my ‘“Eye- Opening” Literature describing Guaranteed Formulas; Valuable Trade Processes, Money-Making Information how to easily make the World’s Best-Selling S altins. All lines. Investment Small. Profits immense! Start in your Home, Room or Office. Make the Good Money you’re entitled to. Dr. Liscombe Miller, Chemist, Tampa, Florida. ADVERTISE—In 275 country porenente = Z words, $10.00. Lists free. Keator, Hartford Bldg., Chicago. WANTED—Mechanical Leather Spada - man't- facture on royalty or outright purchase. F. Raniville Company, 241 Pearl Street, Grand Rapids, Michigan. * SELL by Mail!—Books, Novelties, Bargain! Large Profits! Particulars Free! ,C—Elfco, 525 South Dear- born, Chicago. MONEY Making Book you are looking for. It may be your means of Financial Independence. Will send for only $1.00. Ellwood & Gerken, P. O. Box 204, Racine, Wis. OPERATE chewing gum machines. Large profits. Small capital. Particujars free. Robbins Company, 28 Dodworth Street, Brooklyn, New York. PATENTS procured; Trade Marks Registered—A comprehensive, experienced, ae service for the pro- tection and develo — ment of your ideas. Preliminary advice gladly furnished without charge. Booklet of in- formation and form for disclosing idea free on request. Richard B. Owen, 44 Owen pide. Washington, D. C., or 41-Z Park Row, New Yor NEW System Mail onder “Business big profits, in- structions FREE. King Company, Box 672-8, Wil- mington, Delaware. MEN wanting Mail Order work, send reply envelope. Coe, 129 East 59th St., New York. Cartoonists CARTOONISTS: Draw for slides. Fither amateurs or prosesmioneis write: Haines Art Studio, Box 244, Greenfield, O PRESS and ublic concede it to be the | ever juced. For Electricians and Helpers THE Electriciun’s Wiring Manual, By F. stock, E. E. Contains all the information heeded fe pocowe installation of lighting and power in ouses and other buildings. It completely covers inside electrical wiring and construction in accordanee with the eg Electric Code. Pocket size—flexible bing. ing. 448 p Price $2.50. Popular Science Mouth, 250 Fourth rive., New York City. ne For Inventors UNPATENTED Ideas Can be Sold. I tell you hoy and help you muke the sale. Free particulars ¢ righted). Write W. ‘I. Greene, 805 Jenifer Bb: Washington, D. C. INVENTIONS _Commercialized. Patented or m@ patented. Write Adam Fisher Mfz. Co., 183 Enright, Louis, Mo. I AM in touch with hundreds of moneyed men aj manufacturers who wish to buy good inventions, Har. ley, 38 Court St., Bangor, Maine. INVENTORS’ Universal Educator—containg mechanical movements; 50 perpetual motions, 1 how to obtain and seli patents. Suggests new ides Explains how to select your attorney and avoid sharks. Special Price, $1.00 postpaid. Gnate ich, 681 Ouray Blidg., Washington, D. “$25.00 CASH prizes each month arated to inventory of unpatented inventions, with right to publish. Sej cs or photograph, with description. DYNAMIC MFG. Co., First Nat'l Bank Bldg., Chicago.” YOUR invention may make you wealthy. Today Patentfax informs you daily regrading — financiers, promotors ready to pay cash, royalties: marketabie $-promising inventions-——patented, . patented. Three months service, $10.00; month, $54) our opportunity, cash-in. Today’s Patentfax, idiot Atlanta, Georgia. ALL Advertisers should not be without the important facts On Money Making. Write today for the “Quid Action Advertising Rate Folder’’ which conteine ann tion of value to you. If you are anxious for er profit returns, do it now. Address your inquiry to: Classified Advertising, Poptilar Science Monthly 3 Fourth Ave., New York. For Men and Women unnecessary. Partie work pene ge travel. Le necessary. Particulars free rite, Geo ‘agnet, 2190-P Broadway, N. Y. = Formulas SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. Alllina Catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washingte, GU ARANTEED | Formulas: ‘ ancinaive But i “xpensive”’ For aking rgest Selling Specialties. Lines. Play Safe, get my Valuable, yoo literature before buying common Catalogue + ar ga Miller, Manufacturer’s Chemist, Tams io For Sale FOR Sale—Patent, Improved Flour Sifter, outright Royalty Basis. Harry Nakagawa, Tanana, Alaska, For the Home HOT water on tap, $6. Make your own Automat. Write John Kirkeby, San Luis Obispo, Calif, __ GRANDFATHER clock works, $5.00. Build your ow case, instructions free; make good profits or friends. Clock works with chimes wg old or L ~: Write for full particulars. Clock Co., Nie ., LO THE man who likes to work sith coal Monthly offers the opportunity to pure io Theory and Operating,’’ by Mary — Loomis, member see Radio yt Chalk Talks urer on radio, io roa e oro! ex > LAUGH producing program, $1.00. Catalog free. a ge porto 886 by fuadio Schools. ‘Tee price Cartoonist Balda, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. x Universities, a Commerce, Gov't —o and E At ‘bookdealers 73 fend - Do Bi ds Fi h recei check or m Loomis 8 Company, Dept. E, 405 h st. Washington, D. C. eae Te Rants yy ol = Process and Catalog 10c. BEAUTIFUL registered bull pups, $15. Bulldogs, 501 Artcraft Book Pany, 7 College, Indianapolis. Rockwood, , Texas. my = giving details of the construction of ‘or the home. The following are a re of the b available: No. 1, Sewing Ta YY — No. 13, Tea V No. 15, Cedar and Receiver, 44 and 45, Mod Spanish Galleon, 48, Model ior each blueprint that you wish to Po Monthly, 242 Fourth Avenue, New York, O g! ol like the | I didn’t another | the snug in one « think th landlady the little It all s over the how dise blind alle chance it have one and here WAS erable I'd neve where I Other But—mu go with : really w seemed t kind of k And I tion, wa: try it—b Mary where yo er line | advance: “That line? I’y ter job, | good job seem to didn’t kr It was stopped 0 I overhea a few bu turning 7 With 2 the store was what me best—

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le ii | Wall i | Paes S| rf ~ nt on i FO _ fusts 4 Th eect ae aee MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Many times in the old days while I trudged home after work to save carfare, I used to gaze enviously at the shin- ing cars gliding by me, the prosperous men and women within. Little did I think that inside of a year, I too, w € my own car, a decent bank account, the good things of life that make at worth living. I Thought Success Was For Others Believe It Or Not, Just Twelve Months Ago I Was Next Thing To “Down-and-Qut” growing Radio storeintown. And I’m on good terms with my banker, too—not like the old days only a year ago, when often I didn’t have one dollar to knock against another in my pocket. My wife and I live in the snuggest little home you ever saw, right in one of the best neighborhoods. And to think that a year ago I used to dodge the landlady when she came to collect the rent for the little bedroom I called “home!” It all seems like a dream now, as I look back over the past twelve short months, and think how discouraged I was then, at the “end of a blind alley.”” I thought I never had had a good chance in my life, and I thought I never would have one. But it was waking up that I needed, and here’s the story of how I got it. Toni I'm sole owner of the fastest- WAS a clerk working at the usual mis- erable salary such jobs pay. Somehow I'd never found any way to get into a line where I could make good money. Other fellows seemed to find opportunities. But—much as I wanted the good things that go with success and a decent income—all the really well-paid vacancies I ever heard of seemed to be out of my line, to call for some kind of knowledge I didn’t have. And I wanted to get married. A fine situa- tion, wasn’t it? Mary would have agreed to try it—but it wouldn't have been fair to her. Mary had told me, “You can’t get ahead where you are. Why don't you get into anoth- er line of work, somewhere that you can advance?” “That’s fine, Mary,” I replied, “but what line? I’ve always got my eyes open for a bet- ter job, but I never seem to hear of a really good job that I can handle.” Mary didn’t seem to be satisfied with the answer but I didn’t know what else to tell her. It was on the way home that night that I stopped off in the neighborhood drug store, where T overheard a scrap of conrersation about myself, @ few burning words that were the cause of the turning point in my life! With a hot flush of shame I turned and left the store, and walked rapidly home. So that was what my neighbors—the people who knew me best—really thought of me! “Bargain counter shiek—look how that suit fits,’ one fellow had said in a low voice. “Bet he hasn’t got a dollar in those pockets.’ “Oh, it’s just ‘Useless’ Anderson,” said another. “He’s got a wish-bone where his back-bone ought to be.” As I thought over the words in deep humil- iation, a sudden thought made me catch my breath. Why had Mary been so dissatisfied with my answer that “I hadn’t had a chance?” Did Mary secretly think that too? And after all, wasn’t it true that I had a “wish-bone” where my back-bone ought to be? Wasn't that why I never had a “chance” to get ahead? It was true, only too true—and it had taken this cruel blow to my self-esteem to make me see it. With a new determination I thumbed the pages of a magazine on the table, searching for an advertisement that I'd seen many times but passed up without thinking, an ad- vertisement telling of big opportunities for trained men to succeed in the great new Radio field. With the advertisement was a coupon offering a big free book full of information. I sent the coupon in, and in a few days received a handsome 64-page book, printed in two col- ors, telling all about the opportunities in the Radio field and how a man can prepare quickly and easily at home to take advantage of these opportunities. I read the book carefully, and when F finished it I made my decision. HAT’S happened in the twelve months since that day, as I’ve already told you, seems almost like a dream to me now. For ten of those twelve months, I’ve had a Radio business of my own! At first, of course, I started it as a little proposition on the side, under the guidance of the National Radio Institute, the outfit that gave me my Radio training. It wasn’t long before I was getting so much to do in the Radio line that I quit my measly little clerical job, and devoted my full time to my Radio business. Since that time I’ve gone right on up, always under the watchful guidance of my friends at the National Radio Institute. They would have given me just as much help, too, if I had wanted to follow some other line of Radio besides building my own retail business —such as broadcasting, manufacturing, ex- perimenting, sea operating, or any one of the score of lines they prepare you for. And to think that until that day I sent for their eye- opening book, I'd been wailing “I never had a chance!” OW I’m making real money. I drive a 4‘ good looking car of my own. Mary and I don’t own the house in full yet, but I've made a substantial down payment, and I'm not straining myself any to meet the install- ments. Here’s a real tip. You may not be as bad off as I was. But, think it over—are you satisfied? Are you making enough money, at work that you like? Would you sign a con- tract to stay where you are now for the next ten years, making the same money? If not, you'd better be doing something about it instead of drifting. This new Radio game is a live-wire field of golden rewards. The work, in any of the 20 different lines of Radio, is fascinating, ab- sorbing, well-paid. The National Radio In- stitute—oldest and largest Radio home-study school in the world—will train you inexpen- sively in your own home to know Radio from A to Z and to increase your earnings in the Radio field. Take another tip—No matter what your plans are, no matter how much or how little you know about Radio—clip the coupon below and look their free book over. It is filled with interesting facts, figures, and photos, and the information it will give you is worth a few minutes of anybody's time. You will place yourself under no obligation—the book is free, and is gladly sent to anyone who wants to know about Radio. Just address J. FE. Smith, President, National Radio Institute, Dept. 2M, Washington, D. C. J. E. Smith, President, Z he 2. ° =] 2 nw Qa —e ° — 3 @ 2 = ¢ o # Dept. 2M, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Smith: Please send me your Ct-page free book, printed in two colors, giving all information about the opportunities in Radio and how I can learn quick- ly and easily at home to take advantage of them. 4 understand this request places me under no obligation, and that no salesmen will call on me.

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Help Wanted SILVERING Mirrors, French plate, easily learned; immense goctte. Plans free. Wear Mirror Works, Excelsior Springs, Mo. WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in every factory in the Unit.d States to act as subscri tion representative for the most popular magazine in the world. Address Manager of papresesnay ves. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New Yo SECRET er) a, J Credentials and aaa membership $2 k if not ae oak Con- — Secret service "eyatem, Box 81K aukegan, OBTAIN Le ge 70 Jobs offered one person! Get work you want, quickly, anywhere. Complete infor- mation, 50 cents. Money promptly returned if wanted. Better Yourself! New Idea Service, Box 39-D, Station K, New York. MEN—Experience aggre oo ad travel; make secret investigations; reports; sa ex Write American Foreign tective Agenty, 303, St. Louis, Mo. * MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Magic Tricks “Patent Attorneys a, give shows, earn money. Catalogue agical 206. F oaks" Magical Co., Dept. 550, Oshkosh, Wis. INVENTORS. Consult Edgar M. Kitchin, AugoD at Law; Twenty years a } penta st on Patents ang Marks. 805 G Street, N. W., Washington, D.C, Miscellaneous FORMS to cast Lead Soldiers, Indians, Marines, Trap- rs, Animals, 151 kinds. Send 10c for Illustrated Cata- jogue. Henry C. Schiercke, 1034 72nd St., Brooklyn, N.Y. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “‘How You Can Use Popular Science erage = A Profitably.”” You'd like — know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Mai Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 56 Fourth Avenue, New York. TATTOOING eee. Illustrated list free. Watters Manufacturing, 965 Puttnam, Detroit. DR. EICKHOFF’S Corn Remedy Post Paid. 60c, 1534 Indiana Ave., Sheboygan, Wis. MANUFACTURER popular line mechanics’ hand tools has three excellent openings. Not a million-dollar job, but good living assured year round worker. Two average sales daily net $50 weekly. Advance against commission. Address Dept. “3. " J. G. Woods, Inc., 37 W. 20th Street, New York. Models and Model Supplies SPECIAL Machinery or parts, Dies, Tools, Metal Specialties, Model special gears, stock cears and Model Supplies. Send 5c for Catalogue. The Pierce Model MEN get Forest Ranger or U. S. Mail positions; ; 4 135-$22 monthly; permanent; experience unnecessary. | orks, Tinley Park, Ill ee or details write radford, 31 South 52nd, Philadel- WOODS for Mode's, Scroll Work and inlaying. Fred phia, Pa. Wild, 510 East 11th St., New York. EARN $10.00 to $35.00 weekly mailing circulars at pos : . Spain’ Pe and instructions 25e. Jamorris, 2305 Gratz, ie: SHIP Model Fittings: Steering Wheels, Capstans, Anmes, Propellers, etc. Send ‘dime for booklet. . J. Fisher, 1002 Etowah Ave., Royal Oak, Mich. STEAMSHIP Positions—Men—Women. Good See the world Free. Experience unnecessary. end Sa aasreseed envelope for list. Box, 122-Z, Mount Vernon, N. MEN, get lore Ranger job; $125—-$200 mo. and home furnished; hunt, fish, trap, ete. For details, write: Nor- ton, 254 Temple Court, Denver, Colo. Help Wanted Instruction DETECTIVES Earn Bi tunity. Travel. Fascinat speqeeery. Write, George Money. Excellent oppor- work. Experience un- agner, 2190-P Broadway, eg al Brakemen, Baggagemen (white or col- ored), ng car, train porters (colored), $150-$250 on Ty Experience unnecessary. 838 Railway Bureau, East St. MEN-WOMEN, 18 UP. Get U. 8. Government Life Jobs. Commence $95 to $158.00 month. Quick raise. Steady work. Paid vacations. Common education sufficient. Experience unnecessary Sonple examination, coaching and full particulars FREE Write imme- diately—today. Franklin Institute, Dept. W-29, Rochester, N. Y. How to Entertain PLAYS, musical comedies and revues, minstrel music, blackface skits, vaudeville acts, monologs, dialogs, reci- tations, entertainments, _mnustcal readings, stage hand- OUR new illustrated 1928 catalog. Everything for ship models now ready. Dime. Reduced prices on fittings, construction este, supplies. Complete line of books for yachtsman’s library. Both catalogs, 25c coin. Roy Hancock, 323 Douglas Ave., Portsmouth, Va. . Moving Picture Business “BE A Movie Exhibitor’—Big Opportunity, Only Moderate Capital Required—Complete Equipment at Remarkably Low Prices. Write. Atlas Moving Picture Co., 624 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, I Music and Musical Instruments SAXOPHONISTS — Clarinetists — Corne‘ists — Trombonists—-get aT Pointers.” Virtuoso Music School, 36, Buffalo, N. Y. SHEET-MUSIC, a for $1.00. For Amateur Teacher or Student. Catalog free. Ferd. Zarb, P. O. B. 18, Sta. D., New York. PIANO JAZZ. Ugg Negro Harmony, Ear Playing, ese Styles, Chim Blues, Sweet Harmony, Radio Tlaving, Interesting “Taformetion Free. Write “Piano Bill” 207B Ossington, Toronto, Can. PATENTS. Much Taaebis information in our trated book on Fr ee and trade-marks sent free sketch sheet. md your invention for ing opinion. Write today. Bryant & Low Pectin Pidg., Washington, D. C. TY, 312-A Victor PATENTS. Free valuable book sent upon voll Save time. Forward sketch or model tor tar tree, fidential report. Favorable report rendered only whe, we conscientiously believe your invention containg and is of commercial value. Soom rain et 223 Victor Bldg., Washington, I MONROE E. MILLER, an TE Washi C., Patent Lawyer, Mechanical, Electrical Ex Bou: let and Priority Record blank gratis. INVENTOR’S Guide sent = Containg information. Frank Ledermann egistered 5 At “ngineer, Woolworth Building, i7is New You INVENTORS who derive largest profits know a heed certain simple but vital facts plore & rs —,. a, stacey raise eet wee no aacey cey, ashington, Established 1869 D.C, CARL MILLER, Resistered Patent Attorney (former Patent Office examiner), 211-M, McGill Building Woe ington, D. C. Write for Intructions. PATENTS Prcecured. Trade Marks Registered. = comprehensive, experienced, prompt servi tection and develo — of your ideas. ee forthe the po ‘Book ot in advice gladly furnished without charen. formation. and form for disclosing idea free on hes Richard B. Owen, 44 Owen Bldg., Washington, D. 41-Z Park Row, New York. Patents for Sale INVENTORS: Use our special service for Presenting your invention or patent to manufacturers. lisher Mfg. Co., 183-A Entight, St. Louis, Mo” WE COMMERCIAL IZE Inventions. Comm 4 with us if you have a patent to sell or wish to one, American Finance and Development Corp. Ouray ing, Opposite Patent Office, Washington, D. C, Photographs and Supplies Bat HAVE you acamera? Write for free sample of our big magazine, showing how to make better pictures and earp money. American > tea 117 Camera House, Boston, 17, Massachusetts. MAKE money in. Photography. Learn quickly at home. Spare or full time. New Plan. Nothing itke ft Experience unnecessary. American School of Photog raphy, Dept. 1743, 3601 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. Photoplays Wanted Novelties and Pictures PHOTO art novelties, books, magazines, foreign pub- Rongese. Catalog free. Villaverde Co., Box 1329, Hava- na, Cuba. books, make-up ig catalog free. T. S. Denis & Co., 623 So. == ee 26, icago. PUZZLO. The best cross block puzzle made. 63 combinations. Complete set one dollar. Postpaid. Puzzlo, Box 971, Astoria, Oregon PUZZLES, Sooks, novelties, catalogue for stamp. C. Puzzles, Fairview, Mass. Incorporations DELAWARE Incorporator, Charters: Fees Small; forms. Chas. G. Guyer, 901 Market Street, Wilming- ton, Delaware. Insects Wanted WHY Not spend Spring. Summer, Fall gathering butterflies, insects? I buy hundreds of kinds for col- ‘tions. Some worth $1 to $7. Simple outdoor work with my instructions, illustrations, price-list. Send 10c for Illustrated Prospectus. Sinclair, Dealer in Insects, Dept. 7, Box 1424, San Diego, Calif Inventions Wanted INVENTIONS commercialize’. atented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Laboratory and Chemical Services Beck. chemica! A protien solved and working formula r process furnished for $5.00. Write me. W. Stedman Richards. Industrial Chemist, Box 2402, Boston, Mass. FREEF chemical service given to subscribers of Popular Chemistry. Contains latest chemical news, experiments, formulas, etc. Three trial copies, 30c (no stamps). $1.00 per year. Book cat given to yearly a; ra Popular Chemistry, Dept. FD, Swedesboro, N. Patented or un- 183 Enright, ART PICTURES, 300 All Different. he mening 10¢, Howard Sales Company, Dept. 3, 1188 Folsom St., San Francisco, Calif. Office Devices ADDRESSING machines, multigraph, duplicators, folders, check writers, sealers, dictating machines, at about half new cost. Pruitt, 117 N. Market St., Chicago. Patents “TIME is important in applications for foreign patents. Send date United States Ay: or applica- tion, with names of countries desired for free informa- tion how to protect your patents. Chester Brown, 510 Van Buren Street, Chicago.” Patent Attorneys PATENTS—tTime counts in applying for patents. Don't risk delay in protecting your ideas. Send sketch or model for instructions or write for Fk REE book, “How to Obtain a Patent” and “Record of Invention” form. No charge for information on how to proceed. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Prompt, careful, efficient service. Clarence A. O'Brien, Registered Patent ‘Attorney, Security Bank Building (directly across street from Patent Office), Washington, D. C. (See page 155) PATENTS. Bookiet free. Highest references. Best results. Promptness assured. Watson E. Coleman, Patent Lawyer, 724 9th Street, Washington, D. C. UNPATENTED Ideas Can Be Sold. I tell you how and help you make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- righted). Write W. T. Greene, 811 Jenifer Building, Washington, D. C RICHARD E. BABCOCK, Patent Lawyer, Washington Toan & Trust Bidg., Washington. D. C. Booklet. PATENT, trade-marks, copyrights. Reliable services by an experienced practitioner devoting personal at- tention to each case. Inquiries invited. References furnished. B. P. Fishburne, Patent Lawyer. 525-C McGill Building, Washington, D. C. Lathes SPEED Lathe $10.50 complete. 7 inch Lontns. 3 speed cone. Jefferson Mfg. Co., Fairfield, Iow Letter Specialists Cecile Serpa, 115 Pleasant St., LETTERS $2. New Bedford, Mass. LANCASTER AND ALLWINE, 232 Ouray Building, Washington, D. C. ‘Originators of the Form Evidence of Conception.” Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form to be signed and witnessed. Form and patent information bulletin free. PATENTS. Free advice, personal service of — Attorney, former Patent Office Examiner. klet. Albert Jacobs, 725 Barrister Bldg., Washington. ADAM BE. FISHER, Registered a Attorney in business 25 years; + i mal attention and ones assured; Dept. 83 Enright, St.. Louis, 0. Machines CONCRETE Building Plock machines cots Molds. Ca 5 Main, free. crete Manufacturing Co 8t. Louls, Mo, PATENTS secured. Easy terms. Inventors’ Service Bureau, Box 1648, Washington. BROCHURE “How to Get a Patent,” FREE. Send rough ideas or qheten. No obligation. co-operation. A. le Attorney, 41 Park Row Examiner U. 8. Paten $1250.00 FOR a Photoplay story by an unknow writer and sold through our Sales Department. We re —_ copyright and market. Locat in the heart of Motion Picture Industry. We know the oan Fstablished 1917. Send Manuscript for free — Booklet mailed on request. Universal Scenario Com 214 Western & Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, cat Post Card Views POST-CARD—Views of the Panama Canal during construction days. 25 assorted for $1.00. W. Ramey, Bor 571, Cristobal Canal Zone. Printing and Engraving BETTER Printing for Less Money. Write us about your printing needs, and you will save money. Ernest Fantus Company, 525 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, PUBLISH Your Own Magazine or House Organ. Our standardized service * one-fifth ordinary prices. Sam ples and particulars free. Evans Printing Company, Grand Rapids, Mich. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’ sho “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ing. Se Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New aH NOTEHEADS and 100 Envelopes, $1.15, post paid. Oberman Company, Box 1268, Chicago. 200 BOND Letterheads, 8x11 and 150 envelopes #. 200 Bond Letterheads, 6x7 and 100 envelopes $1. P’ Dollar "Bilis will do. Dept. L. Hoosier Print "aa Portland, Indiana. Rabbits MAKF big profits with Chinchilla Rabbits, Real Money Makers. Write for facts. Conrad's, 860 C Conrad's Ranch, Denver, Colorado. Radio SET BUILDERS. We furnish jobs. No fee. Register now on our list of professional set-builders. Inquiries from your locality will be referred to you. We are head- quarters for parts for Hammarlund-Roberts, Silver Shielded Six, Karas Equamatic, Bremer-Tully § ctx, Harkness Counterfonic and other ponies circuits. Register at once. Give references and ye Inc., Dept. D, 35 West 3ist Street, New York , 2 Real Estate—Orchards—Farm Lands PECAN—Orange—Fig Groves “On the Gulf.” Monthly payments. uaranteed care. Big, returns. Suburban Orchards, Dept. ‘‘S,”’ Biloxi, Miss OZARKS—10 acres near White River and p —* iste ‘Rew York York. Formerly ‘Assistant — dam, $100, 3s monthly. Alva Zimmerman, t Office, | Re y, Kans, h, Kansas Cit peD*: pooHe' Resu Mr.E.H abot y “The Federa direct way ¢ drawing into time, knowl wise take 0 present succe: (Name on rec Lloyc “1 feel as drudgery wet earning $380 have just sta short Fel Sche sible." J.R. pr “You might this place to Director, for year contrac debt of grati for starting D.L “1 found th teal sound ments. It h to-offer that v enough to v 7 THE

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3 3 a bel Gad! E § = I are] 88, Beez | IlFE | ie I ee] ERsiba: | atts Il 28x 3 i Bales! ll Esraataal TY ee el ah oe ee oe - MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION a. eee oot) Co Deere Dee coeoDe-- OOH: coDeereMeree Ds > a YOUR, DRAWING ABILITY Peers © Ped Dees GOP cee \Peoee Pees Geer yp Cree Here HPereeoe Geese Results Count! Mr.E.H., who is making about, $15,000 a year, Says: “The Federal School showed me the direct way of turning my liking for drawing into money, giving, in a short time, knowledge which would other- wise take many years of hard ex- * perience to acquire. I owe much of my present success to the Federal School.” (Name on request.) Lloyd Shirley says: “I feel as though my old days of drudgery were a bad dream. Now Iam carning $3800 a year as an artist and I have just started. The practical, thor- ough, short course I took with the Federal School made my success pos- sible.” J. R. McKinney is progressing: “You might like to know I am leaving this place to take up a new job as Art Director, for which I have signed a 2- year contract at $80 per week. Lowea debt of gratitude to the Federal Schools for starting me right." D. L. Rogers said: “T found that the Federal School had teal sound backing for all its state- ments. It has the quality of education to-offer that paves the road to success, those who are earnest and game enough to work for bigger things.” TESTED FREE OU young people who like to draw—do you realize that your talent, if properly trained, can lift you out of the crowd and place you in a profession where the work is pleasant and the money-making possibilities are very high? Our free Art Test indicates your natural sense of design, proportion, color, etc. When you've worked it out, it will be analyzed by our art instructors and you will be frankly informed as to your chances. in this vocation. This fascinating test has started many young people on the road to success. See What These Federal Students Earn: Big prices are paid for drawings and designs for advertising, magazine covers, story illustrations, cartoons, etc. These Federal Students— whose average age is 30 years—are only a few of the hundreds of men and girls that Federal Training has lifted quickly to a worth while income: E. McT., Pasadena . B.C, R., Minneapolis . M. O. H., Hollywood $300 to $900 a mo, M.R., New York . .« © «© 300a mo. . $750 a mo. 325 a mo, Miss F. K., New York . 400 a mo, C. P. D., Chicago . . . «© 400amo. L. H. W., Se. Louis. . . . 350amo, S. J. E., Tulsa, Okla, « » « 2$02a mo. P. M. H., Carnegie, Pa. 325 a mo. H. B. R., Oakland. . 2 © «© 305 2Mo, C. P. M., Chicago . . . 600 a mo. “ (Names on request) Which Book Do You Want? *“*YOUR FUTURE” describes the “‘A ROAD TO BIGGER Federal Course in Commercial De- THINGS" describes the Federal signing, which prepares you to Course in illustrating, which become a Commercial Artist, and trains you for work as an Illus- teaches you how to make draw- trator, and includes illustrating, ings and designs fer magazine and cartooning, lettering, window newspaper advertisements, post- card writing, etc. ers, booklets, etc. Send Today for Your Art Questionnaire There will always be a demand for good art work, due to its necessity in modern business. Don't fail to make the most of your ability, if you le tke dette didn Atte TEL TEtt | cor@GHeee woman with trained art ability. Mail the coupon today for O your Art Questionnaire, and be sure to mark which book you want. Please state age and occupation. Federal Schools Inc. o7 1355 Federal Schools Building Wd 00 He oe Hv ce Hees He oe Pee ePeeecPGeeeH ce Seek Seer Sere like to draw. Modern business offers rich rewards to the young manor MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA /# azge...... Occupation. .......... Sed A te hh ait ae et | Results Count ! From Mr. W. A. Sowell: “I am Art Director with a salary and commission which has made it possible for me to earn more than at any time in my life, for example last month ran over $400.00, and for the last four months it has averaged $30@00. I know this all came about from the excellent instructions ! received from the Federal Schools.” Another Federal Student says: *‘Have had a studio since May, 1922. Name of studio: Geo. B. Jones— Commercial Artist. I earn on an aver- age of about $250 a month and I give the Federal School full credit for my start in this work.” Federal Schools, Inc. 1355 Federal Schools Bldg. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Please send: me Art Question- naire and book I have checked. CO YOUR FUTURE (drawing for advertising) (C0 AROAD TO BIGGER THINGS (illustrating, cartooning, etc.) THE SCHOOL FAMOUS FOR SUCCESSFUL STUDENTS

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Salesmen and Agents Wanted MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Salesmen and Agents Wanted February, Stamps and Coins AGENTS—Clever invention! Inks nm a fountain pen. Fast office seller, big profit, demand nereasing everywhere. Exclusive territory offe Sample free. H. Marul Company,Tribune Bldg. New York. GET our free sample case, toilet articles, perfumes and 8 ties. Wonderfully profitable. La Derma Co., . F., S8t. Louls, Missouri. Tees rs. $60—$200 a week. Genuine gold letters for store windows easily applied. Free samples. wea eee to 1 hineral agents. Metallic Letter Co., 434-A. N. nh makes every erty DAILY silvering mirrors, plating and ee lamps, reflectors, autos, beds, chandeliers by new meth Outits furnished. Write Gunmetal Decatur, Illinois. AGENTS—Best seller; Jem Rubber Repair for tires and tubes; supersedes vulcanization at a saving of over 800 per cent; put it on cold, it vulcanizes itself in two minutes, and is guaranteed to last the life of the tire or tube; sells to every auto owner and accessory dealer. For particulars how to make big money and free sample, ad- dress Amazon Rubber Co., 504 Amazon Building, Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania. A BUSINESS of your own—Making Sparkling Glass Name and Number Plates, Checkerboards, Signs. Big Book and Sample free. E. Palmer, 513, Wooster, Ohio. AGENTS—Make a dollar an hour. Sell Mendets, a gosens patch for instantly mending leaks in all utenatie. ple package free. ‘ollette Mfg. Co., Dept. 467, Amsterdam, N. Y. EARN $10 dally eiverne mirrors Ws and re- finishing métal ware, "hen ts, chandeliers, bedsteads. me {34 . Decie Laboratories, 225 Varick ew Yor "IMPORTANT to et ty Are you deriving profit fem yo ur advertising? Write today for a copy es the “Quick-Action a Severraing Rate Folder’ showing ““How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” Addreégs your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- FE, reower Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New or CALIFORNIA — ee selling like hot cakes. ‘ ents coining eo rofits. Catalog free. ssion Factory, i co, Los Aneuen’ Calif. AT LAST! Ly a oy Tod Auto Emblems for every Lodge. Sells for only $1.25. Write for attractive selli oe ea and FREE sample case offer. North Centr istributors, Department 10, Ashland, Ohio. JUST Out—New Patented Apron. No strings or 40., Ave. F, AGENTS, Dissrtpstore, Local, State Rights; Lutze’s Vacuum Cup Hot Water Bottle. First real improve- ment in half century. Congestions in Chest, Pneumonia, Neuralgia, Lumbago, Bronchitis, Sciatica, Pleurisy readily respond to treatment. Daniel E. Lutz Co., 1039 Main 8t., Buffalo, N. Y WE HAVE a line of goods for which every man in America is a prospect. Can be handled with tremendous profit by any salesman now selling to men. $20.00 Outfit Free. Address Dept. 704, William C. Bartlett, Inc., 850 West Adams, Chicago. NO PEDDLING. Start own business. Home, Office. Bi — Free particulars. Elite, 38 Elizabeth St., CHECK protection experts make $120 weekly with ease. FREE training now offered for this fascinating new profession. New checkwriter equals any machine on market at fraction of cost. Merchants, wn ny men, business men buy at sight. Permanent, dignified si- tion. Write quick for details and special offer. Arnold Check Writer. Co., Dept. B-15, Flint, Mich. QUICK cleanup for live agents. Cash in on this craze for colonial rugs sweeping country. Every house- wife buying. Agents earning $100.00 weekly. Better- made Puritan rugs sell at half store prices. Big com- missions advanced. Write for offer. No obligations. pee Bes Co., 552 South Street, Waltham, Mass., ept. ‘ EARN $15 a day and get your own suit free, taking orders for our fine made-to-measure tailoring. We show you how. Write today for new style outfit, all wool sam- les, etc., Furnished Free. Progress Tailoring Company, ept. P-221, Chicago. $12.00 DAILY—New, highly practical, useful article for every home and office. Quick 50c seller. Hydrawlik Corp., Roselle, N. J. AGENTS $240 month! Quickedge Sharpener. Some- thing new. Patented. Sharpens any knife or shears in less than minute. Big winner. Wonderful seller. Big rofits. Write quick. Quickedge Sharpener Co., Dept. 9, Canton, Ohio. WHY work for others? Employ Make your own products. Toilet Articles, Household Ss alties, etc. 500% profit. Valuable booklet frée. ae Scientific Laboratories, 1927W. Broad, Rich- mon a. AMAZING New Glass Cleaner offers you $15 a day sure! Cleans windows, windshields, show cases, etc., without water, soap or chamois. No muss. Easily demonstrated. Housewives, motorists, garages, stores, ents yourself. missions daily. a day every day; over 100% profit: com- | institutions buy on sight. Write for § al Introductory ssions daily were for free offer. Sta-Put Co., Dept. Offer. Jiffy Glass Cleaner Co., 1655 Monmouth, Cin- , St. Louis, Mo. cinnati, O Re bunch matt Year 15c. Magazines, catalogues. AGEN TS—S10 daily handling our engraved name Kentucky Agency, Covington, Kentucky. lates, signs, numbers, ete. Brett Bros., Boston 20, ass. LAMB'S Wool | mittens, brushes. Newhall, 358 Broad, Lynn, N BANKRUPT a eness sales. $50.00 daily. We start of furnishing everything. Distributors, Dept. 34, 4 Superior, Chicago. SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them yourself. Formulas, ph rocengen, Trade-Secrets. All lines. se circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., Washington, . Cy AGENTS—We start you in business and help you succeed. No capital or experience needed. Spare or full time. You can earn 100 vous. Write Madison Company, 566 Broadway, New York MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “How You Can Use Science Monthly Profitably.”" You'd like to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Man- sect Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly Fourth Avenue, New York. YOU Are Wanted To Resilver Mirrors at Home. Imme rofits — autoparts, tableware, etc. ae nformatio Sprinkle, Plater, 96, Marion, ndiana. WALKER made $165 first day selling Collection Sys- tem to doctors and merchants. Retails $6 Co lects $65.00 costs $1.50. Adjustment Assn., Mobile, Alabama BIG money and fast sales. Every owner save ‘old initials for his auto. You charge $1.50; ma 35. Ten orders daily easy. samples. American Monogram Co. Orange, New Jersey. “SUPERKEEN! Amazing new patented magnetic, blade sharpener! Sharpens all razor blades en oe & magically, by powerful magnetic force! New! Absolutely different!’ Sensational demonstration! Whirlwind seller! Write for ket sample!’ SuperKeen, Dept. B-13, Salisbury, N. C. ANY: salesman can sell them! Merchants everywhere use punchboards. Someone sclls them, why not you? Collect big seeeeseaiens daily. Newest, largest elaborate cat sent ui pee. Lincoln Sales 4o., 9 8. Clin- ton, Chicago, pt. ANTIFREEZE semeeaia saaeepees freezing. Dricleen the combined auto cleaner, polisher. Radiator internal cleaner. Hand soap. Write for free shipmene long profit auto specialties. ickman Co., St. Paul, Minn. AGENTS Making Big Money a Fibre Brooms, Push Brooms, Dust Mops, Auto Mitten Dusters. Catalog and Samples Free. National Fibre Broom Co., St. Louis, Mo. HIRE eee as Boss! $250 Weekly Easily Made peaking These Biggest Selling S alties right in your Home, Room or § ce. Have others selling them. Get My Valuable Literature describing Acmolite, Guaranteed Radiator Anti-Freeze Jiffex, Glass Cleaner, $1 pays $40. Loid-Lac Refinishes Automobil*s overnight Solvit, King of Hand Cleaners; Tuf-Nit quadru se life of Silk Hosiery, Ducopol Unmatchable ‘Automobl e Polish; Many other Honest- ness Money-makers. Get those liberal profits which should be yours. Miller, Industrial Chemist, Tampa, Florida. Write for particulars ol free .. Dept. 47, East MILLION Dollar Concern wants man for responsible a ney taking orders for universally used product. Low — e beats all competition. Generous commissions and mus for good men. Selling experience not necessary as we train men in our own way. Address Employment Department. Desk 310, 844 West Adams St., Chicago- MAKE $100 weekly selling Weyer ie 4 , eglaabdetibhent suits at $23.50 and $31.50. Highes commissions. Extra bonus for Over {00 6x9 swatch samples furnished. rite today. W. Z Gibson Inc., 500 Throop St., Dept. P-521, Chicago. NO PEDDLING. Start own business. Home, Office. Big rofits. Particulars free. Elite, 38 Elizabeth St., mA roducers. AGENTS: Big season on. No com daily. Rhinestone Initial Buckles, etc., sell on . No investment. Chaton Co., 606 Blue Island, Chicago, WOMEN-—$2 an hour spare time; 100% commission; new idea sanitary necessity; sells on sight; very woman buys; new feature never before used; designed by physi- cian; revolutionizes old uncomfortable methods; pay every day; no Sevectes, no —: ho experience or capital required. Write Mary L. Coleman, Meriden, Connecticut. AGENTS—Sell Wonderful Pocket Adding Machine. $7.50 retail. $2.50 to you. Typewriter Supply, 104 Hersch Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. $10 EVERY DAY. Will send sample of new Wringer Mop with Big Steel Plate on approval. Convince your- self at our risk. Kleanezy, Dept. L-16, Delphos, Ohio. AGENTS Wanted to sell Men's Hats direct from factory. Write for catalog. Model Hat Mfg. Co., Dept. M-9, East Orange, N. J. MAKE $25.00 daily selling colored Raincoats and Slickers, Red, Blue, Green, etc., $2.95—Hat Free. Commissions daily. Outfit FREE. Elliott Bradley, 230 So. Wells, Dept. AC-2, Chicago. WE. PAY $48 a week, furnish auto and expenses to introduce our Soap and Washing — Buss-Beach Co., Dept. A-48, Chippewa Falls, Wis. OH HELLO! Why didn’t I see this before. Christy’s Iron Rust and Stain Remover sells like blazes. Write for free sample. Christy, Inc., 5068 B’way, Newark, New York. AGENTS: Newest sensation—Rhinestone Initial Fountain Pens. Everybody wants one. No competition. .00-$15.00 daily —s ee Chaton Novelty Co., 602 Blue Island, Chicag: a MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.”” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells ‘“‘How You Can Use Popular Seience Monthly Profitably.”” You'd like to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Lo age er, Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. tition. $10.00— 500 DIFFERENT 40¢: 1000, 808; 2000, $3.50 ag Foreign Coins. Decorations. Catalogue and 500,000 mark ‘bli, 10 centg Onken, 630 79th Street, Brookl UNITED STATES and Alexis Mengelle, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1000 MIXED Foreign Stamps, 25e. Phil Tangy ape Cottage, Maine. - Phil LD Coins Bought and Sold. Rare Coin Book gy 700. illustrations, Send 10c for Coin Collet Guttag Bros., 16 Exchange Place, New York” ue. wee Company—15 diff showing Cry African native scenes, cor Nickles’ 213 Seaton, N. E., Washington, D STAMPS, 105 China, etc., 2c. tions) 3e. Bullard, Station AA, Bost free to collectors requesting our net a 2 cents. S. Christensen, Milwaukee, ‘eer 50 SOVIET RUSSIA $1. SN nt: Holla $1.C0. Approval service—Send reference, ¢, 1757 School St., Chicago, Ill. D New Brunswick & Commemoratives OL U. cluded in our Special packet s. 100 all diff cents. Prospect Stamp Co., 401 Quebec ster es Canada. STAMP Collectors— Phillips Monthly Bulletin ix » Hartiong applicants. Hill, 12 Leonard, Waltham, ya . a 110 DIFFERENT stamps free to collectors requat. Postage 2 Cents, trated) offers over 2000 special bargains, set =. each issue. Free. Phillips, Box 1012 ‘onn. 108 STAMPS, Chad, etc., album, ing, our low priced net approvals. Badger Stamp Co., Milwaukee, Wis. $10.00 FOR 25c. A choice assortment of 500 all dille. 0.00, Seat ent stamps guaranteed to —— over $10 to approval ‘applicants for only 25c. Edgew Co., Dept. S ilford, Conn. ONE CENT each, Guper-Bargaine, Stanton, Niantic, Conn eae at meg rd plan. Others profit, andolph Stamp Box, Allen St., h Me troit ADbu (OOO Ta 110 DIFFERENT Stamps, ray sone on Approval, PREMIUMS Freo—Beand for. my Ppprovals ‘and Randolph, Mass, REA _—— Y%c up.- Babcock, 409 E. Fort, De im m you? ALL Advertisers should not be without the fmportan ay facts on Money Making. Write today for the Action Advertising Rate Folder” which comtaiae & ine formation of value to you. If you are anxious for qui Address your inquiry to; Science — returns, do it now! anager, Classified Advertising, Popular Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. FREE! 112 Different stamps to Approval Applicants, 2c postage. Paige Stamp Co., Oak Park, Ill. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving am from your advertising? Write today for “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder” ne You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Address your ing oe. Feouae Science Monthly, a ry to: Manager, Classified saree 250 Fourth Ave,, New Stories Wanted peorust 19 TORY Ideas Wanted for aoe magazines, Bis demand. Accepted any form de velopment and submission to —~ E.. Estab. 1917. Send manuscripts for free criticism. Booklet mailed on request. Universal Scenario Com 414 Western & Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” of th: It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” know, wouldn't you? It also tells “How You Can Use You'd like to Address your inquiry to: Man ager, Classified Advertising, ne Science Monthly 250 Fourth Avenue, New Yo Telegraphy TELEGRAPH Y—Both Morse and Wireless— thoroughly and quickly. salaries. Wonderful opportunities. Expe chance to earn part. chool established fi fifty’ Lh a ge — low. years, Catalog free. Dodge’ s Institute, H374 Hart Ave., Va- paraiso, Ind. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you — rH from your advertising? Write today for copy of “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder” chowing cer You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ing, ™ .,, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., or New Tree and Weed Killer SAVE Money. Make your own Tree, Grass, Weed Killer. Miller A. Agency, Kensett, Ark. Typewriters and Supplies eee ee Rebuilt Royals, Reming- tons, Underwoods. Portables. tor $37.50. Terms. Catalogue Free. Pittsbur; writer Supply, 543—339 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 7 % Ne od oval, peuingee on Corona New “Excellograp otary Stenc a gh ty Stamps and Coins yy 100. All different, 3 cents. P. 8. Quaker Stump Co., Toledo, Ohio. Lists free. RE You Ever Offered A Grocery Store? Our Pa is better. Let us tell you how you can handle cooeerees. a + tires and nt. No rent, no invest- = ot Ss. pay. Write—Just say ‘Show me.” Hitchcock, Hill dos olesale Grocers, 38 Kinzie, Dept. New. Electric Advertising Cigar Lighters. Twinkle flashing Me Big money. a a Mig. Co., Dept. P . Iwaukee, leaf window letters gad. script dena. experience: 500% profit. Samples free. Consolidat Gory-West Van Buren, Chicago. No OLD coins, large Fall seiling catalogue of coins for sale free. Catalogue quoting prices paid for coins, ten cote. William Hesslein, 101B Tremont Street, Boston, ass CALIFORNIA gold $% size, 27c.; $4 size, 53c. White cent and catalogue, 10c. Norman Schultz, Box 746, Salt Lake City, Utah. 20 VARIETIES unused free. Postage 2c. P. 8. Miami Stamp Co., Toledo, O. 500 GOOD mixed stam alin. 5 arg hinges, all 2 Harvey . bargain lists, magazine, . Approvals for beginners. eeple, Decatur, Indiana, Wanted DETECTIVES needed everywhere. necessary. Particulars free. Write, American System, 2190-P Broadway, N. Y. Experience ut- Detective WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk it every factory in the United States to act as su tion SS Yor the most Dore magazine the world. Address Manager of Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth b+ resentatives, New York, MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It “of the contains some really important facts which will prove interestig and valuable to you. It also tells “How Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: ager, Classified Advertising, Popular Science M 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. You Can Use to onthly,

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | INDUSTRIAL BUREAU | as oS iF i e Announcement to Manufacturers With January Harpers Magazine starts, for the benefit of American manufacturers: THE COMMUNITY AND INDUSTRIAL BUREAU In these days of high production and keen competition to dispose of this production at a profit, lower production costs are essential. Every manufacturer is searching out methods to lower costs of production and distribution for the benefit of his customers. The manufacturer in a large eastern city, for example, who discovers that he can secure a cheaper water power, a reliable labor supply and the raw materials he needs in a smaller city to the south or west, is able, if he changes his location, to deliver his product of the same or better quality, to the public at a lower price. He thus increases his profits and adds to the economic wealth of the nation. Those manufacturers who are not bound by tradition of time or place are able, by careful analysis of markets to keep in the forefront of industrial progress. Harpers Community and Industrial Bureau will act as a clearing house of information for any manufacturer who is contemplating a change of locality in the interests of lower distribution and production costs. It will be glad to put such manufacturers in touch with the proper authorities in other cities who are in a position to offer service and advice toward a solution of his problems. Any manufacturer can write to this bureau in the full confidence that his name will not be revealed without his permission, and will be given through the services of this new bureau full information concerning the advantages offered for his particular business by cities, towns and localities in any part of the United States. : This bureau offers a similar service to individuals or families who, for health or climatic conditions, are considering either a perma- nent or temporary change of residence. Write to Community and Industrial Bureau HARPERS MAGAZINE 49 East 33rd Street New York City Lael Pet J eS ih Es esate :

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Special rates now. UNIVERSAL PLUMBING SCHOOL 2031 Troeest Ave. KANSAS CITY, MO. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Whistle-Punk (Continued: from page 42) He found Herb just climbing into the trac- tor’s cab. He got in beside him, and they started for the skidway. “Well, mebbe this is the last day you'll be ridin’ with me in the mornin’,”’ Herb started off by saying. “Why? Ye goin’ to quit?” Emmet answered in a voice that was plainly lacking in interest. “Think yer kiddin’ me?’ Herb spoke up sharply. “No, I ain’t quittin’. We're havin’ a meetin’ tonight.” “Whut yuh havin’ a meetin’ fer?” “You'll find out.” “How will I if I don’t come?”’ The boy gave a sort of half-smile, partly defiant. “You'll come all right, an’ you'll tell what went on between you an’ Old Codgy in the office last night.” MMET looked at the tractor driver with something of amazement in his eyes. “But nothin’ went on between us. Honest. Whut yuh think he said to me?” “He was in the office long enough to say anything. That’s up to you to tell tonight. You'll come and tell or git runout of camp.” Emmet turned his face toward the cab win- dow. Finally he spoke: “Looky here, Herb, I ain't goin’ to mix in on no meetin’ with nobody. It ain't none of my business whut you do er whut the Old Boy does s’long’s I git my pay.” “Yer pay!’ Herb sneered. “Whistle-punk ay!’ “Well, it’s honest pay, anyways.” “Say!” Herb shouted angrily. “Say, that’s just about enough from you! You know what happened to the other punk? Well, the same thing’ll happen to you, and won't be no acci- dent!” “Better look out, Herb,” the boy smiled, and his voice was quiet, “or yuh'll be tellin’ some- thin’ yuh don’t want to.” Herb’s eyes glinted black, evilly black. He darted quick glances at the boys. “See that rock there stickin’ out of the snow?” He hesitated and shoved up the gas throttle. The tractor leaped ahead. “Just‘to show you—what could happen if you was on top there on a—load of logs—” His breath came quickly. Emmet instinc- tively caught hold of the side of the cab. *—with a loose binder—” HE tractor swerved and caught the rock sidewise. Emmet was knocked forward, his knees crashing into the dashboard. He felt a sharp pain. The tractor skidded, the motor roaring, and settled to one side, crashing against a beech tree by the side of the road. There were a couple of muffied explosions, and the motor died. > Emmet was on the down-side and had to wait until Herb had extricated himself from beneath the steering wheel before he could crawl out. His first thought was the book. He put his hand im between the buttons of his shirt and felt its smooth cloth-bound surface; then climbed out the cab window and faced the driver. injured arm, his face all of a greenish paleness, to say leeringly: “That was just to show you what might happen if we was loaded and you was sittin’ up on top of a couple thousand feet of loose logs.” The blood mounted to his face again and, re- assured by his own voice, added, “That was a Sunday School lesson fer whistle-punks that don’t know enough to keep their blabbin’ mouths shut.” Emmet looked at him with incredulous eyes. “Yuh gone and broke the tractor ag’in,”’ he said. * * * The long bunk house was dim, even with the three hanging lamps (Continued on page 146) | everywhere. Millard Institute of Normal Herb Stood beside the machine, nursing an his anger completely burned out. 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Page 145

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——t— Whistle-Punk (Continued from page 144) +» their light from tin shades and the . ester burner that was going full pelt bis he barber's chair in one end. Whe loggers sat around on benches or lay in . bunks—fretful, talking in several lan- ben most of them yawning and wishing thing well over. : Herb was restless. One minute he would be ing alone on a bench; the next talking to a swamper or roller in the other a te bunk house. He was obviously dominating the scene, for none of them slept, although seven o'clock, their bedtime hour, <i m pay—M cGuire’s camp—five dollars,” and a score more of words, pregnant with re- Iellion, rose clearly from Herb’s throat among babble. — men were stirred up. The bunk house was dectrified with jumping, vibrating emotions. “T\ON'T know what’s the use of waitin’ fer D that sneak ef a whistle-punk any longer, anyways,” Herb’s voice came. “He wouldn't count after he got here, ’cept to show you fellers what’s happenin’ around here. A whistle-punk holdin’ up the meetin’! I’Jl fix him right when I git hold of him.” ; The men’s voices were hushed. The up- tuned eyes showed respect, and in some there was a kind of awed fear. For here was a man stronger than the Old Boy himself; who could make the Old Boy do as he said; who could get them high wages; a man who broke :a tractor for no apparent reason, and could still tell the boss where to get off. Surely this was the boss. “{ wanted to git the punk here,’’ Herb went on, “so’s to show you how old Codgy has been playin’ us dirty. If that punk told all he knew, you feliers wouldn’t stay around here and take all the kicks you’ve been gettin’ and not make apeepabout ‘em. But I guess he’s skairt after what happened this mornin’. I told him he had to come with our side or go with Old Codgy, so I s’ppose he skipped camp.”’ An intense silence followed his words. He stopped to gloat over the effect. But the still- ness was soon broken by the click of the door latch. Fifty pairs of eyes turned from Herb’s face to the door, and fifty pairs of eyes widened inamazement. For in the door stood Emmet, the whistle-punk, smeared from head to foot with grease. — was a shuffling of feet; an agonized undertone of a snicker; then the men set up a howl of laughter that made the bunk house ring. The tenseness that Herb had built

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WONDERFUL MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 145 I Will Train You at Home to fill,.a Big Tay Jo

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: ingl id me in tuition, if, when you have finished m fell clattering. vor? Course, you oe ant Datisfied it was the best investment you ever made. ar “Where’ ve you been, Punk?” some one called. Oo UTF So And back of me in my guarantee, stands a $2,000,000 institution. _— “Down in the oil barrel?” GrvEen without whee A fresh burst of laughter rose. extra charge ! Get Started Now—Mail Coupon kee, Wis Emmet grinned foolishly and slunk to a is want to send yon my estes a Fey Sod leoema, both Free. ° : : : t ing and you'll enjo em. } e the star or & — ae bench without reply ing. Herb glared at him. bright future in Electricity. ‘Send in Coupon—NOW, : What you late fer?”’ he demanded. LE — the boy drawled. “I didn’t know I é was late. I jest et.” C Y OF “Where i been?” | in OOKE : yee “Oh, under the tractor, monkeyin’ ’round.”’ 4 A your Herb’s face became darker. “Who said you Chief Engineer 3 could monkey around that tractor? know who that tractor belongs to?” “Belongs to the Old Boy, don’t it? Er is it yours?” Do y we L. L. COOKE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICITY

Herb’s voice quieted to a hoarse, throaty nose. “That's just a little matter ‘tween you aid‘me. We'll settle that later. Right now we » well git down to the meetin’.”’ men were not ready for a meeting. was still too much merriment to be had atthe expense of the whistle-punk.

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peseacscecnesseseaseeeseeer “oe the hurry, Herb? Let the punk, Name SECC rrrrrrrrrr rere er eee eee ee err ree ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee rs sgt the grease outa his ears so’s he kin hear what it’s all about,” Kilts, the only shanty Address O66 SOO CORECHOROHRE EHO Ce OABOM ee 6 + Eos 16 oho CSOCOGESDHO8COS OEE Cee CEES he eee » Spoke up. (Cndiiens on seat $60.) 5 Oeminatiie .......... 2 + --+s0-sc00sen henan teases neers sees l eee ees

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

Whistle-Punk (Continued from page 145) Herb was irritated, but he waited until the men could settle down to a serious state of mind. He pretended not to notice that the good humor the whistle-punk had caused had killed every word he had said; that the men were in no striking mood. “Here, Dan, git the punk some hot water. He can’t see the stove fer the grease in his eyes.” At each gibe the men laughed more. “What would yer mother say if she could see them dirty ears?” laughed old Kilts. Emmet grinned back sheepishly, but never with a retort. “Say, Herb,’’ Callen, the timekeeper, said with quiet seriousness, “what would we do if the Old Boy come yellin’ around here? What would he do if he caught us holdin’ a meetin’?”’ “He won't come around. He knows they’s a meetin’ all right, or it ain’t my fault. He’s settin’ where it’s nice and quiet in the cook- shack fer the evenin’,’”’ Herb mumbled with a sneer. “Old Boy ain’t yellin’ around much any- ways, these days,” another said. “All the yellin’ he does, he takes out on the punk.” ——— broke out again, but the tone was softer. And Herb broached the sub- ject of the strike again with caution. “You see how the Old Boy acts lately, have you? You see how he ain't yellin’ around? If you knew what had been goin’ on tween me and him, you'd know why he was keepin’ so quiet. He’s skairt, that’s what he is. He knows McGuire is payin’ a dollar more’n he is, and he knows he'll have to shut up er put up. He'll have to do both when we git through with him.” As Herb spoke, Emmet felt cautiously inside his shirt for the book concealed there. His eyes roved sleepily. His mind was not on any- thing that Herb was saying. The gibes did not touch him, for his thoughts were on the over- turned tractor down the road. He was not even interested in the fate of the Old Boy, whose winter logging hung in a balance. The book was safely secured inside his shirt and the tractor motor would run again. That was all that mattered. Herb was speaking on and on. The men had become silent. Here and there were nods of agreement. Herb had them with him again. The whistle-punk had become a nonentity. ERB slowly worked his way to a standing position; he wormed over to the empty barber chair and put one foot on the lower rung. With pad and pencil, he figured as he talked, making a scale of wages for swampers, choppers, loaders, rollers and skidders; he even included the road monkeys. As he talked Emmet’s eyes became dreamier. He was tired. It had been a long day and a cold day. His hands had been exposed to the frosty pipes and inwards of the mysteriously fascinating tractor. He caught himself drop- ping off. Sleep—sleep—yuh gotta keep awake —or have that —Herb yellin’—gosh, it hurt— when a feller was—so sleepy. ‘“Mebbe if I read a little... .” He stirred and rubbed his eyes. He pulled out the book and opened it to a greasy page; but every page was greasy now. The whole book was thumbed and rethumbed with black smudges, and on many of the pages the corners were creased down to mark important passages. At last he came to a page that was not sooty and bent his head to the print. It was then that Herb’s voice pricked through the mist of his thoughts. He heard the word “whistle- punk,”’ and shot the book back inside his shirt. “‘As to whistle-punk’s salary,” Herb’s voice came leeringly, ““mebbe the Punk oughta de- cide fer himself. What you say, Punk? Want Old Codgy to raise yer pay, or are you satis- fied?” (Continued on page 147)

February: 19. er “Qld Boy \' po more Pay ~ eile 20 S , His words y voices “You hear whut oes pul more aoe > wow’ the tin 4 po more pay at your finger ends | —Inst: -Teleph Telegraph —Wireless—Belly * t! Lighting—Railways. Also man Modern PracticalApg. § | time and ta cations of Electricity and 'y Reference Inder, kind before. SHIPPED TO YOU FREE }| (led, all rig Notacent topay until you see the books. No The men s tobe a you scpostenes. Send Coupon here and ther is grea $100 to y00—pay. $1.00 a month Le tou mention aia PE od out W talkin’ over | THEO. AUDEL 800. PT stopped . 65 W. 23rd St., N.Y; Emmet Please submit for examination §| é $1 "each. Ship at once, prem | “net ta 10 numbers. If satisfactory } will agre Emmet sta to send you $1 within seven days and to fur [| before he cou ther mail you $1 each month until paid. Honest. We rrr Herb took RDOIG 6 6.56. 0.6:06:6:00688000460'0000000000Rn “Come on, ni i and it'll be t TTT er 2TH “But, Her quavering in 1 aword he saic “That's a Science eae ° “ News-Letter veal A new and entirely unusual weekly! shirt and out Read its thrilling stories of current sci- ence compiled from the ends of the earth. Highly authentic, simply written men and as charming as a love story. Yo fe ‘ and old appreciate it. “Classics 0 dread clutche Science” in each issue. To complete a progressive reading table see this maga- Ww zine. worked nerv: Special offer—$1 for 13 weeks. shirt. His fin SCIENCE SERVICE i Ao 2133 B St., Washington, D. C. ~ sag t Bd voie EARN Py stele OMM Lee fis voice | AND Tt rene) ml 2c) 0 IL through the all you got t! HOME-STUDY COURSES sf in 40 different subjects given by pale, his darl

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i Asis Hl batt SEA! ge Scie=2 # ' ; j ; February» 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Whistle-Punk (Continued from page 146) “Old Boy answered in & no more Pay, while His = 2” he yelled. “You hear “ , men?” he ye eek says? Says he don’t want no : y. All right! Before we go further, me the time to find out why he don’t want ond ll watching the wild lights that coming into the driver’seyes. They looked they had that morning when, in a frenzy, he had deliberately run into the rock. The men were eyeing him accusingly. The boy began to feel an uneasiness within him; his heart heat faster. In the silence that followed he could hear the blood pound in his ears. Herb went on: “PAE punk makes out he don’t care nothin’ about what’s goin’ on ‘round here ’cept his readin’. That’s jest one of Old Codgy’s trieks—sneakin’ “round, pretendin’ he don't know but what everything’s all right. I’m jest tellin’ you, that book business is the Old Man's doin's.” a ; The boy’s eyes grew large with incredulity. “He's tryin’ to make out he ain't in with the Old Boy, spyin’ on the rest of us all the time and tattlin’. Can't fool me. I seen his kind before. And if you all want to go on bein’ fooled, all right. I’m through with yuh!” The men showed their approval with a nod here and there. “Now, we might as well start right in by fndin’ out what the Punk and the old man was talkin’ over so long last night in the office.” He stopped a moment, his red-rimmed eyes on Emmet. “Come on, punk, spit it out! Whut was you hatchin’ up?” Emmet stared at the big driver a full minute before he could reply. Finally, ““Why, nothin’. Honest. We wasn’t talkin’ *bout nothin’.” Herb took a step in the boy’s direction. “Come on, now. Might just as well cough up, and it’ll be that much easier.” “But, Herb,” the boy’s voice was almost quavering in its earnestness, “I don’t remember aword he said. I was readin’ most all the time.” “That’s a lie!’ the man shouted, and in three big strides was standing over the boy. He tumed his head sidewise and spoke to the men agin. “You see? Lyin’ out of it! See him keep movin’ his hand back and forth into his shirt and out ag’in?”’ treats me all right,” Emmet dreamy voice. “I ain’t askin’ fer till I kin earn it. Mebbe in a nl were broken off by Herb’s piercing saaeeheenneneee fi men had pressed forward and were forming a circle around the two. A cold dread clutched at Emmet’s chest and held him breathless, while his hand, all unconsciously, worked nervously between the buttons of his shirt. His fingers were clenched on the book. “See that hand?” Herb yelled again. “How do we know he ain’t got a gun in there. How do we know the old man ain’t bribed him to work that book stuff—all the time carryin’ a gun, plannin’ to kill some of us—” ‘His voice had reached the peak of its shrill- By ness. | “Here! Le’s see that there book, if that’s all you got there!”’ | damet ’s face changed. He turned deadly only dark eyes glowed with something of a t. “No!” he said between clenched teeth. The muscles of his arm could be seen con- underneath the cloth of his shirt as the book tighter. took a step nearer. away from me!” the boy cried in a ange to him, a voice suddenly hoarse. ive you three seconds to hand over or gun or whatever it 1s!’ Herb (Continued on page 148) to prove you can learnathomeinsparetime! We have invented a new, simplified way to teach Drafting—the first real improvement will make this contract with you: 147 in Drafting home-instruction in history. We want you to see it, try it—without one penny of cost or obligation. We want to show you how we get away from the copy- ing methods used in the past. See how we ing, we agree to give you: tice-Method. at a substantial increase in pay. When you enroll for our home-training in Draft- 1. 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It is understood that this request puts me under no obligation. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Whistle-Punk (Continued from page 147) The boy rose, his eyes wide and flaming. He was rigid, every muscle as taut as a fiddle gut. “One—’ > The men crowded closer. “Two—” Emmet met Herb’s eyes unflinchingly. Herb’s big hand shot out and gripped Em- met’s wrist in a vise, yanking it out of his shirt front. He grabbed the book in his free hand and wrenched it from the boy’s rigid fingers. What the men next saw were fluttering sheets of paper—pages and fragments of pages of the book as Herb ripped it to pieces, muttering the while. “Well—Ill—be—! So it—was—a book—” His words were cut short. A lightning fist had caught the big driver's mouth, and Herb went reeling against the lumberjacks that sur- rounded him. HEY caught him and held him up while he cleared his head. For a moment all was confusion. There was a milling about; a larger circle was cleared between the two—the driver and the whistle-punk. Herb soon got his bearings. The whistle- punk stood ten feet away from him, his fists doubled, his body poised like an animal—lithe and sleek and crouching. The driver made a lunge for the figure that faced him, but simultaneously that figure came alive, and they crashed with bone-splitting impact in the center of the ring. They broke instantly, Emmet wriggling away from the vise of Herb’s arms. Then he was at him again, his fists flying, pummeling at the driver's face and neck. Herb outweighed the boy by fifty pounds, but he was slow in comparison. His arms flailed the air awkwardly; his big boots seemed glued to the floor. He could not dodge the boy’s lightning blows. They clenched again, this time to Herb’s advantage. With one arm locking the body of the boy, he pummeled him with the other. This time Emmet could not break away, but stood knotted while the driver’s big fist ham- mered mercilessly. They swayed. The boy felt the big man’s foot between his legs; he felt a hold around his middle that was making things go black. His breath seemed to have stopped altogether. He hit the floor with a thump, and the im- pact knocked him back to a point of reason. ‘ What was happening? What was it all about? Yes, the book—his litterchure. He was on his feet again, and the swollen jaw of the big driver was before his eyes once more. HUNDRED voices were thundering in his ears, and above them all there was a voice vaguely familiar. He brought all of his ener- gy into play again, and felt himself hurtling through space. His fist crashed against some- thing hard. He felt himself falling; there was something warm and panting underneath him; no, it was over him. He struggled free again, only to be knocked back to the floor into what seemed to be a whirlpool of dancing lights. “The book—he tore—yer book!—” some one was shouting in his ear. Unseeing, he was on his feet once more, and a crouched form was coming at him slowly. He saw a red, protruding jaw. Needles of thoughts pierced his brain; he became a knot of fury, and his long right arm shot out once again. Again his fist made a contact with some- thing hard; a pain shot through his arm. There was a thud, sounding far off. The boy looked for the red approaching form, but could see only a blurred line of faces. He blinked his eyes like one awakening from a dream. The room was as still as a windless night. .Then voices came to him, and the voice of the Old Boy rose above the rest. 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CO fs sikededed february, 1928

ff -whistle-Punk (Continued from page 148) « id ain’t no whistle-punk. He’s a Peer oe of the cleanest knockouts I ever ” r ere cries all about him. He felt him- sf being lifted bodily to a bunk. He struggled free from the arms that supported him, the a before his eyes cleared, and on the floor nist Mim he saw the body of Herb. But it didn’t seem like Herb. It was.all crumpled like something dead. Then he saw the Old Boy. For a moment neither of them spoke. The Old Boy’s eyes were unsteady and watery. Finally Emmet found voice. o “Whut’s the matter, Mr. Codgy?” Even his own voice sounded strange and far away. “Ain't—nothin’,” the Old Boy swallowed, «cept ye showed me ye wasn’t built fer no ghistle-punk.” He looked around at the men. “Whatta ye say, boys, think we better give him a new job?” MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 149 le Hive Win Applause...Thrills Big Mone y

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CHEER went up from all sides. “Suppose ye could start work on the tractor in the mornin’? . We'll be needin’ a new driver.” “I started this afternoon, Mr. Codgy. It’s runnin’, too.” There was something of a new alertness in his voice, something of pride. The Old Boy gasped. “Well, I'll be ——” At that moment a look of concern crossed the boy’s eyes. “My litterchure!"” he shouted and started to rise from the bunk. “Stay where ye be, boy.”’ The Old Boy put a hand on his shoulder. Then to the men, “Pick up them pages off the floor.” The boy looked down at the tattered frag- ments, and his voice came shakily—‘“‘My lit- terchure—all ripped to bits.” The Old Boy stooped over and picked up the doth-bound cover of the book and squinted at the one-time gold-embossed title. A wide grin spread over his face. “Why, this ain’t litterchure, Emmet,” he

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Aviation is growing so swiftly that one can hardly keep track of all the aston- ishing new developments. Air mail routes have just been extended to form a vast aerial network over the entire U. S. Airlines and airplane factories are springing up all over the romance, and gives vital facts about country. Men like Henry Ford are Aviation you never even dreamed investing millions in the future of of. You owe it to yourself to at commercial Aviation in America! east read it. We offer you a free The possibilities are so tremendous copy now. No obligation. Mail the that they stagger imagination! coupon for yours today. Everything is set for the greatest boom in history. Big fortunes came out of the automobile industry and out of motion pictures. Big fortunes itin the paper first. They was.an ad that said: Send two-cent stamp, and we'll send yuh all the litterchure, free of charge.’ And when it come they collected two dollars. But it was worth it.” The Old Boy was chuckling. “Well, don’t that beat the Dutch!’ his fat jowls shook with merriment as he squinted againat the title. “I guess litterchure is what aman makes it. This here title reads, ‘How to Bea Mechanic.’ He winked at the men. “Well, it’s litterchure, ain't it?” the boy persisted. “They said it was.” “Yes, it’s litterchure in a way, I guess. It’s istory now, though.”’

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N\ =, 7 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

Big Guns in France (Continued from page 30) shots on one of their proving grounds. If there was nothing better to do, we were always glad to demonstrate that there was no deception, so Battery No. 1 started to crawl to Nuise- mont, a range near Chalons. Well, a woman, a French woman, fired the first American-made shell from an American- made gun in France. The wife of a French physician in charge of a hospital near by pushed the magneto handle, rather scared be- cause that gave her only one finger to put in one ear. HE first shot fell at exactly 29,000 yards, and so did the third. The second fell at 29,300, and the fourth at 29,900. That was remarkably low dispersion, as all the French experts agreed. They had German prisoners go and search the landscape for shell frag- ments, and measure the craters. Then the Commandant came to me. “C’est magnifique,” he said. “But waste no more shells here. Go and fire them at the Germans.” As he spoke, the French antiaircraft guns were firing, for the Germans seemed to be on our trail again and an observation plane was right overhead. That was September 2, and that evening at a celebration dinner French and Americans outdid one another in predicting what would happen to the Germans when we actually reached the front. It was a great success, and the French Commandant led the orchestra. No, it wasn’t that kind of party. He was an accomplished musician. Quickly we started removing the gun from the pit and preparing to move to the front. At last orders came, and once more we launched our battleship on wheels. Out from the station came the Chef de gare, wild eyed. “But Monsieur the Admiral,”’ he cried, “J must go over your ordre de transport.” An ordre de transport was supposed to be as necessary on a French military railroad as a ticket on an American. But we had had delays enough. I leaned out of the cab. “Go and talk to Marshal Foch, ” T said. “He’s the man I’m working for.’ Then I turned to the engineer and told him, “Let er go. He forgot all about ordres de transport, hot boxes, six miles an hour—we were on our way to the front. HE first shot we fired at the Germans was on September 6, 1918. Just one fourteen- inch shell weighing 1400 pounds. No wonder that was a lucky shot. It was fired from the very spot at Rethondes, in the Forest of Compiégne, northeast of Paris, where two months later the Germans signed the Armistice in Marshal Foch’s private car. That was the first of our early performances on the front that led the Marshal and General Persh- ing to give us a big part in the final battle that brought the Germans to Rethondes. But our whimsical Fate followed us even then, for that first shot was fired by Gun Number 2 before Number 1 could reach the front after doing its stuff at the proving ground. Number 2’s crew got in first after its crane car and pit equipment had been delayed reaching Rethondes, only to have the crane capsize with the transom bedplate. September 3 they got it back on the track, whereupon the crane base broke. September 5 pit and gun were ready, but too late to fire that day, and all hands were so dirty and mad that they. went swim- ming in the Aisne. Gun 2 was now under one of the fightingest French Generals, Mangin, who liked Ameri- cans and, like them, wanted to get at the Boche. Next morning he had an airplane to spot for us. The gun in its wooded lair was laid to a nicety on (Continued on page 151)

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whence tl now, we Wi front nea! ever mor driven aw It was a lot of Germans. he had n American troops. | off the C Laon, bre Line. We could fire manded b up alongs of Septen ambition, battleship Batteries being asse later they at Haussi sector tha Speakir picked or named St Soissons, ists pass tainly tric But as Man of | across Fr; When Gu was Wron asthe Ay store ord: a t! Te: Ng Tun the g had for th Saw us di

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Page 151

J & = ? ‘=[> RE #7a§ 5 sss Ee§ ibid | W I PIR Seeks ree Big Guns in France (Continued from page 150) Sige 41,000 yards away and, of course, invisible. , a We waited and waited. No word from the viator. Later we heard he had found visi- bility poor, run out of gasoline, and gone home. Lieut, E. D. Duckett, commanding the gun, got tired waiting. : P i F “We'll never win a war this way,” he said. “Jet's fire off the map. The French said he could fire one shot. “ oom!” said Gun 2, spurting a huge stream of fire and smoke, and slid smooth- ly back, like a serpent that has struck—sort of sea serpent, I guess. : Before we could fire again, the French called Coase firing,” they said. “The Germans are leaving Tergnier. Our infantry are going ust where that shot fell, I never knew, but soon afterward German airplanes were coming over to see where the earthquake had come ne we really got into the war. Gun 2 went up to Fontenoy-Ambleny that night, and a wild night it was. The German airplanes bombs that cut all the telephone wires, so the American train felt its way along with scouts ahead to see if the track had been cut. The sky was lighted by gun flashes, search- lights red the clouds for enemy airplanes, we the crash of shells, or the jarring explosion of bombs. T NINE o'clock the morning of September 7, the crew of Gun 2 broke ground for their new pit, whence they were to fire upon a big German ammunition dump in Besny-Loisy, just west of the city of Laon, principal railroad junction behind the famous Chemin des Dames front, and not far from the St. Gobain Forest whence the Berthas had shelled Paris. Even now, we were at the point on the whole western front nearest the French capital, from which ever more surely the Germans were being driven away. It was fierce, hard fighting. Mangin had a lot of artillery and was hammering the Germans day and night. Only ten days before, he had made a great assault with the 32nd American Division, besides a lot of French troops. Now he was knocking the Germans off the Chemin des Dames ridge and out of Laon, breaking part of the famous Hindenburg line. We were there to help, but before Gun 2 could fire from the new position, Gun 1, com- manded by Lieutenant J. A. Martin, had run up alongside and at four o'clock the morning of September 10 we began to realize another ambition, to have something like a fleet of our battleships on wheels at the front together. Batteries 3, 4, and 5 and my staff train were being assembled at St. Nazaire, and five days later they had left for the reserve artillery base at Haussimont to be “‘on call’’ for any hot sector that needed them. Speaking of hot sectors, the French had picked one for Gun 1. It was a cemetery, named St. Christophe, on the western edge of Soissons, where thousands of American tour- ists pass every summer. The Germans cer- tainly tried to help fill that graveyard. But as usual, on our land cruise, the Old Man of the Sea seemed to be following us across France, and he had to do a few tricks. When Gun 1 arrived at Fontenoy-Ambleny it was Wrong end to. Now that wasn’t as bad asthe Army—I suspect some of those drug store ordnance experts—have tried to make out. The doughboys told the world the gobs t their guns up to the front facing back- wards, ready to fire on Paris. We knew that we reached the front we would have to tun the gun car up a “Y” track the French had for that very purpose, but some doughboy Sw us doing it and (Continued on page 152) ets MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES. SECTION «15 =2 DRAW? putting your thoughts upon paper? Would you like to turn your talent Hout you a liking for drawing, for sketching people and scenery and for drawing into money? It is a fascinating and immensely profitable hobby to be able to sketch quickly and easily the people you see about you, pretty scenery, trees and old houses. DID YOU EVER THINK wit, pleasant and Profitable profession ig cpen before anyone with a talent for drawing? Commercial Artists and Illustrators make big incomes, the work is extremely interesting and enjoyable and is exceptionally well paid. Many artists engaged in this work make from $5,000 to $10,000 a year and more drawing for newspapers and advertisers. | my are ee for Illustrations, Cartoons and Designs sements and Posters. Editors, publishers and advertisers are always looking for new and in- teresting drawings and are willing to pay good prices ‘or Advert for them. OPPORTUNITIES ABOUND 32, th's won- sion for anyone who has a liking for draw- . No profession offers such opportunities y as does Commercial Art and Illus- trating. The tremendous increase in adver- tising and illustrated publications has created such a demand for competent artists that the fleld of commercial art and illustrating is a real gold mine = the man or woman who likes to raw. LEARN AT HOME 2": , ts for you to leave your home in order to study this delightful and absorb- ingly interesting art. You can study any- where under our resultful system of cor- respondence instruction with which you have the help and guidance of artists high in their profession. Copy this Sketch a—_ and send it to us for Free Criticism Let us judge for you whether you have a talent for Drawing. The criticism is entirely free and places you under no obligation whatever. Huge ~ IMustrated Book FREE This book has a message for you. It is unique and inspiring. It brings you news that no matter where you live or what you are doing, your talent for drawing can be developed in the privacy of your own home surely and simply and without drudgery. It contains deeply interes- tin: econ ing with Commer- cial Art and Illustrating, and discusses various kinds of drawings, the prices paid for them, and the opportunities which are open to you. You need this book. You can have it for the asking. A request for it dues not place you under any obligation whatever. Kindly enclose 4 cents in stamps to cover cost of postage. NORTH AMERICAN SCHOOL OF DRAWING 547 Hinckle Bldg. Buffalo, N.Y: A 2c STAMP —will start you on the road to success. See Money Making Op- portunities on pages 136 to 166. * WORK FOR UNCLE SAM * Railway Postal Clerks, City Mail Carriers, Rural Carriers. “ Pe ee eee eaTEAR City Postal Clerks, General Clerks $1140 to $3300 a Year Steady, Short Hours—Long Vacations With Pay MEN—BOYS 18 OR OVER Mail Coupon immediately—today sure. Don’t delay. e HEREs . ae FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, Dept. T291 Rochester, N. Y. # Gentlemen: Rush to me, entirely without charge, # 32 page book with list of U. 8S. Government ¢ paid positions obtainable. Advise me also regard- Pv ng the salaries, hours, work, vacation and tell me @ how to get a position, OP MOD... oo cccascccscs 00000dadbeeeaeeehenhseaduene DBBIOOE 6.0.0 000.006 id incccccccaccentebengeeenneeaeee 7 tet nee er te air settee a at ee, eee e

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152 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Scatter-brained! No wonder he never accomplishes anything worthwhile ! ie ae fi ae HATE Boss: 7 io "NEED new § Ws so xa Ney GIRL ure YS 4: Ru TH A RED HAT, ab U FL np jew A money quickly—but does nothing about any of them. Thoughts flash into and out of his brain with the speed of lightning. New ideas rush in ll-mell, le = Pull... 2A e IS mind is a hodge-podge of half-baked ideas. He thinks of a thousand “‘schemes”’ to make . crowding out old ones before they have taken form or ase. S SCATTER-BRAINED. He wonders why he does not get ahead. He cannot understand why others, with less ability, pass him in the prosperity par He pities himself, ‘exeuses ae ag By wy ay with himself. And the great tragedy is that he has every quality that leads to aoe BE AY originality, imagination, ambition. His trouble is that he does not know how to use his brain. His mental make-up needs an overhauling. There are millions like him—failures, half-successes— slaves to those with balanced, ordered minds. It is a known fact that most of us use only one-tenth of our brain power. The other nine-tenths is dissipated into thousands of fragmentary thoughts, in day dream- ing. in wishing. What can be done about it? Find out by means of Pelmanism: then develop the articular mental facult re youlack. You can develop t easily; Pelmanism will show you just how; 550,000 Pelmanists, many of whom were held back by your very ‘problem wil tell you that this is true. is applied psychology, which has swept the A A with tne force of a religion. It has awakened powers in individuals, all over the world, they did not dream they possessed. Among those who advocate Pelmanism are: T.P.O’Connor, “Father of ; Frank P. Walsh, Former the House of Commons.’ Chairman of National The late Sir H. Rider War Labor Board. Haggard, Famous Nov- | Gen. Sir Frederick elist. Maurice, Director of General Sir Robert Military Operations, Baden-Powell, Founder of the Boy Scout Move- Impe = Lord Beresford, ment. G.C G.C.V.O. Judge Ben B. Lindsey, | Sir oeey Lauder, Come- Founder of the Juvenile dian. Court, Denver. w. x George, Author. Jerome K. Jerome, Nov- | Baroness Orczy, Author. elist. Prince Charles of Sweden —and others, of equal prominence, too numerous to mention here. A remarkable book called ‘‘Scientific Mind Training”’ has been written about Pelmanism. It can be obtained free. Yet thousands of people who read this announce- ment and who need this book will not send for it. “It's no use,” they will say, ‘It will do me no good,” “It’s all tommyrot,”’ they will tell themselves. But if you are made of the stuff that isn't content to remain a slave—if you have taken your last big = yf from life—if you have a spark of independence le he our soul, write for this free book. It tells you what elmanism a — it has done for others, and what it" can do for coThe first yor re. of your success is to do something Goliuiee in ves in your You cannot afford to remain un- again Sak tnt ry thee mire of discour manism help you find yourself. Mail the coupon below now—while your resolve to do something about your- self is strong. THE MAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Aguzaves ss dence school ender we of the tate of New Yor! 71 West 45th $ Se. Suite 872 - New York City ‘THE PELMAN INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, 71 West 45th St., Suite 872, New York City. I want you to show me what heap | has actually Gots for over 650,000 people. ease send me your free Scientific ‘Mind Tr Training. s This places me under cbiigation whatever. Big Guns in France (Continued from page 151) thus the story started. Now that it was early autumn, we had a good dose of “sunny France.’ It rained, or tried to, about every day, until Lieutenant Duckett got impatient again. The French had promised him another aviator, guaranteed to have a full gas tank, but on September 14 he hadn’t shown up, so Gun 2 took a chance and fired ten shots at the German ammunition dump as best it could figure them out. Next day weather was better, the aviator appeared, and spotted for two shots in the morning. In the afternoon, the crew fired ten more shots based on kis observation. Then came a message from the French. “It’s enough,” tion dump.” Twenty-two American shells had blown thousands of German ones sky high. they said. “Fini, ammuni- HEY ordered Gun 2 to Flavy-le-Martel. Much to my surprise, they called me up sometime around the behind-the-front rush hour, say three in the morning. “We can’t find this place,” they said. “We're where the map says it is, but it isn’t.” “Break out hammocks and wait until morn- ing,”’ I said. Around breakfast time, they called again. “This place is it, after all,” they said. * When it got light we found a sign that said ‘Flavy-le-Martel.’ But that’s all there is above ground here.” It was true. Martel is French for hammer, and Flavy had been hammered into the earth by the terrific bombardments. Everyone there lived in dugouts. From this place, southeast of St. Quentin, Gun 2 fired thirty-five shells : into Mortiers, an important railroad center north of Laon. Three days after the last of these, on October 16, the Germans left Mortiers. This was part of the retreat in which they were gently assisted by Gun 1, which had a duel with the Germans and fired 199 of its great shells, two thirds of the 300 we thought any one gun could fire before going back for repair and relining. For two weeks it was a one-sided duel. The crew of Gun 1 had to sit and take it. For in- stance, just as the moon (how we did hate her) came up the evening of September 23, one German plane ingeniously dropped three bombs on a French ammunition dump a few hundred yards from our gun, then four more on another dump still nearer. For five hours, those shells went on exploding, one after an- other, making the night hideous. “‘ Rockets’ red glare’ and “bombs bursting in air,” all right. HE air seemed full pf German planes, flying low, snooping around. Next night the same thing went on, but the Germans didn’t hit a dump. The shelling of Soissons and its roads went merrily along, but on September 27 there was a bad sign. Just about breakfast time (nice fellows, those Germans) their shells started bursting over the gun. Fragments struck the gun car roof. Gun 1 came back the next morning, Sep- tember 28, by firing its first shots at the Germans. This began the bombardment that finally “‘sank’’ Laon, and a ticklish job it was. The city is on a hill, sort of a butte standing up out of the plain. Over behind the hill were the railroad yards and tracks coming into the city that the Germans were using for troop and supply movements. Our job was to blow up the yards and cut the tracks, without hitting the city, in which 7000 French people were still left of its before-the-war population. Admiral Plunkett's and Mr. Johnson’s inside story of the Navy’s gun campaign will be con- cluded in the next number of PopuLtar SciENCE Montary with the thrilling narrative of the final crushing blows that made the Germans sue for peace. 192 February, 199 DRAWING 9s | Ans “Tp 5% = COURSE for Haven't you often wished that you could draw cartoons, illustrate some idea, sketch some pretty face, ete? You can do all of these things. One of America’s most fa- mous Cartoonists and Illustrators hag The developed a grees. simple system for F success in all branches of Commer- the 0 cial Art. This system has revolu- In - tionized the entire theory of draw- Mrs. Miller ing. It means that drawing can be basket as easy for you as writing—much her simpler than learning shorthand, thirds of th bookkeeping or typewriting. We are . now placing this original system for day prices. learning Drawing, Art and Cartooning, time CO: consisting of 34 lessons with over 506 ent illustrations, within reach of every one, yore. f you will devote a few hours each She said week to the Course WE ABSOLUTELY GUARANTEE that you will learn to yas five draw and draw well before you have fi C half finished the Course. If we fail to that ve make this claim good, we will refund fifty percen every cent paid us. By eliminating a ‘ large office force for anewe ring corre- basket “ge spondence, expensive catalogs, ge i are enabled to makc a price of $2. 7 dollars m the cheapest price ever known = o Mone rade, anes fd cpuaee. any have sent us letters similar t Davis of Detroit, who wrote: “I can’ toce beeen P. little, when others with inferior Courses 8 get from asks The pape $60 for theirs. It is more than I expected,” M4 plum draw. It is a big asset, no matter what field you are ie $900; 8 0 Send No Money | ..... ee) Just order the oe, and end ¢2 98 at once, we will sone on arri . drawing outfit, tt. consiatng + aa feu cents posta re ce, payment i The ! rawing Outfit. lf not entirely sats | oy = b) u c we will REFUND MONEY. ae toe; ko wc withost The plac ’ LEDERER SCHOOL OF DRAWING, - 6440-5, Chattanooga, Tem, fessor $ MY Orders from outside the U. S. A. tps te $3.28 cash z= five figures, wo it then § The figu fits condi ; ve mn it by 10 an has the . b tion, we de ell re be - ves minutes.) I can show you how to start earning The $100 a week immediately. Salesmen are happy and prosperous—there is no limit: $| Jgck’s ce to their earnings. I have started thou.” Y or t/ sands of men on the road to financial; §| /@% /™ independence. YOU can make big money. || cat the selling all wool quality suits and over- In that san coats at $23.50 and $31.50— cannot be [| jarel of fa duplicated at $40. Liberal commissions t paid in advance—extra bonus money— therefore, steady income from repeat orders, I can of fat, whic make you a successful salesman—let’s 5) fo five da: start NOW—write for FREE selling ; it ‘ outfit and full instructions. tiously, 1 W. Z. GIBSON, Inc., 500 ThroopSt., Dept. P-521 Chicags aa le e : : dating leng Cleared Up—often in 24 hours. To prove §) just the nu you can be rid of pimples, blackheads, acne, §) the numbe eruptions on the face or body, barbers’ iteh, | feld. One eczema, enlarged pores, oily or shiny ekin, build a thre simply send me your name and address today—no cost ] —no obligation. CLEAR-TONE tried and tested inove §| therefore t 100,000 cases—used like toilet water—is ney (Twelve mi in prompt results. You can repay the ae your friends; if not, the loss is mine. WRITE TODAY, E.S.GIVENS, 458 Chemical Bldg., Kansas City, Me. A | The mes: “Since you TO much poor IV You , t as ri ——— —= - ” Choose ANY $20 Musical aunts etait ante, 6 Ket 1 pupil eae 4 u is. SPONDENCE SCHOOL OF MUSIC, Lol s 1632 No. Halsted St. Dept. 502 Chicago, Me value of th TIME | Its Guse and Gre. 2) You can be quickly cured I pe py cents, coin or stamps, for 288-page cloth on Stammering and Stuttering. It tells how i J myself after Stammering and Stuttering for AMIN a 8 To reduce fing se)" 8 11850 Bogue Bidg.. 1147 N.111.St. Indi

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; TODAY, City, Mo. , 1928 Puzzles on Page 74 The Full Market Basket marketing days, according to - eg ang she could have filled t and one third over for only two a of the cost of a full basket at present- reat . Therefore, a full basket at the pres- of costs twice as much as in the days of Jot said that the old price of full basket yas five dollars less than today, and since five dollars represents a reduction of fifty percent, the entire cost of a present-day m UArY, 195 ow | Answers to Sam Loyd = F asket must be ten dollars, as against five dollars in the old days. (Eight minutes.) Building a Home r hanger charged $200; the painter, Pm Piumber, $800; electrician, $300; car- penter, $3,000, and the mason, $2,300. (Fifteen minutes.) The Mysterious Letter A The placing of the figure 1 before the pro- fessor’s mysterious A, a number composed of five figures, obviously increases it by 100,000, w it then stands A plus 100,000. The figure 1 placed after the mysterious A (its condition after A plus 100,000 has been nultiplied by 3) is equivalent to multiplying it by 10 and adding 1. Therefore, from the professor’s demonstra- tion, we deduce the equation: 3 times (A plus 100,000) equals 10 A plus 1, which solved, proves the value of A to be 42,857. (Ten minutes.) The Spratt Family’s Pork Jack’s capacity for lean pork is */s minus i/y, or #/19 of a barrel per week, so that he can eat the lean half of the barrel in five weeks. Inthat same time Mrs. Spratt will eat 5/12 of a barrel of fat pork. At the end of five weeks, therefore, there will be left just 1/12 of a barrel of fat, which will suffice Mr. and Mrs. Spratt for five days. Therefore, eating most expedi- tiously, it will require just forty days for the Spratts to dispose of the barrel of half fat and half lean pork. (Sixteen minutes.) Rails and Acres We find the rails to be of a very accommo- dating length, as it requires just 43,560 rails, just the number of square feet to an acre, or the number of linear feet on one side of the field. One rail cut into twelve pieces would build a three-rail fence around one square foot, therefore the answer is found as 1 is to 43,560. (Twelve minutes. ) A Puzzling Post Card The message is decoded to read: “Since you are three times richer than I, how poorer am I than you?” “Three times richer” is equivalent to “four imes as rich,” so if A’s wealth is expressed iy X, B’s would be 4X. Also it might. be that A is seventy-five percent poorer than B. (Twenty minutes.) Taking in a Partner ys payment of $33,000 established the. value the firm’s entire assets at $99,000. It was told that before the reorganization the fenior’s interest was one and one fifth times the junior’s; so the senior must have | gen $54,000 worth and the junior $45,000. reduce these to a par with Uncle Henry’: would require a payment of $21,000 to the senior and $12,000 to the junior, which just ; of Henry’s $33,000 in cash. (Ten minutes.) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 153 SEND FOR THIS BOOK Gina; fy . : MMA | AU (I /, HERE’S YOUR CHANCE! //Ali@ire The big opportunity you’ve always —~ 2 RUS H] wanted—to make extra money, BIG ’ : MONEY, in your spare time, at home. W. T. Moore, Twin Falls, Idaho, made a net profit of $1200 in 90 days. You can do it too—turn every spare hour into $4 to $6 profit with the $2100 LAST SEASON = IDEAL LAWN MOWER SHARPENER W. F. Kendt, Buffalo, writes: sharpened 994 lawn mowers last You, too, can make yourself independent, build a permanent, season and the receipts were near- honorable, big-paying business with this ‘‘Ideal’’ Grinder—-a wonder- ly $2100 which is not bad for a fully simple machine that sharpens all makes of lawnmowers per- side line.” fectly, scientifically, without taking the mowers apart. Just pick up the mower, set it in the “‘Ideal,’’ make a few — justments $820 IN 55 DAYS' and proceed to sharpen. In 15 minutes the mower for the Zeno Brandon, Middletown, 0., lawn, and you have made $1.50 to $2.00—depending on the charge you fix. writes: “I made $820.70 in 55 4 ; it is to make big money with days with my ‘Ideal.’ Have made Man, It s Amazing How Easy the “‘Ideal."’ Anyone can do as high as $3 .70 in one day.” it! H. J. Nulick, El Dorado, Kans., turned his grinder business over to his 14 year old son. OVER 15000 IN USE Hundreds of Dull Mowers '2,7°x", ocautty be sharpened. No town too small. R. S. Newcomer, Vinton, Ia., writes: ‘‘People come for miles around and other towns to get their . customers stay with you, too. The “ideal’’ sharp- ens mowers to razor edge. Owners are delighted; tell their friends; your business grows by leaps and bounds. You Make Money Right Away. 2°°;..©- Stillwater, Minn., writes: ‘‘We set the machine up 2 weeks ago Friday; since that time have sharp- ened 102 mowers.” That’s close to in Kearney’s pocket for 2 weeks’ work! This Is Your Chance, Man! Ch AD Ay yp 1 GA A 7 F Otic “ Make Us | Prove It. MAIL ur BOO . “Let ros and proo ‘of what We say. ss © THIS TODAY THE FATE-ROOT- @ "THE FATE-ROOT. HEATH CO HEATH CO., 718 GQ 718-744 Bell St., Plymouth, Ohio Plymouth, gO wig money with “the taear* cama Ohio Send me your FREE BOOK — to Fame and Fortune — in Aviation 27 by RJ.Bassett 7 . PPORTUNITY is x calling you—now! iN you in the air—the newest and Sw FREE BOOK! greatest industry. Chicago is the Here is a book that tells you every- place to learn—the hub of Aviation thing you should know about flying— in America—right here at Chicago’s the first issue is limited—I am giving Million Dollar Municipal Airport it away free. To make sure of receiv- where the huge air liners daily drop ing your copy, send the coupon today. down from all parts of the country. Unlimited Flying Time Learn under transport pilots in gov- ernment approved brand new air- planes. Ours is the only school that does not limit your time in the air. We make you a pilot, no matter how long it takes. Our course also in- Mail This Coupon : Chicago Aviation Co., 741 S. Clark St., Chicago, III. I am interested in flying. Please send your Free Book without charge. | | | clvdes all mechanics, motors, etc. | “am Chicago Aviation Company . | Address 741 South Clark St. -= ae CHICAGO, ILLINOIS ~— | Bini Spe RAR ate tet alin a Nipt tenant ieee Sass =

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154 AEG School at Ho. i ( ee ae iF aE Ld hed ie pitt ll? 24 HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN TWO YEARS ee ee oot ee HANDICAPPED | eininc. You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of ically all worth-while itions demand High School train- g- You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- plete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all subjects given in a resident school and meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- fully examined and coached, USE SPARE TIMEONLY Most people édle away fifty hours a week, Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin, American School Dept. H-275, Drexel Ave. and 38th $t., Chicago American School Dept. H-275, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago Sena me full informati the subject checked and how you will help me win success. a . oe Business Law x Automobile Repairman ae | a ooeees Vil. Engineer Shop Superintendent ~.....Business oe siile = Engin Cert. Public Accountant .....Foremans Pp MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Chances to Get Rich Never So Great (Continued from page 36) shortage would not be so easily met, for phosphorus is a rare element (in the relative scale), not merely an inaccessible one. Phos- phorus would have to be manufactured out of some different element. Such an idea was heretical thirty years ago. Then the atoms were supposed to be absolutely immutable. But today the simple—though still rather breath-taking—fact is that more than fifty elemental substances have been ob- served in transmutation in the laboratory. In case of at least thirteen—perhaps twenty —of the lighter of these, the transmutation has been effected by a human experimenter. The method originated with Sir Ernest Rutherford. It consists of the bombardment of a substance with alpha particles from a radioactive element. Individual protons, or hydrogen nuclei, are knocked from the nuclei of atoms of such elements as nitrogen, alumi- num, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine, and potassium. Only ‘carbon and oxygen among all the more abundant light elements failed to yield, and their rupture has been reported in a German laboratory. BU: according to modern atomic theory, to remove a proton from the nucleus of a sulphur atom is equivalent to transforming that atom into an atom of phosphorus—unless, indeed, the alpha particle lodges in the nucleus from which it ejected the proton, in which case the sulphur atom becomes an atom of chlorine. Photographs have shown such lodgment of an alpha particle in a bombarded nucleus— eight instances being recorded in pictures that show the paths of about 400,000 alpha particles! Such a transaction would transform silicon, the world’s second most abundant element, into phosphorus. Similar treatment would change argon (an inert gas of the air) into potassium. It remains to bridge the gap between labo- ratory demonstration and commercial applica- tion. It is a task for the expert electrician— with super-power at command. Is this the billion-dollar opportunity you seek? I suggested at the outset a coalition between the electrical forces of air and earth. Now I suggest a possible coalition between the air itself and radium. The conception is based on the celebrated bombardment experiments of Sir Ernest Rutherford and the less known (and perhaps not fully authenticated) experiments in which the German, Dr. Gaschler, thinks he has shown that production of radium from uranium may be hastened by an electric current. Rutherford’s experiments show that nitro- gen, the gas that makes up four fifths of the atmosphere, can be so bombarded with alpha particles from radium that hydrogen nuclei are driven from its nucleus—that is, hydrogen is produced from nitrogen. HE cost of radium—around $3,000,000 an ounce—is largely due to the long and laborious process of isolating it, and if electric treatment can, indeed, hasten the production, no expense need be spared in producing the current—for a thousand uses might be found for the radium. Here I suggest only its use as a perpetual source of alpha particles, for the bombard- ment of compressed air, that you might trans- mute nitrogen into hydrogen. Even a very small amount of hydrogen, thus produced, ; would unite explosively with the oxygen about it; and this ignition would cause the remaining nitrogen to unite with remaining oxygen, with further output of heat. Thus a gas engine with air alone for fuel could fly an airplane round and round the globe till the engine itself was worn out. If you can learn how to transform uranium quickly and easily into radium, you will be in line of a fortune. 2 ° ee with this pay-raising I For a short time only we will gi to the New Library of Machine sho? Subscribe copy of French’s Engineering Drawing 4 4 book on mechanical drawing ever written, Tet makes drawing as plain as day—tellg you J instruments, plans and methods—and p all to handle any drawing job you will ever hy It comes to you absolutely free with w Machine Shop Practig, 9 volumes—3065 pages—3608 illu at (A combined home stud. —_ reference likeary) rf The New Machine Shop Library is w: men. It gives you the best methoda, = machine shop work. It explains machine tools 4 qd op*ration, drawing and design, tool work, aNd they grinding, jigs and fixtures, automatic screw ms and their tools and all of the mathematics yoy mum —_ to ag tg 3 pista Vritten, completely Meee —the very bes nd of help to the machine waatta who wants to advance himself. Shop my Send no money— —Just mail the Coupon FREE EXAMINATION COUPON McGRAW-HILL BOOK Co., Inc. 370 Seventh Ave., New York’ Send me for 10 days’ free examination th Marking Shen Peostios, Te sattartery | aa eet i 10 days and $2.00 monthly until the special paid. If not wanted, I will return tye Ppa On receipt of my first payment of $2.50, it is understood that! am to receive, free of charge, a copy of French's Engineeriay ra NOME... .cccccccccccccccccccccccceseccesessun BBBTORS.... co ccccccccccsccccesccccseenene reer ere Ce rrr Pose 00 CLEARED io ™ IN ONE DAY So writes W.-H. Adams of Ohio. Lette from V. A. Marini of California $11275 sales in three months. Jac Gordon of New Jersey “‘$4000 profits in ? months.” Alexander of Penna, “$30 profits in four months.” Ira Shook $365 salesinow day. Bram bought one outfit April 5 and 7 moreby August 28. Iwata, bought one outfit and 10 mm within a year. Mrs. Lane of Pennsylvania says “sd 8000 packages in one day.” J. R. 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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION At the right is a view of my draft- ing and specification offices where a large staff of experienced expertsare in my constant employ. My Patent Law Offices Just Across Street _-@ e ar tei, Hct gis (— Om ae LO Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today—Action Counts nventors If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with a competent é ? Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applica- tions for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country ' and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no _ — —— . o ee time, Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. Prompt, Careful, Efficient Service This large, experienced organization devotes its entire time and attention to patent and trademark cases. Our offices are directly across the street from the U. S. Patent Office. We understand the technicalities of patent law. We know the rules and requirements of the Patent Office. We can proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an application for a patent covering your idea. Our success has been built on the strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- mark owners located in every state in the Union. Strict Secrecy Preserved—Write Me in Confidence All communications, sketches, drawings, etc., are held in strictest confi- dence in strong, steel, fireproof files, which are accessible only to author- ized members of my staff. Feel free to write me fully and frankly. Your case will have my personal attention. It is probable that I can help you. 4 Highest references. But FIRST—clip the coupon and get my free book, i a , 3 Do THAT right now. J No Charge for Information On How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent as vp) _. ane ge wad should a And ~—— oy will send you _ty “Record of Invention” form, on which you can sketc our idea and 9 ' establish its date before a witness. Such evidence may whe prove valu- CLARENCE A. O’BRIEN able to you. Simply mail the coupon and I will send you the booklet, and Registered Patent Attorney the “Record of Invention” form, together with detailed information on how 881, Security Savings & Commercial Bank Bidg., te proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a Washington, D. C. minute’s time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely . without charge or obligation. H Please send me your free book, “How to Obtain Cl oy , a Patent,” and your “Record of Invention” arence A. Brien form without any cost or obligation on my part. Registered Patent Attorney Member of Bar of: Supreme Court of the United States; Court of Appeals, District of Columbia; Supreme Court, District of Columbia; United States Court of Claims, PRACTICE CONFINED EXCUSIVELY TO PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHTS (Important: Print or Write name clearly)

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Travel for-“‘Uncle Sam” RAILWAY POSTAL CLERK." #iiuninsitGne 7 Dept. T276, Rochester, N. Y. MANY OTHER U. S. GOVERNMENT POSITIONS o $ Rush to me entirely free cf charge: (1) A full descri pion 1140 to $3300 a Year 4 of the position checked: (2) 32-page book with list of U.S. Government Jobs obtainable, and (3) particulars telling how o to get an appointment. o Roy Pyne Clerk . . ($1900-$2700) ‘os e ier . . . MEN - BOYS - 18 OR OVER o” _City Mall Carrier.” * .($ 1700-$2300) ($1700-$2109) ¢ Rural Mail 00- Short Hours Steady Work eo General Clerk ($1140-1860) Long Vacation ¢ Carrier . . - « $3300) ¢ ‘Abt nanminstassenicoansanimenninesndniaaaseananenson Mail Coupon Now Act at Once .# Use this before you misiay it. WRITE OR PRINT PLAINLY To the Man With an Idea I offer a most comprehensive, experi- enced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Preliminary advice glad- ly furnished without charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately ad- vise clients as to probable patentability be- fore they go to any expense. Posten ¢ vatanbie iatoomatten ond form or properly disclosing your i ee On re- quest. Write today. a RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington, D. C. 41-D, Park Row Steet ask: City TRADE -MARKS REGISTERED > NZIORS § zed oF) OW A CASH OR ROYALTY BASIS pede PATENTED or UNPATENTED In Business 25 Nears Complete Facilities- References. re ADAM FISHER Mrs. Co. 183-D Enright Ave. St. Louis.Me. Make More Money Read the Money Making ities on pages 136 to 166 of this issue. WASHINGTON MONUMENT IN THE NATION’s CAPITAL PATENTS DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form “EVIDENCE OF CON- CEPTION” to be signed and witnessed. As registered tent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and Canada in the advancement of in- ventions. The form “Evidence of Conception,” sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent upon request. LANCASTER & ALLWINE 274 Ouray Building WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms “Evidence of Conception.” As one of the oldest pat- ent Grms in A ica we give inventors at lowest by PATENTS 23:23 evidenced by many well Patents of catsasn Sinan value. Book, Butent-Gonce, fos. a 648 «=F St., Wash., D.C. Estab. Booklet Free Highest References Promptness Assured Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary examination of Patent Office records. PATENTS All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention Listed Patent Lawyer in the latest editions of the Rand-McNally Directory of Bank- ers and Attorneys, of Chicago, Ill.; The Baggott & Ryall Directory of Attor- neys, New York City; The Lawyers Guaranteed Directory, Detroit, Michigan; The Lawyers and Bankers Quarterly, published by the Legal Directory Publish- ing Company of St. Louis, Mo.; the American Lawyers Annual, Cleveland, Ohio. Victor Building, 724 Ninth Street, N. W. WATSON E. COLEMAN, = ‘WASHINGTON, D. C. REGISTERED PATENT LAWYER February, y Is Your Son Like You? | ) (Continued from page 45) | tion was in studying the heredity of individ | characteristics that were sharply cop Mendel’s first and simplest e riments pip, an idea of the way he reached ik goal. “i chose the common pea as his first object ot study. He knew that some peas were others dwarf; there were some with wh skins, others with smooth; some were yellow others green. Taking these contrasting ters one at a time, he set out to learn the effects of crossing the different varieties, First he planted seeds of tall and dwa plants, some several feet high, others a fey inches. When these had grown into plants hy fertilized the flowers of one variety With the pollen of the other. The seeds that resulted he planted the next year. When these grew w he found that the plants of the new generation, instead of being mixed varieties, as mi Bu been expected, were all tall. Allowing they hybrids, or crossbreeds, to fertilize themselya. in the ordinary way, he came upon another gyn prise—the seeds grew into mixed descendants tall and dwarf, but in definite proporti three talls to one dwarf. | pe this Mendel concluded that j dwarf characteristic, unapparent in first generation, merely had been held in pression while the tallness alone appes visible. Accordingly he termed the chs acter dominant and the dwarf character recessin, Now he continued the breeding to further generations, and this is what he found: The dwarfs in every case produced only dwarfsanj’ continued to do so indefinitely. In other words, the recessives always bred true. One out df every three talls, or dominants, also bred true, The two remaining talls, however, always pn duced mixed offspring in the same proportion as did the original hybrids—three talls to on dwarf. Repeating the same sort of with respect to other contrasting charactens tics, such as color, Mendel found that in every case the same numerical arrangement held trig, Even in the crossing of two or more contra: characters, the law of averages still though revealed in greater complexity. In all, he grew and studied 10,000 planti) performing nearly 300 cross-fertilizations, esd requiring a delicate operation. The vastne his evidence enabled him, in the end, to stitute demonstrated fact for theory heredity. F CHIEF importance was the fact that ti O Mendelian laws showed for the first tim how pure breeds of plants or animals, - ing certain desired characteristics, might be obtained—a point of vital importance & breeders of cattle and horses and to farmers But more than that, they led to a clear cor ception of the construction and operation of the cells of reproduction, and of the marvelous part which those little bodies within the cells, called chromosomes, play in controlling the character of coming generations. Meanwhile, with the same vigor that he searched for scientific truths, he carried on the duties of his religion. Elected by fellow monks as abbot of the monastery, he fought tirele but vainly against oppression by governmell authorities. Disappointments met him at every Wi In his greatest works, the world ignored : Yet apparently he never lost faith either’ scientific research or in his religion. o Indeed, his life was a concrete answer ™ those who said science and religion could m be reconciled. By patient observation % concentration he read the book of Natumes) laws. And there he found new faith in a ™ Giver. 4 “My time will soon come,” said Greg Mendel. It has.

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION TRADE-MARKS COPYRIGHTS OUR OFFER: Your first step ‘ Before disclosing an invention the inventor should write for our blank form ‘‘CRECORD OF INVENTION.’ This should be signed, wit- nessed and returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention for INSPECTION and ADVICE FREE. Our Five Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Chicago, Ill., Office Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Me- Suite 1114 Tacoma Bldg. chanical Movements illustrated and described. OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and necessity of Trade-Mark Pro- tection. Information regarding Trade-Marks -.and unfair competition in trade. OUR FOREIGN BOOK y We have Direct Agencies in Foreign Countries, New York Office and secure Foreign Patents in shortest time Suite 1007 Woolworth Bldg. and at lowest cost. = Progress of Invention Description of World’s Most Pressing Problems by Leading Scientists and Inventors ALL COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL | INTERFERENCE AND INFRINGEMENT SUITS PROSECUTED IMPORTANT a seiiaaiieetin HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL TO AVOID DELAY, | Pittsburgh, Pa., Office YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL IN a eee OUR OFFICE to save correspordence, secure protection [Ff and early filing date in the Patent Office. To secure special preparation of your case send $25.00 on account with model or sketch and description of invention. PROMPT SERVICE, HIGHEST REFERENCES REASONABLE TERMS eS oe Philadelphia, Pa., Office Suite 518-519 Liberty Bldg. Private Office, Victor J. Evans, with view of Patent Office Through Window VICTOR J. EVANS & CO., Patent Attorneys Main Offices: 694 Ninth St., Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your FREE | books as described above. COUPON ‘i San Francisco, Cal., Office Suite 1010 Hobart Bldg.

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 16) roller backed away from the feet of the bridal couple, who had assumed as nearly as possible the positions of the dummies thrown from the car. For this scene, the flivver lay on its side in the background, as though tossed there by the collision. The final shots in that location were cranked by ,the first camera man in normal speed and motion as the steam roller stolidy ambled away from the scene, leaving in its wake two flat shapes—stripes of cloth cut in the outline of the luckless couple. The camera was again stopped, bride and groom substituted for the cloth strips, and as the camera again began to crank, the couple rose, embraced each other, the groom manfully righted the automobile, and both rode merrily away. “HIS will be a good comedy,” Don pro- phesied, as the small caravan of cars turned toward Cinema City, on the northern outskirts of Hollywood. “Hope Eckstein sees the rushes this after- noon,” remarked Judy. ‘“‘ We've got thrills as well as laughs in today’s shots. I can just hear the fans gasp when they see that roller crash the flivver. I’m anxious to see the rushes myself.” : “We won't be back from the air field in time,” Don reminded her, “‘but there'll be plenty of excitement for us out there.”’ “Tt'll be a good way to celebrate after you see Eckstein this noon,” Judy gaily suggested. **Maybe—maybe not,” Don replied. He was silent for the rest of the trip to the studio, but Judy, glancing from time to time at the de- termined angle of his square, big-boned chin, the compressed outline of his generous lips, and ‘the tense frown that drew his brows together, knew he was suppressing with diffi- culty the excitement he felt for that all-im- portant interview. * * od The president of Popular Players shrugged his shoulders and threw out his hands in a gesture of futility. “But, Kennedy, I can’t do nothing about it now. We close down absolutely for six months!” “You mean—you mean—Popular Players is through? Smashed?” “Did I say that?” demanded Eckstein somewhat irritably. “We keep our present releases going, but make no new productions for six months—at least.” The young man across the desk from him looked stricken, his face so white that a few pale freckles showed across the bridge of his nose and in the hollows under his eyes. His stiff lips moved as though to make one last desperate plea, but he rose with the words unspoken. The worried wrinkles in the presi- dent’s face smoothed into kinder lines. “Sorry, my boy. If you're not working when we start production again—maybe next March—you'll be the first director I sign on.” As Don vaguely mumbled polite thanks, there was a knock at the door and Porter put his head in. 4 * (OME in, come in,” called Eckstein, eager to close the interview with his disap- pointed youngest di r. “I’m just telling young Kennedy here that we sign him on first when we get started again next spring.” “Sure, glad to have him.”” Ed Porter blew a noncommittal smoke ring toward the ceiling and added jovially: “That is, if he’s not directing his own company by that time. I hear he’s working out an invention that'll cut production costs in half.” “Been telling me about it,” chirped Eck- stein, in a falsely cheerful tone. “‘Says he can show us a way to keep Carleton on the home lot with his cast and send only the camera man around the world to (Continued on page 169) more a week Double your full time pay. Thi practical method of home instry¢. tion has simplified everything, Why work for low pay? Clever increasing” display material is always ney | ed by —_ business enterprise ¢ escription. $10 to $20 is often mj for a single attractive show card, Show Card Writers command high salarig —right from the start. Prepare now. No special ability nesdej Learn at home in spare time through thi most complete, practical method. Studey, R. A. 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'} | amare of peorvary, 1928 Fs Movie Maker (Continued from page 158) gtall the local color backgrounds called for in my, ?” commented Porter with a@ yawn. it's too late for that now. , within the quiet, tall young man at the door, the gathering intensity tes years of struggle toward a vanish- ba or ight after night of grinding drudg- - a makeshift laboratory, the constant of normal pleasures, decent clothes, and even, at times, of adequate food for his hungry young body that he might buy neces- ‘pment and materials for experimen- Ston—all_ this accumulated force of keen i! warted effort b out now ina itary 3 at these two who ruled a realm with so little understanding and progress. 1 too late! Too late for Popular Players to make anything but another super-special failure! Day by day, in every way, bigger and better flops! Not enough brains in the to spread thin over one reel of film, but all the footage any dumb director can throw away—two hundred reels squandered to make a ten-reel picture! Too late to pry new ideas into this gang, but never too histo fail!’”’ Don paused, gasping for breath, and then had the grace to be a little ashamed. of his childish outburst, as the two men sat staring at him in dumb, open-mouthed amaze- ment. Yet he felt a strange relief, as though a thunderstorm had cleared the air. Grinning, he walked back to the desk and held out hs hand toward Ecksteir. ; “Sorry, chief. I know the shutdown hits too. But, golly, I wish I could have just Ee inthe to show you what my universal und process can—”” “Say, I've got an idea,” boomed the general . “Why don’t you scout around, Kennedy, and see if you can’t raise some money on your invention and form a production unit of your own? Eckstein knows your work well enough to release any picture you’d make on the usual sixty-fivethirty-five basis—”’ “That’s right,” interrupted the president. “And instead of closing down completely,” | | continued Porter, ‘‘we could lease you the lot ata nominal rental—”’ “Oh, very nominal!” emphasized Eckstein. “And you'd have a chance to cash in big on your own production and put your invention actoss at the same time,” finished the general manager. Dal looked from one to the other with a wry smile. “Fine! I’ve got eighteen dollars left from last week’s pay. That would take care of about five minutes’ time on the lease.” “Get some backers, boy. Get some backers!” in. I know hardly anyone in California but Popular Players people. ’ Tisn’t likely they’d invest in a new invention when they’re losing /*Tell you what I'll do!” Jacob Eckstein led expansively, as though to indicate the his generosity. “It'd be good policy ve some activity on the lot—I’ll let you } | it rent free for six months if you star . Morelandand takeover her contract.” Inthe silence that followed this big-hearted a fleeting, guileless glance with his meral manager. Its significance was not lost, » on the young director. He was fully | studio knowledge. Don knew that S$ preposterous offer was merely a @ covert insult to Margaret More- 8 faded glory ‘J “ late!” he mocked. “‘ You're right it’s | ay president of Popular Players ex-_ y the star’s lost prestige and the causes 1 | for it, while the amount of her salary was (Continued on page end MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 159 PATENTS TRADE-MARKS + DESIGNS FOREIGN PATENTS MUNN & CO, PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American ScrenTIFIC AMERICAN BuILDING Washington, D. C. ScrENTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING 24 W. 40th St., New York City Van Noys Burtp1neG Los Angeles, Cal. CrEQLETD Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks by Request Tower Buitp1ING Chicago, Ill. Hosart Buitpinc San Francisco, Cal. Associates in all Foreign Countries [NEW INDUSTRY NEEDS MEN WORK for ‘“Uncle RE VALVE ER . New Bandit Proof Railway Mail Car U. S. 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‘“‘There’s the new Ned Tyson” He’s making $6500 a year now “I vszp to know him when I was a kid—we went to grammar school together. “Then his father died and he had to go to work, Got a job with Brooks & Watson as a clerk, but couldn’t seem to get ahead. “Then overnight something seemed to wake him up. He began making suggestions to the firm—helped them to save a great deal of money. “Then Old Man Brooks became interested — wanted to know how Ned happened to know so much about the business. Ned told him he'd been studying at home at nights through the Inter- national Correspondence Schools. ‘H'’m,’ said Mr. Brooks, ‘I'll remember that.’ “He did too. Put Ned out on the road as a salesman for a year or so and then brought him into the main office as sales manager. “He’s getting $6500 a year now and everybody calls him ‘the new Ned Tyson.’ I’ve never seen such a change in a man in my life. The I. C. S. deserves a lot of credit.” An International Correspondence Schools course will help you just as it helped Ned Tyson. It will help you to have the happy home—the big- ger salary—the comforts you'd like to have. Start today to make good. At least find out what this great school can do for you. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University” ° Without cost or obligation, please send copy your booklet, “Whe Wins and Why,” ond full oS about the course before which I have marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Salesmanship Better Letters oe — one bp mogra; and Finance English Civil Service Accountancy (including C.P.A.)(j Railway Mail Cl Cost Accounting Common School Subjects High School Subjects Private ry Illustrating Spanish artooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineer Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions Structural Engineer Gas Engine mistry a} Civil Engineer Automobile Work wht to and Mopping Aeeane in urgy ning culture an ultry D Badio Mathematics Name Street Addreaa City.... i csscesunsdentiidicneniessesesescs: I a ccnnsisincsnctsncapesnces If you reside in Canada, send this coupon to the Interna- anadian, Limited, Montreal Srakates paid tional Corr Make'45 a Week and up No-qusstion abowt it, anyemanseany P-821 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 159) and to his own intelligence. But suddenly the fighting blood leaped in his veins, his hands clenched. He looked steadily at Eckstein and his lieutenant. “Tl take you for four months—September first to January first,” he said briskly. “You can sign over Miss Moreland’s contract with the studio lease under the conditions you mention.” ye paused on the doorstep of the adminis- tration building and gazed with specula- tive eyes over Cinema City. In less than a month he would control a considerable portion of that kingdom of make-believe. It was noon—hot August noon—and after months of drenching sunshine, the celestial electrician had “hit” his giant carbon to high- est amperage and was giving the land of the movies full flood. From the high unpainted wooden fence, where squatted rows of office buildings and laboratories, to the far sweep of ragged field rising toward the foothills, the vast acreage of Cinema City, jointly owned by several motion picture companies, was baked a dusty yellow-brown. Spreading out beyond the long, low concrete buildings, the awkward, high-hunched roofs of huge stage sheds loomed tinder dry. Farther still, edging the open lot, a Turkish minaret, the Woolworth Tower, and | the Taj Mahal, grouped with lesser, lower | scenes of commerce and grandeur, lifted their | thin painted peaks to the blistering sun. Don drew a deep breath, then lost it in a hearty, unexpected chuckle. His newly ac- cepted financial responsibility was so stupen- dous compared with the minus quantity of his resources that, instead of appalling him, it appealed momentarily to his sense of humor. Later would come anxious planning, grim day and night drudgery, the strain and anguished struggle of accomplishing the apparently im- possible within a short time limit; but now, in the brief pause before the battle, he felt an almost ridiculous sense of gaiety and reckless power—a zero-hour courage. Let the fight begin—he was ready, though he had no weap- ons but an unfinanced idea and a heavily-hand- icapped opportunity. WINGING his small suitcase, he walked rapidly toward the farthest stage, cutting across the current of a chattering, joking, hur- rying populace that streamed from stage sheds, from cell-like rows of dressing-rooms, and from open sets on the lot. Grease-painted beauties in evening gowns, their eyelashes weighted with mascara. Thugs, policemen, tramps, and sleek-haired college boys jostling one another sociably. A director in swank leather puttees and open-collared tan silk shirt striding beside a tattered country lass with tangled hair, bare white legs, and smart high- heeled pumps. A satin-suited cavalier, flowing wig beneath his arm; two slimly beautiful bathing girls; electricians, carpenters, and stage-hand “grips”’ in stained khaki. And all with one objective—a square low building, centrally located, through whose wide-open windows floated the fragrance of fried onions, the rich tomato scent of chile con carne, the spiced aroma of hot tamales. Don’s long strides brought him to Stage No. 8 just as Judy came out and closed the door behind her. She pounced on him with a little shriek of joy, her face an animated question mark. “Did Eckstein—he did, he did! You're smiling. No, you’re only teasing—he didn’t! Oh, don’t be so mean!’”’ Judy stamped her foot. “‘ Why don’t you tell me?” **Give me a chance and I will,’’ drawled Don with provoking slowness. Then, relenting, he outlined the interview in a few brief sentences. “So Eckstein’s (Continued on page 161) DRAW CARTOONS TURN YOUR TALENT INTO MONEY Cartoonists earn from $50 to $250 more. Remarkable Circle System of Taian Boe ne om the usual time. Students from all parts of the world Fe io bg for this exceptional instruction. 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February, 1928 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

re. Movie Maker (Continued from page 160) : he lot to play with, just as you pret me this morning, he concluded. L Jody's eyes, suspiciously bright, were fixed an invisible circle she was tracing with the pa of one small brown riding boot. “Lending you the lot without money to run it,” she commented with mournful scorn, “‘is like handing a thirsty man the Pacific Ocean for a drink of water. Eckstein’s giving you a “Ma: be.” Don’s lips came together ina frm line. “But we sign Monday.” “Where can you get any money?” Judy up gloomily. ” “I’m looking for partners. si “Huh! Morgan and Rockefeller, I suppose. “Not at all, not at all!” Don spoke with elaborate politeness. “I was thinking of ex- ‘ng the honor to you first.’ ; “Me! What can I do?’’ Judy’s voice was skeptical, but a lively interest began to show in the upturned corners of her mouth, in her brightening eyes. “{70U own a corking story worth at least wo thousand, don’t you?” ; “Ws yours without asking!” Judy seized Don’s hand in both of hers and pumped it up and down vigorously. “And I'll work for nothing. I’ve saved enough to keep me four months. When do we start?” “This minute. You're on the payroll now. ing an hour and double that for overtime. when the profits—”’ Me Attaboy!” Judy beamed up at him. We'll show Eckstein!” Don’s only reply was a tightened handclasp and a brief nod. é “Better get your lunch now so you'll be to start for the air field,” he warned, as he stepped into the stage shed. “I’m going to put my suitcase into that old property safe till tomorrow.” ‘ a The stars blinked faintly down upon the illuminated, richly colored square in front of Grauman’s Egyptian Theater, and Pharaoh’s court, in hieroglyphics along the wall, waited for the jury to file out and render verdict on “Frozen Hearts.’’ Lining the boulevard were Hollywood’s choicest gasoline chariots, with here and there a liveried chauffeur. One of them began to whistle a fox trot as the doors of the theater swung open and the strains of the orchestra sounded louder and livelier. T WAS intermission. Beautiful women in gorgeous evening gowns and men in full dress began to trickle out; slowly, at first, then the court was suddenly dense with bright -moving figures against an animated background | re shirt fronts, black-bordered. Fire- lance of jewels on lovely arms and shoul- ; perfumes drifting on the warm, still air; ing voices, with a rumbling masculine undertone—an aviary of brilliant cockatoos, atigmented by a flock of crows. In short, a first-night audience of picture people and fans. But a little group of barnyard fowls stood at one side of the court, near the replica of an old Egyptian throne. Judy in a white silk in dress, Don wearing a blue serge suit iny at the seams. The third member of the group, a tall, lithe man with a ruggedly attrac- tive, darkly tanned face, surveyed the human idoscope with eyes half-gay, half-scornful. “And you're asking me to give up flying to becomea who’s who in that bunch!” He laughed down at Judy with eyes as dark as her own. “Tm not asking you!” Judy wrinkled her small and pertly tilted nose at her brother. I'm just offering you a safe, easy job now your plane is smashed.” “Oh, I'll have another next week,” replied her brother airily. (Continued on page 162)

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J-2 326 Broadway, New York City Dear Mr, Duncan: Please send catal, 1 know more about eeu Suaee. calivatune. pei eee eeeenessee MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 161) “Jerry Burke!’’ Judy's eyes were accusing. “You promised me you d quit the game if you had one more crash!”’ “Come in with us for four months, anyway.” Don added his persuasions to Judy’s. “* You're just the type to play opposite Miss Moreland, and I. promise you plenty of excitement— helping us dig for money enough to keep celluloid in the cameras.” Jerry Burke did not answer, but tugged his small black mustache meditatively. Medita- tion was an unusual expression for the reck- less gaiety of his face. The slight forward thrust of his fighting chin, the eagle strength of his aquiline nose, even the stubborn, care- less waves of heavy dark hair, suggested a man of intense physical energy rather than calm thought. A smooth white scar slashed straight across from ear to forehead was a badge of action won in France. Sa even before the war, Jerry had injected thrills into life. At the age of sixteen, a runaway from his New England home, he had learned expert horsemanship on a ranch in Montana. Then farther west, to California, where, a year before the war, he had doubled for a handsome motion picture star when dangerous stunts were required. This had paid so well that he had bought several acres of cheap, unirrigated land twenty miles from Los Angeles and had sent for his widowed mother and small sister. As part of the land extended into the mouth of a small canyon, he had fondly called it his “ranch,” and was saving money to stock it with blooded horses when the war dogs called.. He was one of the first to enlist. When he returned, three years later, he found that his “ranch” had become the peaceful locale of a small chicken farm operated by his mother. But by that time, horses had become too slow for Jerry and he threw his bounding energies into aviation, becoming a stunt pilot with a record for hair- breadth escapes. The last one had been only the day before, when he had crashed while stunting for the comedy Don was directing. He was glad he had deeded the ranch to Judy on their mother’s death the year previous. The next crash might be tagged with his name and flowers. RB even danger can become monotonous, and as Jerry fingered his jaunty little mustache he felt half inclined, for a few months at least, to throw in his lot with the kids. He glanced at the two and realized with a start that Don could no longer be placed in that classification. He had been only nineteen when Judy had first brought him home to a Sunday chicken dinner—and how the tall ungainly lad had eaten!—but the five years since then had changed the boy into a serious, almost stern- faced man, still young, of course, but with the dignity of a steady, driving purpose. At that moment, Don and Judy were looking with eager interest toward the theater entrance. Jerry’s glance followed theirs and rested on a slender, exquisitely-blond woman who had just come out, her fairness enhanced by a low- cut gown of black velvet. Over her shoulders was flung an ermine cape. Pausing at the entrance as though to brace herself against an oncoming tide, she lifted her small head regally. The tide swirled toward her and Margaret Moreland was submerged in a wave of congratulations. As the crowd shifted, Jerry noticed a vivacious brunette peck her on the cheek and utter a delighted little shriek. “My dear! You were marvelous! 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In a short time, by follow- Director Wright’s principles and by devoting a part my spare time to the practical application of his course, | soon learned to play. No tiresome scales—no arpeggios to learn—no weary hours of practice—no do-re-mi—no meaningless ex- ercises, mn know the Niagara Method, you can sit down and reel off any popular song which the high- o’chestra leaders play in cabarets, clubs, hotels, or theaters. Clip Coupon Now—Play In Few Months Ifyou have never played a note, or if you do play— no matter how 5 too may become a master of jazt and melody by learning the simple, wonderful : Niagara Method. ! K Don’t wait another day. Send the coupon_now for the “‘Niagara Se- cret.” This book is yours absolutely FREE, If 10c (coin or stamps) is enclosed you also receive wonderfu booklet‘‘HowtoEntertain atPiano” Ronald G. Wright, Director Schoo i Niagara of Music 243 Cleveland Ave., Niagara Falls, N.Y. CLIP THIS COUPON NOW! WAGARA SCHOOL OF MUSIC, 243 Cleveland Avenue Niagara Falls, N. Y. obligation mail me book‘‘The Niagara Se- Without cret.” I enclose 10c for book‘‘How to Entertain at Piano” Name Street City. State COLLEGE ; g Expert draftsmene fundamentals of to¥i30 per week, Get into this profitable field aftera RAFTIN Chicago Tech. fascinating short course. Couple this with practical experience IN MONTH 5 and a big-pay man. Manyemployment oppor- - tunities. Enter any time, Ss evenings. Athletics. Also 2-yr. ene and ctricit -B.S.D, ; 4 i an eg couraee in = neering, ¥s Chicago Technical College Dest. 411 118 E. 26th St. Chicage MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Movie Maker (Continued from page 162) heard her say they ought’ve named the picture ‘Frozen Face’ in honor of Moreland!”’ Jerry chuckled and pinched his sister’s arm. “Who is the lady Judas?” “Rita D’Arcy, Queen of the Vamps. She always has it in for blondes. Come on—there go the chimes—let’s get to 6uf seats before the mob comes in.”’ As they passed Margaret Moreland and her courtiers, whose flatteries were merely veiled insults, Jerry turned for a long, curious look at her. He was not a devotee of the pictures, caring more for outdoor amusements, but he had seen the star in the great Biblical spec- tacle that had scored such a triumph for her three years before. From across the court she had looked singularly lovely, with her delicate, high-bred features and the great coils of shining hair massed at her neck. But now, under her wide blue eyes, he noticed dark circles that no amount of cleverly applied make-up could conceal; the taut muscles of her neck, her cheeks, inclined to sag, and the fixed smile that drew her tired lips into a painted grimace. * T DON’T like the glitter in that gal’s eyes,” he murmured to his sister as they entered the theater. “Does she use dope, d’you think?” “Oh, no!’ Judy was very positive. “‘She’s an awfully sweet thing—never any scandal about her—but she’s had lots of bangs the past two years. And when her good-for-nothing husband ran off with that flashy divorcee, it must have been a terrible blow to her pride.” “Perhaps she loved him,”’ suggested Jerry. ‘Whatever it was, she began to go off in her looks and she’s never come back since. I don’t know how Don’s ever going to put her across in a picture,’ Judy added- in a discouraged whisper as they took their seats, “‘even if he can scrape up enough money to pay her salary.” “Cheer up, infant. I’m coming to the rescue.” “Oh, Jerry! Really?” Judy’s eyes shone in the semidarkness of the theater as her brother gave a confirming nod. She turned to Don, at her other side. ““Don! Jerry’s coming in with us! Tell the professor.” “Good!” Relief and hearty satisfaction were compressed into the word as Don leaned forward and the two men signed the contract in a firm handclasp with Judy smiling her blessing between. Immediately, Don turned to an elderly man on his left and murmured the news. AS ist gut!” approved Professor Mahr- lenburg in a husky whisper. Although he ordinarily spoke perfect, almost unac- cented English, when under emotional stress he reverted to his native tongue. He had been polishing the thick lenses of his spectacles and now he adjusted them carefully before his eyes as the curtain parted and the silver screen announced: Frozen Hearts, Part Two. As the light on the screen threw back a faint reflection into the faces of the audience, Don caught a glimpse of the old German’s faded blue eyes, red-rimmed. That confirmed Don's suspicion that he had been crying throughout the first part of the picture, as evidenced by frequent polishing of his glasses. At the inter- mission, when the other three had gone out- side, Professor Mahrlenburg had declined, mum- bling some excuse about reading his program carefully. What was the matter with the old fellow? In the darkened theater, only half observing the picture he had seen at a preliminary show- ing, Don sought a clue to this new difficulty. In addition to the personal concern he felt for the old man, he was counting on him as a valuable asset in his new venture. 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_ MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

The Movie Maker (Continued from page 163) j- gallery at a seaside resort near Los Ange- les. At that time, the old man had been vio- lently opposed to motion pictures, and when at the end of the summer Don had proudly announced his new job in the laboratory of | Popular Players, the professor, almost apoplec- tic with anger, ‘had: literally closed his doors on the boy. Two years later, however, Don had met him, hungry and shabby, coming out of a small neighborhood picture theater in a cheap district. The picture chanced to be one of Margaret Moreland’s old releases, and from that time the professor had been an ardent Moreland fan. Don had taken him home to share his humble lodgings and at first had been glad to see that the old man’s prejudice against the pictures had disappeared, but during the past year his violent partisanship of Margaret Moreland had amounted almost to an obses- sion. Only the night before, when Don had referred to her look of age, he had shouted out a denial, claiming that Miss Moreland was only twenty-eight, and giving date and day of her birth. For a year, the old man had been working mysteriously on a series of fine lens screens and other paraphernalia designed to make the star appear a girl of eighteen. He had vowed he would allow them to be used for no other actress. QUICKLY subdued titter rippled over the audience, for at that moment a close-up appeared on the screen. Margaret, as a young Russian princess, leaned from a balcony win- dow to wave farewell to her lover—and as the unsparing lens pitilessly revealed the sagging lines and hollows of her face, she looked old enough to be the young man’s mother. That, added to a saccharine subtitle, was enough to start a slightly hysterical giggle in an audience whose nerves were never well controlled. At Don’s side, the professor began to mutter angrily in German. Several people looked around, annoyed and amused. Infuriated, the old man half rose from his seat and directed fluent German maledictions toward any face turned in his direction. It seemed to Don that the entire audience craned their necks toward him. An usher hastened down the aisle. Grasping the old man by the arm, Don turned to Judy, but she and her brother were already preparing to leave. Don towed the professor, still muttering, up the aisle and out of the theater. In the lighted court his florid face looked lobster-red. HEY got him into thetonneau of Jerry’s an- cient Pierce-Arrow, a topless vehicle parked in the thick of Hollywood’s finest. But the car gave all that Jerry asked—speed. As he began to maneuver out of the line, he stopped a moment to watch a blond woman‘in ermine cape run swiftly, almost furtively, through the empty court and out on to the boulevard, where she hesitated a moment, glancing round, then sped toward a shining, long-bodied sport roadster parked at the opposite curb. The idling chauffeurs looked at her curiously; one ran after her, as if to offer aid. But she waved him away and jumped into the car. Jerry turned and called his sister’s attention to the woman. Judy looked up from the pro- fessor, whom she and Don were attempting to calm. “Yes, it’s Margaret. Ducking that bunch of laughing hyenas after the theater.” As the glittering roadster pulled out from the curb, the old Pierce-Arrow nosed after her discreetly. “Think I'll follow her for a bit,” Jerry announced to the three in the back. “Don’t!”’ urged his sister. “Let the poor thing hide her head in peace.” “No. Told you her eyes look queer. I’ve seen shell-shocked (Continued on page 165)

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Unlocking for YOU agical powers. ~ Tarbell The Movie Maker (Continued from page 164) men with eyes like that when they’re dan- gerous. She needs a guardian tonight—and quick!” Judy sank back into her seat, and Jerry gave all his attention to the road and the car ahead. A big, cream-colored roadster, with high hood, bullet shaped, it was.easy.to fallow—easy if you had the speed. As Hollywood dropped behind and the long shaft of light ahead began to ascend the bills, Jerry felt the accelerator of his own car grow hot beneath his toe. Forty-five, fifty, fifty-five miles—a dan- |. gerous speed along those dark, winding roads. Fortunately, after getting well out of Holly- wood and high on the hills, they met no other cars. The reason was apparent when the road became suddenly rough. For a moment, Jerry thought the big, racing roadster would bounce over the side of the hill, almost a precipice at that height. Only a flimsy whitewashed fence protected the unwary motorist. But Mar- garet, with a skill that delighted Jerry even while he caught his breath, held her car to the road as she throttled down. A moment later she drew off to the side where the road, cut into the hill, widened for turning. She stopped. jum drove past her at a moderate pace, faintly tooting his horn as a passing salute. She gave no answering honk but sat still and rigid at the wheel. She had come to a stop near the crest of the hill. Jerry increased his speed until he had rounded the next descending curve, then scraped close to the side of the hill and shut off his engine, leaving his lights on. “I’m going back to reconnoiter,” he said. “You folks wait here.” He spoke in a whisper, though the girl they had passed could hardly have heard a sten- torian tone. But only a whisper seemed fitting in the hushed enchantment of the night, without sign or sound of human beings save them- selves. In the east, the big golden disk of a full moon was rising, and the canyon dropped away at their feet like a fathomless black ocean. Long ghost fingers of pale moonlight poked into the fringing shadows of the road. “IT go—I go also to mein liebes kind.” Trembling, Professor Mahrlenburg climbed out on the road beside Jerry, in spite of Don’s restraining hands. Jerry turned on him sternly. “Do you want to kill her?” The old man groaned and covered his face with shaking hands. “C'TAY here,’’ whispered Jerry in a kinder tone. ‘‘Maybe she’s come out only to be alone, where she can get hold of herself. If she seems all right, I'll come back and get the car. We can pass her again and speak to her— pretend we think she’s having motor trouble.” “No, Jerry.” It was his sister who spoke. They were all in the road now. “We'll follow you at a distance, quietly. You go ahead as fast as possible. Don’t waste time talking.” In silence the little group started back over the hill. Jerry was soon lost in the dark, for the other two young people accommodated their steps. to the professor, who was breathing heavily as he made the ascent. The climb seemed endless to Don. His mus- cles strained to be speeding after Jerry, but he could not leave Judy alone to cope with the professor. As he half carried the old man up the road, Judy preceding them a few paces, it seemed a nightmare climax to a day of calam- ities. The vice president of the bank that handled his small checking account had told him courteously that morning it would be use- less to apply for a production loan without the backing and guarantee of Popular Players. In going over the features that his lease and con- tract should cover, (Continued on page 166) fARTOONING LEARN AT HOME MAKE ~ ost read the following “straight from the shoulder” letter and you’ll see why we say that the Washington School of Cartooning can prepar you for the big pay field of Cartooning, in your spare time, at home, by mail. “The enclosed cartoons,” says O. A. Pokrandt, a Wisconsin student, “are sam- ples of my progress in drawing. I have received $250 for these and the enclosed letter will show that I have a ready mar- ket for my work in the future. The mak- ing of cartoons has been one round of pleasure and enjoyment as well as prof- itable to me.” Cartooning Pays Big There’s no more attractive or highly paid profession today than Cartooning. Millions of dollars are spent every year on cartoons. Capable cartoonists earn from $50 to $250 a week. 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Page 166

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The only man who could talk to the Superintendent Hor after I began studying,” a student wrote to us the other day, “we had a change in management at our plant. I cer- tainly was glad then that I had decided to study in my spare time. For, thanks to my . C. S. course, I was the only man in the organization who could talk to the Superin- tendent in his‘own language. As a result, I was promoted over men who had been here from fen to twenty years. My salary has been increased 90 per cent in the last ten months.” Ter S a true story of what just one I. C. S. stu- dent -has done. There are thousands of others. Every mail’ brings letters from men and women tell- ing of promotions and increases in salary due directly to spare-time study. One hour a day, spent with the I. C. S. in the quiet of your own home, will prepare you for success in the work you like best. Yes, it willf Put it up to us to prove it. Mail this Coupon To-day ee ee com Se _—— “INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE. 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The third obstacle had come that night when he had heard that Margaret More- land had been affrontéd by Eckstein’s sugges- tion: to sign her contract over to his comedy director and was.threatening legal action. “Was the whole project to die. at its birth? Although it offered only the slightest chance of success against tremendous odds, Don felt sure that without this one opportunity, he would have to begin all over and wait perhaps for years before he again drew near enough even to sight his goal. Was life to be only an end- lessly steep, dark road over which he must toil to drag a heavy burden? With a final tug, half lifting, half pushing, Don got Professor Mahrlenburg up the last rise in the road, just as Judy stepped back into the shadows with a quick-drawn breath. FEW yards away Margaret Moreland stood beyond the whitewashed fence on the very edge of the declivity. The bright moon shone coldly on her rigid form, a shadow in the black velvet gown. But her clear, fine profile seemed to float luminous and detached above her body, the sweeping line of her white throat, her thick-coiled hair of pale gold cutting the darkness with a cameo line. She stood with head thrown back, as though taking a last look over the world. Slowly, almost mechanically, she raised her right arm. Steel gleamed in the moonlight. As Don sprang forward, a black shadow leaped up from the edge of the road and flung itself on Margaret. A shot and a gasping breath—a tiny spurt of flame. Two writhing figures struggled, swayed—and plunged forward as the fence tore loose with the cracking sound of a giant match stick snapped in two. A breathless moment, in which tragedy moves to engulf the men and women ina real-life drama more thrilling than the screen itself! The fate of Margaret Moreland—the further adventures of n Kennedy in his daring fight for success against tremendous odds—these remain to be revealed in next month’s great installment. Ants Have ‘‘Cowboys”’ OT only do the ants keep herds of “‘cows”’ to supply them with milk, but they em- ploy ant “cowboys” to watch over the herds! This astonishing discovery was reported recently by H. Eidmann, a naturalist of Munich. Within ant .colonies he actually found dairy “‘barns,’”’ into which the “cows” are driven at night. The “cows” of the ants, as observers long have known, belong to the insect species called aphids. A sweetish liquid which they excrete is the “milk” which the ants drink. The insect “cowboys” act much like human herdsmen. In cold seasons they drive the “cows” into the “barns” at night, turning them out during the day to feed on vegetation. Throughout the summer the herds remain out- doors, constantly guarded by the herdsmen. **All Metal’’ Do you ever wish you were in the pilot’s seat as a plane drones overhead? : Are you familiar with the song of a taut’ wire strut in the wind, and the feel of a bumpy air pocket? 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