Popular Science Monthly 1927-11: Vol 111 Iss 5

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opular Noweaher Science itn MONTHLY Founded 1872 lying Really Safe ? ~ Pag All the New Discoveries and Tutieselons

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Magic! Never have you seen a finish like Rogers Brushing Lacquer. Every- where women are praising it. No age ability is required. Merel ow the somes Foc color on—wit a full brush. Right: over any old fin- ish or “unpainted” piece. Quickly it forms a silky-smooth, colorful coating. Then it— “Dries while you wait.” Dries smooth without laps or va marks. Dries before dust can settle. Dries in time for immediate use. Dries to a hard, durable, porcelain-like surface that wears and wears and WEARS! There are hundreds of beautiful DETROIT WHITE LEAD WORKS DETROIT Makers of highest grade Paints, Varnishes, Colors, Lacquers . g g Also distributed and guaranteed by Acme White Lead and Color Works Detroit, Michigan Lincoln Paint and Color Company Lincoln, Nebraska The Martin-Senour Company Chicago, Illinois Peninsular Paint and Varnish Company Detroit, Michigan The Sherwin-Williams Company Cleveland, Ohio a Newest color effects easy to haol No experience needed — dries quickly but not too quickly cones you can do with “Rogers.” A eware suggested here. Try “Rogers” today. See how artistic you really are. “Rogers” is now sold everywhere —and used daily in millions of homes. Comes in cans, in nineteen exquisite colors—from which an end- less variety of charming tints can be made. Also black, white and clear. The market is flooded with “just as goods,” but this need not confuse you. To insure beautiful work merely insist upon the genuine “Rogers”—in the familiar “Orien- tal” can shown here—the kind sold, on a “money-back” guaranty. LACQUER (IT Lyafe ae, © 1927, D. W. L. W. LACOUE LACQUER ORIE Se WAT | BRUSHING | LACQUER Am Our “Money-Back” Guaranty Try one can of Rogets Brushing Lacquer. If not more than satisfied, retura what is left to your dealet, He is authorized to the entire purchase price.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 GQ A Dvl Bek ane Close Coupled Sains: ike’ —/ TAC America’s Greatest Motoring Gift To The World ITH justifiable confidence, Endowed with unique performance Cadillacoffersfor yourapproval _ by its entirely new expression of the Back" the new Cadillac—triumphantclimax proven “V-type principle—the REW ) . to a quarter century of Cadillac lead- Cadillac marks an epoch in operative Logers ership among fine cars. perfection as significant as the advent If not S ; of the first eight-cylinder Cadillac. aa Longer Vs d lower than bide eee single glance at this new Cadillac— | saa Cadillac, it appears to be even longer a single ride in it—and we confident- and lowerthanactually itis—the result ly predict you will concede that it of adroit and advanced designing of mustappeal tothe substantial, luxury- the custom-built Fisher and Fisher- loving Cadillac clientele as will noth- Fleetwood bodies. ing elséin motor cars. A Notable Product of General Motors 6 This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

WHAT IS NEW THIS MONTH

Table of Contents for November | Seedle: LEADING ARTICLES t Astronomy | op I’m Gorne To Raise My Boy tro Bea Puumper. . . .. . 9 If oe a a Blow Up We'd Che: By Kenneth Wilcox Payne Bi es Tele ne Too Bi ee Navy Catapult Secrets Guarded . . 55 oo. Answers to perplexing queries about flying Air Express Cuts Mail Rates . . . 55 A To CE 27 a.) 5 . 6 st ts we el wl ings a Ae hse in Flight . Pos Wuote Rooms THat Foro Up. . . . By John R. McMahon 67 Airplane of 2,000 Years Ago > ae a Disappearing beds and stairways for your home U.S. Takes All Helium Output . , 55 | Spoor Drivinc—Dozinc—Deatu!. . . . . . .By Martin Bunn _ 69 Upside Down Flying Record 55 usu Gus and Joe warn the sleepy motorist eng we Se Field... - Keep 1n Minn Tuese Pornts Ir You Use Etectric Suppiy ror ial sa ” al P — : Your Rapro at ee ag es ni ip 6 xceptional People How Rocer Bares Investep His Money. . By Wallace Ames 4 te — - ae Watch”. t bint riest Makes Safety Devices. . . . FICTION Kidnapped by 500-Pound Fish. . .. 56) “7 0 ee ee ee ee . By Armstrong Perry 18 Fe ey ys aa . Telev How a Signal Corps man saved a regiment = oS ere Elect Warruine Wueets—Part Four . . . By Edmund M. Littell 42 Explorations New Romance and automobile history in a stirring novel America Found 1000 B.C.?2 .... 4 Firen RADI O “— a : — in Ancient a A o reece Unearthed ....... Aut Asout Stncte Dian Controu . w CO.CC. «/ XBy John Carr 62 Crusoe’s Island an Eden . . . . - . | tte ASmep.te Power Ampurier . .. . . ByAlfred P. Lane %6 Tenting on an Iceberg . . . - - « | AM: i THE HOME WORKSHOP _ Health and Hygiene | | Mind Works Best When Tired. . . —- How To Do Decorative Meta Work . . By Edward Thatcher 3 Oxygen Shortage Causes A Rapio Casinet You Can Buitp. . . . By Charles A. King 74+ Stammering. ......... Easy Ways to Hanpte Heavy Work. . . ByH.L. Wheeler 78 4 Gainsin Medicine. ....... - -_ $3, The | Perera ter ear. XStutie New VOre NYS by the Populat Boloncs Publishing contents of thle tnagasine must not be reprinted without permission. 1a Bt | o., Inc. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 28, 1918, at the Post Office at senting in its editorial columns numerous stories of new products of ' New York under the act of March 3, 1879; additional entry as second-class science, Popular Science Monthly does not underwrite the business Science | easier Se er, teen, antes geese miter wesc ont | Saetnnrin ty secede pasta baer ath col Oa Boones Publishing ‘Co., Ine. iets ‘cece,'86 cae Wensly "subscriptions to President and Treasurer; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; A. L. Cole, Secretary.

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332 f SARAGKHGGHKKHKESSSSs S&S = Ssne2 ee —_ Ss

ss ili November, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Vindicate Hair Bob . 46 % Full Novels on Phonograph Produced Sickness Kills 5000. . . . 46 2 a re 48 Electric Baths for Noses . ... . 47 | Wire Stretcher Saves Fence . 48 Laid to Plain Fear 48 | Rest for Overworked Tongue 49 Surgical Chisel Driven by Air. . . 48 a n ey 8 Filmed ... 49 “Foot Fins” Help Swimmer. . . . 49 Laboratory Discoveries A Home Hair Clipper... ... . 50 Testing Food by SS ea 41 Babies Rocked by Electricity . . . 50 May Solve Mystery of Magnet-Bent ag tea 5 og 2 are 50 Sara 41 un Shoots Light Rays. .... . 50 * al Defies Winter . . . “46 | NewGolfing Machine ..... . 50 Microbes Produce Copper. . 48 | Tapein Pencil. ......... 50 Man Evolved from Dust, Not Apes, New Bicycle Boat ......::. 50 * aoe ee 48. | Shocking by Foot ........ 51 Hope Dashed for Gold in Sea . 49 | Side-Vision Glasses. ....... 51 Time Clock Held on Sound . 49 | Keyless Saxophone. ....... 51 New Television Idea. ...... SBR | A Wee nos eee te 51 Motor Paints Road. ....... 51 Models Gas Is Made from Sawdust . 51 Ship Made with Two Tools . . 48 | Horse-Racing Odds Figured by How to ~~ Ship Model Hulls for * ae - 52 «SP ee Ss ew Gliding Effect on Piano 53 Troul S with Overheated Cars . . 130 ee Man” Gets Angry . 56 “Plane” for Baby Aviators... . 56 New Devices for the Home | Fier taniside Alana 86 terme | aman Keeps Your g4 | Removing the Dust from Industry _ BY 9 Ohi - itunin A the Chair Folds into Package... . . 57 Meruit og marae 64 A reg Gun ona Pole. ..... 57 ie ER ee aa A Sea Thermometer cs 2a Peels Oranges and Potatoes by Turn- reel ponenens ogee RE oe ons Se 64 nr + 6 8 oe 58 Nar Bread Knife Has OdShaped 5 | Grmane Make Cas trom Sewage’ 158 islly-Designed Kitchen Cabinet is Beneath Your Range . 64 ; P hotograp hy ; Tea Strainer of Unusual Design Has Movies Made More Natural. . 47 Pouring Spout. ........ 64 | 70,000 Homemade Movies. ... . 57 This Spiralled Disk Keeps Your . Milk from Burning. ...... 64 Radio Non-Tarnishable Eggs Spoons Save A Not Quite So Loud Speaker. . . 47 Your Silver - + ys + +) 1. . 64 | How to Shield Your Receiver . . . 61 aon I Ww — “Inserts” Make ~ a. aelee Wem. es ow * EE 3s a Ss Sg) gt 2 sefu ee as Se ie a 1 Manes for Milkman in New Bottle os ABCOG mee <a 6 wh ees 61 ss ise ss) ge im te, Plunger on New Fork Drops Its | | Unusual Facts and Ideas upat Wil... sw : ; Strainer That Fits Over Tea Cup Le manade 2, rr = RetainsGrounds. ....... 65 M. eR Fes t 4 Sh < hey Tiere 14 a a Magazine Picks One Out paw A ~- ¢ Peril ee cae 14 EE a na a ena 65 x ——<— A Toothbrush Adjustable to Any Flood a Blessing Reet deoh sh a ins 0h 14 Position. 65 Parachute Tows the Baby. . . . . 31 Improved Clothes Reel with Ratchet eta nen, nla a SU kk a, es wn 65 3 a Spoon and Fork Combined in Un- A One-Man Power Plant... . . 31 int Cooking Utensil 65 Air Liner Becomes Playhouse .. . 31 N p ha es ° | Sixty-Foot Tower Built of Concrete w Pro RI Pg hc ae 36 “ I aerweng and Windmills Give Electric Power. . . 40 es nventions |, Steeter Pa . ek fa 40 ew NG OS ge et ler ea 14 Me ie TE. 5. vs sa oe es 40 Light Rivals Sun... ...... 14 **Blood Tells” in Animals, Too 41 —— Plates Speed Map- Building Spires Doomed .... . 41 RE 6. 6 gc a Se 40 | Dictaphone in Harbor Records Television Opera. ........ 40 Se oN re 46 Electric Plow Kills All Pests. 41 | Just a Rainy Day Railroad .. . 46 a Use - Vacuum Tubes. 41 Fighting Gorilla, Doctor Finds Him eman Dives in Gas Mask. . . . 46 Po ea eee 46 A Realistic Mechanical Football Nation’s Gas from One Plant . . . 47 RN as gS a Garé ae 47 | Second Highest Dam Planned. . . 48 Lawn Mower of Razor Blades. . . 47 | Ship Made with Two Tools... . 48 \yo Er Ears” Beat Man’s . . 47 Flameless Fire of Rust Causes Losses 4A Mail Box for Motorists. . . . . oe ll ey eee ee

1 F 2,000,000 Lepers in the World. . .

49 Some Power! Home Heated by Sawdust... . . 52 How Much Do You Know of the -ie-% £2. s¢.2 Bore oe World You Live In? ....... 53 The Mechanical Stevedore ; 53 One Wheel Rules Power of 80, 000 SS sc tee £ 56 Suffocating Goldfish Saved .... 56 Cats and Dogs Color Blind . . . . 57 Milk Sold by the Chunk ..... 57 Snake Myths Spiked. ...... 57 No Peril of World Starving . . 57 A. Ponteon Cramie. 3s 625.5-6%% B~ 58 Operating ona Dragon. .... . 58 Ship Flirts with Iceberg. . . . . . 59 Largest MobileGun ....... 59 For the Home Owner How to Beautify Your Fireplace. . 81 Better Heating at Lower Cost . 84 Paper Hanging Made Easy . . 89 Ventilating Hood Carries Off Cook- Oe DUNOR iki ic ss acy wrieiecs 125 Basement Storage Racks . . . 125 Window Ventilators ..... 126 Marking Your Screens ..... . 126 Hints for the Mechanic System in Surface Grinding . . 112 Easily Made Reel Holders Keep Wak wee. Se se es 113 Reaching Difficult Oil Holes. 114 How to Care for Drills. .... . 114 Taking a Heavy Cut. ...... 114 Blue Color Gages Machining Speed. 114 Finishing a Cast-Iron Part . 114 Grinditia Hint 00255 8 A 114 Left-Handed Filing Safest. . . .. 114 Holder for Countersunk Screws . 114 Hunting Trouble in Shop Motors. . 115 Convenient Holder for Valves to Be Pied 2G Si Be Oa ae 116 Box for Heating Small Parts with a We os gs ee oes 117 Depth Can for Hardening Ends of .Long Rods 1 Making Center Reamers School Shop . Ideas for the Handy Man in the Five Ways to Paint Tilt-Top Tables. 75 Enter the Stage Carpenter . 80 Boring Guide Makes Furniture Building Masy : 60.7.3. ua. 82 Using Wood Screws ....... 86 How to Repair and Polish Furniture 92 What You Can Do with Oxalic Acid 100 Blueprints for Your Home Workshop 102 Quick Ways to Mix Paste and Trim See eS ey. 104 Small Bending Dies for Sheet Metal 2 er Ae ee ee ee f 106 Hints on Paper Hanging .... . 106 A Roller Rack for Ties. ..... 108 What You Can Make with Wallboard 110 Handy Test Tube Rack for: the Home Laboratory . . 118 How to Finish Curtain Poles: in Polychrome Effects. . . . . . . 128 49 § “Comicull” Doll Has Clothespin Body 132

a Hundreds of Striking Articles in This Single Issue Cover from Every Angle the Latest Developments in the World of Invention and Discovery

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY fs a epee,! 3 SAFEGUARDED by the Growth of Our Cities An important element in the strength of public utility secu- rities is the essential nature of public utility services. Public utility companies which we represent supply electric light and power, manufactured gas, electric transportation or other serv- ices to 2,600 American com- munities. The constant growth of these communities and a steady widening of the individual customer’s demand for utility services are evidenced in the consis- tent progress of these companies. Companies we represent in- clude Commonwealth Edison Company, The Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company, Chicago Rapid Transit Company, Middle West Utilities Company, Midland Utilities Company and Public Service Company of Northern Illinois. UTILITY SECURITIES COMPANY 230 So. La Salle St. CHICAGO Milwaukee lis Louisville New York Se. Louis WRITE name and address in in then IFTY years ago, in the little city of Auburn, a lumber business was established by Dudley Bates. A ew years later it became Bates & Son. When old man Dudley died in 1900 the business was continued by his son, Roger. Through square dealing and sound merchandising the company steadily grew into a very sizable enterprise, until the little lumber yard that was started with $3,000 capital had a rating of $100,000. And Roger himself was getting along in years. Having stuck strictly to business for nearly four decades, never taking more than an occasional two weeks of vacation and never getting far away from Auburn, Roger Fecided it was time to retire. So the old lumber business was sold, Roger receiving $50,000 in cash and the rest in stock of the new corporation. The other day the money was paid over and for the first time in his life Roger had a con- siderable sum to invest. Since he had been successful in his own business Roger had complete confidence in his ability to invest the large sum of cash that came into his hands when the lumber business was sold. Accustomed to making his own decisions, it was perfectly natural for Roger to make up his mind as to how the $50,000 was to be invested. So when he went down to New York to call on an investment banking firm, whose advertisements had often at- tracted him, he had a pretty definite idea as to how he was going to invest. ‘FELL me all about it,”’ said Judith, with eager interest, when he returned to the hotel room late that afternoon. ‘*T was never so surprised in all my life,’’ exclaimed Roger, by way of be- ginning his account. ‘Those bankers had just the bonds I intended to buy, but they would not sell them to me. And such a line of questioning as they a me through. They wanted to now how much we were worth, what our source of income was, what property we owned, how much insur- ance I was carrying, whether we had any dependents, what time of year we paid out large sums for taxes, insurance premiums, etc., what our future plans were, and a lot of other things.” “The fresh things! I hope you told them where to get off,’’ expostulated How RoceR BaTaR Invested His Mong By WALLACE AMES, Financial Editor in your py inventing Judith, her excitement causj Follow th indulge in a little slaag mdr ; book, and rather foreign to her usual 7 ‘‘That is just the way I felt at 4g Te?" beginning,’’ said her husband “yg youn? I soon learned that there was metho — in their madness. The manager “The way | was attending to me explained thy imiicated most of the bonds I wanted to hyp ment.‘ were good bonds, but not well suip apecalatio to our particular circumstances, Brery fac ‘Since we are from now on poigy the 46 Ye: to live on investment income hee yeah plained that we should not take why he termed ‘a business man’s risk!’ Nef - did we need a high degree of what see called ‘marketability’ since whatwh . ,+. wanted was a dependable incom _. rather than the ability to sell og “aetale, bonds at a moment's notice to use ou shat enab money for some other purpose. good thin ing your i i ey the manager pointed ggg you have that some of the bonds I watt We invite to buy would eventually have to pgp thisplain a very heavy inheritance tax since he were subject to tax in several staty And there were a lot of other thing he went over with me, almost t numerous to mention. I ‘In fact, that outfit seemed in hurry to sell me any bonds. Thy | made a lot of notes and asked metos them again tomorrow when theywolk have a list of recommendations.” © The next morning he and the ma ger went over a list of recommendati¢ and made the final selections. Thy since Roger and Judith were pol abroad for several months the ba arranged to care for their securititl collect and remit income and a to all details while they were ‘I was beginning to think thatit service we hear so much about mostly bunk, but you have shown that the word still has all of its fashioned meaning,’’ Roger rem as his transactions were compl * * * : In these days any investor can obiill much valuable service and assistait by establishing himself with a rele | investment banker. These firms # baling doing more and more, constantly Mey fimel sas ing new ways, to help people accullty tures, ‘and late money and invest it wisely. J P It is common practice for an siVG5—Pally IMlus ment firm, with its extensive stil tical facilities and trained statisti to render detailed reports on tee Construct By | © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. J

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in | 5 years : J om your Present living Budget py investing in safe 63% First Mortgage Bonds follow the definite plan given in this sing her y book, and your financial independence that wy a felt any The plan works just as surely, whether band, ‘a —_— or $100,000 yas a na The way is certain—each step plainly lal ef - and absolutely safe—inde- nat t of luck, business genius or ted to by speculation. ie, ue Every fact has been harvested out of * _. B the 46 years’ experience of Cochran & 7 ON Soitgf McCluer in the first mortgage invest- ome he g ment banking business. err The plan is so simple, anyone can TISk! No understand it—so definite anyone can of whathy followit—and socertain, noonecan fail. what Inaddition to the Financial Independ- © INCOME ince Plan and the unique budget O sell schedule, the book gives suggestions tO USC ONE that enable you to enjoy more of the ose, good things of life, both while build- ing your independent fortune and after

ointed gy you have attained it. S I wail We invite the most skeptical to read ave to pup thisplain, straightforward, interesting since thet — book. sral stattyf Send coupon. We employ no sales- her thing men, therefore none will call. most t ceueececeserreessr= § Cochran & McCluer Co. ~~ ; ed . 46 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. ' nN int Please send me, without obligation, d he ur book, “‘Behind The Scenes ids, 9g here Bonds Are Made.”’ : d me tos : hey we 4 ne en re ‘ Ke i Ons. RSG osc Riacdicudseasede a the m 8 ae.” s rendatid ACCUMEE ‘wers, and they can be worked out by the ely. $ _ Muateur for making useful instruments. un 10VGFpFully Hustrated ve se ‘Stic n tie

Ave. Price, $1.50 R SCIENCE MONTHLY New York City

How Roger Bates Invested His Money (Continued from page 4) vestments of individuals. If a list is not well diversified, if it contains some ‘‘weak sisters,’’ if any bond is likely to be called soon, or is seiling at a price that shows the owner a nice profit, such things are pointed out and changes recommended. One house has a little booklet from which we quote the follow- ing: ‘‘While we should like to inter- est you in the offerings which we have for sale, we will suggest only those securities which we believe to be best suited to your particular needs.” Then follows eleven pages of questions with spaces for the answers, one page for a trustee, another for business re- serve investment, one for the treasurer of a religious, fraternal, or other organization, and still others for the business man or woman, the profes- sional man, the retired individual, the heir, the widow, the, man or woman living entirely on income from invest- ments, etc. Making sound investments is a pro- fession. It requires the same grade of skill that it oe to be a ech doctor or a capable lawyer. The successful merchant, the master mechanic, the eminent writer or the talented archi- tect when left to his own devices would probably make a great botch of his investments. His skill and train- ing do not run that way. Nor does he have the facilities to reach sound conclusions in investment matters. Such work as this should be done by specialists. And you can get such specialized service without cost if you tie up to any one of the many reputa- ble investment banking firms who seek to gain your business by serv- ing you well and skillfully.

To Help You Get Ahead 8 we Booklets listed below will help every family in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. How to Build an Independent Income (1927 Edition )—Describes a plan for buying 614% First Mortgage Bonds by payments of $10 or more a month, and shows the results that may be accomplished by systematic investment. Ad- dress: The F. H. Smith Company, Smith Building, Washington, D. C. Ask for Booklet 75. The House Behind the Bondsreminds the in- vestor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelity Bond & Mortgage Co., 1188 New York Life Building, Chicago, II. Behind the Scenes where Bonds Are Made tells how you can retire in fifteen years and have an income equal to your present living budget. This booklet can . secured by writing to Cochran and McCluer Company, 46 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, IIl. Thirty-two page illustrated booklet, de- scribing one of the largest public utility com- panies, of interest to investors. Utility Securi- ties Company, 230 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill

aS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

**In my opinion the! Ideal Investment ! ”? Practically the World over the same state- ment is being made con- cerning Smith Bonds Their unquestioned safety and attractive interest rates have built for us a clientele in nearly every civilized country. Why not become another well satisfied owner of Smith Bonds? Complete informa-_ tion may be had without obligation. Ask for Booklet “75-42” Our Mail Service Department No matter where you may be you can avail yourself of the Mail Order Service of our Home Office in Washington, D.C. Your investments and inquiries will be given the same personal, efficient and courteous attention you would receive if you called at one of our offices. “The FH.SMITH Go. °Founded 1873 Smith Building, Washington, D. C, 285 Madison Ave., New York City Branch Offices in — Chicago — and Other Cities Kindly send booklet and information regarding SMITH BONDS. NAME "75-42"

ADDRESS s é

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A-battery eliminators are shown here undergoing test. The radio buyer is wise in making his selection from equipment that has passed The Institute's tests WITCHING on a radio from the electric current supply has always been the ambition of radio own- ers and now radio engir cers are ready to satisfy that demand. More careful consideration should be given to the selection of electric sets and battery eliminators than any other type of apparatus, however. In the first place, there are many products on the market of this nature that are still in the experimental stage and are not capable of giving even a fair degree of satisfaction. This means extra vigilance on the buyer's part if he is to get reliable equipment. The fact that there is a larger per- centage of poor apparatus among this particular type of equipment does not mean that the theory on which they are constructed is impracticable. The entirely different faults found in differ- ent makes prove this and show that the designers merely slipped up on certain points. This situation has been the case in past years when new types of equipment were brought out and needed further perfection. In the matter of selecting reliable apparatus of this type, Poputar Science Montuty can definitely aid its readers. In the magazine and in the new list of approved equipment issued, will be found advertised and listed those electrically operated radio receivers and accessories that have been found reliable by the Popular Science Institute of Standards after most thorough tests. To the reader contemplating the oe of any such equipment, The Mstitute approval provides assurance that these products are (1) properly constructed of high grade parts, (2) are reasonably efficient. in the use of electric power, (3) are free from serious POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY deficiency as to the amount of hum or noise they will produce or cause, (4) will have a reasonably long life with a minimum of attention or re- placement, (5) are correctly rated by the manufacturer and (6) under suit- able conditions of operation, provide a brand of performance that is con- sistent with their price and type. Then the buyer of electrically operated equipment has another very important thing to consider. That is the matter of making certain that the apparatus selected is suited to the light supply in the particular locality in which he lives. The proper operation of some types of such equipment—particularly com- plete electric receiving sets and, more so, ‘“A’’ socket power devices of the true eliminator type containing no batteries or other hae of regulators— is dependent on the voltage charac- teristics of the electric supply line to which they are connected. It is important, therefore, in pur- chasing such devices to be further guided to a specific choice by the ex- rience of a reliable local dealer who hes tested these devices under condi- tions that are similar to those in your home. This applies to both electric sets and socket power devices. In the case of the latter, there is still one | Keep These Points in Min If You Use ELECTRIC SUPPLY for Your Radio more important consideration: “The power units must be suited to th receiving set with which they are to be connected. To make sure of this follow the set manufacturer’s recom mendations or arrange with your le cal dealer for a home trial. * * * * * A 20-page booklet on buying, it stalling and operating a radio ou which also contains a list of reliable tested equipment, can be secured from the Popular Science Institute, 20 Fourth Ave., New York, for 25 cents sper, 1920 Hon © Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. Poputar Sciznce MonraLy guarair tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in PopuLat } Science Montaty may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guarat- teed this satisfaction by Poruna® Science Monruey. Tue PuBLisHers I —————— rendering sat 300,000 in use 6490 volts, § whs, $32.5 $39.50. Ba than the ordi

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99 Contains no battery. The Balkite“AB” but for the “A” eb Not a battery and charger cipetend light socket “A” power pe One of the most remarkable in the entire radio field. of Balkite“B’”’ tomake light socket installation at lowcost. Price $32.50. ee maid > b)) ; . vas Be Balkite B One of thelong est lived devices | to the inradio, The accepted tried and proved "y are to e of this fist Balkite“B,” after 5 years, is still S$ recom rendering satisfactory service. Over your lp-| 300000inuse. Three models: “B”-W socket “B” power supply. The 6-90 volts, $22.50; “B”-135,° 135 ws, $32.50; “B”-180, 180 volts, $39.50. Balkite now costs no more ying, in 0 ow F reliable red from ute, 250 25 cents. , => the ordinary “B” eliminator. Balkite Charce gers ement | Sendard for “A” batteries. dl red to | || Gabe used during reception. Prices yy the | |} dastically reduced. Model “J,’* rates ds. oy ‘5 amperes, for both rapid and taran- ttikle charging, $17. 50. Model “N”* os Trickle Charger, rate .5 and .8 am- cus “gp 50. Model “K” Trickle them ‘a — Mla for 25-40 cycles at aol slightly higher prices Prices are slightly higher West of iq the Rockies and in Canada a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Balkite “AB” marks another great advance in ra- dio power by Balkite—the pioneer and leader in the radio field. It replaces both “A” and “B” batteries and sup- plies radio current from the light socket. It is not to be confused with so-called radio socket powers. It con- tains no battery in any form, nor any of the other usual accessories. It never requires charging. The new terre a: no batt tlery in any form Operates only during reception Balkite “AB” operates only during recep- tion. Turn it on and your set operates. Turn it off and reception stops. Operat- ing only during reception, it is extremely economical. There is no trickle charging whenit is not inuse. It putsan end forever to run-down ra- dio power. It de- livers at all times a full, even, uni- form flowof cur- rent exactly as required. It al- ways uses the dN) Don’t confuse Balkite “AB” with so-called radio socket powers: famous Balkite prin- ciple of electrolytic rectification. A prin- ciple so reliable that it is standard on the signal systems of most of the rail- roads of the country. A principle that has been responsible for nearly all the great advances in radio power. The same principle on which 2,000,000 Bal- kite units now in use are based. Like all other Balkite units Balkite “AB” is entirely noiseless, a permanent piece of equipment, with nothing to wear out or replace. Makes any set electric - Balkite “AB” makes any receiver an electric set, a true instrument of pleas- ure. To realize the difference between Balkite “AB” and any other radio power supply, just lift the lid and look. There is no confusion of wires, nothing to go wrong. In- stead a simple complete unit least current nec- that means the essary to operate swift passing of your set satisfac- radio batteries torily. It requires and their attend- no other atten- ant cares. Two tioteathe.- (SST models, to serve dition of water 3 ‘ _ anyset. 135voltsy or 4 timesa year. Balkite‘**AB” i anche AB,” $59.50. 180 volts, It is unaffected just lift the lid and look, There is no confusion of $67.50. by standingidle. wires, nothing to go wrong. Instead a simple com- Your dealer Balkite“AB” plete unit that means the swift passing of batteries will recommend is based on the = and their cares. Particularly a boon to women. _the one you need, FANSTEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois © 5 Vag FAN STEE Balkite Radio Power Units —= IS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement éignifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Pp aii sth i oa deere yin. apn fain nena a9 = $e patente was

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“oe POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY TRADE MARK ata u Ss. PAT. OFF, Transmitting messages with his - drum, the African depends on the pitch and clarity of its tone. ith amazing speed these messages are sent over miles of mountains and jungle, = Nie (ON E — Full, deep, resonant — un- tone quality that is unrivaled for its natu- equaled in its naturalness. As the music is ralness, an ease of operation that is re- played, as the artist sings, so _ should markable for its simplicity, and a refine- ear it—true, rich, life-like—so faithfully reproduced that you forget you are listen- ing to radio. ment of appearance that harmonizes with any environment. Grebe Synchrophase Seven, $1385; Grebe Natural Speaker, $35. This is what you enjoy with a Grebe Synchrophase Seven, particularly in combi- Send for Booklet P; then ask your dealer nation with the Grebe Natural Speaker: A to demonstrate. (¢ REB > aa Year OF $0, | 2 CHROPHAS Educati TRADE MARK REGUS PATOFR, spent four thousa dollars—if 1 Freddy \ ial A. H. Grebe © Company, Inc., 109 West 57th Street, New York City arin with Factory: Richmond Hill, N. Y. Western Branch: 448 So. San Pedro St., Los Angeles, Cal oe . . ttjoying the The oldest exclusive radio manufacturer } wagainst | | Rmotest no © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page &

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tus re- ith ase ler RS = UNL NA | — NOVEMBER, 1927 SUMNER N.BLOSSOM Editor VOL. III, NO. § Oy fo B (6 TILL pounding the pave- ments, job hunting,” said Freddy Vail when I met him recently. “I’ve been at it since June. “Oh, I can get plenty of jobs—at $20 week! But even at that price they tell nel'll be an expense to the company for a year or so, while they’re educating me. Educating me! And for what have J ent four of my own best years, and five thousand of my dad’s hard earned —if not for an education?” Freddy Vail, I think, fairly represents average among some thirty thousand ege men who were graduated last ring with a liberal education and no §eeilic training for a life work. Fred, like hundreds of his fellows, after tjoying the advantages of college is now } "Pagainst life as it is—and he hasn’t the hotest notion of what he wants to do. Tm Going to Raise My Bea Piumber’ (a. ‘aaa i = wd oe 7 > 4 Reecetiaenmenninnnninietticn’ sania once wenn. r oe Wie. = re ve fr or By KENNETH WILCOX PAYNE Nor has he learned how to do anything for which employers pay salaries. I know a smart young plumber of Fred’s own age who is earning $60 a week, supporting a wife and baby and driving his own little car to work. Freddy Vail has a college education. But Joe Brace, the plumber, has a head start in the business of living. The day I last talked with young Vail I chanced to run across the following passage in McNaught’s Monthly, written by Armand R. Miller, principal of the Roosevelt High School in St. Louis. ‘There is an unfortunate tendency for high school boys to avoid the trades. The status of the skilled mechauic is now Drawing the thing at $7 a day while others build it at $14 An Answer es the Widely Discussed Question, Does Education Gained in a College Really Pay? so favorable that the trades should be a very attractive field even for graduates of high school ... Many a $25-a-week clerk might have been a $75-a-week plasterer or a $200-a-week plastering contractor.” That passage, coming from an edu- cator, set me to thinking about my own son’s future. I discussed the subject later with a group of acquaintances. One started life as a carpenter; today he has a prosperous business of his own, has built a fine home and bought an extra car for his wife. Another is a chemist, graduate of a large western college; he’s a brainy, likable chap—in personality quite com- parable to the former carpenter—but he’s ‘stuck in a salaried job at $4,000 a year. “I’m going to raise my boy to be a plumber,” said the chemist. Considerably more than a hundred thousand boys among the seniors in 9

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American high schools this fall are pre- paring to go to college. Approximately a million and a quarter of all the boys now in high school know that they can’t go to college. And many of them feel that they are going to miss something vital to success in life. Are they? Should the whole hundred thousand go? Shoyld the others be disappointed? What are the facts? What is the value of a college diploma, anyhow? Freddy Vail values it thus: “T wish I had a union card instead of a diploma. The plasterer who made re- pairs in our fraternity house last spring was getting $13 a day. For eight hours labor he gets more than half of what ’'m offered for a whole week’s work. And at the rate of advancement J’m promised it may be eight or ten years before I catch up to that plasterer’s annual income. “When I left high school, the question of whether I should go to college was seriously debated. I read somewhere that a college education would add $72,000 to my future earnings. And now with an A.B. degree I'm worth less: money on the open market than an un- skilled laborer!” REDDY isn’t exaggerating. The starting salary for liberal arts gradu- ates is about $1,300 a year. A hod carrier gets $8 or $9 a day; the average earning of common labor in American factories is slightly above $23 a week and it reaches $27. or $28 in certain industries—auto- mobile, iron and steel, and rubber. Of course statistics show that the college graduate forges ahead rapidly and soon outdistances the untrained man. But there are more kinds of training than university training. At thirty, the graduate of overalls may make $120 a week supervising electricians who make $60, while the graduate of cap and gown at the same age may be earning $50 a week at a white collar job. To the parents of nearly twenty million children in our public schools it must be an increasingly important question wheth- er the particular variety of training offered by the college is the only kind of training for their sons. The assumption that it is dominates American life today. High school boys are going to college in unprecedented numbers. Between 1920 and 1922 the increase in college registration was 50,000. The next following two years it was 187,000. And there are probably close to half a million men registered in the colleges this fall. In a few decades the pro- portion of men in institutions of higher learning has risen from less than one percent of youths of college age to fully eight percent. And the increase in college attendance now goes on at the rate of nine percent a year. AS THE colleges become overcrowded, the teaching of those who have logical need for being there is hampered by the presence of many who are there chiefly because it is the fad. It is said that twenty out of a hundred boys are mentally equipped for college studies. Twelve out of the twenty can’t go— largely for economic reasons. Of the remaining eight who start college, only three get through. Five eighths of the boys who seek a college diploma fail to

_bet that the skilled POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY achieve their goal. Many, after spending two or three years in the attempt, aren’t as well off as the more ambitious of the fellows who started work at sixteen. Ten years ago there were 164,000 men in college. It is esti- mated that the average liberal arts graduate Wy from among them is < making no more than C $3,000 or $4,000 today. If there’s anything to the law of supply and demand, what will be the salaries commanded by college graduates in white collar jobs when the half millionmennow {7 in academic halls are ; 4 competing on the open market? Aren’t you willing to \ craftsman, who is al- ready neck-and-neck with the white collar graduate of ten years ago, will be more than holding his own with the next ten years’ increased supply of college men? At least one conse- quence of the present deluge of diploma seekers is plain. The more students go to college, on the one hand, and the higher the colleges raise their levees to keep out the flood on the other, the more college becomes a social ambition. a thousands of parents are now making serious sacrifices to gratify this ambition for their sons. The actual cost of a college education, fur- nished from his own experience by a Cornell man working his way through, is between $1300 and $1400 a year. Other estimates put it at $1500. That is more than the average in- dividual income of all American wage earners. An investigation at Yale indi- cates that students whose family income is less than $5,000 must help support themselves in college. And yet only a little over three percent of all American incomes are over $5,000 a year. Obviously

Both Sides of the Question N° SUBJECT is more generally discussed and more seriously weighed than this to which Mr. Payne, college trained, reporter, editor and father, has given long and careful thought after searching inquiry and investigation. What he has to say is important to every youth and every man with sons. There is, of course, another view- point, and next month PopuLar Scrence Monrtuty will present, ““Why ! am Going to Send My Boy to College,” by J. B. Minnerly, a master plumber, of White Plains, N.Y.

Men who work in overalls look over the situa- tions that allow them leisure in white collars

AbtE RP EMPRLOWNE , AGEN Cy me. WANTED

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Bricklayers $90. hers $110, pkerers 6S 8 te a trical , a) hr here ~8 12 a Roy 5: ee i Ores: men SBME -_ ictural jron #@ 9 Fh: VE » ag mY! 4 4) ¥/ 4 , $1500 out of even a $6,000-a-year incom leaves a big hole. It is estimated this fal that there are close to 800,000 students (men and women) seeking college de grees. But there aren’t within 200,00 that many Americans with incomes ove $6,000. In other words, for a good many colleg students, the degree must be won @ heavy sacrifice, either by dad who pay the bills, or by the son who works bis way. Last year, in a typical mid-westem university, 15 percent of male se dents earned all their college expenses and 63 percent were earning part of then In an eastern university the proportion was 31 percent of self-supporting studenls Of the boys who are cast entirely a their own resources for college expenss Dean Herbert E. Hawkes, of — has said: “TT IS always to the detriment of ther health or the value of their education or both....To see boys by the dom take jobs lasting from six o'clock int evening until two in the morning, @ days in the week; to see boys undergo transfusions of blood to get money im their books, is a heartrending s Is the college education worth tt sacrifices? = Hundreds of the self-supporting sf dents work at menial jobs—as di washers, waiters, snow-shovelers, chau feurs and gardeners. The strain, to Dean Hawkes, is an important for the student’s failure to be And such jobs give no vocational The boy who has elected to take @ trade is getting vocational training? the same age. And as for education—well, questions its value whether cal cash or culture. But education is! long process; in these days it is @ from many sources to all who reall} it. And the least educated men &® acquaintance are those who thi

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r incom | education began and ended with college. 1 this fall Forty percent of high school seniors students f go to college. Those who are merely llege de} drifting thither with the current would . 200,00 § do well to think over the experiences of mesove} Freddy Vail, who drifted into college with the tide four years ago and is now ry college § drifting about in search of his true voca- won a} tion. Fred relates this incident: who pays} “Ata great machine and tool works in vorks his} smid-western city, I asked the personnel j-westem | director for a job. His name was Smythe, aale si} and I took him at once for the perfect type of college-bred executive. He was cordial and put me at ease. But he roportim § didn’t give me a job. students “Here at Blank-and-Dash,’ he said, itirely a} ‘we are firm believers in the trained expensi § mind. I don’t mean the mind cluttered “olan uw with theory, with memorized rules, {| dates and miscellany of information. I mean the mind that is card-indexed by years of practical experience. “That’s one reason why we employ comparatively few college men. It takes nearly as long as the live apprentice to assimilate the skill and practical ndergom§ knowledge we require. Boys enter our

noney shop apprentice course right out of J 4 public school. While learning, they earn vorth ti 4 to 60 cents an hour. As skilled 1} mechanics they make from one dollar an rting st § hour up.’ rs, chat} “T)UT of course,’ I interjected, ‘your according execulives are college-bred like ant reas " radu “Yes,’ replied Mr. Smythe, ‘just like It - Pm former all-American halfback from the School of Hard Knocks. I tever finished eighth grade. Ninety per- tent of our executives are, like myself, les of our shop apprentice course.’”’ young Vail adds another item: en I got home after Commence- ment I met poor <!1 Bill Hinkle. He guard next me on the high school d team. His parents couldn’t send him to college. So he went to work in

Men who work in white collars and find that mode of dress almost sole reward of the jobs POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY the railroad round house, as a mechanic’s helper. During the summer of my junior year at college he advanced to skilled mechanic at 70 cents an hour. Right now, with five years’ experience and plenty of native ability, he’s one of the best men they have on the more intricate repairs about a locomotive. When I talked to AM, him he was getting $1.05 an houf, expect- ing to be foreman soon, and to keep on climbing. “Poor old Bill Hinkle! And then I bumped into Hank Ames, son of a small town lawyer, hard-working at his studies, popular and promising. Hank graduated a year ahead of me. Since then he has been successively auto salesman, corn inspector for the state at $20 a week, a bond house employee, and a day laborer. In over a year he hasn’t saved a penny, has made no progress toward a future, has been rejected by the Marines—and has finally entered the ministry! “That,” said Freddy Vail, “is what gets me. Mine was a small college. I know what’s happened to a number of recent graduates. It’s a disheartening record. College hasn’t Sowaks Povcnta, . helped us to find a vocation. It’s only scattered and confused our interests. “Tm twenty-three now, and there’s a girl I want to marry. How can I propose to her on $20 a week, when I’m not sure even that will be permanent? And how can I ask her to wait four or five years while I’m finding myself, and letting my employers ‘educate’ me all over again?” ESPITE Freddy’s disillusionment— which is typical of that of great numbers of his fellows—we are told that the college man’s education soon begins to show in hard cash. That’s worth

\ er Trying to reconcile life and hope with a college degree and a weekly income of $20 il looking into. All the learning of the ages crammed into my son’s head won't alleviate his misery in later years if he can’t provide liberally for his own children, And what good will a college education do him if it stimulates cultureal tastes and leaves him too poor to gratify them? But, if it pays dividends In brief, the financial arguments for a college education for everybody run as follows: © First, the graduate makes in after years a comparatively large income. Secondly, the college man reaches any of the higher income levels from five to ten years earlier than the noncollege man. What are the figures?

{ROM an investigation made by Dean Lord of the College of Business Administration at Boston University, it appears that the college man is earning $2,200 six years after graduation; that his income increases up to the age of sixty, and that on the average, his maximum earnings are $6,000. However, Dr. Jeremiah W. Jenks says in the New York University Alumnus that Princeton graduates of 1915 were earning $7,503 in 1925. Within ten years from graduation they had passed by twenty-five percent the maximum average earnings of college graduates as determined by Dean Lord. Furthermore, the gross incomes of these Princeton men averaged $10,492. ¥ When [I learn that I begin to suspect that these figures concern privileged individuals and not the average college graduate. My doubts are increased by reports from other colleges. Graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, says Dr. Jenks, earn $6,380 five years after gradua- tion; while I find that graduates of Case School,in Cleveland, earn $4,350 ten years after graduation and reach $6,000 only in their twentieth year. Columbia engineering graduates reach $7,500 at the age of fifty-two. But Harvard comes forward with figures on 458 graduates which show the average earnings between fifty and sixty to be $32,773 a year. : i at that I throw up my hands in despair. If I can trust the statistics, I ought to stop buying life insurance and save up my money to send my son to Harvard. But I don’t trust them. A few abnormally large incomes of rich men’s sons will bring up such averages unduly. A large number of college men who haven’t done so well may fail to report their lower incomes. Nobody can tell Freddy Vail what the average earnings of a liberal arts gradu- ate are going to be. He suspects that they’re Jower than published statements led him to believe—and so do I. But as for Joe Brace, when he was a plumber’s helper he could count definitely on becoming junior mechanic and then journeyman, and on getting the full journeyman’s wage, or better. For the engineering graduates there are definite figures, reliably compiled by the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. They show that the median earnings of graduate engineers are $4,000 ten years after leaving school, Following fourteen years of study (Continued on page 141)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY This plane’s motor failed in a Boston fete. Sergeant Cobb barely avoided hit- ting a hospital and plunged into the Charles River. Miraculously both Cobb and his passenger climbed out alive

the air today is safe. Flying is not yet safe. Safe for Lindbergh and Byrd—so far. But the average person makes no fine discrimina- tions. When he is told that aviation is safe, it means that flight compares in safety favor- ably with other transit means. What one group of men thinks of the safety of flying is shown in a resolution re- cently adopted by the Ameri- can Bar Association. Proposed by the Committee on Air Law, it urges Congress to empower Government officials to regu- late ocean flights and curb “stunt flying.” “ZN TRANS-OCEANIC flights,” says C. W. Cuthell, chairman of the com- mittee, and incidentally, gen- eral counsel of the Curtiss Aeroplane Company and the National Air Transport Com- pany, “approximately twenty-

ian flight hero, ended his career. Rodgers fell into the Delaware River at the present year. Most of the _ Philadelphia Navy Yard and after being rescued died of injuries and shock

The Answer Is: Not Yet—Twenty-five Deaths in Ocean Flights in Year, Scores of Mortalities on Land Prove Conquest of Air Remains to be Achieved OLONEL LINDBERGH, By GEORGE LEE DOWD, Jr. The Australian Government has an- Commander Byrd and other nounced that stunt flying will be popular heroes of aviation flights are not of a directly commercial _ hibited. Similar curbing is projected i have recently been quoted as nature. They are what we of the pro- Canada. Distinguished publicists in Ger. A complaining of the difficulties fession call stunt flights.” The control many and England have urged an endd of convincing the public that flying is safe. Mr. Cuthell advocates is declared neces- spectacular flying that accomplishes no Giving those gentlemen all due credit for sary by several flying organizations, advancement of aviation science. technical skill and splendid accomplish- though Government departments see in Today aviation is about where rail ments, there is a growing conviction it the danger of prohibiting air pioneers roading was before George Westinghous that the public should not be convineed _ from necessary experiments. invented the airbrake. And in science. discuss the dangers of f ‘recent utterance by E five lives have been lost durin g The wreck of the airplane in which Commander John N. Rodgers, Hawai-

and invention and their ap plication to its problems lies its hope for the future. Heroic pioneers are striving at the risk of their lives and money to make aviation safer and more practical. But no good purpose can be served by closing’ our eyes to the de velopments necessary before ~ real safety can be achieved. NFORTUNATELY, how ever, there seems to be tacit agreement among people interested in aviation ‘nd

That last sentence is not mi 3 It is a direct quotation fi

Guggenheim, president Daniel Guggenheim Fund) the Promotion of Aeronatt Mr. Guggenheim is the pai cipal figure in the group aviation enthusiasts une whose auspices Colonel Lint bergh is touring the Un States. Listen to him

“This traditional

ly no joneer f from Ame with L1¢ James D. A Payne, where off probably | lantic fligk the year deven mo and two ir Rescue tracking d as to the trans-Atla 81. Raphae England FP. F. Mi and Princ Another was force blown off flight to . aviator, W heavy fog span the <

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November, 1927 of safety probably can be ire on the part of aviation’s inged toa door to protest against the aly Oot dangers which they had no of overcoming. I can conceive of pam stupid policy than continuing ‘. traditional silence which has left ‘eso completely ignorant of the of aviation that it grossly exagger- dangers and ignores the ele- ais of safety in flying... This mis- pprehension on the part of the public gnnot be overcome by any amount of sting that aviation is ‘perfectly safe’; it must be overcome by. giving the pub- lie the knowledge of aviation which they so woefully lack. And one way to the public is through a full and ak discussion of everything about avi- ‘on, including its dangers and the man- nr in which they have been and are being overcome.” Poputar Science Mon uty has taken the lead among periodicals of wide cir- alation in “giving the public the knowl- of aviation,” which it demands more y now than at any time since the joneer flights of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 13 All that was left of the low-winged mono- plane in which George Covell and R. S. Waggener, U. S. N., crashed to death on their way to enter Honolulu Air Derby Fonck’s “flight to Paris’’ is seen in the ironic photograph below. Never leaving the ground, the plane was in flames in two minutes. Two of the crew perished fights and Curtiss, and itseditor has asked me to discuss frankly flight— “its dangers and the man- nr in which they are being overcome.” § I write the Old Glory, on the way fom America to Rome wih Lloyd Bertaud, James D. Hill and Philip A. Payne, is lost some- where off Newfoundland, ly raising the At- ri fight death list for the year to thirteen— deven mortalities at sea and two in trial hops. Rescue parties are still tracking down faint clues as to the fate of the lost Meanwhile a fleet of Naval craft, in the air and on the water, has scoured the Pacific Ocean in the vain hope of rescuing seven aviators who tried to fly from California to Honolulu. Thirteen planes entered the contest for the prizes hung up by Honolulu business men as a publicity stunt for Hawaii. Three of them crashed, killing their pilots, before the race started. Two more failed to start. Two others crashed at the Flying is not so safe, the passenger who escaped with broken bones and cuts from this plane wreck near Lowell, Mass., will tell you. The pilot survived start of the race. Two more turned back, with disabled en- gines or damaged planes. Only two out of the thirteen reached Honolulu, and one of those only with difficulty. Two men in another plane, starting to search for the missing ones, also van- ished, leaving no trace but the tragic farewell radio message to the world: “We are in a tail spin sos!” trans-Atlantic plane 8. Raphael, which le ft England for Canada, with Lieut. Col. FF. Minchin, Capt. Leslie Hamilton, and Princess Lowenstein- Wertheim. Another English flyer, Capt. Courtney, was forced down in Spain after being blown off his course on an attempted fight to America. Leon Givon, French aviator, was turned back to France when heavy fogs balked his initial attempt to span the ocean. Wreckage of the Amer- ica in which Commander Byrd and crew were forced down at Ver-sur- Mer in their effort to reach Paris. Facing death, all escaped by good luck Left: How the London- India flight of C. R. Carr and E. C. Deasth ended in Austria, Their biplane hurtled into the Danube River and both men were severely injured. Picture shows remains of the salvaged plane That kind of aviation certainly is not safe. Only one airplane has flown from the North American continent to the continent of Europe without mishap. That was Lindbergh’s. Coli and Nungesser have never been heard of since they started from Paris. The America flew all over western France until it was forced down. “We are going to crash” wrote Commander Byrd on the note he handed to his . companions, and crash they did, with a few broken bones and the narrowest of possible escapes from sudden death. Chamberlin and Levine landed in a German bog, at the cost of a smashed landing gear. The American Legion, aitempting to start for Europe, crashed at Langley Field last April, killing Com- mander Noel Davis and Stanton Wooster. Paul Redfern was lost in an effort to fly from Brunswick, Ga., to Brazil. ‘Some months earlier Fonck’s giant Sikorsky plane, built for a trans-Atlantic flight crashed at the start-off, killing two of its crew. The two German Junkers planes “which started for America were forced to turn back because of weather conditions. Two of the flyers on the Pan-American Good-Will flight under the command of Major Herbert (Continued cn page 135)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Measuring to Shanghai ~ Shanghai’s ew observa- tory this “‘transit’’ determines its distance from Greenwich zero meridian within three yards : | eS ButTrue! § . Vesuvius Busy Again When Mount Ve- suvius recently renewed activity after several years’ quiescence, a plucky airplane photographer, at considerable risk, flew above and took this photograph of smoke, ashes and lava issuing from one of the active inner io cones that are surrounded by the volcano’s crater a —_ , Light Rivals Sun This great- est searchlight beacon—for the Boston - New York - Washington- New Orleans air mail route—is of 1,385,000,000 candlepower. In its light, the photograph of Jeffer- son’s home at the right was made New Rock Borer Straight into solid rock bores this marvelous new tunneling machine, in- vented by Oliver O. App, of New York City, which makes blasting unneces- sary. Compressed air drives eighteen powerful hammers in its head— 500 fifty-ton blows a minute! The inventor is shown watching his ma- chine at work on the construction of New York’s latest subway > Phonograph’s Birthday Edison,» Leaning Tower’s Peri Ograph’s fj ther, left, shows model of the original : fiftieth birthday to Gov. Moore of New pa sei s aes i Experts have 1 reported a mous Pisa tower in Italy will eventually fall. Itstop leans an inch farther out every twenty-five yea” Flood a Blessing These grapes are part f the reward that the der astating flood of last May brought to Carl Graebet, of Lawrence, Kans., shows with them. He had planted vines on a barren sandb : he owned, where nothiat * else would grow. ** se 4 waters caused by the fot ; spread fertile earth on 0 bar and here is the

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY An older universe than that at the left. In rotating it has flattened out. It is probably a thousand times as distant as surrounding stars, which are im our universe A spiral nebula in the Big Dipper, quadril- lions of years older than the nebula seen just to the left. This throws stars out into space photograph of a universe, or galaxy, dy age—a great chaotic mass of glow- ss having the general form of a sphere fix Limits of the Universe Astronomers, with Amazing Instruments, Make New Map of Our Vast Star Cluster and Explore Others Beyond By EDGAR C. WHEELER “ASTRONOMERS of the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamil- ton, California, have just com- pleted new measurements of @ universe of stars in iwe live. Through slescopes they have ached to scattered out- mis on the borderlands Milky Way. There y have caught the @ ‘glimmer of lonely © ittle lamps that are, in * A universe photographed by telescope in its last stage. This is the Small Magellanic Cloud—one of the nearest nebule that have been observed by the Harvard Observatory to be composed of myriad small stars. This ‘‘decaying’”’ spiral nebula is estimated to be 100,000 light years from the earth verse, the Milky Way, is one of them, and our sun, a huge ball a million miles in diameter, is just one of a million stars in have ja reality, great fiery suns, at , the swarm. a ta inedible distances, hur- The latest measurements, the work of | five yea i ling through space at eds that defy imagina- ii. And from the nature that light they have lated the distance the vast swarm of ‘in which our sun, mm its planets, is an Significant mote » sahis distance, they tell us, is 60,000 mit years, or about 350 quadrillion UCH an appalling figure, of sixteen ciphers, is beyond the grasp of most ius, Imagine an airplane, speeding 200 niles an hour, attempting to cross this Imaginary lines be- tween observatories at A and B and the moon S, form a tri- angle. From the dis- tance AB the dis- tance AS is computed pageant of creation, thus should span the universe with yardsticks of science is one of the wonders of modern astronomy. In the last few decades, surveyors of the night skies, have steadily advanced their mileposts into the infinite void, aglow with millions upon millions of suns. They have charted long unfathomed mysteries Dr. Allan Douglas Maxwell and asso-. ciates at Mount Hamilton, have been achieved through observations of the frontiers of the Milky Way, where the stars thin out in number and scatter into nothingness. Dr. Maxwell measured the distances of 2,000 of these faintest suns, and from them calculated the distance to the outermost borders of the swarm. But astronomers, not satisfied with merely knowing the size of our universe, seek now to map its exact form, surveying the exact positions of the million suns that compose it. They have long believed that the shape of our Milky Way cluster is a great disk, like a watch, bulging at the center. They have thought, too, that part of arflecked ocean. It would take about that lie all about our little world. And our sun, with its planets, lies somewhere the der | 0 billion years—forty times the age of they have found that what once seemed near the center of the disk. But they ast My f theearth! Or imagine it were possible to bewildering chaos, really runs with have never known. eo ttavel with the speed of light—186,000 matchless system and order. To find out for certain, the Astronom- { planted a second. To have completed, at The number of stars which our unaided ical Observatory of: Harvard College has sandbat present moment, the journey across eyes can see is about seven thousand. -just undertaken, as this is written, the nothing e universe, we must have started 600 Great telescopes reveal many millions. colossal task of surveying all the: stars, ‘he fot | “Ullities ago, before the first primitive These stars, astronomers find, are not one by one, and fixing their exact posi- pont § “appeared in Europe! sprinkled at random in space, but grouped __ tions in space. In two or three years, says ne result man, @ mere atom in the majestic in countless separate universes. Our uni- Dr. Harlow Shapley, director of the

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(16 observatory, they expect to com- plete the vast family picture. + Then what? Well, the heavens are endless as time. Even now the star surveyors have begun to chart the universes beyond— those other swarms called neb- ulae, some so far distant that their light travels tens and hun- dreds of millions of years to reach us. We are told that there are . probably billions of them—like our own! In them lies the whole fascinating story of creation. The greatest telescopes, like the 100- inch Mount Wilson reflec- tor, have resolved some of them into their tiny specks of suns. Their shape, and something of their age, sub- stance and distance are known. Some are newly born; others, falling to pieces of age. Like our- selves, they have a begin- ning and an end. But how, we wonder, is it possible for astronomers to sound these depths of space, and measure inconceivable distances of objects which unaided eyes cannot hope to see? There are a number of ways, some of which are truly amazing. HEN it comes to surveying the sun, moon and other planets, the problem is almost as simple as that of a surveyor when he lays out a plot of land. Suppose he wants to measure the distance from a given point, which we will call A, to a point S, on the opposite side of a lake. First, selecting another point, B, on his own side of the lake, he lays out the line AB and measures its length accurately. This he calls his base line. Now, setting up his transit, first at A and then at _B, each time focusing on §S, across the lake, he measures the angles at A and B of the triangle ABS. Knowing the values of these angles, as well as the length of the base line AB, he can quickly calculate by elementary trigonometry the distance from A to §. Of course, the farther point S is from the base line, the smaller will be the angle at S, and the nearer will the angles at A and B POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Photographs of the spectra of two stars, taken with a spectrograph fitted on the Crossley reflector at Lick Observatory. The dark band near the middle of each indicates a carbon-nitrogen compound. This compound is decomposed by high pressure, so it is known that the star containing the most of it is the less dense. Knowledge of the density of a star aids the astronomer in computing its distance Photographic diagram of quartz spectrograph. Light entering at A is bent by prisms B and C, which break it up into rainbow colors. It comes to focus on photographic plate, D, on which is recorded the spectrum of the object photographed. Above is shown the reflector of Lick Observatory, to which the spectrograph was attached November, iy —the sun, a ball a litt : @ million miles in ia tha its eight planets; the its moon distant uarter million miles; Neptune “ outskirts of the solar pel about three million miles from sun. es as these 3 seem, they are insignifican pared with the distances roe stars. Suppose the sun and ets could be shrunk to fit into center. Even on this small the nearest star (actually 96,999, 000,000,000 miles away) would he And so, when astronomers go the solar system and attempt to distances to the nearest stars, the longest base line which can be laid on the faceg the earth becomes altogether too small for “triangulation.” Even if teleseo were placed at the North and Sow Poles, 8,000 miles apart, the deviations ¢ } angles A and B from a right be too small to be calculated, the angle at the star, S. BS enpnthcs in measuring even one of the nearer stars, they are forced tp hook beyond the earth itself for a bay line. Instead, they use the earth’s om or path around the sun! They mak observations at intervals during the at successive | tions in the € circular path, ~ for observatio - opposite sides ¢ orbit — observ six months ap the possible § tion, or base fj 186,000,000 mi twice the dist from the earth’ sun. ; Yet even mensé sepé quires AiIMO ¥ lievably fine met ment of angles realize the pr required to Sf the nearest star, @ copper cent, outward, in your hand. Think of it circumference as Te resenting the eartlt orbit, and its diam eter as the base lin AB of the triangle which the point representing the st is a pin point a Then try to ¢ would would % pone walnut shell, with the sun at the ; 750 feet distant from the shell! Z OM are Ca ow and a half away. calculalt Fracht, by the angle at that pin point. Yet it sti) or ya very angle which astronomers obser® }hily Popur, Indeed, with the enormously HT cording to ¢! telescopes at their command, they & |peighing able to calculate angles a hundred ti b vessel st smaller than this! __. Petot seas, 5 When we try to think of the distam® | outfit gat | computed distance to the moon is just as accurate as measurement of earth dis- tances. In our solar system the distances are more or less comprehensible to most of us approach right angles. Thus, the meas- urement to distant objects, such as the sun and planets, requires a much longer base line than for objects close by, in order to make the angles calculable. So, when surveyors of astronomy measure the distance to the moon, say, they select for stations A and B two observatories far removed from each other on the earth’s surface; one, for example, in North America, the other, in South America. This separation gives angles at A and B that are measurable. In all other respects their problem is identical with that of the earth surveyor, and their ORBIT OF NEPTUNE of this nearest star (26,000,000,00%) miles), the long string of twelve cipher beyond comprehension. And the mu become even more meaningless as We™ vance farther out into space, Seal astronomers solve the difficulty by @}lih ploying a new (Continued on pageriny If infinity were reduced in size so that our solar system would go into a walnut shell, the nearest star would be 750 feet away from the sun

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The artist portrays in the foreground a ship equipped with a gyroscope stabilizer, standing like a rock in the storm that rolls the distant craft The spinning horizontal wheel inside the huge steel casing, shown in the photograph at left, resists and halts the roll of the ship caused by the waves 4nUnrockable Ship OMFORT and ease of navigation _ itself from sand and mud, or to open are assured Mrs. Richard M. a lane through ice fields. Cadwalader, of Philadelphia, Curiously enough, when a spin- owner of a $2,000,000 294-foot ning gyroscope is tipped on its side, iit, by the largest gyroscope ever as by a careening ship, it tilts fore or for yacht service, announced in the aft—or “‘precesses’—and at the LAR Science Montuiy. Ac- same time vigorously opposes the ig to the makers, its whirling wheel | sideways tipping. This alone keeps twenty-five tons —will keep a ship on fairly even keel, though evessel steadily upright in the rough- the action is a little sluggish. In The spinning gyroscope, controlled by a ot seas, while other craft roll and toss. this outfit the small control gyro smaller one and a precession motor, reacts to “i @ small control gyro, brains reacts to an oncoming wave in one the wave action, keeping the vessel on even keel of we outfit, the huge wheel, constantly _ quarter of a second. Through an ing at high speed, reacts just enough electric “precession motor” and gear it . ping and safety buffers stop it and “shut L, 4) Wave to keep the ship on even gives the main wheel a shove that helps _ off the motor that spins it, should it swing 7. 4 will, however, in a calm sea, the quickly to set up a counter sideways too far from upright. If the whirling 1. o hy rocked sideways by manipu- __ force, neutralizing the wave’s effect. gyroscope should heel over clear on its torged treoge 4) 1 small control device to free Brakes slow the massive wheel’s tip- side it would turn the vessel in circles.

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Back in the lines Beezo was calling that the general was in a stew because he could not communicate with the 55th Contact! With his crude little radio set he helped save a regiment from disaster—A story of a signal man’s skill and valor under fire By ARMSTRONG PERRY Illustrated by Harry Townsend SHELL came whining over from the enemy’s line. Burden ducked. The action had become as instinctive as that of a civilian dodging an auto. His ears knew, whenever they heard a shell, whether it was headed for him or would strike at a safe distance. He flattened himself in the shallow trench, protecting his breast reel and service buzzer and pack, as well as his person. Pow! The earth trembled. A red glare and the whistle of shrapnel. One piece glanced from his helmet with a sharp zin-n-n-g! Burden half sat up again and went on splicing his wire. No use looking into the darkness. All he could see there were the flashes from enemy guns, and flashes did not count. His ears could stand guard; ears develop keenness in the Signal Corps. The flashes were not directly in front. In that direction, a kilometer away, was the 55th, from his own division. Whenever he thought of that outfit his lips automatically framed the expletive, “Fools!” Why had the 55th upset a carefully planned offensive? Why, in order to give the papers back home another chance to extoll the 55th’s impetuous, irresistible fighting, had they lost sight of something equally important—coordination with the rest of the army? POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Why had they thrown their brains along with their pagh coats when they went over the top at zero that morning? me. orders had been definite; they were to take the German fxg trenches and stay there until the Allied line was consolid, a further advance. Why, then, did they rush on and little wooded hill a kilometer beyond where they shoy stopped? URDEN had his own opinions. The shelter of. shelter of any kind—looks good. It takes less nerye4, and capture such a place while you are going, than to stg let the enemy retain a temporary advantage. But by thi the 55th realized what it meant to be ahead of the ling flanks unprotected, with a gap behind them wide open fg enemy to come in and surround them, and with no com tion. Anyhow, he hoped they had sense enough to re. fix, and the trouble they were making for the Signal Copps Burden crawled on through mud and darkness. He w that was all; for to him had fallen the job of connecting with headquarters. And it was a rotten job. , Lrzzzzz2z2222—Pow! $ That proved it. The shell struck a hundred yards behj He tried to cali Beezo. Good old Beezo! He would ang there was any way to get a connection. But there y Whether the German gunners knew it or not, they wereg a mess of his wire. Burden crawled back into the s choking cloud of smoke and dust. There was a yawni where he had found but a shallow trench before. He yan the broken wire until he brought out one end from earth heaped upon it. He crawled through the shell h that, found the other end, spliced and taped them together, He called. Beezo answered. Beezo said the general waginy hurry to get into communication with the 55th. That wasp news to Burden. Bs A star shell threw a brilliant flood of light about Heinie wanted to see what was going on. Burden froze, j was. Shapes, ever human shapes, may be overlooked @ taken, but motion attracts the eye. The light died and a happened. Either they had not seen him or they planned and find out where he was going before trying to get him, He slithered back along the muddy trench, laying and eo his line. He reached a communication trench and the edge for a moment, listening for signs of life. There Wer none. The Germans were out of the trench and the 55th hal left no one behind to hold it. : He slid down into the ooze. It was a relief to be safely belo the surface. He called Beezo. Beezo was glad he was in a mor sheltered position. He said the general was asking if Burda couldn’t hurry that wire so he could give the 55th its orders, Pow! He hadn’t heard that one coming. The line was dead again} Muttering his disgust, he crawled out of the trench and back along the wire, found the break, spliced it and reported Beezo. Then he wormed his way back to the trench. He groped ahead, the wire unwinding from his breast red His foot struck something. It was the dead body of a Germ He straightened it out, laid the wire along beside it, and roll it over onto the wire. * “You gotta work, Heinie,” he muttered. “Can’t get outolit just by being dead. Hold that wire down and don’t let anything happen to it!” He stumbled over another body. It groaned. Burden puthis canteen to the German’s lips. No response—unconscious. placed him in as comfortable a position as possible and went, laying the wire. _ began to fall. It always rained in France! Theat was dank and foul. He estimated his distances by the nul ber of paces he took and by the lightening of his reel as the tral of wire behind him lengthened. One hundred yards—anothet hundred. It was tiresome work. He paused long enough! sip from his canteen. Not too much, for there was no when he might get out from between the lines. b Now and then he peered over the edge of the trench il the drizzling darkness. Ahead, the outline of the hill was dimly visible against the sky. German shells were dropping upoal methodically. The 55th was not replying because it artillery. Novembe, November 1927 scouts pris¢ who might ITH with and dying s Had they | hind them: Somethit he snipped to sn feet in the Probably t telling | doned tren often ther« them into if curic He darken like old wit Ina mor He went on. Where a communication trench joined a cov trench he almost bumped into a scouting party. He sank a dugout, just in time. Peering up from the hole he saw heads pass between # way, he co glad to kn ‘alittle far } uldn’t I

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ao ae Se SEES SS Wee ig eee EER i, % + * isleg % o a and the leaden sky—one, two, three, four—that was all. The helmets were not the flat, flaring tin hats of the Allies, but the great metal hoods of the Germans. The soldiers paused and whispered. He could not make out what they were saying. Burden touched the gun in his holster, but he knew better than to use it. He was not there to kill Germans-but to string wires, The Signal Corps cannot stop to fight except when it must fight to go on with its work. He smiled grimly as he thought of what he would get if he left his wire and took those scouts prisoners, or shot them at the risk of attracting others who might rush in and discover that vital line of wire. ITHOUT communication, an army would be like a hen with its head cut off, behaving crazily, weakening rapidly and dying soon. That was what the 55th had overlooked—fools! they imagined that the Signal Corps would tag along be- hind them when they cut loose from the rest of the line? Something tugged at the wire in his hands. Quick as a flash le snipped it with his side cutters, covering the tool with his hand to smother the click. Either the scouts had caught their feet in the wire or had picked it up and were pulling on it. Probably the former, for soldiers do not pull on wires in aban- doned trenches without knowing what they are hitched to—too there are mines at the end, ready to explode and blow them into kingdom come. Anyhow, he wanted them to satisfy curiosity about that wire without further investigation. He darkened the fresh cut with a smear of mud, to make it look e old wire. Ina moment they went on. When they were safely out of the Way, he connected up again and tested. Beezo was there, and i to know that he succeeded in evading the enemy and was alittle farther along. He said the general was in a great stew— toildn’t Burden reach the 55th soon? Peering from the hole, Burden saw the metal hoods of four Germans pass by . . . Something tugged at the wire. In a flash he snipped it The watch on Burden’s wrist showed that it was past one o'clock. He must push on, for at zero something must happen. Prob- ably the line would move up, per schedule, clearing out any Germans that might have worked in around the flanks and rear of the 55th to a position where they could not be shelled with- out danger of hitting that fool organization. Maybe the 55th would have sense enough to wait. Or would they go on and try to win the war all by themselves! Anyhow, he had to put them in communication with headquarters. HE communication trench went through a culvert under a road. Above him, on the road, he dimly discerned a battered shape that might be a disabled truck. He climbed up to it—it was. He felt over-the dash. The spark coil was there. He short- circuited a pair of wires; there was a buzz from a spark plug inside the engine. He wrenched the coil box loose, and placed it on the ground, then from under the seat be extracted the battery. Heavy as it was, he toted it back into the trench, and along the trench for a quarter of a kilometer as he laid his wire. Then he talked with Beezo. Amid the thunder of the shells, it was hard to understand what Beezo was saying, but he gathered that the general, on receiving the report about the German scouts, ordered that Burden must reach the 55th before the scouts returned and reported. Burden told Beezo about the battery and coil, but suggested that they keep it a secret, just between themselves. The general was in such a hurry that he might object to Burden’s carrying so much extra equipment! Pow! That shell was hundreds of yards back, but it cut the wire and stopped their conversation. There was nothing to do but go back again. Maybe he ought to have had one of the boys to take care of that section of the line, but there were not many left. Six of the best had gone west that morning, about the time the 55th broke loose. Replacements always went to some other

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ae ee a , " Pe ee be outfit. The Signal Corps men were not fighters! They wore side arms but never used them! How could they get hurt? Why should they need replacements? That was what the KO’s seemed to think. Burden was covering more than a kilometer, not because one man was enough but because every other man had as much and equally important work elsewhere. He had not slept for two nights and a day, but that was a mere detail. Heinie, back there holding the wire down, had to keep on working even after he was dead. Just as Burden’s soliloquy reached that point. his physical self arrived at the spot where he had rolled the dead German onto his wire. Heinie had played him a trick. He had parted in the middle and let a heavy fragment of a shell go right through him and cut the wire. Burden took the wire away from him, and bawled him out noiselessly but vigorously. The wire spliced and covered, he made his way back and pushed on toward the 55th. By half past two the hill was much closer. He was glad of that, for his pack, breast reel, service buzzer, battery and spark coil, individually and collectively, began to weigh a ton. He was glad the general could not see him lugging that battery; he might not understand. Not being a signal corps man, the general, of course, would not understand how impossible it was for a man responsible for maintaining communication to pass anything containing juice and not take it along with him. He called Beezo. Beezo told him that zero was 4:15. The general was greatly agitated because he could not communicate with the 55th. He could not understand why it took Burden so long to reel out a kilometer of wire. Beezo got that much across —and then, hell broke loose! HELL fire was not new to Burden. It had lost its novelty months before. But what was happening now was worth stopping to look at, if there had been time. Evidently the German scouts had reported the unprotected flanks of the 55th, or perhaps division headquarters had decided to mess up no- man’s-land on general principles. They seemed to be turning everything they had on the terrain that he had just crossed with such infinite toil. In fifteen minutes he realized there was enough splicing to be done to keep all the Signal Corps men on a division front busy for a day. He might as well have stayed in a dugout behind the lines and enjoyed a good night’s sleep, for a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY mate He wished that his grandmot ew used to tell him that he made noise she could not hear herself thik could hear just a small sample of th, infernal racket! Pow-wow-ow-ow! He wasn’t quite quick enough time. His tin hat was leaking, Maybe i was rain water, maybe blood. No he could still walk. Maybe the dizzines was due to hard work and loss of He staggered on with his battery anj spark coil, his pack and breast reel gy service buzzer. He was close to the foot of the hill noy The shells were falling more to the je and right, not so much around hip Should he make a dash for it? No i wouldn't be polite to walk in on the 5th unannounced. Maybe they were a }j jumpy by now; they might mistake hin for a German. As a preliminary salutation, he elevate) his helmet ona stick. Was it light enoyg, so they could see it? Ping! Two new holes in it—one where th bullet went in and the other where it wen} out. They could see, but not well enough! The hill seemed to be hopping around, the shells were dropping in such lamp sizes and such liberal quantities. In te uncertain glare from the explosions could see trees falling, others flyin upward. Would there by any trees or hill left by zero? Woul there ever be any real air to breathe again, or must he alwa inhale the suffocating stench of the trenches and the acrid fume of burning powder? Burden started to take off his shirt to wave at the 5ith Maybe they would recognize an American shirt. Something hal to be done or they would be heaving grenades at him. He paused, for he heard, in a second when no explosin deafened him, a slight sound of moving bodies. Or did he fed the vibration as he leaned with his hands on the edge of th trench? inter hl he called, quickly, before any visitor could & anything he ought not to. Pow! A shell exploded fifty yards to his left and two doughboy November, iy Noveenber, 1 Stringing an aerial wire like a all the good his work had accomplished clothesline between the butts of # . two rifles stuck in the ground, He half carried, ‘ half d by Burden hooked up his little battery and spark coil along the trench, 1 a et” he toward the hill, trying to keep hig said. Wi y w ¢ ham- . t, pe pee ngt: Aerator are low enough to escape any flying message, then he ‘ NA cc man \ murde “expert from the b fendant’s T : of criminal in the office © He proved have come established vieted mar brought at murderers. From tl Waite = m 0 Se vhich of experts del with | he vi factory in gathering : and their joined forc 0, Gravel and John - metrics.. § last year, ] DAY new s¢ ascience @ of tracing founded o1 scope and the ten th dropped in right on top of him. Maybe the shrapnel helped then} This sc “‘Here, you kyote, grab one handle of that battery—and you, sounding Bo, carry this spark coil!” Burden commanded. Without argef Actually, ment, the boys from the 55th obeyed. Like the fi They galloped across the few yards to the trenches protectingf the fact t] the 55th’s front, or rear, or whatever it might become in the} actly alik action that must take place within an hour. Inside the line Burden was led to the commanding officer. “Can you get us in communication?” snapped the K. 0, “That’s what I’m here for, sir!’ Burden admitted. “Got your wires across and working?” ‘Had ’em, sir, up to the time the rumpus started out there all gone now, sir!” “Then what can you do?” pistol, rev certain di: the “finge: on’s barre weapons ¢ type and and tools which e° ‘Show me where you want your communication headquartes} trained ey and [’ll put it there, sir.” The commander led the way. The soldiers with the battey and coil followed them. The spot was pointed out. Burden asked for two rifles, fixed the bayonets and drove thet into the ground a hundred yards apart, leaving the butts of guns sticking up in the air. Then he strung a wire from one® the other, like a clothesline between two poles. He mainly by sense of touch, for it was not wise to show a light He connected his spark coil and battery at the middle of tf wire, and hooked up his service buzzer so that he could use sending key. From his pack he took a little radio — (Continued on page 1} tinguish 1 microscop over, the Which a fred also dividual made by in and k of t] We have seientific 1 employing

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i a - RSF ej eF cFezkEbe November, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 21 Who Did the Shooting? New scientific methods “fingerprint” bullets N A county in western New York a man was found guilty of a double murder on the opinion of a firearms “expert” that the bullets removed from the bodies had issued from the de- . fendant’s revolver. The case aroused the interest of Charles E. Waite, a lifelong qiminal investigator, then attached to the office of the State Attorney General. He proved the bullets could not possibly have come from the weapon in question, established the innocence of the con- yeted man and secured his pardon, and brought about the arrest of the actual murderers. From that time, twelve years ago, Waite devoted his life to establishing a gystem of bullet and firearm identifica- tion which would require no “opinion” of experts to substantiate it. It was to deal with facts, and facts alone. In ten years he visited every pistol and revolver id fumes he 5ith, hing had caeenniemetin xplosion 1 he fed e of the ould do ad them, ind you, ut argu factory in America, and many in Europe, gathering a mass of data about weapons and their manufacture. Later he and I joined forces, adding as associates Philip 0, Gravelle, a master of photography, and John H. Fisher, an expert in micro- metrics. Since the death of Mr. Waite last year, I have continued the work. DAY the result of our efforts is a new science of identifying weapons— ascience as exact and conclusive as that of tracing criminals by their fingerprints founded on the revelations of the micro- scope and precision measurements within the ten thousandth of an inch. This science bears the rather high- sounding name of “forensic ballistics.” Actually, though, it is simplicity itself. otecting e in the he lines 0, dividual seientific methods of tmploying these like the fingerprint system, it is based on the fact that no two things ever are ex- actly alike. A bullet fired through a pistol, revolver or rifle invariably bears certain distinctive marks or scratches— the “fingerprint”’ of that particular weap- on’s barrel. Even bullets fired from two weapons of exactly the same make and type and made by the same machines and tools, bear characteristic imprints which even un- trained eyes can dis- tinguish under the microscope. More- over, the shell from which a bullet is fred also bears in- marks made by the firing im and breech- k of the weapon. We have developed Opposite halves of bullets under these two microscopes are brought together in the cross- arm eyepiece held by Major Goddard. If their markings match, both of the bullets must have been fired from the same gun Microscopic photograph of the breechblock of a_ revolver, against which the base of a shell strikes when fired. The scratches around the _ small firing pin hole are imprinted by the impact in the shell base At the right is a microscopic photograph of a fired shell picked up at the murder scene; at the left, one of test shells fired from Sacco’s pistol. Ob- serve the similarity of V-shaped and other scratches on both and frearms—W hat Sacco’s pistol told me By CALVIN H. GODDARD marks to trace a bullet or shell to the weapon from which it came; and of prov- ing whether a certain bullet could pos- sibly have been fired from a given weapon. Perhaps I can best give an idea of these methods by describing briefly my recent tests of the bullets, shells and pistol in evidence in the famous Sacco-Vanzetti murder case, in which Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were put to death for the murder of a factory paymaster and his guard at South Braintree, Mass., in 1920. While the appeal from the sen- tence was under consideration by Gov- ernor Fuller last summer, I offered to make the tests. The pistol in question was a .32 caliber Colt automatic; Sacco had admitted its possession. While the prosecution and its experts had contended that at least one of six bullets from the bodies of the murdered men had issued * from that weapon, the defense with equal vigor had denied this contention. My sole purpose, in the interest of justice, was to establish the truth of the matter by the unbiased evidence of science. The offer was made first to the defense, which declined it; then to the prosecution, which accepted. Entirely irrespective of the guilt or innocence of the defendants, or whether they received fair trial, the tests established beyond contradiction these two long-disputed points: IRST, that the so-called fatal bullet, No. 3, one of four from the body of Berardelli, the paymaster’s guard, was fired through the Colt automatic subse- quently found in the possession of Sacco and could have been fired through none other. Second, one of the six shells picked up at the scene of the murder and known as “Fraher shell No. 3,” was fired in Sacco’s pistol, and could have been fired in none other. Those facts were revealed by the micro- scope so clearly that any layman might see them for himself, and so convincingly that an expert for the defense, in my pres- ence, agreed in astonishment that they were beyond dis- pute, In the Court House at Dedham, Mass., I conducted the tests in the pres- ence of a professor, in the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, who was an expert rep- resenting the de- fense; the Assistant District Attorney in

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22. charge of the case, a member of defense counsel, the Clerk of the Court, a stenog- rapher and four newspaper men. First I explained why every weapon leaves its own distinctive imprint on the projectiles it fires. In making a pistol or rifle barrel, the first step is to bore a hole through a cylindrical steel bar. Then a@ reamer smooths the rough inner sur- face. Next comes “rifling” — cutting a series of extremely shallow grooves, running spi- rally through the length of the barrel, to impart a spin to the bullet as it passes through. The surfaces be- tween the grooves are known as the “lands.” The grooves vary in different makes of weapons. In some there are five, for example; in others, six. In some they are ar- ranged to give a right-hand twist; in others, left-hand. N THE barrel of.the Sacco pistol, there are six grooves, with left-hand twist. Each spiral makes one turn in sixteen inches. The depth of the grooves is .0035 of an inch; their width, .108 of an inch; the width of each land is .051 of an inch. Now, the marks by which any bullet may be identified are due largely to the tool called the rifling cutter, which cuts the grooves. To the un- aided eye the sharp edge of this tool appears perfectly even; but actually, as in the case of a razor, the edge con- sists of a row of minute saw teeth, visible only under the microscope. These _ teeth leave microscopic scratches and ridges on the inner sur- face of the barrel. And when a bullet is fired through, these irregularities are impressed upon it in the form of very fine lines running parallel to the deeper lines cut by the groove edges. Since no two rifling cutters can have little saw teeth ex- actly alike, no two pistol bar- rels can have exactly the same markings. Moreover, the edge of a cutter changes with every cut; hence, even if two barrels are rifled on the same machine and with the same tool, the markings they leave on bullets will differ. A similar thing happens in the case of the breechblock and firing pin of a pistol. In filing down the breech- lock the file invariably leaves distinctive scratches, which are never the same on any two arms. Later, when a bullet is fired, and the shell is hurled back against the breech with a force of some 10,000 pounds pressure to the square inch, the breech acts as a steel die, impressing its file pattern indelibly on the copper primer or cap of the shell. Thus the breech of every gun leaves its own distinct pattern. Moreover, no two firing pins are ever the same in contour, even if made on the same machine. Conse- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY quently the dent made by the firing pin of a certain gun on the primer of a shell is an identity mark for that gun and no other. In short, every weapon in the world leaves its individual telltale fingerprints on every bullet and shell it fires. In the Sacco-Vanzetti case there were four bullets from the body of Berardelli, Caivin H. Goddard, ballistic expert, studying and measuring grooves and other markings in a revolver barrel by means of the helixometer, a tiny microscope and delicate precision measuring instrument combined in a single device At left: The inside of ,a rifle barrel under the microscope, showing the rifling, or spiral grooves, which can never be exactly the same in any two weapons the guard, and two from that of Parmen- ter, the paymaster. In the tests at Ded- ham the Berardelli bullets were the only ones in question. In addition there were six shells picked up at the scene of the murders. And, for comparison, a number of test bullets and shells subsequently fired from the Sacco pistol by representa- tives of both prosecution and defense. By comparing the murder bullets, one by one, with the test bullets, my object was to establish whether any of the former came from Sacco’s weapon, and if so, which one or ones. For this I used an instrument called Microscopic photograph of two revolver firing pins, made as nearly alike as possible, one after the other on same machine. Note differences in their contours that unaided eye could not see Halves of two bullets from the same pistol, brought together by comparison micro- scope, in lower photo. Note how they match. Above, unmatched halves from different guns November, ign a comparison microscope, iny: Philip O. Gravelle. This is really a microscopes in one, fitted with pela so arranged that when two objects on placed beneath, the left half of one ie, the right half of the other are centered in the single eyepiece. This has the effect ‘of fusing the opposite sides of the two objects into a single image. The extent to which the two halve match is a measure of similarity of the objects, First I examined the shells, Under the microscope I p] one of the murder shells and one of the test shells, with the caps facing upward. Exanj. nation quickly showed that they could not have come from the same weapon, for the imprint of the firing pin was entirely different in the two halves. The substitution of a different test shell brought the same result, nN I tried a second murder shell. This like. wise was decidedly different from the test shell, both in the imprint of the firing pin and in the absence of certain ridges which appeared across the cap of the test shell. It was impossible to match the two halves. But the third murder shell matched perfectly with the one known to have been fired from Sacco’s automatie There was no question that the two came out of the same gun. The firing pin imprints were of exactly the same di- ameter, and the markings imprinted by the -breech- block were identical. Hold- ing one of the shells station- ary, I carefully turned the other until both were in the same phase,—that is, until the features of the opposite halves matched at the center line. The imprints— scratches and ridges—match- ed all the way across the face of the shell. The identity of these “fin- gerprints” is revealed in the microscopic photographs of the two shells reproduced on page 21. At therightis the murder shell in evidence; at the left is the test shell fired in the Sacco pistol. If you look closely you will see the similarity of little V-shaped scratches on both primers. Then if you compare the other scratches and ridges you will see that in every case they ar of the same dimensions and in the same relative positions. The identity is equally clear in the imprints of the firing pin at the center, even though the test shell at the right bears the additional imprint of the trade mark “W.” Observe especially the deep setback or indentation at the left of the firing pin imprint in each case. You will see, of course, that neither the firing pin marks nor the imprints of t breechblock as a whole are in exactly t same relative (Continued on page 171) , 1927 Such @ thin uction into the bodies turn ible wi and knowles “Why, t] “cannot che goa step fe life itself?” Far from an achiever possible, I treatment, itto show v fest one Or forms of lif From so1 regard that + only: reasor reason: undoubted was once ¢ even glowi know it w that living planet. H something on in the 5 life in su protoplasm the past m and may, ‘ stood, and future, EFORI UV that 2 am, howe our knowl

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uber, 19m ted Prisng cts ate ne. and ntered e effect he two extent halves of the : shells, lis and ith the EXami. d that Come yn, for ng pin m the tution shell or : second is like. ferent oth in ng pin ertain ACTOss ch the r shell h the n fired atic, 1 that same prints ne di- kings reech- Hold- ation- d the n the until Dosite enter ts— atch. e face “fine n the is of ad on s the e; at fired yaa e the aped 70 idges y are ually in at oll at nt of “ally e left r the the r the 1927 OT many years ago the idea that men might ever succeed in duplicating the substance of living creatures was re- ed as entirely fanciful and impos- ile. Yet today many of the organic compounds found in living organisms, such as urea, starch, sugar and numerous others, actu- ally have been manufactured by chemists in the laboratory. Such a thing as the synthetic production of materials that go into the structure of our bodies turns out to be quite possible with adequate skill and knowledge. “Why, then,” we may ask, “annot chemists or physicists goa step farther and produce life itself?” Far from denying that such an achievement of creation is possible, I should say it is probable. Indeed, students of organic chemistry, and _bio- chemists who study the foun- dation material of life which we call protoplasm, tell us today that if we could éontrive in the laboratory to extend the manufacture of organic compounds until we had a mass of protoplasm, and were able to subject it to suitable treatment, they would expect ittoshow vitality and to mani- fest one or another of the lower forms of life! From some points of view I gard that proposition as not aly reasonable but probable. reasons are plain. It is an uoubted fact that our planet was once a mass of molten material, or wen glowing gas, in which life as we Ww it was impossible. Yet we know that living things have appeared on this t. Hence we must assume that something of the kind must have gone min the past—some first appearance of life in suitably prepared material or protoplasm. And what has gone on in the past may be going on in the present, ad may, conceivably, be better under- , and even controlled by man in the future. BEFORE men can hope to achieve that and many another surprising 4m, however, we must vastly increase our knowledge and understanding of the By POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY STR OLIVER marvel of life aiid its relation to the inanimate substances we call matter. Consider first the lower forms of life. A seed, or every life cell, it appears, is it- self composed of an enormous number of atoms. Each of these atoms is now known to be a set of minute electrical Sir Oliver Lodge, venerable English physicist, who writes that produc- tion of forms of life by man is not only probable but inevitable particles revolving around an electrical nucleus. They have grouped themselves into molecules of such complexity as to form the substance we know as proto- plasm. Now, if we interfere with this proto- plasm drastically it may show no signs of life. But if, on the other hand, we pre- serve it intact, the seed will germinate and bud, gathering molecules and energy from the rest of the material world until it builds up the elaborate and perhaps beautiful structure of a plant or an animal. Equally marvelous, it can continue the same process through generation after generation without limit. And yet no amount of examination of the seed or germ will reveal or explain its LODGE 23 aboratory May Produce Life Eminent Scientist Looks to Chemistry to Create Living Organisms—First Steps Already Taken vitality. Within it is an elusive something which not only enables it to build up the structure from alien material, but con- trols that material in such a way as to erect a structure of definite form and specific type—much as a human builder might erect an imposing cathedral of a definite type of architecture. What this type shall be de- pends not at all on the mate- rial substances composing it, but entirely on the indwelling vitality, of which the material is only the vehicle. T IS easy enough to destroy this manifestation of life, or vitality. We know today how to aid it to flourish, or how to retard it. But we have no other control over it, and no real understanding. The essence of life is beyond us: we know not whence it comes, nor whither it goes. So far as our present knowledge goes, there is no life without previous life, passed on from one organ- ism to another. To realize how truly mar- velous is this action of life, we need only observe the living objects all about us. Within a single acorn, for example, lies the power to produce a whole forest of oaks. A bird’s egg kept warm for a few weeks, though at first apparently a mere mass of unformed proto- plasmic material, can result in a fledged creature, with bones, muscles, nervous system and eyes—which can emerge and fend for itself, stand and peck with discrimination, though perhaps hatched out in a mere incubator. And even the movements of the lowly proto- zoan, or the amoeba, as it crawls and absorbs nutriment and grows and sub- divides and multiplies, is more than any- thing we are able to account for in terms of the properties of matter. bP agen we come to the higher forms of life, and particularly to man himself, the marvel of vitality grows. For here we come to the manifestation of mind. I see no radical distinction between life and mind, though mind is conscious of itself, and life presumably for the most part is not. I regard life as the rudiment of | (Continued on page 154)

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A Third Degree for Aut How your car is put through ingenious tests in a 1245-acre laboratory to insure service on any road, in any climate, in any season POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By FAY LEONE FAUROTE November, 197 N A_ 1245-acre_ tract forty miles northwest of Detroit I witnessed, the other day, a mechanical contest as gruelling, and in some respects, as thrilling as any of the recent spectacular flights over the Atlantic and Pacific. It was a long-distance contest among the motor cars of the world, for su- premacy in speed, durability, © power, comfort and safety. I saw a bright blue sedan, fresh from the factory and polished like a@ mirror, clinging at breathless speed to the rim of a banked speedway. I watched a mud- spattered roadster crawl up a cliff like a fly up a window pane. I gasped as a _ seven-passenger limousine dashed at full speed meme ienpiics. The car down a strip of slithering wet plunges into a sunken concrete and skidded to a stop os yay 8 cometionse ° . * t ud, up to the axles, an with brakes locked. I saw other oie Gamth Ot ib om. machines do almost everything . but hop off the ground and fly. But above all, I saw the modern automobile pass through the most terrific ordeals that engineering ingenuity has been able to invent—and drive away under full power on all four wheels. HE scene was the proving ground of the General Motors Corporation at Milford, Mich. I should say is; for the contest is never ending. Here specimens of more than one third of all the auto- mobiles manufactured in America, and many others from all parts of the world, race four million miles every year, con- suming more than 30,000 gallons of gasoline a month. Here the car you drive is measured part by part, and is pitted against mine over the long road of time. Here new ideas in motor design and machinery face the judgment of actual performance and live or die under the stern grind. If you should visit this place, as I did, you would find concentrated, in a twelve- mile journey over a beautiful expanse of rolling country, every conceivable kind of road and every imaginable pitfall that you and I are hkely to encounter in a lifetime of driving. Hills as steep as mountainsides—level straightaways, smooth as a bowling alley—hairpin curves —mud holes axle deep—rocky roads, slippery roads, roads of concrete, tarvia, macadam, gravel and sand—in the midst of all, a magnificent four-mile speedway. You would see, rolling over these high- ways, a stream of motor cars of almost every make and model, all bent on prov- The “bath tub” test for motor cars—just what its Then all the effects on every part of automobile are searchingly examined though he owns to the less familiar name of O. T. Kreusser. A tech, nical man of wide experience, hejg endowed with a searching mind that digs deep for facts, and through them grasps the future. ““A few years ago,” he explained as we drove down a winding road leading to the speedway bowl, “the engineer who sent his creation out to the public highway for te, resorted to a method he knew was not only faulty but hazardous, He realized that no two tests, eve, though run over the same road by ing their abil- ity to serve you for any purpose and in any cir- cumstance. Here are an- swered, with scientific preci- sion of labora- tory instru- ments, all those questions which you and I contin- ually ask. How fast’ can my car go? How much gas and oil does it burn to the mile? How fast can it pick up? How quickly come to a full stop? What parts will wear out first? How steep a hill can it climb? Will it fail or leak in wet weather? How long will it last? To these and a hundred other questions, the replies are set down in the black and white records of precise measurement. And from the story told by these records, engineers are evolving the automobile of today into the motor car of tomorrow. In this vast engineering laboratory automotive engineers try out their ideas. If they prove their worth they are passed on to the public. After 1 entered the grounds, passing among busy shops and garages, the tall young engineer who is the boss of the works drove me over the roads, showing me the 150-odd scientific tests by which he and his men judge the present-day automobile. “Pop,” they call him; No questioning of the accuracy of this graph of a car’s turning radius. 1 poured on the outside front wheel, writes its course on the concrete paver the diameter of the circle thus made is measured for the exact turning tf di the same driver, could possibly give com parable results. In one instance ther] | might be more cars on the road another; the wind might be different’ different days; the condition of the might have changed. Naturally st road tests were hit-or-miss, and results were largely guess work, though they did advance automotive science. ‘* AND so we were forced to builds private testing field of our own, and here it is..—He swept a hand across the countryside. “By special laboratom})j apparatus we record the performances @ |} cars under test. These records give us® mass of scientific data, from which wea make reliable comparisons between ¢ driven under identical conditions. ““When an engineer designs a car B®} /® has in mind a composite customer, O88] who travels all over the world, up down mountains, across plains * deserts, through wilderness and jungeyy| fording rivers, and bucking snowdrilt

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

The “towing dynamometer” develops any resistance that is desired to the car hauling it, providing a task even more difficult than that of climbing the most precipitous hill Measuring the pedal pressure required to throw out and hold in the clutch. The stirrup attached to the pedal is connected with springs in the framework which record the pressure as a spring scale records the weight

_ <4 ees

Recording the rate of deceleration. As the car stops a loose weight in the box shifts for- ward and the rate of shifting is recorded me- chanically on paper roll provided for the test The “fifth wheel speedometer” drives an electric generator. The record of the current generated in this way indicates the speed of the car and the actual rate of acceleration A banked turn of the specially constructed concrete speedway where motor cars are driven up to a hundred miles an hour to prove or dis-

prove their abilities to endure strain in all parts

25 Here on the Proving Ground we aim to duplicate every driving condition that might be encountered anywhere, and by actual tests to evolve the ideal car.” We halted at the edge of the speedway —a huge triangle with rounded corners in a valley between wooded hills, a small lake shimmering in the center. ‘The largest and fastest in the world,” “Pop” informed me. “Exactly three and eight-tenths miles long, and wide enough for four cars abreast. Want to try it?” “Sure.” The track included an inside road for low speeds, an outer rim with steep banks for speeds unlimited, and between the two a channel where cars might be driven for thousands of miles. On all three scores of machines, mostly sedans, flashed by, grinding away a lifetime of wear. Suddenly “Pop” pushed the throttle and we leaped into line on the outside road. Quickly the speedometer needle jumped to forty miles, then fifty, sixty, sixty-five. Now it went to seventy and beyond. Unconsciously I clutched the seat. “‘ Youneedn’t worry,” yelled “Pop,” pushing the throttle a notch further. “These inclined curves are mathemati- cally safe up to 125 miles an hour. I know, because [ laid them out myself.” We seemed to be flying. The wind whistled through the partly tilted wind- . shield. My hand, tentatively stuck out into the breeze, snapped back violently against the door frame, “Some wind resistance, eh?” “Pop” yelled in my ear. “We're cutting that down, too. Every time we make a new car we learn some new way to cut it. Not making automobiles fly yet, but give you all the speed you want on any hill or straightaway. Now look at us!” HE speedometer stood at 75. Around a curve we went, sticking to the rim and back on the straightaway. “Just wanted you to see what it’s like,” smiled “Pop” when we left the track. “Speed, though, is only one little part of the story. Let me show you.” With that he piloted me over the grounds and showed me tlie whole series of amazing tests to which every new car is subjected. Every one of the forty or fifty cars which you may see daily at the Proving Ground is the same sort of car you might purchase from a dealer. The Proving Ground has bought it precisely as you would, even sometimes trading in a used car. When a car arrives engineers first measure it throughout, checking each one of its specifications. They measure the bore and stroke of the engine, the dimensions of each bearing, the rear axle ratio, the distance traveled by each piston for every mile of car travel, the turning radius, and so on. This done, one of a corps of expert drivers takes it out on the road for a limbering up, holding it within the speci- fied rate of speed for the first few hundred miles. After 2000 miles it goes to the shop where mechanics tune it up for the first engineering tests. They remove the carbon, grind the valves, check the bear- ings for proper clearance, adjust the brakes; in short, give it the same general overhauling (Continued on page 138)

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26 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ~ You've Got a Patent, BUT- i Is It Valid? Is It Marketable? Other Vital Factors for Success S THIS is written, the U. S. Patent Office has just issued patent number 1,639,642. In the last year the office received 110,030 applications for patents, or about 366 for every working day. In the same year 346,540 letters regarding pat- ents were received and answered. All of which means that quite a few of us Ameri- cans are interested in the subject of pat- ents. Most amateur inventors—who are the vast majority of those applying for pat- ents—think their fortune is made the moment a patent is granted. But there are numerous slips between the cup of ob- _ taining a patent and the lip of drinking in the royalties. In the first place, the fact that a patent has been granted means only that the in- ventor has passed his first test. ‘True, it means that in the opinion of the com- missioner or one of his assistants, the idea is new and original and shows invention, but that opinion may be wrong and frequently is, as is proved by the great num- ber of patents which are de- By BRUCE DONALD present bump as the wheels pass from one rail to the other. This bump wears out the roadbed and is the principal cause of engine trouble. The inventor obtained his patent and several railroad men of note passed upon it favorably, but all agreed that its appli- cation would be impossible, for in order to use it the entire trackage of the world would have to be replaced. The new type could not be used with the old, because the tapered ends would not join with the squared ones. Two young men developed a rotary engine for automobiles. An established manufacturer offered $10,000 for their patent. The boys had expected to get a great deal more than this and accordingly called upon a prominent engineer for ad- vice. This gentleman reasoned as follows: “The automobile industry is pretty well standardized. Factories are equipped for building the present type motor and it would cost millions of dollars to change clared invalid by the courts. Furthermore, the courts have held that if an inventor sells a patent which is later declared invalid, the inven- tor can be sued for return of the money on the ground of unjust enrichment. It there- fore becomes. highly impor- tant for the inventor to know something of the fine points of the patent law, and espe- cially of the courts’ interpre- tation of these laws. HE first thing an inven- tor should determine, before applying for a patent, is whether his idea has com- mercial value. A patent recently granted which was found to be worth- less commercially was a new method for joining the rails of a railroad track. The end of each rail, as now used throughout the world, is square where it abuts against its neighbor. This patentee would make the ends of the rails taper off sideways so that a wheel, in passing from one rail to the next, would not be off the first rail until it was already on the next. In other words, there would be in effect a continuous rail, which would eliminate the The young inventor surveys the finished work of his brain and hands. So far so good. But is it new and will the world pay for its use? -On the an- swers to those questions depend his hopes for adequate returns for his labor November, ita These and Explained to the new type. The automotive j is nearing its peak—if it hasn’t passed it, which would make extpeny hazardous the entrance of a new com into the field to market the new motor” The engineer advised the boys to take the money—which they wisely did, ‘. next thing that should be deter. mined before applying for a patent is your chance of getting a valid one. The patent law states that an idea, to be patentable, must be new and origingl must show invention and must advane the prior art, that is, it must advance ow previous knowledge concerning the sy). ject in question. There is a wide differ. ence in merely obtaining a patent and jy obtaining a valid patent. Now an idea might be entirely new yet not advance the prior art. For examples friend of mine in the billboard busines invented a neat sign holder for use o delivery trucks. The upper half of the sign would advertise the firm which operated the truck and the lower half, some nation. ally marketed product. This} inventor had made a count of all the trucks in several large cities and said, “It’sa million dollar idea—if I can only get some _ protection on it.” There was the hitch. He couldn’t get protection that was worth anything. What he proposed was_ nothi more than the old bill made smaller and placed o the side of a truck instead by the side of the road. It was simply a modification of th idea of putting cards inside street cars, long in use. i short, it was merely a ne adaptation of an old ideaanl therefore not patentable. The courts have co that in order to be valid4 patent must show inventioh Thus, merely to discover law of Nature, such as fact that electricity is ducted by metals, is not pat entable. Likewise, . im | development of one step naturally sug another, and the courts not validate a patent whit is merely a further nate development of a previdll idea. In the same manner, new arrangement of an idea, which does not resil (Continued on page 170) 7 machine } complicat veloped Bees know stingers sh A.D. We Hive stran warni revea that By M' TA Are yel anc of their | slowly, a1 your pres ing board of nectar « tip. You out harm But try the worke little. Th Immedi come str nstrued| Flight alo reli ads, stin; ost has told i and chang ion of amy. W a HH equals ow combined 1, New lig fet by in ® in bo i} Germany, all} ducting years, as

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nt and jn y new yet xample, _ busines Tr use on lf of the e the firm truck and e nation uct. This a count n several 1, “It’sa —if I can rotection itch. He tion that g. What nothing billboart rlaced on nstead of id. It was on of the ‘ds inside use. hh ly a nev | idea and ntable. C0 » valid, nvention, iscover & h as the y is Con s not pat in ‘machines sorembet, 1927 Bees know a friend—Some 8,000 of them, their stingers sheathed, crawl on the bare chest of A. D. Worthington, young Omaha apiarist Hive dwellers exchange strange messages and warnings; new studies reveal a_ civilization that rivals our own! By MYRON M. STEARNS TAND beside a. bee-tree, or hive. Around the entrance dozens _ of yellow-brown honeybees buzz back and forth on the various errands of their marvelous civilization. Move sowly, and they pay no attention to your presence. They alight on the land- ing board of the hive, carry in their load nectar or pollen and go out for another tip. You can watch them all day with- wt harm or interference. But try an experiment. Touch one of the workers as it alights, bruising it a little. Then let it go on into the hive. Immediately the whole swarm will cme streaming out to attack you. Flight alone will save you. The bees will follow relentlessly, thousands on thous- mds, stinging furiously. Almost instantaneously the bruised bee las told its trouble to the entire swarm, md changed them instantly from a pop- uation of peaceful workers to a militant tmy. What mystery is this? Has the complicated civilization of the bees de- 4" in both Europe and America. years, as to the bees’ language. In this a means of communication that equals our human speech and telegraphy combined ? _ New light has been thrown on that sub- fet by investigations that are still going i In any, Karl von Frisch has been con- ing experiments over a course of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Above: An in- struction hive at the new bee-keep- ing institute at Er- langen, Germany. It is provided with windows that en- able the students to study minutely all activities of the honey makers country, Dr. Frank E. Lutz, of the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History in New York, is carrying along an investigation to learn how bees locate and recognize certain flowers. Von Frisch caught and marked some 600 bees out of a swarm of about 40,000. He used spots of unwashable colors— white, red, orange, yellow and green—on the head, back and abdomen in different combinations. Thus, by comparing the colors with a chart, each bee could be recognized. ISHES containing honey were set out on tables at some distance from the hive. Presently, sometimes after days, a bee discovered the honey. As soon as it had taken all it could hold, it headed back for the hive. Within a few minutes, other bees went to the honey; the news had been communicated to them. The next investigation was to ascer- tain whether information as to exact location of the honey was given. Honey was put in a dozen different places. Bees from the hive quickly visited each of these places, first searching the immediate vicinity and then hunting in constantly widening circles for the supply of which they had received word. They found it all. As strange an instance as any of com- 27 Can the Bees TALK? Left: Professor Zanden, an expert of the new German ® institute of bee culture, explaining the anatomy of a bee to two pupils, who study a huge model insect as he indicates its organs and their functions munication is furnished when bees swarm. The entire colony of 60,000 or 80,000 divides into two sections. Ten thousand or so will carry on about their usual duties; the rest follow the queen bee from the hive. Her flight is short, for it is, usually, only the second time in her life that she has left the darkness of the hive and used her wings—the previous occa- sion having been the nuptial flight when she came to be queen. As soon as the queen has alighted, ona tree limb perhaps, all the bees of the swarm gather about, alighting one on another until they form a solid mass. There they wait until word is brought to them of the location of the new hive. Now we come to one.of the most marvelous things of the entire perform- ance. Scouts that have started out to find new locations go to the swarm and appar- ently tell of their discoveries. Presently— it may be a few minutes or twenty-four hours—the whole swarm suddenly lets loose, disentangles itself and flies straight to the new location! PPARENTLY, every individual knows exactly where the swarm is going, the locations found by the scouts having been discussed and the new home decided upon. It is usually some distance —miles, even—away. Other news also travels fast. If the

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per “< ~<a 8AQ 2 43. queen bee, for instance, is taken from the hive, word of the calamity travels throughout the colony and within two or three hours, every bee quits work. But if the queen is, restored and starts again on her ceaseless round of laying two thousand or more eggs a day, then in a few hours all the bees resume labor. ° Although bees are as old as the human race, for centuries little definite knowledge con- cerning their life and habits was available. They are considered “domestic,” and are bought and sold, but have never really been tamed. They have un- paralleled engineering skill, building mathe- matically perfect 1 structures that, for man, would be half: as high as the Wool- worth Building. They divide the labor of the hive among themselves more perfectly than any soci- ety civilized man has yet been able to organize. They have a spirit of self-sacrifice for the good of the hive— which is usually a measuring- stick by which the advance of group-civilization can be measured—that humankind has never even approached. a feces sting of a bee, for example, can never be used in self-defense; it can be used only in defense of the hive, for its use brings death to the bee that uses it. The creatures show marvelous in- genuity in overcoming ob- stacles. For instance, sometimes a mouse will get into the hive and be stung to death. The corpse is too big to be pushed out of the door. To save the hive from the pollution of decay, the bees build a hermetically sealed tomb of wax about the body of their victim. Until after 1700, practically nothing was known of what went on inside the hive. Then Réné Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, scientist and naturalist, in- vented a hive made in part of glass. His device has been improved upon, until now, in glass hives furnished with black curtains or shutters that can be opened or closed to meet an observer’s needs, the

° ‘ ee ae panenetne?”” aoe neeenen activities of bees can be watched day or night—whether they are hanging in black clusters “making wax,” or fanning to keep the air in the hive circulating, gath- ering on top of the combs to regulate the hive temperature, building, filling, or sealing the honey cells, or cleaning out the cells and corridors of the hive. Maur- ice Maeterlinck had a glass hive in his study and even in the center of Paris his bees were able to find flowers enough for their needs. In the office of Professor Hover of the Ypsilanti Normal School, there is a large observation hive with barometer, ther- mometer and methods of recording sun- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Left: The largest bee market in the world, at Veenendaal, The Netherlands. This is a typical scene, showing rows on rows of hives brought from many countries, at an annual event in which millions of the useful little insects are sold Below: Seven combs of honey on the outer bark of a tree in Australia and the wild bees that produced the crop. The insects generally build beyond reach of animals, but these ran the risk of disaster and, as the picture shows, successfully Left: The hind legs and quarters of bees, showing the baskets provided by Nature for carrying pollen from flowers to hive Below: An apiarist searching among thousands of bees for the queen, which will be used for the Start of a new hive man.

but their prescience is infallible. The weight curve records also a drop when, tempted out by early spring, old bees that have spent the winter in th hive resume their nectar gathering anj die on the job, a thousand a day. Von Frisch found that any worker wh had discovered an unusual honey supply executed, as soon as she returned to the hive, a set of queer little side-steps that took her in circles through the thousands of bees. Immediately they crowded wp some 12,000 hairs on a bee’s antenm®, and 5,000 “‘smell hollows.” ably they have a sensitiveness that & ables the bee to record faint impressidii with an accuracy almost unimaginable Just as the “honey dance” called attet tion of other bees to the fact that ther was a good supply of honey in the neigr borhood, a “pollen dance” gave informe tion concerning pollen. information conveyed specified also Ui kind of flowers. Investigations in this country seek! ascertain how bees can recognize partit ular kinds of November, In shine and many other ¢h that bear mil ideo bees. The weight of the hive is carefully recorded each The weight drops about ¢ pounds between eight a eight-thirty A.M., when 1 000 or more of the fj workers leave to begin f ing. At night the hive wei five or six pounds More, dye to the nectar accumulated, h the afternoon there is as half-pound drop, when 2,009 young bees start out on tice flights. The weight chart shows increases when of white clover or alfalfy bloom. During each hight there is a drop of two pound or more, caused by the evapo. ration of water from the nee. tar, due to the fanning of the bees. Before a rain there isa gain of a pound and a half in ten or fifteen minutes, whe, 7,000 or 8,000 field workers come driving back to th hive. How they are able ty forecast weather so perf and know that rain will be coming soon, we do not know, to the visitor, felt her with their amtennz, or feelers, and in turn became excited, The discoverer extended 4 protuberance in the abde men. ‘This procedure gave off a sweetish smell that could be noticed at a distance ofa few inches, even by human Evidently this scent playeda part in communicating infor mation to other bees. S WITH many othe insects, the antenna d a bee are important i many ways. Besides bem used in communication, they help the bee to find its way in the darkness of the hive, to recognize friends or ene mies, and so on. There aft 4 Unquestiok Evidently th

;

(Continuc J -n page 151

ee ies ok Hov caus New Chic regu uals are ri 1902 or t! street and from prac motor car The siti tion is the city has it ation - be a other popt MonTHLY nation-wic Greater greatest p policemen motor tra assisted b dred blue ; signs direc moving v keep near hand curl ‘have a to with the motor cars istered in tropolis, thousands ing cars Ww fight with pedestrian. session of miles of URIN nes: morethan men and enter the tween Fi Street and tery. To mee Placing 22. Inter-sectic icemen $13,315,00 Along th be extende

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rker who Y supply ~d to the Leps that housands wded up her with feelers, - excited, ended 4 ie abdo Ire gave hat could ance ofa humans playeda ng infor Se y othe tenne of tant in es being ion, they | its way the hive, | OF ene ‘here are antenna, juestion- that pressions inable to ed atte vat there re nel inform* ntly the also the - seek to e partic page 15 ‘ ‘have a tough time November 1927 New Methods of Traffic Contro How cities are solving the problem caused by 22 million automobiles— A $13,000,000 elevated street for New York—Millions for widening Chicago highways—Novel plans for regulation in typical communities By EARL CHAPIN MAY ORE motor cars, more roads and then more motor cars. That is the traffic merry-go-round on which experts and plain individ- yals are riding faster every hour. Since 1902 or thereabouts our gasoline-driven sreetand highway vehicles have increased fom practically nothing to 22,330,000 motor cars and trucks. The situation is acute, for transporta- tion is the life blood of society. Every city has its own problem of street traffic regulation, and, since each novel solution may be applied with variation in some other population center PopuULAR SCIENCE Montuty has selected examples in a nation-wide survey. Greater New York offers, of course, the greatest problem. The three mounted policemen who were assigned to manage motor traffic in Fifth Avenue in 1903, assisted by a hun- dred blue and white [PPELD signs directing slow- § moving vehicles to keep near the right- hand curb, would with the 600,000 motor cars now reg- istered in the met- tropolis, plus the thousands of visit- ing cars which now fight with 5,000,000 pedestrians for pos- session of the 4145 miles of streets. URING busi- oe ness hours % ny morethan 2,000,000 Mie 4 men and women enter the area be- i tween Fifty-ninth Sireet and the Bat- _ tery. To meet this situation New York is placing 2243 pole traffic control lights at inter-sections todo the work of 4486 traffic Policemen whose salaries would total * * La $13,315,000 a year. Along the Hudson Riverside Drive will be extended southward to Canal Street, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY on a $13,000,000 elevated motor- way seventy feet wide. A _ second deck, if needed, will eost $9,000,000. On such a motorway, with no cross traf- fic to cause waits, 1200 to 1800 cars can pass a given point each hour. Along the East River in Manhat- tan north and south streets will be widened, and with -~ $1,600,- 000 widening of : ery. Depew Place, ey nN around Grand {HITE tiGHT. Above: A powerful electric traffic control signal tower in Washington. This arrangement, success- ful in Sixteenth Street, so heavily travelled, will be established on other thoroughfares in this city Below: Part of the growing traffic problem that a committee is trying to solve in San Francisco. A maze of street cars, motor cars, trucks and people photographed at Fifth and Market Streets | Part of Boston’s traffic stream that something will have to be done about. A view along Boylston Street. Boston has only 225 traffic policemen ... Central Station, 4500 cars can - move hourly along its road- § ways in and-out of Park Avenue. But such gigantic improve- ments cannot solve the parking problem. Hundreds of many- storied garages and arcades for unloading trucks will help, but eventually all parking on down- town streets must be for- bidden. In Philadelphia the street railway has opened several parking areas just outside the retail center. Motorists pay 25 cents to park all day and ride in and out on the railway. ROM Chicago prairiesstretch north, west and _ south. Such a city, one thinks, should not have trouble finding room * for motor cars.. But Chicago ' and its county, Cook, are spending $32,000,000 on bigger and broader thoroughfares. The construction of the wide, jack-knife Michigan Avenue bridge, the double-decking of Wacker Drive and the widening io forty feet of most of the main arteries are just the beginning. In addition the Chi- cago Plan Commission is propos- ing an elevated boulevard system from the “Loop” to the northwest side, where it will “diagonal’’ into an eighty-mile boulevard encircling the outer sections. Eventually other - diagonals will radiate from the center. But this plan, reminding us of Wash- ington, provides for other by-pass loops leading to the suburbs. To solve its traffic problem, St. Louis has bonded itself for $80,000,000. Its celebrated Olive Street will become a hundred foot artery from the cen- tral business district to the West End. Special districts will be benefited by the widening of Vandeventer and Enright Avenues, while Cote Bril- liante and Denny Road will be wid- ened to one hundred feet. One-way streets are utilized and at rush hours parking is prohibited in a district of two square miles, Detroit’s outstanding achievement is the widening of Woodward Avenue and its extension to Pontiac, sixteen miles northwest. This latest type of “super- highway” is two hundred feet wide, with

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30 twin one-way motor roadways forty feet wide, and tracks in the center for transit lines. Automobiles do the sixteen miles in forty-five minutes. Detroit also has an interesting method of wrestling with illegal parkers. For- merly the twenty-five percent of those tagged who really reported clogged the courtroom hopelessly. Now they step into the Traffic Bureau and pay“ assess- ments” instead of fines. Pittsburgh has yet to discover an adequate remedy for traffic conditions on the narrow streets and irregular inter- sections of its “Golden Triangle.” Some streets have been widened and author- ities plan to tear down the county jail and other buildings, thus opening ar- teries into the central business district. - But left-hand turns and irregular cor- ners make automatic signals largely impracticable. After battling with a complex set of traffic regulations about parking, one- way streets and turns to right and left, motorists of Boston have finally com- mitted the city to a $4,000,000 widening of Cambridge Street through which it will be possible to reach the northwest suburbs. This followed a $4,000,000 opening, east and west, between the Back Bay and South Station, and another $3,000,000 widening of Tremont and Dock Streets, the latter in. the market district. Boston has 225 traffic ‘policemen and just one multiple-light signal pole and two signal towers—the latter presented by a merchant doing business hard by. AN FRANCISCO is having troubles with jay walkers. A committee of civic leaders, with engineers and city planners, are conducting a survey, with the idea of framing city-wide traffic rules. Meanwhile San Francisco has relieved dangerous congestion at the Ferry Building by completing a subway a thousand feet long. Los Angeles, with 590,000 automo- biles, points with pride to automatic traffic control signals at more than 300 intersections. At all others pedestrians have the right of way. But, between crossings, jay-walking is a misdemeanor. Double-line parking is forbidden and frequent loading zones provide for ’ ¥ * aie ee id 2 oH ake tae pao aa a Ae, ta Chicago is spending $32,000,000 to relieve traffic congestion with wider streets and elevated ways. Onestreet will be double-decked. A boulevard will encircle the city A -vicw of Michigan Boulevard POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY nandling merchan- dise. A major traffic plan provides for widening of the main arteries to one hundred feet, the next class to eighty feet, and the bounding of the business district with 120-foot av- enues. Milwaukee i s widening main streets and co- operating with the Park Avenue, New York, where middle parking is being removed to make room for motor cars which overtaxed the capacity of lanes on sides county to build wide highways outside the city limits. The value of the by-pass is better understood there than almost anywhere else. Washington, first and only one of our large cities laid out on the cartwheel plan, has proved the practicability of light control, at least on its heavily travelled Sixteenth Street, and other diagonal arteries will have the same control this year. The standard speed limit is thirty miles until the congested district is reached. Side- walks have been narrowed to give more motor room and parking is limited to thirty minutes in busy streets and hours. At Williamsport, Pa., the traffic officers present to both motorists and pe- destrians cards warning the former that white safety lines mean “slow up,”’ that pedestrians should travel only between those safety lines and that red means “danger” everywhere. Madison, Wis., has par- tially solved its peculiar problem by sending all traffic to the left as soon as capitol square. Madison’s population of 60,000 lives, principally, on a strip of land between four lakes. it enters the great state, Times Square, New York, looking north. Here, where Broadway and Seventh Avenue merge, one of the most difficult traffic problems is solved This strip, at the capitol, is only a half mile wide. In addition to regular streets laid out like the square on cardinal lines, four large diagonals enter, one at each corner of the square. As Madisoy is also a tourist center in summer and has much through traffic between Min. neapolis and Chicago, it has installed g system of by-passing, in spite of local merchants’ protests. Denver issues a traffic accident map which shows the high accident points for each month. Marking these points with buttons and beacons has almost eliminated accidents. Knoxville, Tenn., was one of the first cities to install a regular tower contro system. That system is still getting good results, but changes may follow the report of a city planning commission, Aberdeen, S. D., has a Courtesy Club which asks its members not to park on principal business streets during trading. hours. EMPHIS, TENN.., although it has cut through some dead end streets, opened others, widened still others and is planning to extend its-main artery-f@ heavy traffic, finds the parking problem uttermost. The city has opened free parking space on the river front and in the congested district, but will probably soon ferbid all main street parking. In Oregon cities school children are taught road rules for both motorist and pedestrian. : Savannah, picturesque and conservi tive, believes in using its chief busine streets to park cars. As Commissionet@ Police John Foy phrases it, “We hav suggested to the business men, largely through the press, to have their ei plovees, as well as themselves, their cars several blocks from the but iness section in order to give parkilif space to those who desire to trade do other chores in business. Of coum this has no force and is like ‘Putt water on a duck’s back.’ ” Arthur D. Hill, director of Teled Poe Department of Safety says that dowir town parking is his greatest difficulif) but that a program of street wideniij) will be started this year. BS Cleveland believes in speed. Edwant J. Donahue, commissioner of traffic, 889% “Our biggest (Continued on page 13) A though land, hit carriage. and lig Sheph« miles « eter, d A maker Power pla the whee]

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, one at Madison ner and ni Min. talled g of local nt map ints for its with minated he first control ng good ow the ssion. ourtesy to park during 1 it has streets, TS _ ery. aa ed free and in robably ng. A thoughtful parent at Brighton, Eng- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY se, a, %. # IRV yr) “Rees 5a aE land, hitched a parachute to the baby carriage. Result—it entertains the baby and lightens Shepherd dogs are trained to run as fast as thirty miles an hour in this treadmill wheel,12 feet in diam- eter, devised by Dr. J. W. Sherer, West Orange, N. J. the nursemaid’s task The driver at the right took no chances on a thirty-three degree grade during a recent hill-climbing contest in Yorkshire, England. An assistant followed, to block wheels if the engine failed % 31 A maker of ivory curios in Rhodesia, Africa, has an unique Power plant—a bicycle wheel turned by a native. A belt from the whee], mounted and with tire removed, drives his lathe The remarkable snap- shot, left, shows the up- set of a bull fighter in Spain when he failed to jump fast enough to escape the rush of the animal he had enraged. Attendants saved him Like a discarded street car, an out-moded air liner between England and the Continent has been bought by an Eng- lishman, and converted into .the summer play- house pictured below

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IGH above a New Jersey flying field a giant monoplane soared gracefully, its three motors roaring. In the cockpit sat a rather stubby man with ruddy face and genial smile—alone at the controls, and seemingly oblivious of a group of high Army and Navy officials who rode in the cabin as passenger-observers. I chanced to be with the officers and overheard their conversation as they praised the new plane for its unusual stability. At an opportune moment I left my seat, and, stepping forward to the control compartment, repeated to the pilot what I had heard. “Is that so?”’ he smiled. “Then I'll show them just how good she is!”’ With that he opened wide the throttles of the three motors, and pulled the “‘stick”’ back into his stomach. I gasped as the nose of the machine rose high, and the great plane climbed straight up until it was literally hanging from the sky on its propellers! UT that was nothing to what followed. Cutting the ignition switches on all three engines, the pilot calmly released the controls, left his seat, and slid back into the cabin. There we were, riding the air in a plane that was pilotless and power- less! Amazement on the faces of the officers changed to dismay as the machine stalled, then slid tail first toward the earth. For a few sickening seconds it dropped; then, as if conscious of its own destiny, brought its nose down, leveled out and flew itself a little way. Again it started downward and again leveled out. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY aes Who Created Planes of Air Little Stories of Fokker, Colvin, Lawrance, Bellanca and Hall, and Their Contributions to Aeronautics By H. A. BRUNO Donald Hall, 29-year-old engineer, who worked day and night to design Lind- bergh’s transocean plane in twenty days Now the little man climbed back into the cockpit. Still smiling, he pushed the controls forward, and, as the machine nosed down sharply, threw on the ignition switches, starting the three motors. A wide circle of the field, and he brought the plane to earth for a perfect landing. No more startling or convincing demon- November, 9 J ser, 192 have ne es he erica a All a “Pokker , al panes which ie ait 12. W ems no lir cared 8 that genit i Charl ‘ and espec head a a mal at Kedirl, : Instrument Com, planter, he s Pany, the concerg riggiDg up 0 pee navigation his studie earth induct the Wright | pass, make possible | than-alr_ a scross the cena ects He is chows aii jisown ideas modern irplaney | At twenty instrument board | sige mONOP jo try it ou gniled and queer contra never fly. it the you few with the eroes = Competition Then, to J homefolk ju: his airplan: Avinged fron The Hague- ably long fli days. Still, 4 cials laughed did British e mans didn’t stration of airplane stability ever was tobuild wei attempted. Yet the man who performed British gove the feat was no dare-devil flyer, nor evena reused, 80 professional test pilot. He was Anthony tracted with H. G. Fokker, designer and maker of jgvermment modern airplanes. And the machine in } ore the wé which he did it—the product of his ow military pup ingenuity—was the first of a new line of a monoplanes which later carried Com mander Byrd to the North Pole and across the Atlantic; which transported Lie tenants Maitland and Hegenberger from California to Hawaii, and which ¥# undoubtedly write many another brill page in the future history of aviatia Fin pba FOKKER is just one of small group of hard-working meni whose technical skill and passionate des tion to the science of flight we ow recent splendid achievements in aviatil The names of the flyers—Lindbergh, By Chamberlin, Acosta, Maitland, Heg berger, Balchen, Noville and others become household words. Yet how maiy of us know of those other, unsung heroes dreamers and builders, creators of a planes, engines and instruments that haw done “the impossible”? - | Fokker, Bellanca, Hall, Lawran Colvin. Do you know who they are all they have done? . Come behind the scenes, if you and meet these five workers of marvels Three of them—Fokker, Giuseppe lanca, and Donald Hall—are designers@® airplanes. One, Charles Lanier Lawrant® is a builder of engines. And the ii Charles H. Colvin, is an inventor? aeronautical instruments. Together, the Bert Acc of the Cc

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er was formed evena nthony iker of hine in’ is own line of Com- orember, 1927 elped toward safe aerial navigation gh fog and storm, over thousands es of sea and land. Three of them d erican born; two came from foreign we. All are comparatively young. Fokker, at thirty-seven, has designed which have led in the mastery of sir in war and peace. Today there , no limit to the aviation projects ered around his genius. The secret gthat genius seems to lie in an undying ssh passion for _things mechanical, especially for flying machines. Born Kediri, Java, the son of a Dutch ter, he spent more of his school days wing up mechanical contrivances than st his studies. Stirred by the success: of the Wright brothers in flying a heavier- air machine, he began to build nodel aircraft and to experiment with jsown ideas. : At twenty-one he took his first full- zed monoplane toan airdrome in Holland io try it out. Experts giled and said the queet contraption would never fly. It flew. Next year the young designer few with the same plane inthe Russian Military Competition and won. Then, to show his have b Ahomefolk just how good his airplane was, he fyinged from Berlin to The Hague—a remark- ably long flight in those days. Still, Dutch offi- cals laughed at him. So His offer tobuild airplanes for the British government was refused, so Fokker con- tracted with the German government two years before the war to instruct military pupils and build airplanes. The Fokker School as we POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Charles L. Lawrance and his creation, the Whirlwind air-cooled motor, which has helped make airplane history by driving the craft that shattered records Bert Acosta (left), who flew the Atlantic with Byrd, Giuseppe Bellanca (middle), builder of the Columbia (shown in the background), and Clarence Chamberlin, who flew it to Germany BSA seid J. D. Hill (left) and Lloyd Bertaud (middle), who attempted to fly from New York to Rome, talking with An- thony H. G. Fokker, builder of the plane they used, similar to that shown soon becamefamous. When war began, Fokker turned his attention to building fighting planes. The model the British experts had ‘rejected became a menace to the Allied front. Nor did the young inventor limit his genius to air- plane designing. He worked out methods of synchronizing the fire of a machine gun with the turning of the propeller in such a way that the pilot could fire through the propeller, thus aiming with deadly accuracy, as if his plane were a rifle. When the war ended, Fokker, who never had relinquished his Dutch allegiance, returned to Holland and established an airplane factory, which today is building airplanes for many governments and commercial airlines in Europe and South America. Three years ago he came to America and began manufacturing Fokker planes at Teterboro Airport, Hasbrouck Heights, N. J. Here were built Com- mander Byrd’s famous planes and others that have made history. Here today still others are being constructed for further conquests. Unlike most designers, Fokker is a pilot as well. He enjoys nothing better than to take his new machines up for the test. He is so in love with his work that he sleeps only four hours out of every twenty-four. The rest of the time he is busy giving shape to his ideas. Such is the genius who created the America. Nearly ten years younger than Fokker is the designer who conceived the plane which Lindbergh flew to Paris. He is Donald Hall, consulting engineer of the Ryan Airlines, makers of Ryan mono- planes. One day late last year, Hall was at work in his office (Continued on page 159)

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An Oil S ubway of ¥ 90,000 Miles POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

i® Xe (—~ 2 A difficult piece of oil pipe laying. Workmen running part of a big line through a treacherous swamp and a creek in an operation near Luling, Texas. Oil flowing through this tube eventually reaches New York 2 Y ADVICE,” said the judge, ‘would be to kill the man the first time you see him. This court would not punish you, for he has publicly threatened your life, and anything you might do to him will be construed by this court as self-defense.” The speaker who recently gave that astounding authorization was a Louisiana judge. He was addressing the represen- tative of a great oil company, a visitor to that state to obtain a right-of-way for a new oil pipe line. Difficulties had arisen that required the tact of a prime minister. Farmers whose property the proposed line would cross indignantly refused to sell the necessary rights to the land. They had to be per- suaded, mollified, offered large sums of money. Most of them at length had acquiesced. But in one district the natives, led by one farmer, flatly refused. After an interview with the oil man, the farmer-leader changed his mind. For a substantial gift of money, he would persuade his group to sell the rights. But the oil representative, going direct to each of the landowners, won them over. Flourishing a gun, the enraged leader burst into the oil man’s office. The com- pany had cheated him out of his money, he said; and he swore to shoot the right- of-way man on his first appearance out of doors. It was then that the alarmed manager took his troubles to the local court. Fortunately, the oil line was eventually laid without a tragedy. But this incident typifies one of the innumerable prob- lems that confront the pipe-line men. human obstacles, Besides the they

must deal with desert heat that makes wood fires unnecessary for pipe-bending; with swamps and mires in which their oxen, only possible form of conveyance, sometimes sink from sight and dis- appear; with floods and with snowbanks alike. Why? So, for one reason, that you may run your automobile. If the mighty underground rivers of crude oil that flow across the country were suddenly cut off you might drive to the garage one day to find its “‘gas”” pumps padlocked and its oil wagons stored away. Like a great network of transcontinental aqueducts, this pipe line—ninety thousand miles of it, the U. S. Bureau of Mines reports— delivers crude oil direct from the wells to Chicago, New York, San Francisco. EW know that a subterranean pipe conveys oil from Texas wells to the great refineries at Bayonne, N. J., or that others hardly less important than this “‘trunk line” feed western cities with the black fluid that makes the wheels go ‘round. Yet even now, perhaps not far away, one of these hidden streams may be flowing beneath you on its four-mile- an-hour course toward the service of mankind. Drawn from the latest available infor- mation, the map on the next page shows where the pipe lines run. Small “gather- ing” fines from the oil wells feed the great trunk lines that traverse the country. Each year five thousand miles of new pipe connect the latest wells discovered to the system. You might stand upon an oil line and never know it; telephone and telegraph

Mainly muscle holds these sections of oil pipe together until they are welded by oxy-acetylene in Texas. impossible to build temporary foundations to support the Pipe Men Fight Nature and Even Wage War on Each Other to Lay Network of Pipe Lines By ROBERT E. MARTIN

On the swampy soil it is lines are the only visible indication thi one runs beneath. Through them, “chief dispatcher” controls the oil floy, Pumping stations, generally about forty

miles apart, execute his telegraphel orders. At each one, a large storage tank takes up the overflow and also relievg gas pressure in the eight-inch pipes d the main oil lines. Across mountains, deserts, rivers and prairies men toiled to lay the pipe- “hard-boiled,” brawny men whose plea antries are oaths and who regard eatin and fighting as of equal importance. % difficult to handle were the workers ona California line that the foremen hit upa a novel scheme to prevent their carousing by night and recovering by day. By connivance with the town police, th worst offenders were corralled early each evening and sentenced to spend the night in jail on trumped-up charges. Nett morning they were collected in the bestd health for their strenuous tasks and put back on the job. HESE are the men who seize the pipe as it arrives by truck over almost impassable swamp or canyon roads aad who piece it together to make the finished line. Sometimes they screw the pipe together, often they weld it. At night the open end must be plugged, or it will k filled with small animals of every & scription. On the heels of the pipe-layin crew goes the ditching crew, who the line in the soil. The usual rule s® bury the pipe about a foot and a in cultivated land, less across t and pasture and more where the tei perature is cold enough to congeal the ob

Courtesy of Petroleum This 1 But son unexpec to run i a ravine suspens hesitatic the bed AN th beds’ rc gas gen welders were be explosic open. . of the g acetyler Huge from th the Okl for benc Under metal | such a in the heat is jumps <

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until they soil it is the pipe ven er to Anes ‘ation thal h them ; e oil floy, bout forty elegraphel orage tank so relieva h pipes d rivers and 1e pipes— hose plea ard eating tance. rkers ona n hit upo * carousing day. By olice, the early each | the night es. Nett the best of s and put seize the ver almost roads and re finished the pipe _ night the it will be ve de ipe-laying who bury rule is ® nd a hal 3s timber the tem ~al the oil 1927 Mules, men and machinery laying an oil pipe line. Sections being welded by oxy-acetylene process Co) H WINNETT oy - ! GREYBULL ‘ Poe e ILANDER @ RSFIELD ° - ' [ of oe aes Publishing Company This map shows the principal oil trunk lines and gathering or feeding lines in the steadily growing network that now approx- imates 90,000 miles. Eight hundred million barrels of crude oil pass yearly through these pipes to the oil refineries But sometimes an oil line pops out in an unexpected place. When it is impossible to run it up and down steep cliffs to cross a ravine, the pipe bridges the air gap on suspension cables. It plunges without hesitation into rivers, to bury itself in the bed of the stream. ANGER threatened the layers of the Wyoming line, in the dry river beds’ rocky sand. Frequently acetylene gas generator wagons, used to feed the welders’ blowtorches, tipped over as they were being hauled through. To prevent explosions, the wagon doors were left open. At each upset the entire contents of the generator were spilled—a waste of acetylene, but a necessary precaution. Huge umbrellas to shield the welders from the sun made possible the laying of the Oklahoma pipe line. Here wood fires for bending the pipe were dispensed with. Under the sun’s scorching rays, the metal became hot enough to bend. In such a climate, the pipe must be buried in the early morning before the sun’s heat is felt; otherwise it expands and jumps out of the ditch. OSAGE t ' -- ' THERMOPOLIS@, GLENROCK™' eww \ nf € \ | “@ranmingion ~~ 4 7- oe” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ==, i TY @ Tusa ef pp /OKMULGEE : , \ 1 i \\\\ EALOTON =,’ ARDMORE AMARILLO @ i ' | ELECTRA RY \ > SMACKOVER GAINESVILLE h a | FT. WORTH raat (PL/SHREWEPORT . First, engineers carefully surv., a locality and decide where a line shall run. Then come the diplomats, the right- of-way men, with their winning smiles and their persuasive arguments, and money. To procure a right-of-way for its 11,200 miles of pipe, one company had to deal with 84,000 people. At last all is ready for the shock troops—the gangs that fell trees, remove undergrowth and bridge gullies to smooth out the rough spots in the way of the pipe-layers. EANWHILE the pipe is being de- livered to the out-of-the-way places . along the oil line. Sometimes resource is called for. Faced with the sudden necessi- ty of unloading several cars of pipe in an isolated town, with no workmen avail- able, one California foreman enlisted the aid of the local justice of the peace. Pris- oners in the town jail for minor offences were pressed into service and promised their liberty as soon as they unloaded the cars. Though the temperature was a hundred and ten in the shade, that job was finished in record time! Down the line come the pipe-laying Laying an oil pipe line over the Wyoming desert-prairie from the famous Teapot Dome reservation which is owned by the United States Government. The oil from this field is pumped to Kansas City Welding an oil line under umbrellas in southern United States. Some pipes were heated for bend- ing by sun rays ao" and ditching crews, of from thirty to fifty men. They can lay a mile of pipe a day—remarkable speed when you con- sider that they must cross woods, fields, rivers and swamps. ‘Unless one has been in the Louisiana swamps,” a con- sulting engineer told me, “it is impos- sible to realize what they are like. Miles and miles of the softest, stickiest ooze, teeming with half-floating cypresses, and a dense undergrowth matted together with vines and flowing Spanish moss. Our generators were mounted on a skid arrangement called a ‘mud-boat’ by the natives. Because of its cloven hoof, the ox is famed for its ability to negotiate mud and swamps; and a primitive ox team pulled the mud-boat. But two of the oxen were completely swallowed up by the mire.” HROUGH the completed line swims the “‘go-devil”—a queer mechanical contrivance you might easily mistake for some huge deep-water nsh. It is thrust into the pipe line at a pumping station, and the flowing oil pushing against its leather gills carries it along the pipe. Knives and notched wheels that it carries loosen the rust, and deposits which have gathered within. Across the field above the pipe line trots a man following the invisible go- devil by the clanking and rattling sound of its knives against the pipe. If the go- devil quits singing, he knows the pipes are clogged; then they are dug up and cleaned. Behind the present oil line network lies a romantic history. In the picturesque days of the first oil wells, at Oil Creek, Pa., the fluid was transported down the river in canoes and barges to Oil City. There it was re- (Continued on page 153)

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Mind Wor POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ks Best When Tire; OUR mind works better when it is “poisoned.” That is the conclusion Dr. H. M. John- son, of the Simmons Foundation for the Study of Sleep, has just drawn from remarkable tests conducted at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, Pa. His studies, with twenty-one Pittsburgh University students as subjects, demonstrated that fatigue is a sort of poison that first stimulates the brain, then lulls the body to sleep. Each morning and night the subjects were given mental tests to show how Sixty-Foot Tower Built of Concrete Stavej out tower occupies the highest knoll in Genesee County, New York State, and is constructed entirely of con- crete. It was built according to specifica- tions of Don Woodward, who had it erected on his farm to serve as a com- bination summer house, weather and forest fire observatory, and scenic look- out. The walls are of concrete staves, fitted together like tiles, and held in place by steel hoops. The roof is constructed of waterproof reinforced concrete. Woodward has furnished his unique tower with five rooms, one above the other, and has made the entire structure tenantable by installing plumbing, elec- tricity, hot water heat and cooking equipment. His kitchen occupies the ground floor, adjacent to which are the power plant and the drilled well that supply him with hot running water. The dining room is on the second floor, sleeping rooms are on the third and fourth floors, and a recreation room, with lounges, telescopes, and reading table, tops the structure. The tower stands on the peak of a-hill 100 feet high. On clear days Woodward, with the aid of glasses, is able to identify different buildings in Rochester, N. Y., approximately forty miles away. The tower is equipped with a dumb- waiter, which simplifies transportation from floor to floor and makes it conven- ient to bring up a dinner from the kitchen and spread it in the observation A REMARKABLE 6ssixty-foot look- At left: Students an- swer questions flash- ed on screen by oper- ator at rear to deter- mine whether minds work better in the morning or at night when they are “fa- tigue poisoned.” They were ten per- cent better at night. Below: Wevice re- cording soundness of sleep as _ subject’s movements shakebed ‘standing notions about sleep. It November, instrument like an earthquake- ing seismograph recorded the of their sleep, by noting the mot; the bed when they tossed and ty: These experiments reversed some their alertness varied. At night a delicay, ways been thought that “‘in the moms when you're fresh after a good night sleep” is the best time for mental But Dr. Johnson’s mental tests showe that the students averaged a ten percent higher score at night than immed; after eight hours’ restful sleep! In t morning, when your mind is fresh, jt best prepared for a brief spurt, but iti too restless to concentrate, As the day wears on, “*fatigue-poisons like other narcotic agents such as thy derivatives of opium,” accumulate your system. They act as mental el. citants, helping the mind to concentrat. For work that demands sustained menty alertness, Dr. Johnson finds the beg time is from late afternoon until mid night or later—a striking vindication ¢ “burning the midnight oil.” The longer and “deeper” you sleep, Dr. Johnson’s tests showed, the mop time it takes to recover from the result. ing “‘flightiness.” He finds most persoy need a morning walk, a game of golf,» setting-up exercises to fatigue then sufficiently to settle down to work! or lookout room. Here also is a radio st so that a party in the tower can hem what is going on in the world while aly surveying with glasses a good part ofit Attached to the tower at the base isi “‘work shed,” also of concrete, whic houses, among other equipment, a lit volt automatic pump that raises wate from the well and supplies it to th entire “‘house.”’ A pipe sixteen inchesil circumference carries smoke up throug the tower and out the top. The concrete staves are thirty inches long, fourteen wide and two thick. Th circumferential steel rods that hold them in place are thirty inches apart. Woodward, an enthusiast on concrelt for building, has designed other str tures of the same material. The five-story lookout tower of Don Woodward, built of concrete staves on his farm in Genesee County, New York. Steel hoops hold the staves together. The structure has kitchen, dining room, sleep- ing rooms and recreation room. Dumb- waiter and radio set are other features Telescope with which the scientific farmer obser weather, planets and distant objects from his concttt hilltop tower. He can identify buildings 40 miles aw! per, 192 the long lis Aviators a: at a recen' pioneer Ni miles off tl hills and | the clouds At last, he the ocean. “But a | wif, “thi quickly ar come; and stretch of 1 sign of life Constan weird mys it visits me aviation, h a more far ing throug mosphere which Lin would hav dread. By helped sol surround t Mysteri in substan: pany aviat «e a served wit told me, ‘ the clouds the upper

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EN percent | «Believe half you see,’’ said the aviator. “The nmMediately best eyes are fooled by Nature’s optical pranks” P! In th fresh, itis HANTOM land, that beckoned t, but ity Lindbergh on as he winged his y solitary course across the Atlantic, 1€-PO1sOIs, added another amazing vision to ch as the thelong list of strange mirages on record. mulate jy Aviators and laymen heard the flyer tell, ae at a recent banquet commemorating his i New York-Paris hop, how, 200 ned ment rie off the coast of Ireland, the sight of ee bes hills and beautiful trees visible through — mit. the clouds rewarded his straining eyes. a Atlast, he thought, he had safely crossed the ocean. ; “But a few minutes later,” Lindbergh aid, “this false land disappeared as quickly and as mysteriously as it had come; and I found before me the long stretch of the silent sea, with not a single sign of life in sight.” Constant companion of explorers and weird mystery to the native populations it visits more rarely, the mirage, through Ves aviation, has become a less awesome and amore familiar spectacle. Flyers voyag- 1 radio gif ing through the vast recesses of the at- can hea} mosphere tell us of mirages such as that while alg} which Lindbergh saw, and of others that part of it} would have filled f olk of earlier times with » base isa} dread. By careful observation, they have te, whic} helped solve many of the riddles that nt, a 11} surround these remarkable specters. 'ses wate} Mysterious gray airplanes, shadowlike it to th} imsubstance, have been known to accom- inches ig} Pany aviators in their flights through the p throug} douds. “Sometimes,” an aviator who served with the marines during the war rty inche} told me, “when my plane emerges from ick, The} the clouds, with the sun behind me and nold then} the upper air clear, [ have noticed a sec- you sleep, the mor the result. St person of golf, zue them ork! 1 concrete ier struc A superior mirage in the Arctic. Warmer air lies between layers of colder atmosphere. Direct light rays show the ship; rays through two layers give the inverted image; through three layers, the erect image POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY irages—Nature’s Own Fakes Exposed How Heat, Light and Water Play Tricks to Fool the Eye By H. C. NORTH ond plane thirty or forty yards ahead of me. Though I know it is not real, it never fails to give mea start. For not only does the shadow reproduce my plane to the smallest detail, but it frequently is sur- rounded by a gorgeous halo of all the colors of the rainbow—one, two, three, and even four circles of colored light about this dusky plane, with the car as a center. Believe half you see. The best eyes are often fooled by Nature’s optical pranks.” Travelers see this same phantom from the tops of high mountains whenever there is simultane- ously sun and mist. It is known as the Specter of the Brocken, taking its name from that of the highest moun- tain of the Hartz F chain which runs | ' through Hanover, Germany. There, in ; the early morning as $* the sun rises, the ‘ mist is blown to the west, and a spec- tator on the moun- tain top sees his shadow—a._threat- ening, colossal figure —cast by the sun upon the dense vapors. And round the head of the specter are usually seen colored rings or halos. Something like this remarkable phe- nomenon, on a colossal scale, is described in recent reports by Dr. Jean Mascart, noted astronomer at the Lyons,. France, observatory. Just as the sun rises, or sets, gigantic shadows of clouds and ; mountain ranges have been seen by some observers, apparently cast by its rays on some invisible screen on the opposite side of the heavens. Such shad- ows of peaks are seen even when the sky is cloudless. Perhaps the screen is a thin layer of floating dust or haze many miles high. It remains a mystery pending further inves- tigation by Dr. Mas- cart, who has asked ob- servers of the amazing spectacle to send him further notes. More easily explained is the Specter of the Brocken, with its huge figures sur- rounded by halos. The gray figures, of course, are shadows; the colored arcs that surround them are known as glories or diffraction bands. They are caused when light rays, passing near the head, come in contact with the tiny drops of water in the mist. The light is broken up, or scat- A flyer sometimes sees a phantom plane, ‘‘surround- ed by a gorgeous halo of all the colors of the rainbow” in four concentric circles tered, in such a way that when it reaches the eye a rainbow effect is seen. A rain- bow, however, is caused by light which is reflected inside the drop, while a glory is produced -by light which has been scat- tered without penetrating the surface. The colors you have noticed in mother-of- pearl, feathers, or spiders’ webs are a result of that same modification of light. F YOU want to study a glory, stand with your back to the sun some morn- ing before the dew is off the grass, and look closely at the ground near the shadow of your head. Don’t become con- ceited because you are wearing a halo of colored light. We may wonder that our ancestors were frightened by such an optical phenomena as the Brocken’s, yet every day the most hardened travelers are de- ceived by those strange antics of Nature, mirages. Even the famous Arctic ex- plorer Peary in 1906 mistook a mirage for what he thought was a new land in

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Bending light rays reveal land from beyond the horizon, making it appear like an island set by magic in the bay the North, which he named Crocker Land. It was not until 1915 that Mac- Millan and Green discovered that “‘the faint white summits of a distant land,” as described by Peary, were a mirage ex- tending a third of the way around the whole horizon. The mirage is not an optical illusion or a creation of the imagination. It is caused by abnormal atmos- pheric conditions which you yourself can produce. The sheet of water the exhausted traveler sees on the arid desert is an actual image which has been _ photo- graphed. The rays of light coming from the sky to his eye have been bent from their natural straight path, and a section of the sky appears to be on the ground. Since the sky resembles water in appearance the reflection is mistaken for a lake or pond. IGHT rays are bent, or refracted, whenever they pass through layers of air of different densities or weights. You have prob- ably observed the phe- nomenon of refraction thousands of times without giving it a passing thought. For example, when you thrust a stick halfway into water, the portion below the surface ap- pears to be bent sharply upward. The light rays from the submerged half have passed from water to air before reaching your eye. Because water and air are of dif- ferent weight, those rays have been bent from their normal straight path and that part of the stick beneath the water ap- pears to be where it really is not—a few inches above its actual position. © Cool air, heavier than warm air, be- haves like the water in the illustration just given. Rays of light passing from one to the other are bent in the same way. That yields the whole explanation of mi- rages. Whenever peculiar atmospheric conditions exist that produce air layers of widely different temperature, things are all set for a mirage. On the desert, for example, the hot sand causes a shallow layer of intensely hot air. Above, the air is normally cool. And the wanderer perceives distant trees that rise above the horizon mirrored as inverted Fata Morgana, famous mirage of the Sicilian coast. irregular layers of air of various temperatures rear beautiful castles in the air POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY images in what appears to be a lake, but is actually the sky. He sees the trees, and the sky, twice—once by direct vision, and again by other rays that would ordi- narily strike the ground but are bent upward again by the warm air layer. The last set are the ones that pro- duce the “‘lake’’ and its re- flections. Professor R. W. Wood, of Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, constructed an appa- ratus to produce such a mirage in his laboratory. A flat sheet steel surface is sprinkled with sand to pre- vent reflection. At one end a mirror, mounted so that it comes down to the level of the sanded surface, reflects the sky to an observer at the opposite end. In front of the mirror a cardboard chain of mountains is placed. When the small “desert” is heated with gas jets beneath it; one can see what appears to be a glittering pool in the sand, in which are reflected inverted mountains. The gas-heated layer of air near the surface, with the cool air above, acts in the same way as the sand-heated air of the desert. R. ENOCH reports a most unusual ¢ and deceptive desert mirage in Bech- uanaland, South Africa. It is a land of considerable elevation—some 4,000 feet above the sea level—covered by expan- sive inland lakes in time of flood. In the dry season the water disappears, leaving only a baked plain. But to the unwary those lakes still exist. You are almost sure to see a mirage on cold autumn mornings over a large body of water. In the fall the water retains the heat from the sun throughout the night, and in the morning after a clear night, it will be several degrees warmer than the air. Consequently a thin stra- tum of adjacent air is heated above Rays through many November, november, 1 the normal temperature, giyj conditions as observed in deset a If you are near a lake on coil [ morning, look at objects on the ony shore, with your eyes not More three feet above the level of the tha Almost immediately you will be onal a slight quivering of the trees and rm scape, and then some of the obj vil seem elongated and appear to dance. motion is due to slight variations in heat which bend the light rays j larly. The elongation is really an indis tinct double image, that we know noy; caused solely by the pranks of the : air. If you can detect in this elongating one upright true image and one inverte{ image, you have seen an inferior my; The mirage observed in Arctic resin is known as the “superior” mirage, jj 1906, A. H. Harrison, explorer and y, thor, saw above the clouds in northen Canada a camp apparently pitched q the top of a mountain. The camp, arou A which his telescope disclosed seven) ti dogs, was upside dom)! ki After traveling towarditiy h half an hour, he found gj puilding ¢€ Eskimo camp—it was th} Through tl camp he had first seen jg} ment, Am« verted in the air. twentieth | thirty-five XPLORERS often sg} the famou: mountains upsidedow} mids, in 2 in the sky, the peaks oft) This is ir inverted range touchingth} moth dam true mountains; sometimsl with arche an upright image of th} be built al: range is super-imposef ascomparé sometimes it is not visibk] even @ cel Ships sailing Arctic seasant Julius Cae frequently seen three time} roads boos The real ship is beheld witlf vel at the two ghost ships in the aif ways now above it—all in contad The first phantom is ups wie of us down; the topmost is ered When warm air _pasg§ dous powe over frozen seas or ig than flour fields, it becomes sand ment, com wiched between two layes} with sand of cold air, and the Areii} tions, the : mirage just described ariss} But wha Rays of light passigj A form « through these zones—cdij sand years air above, warm air by sn to beli tween, colder air beneath—are bent {to} monly use ward the earth. The ray of light med dd. Cart! tougher going when it hits the dens ment mor air and’ bends (Continued on page 16 duets, whe sm COOL NORMAL DENSE AIR for many ¢ IMAGE RUE es ai t} Pompeii e: preserved ‘ HEATED GROUND~, ~~ 7, MMM kiiddisisds Mh ddd FIG. 1 wow ee sO” OF eaten NORMAL AIR a aa -- “get HEATED. AIR 277 ee REFRACTED -RAYSrg ted LAYS “ a tie “Rak tHE ae DENSE NORMAL AIR EARTH FIG. 2 Inferior desert mirage (Fig. 1), cau by rays through two strata of diffe temperatures, and (Fig. 2) Arctic sup mirage, produced by rays refract through three different air temperature 7

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wnber, 1927 Bridges Built Of Magic Dust Rock Blasted to Powder and Baked in Volcanic Heat to Make Cement: By EARLE DUFFY AWNY, sweating Egyptians, tugging and hauling until great knots stood out on their fore- heads, spent scores of years in building each of the gigantic pyramids. Through the magic power of Portland ce- ment, American concrete builders of the twentieth century could with ease erect thirty-five stone mounds each the size of the famous Cheops, largest of the pyra- mids, in a single year. This is indeed the Concrete Age. Mam- moth dams, tall buildings and bridges imal with arches more than 400 feet wide, may 4 be built almost in the twinkling of an eye ascompared with the rapidity of building ki even a century ago. Appius Claudius, m Julius Caesar and other prominent good imaf roads boosters of bygone days would mar- vel at the vast mileage of smooth high- ij ways how constructed each year. it wir concrete on every side, most ec ' of us do not know that its tremen- ase dous power is given by a powder finer iof than flour or taleum. When Portland ce- ment, commonly called cement, is mixed mj with sand and stone in the right propor- if tions, the mixture becomes concrete. But what is this Portland cement? A form of cement was known six thou- sand years ago, historians have every rea- son to believe, yet the cement now com- monly used is scarcely a hundred years ej ld. Carthaginians created a crude ce- ment mortar for use in building aque- Hi ducts, whose remnants still stand. The Romans molded concrete into foundations for many of the Forum structures, and in peii excavations have disclosed well =| preserved concrete walls. = i Tr POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The world’s largest blowtorches—Portland cement kilns. The giant steel cylinders, more At top: Burned cement dropping from kiln at end of its treatment. In oval: Sieve with 40,000 holes to inch tests cement’s fineness A mill to grind rock for cement into sand. Three hammers like that in the foreground rotate after a steel jacket incloses the mill Interior of pulverizing mill. As it revolves, the thirty tons of steel balls at the bottom are lifted and fall, beating the rock to fine powder than 300 feet-long, turn once every ninety seconds as the cement inside is burned in hundreds of degrees above volcanic heat The Romans gathered ashes cast from the vomiting Vesuvius and - mixed them with burnt marble, ob- taining a fair cement, before the coming of Christianity. Modern cement makers have profited by the teachings of Vesu- vius. After centuries of experimen- tation, man discovered that he could make his own volcanoes which would accomplish better results than the furnace of Nature. So today powdered raw cement materials are blown into huge rotating kilns where they are burnt at temperatures of 2,700 degrees to 3,000 degrees, Fahrenheit-——temperatures hotter than necessary to smelt gold, silver and copper. These horizontal kilns, which may be as long as 340 feet and thirteen feet in diameter at the burning end, are the largest pieces of moving machinery in all industry. Portland cement is a highly manufac- tured product, the result of eighty-odd distinct manufacturing operations. O CREATE cement, whole hills of solid rock, containing the needed lime, silica and alumina are blasted loose and reduced by giant gyratory crushers and then smaller ones to fine powder. The 164,000,000 or more barrels of ce- ment produced in 1926 weighed some 30,000,000 tons, yet to produce this vast amount approximately 50,000,000 tons of limestone, shale and slag were needed, for in burning the materials more than a third of their weight is driven off in the form of gases. In the final powdering process the tube mill, one of the most peculiar machines in all the fantastic cement industry, is used. The tube mill is a large horizontal steel cylinder partially filled with steel balls of five eighths to one and a quarter inches in diameter—in one mill the balls may weigh thirty or forty tons, an average freight car load. As the steel cylinder rotates these balls climb up the sides and cut other capers until the sandy particles are pulverized. But the process so far has been that of preparation only. -The important step in manufacturing cement is now to be taken. The various (Continued on page 155)

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Important steps in the progress of science in varied fields of inven- tion and research which are of special interest because of their bearing on everyday life are chronicled from month to monch in these pages. Windmills Give Electric Power HE use of windmills to generate ‘electricity for farms remote from main electric supply lines has been proved practical in recent tests by the Oxford University Institute of Agricultural Engineering. If the windmill is placed in the free path of prevail- ing winds and supplied with storage batteries to act as substitutes on calm days, we are told, the farmer can have his own up-to-date generating plant. As an auxiliary to charge the batteries, an old engine no longer fit for regular running may be used. The tests showed that the cost of windmill-generated _ electricity compares favorably with that of service from power companies. Steel for Paving UTURE streets of great cities like New York and London may be paved with steel plates. The idea recently has been proposed by engineers to save periodic repair, which, as cities grow larger and busier, becomes more costly and trou- blesome. Only recently one of London’s main streets, a part of Piccadilly, was closed for re- pairs, with vast annoyance to Londoners. Three summers ago New York went through a sim- ilar annoyance when Fifth Avenue was closed. Experts point out that since rubber now has largely replaced metal for vehicle tires, steel would perhaps be the ideal sur- face. Pipes and electric lines could be laid beneath removable plates, thus saving the cost of digging up streets. Gains in Medicine ERE are notable health advances of the month:

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Solving Riddles of the Univers Windmills Generate Current—Electric Plow Destroys Pests—Other Startling Discovertes

By the substitution of aluminum plates for the copper ones with which engravings formerly were made, the U. S. Geodetic Survey has simplified and accelerated map making. An operator is shown engraving a map on a sheet of aluminum, which serves as a plate from which any number of copies may be made. The copper method is more tedious

The trouble with people who stammer is not in their tongues, but is After years of experiment, caused by the failure of their lungs to abstract sufficient oxygen from Dr. Charles W. Duval, of Tulane the air they breathe, according to Professors E. B. Twitmyer and University, claims to have ex- H. E. Starr, University of Pennsylvania psychologists, who are shown th e f | | making one of the tests that they declare prove their contention. posed e germ Of measies anc Measuring oxygen in air from a tank before and after the subject promises serums to prevent and breathed it, they find his lungs did not retain normal amount of oxygen cure this oftentimes fatal diseas In Germany, Dr. Carl Rab nounced a new method of Straigh November,

ing crooked bones of hak: by softening and beng them. The new treg calls for special diet freedom from sunlight ung the bones are soft, Dr. William Hunty English neurologist, off. proof that insanity often; caused by neglected decayed teeth. Dr, f A. Goldberg of the Den Department of Mount $j Hospital, New York (; added evidence that chm ic infections of the roots; teeth produce serious ny ous disorders. Treatment of more th

a thousand cases of cancer in the Men rial Hospital, New York, has conving medical authorities of the efficacy of new radium method of combating the Minute gold tubes containj radium. gas, or radon, are implanted; the cancerous growths. High freques gamma rays from the rad cause the growths to shrivel stimulate healthy tissue. Ants as Nurses w= studying ant hil recently near Baltimor Prof. E. A. Andrews of Joh Hopkins University discover that ants sometimes move the babies from the colder to tl warmer sides of the ant hills. Thrusting thermometers int the sides of the ant houses, lj found that the inside warmer than the outside ai and, since the sun was the on heating plant, the southern side of the hills were warmer tha the northern. Twice he watchel processions of ants carrying u hatched infants from a northe to a southern side. Apparently insect _ pareni know the value of warm and sunshine for children. Television Opera MAZING phonograph re ords that will enable usm only to hear but to see entit plays and operas in the hon are a promised development é the new Baird television proc described in the Septembt Popu.ar SciENcE Monta. This development, recenl} forecast by Sir Edward Ma ville, Chairman of the 5

Novembe! Televisi¢ sists in ords, S10 a series represen correspo shade 1 duced. off, its 1 receiVil: visor, 2 screen t The p js still 1 Ame MEE by of years That itself as mysteri ford, Or of the I New Y obtaine found i sembled of the N 1000 A aminati far earl Museun the late haps ab Build H Pp Balchen the gian hours 0 for a pl the Eif aviatior cles anc tors, Wi roofs su Ane trend is the pre Post Of for a § $20 by Elec Kill: A Ww near | unprece are said ed fron plow,” Hamilt Pittsbu only < and ir enriche fixing | ground it will x The toa t with ai

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vember, j more th; he Men COnVinew cacy of ng the di ‘ontaini a requen ' he rad hrivel ap le, rses ant hil 3altimore of Joh liscovere 10ve thei er to tly t hills, eters inl ouses, bi side tside ai the on hern side mer th » watchel} rying ul northen parents warm en. era aph re: yle us not ee entift re home, yment d n Pp ce »ptembe NTHLY. rd Ma ie B November, 1927 Television Development Company, con- sists in recording on phonographic rec- ords, similar to ordinary musical records, a series of grooves. These indentations represent @& series of electric impulses corresponding to the spots of light and shade in the visual scene being repro- duced. When the television record is run off, its indentations, passed through the receiving apparatus of the Baird tele- yisor, are expected to reproduce on a screen the sight originally recorded. The process, according to Sir Edward, is still in the experimental stage. America Found 1000 B.C.? MERICA may have been discovered by primitive Europeans thousands of years before even the Norsemen came. That fascinating possibility presents itself as the result of examination of a mysterious bronze ax found at Brant- ford, Ontario, by Dr. M. R. Harrington of the Museum of the American Indian, New York City. The implement was obtained from an old Indian, who said he POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The mystery why magnetic force bends rays of light may be solved by Dr. W. F. Meggers of the U. S. Bureau of Standards with his huge electro- magnet. Its two coils make an intense magnetic field in which sparks are made between various metals to be studied by a camera and spectroscope stationed in an adjoining room. To keep it cool, its copper windings are made hollow and water is kept running through them in the experiments 41 ator, coils and other apparatus, which are connected with two plow blades. ‘As these blades pass through the soil,”” says the in- ventor, “‘an electrical field is created be- tween them, producing an effect like lightning. “In the first plowing the current has a dead- ly effect on pests. A second treatment kills weeds and fixes nitro- gen into the soil.” Further tests will compare electrically treated crops with crops grown under the best conditions known to scientific farming. If the new method proves practical it would save millions of dollars now being spent found it buried. Although it re- sembled weapons in use at the time of the Norse visits to America, about 1000 A.D., Dr. Harrington’s ex- amination proved it belonged to a far earlier period. Experts of the Museum believe the ax dates from the late Bronze Age of Europe, per- haps about 1000 B.C. Building Spires Doomed HEN someone expressed sur- prise to Lieutenant Bernt Balchen that while he was piloting the giant monoplane America through hours of storm over Paris, looking for a place to land, he could not see the Eiffel Tower, the Norwegian flyer replied : “See it? I didn’t want to see it!” In that statement, say architects, lies .a prophecy of a revolution in building design—a direct result of aviation. Lofty towers with pinna- cles and spikes, dangerous to avia- tors, will be replaced by flat-topped roofs suitable for landing fields. An example of this trend is the design for the proposed Chicago Post Office, which calls for a great flat roof $20 by 800 feet. Electric Plow Kills All Pests T THE Donald Woodward farms, near LeRoy, N. Y., unprecedented crops are said to have result- ed from an “electrical plow,” invented by Hamilton L. Roe, of Pittsburgh, which not only destroys weeds and insect pests but enriches the soil by fixing nitrogen in the ground. Roe believes it will replace fertilizer. he plow, attached to a tractor, is fitted with an electric gener- R. R. Graves, U.S. Department of Agriculture, illustrates the inheritance of traits by domestic fowl. The top row represents two pair of ancestors; the next, their offspring; the next, the grandchild. In the little cups under each square, colored balls indicate the hereditary traits Paul Sollenberger, time expert at the Naval Observatory, Washington, who sends out the official time signals, is shown above with his apparatus. The cyl- inder indicates the time required for signals to travel to various points. Governed by these figures, he operates the switches shown on the board, so that, despite their varying distances, all points receive the signal at the same instant to fight insect pests. New Use for Vacuum Tubes ACUUM tubes, developed primarily for radio, are now finding a new use —synchronizing, or keeping in step, widely separated power generators. At present many isolated power plants throughout the country are consolidating their resources in great central organiza- tions, thus effecting economies in oper- ation and permitting the service of large territory from a single system. To make it possible for the output of different plants to be pooled in a common supply, vacuum tubes are employed. If the in- coming machines are running too fast or too slow, the alternating current will be out of step. The vacuum tubes amplify this error sufficiently to operate an instru- ment called a synchroscope which shows exactly how far the new current supply is out of step with the main system. Previously the synchronizing of a group of stations was accomplished by potential transformers, an expensive method com- pared with the new system. Testing Food by Color Byer are rapidly answering the old and often violently argued question of how much good we get from various kinds of foods. Their latest project is to determine the body- building properties of any given food by color tests—that is, by the color produced in the presence of certain chemicals. For example, Dr. Stanley G. Willi- mott and Frank Wokes of Cambridge University, England, have found in prolonged experiments that antimony trichloride produces a beautiful blue in the presence of vitamin A, the food substance needed for body growth. In these experiments they used a delicate color measuring instrument called a tintometer. Heretofore the method of measuring the value of such foods as cod liver oil has been the tedious one of feeding it to animals and observing their growth. Chemistry soon may make it possi- ble, when we buy food, to know how much real value we are getting.

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~ 42 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY HE feud between Gil Herrick and big Jim Wenden was a contest for speed and supremacy combined with bit- ter rivalry for the hand of a beautiful girl, Gail Caswell. It started back in 1895 when Gil, a young mechanic, arriving in the village of Wendenville, Mich., found lodging in the Caswell home, set up a bicycle repair shop, and began to build a motor wagon. Gil first conquered Jim in a bicycle race and was rewarded by a bunch of flowers from Gail. Later, when Jim won a motor wagon race between the two, Gail ignored him. And when Jim tried to steal a kiss, Gil interfered. In the struggle that followed, Gil fell unconscious, his arm broken by the bigger man. Gail confessed her love for Gil. But Mrs. Caswell, who pre- ferred Jim, induced the girl to move to Boston. At parting, Gil and Gail agreed to be married soon; but four years passed, during which the young mechanic worked to perfect his motor wagon, while the girl’s affection was slowly undermined by Mrs. Caswell’s wiles and by visits from Jim, who had entered the motor wagon business in New York. At last Gil moved to Detroit, where he established a small runabout factory in an old carriage shop. And in November, 1900, he drove his ruuabout to New York to exhibit in Madison Square Garden. But his hopes for recognition were blasted when a deal with a New York business man for twenty cars fell through and the public failed to buy. Gail wrote that she and her mother were sailing for Europe. And to cap the climax, Gil learned that his plans for a new four-cylinder car had been betrayed to his old rival, Jim. Just when the future looked darkest, Gil met two young men, Andrews and Morton, who agreed to take fifty runabouts and referred him to a friend who planned an agency in Boston. Gil wired Gail: “‘ Better unpack your bags,” and drove to Boston. But there his plans were delayed. When at last he reached the hotel where Gail was stopping, she repulsed him, accusing him of neglecting her, and refusing his plea that she remain with him. Stung by her words, Gil sought refuge in his work. He had hirling Wheels The Story of the Automobile Ag Told in a Stirring Novel of Youth Romance and Mechanical Ingenuity “Have you married her—yet?’’ Jim leaned back in his chair with an insinuating smirk—to go over backward with a white-faced fury on top of him November, ly _ By EDMUND M. LITTELL Author of “Midge” and “Fire Shy” Illustrated by B. J. Rosenmeyer orders for sixty-five runabouts but was in desperate need of working capital. Jim, arriyi in town, undermined his credit and Gil’s little business seemed about to go under. By a clever ruse, however, he won the conf, dence and financial backing of Mr. Oliver H. Marston, a hard: headed _ banker. He was cheered, too, by a message from Gail in Europe, saying that she was “sorry.” As yet there was little public demand for cars, however, and Gil was forced to close his shop, although his 1902 and 1903 models embodied vast improvements in design. At the automobile show of 1902 the crowds were discourag. ingly indifferent. But the next year, in the show of January, 1903, the public suddenly awoke. Business began to boom. ‘The Age of Motors had dawned. Now read on: ff the doors closed that first night in Madison Square Garden—who will forget it? The crowd gone, none but players of “The Game” there—and bedlam. Many a throat was sore next day, many a man spoke in husky tones; for such a shout went up—and stayed up—as was never heard on any football field. Men who had labored celebrated, intoxicated by success, and heedless of the terrific job that impended—pr- duction. Gil was there, shouting madly. He had felt it coming, even though he had produced only sixty runabouts the year before. So were Andrews, and Morton—and Jim Wenden. But they all loved everybody that night. The Game! No players ever played a game more earnestly than those merchants of speed; no men ever played it more squarely. Fight? Of course! For the joy of the Game. Quarrels? Of course. For the heat od play made them. But just then—they all loved everybody. “I told you!” screamed Andrews, and he seized Gil by the shoulders while they both danced a jig. “I told you! A thousand cars for us this year!” Morton, too, joined the ring. “Thousand?” he yelled as they made a war dance of it. “Two thousand, you mean!” And Gil, as drunk as any man on the wine of promise, out yelled them both. “Five thousand!” he bawled, and de the handsome back-entrance tonneau of his two-cylinder cat with a pair of dusty feet. Why not? He had made it. “Five thousand?” repeated Andrews when sanity had come. “What do you mean, five thousand?” And Gil laughed. “Well, maybe I stretched it a leetle, # Mac would say, but I’m shooting for twenty-five hun at least.” Stock all sold, some of it to old Zach Wenden and some gool friends in Wendenville; money in the bank, the shop already ing to § eal wit said he. Till be ge and then “ Ah-hz “We're a agency, € don’t kee you for J oW mat know tha “ An’ t did, boy “Better r manufact What's t “You’e “T do] Here v and And noting th unafraid ; Jim Wen engine of over ther For Ji bragging! " letter po reporting ing ar ask No, Gi he would him. A: coming © “You “Sure, Fosdick looking ¢ But th being tré along th buying ( it was WV was pres to New “ Aren tell him But K identical “Unal Sunday. “That together “We \ You're g manufac FTE Ave “Lea “ Whi never tk and ‘sa envelop. ship a 1 can’t co “Gre:

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ber, 1% abouts, heed of ArTiVing 8 credit seemed a clever 1e conf. king of a hard: le was nessage saying > public er, and ose his 02 and d vast zn. At of 1902 rourag. ut the ddenly rs had Square ne but throat r such on any ited by |—pro- 2, even before. it they rs ever speed; a! For reat of ly. by the ousand is they e, out- crated er cat tle, as indred e good lready don’t keep us satisfied we’ll—we’ll leave ‘ Jetter postmarked “Venice.” November, 1927 ing full blast—and news from Gail. No wonder he acted te a drunk man! What mattered it if Jim Wenden had a four ina booth not twenty feet away? Or what if the most nt news from Gail had come through Jim? “The shop’s already lined up to make a thousand,” said Gi. “I felt it coming, this rush. That reliability run last fall. And I wired Mac today that he’s got to double it. To- morrow I'll wire him to double it again.” That was too much for Andrews. “And where are you going to sell ’em?” ; Gil winked a cocky, knowing wink. “That'd be telling,” said he. “Jim Wenden’s too close by. ['ll be getting a wire any minute now— and then you watch my smoke.” “ Ah-ha-a-a!”’ cried Morton to Andrews. “We're about to have arival! Another agency; eh? Now look here, Gil: if you you for Jim Wenden!” ¢ O WORSE threat could have been made; he knew it. But he did not know that big Jim Wenden heard. “An’ that'll be the best thing you ever did, boys!” came Jim’s heavy voice. “Better come along; he’s an unlicensed manufacturer and he’s gonna flop, sure. What’s this about an agency, Gil?” “You'd like to know, wouldn’t you!” “Ido know. Fosdick, Chicago.” Here was a matter between two men, and Andrews and Morton stood back, noting that Gil’s hoarse voice was jaunty, unafraid; unangered, cool—even toward Jim Wenden, whose car, motored with an engine of Gil’s own design, was standing over there. For Jim had told him about Gail— braggingly, of course, and flourishing a Mrs. Caswell had written it, reporting that Gail, having suddenly decided to return, was planning to arrive in Boston some time during that very week; and asking if Jim would arrange to meet her. No, Gil could not be mad at Jim, for Jim had wired her that he would go up the following week, that the show would detain him. As though Gail would wait—for Jim! She would be coming on to Gil; he knew it. “You know everything, don’t you?” said Gil. “Sure,” Jim preened himself a little. ‘“‘Think a man like -Fosdick is goin’ to turn all his agencies loose on a car without looking at mine? Ha-ha!”’ But there was another thing Jim did not know. Fosdick was being trailed by Wally Burns. It was Wally who had passed along the tip to Gil; it was Wally who was probably even now buying George Fosdick a supper somewhere after the theater; it was Wally who had met him by way of the 1902 model, and was pressing that advantage. Wally was even planning to come to New York with that most valuable prospect. “Aren't you clever, Jim? But what’s he going to say when I tell him I designed your four?” But Fosdick did not come. Instead, both Jim and Gil received identical telegrams. They knew, for they compared them. “Unable come New York meet me Congress Annex Chicago Sunday.” “That makes it nice,” laughed Jim. together.” “We will not,” said Gil flatly. ‘‘ We'll fight it out—separately. You’re going to remember those cute remarks about fly-by-night manufacturers before I get through with you.” “We'll talk it out FTER which, in a corner of the booth where they could not be observed, he showed Andrews and Morton a wire that was none of Jim’s business. “Leave Friday Twentieth Century can fix meeting Saturday. Wally.” “Which, with this little stunt that a blunder-head would never think of, ought to put us in pretty good shape,” said Gil, and showed them a message he had scribbled on the back of an envelope. It was addressed to Mac, and instructed him to ship a 1903 model by express to Wally in Chicago. “If Fosdick can't come to the show, we'll take our part of it to him.” “Great stuff!’ in a breath, from Andrews. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 43 Jim dashed out after her, just in time to see Gil and the girl scramble into the tonneau, even as its wheels began to turn, and drive away From that moment, every move Gil made was under observa- tion by Jim or his men; even on Friday, when a demonstrator waited at the curb outside with Gil’s-handbag hidden under one corner seat of the tonneau, and Gil was finishing up a last discussion. ‘i HINK it over carefully,” he was saying to the partners. “T need you in Detroit. I’m going to be too busy manu- facturing and experimenting to take any time off for selling.” **But you don’t need any sales managers,” insisted Morton. **Not when you can pull a stunt like this one.” “This is the last,” Gil declared. “And you'll have a territory as big as the world; don’t forget that. Gosh! Only thirty minutes to train time!” He and Andrews slipped on their coats and went out, walking .- past Jim’s booth. ‘Going to lunch, Jim; join. us?’ Morton heard Gil say, and had a silent chuckle. Jim had lunched more than an hour before, and Gil knew it. Clever boy, Gil. Morton watched them disappear down the aisle—and heard a feminine voice. “Is this the Herrick booth? Is Gi—Mr. Herrick here?” He turned, and faced a lovely young woman whose blue eyes beneath her picture hat were glowing with eagerness. ‘“‘I'm sorry,” said he. “‘He’s just left. Is there anything I—” “But I must see him; right away! He knows I’m coming. I came all the way from Boston, and—”’ *“Oh!” Morton’s eyes widened. “From Boston! Well, if you hurry you can catch him. Down that aisle. You'll find him climbing into a tonneau—if you run!” She was gone—and a shout: “Hey! Abby!” rose behind her. If there was any doubting whose voice it was, there was no missing the bulk of big Jim Wenden, who dashed out after her. And booth or no booth, sale or no sale, Morton chased out behind. He was through the door a step behind Jim, just in time to see Gil and the girl scramble into the tonneau, even as its wheels began to turn. Each of them smiling into the other's eyes with

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The factory was junk; the machines covered with charred timbers. Gil turned to Gail; close beside him: ‘‘Gail, dear, this isn’t going to be much of a honeymoon”’ £ no ear and no concern for the shout Jim raised behind them. “Where are they going?”’ demanded Jim excitedly. “What's he doing?” ; Andrews dragged his eyes away from a pleasant sight. “Why,” he drawled with a devilish grin, “I gathered he was going to take her for. a ride. That’s what she asked him to do.” Then both partners watched the tonneau of a car disappear around the corner, carrying ‘a couple who sat looking at one another with such a light in their faces—until a messenger boy broke through their abstraction. ““Mr. Herrick? Well, where is he? Got a wire for him.” Morton took it, and after one of those glances at Andrews, opened it. ‘Good Lord!” he whispered and passed it over. It read: “Plant burned down last night total loss—Macintosh.” * * * “And speaking of unlicensed, Gil—have you married her— yet?” Nobody but a Jim Wenden would have said it; no one but the big man whose dark eyes leered suggestively, who was sure now that he had won. Jim had seen the accepting, deciding look in Mr. George Fosdick’s eyes; that gentleman had listened to the summation of each of them without a word. And then Jim had added that question, leaning back in his chair with a smirk—to go on over backward with a white-faced fury on top of him. It took the combined efforts of two men to separate them. George Fosdick, being a sizable chunk of a man himself, grabbed Jim by the coat tails; Wally Burns seized Gil. And when the two combatants had been calmed, Jim mopping a bloody nose and Gil quite unconscious of a blackening eye, Mr. Fosdick spoke. “This looks like a mighty poor way of going after a con- tract,” he announced, and his round, fat face was serious. “Suppose we have it out right now.”’ “Tm sorry,” said Jim from behind a reddening handkerchief. “IT shouldn’t have—” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, wy ue “You're too late,” snapped Gil, his face still white glaring at his enemy. “You said it. And if I ever hear off making that remark again, I'll murder you if I hang fori | * Aw, listen, Gil; I—” | “I’m done listening to you!” and Gil turned to Pox “This black-hearted, back-biting imitation of a man thinks got me licked. Well, maybe he has, with you. But fire-orm fire, factory or no factory, I'll start from nothing and put him out of business. He knows it—and you can sell his wagonsi you want to . . . Wally, just to satisfy this mud-slingiy blackguard, tell him where we were yesterday morning and wha kind of a paper it was you witnessed.” Wally told them, with eyes that blazed as hotly as his bosss and fists clenched at his sides. Then Gil added: ‘Satisfied an you? Mr. Fosdick, you can make up your mind any way you want to; I'm going back to Detroit and rebuild a plant! And with that he and his aide strode out of the room. What a wedding that had been, that ceremony of the dy before! To help a lovely, smiling girl into a bright aml shining new 1903 model—and hear the news of disaster that had been foretold by the generally smiling face of Wally Burt! To stand before a minister in a long-anticipated ceremony- with the vision of smoking, charred ruins before their eye! But she pressed close to him—blessed Gail!—her blue eyes] bravely into his as she responded in a clear voice—for riche for poorer—” When the time came for him to say “I do,” his voice rang. “Now—let’s go and get a contract,” when they had left th church. And—‘*Good luck, Gil,” with a long, warm kiss. HEN, Jim, after a morning alone with Fosdick, summing@ in their final conference with—‘‘he’s unlicensed, Mr. Fo: And as long as I have anything to do with the A. L. A. M. hell never get a license. We own the Selden patents; no one eal manufacture automobiles legitimately without a license from us.” His big voice rumbled triumphantly. “We formed tt Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers in Net York this last week. We have contracted (Continued on page 16) November, — = 6) pe tions of | oc. 1 runway, ment pa makes p small ar reversin “The plane in “has al both in The aut and the to stop. reverse “A r new, b sidered There v

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eS HOLD PLANE ri PUOTS PLANE COASTS, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MOTOR ROARING, DOWN RUNWAY OT INCLINED —~ ; NWAY TO PREVENT =~} PREMATURE * FLIGHT xa MOTOR TO HAUL PLANES e TO TOP OF RUNWAY, 32 FEET HIGH ea eee cee —— ee eeeernaed aa TURNTABLE vir cape tan Ain ante Ma ee RELEASE SPRINGS ” PROPELLER REVERSING GEARS Every Roof a Landing Field LEETS of airplanes taking-off and alighting on the roofs of office buildings and other small spaces may be possible with two inven- tions of C. Francis Jenkins of Washington, D.C. The take-off device is a launching runway, not unlike the “dips” in amuse- ment parks, while the mechanism which makes possible the landing of airplanes in small areas is a “brake” occasioned by reversing the propeller. “The inability of the pilot to stop his plane in emergencies,” Mr. Jenkins said, “has already been the cause of fatalities both in landing and in delayed take-offs. The automobile has brakes on the wheels and the motor boat reverses its propeller to stop. The airplane, likewise, should reverse its propeller to stop. “A reversing propeller blade is not new, but heretofore it has been con- sidered too dangerous for airplane use. There was the constant fear that the pilot might accidentally pull the controlling lever during flight, and this would mean a swift and sure crash.” The essence of the Jenkins brake is that the reversing lever is so geared that it cannot be moved while the plane is in the air. When the plane strikes the ground or the roof of a building, a spring auto- matically releases the safety guard on the reversing control and the aviator is free to bring his plane to rest almost instantane- ously. A foot pedal re-sets it. Jenkins believes his launching and stopping inventions will be a great boon to speedy transmission of airplane ship- ments. The Jenkins take-off device is merely a runway of the roller coaster type. Taking advantage of the gravitational accelera- tion, which is twenty-two miles an hour each second, plus the motor acceleration, the plane can easily attain flying speed by the end of the first second, says the inventor. With the plane on the launch- ing platform the usual blocks or other acceptable means are employed to hold the aircraft in place while the motor is warmed up. At a given signal the blocks are released and the plane starts roaring down the runway. It is tilted slightly downward by the elevation of the tail skid runway above the wheel runway; so that at first it has a tendency to fly. As the plane nears the bottom of the launching runway, the tail skid runway gets lower and lower, so that the wings have an increasing lift angle. A safety flange which has hitherto held the wheels against prema- ture flight ends here. The pilot simply holds the control stick at climbing angle from the start; the result is that the plane flies off the runway the moment flying speed is attained, and thereafter continues to climb until the altitude desired is reached.

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O AID in charting the navigable I channels of New York Bay and the Hudson and East Rivers, an office dictaphone has recently been pressed into service. As expert sounders sing out the readings of the depths shown by their “‘leads,”’ an operator switches them on to the dictaphone and their reports become a@ permanent wax record, like that of a talking machine, from which maps of amazing accuracy are prepared. Daily observations by U. S. Army en- gineers chart every foot of the waters. The work is done from a floating plat- form, consisting of three barges lashed together and towed by a forty-foot launch. In the photograph the operator of the dictaphone “stands by” to record the soundings made by the expert, who drops a “lead,” or weighted cable, carrying markers to show the length submerged. Doctors Vindicate Hair Bob OMEN need fear no dire conse- quences from bobbing their hair. They now have the assurance from physi- cians of the American Medical Associa- tion that slashing their locks “‘ probably has no permanent effect. It probably does not make the hair coarse, or make it grow less vigorously or more vigorously, either for a short time or permanently.” The present masculine fad of going hatless to expose the hair to sunlight, the doctors say, is of doubtful benefit. Just a Rainy Day Railroad ened when rain is falling do freight trains puff from Mount Jewett to Smethport, Pa., over a twenty-mile rail- road that runs through dense woods. Some time ago it was found that the loco- motive sparks caused frequent forest fires; and a notice in the passenger schedule said, “These trains will operate only on rainy days.’’ Later a gasoline locomotive restored passenger service. Freight trains, however, require steam locomotives to haul their heavy weight; so freight is shipped on rainy days only. Dictaphone in Harbor R POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY een Ka me cords Soundings Fireman Dives in Gas Mask beng firemen, proverbially called upon in any kind of emergency, can be- come divers at will and can go to the rescue of drowning persons. ‘That the standard gas mask used by fire fighters in smoke-filled structures makes a first- class diving helmet was recently demon- strated by Capt. C. H. Virdin of the Los Angeles fire department. For twenty minutes Capt. Virdin re- mained under water in a swimming pool, breathing only the oxygen supplied by his mask. He declared the test wholly successful. The oxygen supply was en- tirely adequate and the respirator water- proof, and the fireman found himself un- encumbered by the great weight of ordi- nary diving equipment. It would have been a simple matter for him to find and seize a drowning swimmer and bring him safely to the surface. November, iy Fighting a Gorilla ina Tuy, Man Finds Him Left-Handg 6 = gorilla, unlike his supposed tive, man, is naturally left- When the gorilla attacks, he uses his right hand as an auxiliary to his twof in running, advancing with his left hand outstretched. So we are told by Col. F. Fenn, just returned to London With gorilla specimens obtained in the district of the Belgian Congo, Africa, In the Kivu bush the gorillas make tunnels four feet high. Colonel Fenn }aj just entered one of these when a g with mighty left hand outstretched ayj mouth open, rushed at him. The was only seven feet away when Colond Fenn fired from the hip and killed him, Sleeping Sickness Kills 5,09 le THE last five years more than 5,00) people in England and Wales hay died of so-called sleeping sickness, say, the British Minister of Health. Abou thirty percent of all cases die; the reg result in disorders ranging from ment, ailments to complete paralysis. Research to combat the scourge is urged. Seedless Grape Defies Winter | Oy fay of withstanding the rigors¢ New York winters, a new variety d greenish-yellow, seedless grape is ap nounced by Dr. A. B. Stout of the New York Botanical Garden. It was bred by this institution, in codperation with the State Experiment Station, located at Geneva, New York. Windmill Rainbow Car Light YRATING spots of colored light ornament the front of an automobik to which is attached a new “windmill flasher.’’ It may designate college colon, or red, white and blue for patriotic occa sions; more practically, it may indicate bus routes or distinguish physicians’ car, ambulances, police and fire apparatus and mail trucks for traffic right-of-way, Moreover, it makes a safety or parking light when placed on the left of the car, Within the device is an ordinary eee tric bulb, as shown below in the illustr tion. Around it revolves a metal shell with small circular glass windows of any d sired colors. Tiny windmill vanes rotate the shell when the car is moving or Wii the wind is blowing strong enough. The air rotates this cover when the motor cf carrying it moves, and the light shines throug! Novemb Meta An Y 0 , y selves | ern “ fl recent the Sv Diggin period- days © —the hand n + Sine the mi ished n e lishe Phat tl as a re’ “Mec I ear tect so fired 0 “heard more t was n¢ detecte Mow ‘A’ cl movab flexible tem of are bei said to nary “ ment b the pic move } stereos

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Tunnel, Landed S two a left hand y Col, y don With the Kiyy Africa, las Fenn had a g chad aa The beag n Col led him, $ 5,000 han 5,00) ales have LESS, Says . About ; the res m mental Winter e rigors of variety of e is an the New s bred by with the cated at r Light red light itomobike windmill. ge colors, otic occa * indicate ans’ Car, ratus and t-of-way, > parking F the car, ary elec > illustra shell with any de es rotate or whien gh. November, 1927 Metal Mirrors of Flappers in Ancient Greece Unearthed QUNG women of three thousand years ago enjoyed admiring them- selves in hand mirrors no less than mod- ern “flappers” do. That is indicated by nt discoveries at Media, in Greece, by the Swedish Archaeological Expedition. Digging into tombs of the Mycenaean riod—nearly a thousand years before the days of the ancient Greek philosophers _the archaeologists came upon several hand mirrors, one with an ivory handle. - Since silvered glass was unknown then, the mirrors were made of sheets of pol- ished metal. Even before these were in- yented, ancient damsels used mirrors of lished stone, dipping them in water so that the thin film of liquid would serve as a reflecting surface. “Mechanical Ears” Beat Man’s DELICATE are the “mechanical Bee” perfected by scientists to de- tect sound waves in the air, that a gun fred on the east coast of England was “heard” at Birmingham University, more than 135 miles away. The sound was not heard by human ears, but was detected by the recording instruments. Movies Made More Natural ATURAL motion picture effects are claimed for a new camera whose movable back, connected to the lens by a flexible bellows, is shifted about by a sys- tem of cams and levers while the pictures are being taken. The photographs are said to appear more realistic than ordi- nary “movies”; they show relative move- ment between the near and far planes of the picture, such as you see when you move your head sideways, adding to the stereoscopic effect of depth. A Not Quite So Loud Speaker YOU live in an apartment, some of your neighbors will appreciate the remarkable midget cone speaker, pic- tured below, used late at night on your radio set. Although its tone quality is said to be admirable, it gives a subdued radio program that will not annoy would- be sleepers. The all-night radio fan can pursue his hobby unmolested when he uses the new instrument; it is also recom- mended for a sick room, where its quiet- hess is soothing to the listener’s nerves. A midget radio loudspeaker that fills a room, yet doesn’t disturb sleepers in other rooms POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 47 A Realistic Meshenioat Football Contest Lawn Mower of Razor Blades HEN F. M. Durkee, of Brookline, Mass., found that an illness had unfitted him temporarily for pushing a lawn mower, he built a unique electric mower. A vacuum cleaner furnished the handle, and the wheels came from a toy cart. Brass disks edged with razor blades for cutters were driven by bicycle hub sprockets under the power of a small electric motor. So successful was the machine that he has recently perfected an electric lawn- mower that incorporates its features— shown at the left of the original. It is said to cut grass quickly and uniformly at less than the cost of running an electric flatiron. The long cord plugs directly into the nearest socket of house or garage. Five four-bladed cutters make a swath seventeen inches wide. joes clever game, operated with hand levers, simulates a contest between two football teams in a large, glass-in- closed cabinet. Two persons play the game, each controlling the actions of his team. When one man presses his lever, all the players on his side kick, while the guards protecting the goals shift defen- sively. The shape of the field causes the ball always to come to rest at the mov- able or kicking foot of some player so that action is assured. Each miniature player is clothed in a wool sweater. The field is painted grass green, while a lithograph in the back- ground pictures a grandstand filled with rooters. The game is designed for clubs and amusement parks. Nation’s Gas from One Plant ONSTRUCTION will soon begin, it is reported, on a vast project to supply nearly the whole of Gevmany with gas for all household and factory use from a single great generating station located in the coal fields near the steel-making center of Essen. As in America, German cities at present are supplied by local gas plants to which coal or coke is hauled by rail. For the new scheme it is contended that transportation of gas through long pipes is cheaper than rail transportation of the original fuel. Germany will be covered with a vast network of pipe lines radiating from the central generator at Essen. Electric Baths for Noses A NEW way of treating colds by ap- plying electric heat to the inflamed interior of the nose was recently advocated by Dr. H. Bordier, of Lyons, France. Metal plates are applied at each side of the nose and the electric current is sent between them so that the inner mem- branes of the nose, not the skin, receive most of the heat that is produced. Dr. Bordier reports numerous remarkable successes from a few minutes of such treatment.

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48 Man Evolved from Dust, Not Apes, Chemist Hints Prrorceys man evolved, not from monkeys—but from rocks or literal “dust”! That the “spark of life,’ long thought to distinguish living crea- tures from inanimate objects, may be only a myth is the suggestion of Dr. J. C. Drummond, University of London. Life processes and the chemical reac- tion of nonliving matter, he recently told the American Chemical Society, are strikingly alike; many experts are com- mencing to believe that other hypotheses are wrong and that there is no real gap between the two. This adds new interest to the “missing link” between the ani- mate and inanimate worlds, an invisible plant-infecting virus far simpler and lower than bacteria, whose unconfirmed discovery Dr. B. M. Duggar of the U. S. Department of Agriculture announced not long ago. , Air, or oxygen; is not necessary for all life, another expert, Dr. W. Mansfield Clark of the U. S. Public Health Service, told the society of chemists. Though a human being can exist only three minutes in the absence of oxygen, some bacteria can thrive without it. “Gasoline” Made from Coal HEAP motor fuel from coal, a possi- bility only recently recognized here and abroad, is said to be produced by a new British invention. In this process, discovered largely through the researches of a London woman, coal is distilled to produce a crude oil that can be refined into a gasoline substitute. The illus- tration above shows the experimental ap- paratus which is used for refining the crude oil that is the first product of the new process. In commercial use the manufacturing outfit would be two hun- dred times larger. Powdered coal would be an important by-product; its sale for use in generating electricity would help lower the cost of making coal gasoline. Seasickness Laid to Plain Fear ROM the Battle Creek Sanitarium in Michigan comes the statement of Dr. W. N. Boldyreff, physiologist, that fear, more than the pitching of a vessel, causes seasickness. Fear disturbs the digestive juices, with resulting turmoil. The power of suggestion in overcoming fright, he declares, is a better remedy than all the drugs you can carry. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Mail Box for Motorists AVE you ever stopped your car at a street corner and wished there were some way of mailing a letter with- out getting out? “For Motorists Only” is a new mail box that is being tried at Oakland, Calif., in response to a sugges- tion from postal headquarters at Wash- ington. Users of the novel mailing device can draw up alongside it in their cars, open the slot by a convenient handle, and deposit their letters without leaving the machine. The new scheme eliminates parking congestion near the post office. Surgical Chisel Driven by Air UTTING a human being’s bones is the latest use discov- ered for a small com- pressed air hammer and chisel formerly used for delicate rivet- ing and engraving on stone. Each of its 3800 blows a minute is only a light tap; their combined effec- tiveness, however, gives the surgeon a valuable tool for rapid cutting during = an operation. Dr. Horace C. Pitkin, at the Massachusetts General Hospital, adapted the device. He solved the difficulty of getting pure compressed air by passing the supply through an alcohol filter. ; J i 8 Second Highest Dam Planned ILANS are under way to dam the Owyhee River, in Oregon, with a 360-foot wall across the canyon. With the exception of the Pacoima Dam near Los Angeles, now building, this will be the highest in the world. At present the 351-foot Arrowrock Dam in Idaho holds the mark. Microbes Produce Copper VEN microbes can aid in the pro- duction of copper. Not long ago the Geological Survey was mystified by the discovery of small spongy masses of pure copper in a bog near Cooke, Montana. Considerable copper ore exists near by; investigation revealed that some of this ore, dissolved to reappear in the bog, had been precipitated as pure metal by the tiny organisms. The quantities were too small to be of commercial value. November, 1m Ff orember, I Time Speed, R Fe the §| and, incid ising ne far beyon¢ ai electri interferom and Alfrec oratory 2 measured prate fror nd an steenths ears cann¢ faster thai vibrations Full Novels on Phonograph Produced by New Proces, NS a phonograph can “read to you—a full length novel, jf. wish. Or it can give you an entire gressional debate. An English radio on, cern announces that Capt. Round, Oe of its engineers, has developed a p to record a whole novel on six double faced, twelve-inch phonograph records Each record “reads” to you for minutes, at normal speed. They are¢ greatest benefit to blind persons, Like these new English records are those jg vented not long ago by Thomas Aly Edison, and described at the time jy PopuLaR Science Montuty. They, toy play for forty minutes. Solid Tires May Blow Ow LOWOUTS can occur even in gj tires, for heat generated by speqj may melt the rubber, forming a gas with in that would explode. Ship Made with Two Tools POCKETKNIFE and a piece gh grees _T! glass sufficed Mowritz Peterson, ¢§ #t 1,10 Portland, Ore., to carve an_ all-wooj model of the frigate Constitution. Byg the thirty-seven sails are of wood, shave down to a thickness of an eighth of inch. The task took a year. Wire Stretcher Saves Fence § ire autom AGGING fence wires are quickly mak taut with the aid of a new wir stretching tool. Its powerful jaws gip and pull together the offending line; 4 chain holds the tool set while a splices made. Any sort of wire, plain, barbed, or woven, is easily handled; withow teeth, the bulldog jaws cannot injureit Thus old wires can be kept tight, pm longing their use for years. The wir stretcher is easily carried to the plag where the slack is, and there used take it up. ming | novel “fo through tl are fasten illustration up his leg swimming offer little the water: ‘Poel they | > E ness of the ill ~ Paster s1 and add Toothless and harmless, yet tenacious of this stretcher draw sagging fence wires @ gether for repair. The chain holds the positio

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Tools Piece gf stees- terson, of all-woof mn. Eve d, shaved hth of a Fence ky made new Wir Jaws grip gZ line; 4 Norembef, ue Time Clock Held on Sound; speed, 1,100 Feet a Second R the first time, physicists have succeeded in measuring accurately the speed of sound waves in liquids and, incidentally, have discovered sur- -o9 new facts about sounds that are far beyond the range of human ears. By ii electrical apparatus called a “sonic interferometer,” Dr. John C. Hubbard and Alfred L. Loomis, in the latter’s lab- oratory at Tuxedo Park, N. Y., have measured the action of waves which vi- brate from 200,000 to 400,000 times a cond and are from one eighth to five gxteenths of an inch long in liquid, Our ers cannot hear sounds which vibrate faster than about 20,000 a second. The vibrations of middle C on the piano are only 256 times a second, and the. result- ing sound waves are about four feet long. Sound travels through pure water at a temperature of sixty degrees F. at 4,850 feet a second. If the water contains one half of one percent of salt the speed in- creases to 5,050 feet a second. A similar increase results when the temperature of the water is raised to seventy-seven de- The speed of sound in the air is about 1,100 feet a second. Ocean Undercurrents Filmed CEAN currents far below the waves Q are studied with a new device de- scribed by P. Idrac before the French Acad- emyof Sciences. Their direction and speed are automatically charted upon a photo- graphic film fixed to a revolving drum. “Foot Fins’? Help Swimmer . splice iy , barbed, without injure it ght, pro- The wir the place used ? ous jaw wires (0 position UTURE aspirants for Channel-swim- ming honors may benefit by these novel “foot fins,” said to make progress through the water easier and faster. They are fastened to the shoes as shown in the illustration. When the swimmer draws up his legs in the first movement of the swimming stroke, the odd fins close and offer little resistance in passing through the water; but as he kicks to propel him- self they open and double the effective- ness of the stroke. » Faster swimming is claimed for “foot fins.” Closed when tegs are drawn up, they spread and add power when they are thrust back POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Rest for Overworked Tongue — no need to lick envelopes when you have this handy new tool that does the job for you. It contains a reservoir of water, filled by removal of a rubber plug. Through an easily regulated valve, exactly the right amount of mois- ture is said to reach a grooved metal rol- ler that applies it to the envelopes. Since the working parts are of metal, they are not easily clogged or “gummed up” as are felt or fabric moisteners. 49 The Flameless Fire of Rust Causes Losses of Billions INI ctevoat alloys, protective coatings of special metals, and base metals of extraordinary purity are chemists’ latest weapons in the battle against rust. Electroplated coatings of cadmium or zinc—or, where fine appearance is de- manded, nickel or chromium—will pro- tect metal cables and household silver- ware alike, according to R. M. Burns of the American Bell Telephone Labora- tories. Aluminum has been successfully tested by the U. S. Bureau of Standards to coat the duralumin alloy framework of air- planes. It is sprayed on by a new process. If skyscrapers had gold skeletons and we ran gold locomotives on golden rails, we would have no rust problem—for that metal does not rust. . Meanwhile, we spend more money for paint to keep things from rusting than is contributed to all institutions of scientific research and of higher learning combined. Billions of tons of steel in buildings and machines are consumed by the flameless fire of rust. * se™. Dangling Straps Warn Motorists of Trains geen age leather straps form a novel railroad crossing warning to motorists where they have recently been installed at Vermilion, O., recalling the rope signals that tell railroad men that they are approaching a low bridge. A thousand feet each side of the point where the tracks cross the motor road, the new markers dangle to flick each passing car and call its driver’s attention to the need for reduced speed. The flex- ible straps offer no real obstruction. The ingenious device is said to be marvelously effective; few disregard its message of caution, which is effective both by day and by night. Additional advantages are that the warning is inexpensive to con- struct and costs virtually nothing for maintenance and absolutely nothing for its operation. Hope Dashed for Gold in Sea Now the possibility of extracting gold from sea water has been investi- gated by Dr. Fritz Haber, German chem- ist of world reputation. Even more re- mote than hitherto believed is the chance of doing it on a successful commercial scale, he concludes. Five thousand analy- ses of sea water show that while it con- tas gold—from one to a thousand ten- thousandths of a grain to a ton of water— the quantity is far too small to make ex- traction pay. Older estimates placed the amount of gold at Dr. Haber’s largest figure. This he finds correct only near Newfoundland. In the South Atlantic the average amount of the metal salts dissolved in sea water is a thousand times less. A Correction N OUR October number, in the report of the conversation between Com- mander Byrd and Mr. Roy Guffin, it was stated that an enlisted man in the Army, Navy or Marine Corps is not per- mitted to pilot an airplane. This was an error, for, as a matter of fact, in all three branches of the Government service en- listed men who show aptitude for the work are trained as pilots and permitted to fly.—Tue Eprror. 2,000,000 Lepers in the World T= world has 2,000,000 lepers today, according to William J. Eddy, secre- tary in Australia for the Mission to Lepers. One-fourth of them are in China. India has nearly as many.

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50 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Novem, - Man’s Creative Genius A Home Hair Clipper Any light socket operates this little ma- chine that saves visits to the barber Gun Shoots Light Rays Brigadier General J. W. Lamont, retired, of Great Britain, has invented for safe target practice a “‘flash spotter,’’ a rifle that shoots, instead of bullets, a ray of electric light hitting the object just where the bullets would, since it is directed by the gun barrel. It is shown above being tested at the Toronto, Canada, barracy New Golfing Machine For golfers who just can’t learn to keep the correct posture, or stance, a simple device has been provided that will force them to take the proper attitude until it becomes a habit. R. C. Crocker, of Toledo, O., conceived the idea of a rigid iron hoop, supported by three pronged legs, inside of which the ambitious player ‘ 2 stands. An advantage, and Babies Rocked by Electricity highly important, is that the A Chicago man invented this device for tired hoop can be made larger mothers. When the switch is turned a small electric motor, attached to the rear axle of the carriage, gently moves the springs N i le Bicycle pedals and an extn _ Bicyc Boat sprocket turned with the hand operate the propeller of the boat in which Fred Kurth, it inventor, is shown in Central Park, New York City. 4 tiny steering wheel operates the unusual craft’s rudd Blast Precools Fruit Cars When a car is filled with fruit in the Imperial a Valley of California, a new precooling service Tape in Pencil A new magazine pencil has six ext reduces the temperature of car and contents from 100 or more degrees to 40 in a few leads in the barrel, and a handy hours. The old way of simple icing takes days. Iced air is forced into the car, cir- tape measure in the top serves to increase its utility. culated and drawn out for rechilling, all by a blower installed in a motor truck measure can be locked at any length to prevent its rewinding

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maber, yp november, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY st Meets (Vew Problems

Side-Vision Glasses A spectacle frame whose fashion- able large bows do not obscure vision to right or left has just been invented by Dr. Ernest E. Emons,

vail of Akron, O. These bows are rafe dt attached to the tops instead of cca middles of the lens rims, giving atti dded advantage of eye-glasses ted by the a g ? barrack | er. “ “<4

Keyless Saxophone An English saxophone whose notes are varied by an easy slide instead of keys is said to be so easy to learn that one can fit himself : for band work in A Folding Boat about half an hour Two end sections of a French camper-in- yentor’s boat fold down. , Standing on end it is a f bookcase or wardrobe & teunk. Lying flat, it is a fair bed. For portage, wheels are attached, oars serving as handles. Afloat, it can mount a sail. About all you can’t do with the craft is put it in your vest pocket

Bar ae

Motor Paints Road Twenty miles an hour is the rate at which a new machine, mounted on a motorcycle side car chassis, : paints road marks. Two metal disks gage the mark Shocking by Foot and keep it even. J. G. Collins and J. Arseneaux, of Te cetead with Houston, Texas, invented the high-speed painter a pedal, which shocks ae grain; binds it and drops itin neat rows, according to its inventors, is ex- hibited by them at the right. They are F. W. Schultz, a farmer, and J.G. Holifer, a mechanic, both of Portland, Oregon

A 30-Inch Car A motor car that looks as if it had been turned on its side and then stepped on is used in the Olive View Sani- tarium, California, for all sorts of service in which it is necessary to traverse narrow walks and corridors. It was ““squeezed”’ by short- ening the drive shaft

and cutting off sec- Gas Is Made from Sawdust A fifty-cent load tions of the axles so of sawdust and that the auto now is $2.50 worth of fuel make gas in the plant shown here for only two and a half a month’s cooking and heating in a Yakima, Wash., feet wide. The chassis automobile camp of twenty houses. Sawdust and rubbish,

itself is also shortened baked in the brick oven for an hour, produces the gas

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52 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, iy November, Horse-Racing Odds Figured If the by Mechanical Bookmake | we'd , I ‘OTALIZATORS that record determine the odds and a Ube ee the winnings have been put in use a Wy t Australian and New Zealand si wou where horse racing and speculating on the ord be results is legal, as it is in some states j Blve of 1 America. The totalizators, one of w a A atnd is demonstrated in the photograph beloy Observate are mechanical calculating machine stars do whose service is somewhat like that of the celes pari-mutuel machines in use in C Nova Acc Kentucky, Maryland and elsewhere. fash of Ii machine records the money each better | peason, he has risked and the horse of his cho do the sau issuing a ticket to bind the bargain. Then jt , computes the odds, ao, Tentin Express Lanes for Motoring cording to the bes As WI determining how much A SMALL community between Los near Angeles and ae Beach, Calif., is due the winners, your com recently conducted an experiment to ing speed up through automobile traffic. Some Power! i A mile of highway was widened to | ipod billion kj. scientist, sixty feet and divided into three traffic owatt hours of| s dog ai lanes. In letters seven feet high and nu- electricity will be the company, merals fourteen feet high speed regula- total used in the United land with tions were painted on the road. States during 1927, ac. ing- his h The middle lane, for express in both cording to Department on an ice directions, required speed of thirty-five of the Interior es} “My p miles an hour or more. In one-direction mates based on the| «ito gat side lanes, for local traffic and parking, present output and on | on the ice the speed limit was twenty miles am hour. figures for last year, | yery com Although the plan proved popular, the This tremendous total ing iceber State Motor Vehicle Department stopped of electric energy, prop. | Jined tent it because of a technical conflict with the erly applied, would be | gi stove. state law; but it may eventually be gen- sufficient to hoist a ing matte erally legalized and adopted. fair-sized mountain} Where (one cubic mile of gran. Simpson | ite or basalt) a mik he has a From the paper strip the totalizator cuts off a into the air! would ke KNOW YOUR CAR Due tolonger daylight hours and warm. ticket for the race better in Australia. Then it 7 ° er weather electricity consumption drops figures his return if his horse comes in first | & IS easy enough to learn how to handle a car on dry roads. Any competent instructor can teach you. But handling a car when the roads are wet and slip- pery brings you face to face with a whole new set of prob- lems. The worst of these is that of skidding. The proper way to pull the car out of a bad skid depends on the type of skid and your success is determined by the quickness and accuracy with which you apply the remedy. Experienced drivers dread a front-wheel skid most, because when it starts there is almost nothing you can do except hope for the best. A front-wheel skid usually comes when you turn the wheels suddenly at a sharp corner and the car instead of turning goes straight ahead. Avoid this by taking the corners slowly. If the back wheels skid, take your foot off the brake and steer in the direction toward which the back wheels are sliding. You can usually stop the skid if you act quickly. Remember that medium-soft tires are not so likely to skid as tires pumped to maximum pressure. Home Heated by Sawdust AL bills may be saved by a device which makes practicable the use of sawdust as fuel, according to the producer, a Portland, Ore., hardware concern. The sawdust is poured into the tall metal can, the outlet of which is against the opening into the fire box, as shown at the right. The natural draft into the fire box draws the fuel into the furnace. A lever controls the outlet of the saw- dust container, making it larger or smaller and so varying the supply. Crusoe’s Isle an Eden OBINSON CRUSOE was more to be envied than pitied, ac- cording to Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. a recent survey of Juan Fernandez Island, on which Alexander Selkirk, the reputed original of Robinson, lived over four years, he found the island one of the most fruitful spots in South America, and said: “Every imaginable plant seems to grow there. One Frenchman was shipwrecked on the island forty years ago. He likes it so much he refuses to leave.” three percent or more in summer. Sawdust poured into this can in front of a furnace is drawn by the draft through an opening if the bottom of the can into the fire box and is burned instead of coal, thus cutting fuel-bills

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vember, 19 Figured ‘maker rd all sDponae | use at the od ting on le States in le of Which aph beloy, machj that ae nC here, ach better his choice, xd your knowledge with these new questions, chosen from hundreds readers have sent in. Correct answers are on page 145. 1. How do we know that great lakes once existed in the North American deserts? 2. What is the largest lake in the world? 3. Where is there under- ground ice all summer? 4. Where do fishermen per- suade fish to jump into boats? 5. What city is famous for guava jelly? 6. What is the lightest wood in the world? 7. What European country is partly below sea level? 8. What is a baobab tree? 9. What is the oldest city in the world? Where are many ancient cities now buried by desert sand? 10. 11. Where was the most vio- lent volcanic eruption? 12. What is the driest spot in the United States?

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54 New Phases in Aero Progress The first “air truck’’ carrying typewriters was tried success- fully recently at Curtiss Field, New York, when the Royal Type- writer Company had two cases of three machines each dropped with parachutes from a Ford all-metal monoplane. The photograph at the right shows a case being re- leased from the aircraft high in air. The box landed gently and the machines were found to be in perfect condition, although they had virtually the usual packing HE wave of popular enthusiasm for aviation, only recently awakened, has engulfed the makers of airplanes. Cincin- nati factories report twice as many or- ders for planes as they have any chance of filling in the near future, and in many other localities the situation is the same. A single order for fifty airplanes reached a Kansas City concern from a New York distributor, who expects to sell them immediately. One Lansing, Mich., manufacturer has enough orders to keep his plant working at capacity for six months. Detroit factories are rushed, and a Troy, O., concern, which will turn out 600 small airplanes this year, says it could sell 5000 if it could make them. Many are purchased by individuals or groups for pleasure, instruction, mapping and aerial photography. Students in Flying Record URING last summer, 262 ensigns of the Annapolis graduating class of 1927 flew a total of 30,302 miles in per- fect safety, according to reports just made public by the Navy Department. The flights were unmarred by forced landings or accidents of any sort. Each student obtained about seven and one third hours’ flying, and training in aerial gunnery, navigation and radio. New Air Endurance Mark Set N A Junkers all-metal monoplane, two German pilots, Johann Risticz and Cornelius Edzard, recently established a world’s record for endurance flight. Staying in the air for fifty-two hours and eleven minutes, the two airmen beat the mark of fifty-one hours set not long ago by Clarence D. Chamberlin and. Bert POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Receipt of a ship- ment of type- writers by air is shown at the Jeft Acosta in a test of the Bellanca plane that later carried Chamberlin from New York to Germany. The German airmen hope to fly their monoplane across the Atlantic in the reverse direction; storms defeated their first attempt. Air Explosion Peril Reduced LECTRIC wires that can’t cause dangerous sparks if they break will reduce the hazard of explosions on Britain’s new super-airship, which will carry one hundred passengers and a crew of fifty men. For electric lights, newly invented Here is the “hop-off” of the homemade blimp in which Anthony A. Hensler waged a fight against | death recently before he finally landed it on a marsh near Flushing, L.I. The craft, built by M.F. Hamza of Union City, N. J., has a 19-foot frame, covered with specially treated linen, containing | 15,000 cubic feet of explosive hydrogen gas, propelled by a nine-horsepower motor. Leaving Union - City, Hensler made New York, despite high wind, but over Flushing Bay he discovered gas leaking through a foot-long hole. He steered for land and reached it for a bumpy landing * November, wires of insulated aluminum are jpg in a metal sheath which if the inner y; which carries the current, breaks will confine the sparks. ’ Explosive hydrogen gas, used abroad to inflate gas bags, makes the extraoe dinary precautions necessary. In #, United States, noninflammable heliun gas is used. Red Lights to Warn Flyers UST as red lanterns warn motorists ¢ dangerous obstructions, danger signals will be used to mark radio towers, flag. poles and other menaces that might bring an airman to grief. The Army Aip Corps, the Bureau of Aeronautics, an the Department of Commerce have jug approved a standard safety program, jg which all high towers will carry flashj red lights by night. They must be paint. ed red for daylight observance. High electric wires will be marke during the day by streamers or cong hung from adjoining wires; at night, by fixed white lights. Flyer Safe in Four-Mile Fall HEN his parachute failed to open, Jean Van Leare recently fell head. long nearly four miles in France. Only three hundred feet from the ground, by some unexplained miracle, the parachute snapped open and landed Van Lear gently in a tree. Foresters found him and revived him. “I am astonished to find myself alive,” the aviator said, He was unhurt, and able to tell how he had lost control of his plane and had bee forced to jump. Instead of being dashed to pieces on the ground, as he expected, he suffered only a slight rush of blood to his head from the dizzy plunge. Mic jn the 1 with aut Four cent re exchans warship plans 0! catapul offers h Air I M; I for the: by an \ York ai & poul weight tances | Amo press a Chicag Francis livestoc valuabl Two by Re ge be planes fully Army | Chicag: ment ¢ achieve dio ord to flyin ly ackr cuted, call via toa g hotel. the pos radio t from p! wire te Vol RI

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Yovempber, CSS Te inclosed Inner yj reaks, yl ed abroaf Le extragp. l. Ih the ble helium Flyers LOtorists of 1ger signals wers, flag. hat might > Army Aip vutics, and > have just rogram, in ry flashi t onal e. e marked 3 OF Cone , night, by ile Fall d to open, r fell head. nce. Only ground, by parachute Jan Lear ‘ound him onished to ‘said, He ow he had had been ing dashed - expected, f blood to | November, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 55 Mid-Ocean Plane Stations—Avtator Delivers Packages by Parachute—Flyers in Radto Chat W methods of launching planes from warships, say American naval experts, place us five years ahead of any other nation in the matter of equipping fighting ships with aircraft. i ; Four foreign nations, according to re- cent reports, have formally offered to exchange some of their own secrets of warship design for the jealously guarded Jans of the U. S. Navy’s new revolving catapult, @ plane-launching device. Their offers have been declined. Air Express Cuts Mail Rates UCH lower than air mail rates for packages are the scheduled charges for the new air express service inaugurated by an express company. Between New York and San Francisco, the rate is $2.60 a pound, with a maximum package weight of 200 pounds. For shorter dis- tances the charge is less. Among the cities linked by the air ex- press are Boston, New York, Cleveland, Chicago, Dallas, Salt Lake City, San Francisco and Los Angeles. Explosives, livestock, acids, fragile and extremely valuable articles are refused. Two Planes Talk by Radio in Flight ADIO conversation between two air- planes has been success- fully accomplished in Army Air Corps tests at Chicago, the War Depart- ment announces. Other achievements included ra- dio orders from the ground to flying aircraft, prompt- ly acknowledged and exe- cuted, and a telephone call via radio from a plane to a guest in a Chicago hotel. The tests showed the possibilities of linking radio telephone messages from planes with the land wire telephone systems. Volume of Air Mail Leaps REAT success has attended operation of twelve contract air mail routes that span this country, according to fig- ures just made public by Postmaster 1 New. Together, they have re- cently carried more than 50,000 pounds of mail a month. During the last month recorded, ten routes carried more than 1000 pounds apiece as compared with only 1283 pounds handled in one month by all seven air mail routes operating Le Bourget Field, near Paris. By next January, the Department of erce announces, the air mail will have been extended to serve 184 cities and a total population of 24,000,000. As an aid to aviators, black-and-white and colored “strip maps” of mail airways are now being prepared. The latest form of the seadrome, or ocean sta- tion for planes, invented by E. R. Armstrong of Wilmington, Del., and previously described in Popucar Science Montnxy, is illustrated in this drawing and by the model at the right. The long, wide floor would provide space for landing and taking-off as well as building sites A balloon was converted into a dirigible re- cently in Italy by substituting for the basket an undercarriage with motor and propeller. The upper photograph shows the convert- ed aircraft in operation, while below is seen a close-up of the carriage, made just before it was attached, giving an excellent view of the mechanism for the propulsion of the queer craft ad Airplane of 2,000 Years Ago yg uaear foremost airplane collec- tion—and, in fact, the only one of its kind in this country—is that developed by the Smithsonian Institution at the National Museum, recently described in detail by Paul E. Garber of the museum. Exhibits of man’s first attempts to fly, such as the imitation bird of Archytas made more than two thousand years ago; the wing-flapping machine of Leonardo Da Vinci, early European artist and phil- osopher; one of Lilienthal’s first gliders, and the Wright brothers’ first success- ful plane, are interspersed with the latest triumphs of aeronautical engineering. The NC-4, first American plane to cross the Atlantic, and the Berliner heli- copter, representing the present develop- ment of vertical flight, are exhibited. U.S. Takes All Helium Output le the helium that a new plant at Dexter, Kansas, can turn out has been contracted for by the Federal Gov- ernment. At Fort Worth, Texas, another plant for some time has been extracting the safe, noninflammable gas for dirigibles from natural gas. More than 100,000,000 cubic yards of helium—enough to fill innumerable air- ships—is available in the United States’ still undeveloped resources, according to Dr. Hugo Eckner, Zeppelin expert. Can- ada has the only other possible supply in the world yet discovered. Upside Down Flying Record LYING upside down for ten minutes and fifty-eight seconds, a German aviator named Fisler recently established a record at the Zurich, Switzerland, flying field. Official witnesses checked the amaz- ing performance. Fisler landed soon af- ter, apparently free from dizziness.

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56 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY One Wheel Rules Power of 80,000 Horses The world’s largest hand-operated steam valve, in a New York Edison Company plant, is controlled by a device like a ship’s wheel Electric Landslide Alarms O PROTECT trains against land- slides during the mountain flood season, electric fences are to be tried out in northern California. Wherever a slide appears likely, a wire fence is to be erected and connected in an electric cir- cuit with the block signal system. If a landslide breaks the fence, the electric wires become dead and the danger signals are set along the railroad. In its first test the scheme worked perfectly. Gasoline Engine for Freight USUAL power is claimed for a new gasoline locomotive recently exhibited at Cleveland, O. It is said to pull thirty empty freight cars, or twelve loaded ones, eighteen miles in an hour, using only two gallons of gasoline in this time. Several of the twenty-ton, six- cylinder engines are now in use in one railroad’s New York yards, and two larger ones are ordered and under con- struction. Suffocating Goldfish Saved RTIFICIAL respiration, often used to revive human victims of drowning, asphyxiation or electric shock, has just saved the life of a goldfish! When Mrs. Robert Bieling, of Schenectady, N. Y., returned to her home one evening not long ago, she found one of her goldfish lying on the floor, apparently dead. Holding the tiny pet under water with one hand, she grasped it with the other just behind the gills and applied inter- mittent relief pressure. After five min- utes of this treatment the fish showed signs of life, it is said, and at the end of twenty minutes’ time it was swimming and cavorting normally. IKE the steering wheel of a ship is the control wheel that starts and stops power greater than that of 80,000 horses pull- ing together. Through this valve flows the steam for one of the gigantic 60,000-kilowatt tur- bines at the East River Station of the New York Edison Com- pany. The power controlled would be sufficient to run all the motor cars that could be packed in neat rows in twenty city blocks. The comparative size of the mechanic working on it gives some idea of the unusual dimensions of the valve, which is the largest of its type in the world. Thousands of factories are enabled by this turbine’s elec- tric power to produce all sorts of commodities for the needs and pleasures of humanity both in New York City and as far as transportation can reach. Homes also, apartment build- ings, hotels and office business blocks are lighted by its current. Kidnapped by 500-Pound Fish IVE hundred pounds of sea bass re- cently gave Captain John T. Mc- Donald, president of the National Tarpon Association, the fight of his life. He claims it is the largest game fish ever taken with hook and line. The record catch occurred when Capt. McDonald was fishing off the coast of Mississippi, and the fish, which is pictured below, hauled him miles across the Gulf of Mex- ico before it was finally landed in his boat. A 500-pound sea bass, called the biggest game fish ever hooked, and Captain John T. Mc- Donald, Tarpon Association president, its captor November, Wn ese “Plane” for Baby Aviators No any would-be child aviator cay have his own “plane”’—a toy wagon with wings and tail, that “taxis” over the ground, propeller whirling, Like a real airplane, it is steered with the feet, Pulling the handle back and forth drive the vehicle by a ratchet gear and sprocket chain connected to the single back wheel. A Montana man invented it, Biggest Telescope Too Big w= astronomers built the largest telescope in the world, at th Mount Wilson Observatory in California, they made it bigger than necessary, According to Prof. G. W. Ritchey, who designed the reflector with its hundred foot dome and its hundred-inch mirror, new discoveries show that a forty-foo dome would have been enough. Th shorter telescope, he says, would be equally effective. This would not alte the size of the huge mirror that takes th place of a lens. Another important discovery by Prof, Ritchey is that these mirrors may hk built of several separate pieces of gla instead of one huge piece. He has already made them sixty inches in diameter, and says one of thirty feet is possible! Th larger the mirror, the more powerfil is the telescope, and when the two neq discoveries are put to use we may ped into space with stronger vision. “Mechanical Man” Gets Angry LMOST human is an amazg “mechanical man” that plays ches, the invention of Leonardo Torres ¥ Quevodo, of Madrid, Spain. The lifelike machine can even detect an adversary’ cheating, and if this occurs, stop running entirely, as if disgusted at finé ing his opponent is no gentleman. Not a full game of chess is played by the automaton, the noted Spanish matician recently told the French emy of Sciences; but it works perfectly with half the usual number of chess met on the board, and responds automatically to the plays made by its human opponeal Your Inquiries Answered AMES and addresses of manulaé turers of products described # Popu.ar ScrENcE Monta y will be seit to readers on request, if stamped, addressed envelope is_ inclosed. quiries should be addressed to Inform® tion Department, PopuLar Scien Montay, 250-4th Avenue, New York Cha ROM for pa genious a chair. It that swin a firm ba restful an canvas. seat 1s C&S set up in No P. AN the Y, Accor MMe M Institute animal lif consumes — a ibilit; Should world’s e: to the 1 the only : it today, Northwes try depa food is fa ist could

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‘ember, i9y iators viator can at “taxigt ‘ling. Like h the feet, rth drives d sprocket igle back nted it, o Big he largest |, at the Jalifornia, nec : chey, who hundred. h mirror, forty-foot gh. Th would be not alter takes the "by Prof, / may be 3 of gla as already 1eter, and ble! The powerful two new may pea s Angry amazing rys chess, Torres y he lifelike lversary’s rs, stops 1 at find un. played by sh mathe ch Acade perfectly shess met matically ppponeal, ered manulae ribed it ll be - 4 Informe Scrence .w York the Chair Folds into Package ROM a flat parcel of convenient size for packing or storing unfolds this in- genious and comfortable new collapsible chair. Its “legs” are tubular metal rods that swing outward and down to provide a firm base; the seat tilts backward to a restful angle. Arms, seat and back are of canvas. Light in weight, the portable seat is easily carried wherever needed and set up in a jiffy. No Peril of World Starving ‘AN uses only one two-hundredth of the earth’s total yearly food sup- ply, according to a recent estimate by Dr. John M. Arthur, of the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. All other animal life, big and small, taken together consumes only six times this amount, leaving @ huge surplus that makes the possibility of world famine seem remote. Should some catastrophe blight the world’s entire crops, chemists would turn to the manufacture of synthetic food; the only reason they are not making it today, according to the head of Northwestern University’s chemis- try department, is that vegetable food is far cheaper than any a chem- ist could make. When food is scarce enough, and consequently — high- pried, we may have “laboratory- made” instead of “‘home-made”’ ap- ple pie. Meanwhile, the German chemist Haber’s discovery of a way to secure nitrogen for fertilizer from the air has assured adequate agricul- tural food production. Snake Myths Spiked “DLANT repellents” of snakes are a myth, says the Biological Sur- vey. No North American plants drive away serpents by virtue of odor or other cause. The belief that a rattlesnake will not cross a horsehair rope is also scouted. Milk Sold by the Chunk [* SIBERIA’S frigid climate . people 4 buy milk solidified and, for conven- lnece, let it freeze around a stick that serves as a handle to carry it. “Don’t break the milk,” parents of Irkutsk ad- monish children; but broken milk is eas- let to pick up than spilt milk. The milk- man leaves one or two chunks daily at home of a customer. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 Removing the Dust from Industry ” USTY industries,’ those which involve treatment of various substances in pow- dered form in quantities—such, for instance, as the grinding and pulverizing of minerals and the making of such pulverized min- erals into commodities—are said to be made over by a new sys- tem of air purifying that re- moves the objectionable parti- cles before they damage the workers’ health or escape into the outside air to trouble near- by residents. Special apparatus circulates the dust-laden air through filters that remove the fine powder and return the air fresh and pure. At a Birmingham, Ala., rock grinding mill the new system made it possible, probably for the first time in history, to place electric motors and even their delicate electric controls in the same room with the grinders which are the source of the dust menace. Now the same plant is planning to surround its mill with grass plots and flower beds, hitherto made impossible by the escape of quantities of thick dust into the outside air. Sun Just Starting OR a hundred and fifty bil- lion years the sun will con- tinue to supply us with heat and light, according to Charles Nordmann, French astronomer. He bases his calculations on latest discoveries of the atom’s construc- tion. This refutes the old idea that the sun would burn out in ten mil- lion years’ time at the most. Through a hose, the nozzle of which is attached to the end of a pole, compressed air blows paint in a hurry over inaccessible areas, as shown above In this rock-grinding plant tubular pipes draw dust- laden air up from the grinders at the base into the large filters above, which keep the dust and return the air pure A Paint Gun on a Pole A PAINT gun on a pole is the latest arrangement to apply a protective covering at high speed to freight cars, ships, high walls or ceilings that are hard to reach with ordinary equipment. By compressed air, controlled through a han- dle at the base of the pole, the paint is sprayed on in a jiffy, as shown in the illus- tration at the left, with the greatest econ- omy of time. Cats and Dogs Color Blind ATS live in a gray world. So do dogs, and raccoons. All are color blind, says Prof. F. M. Gregg, of Nebraska Wesleyan University; who tried to teach them to come for meals by colored sig- nals. He succeeded; but he found that when gray signals of equal strength were substituted, the animals behaved in the same way. 70,000 Homemade Movies OW 70,000 amateur photographers in America are making their own movies, according to a recent estimate. How the homemade films rival the popu- larity of the old family albums of photo- graphs is shown by the fact that fifteen hundred amateurs are enrolled in a New York City cinema league that publishes a magazine. Twelve thousand read it. In New Haven, Conn., amateurs filmed Fielding’s “Tom Jones.”’ A group in Or- ange, N. J., tackled a full scenario. From such work by amateurs new ideals of ar- tistic photography may develop.

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58 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, igp Pictures from. the November, |

me 4 Operating on a Dragon I= the London Zoo’s reptile thou New TelevisionIdea recently this eight-foot East Ind Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson, lizard, called ‘‘dragon,’’ was operated on fora mouth infection, television pioneer, shows a is seen gagged by a rule thrust into his mouth, lest he bite the doctor model of a device to re- ceive scenes sent by radio and project them on a screen by means of seven beams of light. Instead of mirrors, as in previous models of his system, this machine would direct the light rays with a prism

H ae Catalini, pedals at high speed around the rim of a revol rages * turntable. The table, operated by an electric motor, t - 4 seer in various directions while the audience watches breathles

RAY,

A Pontoon Crane The largest floating crane in the world, recently completed in Italy to aid in building the new docks at Bari, moves 350-ton blocks from its own pontoon to their places on the shore. Great economies have been accomplished by this method of building on the land from the water . ive This is Super-Locomotive 3". it of a family of fifty new locomotives ordered by the Canadian National Railways, which are called the great- est engines in the world. It weighs 326 tons, is ninety-four feet six inches long, has 250 pounds steam pressure to the square inch and develops more OCD , a £3 Stee he. than thirty-two hundred horsepower : -

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xorember, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY World’s Scrapbook 59 Official Candy Eater The nicest job in the world for a girl isthat of Miss Catherine Carabine, who sorts and tests candy for the U.S. Department of Commerce in a national survey of the confectionery industry. Here the nation’s professional “sweet tooth” is seen hard at work on samples which have just come to her desk in Washington. Don’t you envy her? ‘fo. i The Schermuly Life Saving Rocket life-saving rocket, with which British merchant ships have been equipped, is here being tested by Members of Parliament, one of whom, A. G. Ammon, is about to fire it. The rocket, discharged froma big pistol, carries a rope to a drowning man or toaship in peril. With this rope a larger one may be drawn to the vessel and thus rescues by breeches buoy accomplished easily and quickly 4 mee ‘ 3 s > Ship Flirts with Iceberg The U.S. Cutter Modoc, on patrol duty, has little fear of icebergs, and in this picture ~ | seems to be ramming or rubbing noses with one. Actually, the prow is a safe ee % ; distance behind the berg. This deceptive photograph was taken recently from j eg e. one of the Modoc’s gigs. Seven eighths of the berg in the picture is submerged gee es Poe, : pe 2g die v 4 rag ae m ' * ie gees r z# B Stas sss | | = $2, bs hoe pyre ae . Po et, 3 Pd : ; te — : Autos Play Leapfro Hurdling one motor car with another is Largest Mobile Gun The largest piece of mobile artil- y ES en eet wits hid Ot Mercui, Belgian lery in the world is the 14-inch dare-devil, entertains thrill-seeking throngs. In the jump photographed, made in a run off a short ramp, the driver rose more than six feet and the length of his leap was more than sixty-five feet. The machines used are specially built for the purpose. The hard landing after flight would smash to bits most ordinary automobiles used in passenger service gun, mounted on a railroad truck, that is part of the Los Angeles bor defense. Below are seen the projectiles which it can hurl thirty miles. In recent tests this military “loudspeaker” fired at targets that were located more than fifteen miles out at sea

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sl ets asemas Byrd’s plane cost $80,000, but you can get one for yourself for the cost of a good car HY do most airplanes V \ have “‘tail skids,” in- stead of wheels, at the back—and why don’t these drag and cause trouble? In landing, the tail skid acts both as a shock absorber and a brake. It takes up some of the jolt and helps drag the craft to a quick stop. Many tail skids have adjustable hooks that dig into the ground and exert a strong braking force. When the plane begins to take-off, however, its tail immediately goes into the air and does not drag. Why can’t a plane come down in a fog? IRPLANES must land while flying at fifty to a hundred miles an hour. At this velocity it would be almost certainly fatal to graze an invisible earth, perhaps covered with trees and rocks. What is an airplane’s “‘cruising radius’? The total distance in miles an airplane can fly on its gasoline supply. Unavoid- able deviations from its course make the straight-line mileage a plane can safely attempt less than its cruising radius. How far has long-distance flying ad- vanced in twenty-four years? The nonstop record made by Wright in 1903 was 852 feet; that of Chamberlin, in 1927, was 3,905 miles. Have airplanes any practical value, aside from military and air mail use? URSUING smugglers’ airplanes and observing eclipses are among the 156 uses reported in the October PopuLar Scrence Montuiy. Only thirty-two of these uses are classed as military; others are agricultural, municipal, commercial and scientific. How much does an airplane cost? The huge tri-motored Fokker mono- plane Commander Byrd used on his trans- Atlantic flight costs about $80,000. Lindbergh’s Ryan monoplane cost $18,000 and Chamberlin’s Bellanca, $25,000. Your Avia POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Private flying craft may be bought from $2,000 up, starting at about the price of a good automobile. What do airmen mean when they speak of (1) “the gun’? (2) a eye ee Why airplanes can’t land in fog. For the reason that it obscures the ground and aviators cannot risk wrecking craft on rocky or wooded terrain “rubber cow’? and (3) “zooming’’? (1) The gas throttle; an aviator “gives her the gun,” as a motorist “‘steps on the gas.” (2) A balloon or dirigible. (3) Climbing sharply upward and then descending; a pilot “‘zooms” over an obstacle. Could a land plane, falling into the sea, take off again if the motors were un- damaged? O. Its wings dragging in the water, a land plane could not gather enough speed to fly and would speedily sink. How are airplane’ height records meas- ured? ° By reduced air pressure, as recorded by Spraying a field by airplane with chem- icals to destroy pests that menace crops —one of the hundred and fifty-six re- eorded uses of aircraft that range over varied fields of war, science, agriculture, commerce and municipal maintenance tion Questions — What Will My Plane Cost MeP—Why Can’t Flyers t Land in Fog?— Why Don’t Tail Skids Drag in Taking Off?— These and Many Other Queries Answered November, ie Fin a sealed barometer. This pressure & creases fairly steadily with increasing height; and on this fact the Federatiog Aeronautique Internationale, world a] j ouble. biter of air records, has established , eats standard formula for computing altitud . h fas from the barometer reading ovfividu Similar barometers, sealed befon} | lific: a nonstop distance flight atte oh an reveal whether the pilot landed hole n route. sch ma Could an airplane run by stean ping be instead of by a gasoline motor complet y= provided an efficies: means & enough steam engine couif ise the be found. copper ¥ In a_ heavier-than-air cral Pen shiel every ounce of excess weight maf gortu be discarded. Modern gasolix are now motors best fulfill the necessay§ cined e compromise between great powe Pheer and. light weight; but designesg |, per ill may adapt a steam engine tp The c airplanes. Fuel oil or gasolix are gr00 would probably be used. instealf ine side of coal as both have a hight} 7, top heating value per pound. The load df crows { water required for steam would be a dif omer p advantage. aluminu However, a New Jersey inventor if oondens now planning an eight-ton airplane fori} 4.9 you proposed trans-Atlantic flight attemp} 1. the driven by two steam turbines. you fol because exactly 1 is easy t Can modern planes fly in storms? ODAY’S pilot need fear only tk most severe storms; and these heat generally ride around. One of the outstant ing lessons of Byrd’s historic flight we that we have learned to build planes thi will fly through the worst of storms. Onh fog remains as a landing danger; and ts calls for improved guiding beacons ai instruments, rather than better planes, What has become of the helicoplt, thought by many to bel ultimate form of airplait due to its direct flight? Since January, 19%, U. S. Patent rere granted inventors tw Sainent three patents on helicoptes} j4;. y, 85 WAR! GHT, (90 e A bindi CHAMBERLIN, I 5 this con ~ — 3905 MILE —— The advance of twenty-four years in nonstop tance flight. What will the next twenty-four

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ressure de inCreag; Federatioy , World ap. tablished g ing —_ r read; -aled belo ht atte rt landed ey un by steam ue motor? in efficient igine could 1-air craff veight mus, rn gasoline e necessary zreat powe novemnbe 1927 ALF-HEARTED attempts at shielding a radio re- ceiver usually get the ama- teur radio constructor into trouble. Shielding, to be effective, must be carried out in a very thor- ough fashion. This means that each individual stage of radio-frequency amplification should be surrounded with an unbroken metal wall. Even a hole no larger than a quarter of an inch may result in undesirable cou- pling between stages. The home construction of such complete shields out of sheet metal means @ lot of work, especially if you for shielding purposes. upper illustration on this page. rs twenty helicoptes | GHT, 190 Lt j [ae a i a 7. re3] re nonstop & yse the heavy gage aluminum, brass or copper which have proven most effective fortunately, several types of “cans” are now to be found on the market, signed especially for radio shielding. One of these prepared shields is shown in the de- The corner pieces are quite heavy and are grooved so that the plates that form the sides are slipped into these grooves. The top and bottom are held on by small screws turned into tapped holes in the corner pieces. The material is heavy sheet aluminum. No holes are provided for condenser wires. These you will have to drill yourself to fit the parts you use in- side the shield and the wiring diagram is easy to drill. Queer Sources of Hum you follow. This is good arrangement because it permits you to have the holes exactly where you want them. Aluminum METIMES a high-grade B-battery eliminator gets blamed for a bad hum when the eliminator is not at fault. Ai. most any type of B-eliminator will pro- duce a bad hum if it is not properly grounded. In most cases the necessary grounding is effected when you connect the-minus B wire from the radio receiver to the B-eliminatar, but some receivers are wired in such a way that the filament cireuit of the receiver is not connected to the ground wire of the set. And while the B-minus wire is always connected to the filament circuit, with a receiver wired in this way the B-eliminator is not properly grounded. The remedy is simple. Merely connect wire between either the plus or minus A binding post on the receiver and the filament circuit § ground binding post. Before putting in this connection, however, make sure that is not already grounded. You can do this by connecting 4two-candlepower six-volt auto bulb be- tween first the minus 4 binding post and the ground post and then the plus A bind- ing post and the ground. If the bulb POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A sheet aluminum “can” to prevent - coupling between stages. Top and bottom are screwed to the corner pieces A new resistance unit. A fiber strip wound with enam- eled resistance wire, the enamel scraped off where contacts touch wire lights in either case, the filament circuit is already grounded and the hum is caused in some other way. Automatic relay switches often are an unsuspected source of hum. In these de- vices the current that supplies the fila- ments of your vacuum tubes is carried through the windings of the magnet that operates the relay. The alternating cur- rent used to operate the B-eliminator also A B C’s of Radio FREQUENTLY poor tone quality in a radio receiver is due to a defective detector tube or a good tube working under the wrong con- ditions. The value of the grid leak is important. If the resistance is too high the tube will distort on any loud signal, although it will be some- what more sensitive on weak sig- nals. Operating the detector tube with the filament below normal brilliance also causes distortion. The detector B voltage should not be too high or too low. Try raising and lowering it to make sure it is right for the tube you are using. The detector tube is very critical to poor filament contacts. If the socket springs do not make per- fect contact with the tube prongs considerable noise will be produced that sounds much like static. No matter what kind of set you have, if several 201A type tubes are available, try each one as a detector, because tubes vary slightly in the tone quality they produce. 61 Making Beginners Radto-W ise How to Shield Your Receiver Fine Points in Eliminating Hum—New Resistance Unit flows through wires and contacts close to the magnet, and the manufacturers of these relays apparently have given no thought to the fact that unless guarded against, there is bound to be magnetic coupling between these two circuits with a severe hum as a result. If you suspect your relay, try plugging the eliminator directly into the light socket and if the hum disappears you can be sure that it was caused by a poorly designed switch. Placing the eliminator too near the radio re- ceiver often causes a hum. [If you can’t locate the trouble anywhere else, try moving the eliminator sev- eral feet away from the receiver. Useful Resistance ESISTANCE, electrically speaking, is that property of an electric conductor which retards or decreases the flow of electric current. In many parts of a radio circuit resistance is detrimental and results in broad tuning, but there are many places in the radio receiver and its accessories where resistance is absolutely necessary. The value of a resistance for radio use depends on its accuracy and also on whether the resistance will remain a fixed quantity over a long period of time. In addition, the value of a resist- ance is determined in many cases by its ability to carry heavy currents without undue heating or changing in value. The growth of radio has created a demand for many types of resistance not previously in use in any other branch of electrical work. The resistances used in B-battery eliminators are of this type. They must stand up under high voltage and heavy loads, yet must be compact and of per- manent resistance value. The lower illustration on this page shows a new type of wire-wound resist- ance especially designed for use in con- trolling the voltages of B-eliminators. Fiber strips are wound with enameled re- sistance wire and the enamel is scraped off along one edge so that the movable contacts touch the bare wire. Resistances designed for use in B-elim- inators should possess high resistance combined with high current-carrying capacity. It is easy enough to obtain any desired high resistance for use with feeble currents but when heavy currents are passed the heat generated affects the value of the resistance and ruins it unless it is designed to carry the load. murs Seq - eee

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62 All About Single Dial Contro| Things Y ou Must Know to Operate a Set with This Feature or to Build Y our Own INGLE dial tuning control is a feature of all the new radio re- ceivers this season. Practically every model has it. So if you buy a complete receiver or build one you will want to follow the prevailing style and have a single dial to control all the tuned stages. At first glance, the problem of con- structing a single dial receiver seems simple enough. All you need do, appar- ently, is to mount all the tuning con- densers on one shaft, and put a dial on the end of it. But it isn’t as simple as that. The radio set manufacturers and amateur builders have encountered many difficulties both electrical and mechanical. Whether you buy or build a single dial control set, you will find it worth while to know what these problems are and how they have been overcome. The knowledge will help you to oper- ate a factory-built set and take care of it in such a way that it will continue to give as good service as when new. And if you contemplate building a re- ceiver of this type you will want to know how to avoid the pitfalls that lie in your path. IFFICULTIES with single dial control are either of a mechanical or of an electrical nature. The principal mechanical problem is in building the several condensers and coils so precisely alike that they will tune to the same station when the plates of the condensers are set at the same angle. If there is an appreciable differ- ence between the various condensers, for instance, you may find that the set does not tune accurately. There will be no exaet point at which any station can be found. The broadcasting may be re- ceived equally well over a space of two or three degrees on the dial even for a weak station. When this condition is POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By JOHN CARR particular obstacle is to use several stages of radio-frequency amplification designed in such a way that each individual stage tunes rather broadly so that slight errors in any one stage will not make much difference. Receivers properly built ac- cording to this method give good results for selectivity because of the cumulative effect of the many stages of radio-fre- quency amplification. A third method of overcoming lack of synchronism between the various stages is worked out in various types of re- ceivers fitted with what is known as drum ~ A novel triple condenser for the amateur builder. mounts with the shaft parallel to the panel to take ad- vantage of the drum control. It A screw driver adjusted vernier condenser is built into each part for synchronizing control. In these sets a revolving drum set edgewise to the panel is used instead of a dial parallel to it. With this con- struction it is simple to arrange two or three drums side by side. For tuning local stations and finding the more powerful distant ones, the three drums are turned by the fingers as a single unit and then fine adjustments are made by turning each drum separately. This November, iy arrangement gives you most of the af. vantages of the true single dial conty and simplifies the problem of the mercial or amateur builder of the receive, If you buy a modern receiver equi i with single dial control you may not by interested in just how the maker solve the problem of synchronizing varioy stages of tuned radio-frequency amplif. cation, but you will want to know wh treatment on your part is likely to throy the set out of adjustment and so decreag its ability to bring in distant stations and perhaps spoil the tone quality as well, IKE any other piece of a adjusted machinery, your sing dial control receiver is particulary susceptible to severe jars and bumps, It is quite possible to spoil the sy, chronism of the tuning control just by allowing the set to slam down on the table when you move it from om place to another. And if your set ha been shipped to you from the f. there is a possibility that it has bee severely jarred during transit. How ever, manufacturers guard agains this possibility by packing receivers in fiber cases specially designed to resist shock. And consequently if the wr ceiver has received a jar durig transit sufficient to damage it, th marks of the accident undoubtedy will show on the outside of the pack age. Rough handling of the tung control often will cause trouble, b sure to handle the control knob car fully. It is occasionally desirable to dust out the inside of a radio receiver. If yourst is of the fully shielded type there isnt much chance for trouble, but if the tu ing condensers are exposed, be extremely careful that you do not strike the plate with your hand or the cleaning inst ment. One bent plate ma very bad there may be two or more distinct points close to- gether where the station seems to be received with maximum volume. Of course, the same conditions can exist if the tun- ing coils are not alike. One way in which this trouble can be overcome is to use small vernier condensers for the fine tuning and depend on the main dial only to locate the station. Some manufacturers resort to this practice and amateur set builders also find it a simple way to compensate for lack of uniformity in the various parts or in the wiring. Another way around this = 7 PP Pp Watch These Seven Points: Buy only an approved type of single dial control receiver. Make sure that it has not been damaged in transit. Handle the controls as carefully as possible. Avoid odd tubes in the radio-frequency stages. Follow the manu facturer’s recommenda- tions on tubes. Never allow the receiver to be subjected to rough handling. Do not tinker with or make any changes in the tuning mechanism. change the tuning of thi particular stage sufficiently spoil the accurate tuning quak ities of your receiver. These, of course, are mecha ical points that will appeat somewhat obvious to you if yo are mechanically inclined, be cause you will realize the im portance of taking proper cat of a mechanism as fine as modern radio receiver. Dit there is an electrical effect thi has caused much trouble i owners of single dial sets.’ Tt# the variation in electrical @ pacity between different mak of radio tubes. The elements! the tube are part of the tunel Norembe circuit amplifi of diffe the var Jength 1 or two. This to use make 1 our an how 8 judged probabl and per entire | well to facture! to the receivel Thes points f you pu single ‘ ceiver. one for problen synchro HE con the firs! that is « antenna as the handled individ already always lower p stages, { greater in other Also, effect b length « larger 1 antenna There trouble. the tun first to separate Another vacuum antenna tuned st no effec method mend it tubes hs figure a problem trickle « cuit anc B poten AS I (h be tional t: with ex a @1A and ar ent other tu connect:

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vember, iy rol of the ad. lial contrg the com. he receiver, 44 equipped nay not be uker solve ng Various cy amplif. know what ly to throy SO decrease nt stations lity as well, acc your singk arlicularly nd bumps, il the syn. trol just by wn on the from on our set has the factory t has been sit. Hor. d= agains he tuning uble. Be nob care o dust out If your st there isnt if the tur extremely the plate ng instre late may of that ciently t ning quak e mecha ll appear you if you lined, be e the im roper cart ne as th ver. Bil ffect th ouble fi sets. Tt trical ont ‘ ements the t Norember, 1927 - uit of each stage of radio-frequency jification, and if, for instance, you a tube in the set with a new one of different capacity, the tuning point for the variable condenser on any given wave length may be shifted as much as a degree or two. ee ‘ This means that it is vitally important to use standard tubes all of the same make in every radio-frequency stage of our amplifier. One odd tube, no matter i good it may be when udged on its own merits, robably will upset the tuning and perhaps the balance of the entire receiver. You will do well to follow the set manu- facturer’s recommendations as to the proper tubes for your receiver. ; These are the important points for you to remember if you purchase a factory-built single dial control radio re- ceiver. If you start in to build one for yourself your principal robllem will be to get it synchronized. HE first difficulty to over- come is that of making the first tuned stage, the one that is directly coupled to the antenna circuit, tune the same as the following stages. If you have handled the conventional receiver with individual controls for each stage, you already have noticed that the first dial always seems to tune-in stations at a lower point on the dial than the other stages, and that this difference is much greater at the shorter wave lengths, or in other words near the lower end of the dial. Also, you may have noted that this eflect becomes more pronounced if the length of the antenna is increased or a larger number of turns are used in the antenna coil in the receiver. There are two ways to get rid of this trouble. One is to connect all the tuned stages except the first to one dial and use a separate dial for the first stage. Another is to use an extra vacuum tube to isolate the antenna circuit from the first tuned stage so that it can have no effect on it. The latter method has much to recom- mend it, now that the cost of tubes has come down to a low figure and the current supply problem is taken care of by trickle chargers for the A cir- cuit and B-eliminators for the B potential. N ISOLATING tube can (A be added to any conven- tional type of wiring diagram with extra apparatus except 4 201A type tube, a socket, a rheostat and a radio-frequency choke coil. The ent circuit is wired up like the other tubes in the set. The antenna is connected directly to the grid terminal of the tube socket. The coil that, in the orginal diagram, was connected to the antenna and ground is now connected to the plate terminal of the tube and to the wire from the B-batteries or B-eliminator POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY that also serves the rest of the radio- frequency amplifier stages. Connect choke coil between antenna and ground. Make sure that the filament circuit is grounded. No additional amplification can be ex- pected from the extra tube on normal antennas, but you may notice a slight increase in signal strength on short out- door antennas and indoor antennas. You will find it worth while to buy factory-wound tuning coils rather than One of the latest factory-built single dial control receivers has the dial mounted on a vertical shaft. with the beveled and numbered edge pro- truding through the panel. The operating knob is mounted below it to make them yourself for use in con- structing a single dial control receiver because it is extremely difficult to wind several coils in the home workshop that will tune precisely alike. Only high grade, matched variable condensers should be used, and if the condensers are fitted with a means for varying the capacity slightly to match the circuits to each other after you have completed the whole receiver, so mu¢h the better. If the condensers have no such micrometer arrangements for bal- ancing, you will find it worth while to fit a midget condenser in parallel with each full-sized tuning condenser. These smaller Here is the working mechanism of a new receiver with five tuned stages controlled by a single dial. The connecting rod and lever arrangement that couples all tuning condensers to the common control shows clearly condensers, however, need “not be mounted on the front panel if you expect to use them only for synchronization. While the radio manufacturers are in a position to build special link motions to couple all the tuning condensers to the same dial, this method is not recom- mended for the amateur builder unless he is an expert mechanic. A beautiful example of this method of coupling the 63 various condensers is shown in one of the illustrations, and it is easy to see how accurate the workmanship must be to give satisfactory results. If you are building a single dial control set, use either a gang condenser with all the individual condensers built into a single unit on the same shaft or else use individual condensers and couple the shafts end to end to a drum or dial control, depending on arrangement. Great care must be taken with the arrangement of the apparatus and with the wiring. Try to have all the parts that constitute each stage of radio- frequency amplification ar- ranged in exactly the same way so that the wiring of each stage will be a sort of a rubber stamp repetition of the other stages. Of course all the condensers should be of exactly the same make and size. Even the sockets should be of the same type and make. The more stages of radio- frequency amplification you * attempt to control by the same 2 dial, the more difficult it will be to get them properly synchronized, and with a multistage outfit one of the principal obstacles will be to know when the synchronization actually. has been accomplished. Among many stages, one may be several degrees out without the over-all tuning being affected to a very noticeable degree, although of course there will be falling off in sensitiveness and also in selectivity. 7 THERE are several powerful sta- tions near by, you can use the signals re- ceived from these stations to help you synchronize the set. Select a low-wave station and tune it in to maximum volume. Then turn down the volume control until the signal is quite weak and see how much you can increase it by changing the setting of the small vernier condensers if they are part of the circuit. If there are no small synchroniz- ing condensers, you may find it possible to loosen the con- densers from the control shaft sufficiently to turn them indi- vidually. Repeat the process on a high-wave station. A single dial control re- ceiver in which each stage of radio-frequency amplification is completely shielded has some features that recom- mend it. Because the tuning coils are shielded, they can be placed in exactly the same position for each stage, and this means that the grid and grid return wires are all of uniform length and in the same relative positions, Furthermore, the complete shielding helps to prevent stray capacity effects which might change the tuning of one or more stages. Remember, also, that add- ing stages of radio-frequency amplifica- tion beyond one or two means additional difficulties in electrical balancing to pre- vent oscillation.

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64 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, 19 ew Devices to Aid \ An end of loose and rattling door knobs is promised by a new spindle, which, instead of y being round, has long grooves . or angles, which firmly grip the set screws that fasten the knobs. They are easily in- stalled and last a lifetime A business-like way to extract orange and other fruit juices. Press the halves against the reamer in the upper part, which you turn once and a half by the crank on the outside. The juice falls through a strainer in the bottom of the device into the cup below. The machine screws to a kitchen wall. The reamer is removable for most effective cleaning A kitchen cabinet that brings the electric stove as near as you could wish to the materials you cook with it is here shown in use. This latest space- saving range sets atop the white enamel cabinet, which has cupboard and drawers and a mixing and general work board that pulls out On the order of an office pencil sharpener is a new German fruit parer, which you attach to the kitchen table at preserving time. . Put the fruit in position by running the shaft through its core. Then turn and the cutting mechanism removes the skin more speedily and more uniformly than the hand equipped with the old fashioned paring knife and with no danger of cut fingers One of several new designs of tea strainers avoids all danger of spattering by having the tea drop through wire mesh into a cup below, which is equipped with a spout for pouring into the teacup. The spout cup can be easily removed to clean Stainless egg spoons are among the latest devices to reduce the worries of housewives. Looking like silver and artistically de- signed, they are made of a metal alloy that does not tarnish. They wash instantly and require no polishing nor scouring ~ This porcelain disk, placed in the bottom of the cooking utensil, is declared to product the effect of stirring and prevent burning of milk, cocoa and other liquids. A spiral groove on the side that rests against the bottom, starts in the center and ends in @ hole at the edge. Vapor formed in the groove keeps moving out, the liquid with it, forming a stirring effect, and a jet bubbles —- to the top, constantly agitating the liquid Fresh bread and light sponge cake have always been difficult to cut, even with the sharpest knife. Here is an invention that is said to over- come the difficulty. While the entire bottom edge of the blade is sharp, so are the edges of the slots cut in it. Thus you have a series of knives in one, and the cutting power of the clever device is said to be greatly increased . ft E ies... Adjust to tie Hence Teach teeth, plain | the ur by der brush. brushe

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY rember, iy Norember, 1927 65 id Housewife in Her I Press the plunger at the end of this fork for serving olives, pickles or vegetables and the other end of the plunger moves down the de- vice which pushes the article off the tines—a much daintier and almost as simple a method as that of using the fingers to lift off the delicacy or scraping it off on the edge of the plate, letting it drop Notes for the milkman will not get lost when left in this milk bottle cap, whose in- ventor has just obtained a patent. Coins also can go between the two paper disks, which are fastened with a rubber band and fit into the neck of the receptacle. The band holds the _ device securely in its position i ~upboard Washing windows on the outside is made simple and safe by yulls out a novel “window insert’”’ which consists of a hinged frame for one pane in the sash. Opening this pane gives access to its outside and those of the other panes. Necessity of removing screens is obviated. The insert also permits ventilation of the room without the need of opening the entire window wt ARES Another of the new tea strainers which add a dainty charm to a luncheon. The arrangement, in the form of a hinged circle, fits over the cup. Set it on its side after the tea is poured and the hinge lets the strainer part tilt, emptying out the leaves Here is a needle case of glass, whose metal core is ribbed, making compartments for needles of various sizes. One end cap with a small hole rotates to let the hole form an outlet for the needle desired. A pointer indicates the size. Another end cap fits on the case when not in use. It protects the needles from rust Spoon and fork are combined in the unique utensil below, whose capacious bowl is ex- tended into three prongs. Vegetables can be stirred and = with the same instrument ' those that are done can be | y* speared and taken out, con- * veniently leaving the oth- ers to continue boiling ~~ The ratchet device on this improved Adjustable to any position with relation clothesline reel for kitchen or back yard to the handle is this new toothbrush. Hence it is said to enable the operator to teach every corner and crevice of the teeth, outside and inside, as well as the Plain open surfaces. It also makes easy the up-and-down brushing, recommended by dentists and difficult with the ordinary " A twist alters the position. New brushes can be had to fit the old handle enables one to raise, lower, loosen or tighten the line without props. The ratchet holds it exactly as wished. The 100 feet of line is protected when not in use by the metal shell and can be re- placed when worn out. Hang the clothes on a low line, then turn the crank and raise them to any height desired

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Sam Loyd’s Mental Gymnasium Puzzles to Polish Your Wits Six Tests of Speed and Accuracy in Thinking UZZLES that are distinctive and of actual value, because they not only provide entertainment but exercise and train the mind to think straight and fast, are presented here each month by Sam Loyd, the world’s most famous puzzle maker. Test your capabilities with these problems. Record the time you require. Then turn to page 144 for your rating in speed and accuracy. BR Xss DK A Rebus Remedy “THE medicine that you need,” said the old medico to his friend who had been burning the candle at both ends, “‘is a blunt warning. Just concentrate on this prescription, and the labor of de- ciphering it will help to impress upon your mind the errors that have led to your condition.” See if you can translate the doctor's advice. It is given on page 144 with the time within which you should decipher it in order to get a good rating. A Puzzling Key Ring “@OMEBODY has been meddling with my keys again,’ complained John the janitor as he scrutinized his ring of keys on the wall. “That fellow thought he was clever, too,” mused John, “for he left the keys as I had them, in three groups. But he was not smart enough to notice that the number of my first group multiplied by the middle number would produce the number of the other group.” Who can mentally shift these keys around so that they will form ~~ an arrangement of three groups which will conform to the descrip- tion as given by the janitor? If you can do so within the time given with the answer on page 144 you are clever enough at figures to - go to the head of the class. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY What Was the Age of Fido? IG sister’s beau and brother Johnny were discussing the family dog when, in response to an inquiry as to the animal’s age, Johnny vouchsafed the following rather puzzling information: “I don’t know, but five years ago sister said she was four times older than Fido, and this morning she said she was only three times as old.” Charlie Slowpop is anxious to know Fido’s age. Who can tell him? The answer with the time allowed to find it is given on page 144. Trading Livestock HREE drovers met on the highway and proceeded to dicker as follows: Said Hank to Jim: “I'll give you six pigs for a hoss; then you'll have twice as many critters in your drove as I will have in mine.” Said Duke to Hank: “T’ll give you fourteen sheep for a hoss; then you'll have three times as many critters as I.” Said Jim to Duke: “T’'ll give you four cows for a hoss; then you'll have six times as many critters as I.” Who can tell just how many animals there were in each of the three droves? The answer to this simple problem and the time for solving it are on page 144, November, in A Test for Nimble Wits “PERE is a little chain that I ug shackle fellows who give off- opinions without thinking,” said ¢ automobile mechanic. “You see it jg, continuous piece of thirty links, and th proposition I put to the man whos ingenuity I am trying out is something like this: “How much will it cost to have thy chain cut into six pieces of five links assuming that the job will cost on th basis of ten cents for cutting through, link and fifteen cents for soldering th link together again. If I can buy g five-link pieces new at twenty-five cen each, will it pay to have this chain up? Which is the more economical inves; ment? Better not give snap judgment figure it over a bit.” " The man’s little poser, illustrated belo is a tryout of one’s capacity for origni investigation rather than an arithmetiel exercise. See if you can catch the pou and figure it out. Then turn to page I where the correct answer and the tim limit for the solution are given. . 4 f mene N Tx x —_ — a) » ae - 4 Se y= 4 L. _ « > a = ~ = > 2 | 8 / om _ 7 4 7 A Mystifying Race pe nate and Sport, a cat and a dq who preferred to test their superiority by athletic prowess rather than by tk ordinary cat-and-dog warfare methok ran a race from a tree to a stake and back, a distance of seventy-five yards. Spot sprang five feet at one bound and tk cat only three feet; but then Tabby mak five springs to Sport’s three; so whit should be the result of the race? Now, in answering that question dont jump at conclusions. Remember, Tably and Sport made only full-length jump and springs, and maintained their resp tive gaits throughout the race. The rouil trip between tree and stake was e seventy-five yards. To prove astuteness in mat matical deduction, answer question in the time given on pif 144, where the solution also will found. Another page of Sam Loy . puzzles to test your mental abl ‘\ ties will appear in next mont issue of the magazine. = \ « AM made Ed X time frien meet, “2 house. well, but Sue drop sdi-mad ir of tv PecWhat criticize?” “Ob, according biggest} have no s A lot gone to nobody — and dow! trunk or furniture would b just nati § Ww noe sions to | no stairs. takes, 11 “ UT reli 4 tricks in # other da You sai visit. Y when sh about it. Ed ii return hi and ask seen any self-mad “You replied “But Ib furniture I would things i only hac “Put Sue,” ad hold of from a ¢ didn’t n pull dov The b to her a: ceiling 0 to the fl. a stairc pes rigi light Si ea

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ovember, Wp Wits at I usey re off-hanj Said th ks, and th nan Whog Something have links al Ost on th through, dering th in buy sy -five centy Chain cxf ical inves judgment ated beloy; or origing rithmetied 1 the point > page 14, | the tim en. und a do November, 1927 “T AM one of those self- made architects,” said Ed Martin to an old- time friend he happened io meet, “and I planned our , It suits me pretty well, but every little while Sye drops @ remark that self-made and alibi are a ir of twins.” “What does your wife . icize?” nO, this and that, secording to season. Her biggest knock is that we have no stairs to the attic. A lot of storage room gone to waste, because nobody wants to go up and down a ladder with a trunk or a back-load of furniture. I tell her stairs takes, I tell her.”” about it.” uperiority an by th method and back, 1 and th bby mate so. whit ce? tion dont er, Tabby th jumps eir respet The rousl as exatll} in math wer n onp iso will self-made model. “TUT they often fix them up, Ed,” remarked the friend. # tricks in all trades and I heard of one the out his # other day that may apply to your case. little and __ said You said that Mrs. Martin is off on a visit. You can give her a good surprise when she comes home. I'll tell you all “There are Ed likes to tease. On his wife's return he decoyed her to the second floor and asked whether on her trip she had seen any house better arranged than this “You did your best, Eddie,” replied Mrs. Martin charitably. “But I brought home some antique furniture and to make room for it I would like to store a few of our things in the attic. Now if we only had stairs—” “Put your hand above your head, Sue,” advised the husband. ‘Take hold of that brass ring hanging from a chain. That’s right. didn’t notice it was there. pull down.” You Now The bewildered wife obeyed and, toher astonishment, a panel in the ceiling opened and there descended tothe floor as complete and perfect & staircase, handrail and all, as anyone could wish. It was noise- less, rigid and strong, yet neat and light; so well balanced that one easily operated it. Mrs, Martin was speechless with POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By JOHN R. McMAHON REET oe Courtesy of Caltfornta Wall-Bed Co. would be fine but the space for ’em just naturally slipped out of my plans. out the Space was missing when we got to the second floor. You have to have dimen- sions to put stairs into. No dimensions, no stairs. The best architects make mis- delight as she tried magical stairs that came from nowhere and subtracted not an inch of room space except in usage. She exclaimed the house was now perfect. Martin put chest a modestly he didn’t invent the thing. among the niftiest. Courtesy of Fain Manufacturing Co. Five minutes before and five minutes after breakfast this table and its benches fold up into the recesses which are shown and which can be made in any wall. Supports fold flat against the tops bah oi There are tricks in all trades, he ob- served, and these disappearing stairs were There are many houses that could be improved with folding stairs. The device as manufactured takes a ceiling space / A regular bed, to all intents and purposes, which can be wheeled anywhere on its rubber casters, is at the left, but a now look below In the morning the bed folds up against its head, the foot folds down and the device rolls from living room into a shallow closet mee We ae pss r : 67 Whole Rooms That Fold Up Sleeping, Cooking and Dining Equipment and Kven Stairs Fit into Walls and Cetling only thirty inches wide and about six feet long. Thus it can be in- stalled in a narrow hall or even a closet. A snug-fitting wood panel covers the apparatus -when closed. While stair widths are uniform, lengths vary as needed for different heights of ceiling above floor. A carpenter can install the device ina day’s work or so. wa the ready- made article looks and acts the best, thanks to its mechanism of wire cables, pulleys and springs along with its hardwood joinery, I have seen a homemade layout that serves the purpose. In this case the wide heavy flight of stairs, pivoted at the top, is counterbalanced with suitable iron weights at- tached to pulley ropes in the attic. The reduction in size of dwellings has stimu- lated development of all kinds of space saving furniture and equipment. The folding bed existed long ago but in a clumsy and dangerous form that made news items wall, and popular witticisms. Today a per- fected type of folding bed is used in many apartments, hotels and small homes, especially bungalows. The new model, of light yet strong steel tubing, folds upward compactly and occupies a shallow recess in the wall, concealed by a secret panel or by a door of wood or glass. It may be placed in a shal- low closet. counterweights, a coiled spring holds the bed in any position be- tween vertical and horizontal, and there is no danger of ‘‘jackknifing.” A touch of the hand moves the bed. Instead of rusty hinged joints there are now ball bearings. There are all kinds of minor refinements, including rubber tired wheels and strips of protective felt on metal framework so as not to mar furni- ture. The total weight of a lead- ing model is given as 160 pounds. There are three main types— pivot and roller beds. In the first two the Instead of heavy detachable

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A cabinet kitchen, occupying the space of a small closet. Stove, sink and refrigerator in a row. Drain board over refrigerator. beds are permanently attached at one end to a wall, recess or closet interior. The wall type simply hinges out into the room, but in a manner so that the head of the bed is outside the recess. The depth of recess need be no more than eighteen inches, while width and height depend on the size of the bed. A pivot type allows the bed to be swung out com- pletely into the room, at the same time reclosing doors of the closet or recess so that the bed appears to be of the ordinary sort. Here there are two doors, one hinged and the other pivoted. The latter, to which the bed is attached, revolves in a complete circle, so that the opening is closed whether the bed is in concealment or in use. The closet depth required is twenty-six inches, The detachable roller bed closes to a vertical position and is then easily wheeled about anywhere on its ball-bearing rub- ber-tired casters. Either a closet or a shal- low recess suited to the wall type will house the fold-up movable type. It is easier to wheel the apparatus from room to room where flooring is continuous without door saddles in doorways. There are other rea- sons besides for the omission of door sad- dles in new construction and remodeling. ECRET installation for a fold-up sounds intriguing, and some persons like it for a living room. There is no visible door covering the bed recess and the casual visitor never suspects that a sleeping outfit is tucked behind the pan- eled or wainscoted wall. It is all a mat- ter of good cabinetwork, a pair of so- called secret hinges which do not show outside and a spring catch operated by an inconspicuou8 metal button set flush in the woodwork. All regular bed sizes, single, three- quarter and double, are available in the fold-up models. There are also twin beds that pivot in and out of the same closet space. These require three doors Space for food storage and dishes above POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY for the opening, each two feet, six inches by six feet, eight inches, which are standard door sizes. In general the stock sizes of doors may be used with the various types of fold-up beds. The pivot model may be in- stalled with a convenient access through one door to a dressing room or bath. There seems to be a progressive evolution of shrinking and tele- scoping in the modern home. Years ago a daring inventor argued that the dining room, used but once or twice a day, was a wasteful luxury. A_ breakfast nook or dining alcove should be substituted. The idea became popular. Architects replaced din- ing rooms with stalls just wide enough for a narrow table and two benches. Now those have been abolished in many homes '’ and a fold-up table with benches | that hide within a wall at any con- venient point are substituted. The outfit fits into any standard wood frame wall or partition built with four-inch studs. Saw out two or three studs, put a couple of headers across the top of the opening and there is space to install a complete eating layout for five persons. The exterior may be cov- ered with a secret panel or with French glass doors. The wall space for one model in closed position is two feet, nine inches wide and four feet, six inches high. When open the width is four feet five inches and the length or distance out from the wall is three feet, four inches. The table top is a couple of feet in width, and it is hinged at the center of the opening. Each of the two benches is hinged to the inner side of a half door and has automatically dropping legs. There is a kitchen model with porcelain top table, making it useful also as a kitchen worktable. Another fold-up device combines a small china closet with a double- Courtesy of Bessler Disappearing Statrway Co. Half of this stairway slides into the attic and the other half fits against the ceiling of the lower room, virtually invisible when not in use November hinged table and a pair of benches, is finished in white or gray enamel] aly in two coats of flat underpaint so that th final surface may be done to match the house finish. For those who have a suitable gj space there is a fold-up table and, ; re of benches, four individual seats fold into the opposite walls, two seats é each side. Here the wall supplies a :- rest, which is a grateful feature, With this equipment it is optional to inclu) a folding ironing board. The tah, dimensions are about two by four fey with a height above floor of thirty inch The wall case is twenty-six inches Wide by thirty-two inches high. Its depth six and a half inches. The chairs ay installed in the walls with slight Cutting. since the required depth is under ty inches. Attachment to brick or holloy tile is obtained by the use of expansig bolts. ITCHENS in olden times used to ly the size of modern living rooms g. and indeed they functioned as such, hy. sides being laundries and places of food # storage. They were reduced in size by & regular stages. Scientific housekeeping + then came along, counted the steps he. y tween this and that and brought in, verdict that the kitchen was yet a worl too big. Why, the cook rattled aroun in it like a single player in a baseball park So the kitchen was made smaller, witha notable relief of backache. The sloga was “no steps, no stooping.” Slide-oy seats, gas and electric ranges, fireley cookers, an electrical “‘slavey”’ unit that }* performs mechanically a dozen operation like grinding, churning, sharpening and polishing that were formerly done by} « ll hand. We thought the limit was reached, } flabbergasts us now to see the kitchen telescoped to a cabinet that will fit witha a moderate sized closet. Everything is included, from stove to ice box, from sink to flour bin and dish closet. The cookcan not lose a step or a motion any more tha can a mechanic at a Ford assembly plant, The cabinet in one model varies a width between six and seven feet and hay a similar height and a depth of around two feet. A gas stove with oven is @ one side, in the middle, a porcelain sink and at the other side, a drain board table above an ice box. If desired, a electric refrigerator unit is placed unde the sink. There are drawers and shelves for cooking utensils under the stove, whik numerous big and little compartments above give space for food, condiments, dishes and whatnot. The sink faucet embodies the usc ‘ul modern feature d mixing hot and cold water, while the long spout with slightly turned down end # movable so as to avoid interference with utensils and dishes heaped in the sink The cabinet is built of wood with while enamel finish or otherwise as desireh A large family might supplement the. unit described with another cabinet with more storage space for food and dishe and with the added feature of a brooti! closet combined with a fold-up ironi board. There are other models of cof keep too densed kitchens which include all or pat steel construction, with electric st instead of gas. Besides the 3 & 8 FE veh (Continued on page 13) ’

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Ovember enches, I namel, aly 80 that the Inatch the able al nd, j ra Seats vo Seats oy lies a ure. With to includ The tab irty inches aches wide 's depth js Chairs an ht Cutting Inder typ or holloy EXPansion used to be ng roo | such, te es of fool In size by isekeepj steps be. ught ing et a worl ed around ball park h, 5) witha ‘he sl Slide-o S, fireleg unit that >perations ening and done by ched, I e kitchen fit within ything is from sink cook can nore than bly Plant, varies in t and ha of around ven is on lain sink, confounded road hogs. november, 1927 ee “] did my best to save him,’’ Gus shouted. The car ahead, instead of rounding the sharp curve, had rushed straight on, bounced across aditch, crashed through an old rail fence and stopped in a plowed field . ILL,” said Gus Wilson to the youngster who did odd jobs around the Model Garage, “Joe and I have to go down to the bank this morning. If anybody wants any repair work done tell ’em we'll be back in an hour. “Come on, Joe, let’s go,” the veteran auto mechanic called to his partner as he dimbed into his car and stepped on the starter pedal. It was still quite early and only one tar was in sight, far ahead, down the smooth concrete road. “Gee!” exclaimed Joe. “What a swell day this is! Always plenty of pep in the air this time of year. Show me what the old bus can do!” “Just spoiling for trouble, aren’t you,” gowled Gus with a twinkle in his eye. ae Here goes—hold on to your He slouched down in his seat and took 4 firni, two-fisted grip on the steering wheel. The motor suddenly broke out in 4 staccato, singing roar and the wind '} began to whistle past their ears. The car was squarely in the middle of the nad, which, while smooth enough, was none too wide. But the driver refused to 4 pull over so Gus had to take his foot off the accelerator. “That duck must be deaf,” snorted tee. “Or maybe he’s just one of those That’s right, keep tooting at him,” he shouted as Gus mddenly sat up straight with his gaze intent on the driver ahead and working the horn as if his life depended on it. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY — “For the love of Pete!” Gus shouted despairingly. “‘He’s going to smash on this next turn sure as fate! P’'ve done my best to save him. There he goes!” The car ahead, instead of rounding the sharp curve they were approaching, kept straight ahead, bounced across a shallow ditch, crashed through an old rail fence and was now coming to a stop over the ridges of a fresh-plowed field. As soon as Gus got his car safely parked beside the road, he and Joe ran toward the other car. The driver stood gazing at it bewildered. “What happened? Who hit me?” he muttered. US reached over and twisted the steering wheel back and forth. The front wheels responded perfectly. “You ought to thank your lucky stars it wasn’t any worse,” he rasped. “Don’t you know better than to fall asleep while you’re driving a car?”’ “Asleep?” gasped the victim. “Why I didn’t think it was possible for anyone to go asleep driving a car. Ive been driving all night and it was pretty cold. This morning the sun warmed me and I did begin to feel drowsy, but I only shut my eyes for a second or two to rest them.” “Humph!” Gus grunted. “Pretty long second. You must have dropped off down the road quite a piece, because you paid no attention to my horn. If you'd slammed into that telegraph pole I'd probably be telephoning the hospital or maybe the coroner right now!” “Gosh, it sure was a close shave,” the 69 ' — Driving—Dozing—Death! oe 1 Gus Aids Napping Autoist Who Crashed and Tells How to Ward Off Drowsiness By MARTIN BUNN driver mumbled tremblingly as Gus continued examining the car. “Nothing important is damaged as far as I can see,”’ Gus announced at length. “‘Of course your headlights are smashed up but I think the running gear is all right. I'll see if I can get it back on the road.” He pressed the starter pedal and the motor responded at once. Throwing it into reverse he let in the clutch very gen- tly and the car slowly started backward. As the front wheels climbed a ridge left by the plow, there was a sharp snap and the front of the car, on the driver’s side, sagged. 5 HAT last bump must have been the straw that broke the camel’s back,” observed Gus as he climbed out and went around to the front of the car. “Your luck is still with you, though; the spring is broken off behind the axle pad, so it won’t be much trouble to brace it up. We'll jack up the frame far enough to lash a couple of pieces of that broken fence rail in between the axle and the frame. Then you can drive it back to the Model Garage. I think we’ve got a spring in stock that will fit.” “Why should it be any easier to fix because it’s broken back of the axle instead of in front?” the owner inquired. “The axle is held in line by the front half of the spring,” replied Gus, “and if it breaks at that point, there is nothing to keep it from swinging back under the car as far as the shackle at the rear end of the spring will let it. Of course you can lash the axle to the frame fore and aft with rope to keep it in place, but it’s a lot more trouble. “Now,” Gus continued after he had propped up the axle, “do you think you can stay awake long enough to drive about a mile up the road to the Model Garage? You’d better take a nap until we can get back and fix up that spring.” “T hate to lose the time,” protested the owner, but he agreed, climbed in and drove off. , ; “How did you know he was asleep?” Joe asked as the garagemen resumed their interrupted trip. — “T didn’t know positively,” answered Gus, “but it seemed funny that he didn’t pay any attention to my horn. Some fellows are always looking for a race and hate to let you pass them, but I knew he wasn’t in that class because he didn’t speed up and he didn’t look around, as he naturally would, to see what kind of a car was coming up behind. And besides his head was so far forward that it looked queer.” “What gets me,” observed Joe won- deringly,. “is how «(Continued on page 137)

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70 Tricks to Improve Your Ca Piston Groove Cleaner; Tail-Light Guard; Accurate Painting Device; Other New Ideas OOD compression in a motor car t; engine cylinder depends on the fit of the rings in the cylinder and on the fit of the rings in the grooves of the piston. Many amateur auto mechanics fail on a ring-fitting job because they fail to realize the importance of piston ring fit in the cylinder grooves and the need for a clean groove that will permit the SHAPE OF SCRAPER (SHOWING ENDS BENT INWARD) POSITION OF SCRAPER WHEN FORCED INTO PISTON GROOVE SCRAPER BEING ROTATED BY HAND SHARPENED ENDS Fig. 1. A carbon scraper fashioned from an old piston ring makes an ideal tool to remove the carbon from the ring grooves in the piston ring to operate without binding. Before you attempt to fit new rings scrape all carbon and gummed oil out of the piston ring grooves. A simple tool for this job can be made from an old ring. Grind or file off the ends until the remaining por- tion is about a third of a circle. Sharpen the edges as shown in Fig. 1 and you have a tool to remove the carbon with ease. Dash Indicator Lights en lights fitted on your dash will tell you whether your tail and stop lights are properly burning. The wiring diagram of Fig. 2 shows how to fit and wire the indicator lights. ST. ) FOOT BRAKE PEDAL STOP LIGHT DASHBOARD INDICATOR LIGHTS SWITCH) Fig. 2. Indicator lights on your dash board wired as shown may save you from being arrested and fined for not having tail-light lit You can use ordinary dash lights of the type sold for automobile use, or you can get a pair of the jeweled indicator lights sold for radio use. The latter, fitted with jewels of the same color as the lights they indicate, will make a neat and attractive installation. The theory, of course, is that the indicator light is in series with the light it indicates and when either of the two bulbs in such a circuit burns out, the remaining goes out as well. Instead of 6-8-volt bulbs use 314-volt bulbs. ’ a wood screw and a clothespin. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ten Dollars for an Idea! C. A. Tubby, of Elizabeth, N. J., wins this month’s prize of $10 with his suggestion of a motor car paint- ing device (Fig. 3). POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY awards $10 each month, in addition to regular space rates, for the best idea for motorists. Other published contributions will be paid for at usual rates. ) © ee Fig. 3. Amateur auto painters will find this ingenious homemade device a great help in adding a stripe to the finished paint job Ingenious Auto Striper AS aid for striping a car can be constructed from a block of wood, Fig. 3 shows the device in use. The pin is screwed to the block of wood. By turning the pin and moving the brush in the fork of the pin the location of the stripe with reference to the bead on the panel can be adjusted. The block is slid along the panel with the bead as guide. Fig. 5. Bucking tractors can be cured by fit- ting an automatic cutout switch that will break the ignition circuit when the front of the tractor raises itself up off the ground MERCURY BREAKING CONTACT November, Extra Curtain Adds Comfo, i FITTING a curtain around th back of the front seat of the One, touring car—with the method ill in Fig. 4—you can make the drive, comfortable as he would be in a without at the same time closing in th whole car with the complete set of Cn tains. It will help to prevent drafts q the back of your neck and will to soy extent reduce the force of the wind bloy, ing on the passengers in the back seat, service for which they will be grateful, }, most cases, you will find that the speij curtain can be fastened at the sides , the regular curtain fasteners provided q the car. Additional fasteners can bey, tached to the back of the seat and ty top to hold the curtain at these points, mM) WEATHER CURTAINS Fig. 4. A special curtain around the back of the front seat in the touring car will add greatly to the comfort of driver and riders Curbing Unruly Tractors HE small farm tractor that driv through cleated rear wheels has om bad habit. When an attempt is madeti pull a load so heavy that it is near tk limit of the pulling power, there isi tendency for the tractor to rear on it hind wheels and if the driver doesn’t m move his foot from the throttle quid enough, the tractor may roll over wards with serious results. This peculiz trouble can be eliminated by adding a automatic cutout switch as shown i Fig. 5. When the switch is horizontal tk mercury completes the circuit betwea the electrode but when th tractor startsl rear up onis hind wheels th mercury fon away from 0 electrode a1 cuts off the nition, thi stopping thee gine and eli nating t chance 0 serious accidel occuring. MERCURY CONTACT poresnbets I $11]

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losing in > set of .. nt drafts q > wind bloy, back seat , grateful, } t the specij the sides t; Provided q 'S can be g, eat and th Se points, ili he back of r will add and riders ACtors hat drivs Is has ow is made ty s near th there isi ear on ik doesn’t mi ttle quid »ver back is peculi adding a shown it ng thee nd elie ng tht ce off 3 acid ng. Backing up the telephone with @ reliable service of supply. telephone © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY elephones and ‘lw ops hin behind-theline support BA of the front line soldier there must be a vast machinery of supply. And back of the telephone there is a vast machinery of supply—buy- ing, making, distributing the materials and equip- ment essential to Bell Telephone service. To carry out this responsibility Western Electric covers the globe with its purchasing activities, oper- ates the world’s largest telephone factory and main- tains a nationwide service of distribution from thirty- four telephone supply warehouses. This work involves buying some 8,000 materials from Asphalt to Zinc, and making some 110,000 separate piece parts for telephones and for all that behind-the-telephone apparatus which constitutes ninety-eight percent of the total equipment. Behind the lines at the great Western Electric cable shop. Some idea of the men behind the machines behind the lines. "Way behind the lines— selecting materials from far corners of the earth. esfern Electric SINCE 1882 MANUFACTURERS FOR THE BELL SYSTEM

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Buy separately or in assortments were cooks! If men a _—_ Large c designe by Mr as coppe bench, a o . for your . a I well Make a Kitchen Cabinet from Plan No. 13e em mm hands w If men had to get the meals we venture the You can buy Stanley Tools separately and crumple prediction that kitchen cabinets would quick- so collect your own set. For your convenience moderat ‘ , hand of ly become as numerous as front doors! Few in buying there are also complete sets of deeb hil Christmas gifts are more welcome than a Stanley Tools in chests at a wide variety of ever eXy kitchen cabinet. Stanley Plan No. 13e tells prices from $15 to $95. Or there are assort- a most | just how to make a cabinet like the one shown ments in strong cardboard boxes containing Houd; above. ——— directions for making your own tool chiest. coagen . Priced from $5 to $20. Giated Isn’t this true?— The better the tools the more handling pleasure you will get from your work with ie . e WISh them. The amateur needs good tools even Your hardware dealer has Plan No. 13e as well as other his eng more than the ne ofessional. Most carpenters Stanley Plans for making useful articles, or he can get take en and manual training instructors use Stanley them for you. The plans cost only 10c each. Ask him how mu Tools because they know from first-hand ex- also for small Catalog No. Se50—which shows many able to perience that the Stanley name assures dura- useful Stanley Tools. It is free. If he cannot supply you long Wil one ‘ . ae 1 write to The Stanley Works, New Britain, Conn. bility, correct design, and right “feel. EV tain be learn real way ° The best tools are the cheapest to use simple t one op Ask your hardware dealer nas one finc things somethi For t areal | side sh | about | have | + | withsta — f bree p © This seal on a radio, teol or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. - See page 6.

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Ovember, typ lL POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY et Wakeling. Editor 73 ANY use- q ful things ; of deco- . rative value may Large copper lantern designed and made by Mr. Thatcher of the more com- mon metals such as copper and brass. A few good tools, a bench, and a little time to work out ideas for yourself—these are all you need. I well remember one afternoon when a quiet man came into the classroom and introduced himself as Houdini. I shook hands with him only to find that his hand crumpled up almost to nothing in my moderate grip. Suddenly that wonderful hand of his came to life and my fingers were held in the mightiest viselike grip I ever experienced, yet it did not hurt and a most friendly smile went with it. Houdini, so he told me, had taken up decorative metal working as a relaxation from the strain of his stage life and he wanted to ask some questions about handling metals. You may be sure that I was happy to be able to tell him what he wished to know. And if he, with all his engagements and traveling, could take enjoyment in this work, how much more we should be able to do so in the leisure of long winter nights at home! EVERY craft there are cer- tain fundamental facts to belearned. The best and only real way to learn them is to do simple things at first, taking up one Operation after another. & surprisingly short time one finds himself able to make things in a way that means something. For two years I worked with areal blacksmith in his road- side shop and learned more about handling metals than I ve before or since. Not- be made at home. ow to Do Decorative Metal Cork Benches—Soldering Boxes—Other Equipment By EDWARD THATCHER the sledge for the blacksmith while he made horseshoes, I was always learn- ing something. When we were not busy, he would help me with my deco- rative work. RULY, I found that the blacksmith is the father of all metal workers. Many operations are essentially the same in handling iron, silver or gold. The thorough groundwork which I did with that excellent blacksmith stood me in good stead during the many years of teaching which followed, yet no small part of the teaching was concerned with the making of jewelry. To do successful work with metal one should learn how it is cut, pierced, formed, joined, and decorated. It is my purpose in the series of articles which are to follow to explain these things in detail. While I shall be writing mainly about decorative work, it should be remembered that the various operations described may be Withstanding the fact that a part of the time I swung Reproduction of a print published in 1576. Many of the tools and methods are practically the same as those used by amateur craftsmen today applied to other branches of work, peeenely model eat making. $ ie Hand- ht cop- Surprisingly paoengrctensciing Cep- good results may be had with few simple tools such as a hand drill, hack saw, jeweler’s saw, several large files of various cuts and shapes, some small needle files, a good bench vise, a hammer or two, and similar inexpensive tools. It is often difficult for the amateur craftsman to obtain enough of the right kind of heat for annealing bowls, melting silver or lead, or heating up a large piece evenly for soldering. A medium sized blowtorch for city gas, supplied with a foot bellows, is not too expensive and supplies an ideal way of doing much annealing and soldering. A plumber’s gasoline torch may be used by the worker in the country. A good workbench, well lighted both in the daytime and at night, is most im- portant. It should be as large as space will permit. Indeed, two benches are better, one (Fig. 1, page 119) for the lighter work, which is done seated, and one to hold a heavy vise of the type shown in Fig. 2. At this bench is done the hammer work. The heavy vise is used to hold the differ- ent anvils and the stakes, as some of the peculiarly shaped anvils are called. A great deal of both heavy and light work may be done at one small bench, properly fitted up. ly BOWLand tray making are to be a part of your work, locate the shop in the cellar or outside the house. If you are to do the heavier work and the noise proves to be a problem, here is a suggestion worked out by a friend of mine. He simply set each (Continued on page 119) tain Harry Jenkinson

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74 A Radio Cabinet You Can Buil Simplified Construction Suited to the Limited Experience and Equipment of the Average Amateur LTHOUGH it has A all the earmarks of fine cabinet- making and would com- mand a high price in any radio store, the console radio cabinet illustrated can be built in the aver- age home workshop with- out difficulty, That is because the construction has been simplified to suit the limited experi- ence and equipment of the amateur mechanic. In this respect the ap- pearances of the piece are somewhat deceiving. If you build it, you will find it hard to persuade your friends that it is your work and not the product, of a high class furniture factory. It is, therefore, an especially fine project for one who has had little experience in cabinetmaking, yet wishes to make some- thing that can be placed in the living room along- side of fine commercial furniture. | yet the drawings (see page 90) do not at first glance reveal the simplicity of the con- struction; the details ap- pear more complicated, especially when shown on such a small scale, than you will find them to be when you do the actual work, step by step. Furthermore, two blue- prints, Nos. 70 and 71, have been prepared, which show the con- struction in great de- tail. These you can obtain by sending 50 cents to the Blue- print Service Department of PopuLar Science Monruaty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. Use the coupon on page 102. AHOGANY is recommended for the exposed portions and pine for the concealed framework. The inlaid lines are holly. They may, of course, be omitted, but they are relatively easy to apply and add greatly to the value of the cabinet. Other woods may be used. If white- wood, birch or a similar wood is chosen, use celluloid strips for the inlay, for the reason that they will not be affected by the stain, or omit the inlay entirely. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By CHARLES A. KING h hone Ga aS: ¥ This unusually distinctive console cabinet is 16% in. deep, 36 in. long and 40 in. high. If red It will hold any receiving set with a panel not larger than 7 by 30 in. gum is used, it may be inlaid with holly and not stained at all, as it will become beautifully colored with age. The advantage of mahogany is that it can be darkened by the use of bichromate of potash or lime water, which has little or no effect upon the lighter colored inlay. Inlays set in oak or other open grained woods are apt to be disappointing. Almost any well stocked lumber yard can supply the materials or obtain them upon short notice. The complete bill of materials appears on Blueprint No. 71. The end panels may be cut from a piece of 4%-in. plywood 30 in. wide and 36 in. long. Another piece 36 by 36 in. will allow Fit 114-in. brass butts of medium wid November, ign the panels for the long doors, as well as thet to be cut with minimy, waste. The drop dog may be either solid woo or 34-in. plywood, The general schemeg construction is shown, the drawing of the assembled case on 90. As the operationsay outlined completely Blueprint No. 71, itis not necessary to describ, them in detail here. Th following suggestion should be noted: O NOT put ordinay oil putty in any nal holes until after th stain and one coat d shellac or varnish hy been applied, though water putty or specu plastic wood fillers may be used at any time, When inlaying the leg and panels, follow th method shown on Blue print No. 71. Scrapeth inlay flush with the fae surfaces and sandpaper thoroughly with No. ¥ sandpaper tightly wrapped around a block In permanently # sembling the panels ani legs use glue, but nots much as to squeeze ou and make trouble i cleaning off. Remembe that much of the late work depends upon tht case’s being _ perfect square both back aml front. Square the bad by checking the diag nals and hold witha temporary brace. The complete the nailing. to the drop door and 114-in. butts (wide) to bottom doors; also 2-in. butts (wide to the top or cover. The steps in fittif the hinges are shown on Blueprint M 71. porters. place. Fit locks, escutcheons and lid sup Make door stops, but do mf fasten them until after the radio sets ' Jow price ment sto firms th furniture finished tionally | their pre The ta of their t onal, au degree 11 floor. So edge, otl is prefer color scl dividual Many poplar, ¥ then doe the best of the v unpainte of birch, if the pe As in charm color sch HE table with mol ably the it is like to decor cially g bination: Top in edge; tr roses (Fi with de pedest trimmed turnings. green, gold anc > b and gree both col fer des’ bright foliage A plai given an F stripe of ) pene adapters to suit the set. Ei a vertical or slanting face set of a type not more than 30 in. in length 7 in. in height may be accommod although the dimensions of the case mi be changed to suit (Continued on page 7 the edge Iside o color, C sm st Peacc the fini

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, the lowe as the top l MINimuy drop dog solid w ood, b | scheme gf is shown jy I the partly Se ON page rations an pletely ». 71, itis to descrihy | here. The Suggestion ed: ut ordinay 1n any nail after th ne coat df arnish hay d, though or specu fillers may y time. ing the leg follow th n on Blue Scrape the th the face sandpape ith No, ¥ r tightly ind a block nently a panels ani but nots queeze out trouble ia Remembe f the late ; upon th perfect back ani e the bac the diage ld with’ ace. The nailing, dium width utts (wide) tts (wide) S in fitting eprint id lid suey b put do mt lio set is & set. Eith > set of al length mmod e case lon page {;» dividual choice. color scheme. to decorate. Fig. 1. Oval top with brilliant hand-painted design in modern style and carefully ELL designed Was tilt-top tables may be bought unpainted at relatively ow prices in large furniture and depart- ment stores, as well as from mail order frms that make a specialty of selling firniture for home decoration. fnished and decorated, they are excep- tionally ornamental, which accounts for their present vogue. The tables vary in respect to the shape of their tops—oval, round, square, octag- onal, and irregular—and to a smaller degree in their size and height from the foor. Some have a molded or “‘pie-crust”’ edge, others a plain edge. Which design is preferable depends somewhat on the color scheme to be employed and the getting, but it is largely a matter of in- When Many are made from whitewood or poplar, which is sometimes very soft and then does not take lacquer or enamel to the best advantage. Birch is the finest of the woods generally to be found in unpainted tilt-top tables. Given a top of birch, it is not of so much consequence ifthe pedestal is one of the softer woods. As in all furniture novelties, the great charm of the tilt-top table lies in its HE oval tilt-top table (Figs. 1 and 3) with molded edge is prob- ably the most popular; it is likewise the simplest Two espe- cally good color com- binations are as follows: Top in black with gold edge; transfer design of mses (Fig. 3) in rich reds, with deep green foliage; pedestal in trimmed with black, ee gold on tunings. Top in lettuce green, with molding in gold and a narrow black stripe between the gold J ad green, which sets off both colors; floral trans- in medium right tones, without fer design foliage to conflict with the body color. A plain top without molding may be given an artistic treatment by painting a # stipe of color about 11% in. wide around the edge (Fig. 2) and filling in the field Iside of the stripe with a contrasting color. Chinese red for the field and a jade SE green stripe is an effective combination. A peacock or other colorful bird gives the finishing touch. It is more difficult, wy | ep Fig. 4. When the wall space is wide, a round- top table is often best POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ive Ways fo Paint Tilt-Top ables By BERTON ELLIOT Fig. 3. A tilt-top table with a “‘pie- crust”’ edge in black and gold. The rose design is a transfer, or decalco- mania, as it is often technically called of course, to paint in the stripe than to follow a molded edge with a trim color. The stripe must be clean cut and true as a die or the effect is crude and amateurish; but those who have had expe- rience in striping or have a friend who can do this part of will find the effort 75 ey | Fig. 2. Table with wide i stripe around edge and a colorful bird transfer black or the reverse for the pedestal. Stippling around the edges is often used for ornamentation instead of or in addi- tion to a transfer design. A table with square top (Fig. 5) is usually a little larger than other tilt-top tables and is designed especially for use in front of the fireplace. It is generally termed a screen table. A smaller deco- rative design may be used on a table of this shape when it is to have a fireplace setting. A good color treatment is lettuce green trimmed with gold and a dash of black between gold and green. TRIKINGLY individual effects may be produced by painting cubist or other fanciful designs on the table top. Black is a good background color for the bright, daring colors this treatment de- mands. In the design pictured (Fig. 1), pinks, greens and blues are combined in striking array. This treatment is espe- cially stunning when the pedestal is in a different color from the top. As to the finishing of the table with brushing lacquer, which is generally used, and its decoration with art transfers, the mechanics of the work have been de- scribed in detail in recent issues of PoputaR Science Monrtuty. All sur- faces, especially the top, must be sand- papered te extreme smoothness, using nothing coarser than No. 4/0 sandpaper. The wood must not only feel smooth to the touch, but on close examination must be seen to be free from tiny scratches. If the table is of poplar or whitewood it should be sandpapered, given a prepara- tory coat of pure white shellac, and then sandpapered again to extreme smooth- ness. Three coats of lacquer should be’ applied on the top without sandpapering between coats; two coats*will probably be enough on the pedestal. It is important that a brush designed especially for use with brushing lacquer be used: well worth while. A round table top (Fig. 4) is liked by many. ‘ When made with a molded edge, it is as easily decorat- ed_as the oval top, and the same color schemes may be employed. Care is necessary, however, to select a transfer design of the right shape to look well within a. circle. A good color scheme is Chinese red edged with black for the top and either Chinese red trimmed with the work for them, ((— ) A soft hair brush—fitch or bear hair—is best. Great care should be taken in applying the trim color, so that it will not run over the body color, as it is difficult to clean up spots or smears. Be sure, too, that transfers are perfectly cen- tered, as the least variation will be conspicuous. Fig. 5. Square tables are usually a little larger than other types and are intended for use before fire- places, where they act as screens

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76 A Simple Power Amplifier How to Build a Unit Using a 210 Tube—Supplies All B-Current—No Changes Needed in Set Wiring N Porutar SCIENCE MontTu ty for September de- tailed instructions were given for construction of B-battery eliminators, one of standard type and the other a de luxe model. Both are capable of operating the largest receivers equipped with the type 171 power amplifier tube in the last stage of audio amplification. But many radio users want more volume than can be ob- tained from the 171 tube, and the power amplifier unit shown on this page will give nearly twice as much volume without distortion as can be obtained with any receiver operated on batteries or a B-eliminator that employs the 171 type tube. The tone quality, however, is no better. The power amplifier unit shown in Figs. 1 and 3 uses the UX 210 type tube as an am- plifier with the UX 216B tube acting as rectifier and one UX 874 voltage regulator tube close- ly controlling the B-voltage available for use in operating the radio receiver. If you have a receiver of al- most any type and wish to use it with the power amplifier unit, the procedure is simple and does not require changing any of the wiring inside your set. First, disconnect and discard the B- batteries you have been using. Remove the tube from the last audio amplifier socket and replace it with the special attaching plug shown at the right end of Fig. 3. The flexible wire from this plug is connected to the binding post marked grid on the power amplifier as shown in the wiring diagram in Fig. 2.. The wires that were removed from the B-batteries are connected to the next three binding posts and the loud- speaker cord tips are fastened to the two remaining binding posts. Plugging the drop cord from the power amplifier into the nearest electric light socket and turning on the filament switch on the set puts the whole outfit into opera- tion. UILDING the power ampli- fier unit is easy, just as easy, in fact, as building either of the two eliminators described in the September number of PopuLar Science Monruty. You will need the following parts: ABC—Power unit consisting of a high voltage transformer POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By ALFRED P. LANE Fig. 1. Follow this arrangement in laying out apparatus. Run con- tinuous wires from point to point so there will be no bare joints to cause short circuits. Alarger baseboard may be used to make the wiring easier GRID Fig. 2. This semipicture wiring diagram has the terminals of the instruments in approximately the locations as for the actual instru- ments, except F and G, which are reversed to simplify wiring diagram capable of delivering 550 volts across the secondary on open circuit with two sepa- rate 714-volt windings and including in er same case two suitable filter choke coils, D—Filter condenser block containing in one case a 2 mfd. 1000 volt unit; two 2 mfd. 600 volt units; a 4 mfd. 160 volt Fig. 3. The nearest knob regulates the detector voltage, the farther one, the C bias. Do not operate this power amplifier unit without the voltage regulator tube in socket J, or the condensers may blow out baseboard and you will find have in the illustration of Fig. 1 which was made from a photograph of the model power amplifier unit. The two ad- justable resistances, however, have been moved slightly to simplify the wiring diagram. Remember, in building this power amplifier unit, that you are dealing with November, iy 4 unit, and a 1 or 2 mfd. 160 yot unit. E—7,500-ohm fixed resistance rated at 25 watts. F—25,000-ohm variable je. sistance. G—2,000-ohm variable resist. ance rated at 25 watts. L—output transformer, H, J and K—standard x. type vacuum tube sockets, Six binding posts, special attachment plug, baseboard and panel. Use a UX 210 power amplifier tube in socket K, a UX 216B rectifier tube in socket H, anda UX 874 voltage regulator tube in socket J. IGS. 1 and 2 will show you how to cut the small pand and fit it to the end of the base. board. Carefully study these illustrations before you start assembling the apparatus on the them helpful in determining where to run the wires, using Fig. 2 as a guide for the actual connections. Fig. 2 is a cros between a theoretical drawing and a picture wiring diagram. The internal connections of the power unit and the condenser block are shown, as well as the wires that you are to put in. You will note that the various pieces of apparatus that make up the circuit are arranged in the same relative positions they high voltages. Over 400 volts are developed in some parts of the circuit and consequently you must be careful with the wiring. Use either rubber covered wire or the special enameled fabrie- covered wire that is sold for radio work. No special precai- tions need be taken to space the wires, but watch out that you do not pull any wire so tightly around a sharp metal edge that trouble will develop later on m the form of a short circuit due to broken down insulation. Because of these high voltages, which are capable of giving you a severe shock, never in aly circumstances attempt to make (Continued on page 108) . ©

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mber, iy CT - 160 volt esistance able te. dle resist. er. dard X. kets, , Special oard and amplifier JX 216B H, and a ator tube show you all panel the base. dy these ou start us on the will find termining es, using he actual S & Cross drawing diagram, ms of the -ondenser ell as the yut in. le Various 1at make -anged in ions they 1 whieh h of the e two ad- iave been le wiring is power ing with 400 volts - parts of ently you 1e wiring. ered wire xd fabric- sold for il precat- space the that you so tightly edge that ter on in uit due to n. voltages, iving you r in any to 108) November 1927 After the game—-SORE THROAT POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Gargle when you get home Suppose your team did win—what comfort is that, a week later when sore throat, or worse, has put you in bed? Here’s a good tip if you will take it. .After any long exposure (and that includes cold bleachers) rinse the mouth and gargle with Listerine, the safe antiseptic. Immediately, it attacks the mil- lions of bacteria waiting for the mo- ment when body resistance is low to strike. Often, this simple and pleasant LIST precaution will be the means of sparing you pain and sickness. Listerine nips many a sore throat and cold. Incidentally, after a football game it re- lieves that hoarseness which is so troublesome. The wisest thing to do, of course, during cold weather months is to make a daily night-and-morning habit of using Listerine. Millions do—and are healthier for it. Lambert Pharmacal Company, St. Louis, Mo., U.S. A. —the safe antiseptic © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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Easy Ways to Handle Heavy Work How to Save Your Strength and Avotd Accidents When Lifting and Moving Awkward Castings,Tools and Fixtures POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By H. L. WHEELER with the difficulties of handling heavy, awkward work in small shops where manual methods are in use and even in some of the larger shops on ma- chines that are located away from the cranes. It is surprising the number of instances when machinists and their helpers have to do heavy ‘lifting. Often two or more men are needed to load and unload machines such as lathes, planers and millers. This is true when- ever large castings, heavy jigs and Kv mechanic is familiar fixtures, and machine accessories such as lathe chucks and face- plates, and dividing heads on milling machines, are in use. There are men who find this sort of work hard sledding when they happen intoa shop inadequately equipped, especially if they have been in the habit of working under different conditions. Generally the rule of such shops seems to be: Get the job done the best way you can with what we have and say nothing. The result is that mechanics are often seen tugging and lugging and straining unnecessarily. It is no fault of the machinist that shops impose these mule-team methods. However, it is possible for anyone who must contend with adverse conditions to make the work easier and simpler than is customary, judging from the poor methods I have often observed. RUDGERY and good mechanics have nothing in common. I believe it profits a man to give all the thought and study possible to making his work easier. By doing so he increases his chances and places himself one step ahead - of the procession. The various devices and suggestions to be described are of low cost and may be economically made “‘at home.” Both from the standpoint of the men and of the shop, they will pay for themselves. Where heavy castings are daily handled, ‘plenty of tackle, chains, rope slings, Fig. 1. blocking one man can handle relatively heavy lathe work By a liberal use of blocking and the like should be available. The large casting shown in Fig. 4 (page 122) is a ty pical example. There are, of course, many different ways , chuck as would be the case jf, chain or rope sling were use through the bore. The clevis shown is another ug. ful article to have around th shop for handling heavy work, } affords a safe grip on many large pieces. All chains, ropes, hooks an other lifting devices should be car. fully watched and frequently in. spected for weak spots. And they should be tested when there is any doubt about ther ability to stand w under a_ load, | well remember 4 chain that snapped while four men wer loading a heavy m- chine into a ca, They had a vey close call and might have been crushed to death. Since then I have been ca tious about all equipment used for in which such a large casting can be handled. If it were a regular product of the shop, special rigs should be provided for lifting it. For the assembling floor, a circular strap with trunions may be made to clamp around the small outer end for lifting it into place. An emergency method is also shown—a crosspiece of timber, cut the right length and inserted inside the bore under a shoulder. The circular strap obviously allows the casting to be balanced and guided better when it has to be placed in an assembly or lifted a considerable distance from the floor. If this casting were to be centered in a lathe, in all probability it would have to be turned over. Here again the trunion strap is the more convenient and safer method; it may be left in place until the casting is in the lathe, and there is no interference when it goes up against the Fig. 2. If a milling-machine dividing head is kept on a truck of the right height, it can be easily slid onto the table without being lifted lifting heavy loads For this reason | consider it the part of wisdom to pas the word along, even at the cost of what may appear unnecessary repetition. The strongest part of a chain is the weakest link—an old maxim that every workman should always bear in mind. The loss of life and time through shop accidents is appalling, and every mechanic should do his part to guard vigilantly against mis haps. How one man can handle long, heavy bar stock or shafting from a pile is show diagrammatically at the bottom of Fig.4 With a chain block hung overhead, the bar may be lifted (Continued on page il) ANY time-saving shop ideas at contained in the continuation the Better Shop Methods Departmeft, to be found on pages 112 to 124. [| emma |

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> Case if g were use nother us. round the y work, ]t many large nooks and ild be care. juently in. And they be tested ere is any bout. ther > stand wp load, | nember 4 at snapped r men were heavy m- to @ car, d a very and might mn crushed Since then been cau out all it used for avy loads reason | it the part m to pass slong, even st of what ition. The 1e weakest - workman The loss of ocidents is should do ainst mis ng, heavy e is shown 1 of Fig. 4 rhead, the n page 12) ideas are uation yartment, 24. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY There are more than 2500 reasons why Starrett Tools have earned The L. S. Starrett Co. its reputation as the world’s greatest toolmakers. Every Starrett Tool sets the standard for quality and accuracy. That is why the big Starrett Catalog No. 23 W illustrating and describing the 2500 and more Starrett Tools is con- — - indispensable reference by men who appreciate ne tools. Starrett Catalog No. 23‘W’is free. Simply send us your name and address. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws, Unexcelled Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS., U.S.A. Starrett tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. > 6 4ACK S —e IK) Use r1S} This seal on a radio,

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, He stropped a new blade and it changed his whole idea about shaving IKE many men he had always said ‘‘Why should I bother to strop my blades when new blades are so Cheap?”’ To him a new blade meant a good shave. To be sure the second, third and fourth shaves were not so good, but he got by. One day on a Pullman he got out a new blade, and was unwrapping it when his friend Putney showed Te his Twinplex and offered to strop the new blade. That first shave with anew blade, Twin- plexed, was an eye opener to him. He ad- mitted to Putney that never before had he had such a wonderful shave with a new blade. Of course he bought a Twinplex when he got home, and now every shave is like that first one,—caressingly smooth. To his surprise and delight he finds that a blade when stropped regularly on Twin- plex holds its original keenness for weeks and weeks. He shaves in less time, has a cleaner shave and has more than saved the cost of his Twinplex. _ You can now buy a Twinplex for as little as $2.50—less than a year’s saving on blade purchases. Other models $3.50 and $5.00. Stropped Blade FREE Name your razor and we'll send you, free, a new blade Twinplexed. We would like to show you what real shaving is. TWINPLEX SALES CO. 1761 Locust St., St. Louis New York Montreal FOR SMOOTHER SHAVES... Fiater the Stage Carpentd How to Build Scenery for Amateur Theatricals—Beginning a New Series By Anpre Situ Author of “The Scenewright’” «2 : 3 (a ojefegare OY in an amateur theatrical group was more like a rumor than a fact. At the final curtain, when everybody con- nected with the show, from the director- in-chief down to the prize-winning ticket seller, stood bowing in the spotlight and received the plaudits of an eager audience, Jerry was not among them. More likely he was cheering in the audience, quite forgetting that he had built the platform upon which the play had been presented, and had given first aid to a few frames which had since vanished behind a layer of canvas. In those days Jerry didn’t know that some of the applause to which he was contributing belonged to him. Today he knows better. When the floral offerings come at the end of a show, although he may not get a bunch of forget-me-nots, he has earned a re- membrance. When the next play is put on he won’t be forgotten by a long shot. The stage carpenter has come into his own. He is just as necessary to the pro- duction of most plays as the actors are. And it is a wise director who will ap- point his stage carpenter along with the cast. You must understand that I am as- suming the producing of a play that is not intended for a well organized small- theater group, having its own playhouse and a thoroughly competent working staff, but for a bunch of enthusiasts, one of whom has suddenly yelled, “Let’s give a play!” In every live community N*: so long ago the stage carpenter Se | A | someone sooner or later gives out particular, exciting yell. And after all you have to do is to find a suitj play, pick the cast ... and so forth And it is in among the “and-so-forths” that I would introduce Jerry.: And | would make it an early introduction Because, as I said, Jerry is now far to important to neglect. AN D of the gang I am writing about, who are probably putting on ther first play and never suspecting that it will lead them into forming a permanent dramatic club, with four shows a year, big ideas and the dream of a playhouse of their own—of this gang in its enth- siastic infancy, the chances are that the stage carpenter will also be the designer of the settings. Perhaps it will be the other way around: the scene designe will have to build his own sets, convert his designs into actual frames, covet them, and paint them. That is why Jeny plays the highly important part of the handy man who is the life of the party. All he has to do is to design the sets, build them, and then paint them, to say nothing about setting them up am striking them a few dozen times during the rehearsals and the night of th show! So it is with this talented three-waj artist that the wise director will call # conference as soon as he has: set the members of the cast to learning thet parts. In this (Continued on page fl) a © This seal on a :adio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. © 1927

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; on their| g that it) ermanent 'S @ year, playhouse its enthu - that the > designer ll be the designer 5» convert PS, cover vhy Jerry rt of the he party. the sets, m, to say up and es during ; of the hree-way ill call 4 - set, the ing their page 121 ———$ © 1927 MODERN, particular smokers, it is your insistence upon the best that makes Camel lead all other cigarettes. You are hard to please. In the true spirit of the modern age, you look for until you find value supreme in a ciga- rette. And it is this unremitting search for quality that puts Camel over- whelmingly first. For Camel combines all those virtues so indispensable to the cool, satisfying The choicest Turkish and smoke. (amels—so mellow, mild and unfailingly good Domestic tobaccos that Nature’s sunny fields produce. And a blending that brings these inimitable flavors and fra- grances to the delighted taste of the smoker. Really, there is no other smoke like Camel. No other can be so everlastingly good. If your taste calls for the enchant- ment of the finest, just try Camels. Always tasteful and smooth. Always so mellow and mild. “Have a Camel!” R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, WINSTON-SALEM, N. C.

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Lionel Electri¢ Bell-Signal Nas. 069 and 69 [ION “Real enough fora man to enjoy~simple enough Jor a boy to operate OU’ RE the Traffic Manager, sit- ting at the Lionel SwitchTower, your hand at the control levers. Dad’s down the line—he’s the Section Boss. Everything is ready —let’s go! Touch the.control lever in the Switch Tower and*presto!—down the gleaming Rail goes your beau- tiful Lionel Train, its powerful oa Locomotive pulling life-like Passenger Cars, Diner, or as many of the twenty-nine differ- ent Lionel Freight Cars as you choose. There she goes—over the Bridge! Watch the Crossing Gates ° automatically raise and lower as the Train whizzes by. And watch that Lionel Train-Control-Semaphore at the far end! Red light shines and halts the Train—then flashes green after a few moments and the Train is on its way again. It’s marvelous! The crossing bell rings as your Limited speeds by the Station! Look!—there’s the Switch ahead. Back in the Switch Tower you touch another lever — the Switch is thrown, the Train lides into a Siding—touch another ever and the Train stops. But—wait! You are building a freight yard down the line. You call to Dad—he couples on the new Lionel Derrick Car with operating boom and tackle, and the new operating Dump Car filled with sand! Again you touch a lever — your Train backs out onto the main line. Throw the Switch again and she’s off on her way! Just think! You can do all this at any distance from the track. oe ~ Lionel Operating Dump Car No, 218 « ss ‘ °* Lionel Train -Control-Semae bhore Nos. 82 and 082 ~~ -o x See for yourself just how wonder- ful the Lionel Railroad System really is! Our book is the most elaborate ever published. In full colors it shows the great vari- ety of Lionel Trains and Equip- ment. Itdescribes the Lionel100% cs) | : be rae Lionel Switch Tower No. 437 ¥ eS Send for our free Model Railroad Planning Book ee, Fo oS Lionel Electrically Controlled Switch Nos. 222 and 021 Lionel Power House Nos. 435 and 436 Electrically Controlled Railroads for “0” Gauge and “Lionel Stand- ard” Track. This great 46-page book shows the supreme quality and built-in excellence of all Lionel Products. Sets from $5.75 to $300. Send for the book today. See Lionel Products demonstrated at the leading department stores, toy, hardware, electrical, sporting goods and furniture stores THE LIONEL CORPORATION, Dept. F., 15-19 EAST 26TH ST., NEW YORK, N.Y. “STANDARD OF THE WORLD SINCE 1900” ELECTRIC MODEL RAILROAD ACCESSORIES TRAINS “MULTIVOLT” TRANSFORMERS per which 1 48 in. o by 36 i requires 9% by. wood, 1 availab readily

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November. 19 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By EVERETT EAMES 81 How to Beautify Your Fireplace A Simple Way to Replace an Ordinary Mantel with One of Colonial Design at Surprisingly Small Cost OR ages the fireplace has 4 been the most enduring memorial of home life—a haven of comfort and cheer. In our day the main purpose of the is an aesthetic one, and tit is not beautiful it has little for existence. It is not enough that its proportions simply be practical ; they should be artis- tie and make the fireplace the most attractive feature of the Too often the design of the fire- isleft to chance. The result, although it may be a good job of carpentry, is of indifferent ap- ce. Frequently, of course, of some form. The base for these is indicated in Fig. 4. It should be glued into position and clamped. While the glue is hardening, visit a woodworking mill and se- lect a number of moldings. Those used in the construction of the mantel in Fig. 1 are shown in de- tail in Fig. 5. It is seldom possible to obtain just what is wanted, but the required design can be impro- vised by planing down one or more corners or surfaces of stock moldings. Those marked Nos. 3 and 4 were obtained in this way, as indicated in cross section. An old wooden molding plane was used to make the flutes in the the funds available do not war- rant the purchase of a well de- signed and cor- Fig. 1. A Colonial mantel of unusual distinction built by the author at a cost of only $7.50 for wood and moldings pilaster, marked No. 7. The central decoration is what really gives a rectly built. man- te, but for the man with a home workshop this should be no ob- stale. Enough material can be bought for about $7.50 to build a mantel which would cost $160 in the finished state. As the tendency in small house archi- tecture today is more and more toward the Colonial, the mantels to be described will be found particularly appropriate. The first step, after removing the old woodwork, if,any, is to construct a hollow rectangle of the size required by the fire- place opening, allowing a margin the 12in, at the top. The horizontal edge should line up with one of the layers of mortar. HE amount of lumber required de- pends upon the size of the opening, which 1 ay vary from 24 by 30 in. to 32 by 48 in. or even larger; a good average is 28 by 36 in. wide. Of the three large pieces required for the latter size, two should be 9% by 40 in. and one 13 by 70 in. White- wood, white pine, basswood, or any other available soft wood that will take paint readily and can be easily worked, may be used. The back should be rein- foreed and plenty of hot glue and wood screws used as indicated in Fig. 4. To allow room for suitable moldings and ornamentation, the upper piece should not be less than 13 in. in width and preferably of one piece. Stock this width usually can be obtained in Whitewood; in fact, the writer once made the backs of some breakfast nook seats of stock 26 in. wide. All Colonial mantels have pilasters length of one brick on each side and 10 or - Fig. 2 (above). Un- completed mantel or- nament, showing how the parts are glued on Fig. 3 (at right). One of many variations Colonial mantel its character. The Colonial motifs are carved from one piece, but the home “workshop- per” can success- fully imitate the © carved ones by building up the designs piece by piece. The design should first be laid - out directly on the ey hs — F Two suggestions for central ornaments, which are built up like that in Fig. 2; many other designs are given in Fig. 5 % STOCK WALL BOARD | coveqp MOLD ——— HB 4, STOCK = - -70-— ——+ ¥F [pesertnceexer an i [anne e” ° “/ { a 1 * «| BACK || FRONT | $3 sha" H |: TT. [+_+}| | ALL % STock —— § - | PILASTER ma: | ; | wo zi 4 955+ BUILD PEDESTAL AROUND PILASTER Fig. 4. How foundation work is erected, end view of mantel, and some suggestions for ornamentation wood with com- pass and rule, and lines drawn to indicate the location of each individual piece. Only in this way can an accurately symmetrical design be built up. - plane, file and sandpaper will quickly shape the fan “blades” and sunburst “rays.” ‘These “rays” and “blades” should be made about half as thick at the narrow end as at the wide end, which will be either 14 or 54 in., de- pending on the thickness of the upper part of the panel, mentioned later. Bass- wood is excellent for these small parts as the grain is absolutely straight and never turns the cutting tool from its course. The easiest motifs to make are those with the vertical half-round pieces worked into the design (Fig. 2; Fig. 4, F, and Fig. 5, C). Each piece should be glued and bradded firmly in position, but it is not necessary to use hot glue as there is no strain on these parts. The panel upon which the designs are built up consists of two parts, the %-in. base marked X in Figs. 4 and 5 and the \% to 5% in. cut-out part, Y. In making the latter, a fret saw is brought into play to make the long oval or half-round cuts. This piece first should (Continued on page 82)

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Lay Creo- Thipes ower old side-walls Reduce your yearly fuel bill 15% to 25% yAY Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles right over the side-walls of your present home. It costs only about one- third more than re-painting, and most owners testify it lowers their fuel bill almost one-fourth. Creo-Dipts make your house cooler in summer, too, because they add an- other coat of insulation against sum- mer-heat as well as winter-cold. And that’s only part of Creo-Dipt savings. They save paint—enough in 5 to 7 years to pay their entire cost. And their fresh colorsadd new beauty —new dollar and cents value—to your old house. Mail the coupon now! Find out about genuine Creo-Dipts for covering old side-walls, re-roofing, or for a new home. Or, ask your lumber dealer today. But act promptly. Get the benefit of Creo-Dipt fuel savings this winter —not next. Leading lumber dealers everywhere carry genuine Creo-Dipts in stock. When you buy, look for the name Creo-Dipt on each bundle. CREO-DIPT Viained Shingles MAIL THIS’ ~ | COUPON POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Nove: p| ovembet Creo-Dipt Co.,Inc., 1236 Oliver St., No. Tona- wanda, N. Y. (In Canada: Creo-Dipt Co., Ltd., 1610 Royal Bank Bldg., Toronto.) Sales offices in principal cities. Enclosed find 25c for portfolio of large-size photo- graphs of Creo-Dipt homes, booklet of color sug- gestions, and name of local Creo-Dipt dealer. Check the use that interests you O Covering old side-walls CT] New roof UC] Building new [] Re-roofing ST nitisisbtdedersiiidioceces es -— Le a | © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. How to Beautify Your Fireplag (Continued from page 81) FLOORING STRIP “20 be attached to the base; the center- Sa aaaenll piece, where required, next, and last- | de ly the blades or strips, as the case oan may be. All brads should be counter- sunk. In placing the molding, the cut- and-try method is recommended. The corners must be mitered perfect- ly. If the miter box has a tendency to 36" s— play tricks, the file and plane must be resorted to. All of the molding should be glued on, as well as bradded, for the mantel will be heated and cooled and accordingly subjected to many ¥ - v d QUARTER >, strains. me ! 3 a's 28" It Enough moldings, center and cor- ~-—9¥ 52° —— j— ner motifs have been shown to make == er i up a dozen designs by putting to- ¢) nl ath 105 gether various combinations. It is ( ny PLANED OFF not wise, however, to put on too ee bi = 9 | 43+] +: Gi) , ns order to minimize the absorption of moisture. Leave the top piece of molding loose until ready to set the mantel up. Then drive in a screw wherever a stud can be located through the plaster. The lower end then is toenailed to the floor and a quarter round molding applied as a final finish at the point where the mantel meets the floor. The shelf is put uplast and may be_ {| : of ¥%-in. stock as the molding marked Fig. 5. Working drawings of the mantel shown ia” No. 1 is used around the edge to Fig. 1, page 81; a key to Fig. 3; other designs make it appear of heavier construc- : tion. A piece of flooring or other 214-in. dercoater and at least two coats of) or 244-in. strip should be beveled on one highest grade of enamel are required, ” corner and used as a finishing strip be- When at last your mantel is finisl tween the shelf and the wall. and you stand off to contemplate The painting is a part of the interior handiwork, you will appreciate decorator’s job and may safely be left to than ever that “A thing of beauty i his discretion. Two coats of enamel un- joy forever.” ‘e much decoration. A coat of thin white shellac should be applied both front and back in zi Y x Boring Guide so api Furniture Building Easiet A DOWELING jig from each end and square around th that will enable piece. Then use each point at which th the novice to bore , pencil marks cross the gage marks fora perfectly true holes to . center for scribing a small circle with: receive dowels on flat 16 sharp compass. Clamp the straps firmly work such as table % HOLE to the block, using the circles to center the tops and cedar chests, ‘ 5¢- and 3%-in. holes. Fasten the s -apso may be made in half with screws, glue the wood to another an hour. piece of hardwood, 3s Cut two 6-in. pieces shown, and drill out of 34-in. strap iron. the wood between the Through each drill an holes in the straps. accurately centered Make a scratch 3%-in. hole 2% in. with a small file o from one end, and a the lower strap oppo 5-in. hole an equal site the center of eac distance from the hole, so that the jg other end. Then drill may be clamped to! and countersink three board exactly wher} screw holes in each as it is desired to bor. = WSS SS NN’Z Sy 9 MOXY MMA’NW ,. SSS Xx SSS To TSS RSS LAW SG i! \ shown. , How to make and use a simple jig to aid To geta tight fit with Square up a piece ~ in boring holes for comms accurately factory made dowels, of %-in. hardwood use a steel drill, with stock to 24% by 6 in. Gage down the mid- _ lips blunted from a point 2 in. from the dle of each edge. Locate a point 24% in. end up to the shank.—G. H. WHITEAKE®| «ge

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‘al nee, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 33 OveRber Novem ’ AMPLION Colonial Cone AC12 $35.00 14"x 14"x 9"

A handsome two-tone mahogany cabinet with a fine piano finish.

New cone assembly with the famous Amplion unit. OIE. The efficiency of this compact little model is due to its unusual con- struction and design. The cabinet itself acts as a sound board and reso- nating chamber, which - produces a natural tone of singular sweetness.

~ fe) << _ & a i: ae inn ales 2 ¢ Other Amplion models from $12.00 to $145.00 it" 2§ ie 2. \ae he Z | | o, ’ i] Bic IRE BOLL, Be SR as. | ed — a nplate = | ‘iate betiz beauty igs

Easie} = Ever since broadcasting began, the name “Amplion” whch has been supreme in sound-reproducing devices ape Sa MPLION quality is an accept- recognized artist — the cabinet a ed standard the world over work is of the highest order of a —due to the famous tone qual- craftsmanship. etre ity of every Amplion model. Amplion pleases the eye as well as : seratdl Every model is designed by a _ the ear. strap opp Our new illustrated booklet is © oe ‘aa now ready. Write for a copy. ay ve | THE AMPLION CORPORATION OF AMERICA ght fit wil 531-535 West 37th Street, New York City, U.S. A. , i The Amplion Corporation of Canada Limited HITEAKER | ¢g———_ ———

IS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement sign‘es the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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Can Build this mode High-speed Power Boat ~ata Low Cost | D penminroe in exact proportions to full sized power boats this model (36 inches long by 8 inches in the beam) can be easily assembled from the Boucher Construction Sct of the “Dolphin.” This model boat, ready for assembling—includ- ing sides and decks made of 34” water-proofed veneer, frames of 36” 3 ply specially treated veneer, stern piece, keel, stern board and stem of mahogany—everything complete ready to as- semble—$10. : 207 | See High Speed 2-Cylinder Marine Engine This high speed, trunk piston type light weight engine runs on all steam pressures and will give 3,500 R.P.M. on a pressure of less than 100 Ibs. Specifications: —Cylinders—Magnalite. Base and Steam Chest made of Magnalite. Cylinder Cover and Fly Wheel is made of fine Grey Cast Iron. Crankshaft and Eccentric-machine steel— all other parts—special bronze alloy. Engine No. S62 Length 4%" Bore %" Weight 26 oz. Stroke %" Steampipe yy Height above base 3%” Price, ready to run $25.00 Flywheel, diam. 2%" Machined Casting Set Width 23%" 13.00 *Rough Castings 6.00 "Including blueprints for machine work. Designed for the Dolphin (illustrated above) this splendid 2-cylinder marine engine can be used in boats up to 48” long. Send 25c for Model-Makers 92-Page Hand Book. This bookle-—SCALE MODELS—has 92 pages of useful infor- mation for model makers. Contains history of steam engines, nautical terms, knots, hitches and splices commonly used on boats. Recommendations for finishing and painting model ships and hundreds of other ideas you will find useful. Whatever type of ship—sail or steam—ancient or modern—you are building, or planning to build, you will find the booklet, SCALE MODELS, of tremendous help. Send 25c today for your Renniifilly illustrated copy. It will be sent you by return mail, postage prepaid. Gentlemen:—Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me immedi- - ately your 92-page illustrated booklet, SCALE MODELS. I a: ak heh Aamaeh nen eee euae tone aenunesehesdiiaedonnean Headquarters for Model Makers for 22 Years 415 Madison Ave. Dept. MN N.Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, iy Novernt Better Heating at Lower Cog . How to Install a Labor-Saving Furnace Control System in Your Home By CHARLES B. CARLON | In an article in the October issue (page 77), Mr. Carlon told how to install a small, | inexpensive blower that would enable you to burn cheap grades of coal satisfactorily in your house heating plant. In the present article he explains various types of thermo- static control systems and gives much in- formation of value on up-to-date, labor-sav- ing methods for regulating heat. HERE are a number of methods by which a blower used in connection with a home heating plant may be controlled. They divide in two classes. In one the thermostatic element directly opens and closes the 110-volt circuit; the other mechanically in this type than in either of the o not varying more'than one degree belo, or above the set temperature, Some blower manufacturers use instruments of this type, but only have a magnetic rely switch and make no provision for eq, trolling the draft doors, thus requir; the use of forced draft entirely, Thy author has found draft control to he, decided convenience in mild weather ani to effect quite a saving as well. ) Several manufacturers make instr, ments of the second class, ranging jy price from thirty-five to ninety dollay The complete outfit consists of a living room thermostat and cellar motor; th former with or without clocks | ct a controls a_ switch, They will be discussed in the order of the degree of automatic control to which they attain. Incidentally, this is about the order of their cost. Thermostats direct- ly operating the 110- volt blower circuit are of two types, either boiler or living room. Figure 1 shows one the latter either gravity, spring or electric. The principle of operations much the same in all instr. of the boiler type in- stalled. A clock for time control may be used or not, as the builder wishes; half the value and con- venience of one of these forced draft combustion systems, however, is in having the house warmed automatically, before arising. The cost of the boiler type is about twenty-five dollars. Clock, resis- tance or switch, and wiring are extra. Boiler control, though, is only relative; the thermostat setting must be varied according to weather conditions. House temperatures will vary widely and are apt to go to extremes. Fig. 1 (at right). Homemade instal- lation to control a heating system. Note the thermo- stat on top of the boiler. Fig. 2 (above). The back of the alarm clock with toggle switch of miniature type HE room type 110-volt instrument maintains a more even house tempera- ture, from two degrees below the range set to two above. The cost is about thirty dollars, with wiring extra. All wiring must conform to the Underwriters’ Code. Several manufacturers make instruments of the above types and a number of blower manufacturers use them. The second class of control is the ordinary draft-operating thermostat adapted to move the blower switch by mechanical means. It may, in addition, control the draft doors. The room-tem- perature range may be adjusted closer Riis cacenne coil ments of this type. Variations in hous temperature cause expansion or contrac tion of a bimetal element, closing a battery or transformer circuit when the room temperature falls. This causes the cella motor to make one half a revolution, pulling the draft chains appropriately. When room temperature reaches no the circuit is again completed by the opposite movement of the element, caus ing another half revolution of the motor and an opposite movement of the dralt doors. This cycle is repeated as needed. Refinements and the quality of the clock account for the variation in price. A gravity motor requires daily winding, §) spring motor weekly, and an electric | attention. The two former types @) motors require two dry cells a year, or special transformer may be purchastl from the manufacturers; the third typ contains a transformer. In mild weather the blower may k disconnected (Continued on page 1%) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. With Ame St of Ai sturd desce whic

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N Ovemiber, ip November, 1927 the oth legree bale Ure, Son itruments of genetic relay on for COn- IS requir; tirely, The rol to be a veather an ell. ake instr. ranging jy ety dollar, of a living motor; the r0ut clocks, Vity, spring operation js all instry. s in hous r contrac g a battery the room the cellar evolution, ropriately. es mormal, d by the ent, caus the motor the draft as needed. ' the clock price. A vinding, 8 ‘lectric D0) types d year, or) purchasel hird type > may be " 199) page 15,000 in cash prizes jor a slogan about WOO POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Read the fascinating story of Nature’s most friendly and useful material. Know more about its beauty, durability and economy. Learn the truth about America’s vast and permanent supply of timber. Then send us your slogan! This message may mean $5,000 to you. And remember that these slogan contest prizes are seldom won by professional writers or technical experts. Nearly always the winners are people whonever expected to win. So do not skip anything—not one word. No timber shortage | Almost everyone has been in- duced to believe that this country is confronted by an acute short- age of timber. This is not true. In fact, Col. William B. Greeley, U. S. Forester, urges the nation to *‘Use wood and conserve the forests.’’ For timber is a crop. It needs to be cutwhen ripe. Failure to do so means waste. There is enough standing timber in the United States today to build a new six- room house for every family in this coun- try, Canada, South America, all of Europe and the entire British Empire! And the additional lumber supplied by the year/y growth of standing trees would build a con- tinuous row of these houses along both sides of a street reaching from New York to San Francisco. These are not‘‘opinions’” but facts backed up by extensive investigations and published reports of the United States Forest Service. Better lumber than ever Not only plenty of lumber —but de¢ter lum- ber! Today, American Lumber Standards, adopted by the industry and endorsed by the U. S. Government, give the purchaser protection he never had before. Universal adoption of reliable standards has won forthe Lumber Industry high praise from Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover. Wood built America Without wood there could have been no America! Stout wooden ships brought the settlers of America across the wide stretches of the stormy Atlantic. Wood sheltered them in sturdy log cabins and wood housed their descendants in colonial mansions—many of which endure today. Throughout the Thirteen Colonies wood built the homes, the churches, the town halls, the schools. Wood built the wharves, the warehouses, the stockades, the barns, the corn cribs, the bridges. Later, the Forty-Niners battled their way over the long cruel trail to California in covered wagons made of wood. On ties of wood the railroads advanced un- ceasingly, West, East, North and South. Uses constantly increasing Twenty years ago there were less than 2600 commercial and industrial uses for wood. Today there are more than 4500. From the staunch timbers in mine shafts to the buoyant strength of Lindbergh’s im- mortal plane, wood serves mankind in countless and ever-increasing ways. Wood endures The oldest and most beautiful homes in America are houses built of wood. Many of them stand today, as sound in timber and beam, and as /ivadble, as they were before the Revolution. , Wood endures—and the supply is en- during. It is the only one of our natural resources that grows. The mine becomes a gaping hole; the forest forever renews. Wood is beautiful Wood possesses a pleasing natural beauty of grain and texture that mellows and deepens with age and defies imitation. Wood can be fashioned and carved and fitted into thousands of charming designs. And surely it is significant that the American architect prefers lumber for his own home! Wood is friendly Of all materials there is none so friendly, with such a sense of human companion- ship as wood. Wood is warm and alive to the touch. The handle of a tool, the steering wheel of vour car, the arm of your chair, the bow] of your pipe—you like the feel of them because they are wood. Wood is economical Wood is stronger, pound for pound, than any other material. It is easily and cheaply fitted to special forms for special needs. —— ——_ temew . © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Its moderate cost is due today, in no small measure, to the elimination of waste. There is a grade of lumber for every pur- pose, a right wood for every need. a a To inspire renewed and greater apprecia- tion of wood, and to make more widely known its almost endless variety of uses, manufacturers of American Standard Lum- ber in the National Lumber Manufacturers Association are preparing an extensive educa- tional campaign. The first thing the Asso- ciation wants is a ‘‘slogan.’’ Send your coupon sow! NATIONAL LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Washington, D. C. Manufacturers of American Standard Lumber This free booklet may mean VY. to you Send today! Mail coupon below and booklet will be sent you postpaid. It contains the Official Blank on Which Your Slogan Must Be Submitted. This may mean $5,000.00 added: to your bank account. So mail your coupon right now. First Prize $5,000 Second Prize. . . 2,000 Third Prize 1,000 Four Prizes (each) . 500 Fifty Prizes (each) . 100 Total, $15,000 In case of tie, the full prize will be paid to each tying contestant, Contest _ Closes December 15th -——_— + == = = National Lumber Manufacturers Association, P. O. Box 811, Washington, ry Gentlemen:—I want to enter your $15,000 Prize Slogan Contest. Please send me free t copy of your booklet, “The Story of Wood,” so that I may qualify. 5 t t a 4 i § Name ihc i . Street BR, F, Big. Fa OP inci sstcrtsinisi L.. « «= sen eeeeee nn

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, in Wuarilier ~earned by GirLof 15 Alice Higgie, a 15-year old Chicago girl, won renown overnight as a saxo- phonist. Her musical act is in con- stant demand for clubs, lodges, hotels, radio studios, and private entertain- ments. For a 15-minute act, she receives $15.00 —a dollar a minute! She says—‘Playing a musical instrument is lots of fun. I wish every- body knew how easy it is, and how quickly you ean learn, especially with Wurlitzer instru- ments—they are so easy to play.” Free Trial ~ Easy Payments You may now have any Wurlitzer instrument for a generous free trial in your own home. We want you to examine it carefully; note the fine workmanship, the full rich tone value; and see for yourself how easy it is to play. After trying out a genuine Wurlitzer instrument, the result of 200 years’ experience in fine musical instru- ment building, we know you will want to pur- chase it, on our easy payment plan. But that rests entirely with you, for the trial is abso- lutely free, and places you under no obligation. cmt Free BooR Illustrates and describes every known musical instrument—more than 3000 articles. Buy direct from Wurlitzer and save money. Special offers on complete outfits. Our free trial and.con- venient payment plan makes it easy for you to own the world’s fin- est musical instru- The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co., Dept. 1788 ji} 12% E.4th St., Cincinnati 120 W.42ndSt., NewYork } 323 S. W Ave., Chicago 250 Stockton St., San Francisco Send me your Free Book on musical instruments. Also your Free Trial, Easy Payment Plan. No obligation. i Copyright 1927, The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company Pointers for the Handy Man on Using Wood Screw; “ HAT is there to be said about driving wood screws?” the begin- ner in woodwork is apt to ask. But the old mechanic and those who have studied the results of recent laboratory tests on the holding qualities of screws, know that a good deal can be said. In all hard woods, two sizes of bits or drills should be used in boring for screws. The larger one should be from 80 to 90 per- cent of the diameter of the shank of the screw. After some experience, one can gage the size by plac- ing the drill on the shank of the screw as shown:in Fig. 4. With this drill, a hole is bored to the depth of the shank or entire- ly through the first piece of wood if two pieces are to be held together as in Fig. 1. A smaller bit or drill matched to the size of the root dor core of the threaded By E. E. Ericson | | remedy is to remo Ever: ~ —— and bot | arger holes for the shanks. “ A small amount ¢ lubricant, Usually soap, placed on th threads of a screy will make it easier ty drive and help pre. vent breakage. Tess have proved that the holding power of the screw is not appr ciably diminished by this practice. A countersink should always hy used to make a seat for flat-headed screws. To drive screws g Fig. 1. Of first importance in driving screws is to know what size holes to bore for them part, but no larger, is used to bore to the entire depth of the screw. If this is not done the screw will often break before | it is fully driven in place. In soft wood, smaller drills can be used and a hole of the same size throughout is often satisfactory. When an attempt is made to fasten two pieces of wood to- gether without ade- quate boring, the joint sometimes can- not be pulled tight because the shank of the screw will not slide in the first or uppermost board. In such a case the only tice as some would believe, for scientific tests seem to indicate that the holding power of a screw is slightly increased by being so treated, provided it is no driven too far. The blow of the ham mer bends the fibers of the wood down Fig. 3. Driving a screw is easy work with brace and bit Fig. 4. Matching the screw and bit longer screws have more holding powet than shorter and heavier ones. Screws inserted in end grain wiH not hold mor than 75 percent as much as those in the side grain, therefore use longer screws. part of the way with a hammer, Fig. 2, is not so vicious a prac. Fig. 2. Hammering a screw part way in is not bad practice | | | ward around the screw ani| in this position they offer) additional resistance. The use of a screw-drivet bit in a brace is shown it Fig. 3. Such a tool facil- tates the driving of al larger screws. Care must be taken, however, not to drive the screws too ti for the mechanical advai- tage of the brace is great. Other things being equal, © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. their s1 durable pens unfit for even m« INGER word “‘t the sam have to day in time an CHAS

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1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 November, INGERSOLL produces a Fountain Pen Ws Proved by Impartial Scientific Authority to Differ from Cheap *) Junk Pens that Hoodwink the Unwary Everybody can now afford a reliable to Temove ; and bop | re ' 2 for al dependable fountain pen! amount of In selecting a Fountain Pen always be sure to go beyond its t. us KS. Remember that all the wear of the pen is on the d ually POINT. You can be easily fooled. Millions are. A common Cd On the steel pen point costing a penny or two, will outlast the 2 Screw, |i average fountain pen with soft gold point. It easier tg INGERSOLL PEN points are made of solid 14-Karat gold, help Pre-|F tipped with the finest grade of the hardest metal known to age. Testy science HARD IRIDIUM. d that the Their everlasting wearing qualities were recently proved wer of the beyond the shadow of doubt when ten regular stock INGER- ot _appr./} SOLL points were taken at random and tested under the direc- inished by f tion of the Y. C. LAB by Prof. Louis H. Young, of the e, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. itersink Imagine! One by one these ten points were placed against Ingersoll Iridium-Tipped ways be| a whirling abrasive stone for a solid hour each! They were Points show no wear after ike a sep scratched over this rough roadbed of flint that wears away 1 1 aw" the hardest metals for a distance of FIFTEEN MILES— + miles on grindstone headed greater than the distance between New York City and Newark, N. J.—without a single one of them losing The actual photograph of Inger- their smooth writing quality in the least degree! soll Pens under test in the Y. C. At the same time, ten steel pen points—admittedly- more Leb is ee = _ durable than the ordinary soft points used in cheap fountain pean sipeel a 08 di ° ~s —were subjected to the same test and rendered totally — i eb age a — unfit for use after a few seconds. Ws eee ee Fe “ exerted by the average writer. Reduced to actual writing life the Y. C. LAB test was Each pen point was also set ata even more amazing in that it proved that the wear on the proper distance from the center INGERSOLL pen point was equivalent to the writing of the of the wheel so that the speed of word “the” 144 million times. In other words, to give a pen the wheel across the point was the same amount of wear in actual writing service, you would 1,300 feet per minute and the have to write 30 words per minute, ten hours a day, every total distance travelled in one day in the year for 21 years! And at the end of even that hour was equal to 15 miles. time an Ingersoll would still be as good as ever! Made and Guaranteed A CHAS. H. INGERSOLL DOLLAR PEN CO. SOUL of Dollar Watch & 558 North Arlington Ave., East Orange, N. J. — PR mn. —_ ager of Robt. H. Inger- soll & Bro. | screw srew and rey offer) Standard Nickel-Silver Barrel Ingersoll Pens—Men’s, ce. Ladies’ or Junior Model . . . . : . . . . ~~ $1.00 w-driver til i)! Oversize Ingersoll Beauties, Red, Black or Green Durrac howadl mI NEW YORK Barrels (Modelshown) . ... . . . . . §2.00 ol feck CITY Ladies’ and Junior size Ingersoll Beauties, Red or Black ~ of al Durrac Barrels :h «s + - we &. 2 ©. oe re must 1 5 M Sold by dealers everywhere or sent ILE direct upon receipt of correct S price. Specify model and color desired when ordering. The surface of all writing paper is rough and gritty. It grinds on the int of a pen like a file because it contains some of the same e in the abrasives as a cutting wheel. That ek 1 is —, agp: Page pens with N EWARK Ww | soft points quickly wear out even : under normal writing conditions. NEW J ERSEY © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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88 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ERE FAS TIRE 2 a aS Sa OS eS ee raat ‘Build Your Ow our , 7 Step Ei in L /: || and 4 1 || Hel re é LAWR x N [= A MW ris Soaend A af the, ig lap Jol Mg og y A | fi on ° the Tij ( Transform Your Radio Set |" sf BY} width ¢ of * 7 lumb ; IntoaReal Musical Instrumen - rs tied te | A You can build a power amplifier in your own home will ins i pf that will be equal to the finest commercial amplifier rte A and B-supply on the market. vertica ff The Thordarson Power Compact is the only complete saath Ee power supply foundation unit availableto the home con- allowin 4 structor. It contains the proper rectifier supply, two you be fi buffer condensers, two high inductance chokes and ear sit the power tube filament supply all in one com ound in join v3 filled PP"y P “ “ Sie ed case. n ry The full efficiency in operation and the extreme ease 4 cy P AY t iy of assembly are responsible for the great popularity LJ be: A of the Power Compact. se: , No engineering skill is required to assemble the fin- tory to Ey; ished amplifier. With a screw driver, a pair of pliers = iad f and a soldering iron, you can complete the assembly oe f in from one to two hours. below t There are two types of Power compacts. Type R-171 — - is designed for Raytheon rectifier and UX-171 power the pay YSN ».. ) | Je per ype R-210 is one for UX-216-B rectifier nr ES A , ; an -210 power tube. ] Ce his Booklet is Yours : cacot v oe! for f he oA sking: Power Compact R-171 Power Compact R-210 whisk | “power ampuricarion SIMPLIFIED” te eee moot == ‘ cll ty For Sale At Good Dealers Everywhere on = THORDARSON ELECTRIC MEG. CO. H brush fr g 500 West Huron St., Chicago, Ill. a edge tor EE |. WHORDARSON = |=: P « ge to : aan Amy wt oy of your free booklet “Power H © | esound 2 > Brush — FF eC ncnnetnennnriinncctensans aasiinasislls., : CI —. H 5 a, 1 an an ee ’ out of | ‘ = THORDARSON ELECTRIC UFACTURING CO, §) paper fr Se | # WORLDS oumer ADEeee Pee TRA maxens | 4 bri Sean ot Chicago, U.S.A. sae r1S] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See Page 6. ———

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Nowembef, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Steps to Take in Doing Walls and Borders — Helpful Hints By LAWRENCEB.RoBBINS on the walls of a room, begin in a cor- ner. Work from the light towards the dark side of the room so that the lap joints will throw no shadows. A line should be plumbed on the wall to the right of the corner vet at a distance of % in. less than the trimmed width of the paper. Use a plumb line —any piece nent of cord with a weight tied to the end. This l' HANGING paper Paser Hanging Made Easy Match all following strips and in the corners split the strip before pasting so that the halves will match in the cor- ners. The trimming can be done with the scissors, as described last month, unless the paper is of the perforated type that al- lows the margin to be torn off. Note also a reader's suggestion for trimming on page 104. HEN a strip is to be carried around the woodwork of a door- way or window, it must be cut to fit. This can be done by first measuring and cutting the dry paper, allow- ing a slight advantage in the size. Then paste, fold and hang. — Where the paper laps The paper is hung exactly plumb over the woodwork, and smoothed with a _ brush scribe a mark by press- ing in lightly with the ne will insure the first’strip’s being straight. dull side of the shears, and then use the In the same manner plumb every third mark as a guide for cutting. Press the pa- or fourth strip to keep the joints exactly per back in place and it will be a perfect vertical. fit. This is illustrated below. ' Cut a number of strips of the right After two strips of paper are laid, the - length and match them as you do so, joints should be n- allowing at least 2 or 3 in. leeway. After rolled. This can vO you become familiar with the way the be done with any d pattern is matched, you will find no _ suitableroller. A ' trouble in making the right allowance and regular paper id in joining the figure accurately as you hanger’s roller is hang each strip. best, but a photo print roller or be AY the strips face down on the work- even a wide bed ty bench as explained for ceiling work caster can be uti- in last month’s issue of Poputar Science lized. W ait six Montuty. Paste the top one prepara- or eight minutes h- tory to hanging, fold both ends toward after hanging the rs the center, pick up the strip, and mount _ strip before roll- the ladder until the top of the strip can ing. This will y be unfolded and placed an inch or two give the paste a below the ceiling. Be sure to get the pat- chance to set, ‘1 tern right side up. Lean over and look and it will not down along the mark on the wall. Swing be squeezed out r the paper so that the edge meets the (Continued on ‘ r mark and then press the top of the strip page 104) Marking paper where against the wall with your hand or the smoothing brush or whisk broom. Unfold the bottom portion and smooth it down in the same way. Always brush from the outside edge toward the corner and allow the inside edge to turn slightly around in the corner. Brush from the top down. If the strip is found to be slightly out of plumb, lift the 3 CO. Fl paper from the bottom and brush it in place again until it is smooth. it laps woodwork The border is applied last of all and covers the edges of both the ceiling and wall strips. It is cut into convenient lengths for handling 89 ew standards of efficiency— New standards of value MOST important chapter in the development of oil heat was written a year ago— with the elimination of noise by the new Silent Nokol. So en- thusiastic was the public's re- sponse to the announcement that the American Nokol Com- pany has been able to write a sequel to this achievement in the form of even greater stand- ards of efficiency, greater values and lower prices. In their effort to extend the benefits of automatic oil heat to practically every home, the Nokol engineers have special- ized during the past year on the smaller sizes—those intended for four, five, six and seven room houses, New refinements, new equipment, new operating efficiency have been added with no increase in price, Mail the coupon today and learn how easy it is to modernize your home with Nokol automatic oil heat. NEW Silent N NO [ coat ff REG.U.S PAT. OFF. ‘a AUTOMATIC OIL HEATING FOR HOMES FREE—NEW BOOK AMERICAN NOKOL COMPANY 4198 Schubert Ave., Chicago Please send me your new book on oil heat. Name Add é City State. Oldest and soundest automatic oil burner manufacturer in the world © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval-of the INSTITUTE OF.STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 94

Pipe Smoker Waxes Poetic Over His Favorite Tobacco Here is a bit of pipe-smoking sentiment pretty well expressed, in our opinion: “A Prescription” Have you ever noticed right after a meal How tired and lazy you always feel? I’m telling you folks it isn’t a joke, It will freshen you u if you try a goo But whatever you do these lines you must heed, There’s a certain tobacco, of course, that you need. It’s packed i in a tin, the tin’s colored blue. Not only the smoking but the chewing kind too. Of course if you never are bothered this way, Just keep the prescription for some other day. Ask for tobacco, the best that’s on earth; To shorten the story, just call it ‘‘Edgeworth.” i Chas. J. Butler Owensboro, Ky. Feb. 2, 1927. smoke. ) To those who have never tried Edgeworth we make this offer: Let us send you free samples of Edge- worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the sam- ples, you'll like Edge- worth wherever “and whenever J you buy it, for it never changes in quality. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother Company, 10 S. 21st Street, Richmond, Va. We'll be grateful for the name and ad- dress of your tobacco dealer, too, if you care to add them. Edgeworth is sold in various sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket- size packages, in handsome humidors hold- ing a pound, and also in several handy in-between sizes. To Retail Tobacco Merchants: If your jobber cannot supply you with Edgeworth Larus & Brother Company will gladly send you prepaid by parcel post a one- or two- dozen carton of any size of Edgeworth Plug Slice or Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed for the same price you would pay the jobber. On your radio—tune inon WRV A, Richmond, Va. —the Edgeworth Station. Wave length (254. 1 meters) 1180 Kilocycles. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A Radio Cabinet You Can Bui (Continued from page 74) any set desired without altering the method of construction. Cut lead linings for the battery compartment, if they are desired, and fasten in place with 14-in. tinned nails. The case should be gone over with No. 4% sandpaper. Remove the doors and hinges. Give the entire outside of the case a light sponge bath of clean water. After it has thoroughly dried, sandpaper with No. 00 sandpaper without a block to remove the slight roughness of the raised grain. The wood is then ready for stain- ing, filling and finishing with varnish, clear brushing lacquer or shel- lac and wax as preferred. If it is desired to re- duce the case to its lowest terms, the inlay may be omitted, the special moldings may be dispensed with or selected from stock designs if the desired wood can be found, and the top may be made of solid wood resting directly upon the top of the case itself. The front and two ends of the top may be molded at the mill, which will do away with the work of making the mold- ings and mitering them. The curves may be sawed at the mill or may be reduced to simpler forms. If the case is built of whitewood or birch, either of which may be finished to How the case is assembled. The end frames are screwed to the legs and no difficult joints are used anywhere tively. butterfly design, plaagl upon the outside of the door and case; ta : fitting will be neces mM The desk lid may be; ported by chains § tened by plates Or stot screw eyes instead of elbow supports cated. If a more elaboray! case is desired, one off } alternate designs of shown on Blueprint may be bandsawed, Ty center of the end pand& and doors inclosed byth inlay may be caref removed, the under layg of the plywood mi smooth, and crotch graj mahogany veneer and glued by rolling ay rubbing down. In doj this do not wet { veneer. To do such veneer properly there must be plenty of hant screws and other appliances for ven and the worker must be sure that he hy the skill necessary to handle hot glue effe. The gluing problem may bk helped by using casein glue, which sej much more slowly than hot glue. More elaborately designed and wide inlays may be purchased from dealers why supply the furniture trade. A monogram made of strip inlay or ornamental inserts bought ready made may be placed in th center of the panels. A doll’s house of Colonial design ani resemble mahogany with good results, 4 new ship model are the blueprint the shelves may be made full width with- projects scheduled for the Decembe out edge strips. The hinges may be of issue. Valu. 1 3 —ne\ . 3a ——ai- di} —— a ht X¢ sat : Dia ol ‘jo 5 Ing, é | = B ee a ae = “ || wae TS. | —$—$—_— cylinc | , eh dy the ¢ | | LN / { . 3. Fi shied soem rt ME- eeieaceeere “Tt: point | 1 i : 7 ) Ele | = | © : hour 15! “00|| | i? ‘e wy or 7 3 A 15 y Good | . i | inch « Hi WH} 115 seo =e | iL HIN i i Tools ie — lt eee 1b | geen” L L + i 30- 2 : | | Py ONT tl | = 31 t | lez i. rh 3 . 3 iad . 12 y 34’, ay le + Front and end views of the cabinet. Inlaid bandings, which may be bought ready made, are suggested for decorating the doors and end panels, and thin inlaid lines for the legs © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 95

elabo ite » one of # | Ens of fea! ueprint %) awed, | end pany osed by the > carefully! inder lays ood m rotch g, eneer rolling ay ° In doi wet ff . Veneerij y of har ven hat he hay t glue effer. 1 may be which sel le. and wide lealers why monogram ntal inserts iced in the lesign ani blueprint Decembe THOU At 1ade, legs Inside Micrometer—618. Gauges the precise diameter of any automobile cylinder from 2 to 6 inches, showing maximum— for re-boring or grinding. Extra rods are inserted for diameters above 2 inches. Barrel clearly etched and easy to read. Extra rods carried in hollow handle. Long handle reaches where hand cannot. Hardened steel anvils adjustable to compensate for wear. Complete, $12 Outside Spring Calipers—500. For transferring measurements to steel rule. Every part subject to weaf is hardened. Legs are hard crucible steel. Stiff, prop- erly tempered springs. Extra-long screw gives greater measuring capacity. Size 2% inches. With Solid Nut. . . $0.95 Feeler Gauge—359. For gauging gaps, || as in sfark plugs, platinum points and i i valve tappets, etc. 9 leaves, 24 inches long—% inch wide. .0015 to .015. Used in combination, these will measure any gap from .0015 to .0615. . . . . $1.80 Steel Rule—213. Light Tempered. 6 x ¥% x1/20 inches. Clearly graduated both sides and ends. Accurate in between as wellasoverall .. 2... 25 1 Micrometer Depth Gauge—31-R. With 3 rods, for measuring slots, holes, etc., from 0 to 3 inches, by 1/1000ths. Ratchet mechanism. Base 2'4 in. x 11/32 in., hardened, ground and accurately —— at right angles to rods... .. $il GHE. ten automobile re- pair tools pictured here are single examples of -~ sizes in which each is Tiee catalog also features all kinds of tools for machinists, and professional and ama- teur mechanics. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘ MINN ). \ ‘ * Valve Lifter—596, All-steel. Powerful enough to compress and hold any valve spring. Jaws move on hardened rollers. Screw turns on ball bearings. Takes positive hold; doesn’t slip or ee 6 © © © 6. 8e8 © catch fingers. Nicely polished $2.75 Valve Grinder—288. Takes the drudgery-out of the job of grinding valves. Crank turns in one di- rection as on hand drill, but spindle oscillates back and forth. Enameled iron frame. Over all length. 10% inches. $ Weight 334 pounds 4 ell Goodell-Pratt Electric Drills. Sizes 4 to % inch. Light and Heavy. Duty, for 110 and 220 A.C. or D.C. Steady drill- ing doesn’t overheat these drills. Self- oiling bearings require only occasional attention. Vital parts readily accessible. These drills retail from . . $36 to $99 Mechanic’s Vise—370. Tough steel jaw faces, scored and case-hardened, 3 x 1% inches, opening 4% inches. Steel Feed Screw with square thread, and 1% inch guide rods, insure great rigidity. Iron parts red and black enameled; steel Parts polished. Weight 40 pounds. $16 Micrometer Caliper-—2-R. Measures diameters up to 1 inch by 1/1000ths. Drop-forged frame; ratchet mechanism; i locking device to hold screw at any desired position. Compensation for wear Tools that SPEED UP automobile repair work You'll find them all in this free 400-page catalog Valve Lifters—that raise and hold positively —never slip or catch fingers. Valve Grinders— that make valve-grinding as easy as hand drill- ing, and lift your fingers clear of the vertical cylinder-head bolts. Feeler Gauges—that take the guesswork out of spark-plug, platinum- point and valve-tappet adjustments. Electric Drills that drill steadily hour after hour on the most gruelling job, without distress or overheating. The 14-inch Heavy Duty Goodell-Pratt Electric Drill goes through 14- inch cold rolled steel in 13 seconds. Precision Tools—that tell depths and diameters, lengths and outside measurements, accurately, to the thousandth of an inch. These and many more good automotive tools are pictured and described in the Goodell-Pratt 400-page Catalog shown above. Some of these tools will be new to you—will show you quicker, more convenient ways in automobile repairs and adjustments. These tools are sold by good hardware stores, mill supply houses and automotive sup- ply dealers. The catalog is free. Write for it. Select the tools you want. Then see your dealer. GOODELL-PRATT ", Loeiniths GREENFIELD, MASS., U. S. A. ‘S) MAKERS OF GOODELL LI- PRAT MR. PUNCH 1500 GOOD TOOLS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of-the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 96

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

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An Advertisement of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company CST No ONE person owns as much as 1% of the capital stock of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. The company is owned by more than 420,000 people, with stockholders in every section of the United States. It, in turn, owns 91% of the common stock of the oper- ating companies of the Bell System which give telephone service in every state in the Union, making a national service nationally owned. The men and women owners of the American Telephone and Telegraph e f ars ‘| Company are the largest single body of stockholders in the world and they represent every vital activity in thena- tion’s life, from laborer and unskilled worker to wealthy and influential executive. Although the telephone was oneof the greatest inventions of an age of large fortunes, no one ever made a great fortune from it—in fact, there are not any “telephone fortunes.” The Bell Tele- phone System is owned by the American people. It is operated in the interest of the telephone users.

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Toledo, Ohio

= How to Repai and Polish Furniture By CHELSEA Fraser

Shallow depressions and cracks may be filled with stick shellac or sealing wa OUR furniture is subject 4 sorts of accidents. Some of are very easily concealed; * are likely to challenge your kne and skill a good deal more than the} and surface blemishes mentione month in my article, “Patching D Furniture.” ; When a piece of furniture receive; square blow from some hard object, tk extent of the dent or bruise governs tk method of repair. If the bruise is shalloy, drop a little water into the depressio, using the tip of a finger. Then lay adam blotter or piece of felt over it. Play a marble or the round end of a thimblea the blotter, directly over the dent, an press it into the cavity with a moderate hot flatiron, as shown in Fig. 1, pag 94. Keep the iron in position so ast cause steam to penetrate into the wail fiber below. The cells will slowly svd and the contusion grow less and less, When the bottom of the defect com up to the main surface, the only thix that remains to be done is to rub the spa. Sprinkle a few drops of sewing machi oil or olive oil on the damaged surface, add a small pinch of FF pumice powde, then lightly rub the fine oil-mixed gi until the abraded varnish has bea freshened up and appears uniform wil the remainder of the surface. Should any white show around or it the bruise, mix a little stain (anilim colors soluble in water, or househol dyes for wool, which were mentionel last month) with liquid shellac to mate the finish. A thin application of this wi dry in fifteen or twenty minutes, wher upon another coat should be added, t give body to the surface. Rub the net film lightly with a felt-covered block ull the glare of the shellac has been softened to match the original finish. Some bruises are far too deep tol effaced by swelling the wood fiber. The like nicks or spots where wood has bedi knocked out, re- (Continued on page $) ne

Page 97

lish ire ASER jovember, 1927 BH EH £ iform with ound or it in (aniline POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Radio is better with Battery Power NOT because they are new in themselves, but because they make possible modern perfection of radio recep- tion, batteries are the mod- ern source of radio power. Today’s radio sets were produced not merely to make something new, but to give you new enjoyment. That they will do. New plea- sures await you; more espe- cially if you use Battery Power. Never were receiv- ers so sensitive, loud-speak- ers so faithful; never has the need been so imperative for pure DC, Direct Current, that batteries provide. You must operate your set with full The air is current that is smooth, uniform, steady. Only such current is noiseless, free from disturbing sounds and false tonal effects. And only from batteries can such current be had. So batteries are needful if you would bring to your home the best that radio has to offer. Choose the Eveready Layerbilt “B” Battery No. 486, modern in construction, developed exclusively by Eveready to bring new life and vigor to an old principle—actually the best and longest-lasting Eveready Battery ever built. It gives you Battery Power of things you 93 Here is the Eveready Layerbilt“B”’ Battery No. 486, Eveready’s longest- lasting provider of Bat- © tery Power. for such a long time that you will find the cost and effort of infrequent replace- ment small indeed beside the modern perfection of reception that Battery Power makes possible. NATIONAL CARBON CO., INC. New York UCC San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation Tuesday night is Eveready Hour Night —9 P. M., Eastern Standard Time WEAF-—New York ‘ WJAR-—Providence Minneapolis WEEI-Boston WoCO-{ 31 Poul WFI-Philadelphia KSD-St. Louis WGR-Buffalo WDAF-—Kansas City WCAE-Pittsburgh WRC-W ashington WSAI—Cincinnati WCGY—Schenectady WTAM-Cleveland WHAS-Louisville WW)J-Detroit WSB--Atlanta WGN-Chicago * WSM-Nashville WMC-—Memphis Pacific. Coast Stations— 9 P. M., Pacific Standard Time KPO-KGO-San Francisco KFI—Los Angeles KFOA—KOMO-Seattle KGW-Portland WOC—Davenport Radio Batteries uu.-they last longer shouldn’t miss © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 98

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Better tools mean better work Tue Sargent Auto-Set Plane is so strongly made that you should never need to replace it. It is so moder- ately priced that you cannot afford to be without it. It is so carefully and accurately fitted that the chro- mium steel cutter seems a solid part of the plane itself, and cuts with, across, or against the grain without chattering. Sargent Auto-Set Planes insure clean, accurate work. They can be quickly and exactly set at any adjustment. and the cutter can be taken out, sharpened and replaced in the original position without disturbing adjustment. Sargent planes are used by car- penters and wood-workers every- where. The Auto-Set and the small Steel Block Plane also illustrated here will finish any job. Ask your dealer to show you Sargent planes and write us for catalog and further particulars. Sargent & Company, Manufacturers, 50 Water Street, New Haven, Conn.

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

How to Repair Furnj a | (Continued from page 92)

quire filling in order to make them well. For surface bruises and nicks not gu er than 4 in. across, use either shellac or sealing wax of the pm! color, applied with a hot screw quad (either an old one or a cheap tool a less for regular work). To fill larger & fects it is advisable to insert a patch wood, often called a “dutchman.” | and wax are too brittle in large anes! to prove durable. As a substitutes a patch, you can use a commercial pig! = wood preparation, glue and wud! dust, or a gesso mixture, the Teparation, of which was described in the Preceding | article. Especially with corner or edge HOT Far. // 1\RON

UNDERCUT FoR _

vy, LARGE BLEMISHES” meee, (} and appt BRUISE MOISTENED i Jeading 1 1 | a 3 ey | sodeltion SSH : } | completely SS SN = | tance, won { NICK CUT OuT “DUTCHMAN™ FOR PATCHING The ant FOR LARGE DENTS pm ALLOW SURFACE TO ing of thes PROJECT. BLOCK GLUED IN cone loud Methods of treating bruises, undercutting range of m blemishes to be filled, and applying patches Ihave log defects avoid the use of shellac or wan Littlefield,

for it is likely to chip out when struck. bo car Where the cavity is shallow but largeit Vermont. extent, and stick shellac or wax seemstl best filler to use, deepen the hole with knife or chisel, undercutting the edgesi trifle (Fig. 2, above) so as to afford: filling a sort of anchorage. Even wit applying gesso or glue and wood dust tk deepening and undercutting of depressions is to be recommended, «| As a rule, a better job of repairing i be done in the case of large holes certainly on all really fine work, #% wooden patch is inserted. The new wood should be as nearly the original wood as possible. You be careful to cut it out in a form tol its grain run in the same direction as grain of the main stock, as in Fig. 358 it is best, of course, to make the} diamond-shaped, rather than rectang to avoid a hard straight line across grain at each end. ‘ It is usually wise to make the dutelt before straightening up the cavity it enter. Use a plane to get the ends edges of the patch perfectly level: the plane inverted between your # while you grasp (Continued on 9

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “OY ) ve pia > Crew dr ) tool ; al ; & patch q pe ” Shelley arge | bstitute fe nercial ply | and Wo! Battery or =a All-Electric peel OPERATION ner OF edgy ERE is the great value offer of the day. Test and try this H powerful seven-tube RANDOLPH RADIO for thirty days. After it brings in stations from near and far with amazing clearness—with easy one-dial tuning—after it easily yals any radio you have heard—after you are more than satisfied then you can buy it direct at factory prices. Every RANDOLPH must make good before it is sold. The RANDOLPH SEVEN-TUBE CONSOLE illustrated here can be had for use with batteries or connected direct to the dectric light socket—absolutely batteryless—no batteries, or acids—just plug in and tune in. 100% efficient either way. Its construction and performance have been tested and approved by leading radio engineers and authorities—by jeading radio publications and laboratories. 7 Tubes—Single Control Illuminated Drum Qnedrum dial operated by one simple vernier control tunes in all stations with selectivity to tremendous volume. Nooverlapping of stations. Illumin- br drum permits operation in the dark. Volume control for finer volume modulation. This is a seven-tube tuned radio frequency receiver with power transformers and power amplification. Space wound solenoid coils. Full and eompletelyshielded. A real receiver of the highest quality. Tremendous dis- tance, wonderful tone quality, simple to operate, Beautiful Wainut Console Built-in Cone Speaker The Randolph Seven-tube Ampliphonic Console illustrated above is housed in a genuine burl-walnut cabinet with two-tone hand rubbed finish giving it un- sur uty. The same expert cabinet work has gone into the mak- 7 ing of these consoles as in the finest furniture. Has built-in genuine Amplion SLUED IN cone loud speaker of the finest quality. Accurately reproduces complete range of musical notes from the highest to the lowest pitch. Randolph 7-Tube Console idercutting ° ne patch What Users Say Single Control Ihave logged more than 50 stations from coast to coast.—Lloyd Davenport, lac or Littlefield, Texas, I have logged 52 stations from Cuba to Seattle, the set i 4 n trea world beater.—J. Wamphkincen, Detselt, Mich. Your oat is a revelation, hes oll RETAIL PRICE but lara] Veron Gn strength of its performance sold two more sets this Wook Completely Assembled x seems tieg 7 Seanlow, 0, Flors hole witha he cigs © nN ay » a th . Even whe 10 od dust th ensat Sy {0 (sa MAIL win ded 4SC0 ake VIE. d. Dp art time “og selly + out and pairing Wi of PA pelps Ji ure to get oO” men our > holes qrork eter ‘campal sore, BE Ragstratieray, work, ifi averse sold st Beh is easy ; nearly You rm tof ye fir NOW 7 \e=ec- ee 3 Now you can have a new, », Single-control, six The Randolph Radio T h ~* Co a | Ow : eres U ction as hey R ry ee meats in the manctas- S e 1S up | e . . set with old style 2- t f radi All of Fig. 3; 6-tube sets selling for its vast and unlimited * > the p the same price. Tha resources have been used Randolph Radio Corporation, 712 West Lake Street, Dept. 227 Chicago, Illinois. Send me full particulars about the RANDOLPH Six and Seven- rectang . Across about Randolph 1928 Senior Six has also been tested and approved by Gelesting radioengineers. iful soli 1 canet othe ety Sensh Sets in making and perfecting of the Randolph Beoctvers. Recause of our long and successful experience in | control. Ilumi ‘ t a Randolph Rad Tube All-Electric and Battery Table and Console Sets with details od We ioguings Abaclstcy"ace || SAMGLE |] ors.cet *wersowia ae FREE Triai Otter. vity it deble an 5 ery aalective. ae Co nt rol will do pied us the ~~, Days’ rial. ' m now for the greates e ends é it before you eye ” Padio offer ever made, cei evel. your k on # RANDOLPH RADIO CORPORATION ‘712 West Lake Street Dept. 227 City. State Mark here [L) if interested in Agent’s proposition. # iJ cI io @ ontrial. Weknow what it M of your 30 Day 7 * & s Chicago, Illinois » & IS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY can tell by his hammer The man who isn’t satisfied with anything he builds or “fixes” unless it’s absolutely right is the kind that gets real satisfaction and pleasure out of owning and using Maydole Hammers. If you’re that kind of man, there’s only one make of hammer for you —the genuine Maydole. Grip one in your fist. Feel its superb “hang.” Remember that the head is press- forged of selected tool steel and the handle is of clear, second-growth hickory, air-dried for years and put on “for keeps.” You'll recognize it for what it is—the finest hammer that specialists in hammers for over eighty years can produce. Ask your hardware dealer to show you a Maydole in whatever style or weight you need. Write us for a free copy of our val- uable and interesting Pocket Hand- book No. 23 “B.” You'll find it useful. Maydole _the fine-set cutter. Hammers The David Maydole Hammer Co.NorwichNY | 94 How to Repair Furniture (Continued from page 94) 2 _ SLITTING BLISTER WITH A KNIFE INSERT GLUE UNDER BOTH SIDES OF BLISTER WEDGE GLUED IN PLACE (NOTE PROJECTION) 10 How to patch veneer on a curved surface, glue down blisters, and fill checks or cracks the block in your hand and draw it across Level the faces of thin pieces with a hand scraper, or sand- paper wrapped around a block. Lay the patch over the blemish, with a suitable projection at the edge or end if a border job is being done, and trace around it with the small or “pen” blade of your knife. This will leave a whitish out- line on the varnished surface. Then, with the knife or a chisel, deepen the outline and hollow the interior wood to the cor- rect depth. Make the bottom of the recess as level as possible. Try the patch in the opening. If it is too loose, you can either make a new patch, or glue it in as it is and later fill the interstices with stick shellac or seal- ing wax. If, on the other hand, the patch is too tight, pare it away carefully to fit. See Figs. 3, 4 and 5. Use either hot or cold glue and coat all surfaces that will unite. Press the patch into place with the head of a hammer and rub the head back and forth, but do no striking. Dampen a:cloth in warm water and quickly wipe off all surplus glue. Over the patch place a blotter or a pad made by folding paper or cloth, and exert some sort of pressure to keep it in place until the glue dries. On horizontal surfaces you can use a flatiron or other weight; in some places clamps can be applied, or thin strips of wood sprung, bowlike, between a block covering the pad and an overhanging portion of the cabinet. On perpendicular surfaces which cannot be shifted to the horizontal, such as the leg base of the piano illustrated on page 98, you may have to use twine or tape. If you cannot get the same species of wood for making the patch, select a wood of similar texture. Then, after the patch has been laid and dressed, you can conceal it by the process called “graining.” Stain powders (Continued on page 98) -and Three Weeks Later Going Strong: IT’S just a step from the wall. flower’s corner to the center of popularity ring. Don’t let the other fellows captureall the good times, and the smiles of thog whose smiles are worth while Be the whole show with you BveESGH CTrue “Tone Saxophone This is the one instrument thatygy know you can learn to play. If yoy can whistle a tune you can’t fal with a Buescher saxophone. Yo can learn to play quickly, with cot paratively little effort. 4 Join the Home Town Ban With the aid of the 3 lessons given) request with each new Buescher, may learn scales first hour and play tune; week. You can teach yourself, and days join the Band, or play with chestra, at good pay. Only Buescher Assures Success But only with a Buescher is this & progress assured. You don’t have tof) and favor for certain notes. Just the key and blow normally. Every full, clear and true. Six Days’ Trial. Easy Terms — Take any Buescher Instrument home for6i trial. If you like it, pay a little each mont coupon for beautiful catalog and details liberal plan. There will never be a bet to start. Write today. BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT Everything in Band and Orchestra Instram 2130 Buescher Block Elkhart, Indi Buescher easy playing Ta ig - ets and Trombones ; choice of the world’s : ra artists. i en pon jor ; catalog . vorite l sumecuen BAND INSTRUMENT CO., 2130 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Gentlemen: Without obligating me in any way Pp | me your free literature. Mention instrument intel Name instrument-.--_---------...----- © This_seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6

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the wall. center of t let the the good of those th while, ith your POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ——_ po] wo (6) 0 om J Via ~ SAN ae A COMPLETE SET of Craftsman’s Home Working Tools Now! You can make beautiful things at home—You can do “‘Masterpieces in Wood” with an efficient and powerful set of Craftsman’s tools—a complete, portable home work shop set. All of these tools are made possible by use of the Red Jacket Drill Motor—a most unusual, all purpose electric motor power. THE HOME WORK SHOP is a chest full of tools designed by a master for the private use of tool lovers and men who want to build, construct, invent and create at home. It is a complete, made to order, electric work bench that turns out work like magic. Small and compact enough for portable use and so inexpensive that any man or boy may have one. You will be able to make everything—attractive odd furniture— toys, home and garden improvements, all around manufacturing and repairing. The Complete Equipment consists of the new Red Jacket Motor, with direct drive to the Waco Craftsman’s wood turning lathe (capacity 9 in. x 34 in.); a bench saw, that has depth and side gauges, scroll and jig saw; and all accessories for both portable and stationary power drilling, buffing, grinding, cleaning, etc. Attaches to any light socket and converts your work bench into a complete private tool and machine shop. THE FAMOUS WACO GUARANTEE If our tools are not what you want when you see them, send them back. rr ht ee LOOK OUT FOR IMITATIONS: There is only one Red Jacket—one Waco—one Wm. L. Aylward, mastercraftsman. SENT ON TRIALS pee Our literature tells you how to e start a job of your own. If you Special Crafts Course are not pleased return the Shop. And blueprint service is free to Red Jacket Shop 2 Ounces owners— all that there is to know about handicraft methods, raw materials, woods, carving, sawing, turn- of interesting reading will be sent ing, designing, carpentering, decorating, is taught by you gratis. Send the coupon be- special correspondence. low. Sit back—see what we send you. It’s free. Buy On Your Own Terms MAIL THIS TO WACO Only $10.00 down. Liberal discounts for cash. Easy monthly payment plans. It isno hardship to own a Red ‘Jacket. Interesting Literature Free Just send the coupon. You will be surprised with all it con- tains. Beautiful, Instructive, Fascinating, Interesting. BLUE PRINTS j i WACO TOOL WORKS, In Manager, Dept. 11. FP f 8 542 N. Parkside Ave., Chicago, Illinois Please send me particulars about 10-day free trial, free blueprints, and $10 down payment. Turning Sawing Winding Spinning Grinding uffing Polishing Cabinet jove- tailing Pointing Jointing soaeening Sanding Scratching Carving Successful Master- pieces © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page.6.

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LORF O U, . FIBRE: © TILE MAGINE the beauty of a colorful tiled kitchen in your home ! Your bathroom tiled in one of the smart new color schemes—cool daffodil green, lavender, gray or black. Upson Fibre-Tile comes in big panel sections—unfinished—ready to enamel in any color your fancy dictates. Made of tough compressed wood-fibre like famous Blue-Center Upson Board—Up- son Fibre-Tile cannot crack; cannot chip—and properly applied, should never warp. And it costs but a few cents a square foot—about 1/10th as much as ceramic tile. 49 CASH PRIZES FOR BEST USES We invite you to mail the coupon now and see how you may win one of the 49 prizes for the most effec- tive installations in new or old homes or business. Identify genuine Upson Board by the famous Blue Center : ©The U-Co., Inc., 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ... surprisingly low cost How to Repair Furniture (Continued from page 96) and the turkey burnt umber mentioned last month are mixed with liquid shellac to match the tone of the main surface; then streaks of other shades are worked in with a fine brush to look like the grain markings in the surrounding wood. In this manner you can make a_ pine patch resemble oak, walnut, or mahogany. A coat or two of shellac or thin varnish, lightly rubbed d o w n with felt and oil, will restore the Froken veneer on the leg of an upright piano original finish and, if skillfully done, make a repair to defy detection except on the closest scrutiny. If the damaged surface is veneered, either get a piece of similar veneer (your local lumber or furniture dealer perhaps can supply it) or saw out a thin Sed + . Me a ‘« " ‘a is * ? me. i The damaged veneer is chiseled away carefully to make a bed for the new wood ‘ piece from thick wood of the same kind. Have the edges as straight as you can, as this insures ease in making tight joints. Make the patch, if it is to be let into the surface like an inlay, a trifle thicker than the depth of the recess after the latter is dressed flat in the bottom. If the blemish occurs at the edge or end, the patch must project a little above and a little beyond to allow it to be dressed level after the glue has dried. Sometimes, too, you may have to patch veneer on a rounded surface. Make the patch, trace it, and deepen the out- line with chisel or knife until the old veneer is cut through. Insert the knife blade flatly at a spot where some of the veneer is gone (Continued on page 133) How this awkwardly located patch was bound firmly in place until the glue dried -|AT LAST! © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Contra Radio Reception fg e~. Your Easy@ ‘ Turn set on and oft after station—swiftly. ...-—Without leaving your 4 61) eee’ OF REMOTE CON; Radio Tuning’ No other toning unit in the world like .it. Tune your set from any room of your home. Attached to any sin- le dial receiver with removable in a few minutes by remov- ing old dial and attaching adapter plate with Remote Control Unit. hanical Model, $18.00/ Pigctrical Model.” 60.00( 4 / ' Write today for circular 2: scribing radio’s newest and a revolutionary develop- * ’ ALGONQUIN ELECTRIC COMPANY, Inc. Leo Potter, President 245 Fifth Avenue. New York th SUILD YOUR RANE ERS IBS di Le qti'y We furnish blue pw nishing material aj; structions. Buy the ygl dial, weights and pp. lum from us at surprisig low prices. You make, profit — buildin ig clocks for your friends Plain Works As Low As Others with Chimes at All Ask for Attractive Fre This fully nteed watch cannot be jena, than $12. Genuine feather, atrep. I oe (se . on delivery 33.99 plus le 0: U. S. Swiss Agents, 561 Broadway, New York City, Dept.M SPANISH GALLEOK Complete Instructions and Plans Only$! One of the most colorful and beautiful ship models—designed for Popular Scien Monthly by the famous model builder Captai E. A. McCann. Anyone can make it whoa use tools. We supply complete description aa! instructions, together with photographic 1 prints of important parts, and a reproductia of the galleon in full color, complete detai charts, together with two full size Blue Prints All mailed postpaid in a handsome contam for only $1.00. - Materials will cost only about Five Dol- lars. Your model, when completed, may be worth $250. Send check, money order or dollar bill. Book Department : POPULAR SCIENCE - MONTHLY A a NK T/ ve. SAIN | New York ci LY

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ne t OV 5 CLOr rnish blue g material an; ms. Buy the yg, reights and Det M us at Surprises es. You makes building ari or your friends rks As Low As th Chimes at Ali py Attractive Free AN CHIME OMPANY laden CAP WAT , DIRECT FRO a ) 4a 0 ad Jamar Siverod 6 Shaped Cam ctured fn Ameria te—durable=| ork City, Dept Ir geou LLEO lans Only id beautiful opular Scient builder Captaa ake it who a description al 10tographic 1! a reproductia complete deta ize Blue Print some contain! You can build a model of the United States Navy’s most famous fighting vessel in a few hours of pleasant past-time. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Size: 30 inches high; 32 inches long; 10 inches wide. An exact dupli- cate of the U. S. S. Con- stitution in every detail. Fifteen-year-old Carl Rayborn built a model of the Constitution using only our cut-to-fit and ready-to-assemble parts as supplied in our kit for $6.98. He submitted the completed model in a contest by the publishers of Science and Invention, and it WON FIRST PRIZE in competition with a thousand ship models submitted to the magazine by builders from all parts of the country. Previous to building the model of Old Ironsides, Carl Rayburn had never constructed a ship model in his life. You, too, can build a prize winning model from our cut- to-fit and ready-to-assemble parts of historic ships, includ- ing the Constitution, the Mayflower, the Santa Maria and the La Pinta. Prices for the kits of parts range from $4.98 to $6.98. You need not know anything about ship building or carpenter work in order to build one of these ships. No special knowledge of ship model building is necessary either. THE WORLD’S LARGEST BUILDERS OF SHIP MODELS AND MELODY SHIPS WILL supply all the parts from the hull down to the smallest piece of rig- ging, all cut to fit and ready to assemble. You cannot go wrong. Diagrams and plans of parts that are included with each kit tell exactly what to do with each part. These plans show you step by step just how the model is constructed. Everything is made so simple that even a small child can build a beautiful model. All you need is a small hammer to tap the parts into place. Here is part of the instructions copied word for word from the diagram and instruction sheet that goes with the kits. “Take part No. 57, place it in front end of part No. 56 and tap lightly with a hammer. Next take part No. 58 and place it up against No. 57 and tap it with a hammer to bring it into place.” Canadian prices slightly higher. Send all Canadian orders to Canadian office. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, Inc. 3818-20-22-24 Baring St., Philadelphia, Pa. Canadian Branch: 1485 Bleury St., Montreal, Canada Easy! Nothing simpler. The instructions are like that from beginning to end. Do this and that and before you realize it a beautiful ship model has grown before your eyes. The model of the Constitution is exact in every detail. The hull, masts, spars, riggings, cannons and anchors are exactly like those on the original ship. Those who have constructed models from our cut-to-fit parts are so well pleased with them that they will not sell them-for $50 or even $100. We have letters from all over the world tell- ing us how much pleasure it was to build these models and the enticing money offers the builders have received from them when completed. Many persons have built up a wonderful business selling completed models which they have made from our kits. If, after assembling the model you do not think it worth many times the purchase price, return it to us in good condition and we will gladly refund your money. Write for our free beautifully illustrated catalog which contains photographs of all our models, together with complete details and price of each. We will send this catalog without obligation to you. Fill in the coupon below and we will act upon it immediately. MINIATURE SHIP MODELS, INC., DEPT 02. 3818-20-22-24 Baring St., Phila., Pa. few cents). PLEASE PRINT NAME AND ADDRESS PLAINLY. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Please send me the complete parts, cut to fit, and ready to assemble for the model Constitution. I will pay postman $6.98 plus postage (a

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

The Cheney NAILER

Nail Holding Hammer for “Out-of-Reach’’ Places--- How often you have had to drive nails from some difficult or even precarious position where it was impossible to free both hands. The con- venient Cheney Nailer Ham- mer was designed to make jobs like that easy. The Cheney Nailer holds any nail securely while you set it where you want it with one stroke—a single blow often drives the nail half way in. And the weight of the hammer releases the nail quickly and easily after it is set. The best of it is, the nail-holding arrangement on the Cheney Nailer is no trick attachment—it is an integral part of the hammer, a practical device that always works. And every other feature of the Cheney Nailer from its well- tempered tool-steel head, to its strong second-growth hickory han- dle is Cheney designed and Cheney made and is right from start to finish. Try the Nailer on your next job. 1206

PRENTISS VISE CO. 106-110 Lafayette Street New York City a

Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that Will Save Time and Money

XALIC acid forms colorless crystals which may be obtained at almost any drug store or chemical supply house. From twelve to fourteen parts of the crystallized acid are soluble in one hun- dred parts of cold water and only from three tenths to four tenths parts in hot water. Cold water, therefore, should be used for dissolving the crystals. One ounce of the crystals placed in an eight- ounce bottle and then filled with water will make a concentrated solution. Oxalic acid is very poisonous and its solution de- stroys many colors. For this reason it is often used as a bleach. It forms colorless salts with iron that are solu- ble; for this reason it is an excellent chemical to re- move stains of rust and iron inks. One of its uses is to clean aluminum pans. Aluminum does not tarnish readily in ordinary use, but alkalies discolor it and it should not be washed in strong soapy water. Dis- colorations may be rubbed off with whit- ing (precipitated chalk) or dissolved by dilute oxalic acid in the proportion of one part of water to one part of a concentrated acid solution. The acid must be removed by washing the aluminum in water. In removing rust or iron ink stains, either the material is placed in a shallow dish containing the acid or the acid is lightly rubbed on until the stain dis- appears. Another way is to soak blotting paper in the concentrated acid and allow it todry. When a stain is to be removed, place the treated paper on the stain and moisten the blotter. The stain will usually disappear in a short time. The color of many colored materials is removed by this process, so care should be taken. A stain and varnish remover may be prepared by adding 4 oz. alcohol and 4% oz. sodium sulphate to 4 pt. concentrated solution of oxalic acid. This will remove the softer varnishes and bleach the stain beneath. Rub down or scrape about five or ten minutes after applying. The following label is intended to be pasted on the oxalic acid container: Oxalic Acid C,0,H, Oxatic acid may be kept in any convenient glass container. It is poisonous. A larger portion of the acid is soluble in cold water than hot water. The acid also is soluble in alcohol. It is a bleach and destroys many colors and stains. Removes iron rust stains and iron inks. Bleaches wood as well as fabrics. Removes old shellac, soft varnishes and wood stains when alcohol or alcohol and sodium sulphate are added.

Using oxalic acid to bleach stained wood

Use the coupon today. Remember, this is the only com pany in the world making a complete line of Portaty Electric Saws, Hammers, Drills, Shops, etc.

LE Tey It 10 Daystre | Bt _

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

AD CEES NYSED L Public Welcomes News M_UEW DEVICE > =

GASOLINE NOW 1

MAKES THIS || NEW INVENTION “possi: A mysterious whirlwind device that can be in stalled in a few minutes on any car makes it possible for cars to run on 7% gas. A thousands of cars have been equipped and af showing amazing mileage tests on gas. fide reports show up to 60 Miles On a Gallon of Gas , This device not only saves gas but increases power, prevents carbon forming, produces flashy pick-up and quick starting. $100 a Week Territory Opes) | ===

The demand for the Whirlwind) is spreading like wildfire. Men : needed everywhere to take care local business. $100 Free week is easily possible

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with ‘ing case wig a 6-inch blade, lo make Portahy attachments, make Portal ase for sad for polis Brush, pe sement it form tion for hers who lovey »0 Down y easy. We it of aly We 1 if you do mg alance is paid ig ments while yoy ue Prints we furnish fry prints of toy 3, etc. ffer is the only com ine of Portaby te. SSSeeeeeeeseen KES THIS )SSIBLE can be in- ‘Consald lwaukee, Wi —a Tycos for the Home Office Thermometers An aid in promoting human effi- ciency. Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath Home Set Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in cooking. frees Wall Thermometers To help you maintain a tempera- ture in _ house conducive to good heal! Ilr —— Compasses To show you the right way in un- familiar country. pecs Fever Thermometers A necessity in every home. Syeoe Stormoguide Forecasts the weather twenty-four “som abead with dependable accu- ies Hygrometer Toenable you to keep the humidity of the atmosphere in your home correct at all times. Tycos for the Medical Profession Sph yg ometer, Pocket and Office types. Fees Urinalysis Glassware. Hees Fever Thermometers. Your dealer will show them to you. us, on a postal, for booklets on any of the above Write for Bulletin POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY warcrer surees > em ak ene ce Buildings 1s contro Lycos VERY owner of an office building, plant, apartment house or hotel can cut down his bill for fuel by installing Zycos Temperature Instruments in his boiler room. The Chief Engineer te the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company uses a Yaylor Recording Pyrometer to record furnace and stack temperatures. It insures highest efficiency by keeping furnace temperatures more even—and if the stack tem- perature rises he can detect and stop at once loss from this inefficiency. Other Ficos Instruments are used to measure drafts to show whether or not too many boilers are being used at night. And still another Zcos Instrument is used to maintain 140 degrees on the hot water heater. Maintaining this even temperature eliminates possi- ble accidents to tenants from too hot water or “kicks” of no hot water. By using Zycos Instruments this Chief Engineer increases the whole efficiency of his heating plant—and cuts down his fuel bill. MANUFACTURERS:—Whether you use heat for keeping your plant warm or in your manufacturing processes—whether for making armor-plate or baking enamel on cuff buttons, for making cartons or candy, rubber tires or hatching eggs or making tools, firearms or rubber goods or any other products that go through heat treatin processes, you need in your plant Zycos Instruments for Indicating, Recording an Controlling Temperatures. al efficiency and savings can be made in every line of industry by applying Zeos—the Sixth Sense. Write us for recom on any instrument, or type of instrument, and it will be sent promptly. Or, if you prefer, our engineers will consult with you on the applica- tion of Zycos—the Sixth Sense in your plant. Taylor Instrument Companies Main Office and Factory ROCHESTER, N.Y. - - U.S.A. Canadian Plant: Sees BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd. Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain INDICATING ~ OF ~ INDUSTRY = | ~ SIXTH ~ SENSE ~ Woes, Le Te mperature /nstruments RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING a This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page.6.

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®Save When YOU Saw! GENUINE ATKINS ‘Silver Steel’’ Cross Cut Saw will save you more than it costs. Only ATKINS can “ give you ‘‘Silver Steel’’ to make YOUR Saw outlast two or three ‘‘cheap’’ saws, and hold its sharp cutting edge. Only ATKINS can give you a real “segment ground”’ saw to cut faster and easier through years of hard service. ids An S| B In leading lumber camps the KNOW the facts and use ATKINS. Why should YOU try to save a little in first cost on a ‘‘cheap”’ saw and pay for it every minute you try to use it?. Look for the ATKINS name on the blade of any saw for any use. It means saving in sawing. E. C. ATKINS & CO. Established 1857 Leading Manufacturers of Highest Grade Saws for Every Use; Saw Tools, Saw Specialties, Plastering Trowels, Machine Knives, Grinding Wheels and Files 428 South Illinois St. INDIANAPOLIS, U.S. A, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | 13. Tea Wagon | 14. Christmas Toys | 16. Inlaid Radio Cabinet Blueprints for Your Home Workshop NY ONE of the blueprints listed below can be obtained for 25 cents. The blue- prints are complete in themselves, but if you wish the cor- responding back issue of the maga- zine, in which the project was described in detail, it can be had for 25 cents addi- tional so long as copies are available. Porutar ScreNcE Montuiy 250 Fourth Avenue, New York GENTLEMEN: Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have underlined below, for which I in- close...... ......-dollars........cents: Described No. Title inIssuesof Price 1. Sewing Table 2. Smoking Cabinet 3. End Table 5. Kitchen Cabinet 8. Shaving Cabinet 9. Arbor, Gate and Seats 10. Porch Swing 11. Bench and Tilt Table 12. Electric Washer Feb., ’22 25c °22 25c Apr., "22 25c May, “a2 25c June, ’22 25c july, °22 25c Aug., “7 25c Sept., 22 25c Oct., 722 25c Nov., ’22 25c Dec,, °22 25c Jen., —_— 25c Feb., 23 25c Mar., ’23 25c Mar., ’23 25c Apr., “23 25c Apr., 23 25c Apr., 23 25c Apr., 23 25c May, ’23 25c June, ’23 25c july,” °23 25c Sept., 7°23 25c Oct., °23 25c Nov., ’23 25c Dec., °23 «+ «25c Jan., "24 25c Feb., 724 25c Mar., °24 25c Apr., °24 25c May, ’24 25c Oct., "24 25c Nov., °’24, 25c¢ Dec., °’24 25c Jan., 25 25c Feb., °25 25c Mar., ’25 25c May, ’25 25c June, 725 25c July, °35 25c Feb., °26 25c Mar., ’26 25c May, °26 25c June, "26 25c¢ july, °26 25c Aug., ’26 25c Sept., °26 25¢ Oct., °26 25c 15. Workshop Bench 17. Cedar Chest 18. Phone Table and Stool 19. Grandfather’s Clock 20. Flat Top Desk 21. Colonial Desk 22. Cabinet and Desk 23. Pergola Garage 24. Gateleg Table 25. Canoe Sailing Outfit 26. Baby’s Crib and Pen 27. Kitchen-Cabinet Table 28. Pullman Play Table 29. Toy Tea Cart, etc. 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. 31. Sewing Cabinets 32. Chinese Game Table 33. Dining Alcove 34. Garden Trellises 35. Simple Radio Cabinet 36. Rush-Bottom Chair 37. Simplified Bookcase 38. Sheraton Table 39. Salem Chest 40. Desk in Sheraton Style 41. One-Tube Radio Set 42. Three-Stage Amplifier 43. Four-Tube Receiver 44. Pirate Ship Model—Hull 45. Pirate Ship—Details 46. Galleon Model—Hull 47. Galleon Model—Details 48. Sailing Yacht Model 49. Broom Cabinet 50. Airplane Model (Flying) 51. Clipper Ship Model—Hull 52. Clipper Model—Details Oct, 26 25¢ 53. Clipper Model—Rigging Nov., °26 25¢ 54. Five-Tube Radio Set Oct., 26 25¢ 55. Five-Tube Set—Details Oct., 7°26 25c 56. Bird and Animal Toys Dec., °’26 25¢ 57. Constitution Model—Hull Jan., "27 25¢ 58. Constit ution—Rigging 59. Constit ution—Rigging 60. Welsh Dresser 61. Viking Ship Model—Hull 62. Viking Ship—Details 63. Toy Motor Boat—Hull | 64. Toy Motor Boat—Details May, ’27 25c 65. Six Simple Block Puzzles June, ’27 25¢ 66. Ship-Model Weather Vane Aug., ’27 25¢ 67. Toy Model of Lindbergh’s New York-to-Paris Plane Aug., °27 25c 68. Magazine-Rack Table and Book- Trough Table Sept., °’27 25c¢ 69. Flying Model (3 ft.) of Oct,, 27 25¢c Nov., ’27 25c Lindbergh’s Monoplane 71. Console Cabinet—Details Nov., ’27 25c Mar., ’27 25c Mar., °27 25c Apr., °27 25c Apr., °’27 25c May, ’27 25c 70. Console Radio Cabinet i cia 5 ai din ii ee ek aah ea man (Please print name and address very clearly) Feb., 27 25¢e | © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Noventbe, Finally—the Pe my “A” Eliminaton For Your Present Set or the you eventually _ Nei es Our 4-volt “A” Eliminator “a Fits Into All Radiola Consoles Silver Beay POWER Replaces “A” storage battery and charges full wave “dry” rectification; maintaing quired voltage in un‘form, constant flows ates automatically by moving a switch; nomical—uses minimum amount of egy (about 1-10 costof using electric iron) hag ostat control for additional refinementin age and reception; gives maximum po radio tubes and lengthens their life; noag test or spill. Satisfactory results guarap Its principleis simpleandec The 110 volts Alternating Current is x tifically reduced with the famous "‘§ Beauty’’ transformer coil to deliver thep voltage to an especially developed dry, noisl rectifier, which transforms the electricity Cirect current. This current of exact vol is then transmitted through a patented cial filter which clarifies the current, ¢ nating all foreign noises caused by req or generator. The'Silver Beauty “A” Eliminator is end by prominent radio engineers—adopted} leading distributors and dealers—appn by thousands of users. These are sufi reasons for making Silver Beauty your ch 39® 43" 39 6-volt;2 amp. 6-volt; 3 amp. $2 Higher West of Rockies Silver Beauty “3-C” Does away with “B” and “C”’ batteries Embodies every up- to-date refinement and principle, in- suring smooth, unfailing recep- tion. As beau- tiful as it is efficient. No. 450 180 Volts—40 Milliamperes $45 i No. 460 135 Volts Employing an entirely 0 hod of rectification. Two —with or without bulbs. See Your Dealer or Triple-A-Specialty Comf Manufacturers of the famous Silver Beauty © 312-316 South Hamilton Ave., Chic ny | ~_y Mien — 2 ee. yahoo wd oe 2? ©

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jeau and charger > Maintaing Stant flows y a swi ount fen iciron)shag inementin imum power T life; noacig Its Puaran ind co urrent is gc amous tii: liver the pn ved dry, mn e electricity f exact vol a patented current, sed by 1 ~ November, 1927 Radio Socket Power your. Clee Sengy, wh mee Yes, any Authorized Philco Dealer will connect the wonderful Philco AB Socket Power to your radio set— whether it is an old set or a new set—at no extra cost to you. Installation is FREE! No Matter What Set You Own— No Matter What Set You Buy— Philco Will Run It From the Light Socket! It makes no difference whether you now have a dry cell or storage battery operated set or what kind of battery radio set you buy, the Philco AB Socket Power will run it from the electric lighting current. Here is your chance to do away with the ordinary “‘A’”’ storage battery and all dry cell “A” and “‘B” batteries. Super-power for all power tubes! No hum! No distortion! No more recharging to do! No more batteries to replace! Easy Payments! You can buy the New Model Philco AB Socket Power from any Authorized Philco Dealer on Easy Payment Terms. Merely make a small first payment and pay the balance monthly. Trade In Your Old The Famous Philco AB “—_— Storage Battery or You won’t need it with the Philco. _ Any Authorized Philco Dealer will make you a liberal allowance for your old _ “A” storage battery when you buy the brand-new Philco. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Installation On ANY Radio Set! The Marvelous New Model ‘your Radio Set Switch Controls Everythin ~Your A Power ~Your B Power ‘ at 60 Milli-amperes Built for All Radio Power Tubes an Will Deliver 180 Volts ¢ Turning On Your Electric Light / Merely snap ON your radio set switch when you wanttolistenin. Snap it OFF and your radio is silent. No fuss. No bother. Every Philco Guaranteed! Each and every Philco AB Socket Power is covered by an ironclad factory guar- antee and is built to conform to Underwriters’ Laboratories Safety Specifications. Console-Cabinet Models Console-Cabinet Models are built to fit inside the cabinets of practically all well- known radio sets, including: Atwater Kent Pfanstiehl Freed-Eisemann Fada Radiola-28 | Victrola-Radiola Brunswick-Radiola Special Philco Units have been de- signed for Fada, Pfanstichl, Freed-Eisemann, Stromberg-Carlson, Brunswick, Splitdorf and Victor receivers and are tested and approved by these compunies. Clip and Mail Today! Mail This Coupon NOW! & Just sign your name and address to this FREE Coupon, put it in an envelope and mail it to us. It does not put you under the slightest obligation. To Philadelphia Storage Battery Co. Then we will send you at once full descriptive literature on the New Model Philco Ontario and C Streets AB Socket Power. We will also send you the full details of our liberal offer of Easy Payments, Free Installation and Trade-In Allowance. Philadelphia Storage Battery Co. Ontario and C Streets Pena. Philadelphia, Pa. © Philadelphia, Pa. Dept. 1088 I shall be pleased to receive your free illus- trated literature describing the famous Philco Radio AB Socket Power; also the full details of your Easy Payment, Free Installation and Trade- y / In Allowance Offer. Name. NE E——E—— City © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page.6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY NOS November , Paper Hanging (Continued from page 89) IRBOSE The seams can be rolled with an ordinary caster to leave a long and disfiguring sy The hanging of the border comes} It may be cut into any conven lengths — not too long —for han Paste, fold and trim; then hang the piece by unfolding the right end and pag ing it to the wall in the corner, lapping the end about 4 in. around the come If the ceiling is uneven, snap a chalk lip across the wall as near the ceiling as sible and follow it with the border, If the joints in the border come jn, conspicuous place, or, indeed, if tears cur imany strip of the side wall or cejlj paper, they can be patched so as to scarcely noticeable by feather-edging thy joint. ‘This is done by tearing in an irre, GOOD TOOLS STOP WASTE Tardy production means avoidable waste. Waste due to tool failures can be eliminated by using Simonds Saws, Machine Knives and Files. SIMONDS SAW AND STEEL COMPANY “The Saw Makers” Fitchburg, Mass. Established 1832 lar fashion the edges that are to lap the Branch Stores and Service Shops in Principal Cities design and undertearing them so the — edges will be thin and the stock only; ‘fraction of its usual thickness. In thi way the patch or joint practically mej Dependable Standardized Super Parts into the design, and the edge is lost tot eye a foot or two away. The matchiy Accepted as the Best'in Radio Quick Ways to Mix Paste If you want the ultimate in radio reception— of the design must, of course, be com sistent. if you are one of those who demand range, clar- and Trim Wall Paper ity, volume and selectivity, then you will appre- ‘ ; To often the paste mixed by ciate Victoreen supremacy in the super field! SS amateur paper hanger is full of lump Victoreen has gained the confidence of those whose or “kittens.” I have known men to speal radio experience is based on scientific knowl- a half hour whipping the kittens out off edge. They accept the new products of Vic- pail of paste. With an egg beater toreen, knowing that a progressive step has been : same work could have been done mut Victoreen Radio Frequency made in Radio—one that has passed the experi- mental stage and arrived at the point of the utmost in satisfactory results. Victoreen 112 Audio Transformer Unit Designed to handle up to 400 volts of B battery anh: this unit is espe- cial y adapted to the West- ern Electric cone speaker or similar types. The trans- former consists of two stages of Audio amplifica- tion in one case poe de- signed for use with two 112 power tubes. Price $22.00 Send today for 1928 Blue Print of Victoreen Circuit Makers also of the famous Victoreen Long Wave Super Coils, Master Control Units, Rheostats and Audio Control Units. Transformers No. 170—For Storage Battery Tubes. No. 171—For Dry Battery Tubes. The very heart of the Super Circuit! These units are in struments of great precision, being matched and tuned to within one-third of one per cent and eliminating the necessity ff tube matching. Price $7.00 4 SUPER QUALITY; , RADIO PARTS | — better in less than two minutes. Thee beater quickly reduces the paste to asil consistency like oil or paint. This save time, material and labor. For trimming the paper, I have i a safety razor blade to be excellent. Pa a piece of building felt on a wide be nf 3 ft. long. Unroll about 2 ft. of papers the board. Reach forward, place the blade on the trimming line and draw it towar you. Bring the roll forward, let trimmed paper fall over the edge of table, unroll another 2 ft. and go throw the same process, continuing to the en . of the roll. A little practice enables ont to draw the blade rapidly and ‘make # perfectly straight trim. Trimming aml or more at once saves time. Hanging paper on the ceiling has if difficulties, but a contrivance can be mal to take the place of experience,~ Nail narrow board on each side of a steplat | Wi ° GEORGE wa al, \Y MERCHANDISERS ° VICTOREEN RADIO PRODUCTS 2825 CHESTER AVENUE CLEVELAND OHIO so that it reaches within about 2 © a the ceiling. Put. (Continued on page © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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ed er ing smu r Comes Convene ‘or he i rn : ang the fg nd and pag ner, lapp; the call ) & Chalk ling *iling as pos order, Tr come jing b if tears O all or ceiling SO as to by r-ed ging th 1N An irregy e to lap th hem so th stock only, ss. In thy tically mel is lost to th he matching rse, be con x Paste -aper xed by th full of | my nen to spent ens out of + beater done muti es. The eg ste to a sol This save have fount lient. Pastt wide boart of paper ot ce the blade v it towards rd, let th edge of go througit to the ¢ enables ont} nd ‘make ming @ ral} ing hasi an be mat ce, > Nail . stepias ut 2-ie on page i | ' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The desire to make the things we want is every man’s ambition. It is a known fact that real tools are nec- essary for this accomplishment. Often you have been handicapped in your work because of the lack of tools. Previous to this time the average man could not afford equipment including lathes, saws and all other necessary motor driven tools. Now upon the introduction of the Up-to-Date Home Craftsman Shop it is possible with only $10.00 down to avail Your Own Terms on Purchase $10.00 Down— Balance Arranged to Your Convenience Liberal Discount for Cash Guarantee After receipt of the Up-to- Date Home Craftsman Shop if you are not satis- fied, without question or delay every cent refunded and return express charges paid. The Up-to-Date electrical Home Craftsman Shop can be used in any home lighting fixture thus making of your old fashioned work bench a complete machine shop. The shop complete is made up of a Superpower motor, an accurate lathe (10x34 inch- es) which features the bevel, a miter, side and depth gauges, a superior tilting table, jigsaw, and all accessories for buffing, grinding, cleaning and all portable or stationary drilling and HOME MECHANICS MADE EASY WITH THE NEW UP-TO-DATE HOME-CRAFTSMAN SHOP INGS YOU WANK 12 CINDY (OAMTOLOES OU OSily DESIR E yourself of a real machine shop complete in every mechanical detail. Furniture, toys, home necessities, parts for your automobile, radio parts and cabinets and every article in which me- chanics are interested can now be turned out with the ease and speed of a profes- sional workshop. Further information and details of this shop may be had by mailing the corner coupon. Our Literature Gives All Details and Information Our Educational Under Personal Supervision of Master Craftsman Eugene E. Maurey offers special cor- respondence crafts course ving in simple detail full in- ormation on home handi- craft. Blueprint service in- cluded in this course FREE to our users. sawing. This collection of electrically driven tools which is com- plete in every detail, will make you an advanced craftsman. Master mechanics have designed and skilled engineers have con- structed this equipment which after inspection, you will agree is the best of its kind. For those who build, invent, create and construct at home, it is unexcelled. 15” Band Saw to Up-to- Date Shop shop owners. CAREFULLY DESIGNED BLUE PRINTS FREE TO SHOP OWNERS 10 DAY FREE TRIAL Working blueprints of furniture and other items which are useful about the home and shop. Hundreds free to be Use our shop for 10 days at our expense, if not satisfied—Return—express ‘collect. ; | i to-Date Shop 4” Jointer Model A-1928 Asccssory £9 UP- MAIL THIS For Full Particulars to UP-TO-DATE MACHINE WORKS 2915 South Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. MANAGER, Dept. A;--Without any obligation please send me full particulars about your shop, 10 day free trial, free blue prints, free crafts course. Also $10.00 down payment offer. ADORBIG. 00.3655 scivccccsvvvccsccscccees : © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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wrench like it The First and Only “One Hand” Monkey Wrench No Thumb Screw Adjustment—That simple slide motion locks securely with a hold that resists over 750 pounds end pressure. Compare this with any other wrench. Does away with the old thumb screw idea that was always a handicap. In every sense a “One Hand Monkey Wrench.” Mechanics Wild Over It Any mechanic readily appreciates the greater con- venience and efficiency of the H&E Wrench and wherever shown they are anxious to own one. As one mechanic puts it, “‘I don’t see how I ever could do without the H&E Wrench.’’ That simple slide motion gets their eye and it locks with a better grip and releases instantly. Slides Up and Down—Locks Automatically The H&E Wrench creates a sensation wherever shown. Its simplicity, smooth action, strong grip and practical value arouses interest everywhere: In the Factory, Machine Shop, Garage, on the Farm, or in the Home; in fact, wherever tools are used— they all go wild over it. Praised by Big Concerns The C. I. & Q. Railroad and many other large Cor- porations have acknowledged its value and en- dorsed it. Automobile Owners want it for con- venience and our Agents tell us “It is the easiest selling article they ever tackled.” 500 Agents Wanted at Once Rapid sales with a handsome profit make this a very attractive propo- sition for Agents and on account of this unusual demand we want agents everywhere and the opportunity is open to you NOW but you must ACT PROMPTLY. This Is Your Opportunity Think of the big sales possi- bilities right in your locality and surrounding territory —even if you never sold anything in your life be- fore, we show you how to be successful: In fact, under our plan you even get your H&E Wrench FREE. Pounds All tests passed — ernment Spe- MAIL cifications. Actualserv- ' \ aN TODAY ice and en- dorsement of Rail- roads as- sures High Class Prac- tical Value. Regular Retail Price $2.50 West of Rockies $2.75 yours FREE HGE WRENCH SALES CORP. Dept. K, 228 No. LaSalle St., Chicago, III. Dept. K, 285 East 134th St., New York City H&E WRENCH SALES CORP., Dept. K. 228 No. La Salle St., Chicago, Ill. Dept. ‘K. 285 East 134th St., New York City. Gentlemen:— Please mail me FREE particulars. This does not obligate me in any way. Please mail C.O.D. one H&E Wrench. POPULAR. SCIENCE MONTHLY ar velo etrertt 10000 Month Small Bending Dies for Sheet Metal Parts O MAKE some salmon-trolling spoons of my own design, I required a bending die. This I made by grinding a piece of key steel of convenient length to the desired shape at each end and then pouring lead over it to make a separate die for each end of the spoon, as illus- trated. After cutting sheet brass to the proper shape, I placed the large end in the die for forming that end and struck the steel punch with a hammer. The other end was bent in the other die in the same way. I found it was possible to make the spoons at the rate of about two a minute. I formed about 100 and could probably have made 1,000 or more. Dies of this kind could be used for other purposes.— Cuar.es J. Ramsey. PERSPECTIVE OF THE COMPLETED oe AN\\\\" \ a @ LEAD DIE STEEL FORMER ST FOR NARROW END FOR WIDE END How steel formers and two lead dies were made for bending salmcn-trolling spoons Quick Ways to Mix Paste (Continued from page 104) a piece 1 in. square on top of these, leav- ing the upper edge’ 1 in. from the ceiling. Cut the paper to length and paste it; then fold each end over, and hang the folded strip over the top of the support on the ladder. Unfold one end and begin to put it on the ceiling. This device is especially helpful when building felt and other wide papers are used, It carries the weight of paper and holds it straight, while the workman is left to use his mechanical skill on a small portion at a time.—Wa rer S. Ds Wirt. Hints on Paper Hanging Y ADDING half a tumbler of mo- lasses to half a bucket of paste, the amateur decorator can avoid some of the difficulties which are apt to arise in hang- ing paper on the ceiling. This mixture is a tacky coating that adheres more readily than a plain paste. I have found that the best results are obtained by pasting only one strip of pa- per at a time, if it is of the ordinary type, - and putting it on the ceiling before it be- comes too soggy by long soaking, which is apt to be the case if two strips are pasted at once. On the other hand, if a varnished paper is used, as in a kitchen or bathroom, it is better to paste the two strips at once to allow .longer for pene- tration.—ALBert L. SNEDAKER. Ifa partofacar or wiring to do—Solder it! KESTER METAL MENDER The Household Solder CHICAGO SOLDER COMPANY 4211-09 Wrightwood Ave., Chicago, U.S.A. Established 1899 allyou need is It’s a regular hobbywis yet of bby wi to fix things the And now, with Metal Mender women and boys solder! If you have electrical Metal Mender right in your own Kester requires heat, is easy to it’s a genuine so too! It carries a sciengj flux inside itself. Liketh lead ina pencil, this figg does the work. useful things you put back into service with just a touch of goes wrong-Solder it! Kester, here and there, hardware dealer, gener! store, auto supply shop |or druggist. If you want to he convinced without expeng —write for Free Sample, Youtoo,canuse Think of how ~— Buy a can today from you The Greatest. radio parts, and for builders. An Amazing Catalog containing the newest things in the world of radio. Unbeatable values in Radio Parts, Kits and Supplies of Nati- onal Fame. A complete array of cabinets and con- soles, in all latest styles, finishes and ——— sizes, at rice Unmatched 8. The high quality ofour prod- ucts eliminates loss. stocks offer you large selection. Our speedy shipments insure your customers’ good bigger profits for you. Wholesale Vest Pocket Price List and Discount Sheet This wholesale vest pocket price list and dir count sheet will be sent with the catalog. SHORT WAVE SECTION Our catalog contains a section devoted to showing of the highest grade short wave } and transmitting apparatus. Also the finest trical appliances for use in the home. Shure Service means sure profits. You take orders direct from our illustrated list pt catalog. Whatever your radio needs may be, you Will them in our 1928 catalog. Write for a copy TODAY. SHURE RADIO COMP 339M West Madison Street, Chicago, © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. , Send for This Great Book Compiled _ exclusively dealers in radio sets, for set Large will and

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hOW man you tO Service touch of and there ay from you ler, general Ply shop | or L Want to be \OUt expense e Sample, DER ier PANY igo, U.S.A. he finest its. You ated list , you will & MP. hicago, | Dr. Charles W. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Just 15 Minutes a Day What it will mean to you is told in the FREE BOOKLET below ERE are two men of equal position and busi- ness income. Which of them represents you? They read about the same number of hours each week. But one has no plan for his reading; at the end of the year he has little or nothing to show. The other talks like a man who has traveled widely, though he has never been out- side of the United States. He knows something of science, though he had to stop school at fifteen. He is at home with history, and the best biographies, and the really great dramas and essays. Older men like to talk to him be- cause he has somehow gained the rare gift of thinking clearly and talking interestingly. What’s the secret of his mental growth? How can a man in a few minutes of pleas- ant reading each day gain so much? a Sees Eliot, from his lifetime of reading, study, and teaching, forty years of it as President of Harvard University, an- swered that question in a free booklet that you can have for the asking. b] “For me,” wrote one man who had sent in the coupon, “‘vour little free book meant a big step forward, and it showed me, besides, the way to a vast new world of pleas- ure.” This free booklet de- scribes the contents, plan and purpose of Dr. Eliot’s Five-Foot Shelf of Books Every well-informed man and woman should at least know something about this famous library. The free booklet tells about it—how Dr. Eliot put into his Five-Foot Shelf “‘the es- sentials of a liberal educa- tion,” how he so arranged it that even “fifteen minutes a day” are enough, how in pleasant moments of spare time, by using the reading courses Dr. Eliot provided for you, you can get the knowledge of literature and life, the culture, the broad viewpoint that every uni- versity strives to give. Every reader of this maga- zine is invited to have a copy of this entertaining book. It is free, will be sent by mail, and involves no obligation of any sort. Merely clip the coupon :and mail it to-day. The Free Booklet gives Dr. Eliot’s own plan of reading P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY 250 Park Avenue, New York City By mail, free, send me the booklet that tells all about the most famous library in the world, describing Dr. Eliot’s Five-Foot Shelf of Books (The Harvard Classics), and containing the plan of reading recom- mended by Dr. Eliot. Also, please advise how I may secure the books by small monthly payments. ° Mr. N ame( Mrs. PE OPE ry eee Miss Pe eee ee The publishers cannot undertake to send the booklet Sree to children © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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108

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Radio + Is- BETTER * With + Dry * Battery + Power

an égg-but not a battery —_ Tan isn’t much difference in the size or shape of batteries. And you can’t tell how good they are before you use them. q If you could, one element alone would win your prefer- ence for Burgess. That elenient is Chrome. @ Chrome is the pre- servative that Maintains an abundance of unfailing energy in Burgess Batteries—long after mostdry cellscease to function. The black and white stripes are individual marks for iden- tifying Burgess Chrome Batter- ies. Buy them for long lasting, dependable performance!

—the preserving element Chrome used in leather, metals, paints and other materials subject to wear, is also used in Burgess Bat- teries. It gives them unusual staying power. Burgess Chrome Batteries are patented. Ask Any Radio Engineer BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY General Sales Office: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg | BURGESS FLASHLIGHT & RADIO BATTERIES tS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Simple Power Amplifier (Continued from page 76) any changes or adjustments while the eliminator is in operation. This does not apply, of course, to making changes in the variable resistances by means of. the knobs provided for that purpose. You can handle the wiring of the re- ceiver or the loudspeaker with no more chance for shock than you would take with ordinary B-batteries, because the higlt voltage used to operate the 210 tube is confined within the power amplifier unit. Before you first put the power amplifier unit into operation make sure that all three tubes are inserted in the sockets so that the tube prongs make firm contact with the springs and set the movable contact finger of resistance F about mid- way between the two ends. Set resistance G so that the full 2000 ohms are in the circuit. After you have the outfit in operation adjust the contact on resistance F one way or the other until the signals are as loud and clear as possible. Then gradually move the contact finger of re- sistance G so as to cut out part of the re- sistance in the circuit. The volume and tone will immediately begia to improve. Continue moving the contact until the signals are as loud and clear as possible, but always keep as much resistance as you can in use in order to prolong the life of both amplifier and rectifier tubes. If you should turn the knob of resistance G so as to make the value of the resist- ance remaining in the circuit teo low, the amplifier tube will be seriously over- loaded. In most cases about half the re- sistance, or 1000 ohms, will be found about right. Never operate the power amplifier unit without a voltage regu- lator tube in socket J. A special list of parts approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards for use in building this power amplifier unit has been made up and you can obtain one by addressing your letter to: Radio Editor, PopPuLAR SCIENCE Montuiy, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. If any points about the con- struction or operation of the power ampli- fier unit are not clear to you include your questions in your letter. Please make your questions as specific as possible. A Roller Rack for Ties BEND LOOP ) TURN ‘ X 7ITH eight or < & ten package- carrying handles, a handy roller tie rack can be made as shown. One can whisk any tie from the rack without disturbing the others. f bf The looped wire ANDLES FOR BUNDLEs ends of the handles are bent a quarter turn and fastened into a light frame with large tacks. A coat of stain or lacquer improves the appearance of the rack.—L. A. LANGREICH. “TACK THROUGH LOOP. 64,

ARE O O e a ae NN How handles are as- sembled in a frame

“How I Licke Wretched Old “I Quit Getting up Nights—Banished Foot and Leg Pains . . . Got Rid of Rheumatic Pains and Constipation ~ Tri . »- Improved Embarrassing Health Faults . . . Found Renewed Vitality, HI “At 61, I thought I was through. I blamed old ane, and but it never occurred to me to actually fight back, Iwa Nep only nat iving. getting up aigite ere embarrassed i ray own home. . . constipated , . . constantly tormenta . by aches and pore, At 62 my condition became almog Engineer intolerable. I had about given up hope when a dociy § ly efficie recommended your treatment. Then at 63, it seem signals a’ that I shook off 20 years almost overnight.” tude wit Forty—The Danger Age}™*., These are the facts, just as I learned them. n&#d §HF.L. ( all men, the vital prostate gland slows up soon —_ the volt

No pain is experienced, but as this distressi tion continues, sciatica, backache, severe ‘badd tubes, at weakness, constipation, etc., often develop. pedance Prostate Trouble ['%:,. These are frequently the signs of prostate trouble § Mechani Now thousands suffer these handicaps needlessly! Far § formers” a@ prominent American Scientist after seven years research, discovered a new, safe way to stimulate the to exclu prostate gland to normal health and activity in electrical cases. This new hygiene is worthy to be calleda complete achievement of the age. tmetare A National Institution |°**' for Men Past 40. {*"s Its success has been startling, its growth rapid. This new hy- giene is rapidly gaining in national prominence. The institution in Steubenville has now reached large proportions. Scores andeven hundreds of letters pour in every day, and in many cases reported results have been little short of amazing. In case after case, men have reported that they have felt ten years younger in six days. Now rhysicians in every part of the country are usingandrecom- @ mending this treatment. Quick as is the response to this new hygiene, it is actually a pleas- ant, natural relaxation, involving 2 no drugs, medicine, or electric rays whatevety scientist explains this discovery and tells whym men are old at forty in a new_ book now sent 24-page, illustrated form. Send for it. Every manpa forty should know the true meaning of those frank facts No cost or obligation is incurred. But act at oncebelat® Se ' this free edition is exhausted. Simply fill in your nat t . below, tear off and mail.

The Electro Thermal Company and 4975 Main Street Steubenville, Om}, . | ; gy heer Jo

Tue ELECTRO THERMAL Co., t ’ © J of neares 4075 Main Street, Steubenville, Ohio. i '

Los Angeles, Cal.

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H.F.L. C-16 Audio Transformers and C-25 Output Transformer— New Companions of a Great Circuit Engineers acclaim H.F.L. C-16 a marvelous- ly efficient Audio Transformer. It carries signals at highest volume and lowest ampli- tude without blasting or developing har- monics. Operates with all power tubes as well as standard tubes. HF.L. C-25 Output Transformer handles the voltage output of power amplifying tubes, at the same time matches the im- pedance of the average speaker to the tubes. Protects loud speaker unit without reducing plate voltage. Mechanical features of thest two trans- formers are: A coil designed and treated te | 0 exclude moisture and withstand heavy dectrical surges without breaking down— complete magnetic shielding to avoid in- testage coupling—terminals brought out so as to insure short leads. rostate trouble needlessly! Endorsed by America’s Leading Engineers Guaranteed by the Manufacturers The new C-16 and C-25 +B lransormers will Fok in any tiruit and will 6 =e Fy PRICES : H-210 Tran. $8.00 , o li ur H-215 Tran. 8.00 in yo! Dale Set Builders C-16 Transl. 8.00 L-425 R. F. and Dealers Choke..... 5.50 a L-430 R. F. _ | “your jobber cannot sup- Transform. 5.50 you with ede s Trans- C-25 Output e write us for name . 8.00 " “| 4nearest jobber. P prcanscss ; Bie %.M NORTH WELLS STREET CHICAGO, ILL. e Nuys POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Make Adjustable Arms for Shop Lights VERY simple swinging arm for an adjustable shop or bench light is illustrated. I made it to hang over my engine lathe, and it worked so well that I am equipping my entire shop with similar arms. . It is possible to swing the light in a wide arc about the work and also to adjust the light at different heights by if // Oy l] A U a a Drs =e A bench light which can be moved freely within the limits of its supporting arms pushing the wire firmly in the V-shaped cut in the end of the outer arm. The whole affair may be made in a very short time from scrap lumber, the dimensions of which are not particularly important. The broad piece fastened to the shelf or ceiling can be % in. thick and 4 in. wide and the arms % by 1% in. Two of these arms over the workbench allow the light to be adjusted just where you want it to avoid shadows; also, two of the arms over the drafting table are convenient for night work.—E. T. Door or Window Alarm Switch Made from Radio Jack ROM a discarded radio jack, it is possible to make an efficient spring switch for ringing a bell or buzzer at a distant point when a door or window is opened. The standard base is removed from the jack and in its place one that is straight MORTISE Cross section of the homemade alarm switch and where it is placed in the jamb and flat is attached, as illustrated. A steel | ball taken from an old ball bearing is set in such a way as to project through a hole in the base of the jack when the door is in an open position. When the door is closed, the ball is forced in, breaking the contact. As the jack is small and compact, only a shallow mortise is necessary. If reason- able care is taken in installing and paint- ing the device, it will almost defy de- tection.—J. C. IsHam. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. BradleyotunE The graphite disc principle, utilized in the construction of Bradleyohm-E assures noiseless, stepless regulation of plate voltage when used in B-Eliminator hookups. By turning thebakeliteknob, the plate voltage output of the B-Eliminator can be ad- justed, without steps or jumps, to the precise value for maximum volume. That is why prominent B-Elimi- nator manufacturers have adopted Bradleyohm-E. Ask your dealer for Brad- leyohmcE in the distinctive checkered carton. PERFECT FIXED RESISTOR This is a solid, molded fixed resistor that doesnotdepend upon hermetic sealing for accuracy. It is not affected by temperature or moisture and can be soldered with- out disturbing its rating. For resistance-coupling, grid leaks, and other appli- cations, ask your dealer for Bradleyunit-A in any de- sired rating. © Allen-Bradley Co. ELECTRIC CONTROLLING APPARATUS 293 Greenfield Ave. ® Milwaukee, Wis. ee |

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New Model PocketGen Nearly a hundred thou- sand people will flock to the great Army-Navy foot- ball game this month. Many thousands of them carry the New Model Pocket Ben. That’s because it com- bines good looks with reli- able time-keeping. Pocket Ben—made by the makers of Big Ben and other Westclox—is sold everywhere for $1.50.With night-and-day dial $2.25. WESTERN CLOCK COMPANY a La Salle, Illinois SS POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY What You Can Make with Wallboard | By Georce W. Royer NE of the most useful materials for the handy man to have in his home workshop is wallboard. I find many uses for both hard-finished fiber wallboard and the thick sugar-cane type of board. Either can be used for drawer bottoms, picture frame backs and as panels for doors, sidgs of cupboards, wardrobes and chests. Recently I built a clothes closet in a corner of an upstairs room with wallboard and some 1% by 2 in., 1% by 3 in., and wy FLOOR Fig. 1. Cutaway view of the inside corner of a clothes closet; details of construction 54-in. 1% by 5 in. pieces of wood and quarter-round moldings. The method, which is illustrated in Fig. 1, is a quick, cheap and easy way to build a light partition for any purpose. Both sides are alike and present a neat appearance with a minimum of material and labor. While it is, of course, not in- tended to be “‘bull strong,” yet the stiff- ness of this construction is surprising. With a sheet or two of wallboard and a quantity of 3 by 1% in. white pine, ploughed as shown in Fig. 2, the home carpenter can make any ordinary panel. The pieces for the frame are cut to the required lengths and mitered or’ doweled together at the corners. A sheet of wallboard is slipped in before the last piece is bradded or dow- eled in place. By making the panels a standard width of 16 in., either 32-in. or 48-in. wallboard can be used without waste. When lacquered, painted or grained, these panels present a neat appearance. Fig. 2. Stock used in making panel frames Two of our Home Workshop blue- prints show pieces of furniture made with wallboard panels such as Mr. Royer describes. They are Blueprints No. 20, Flat Top Desk, and No. 22, Girl’s Cabinet, Writing Desk and Book Rack (see page 102). Because of their method of construction, both of these pieces can be made at very little cost. fect. Soon you’ll want to join a hi college band and get all the fun vu that’s in it. can learn to play on any cheap instrum ‘ . ‘Nigh NIGHT?’S the night for practice house. Don’t miss it, for practice ot, to, But, don’t let the “wiseacres” tell you mm want to become a really good musician buying the best—a Kin; Band Instrumeng, learn quicker and play denn That’s th more than other makes. And they’re monthly Pemente. **Tootin’ My Catalog”’. King Band Instruments, the finest pn Write for inter 00 ey Own Horn” and “Handy votg Both sent free. —— K t G THE i. N. WHITE Co, 5237-93 Superior Ave., C Please send me free copy of ‘*Tootin’ My Own’ and your ‘‘Handy Reference Catalog’’. tot the instrument preferred.) , AGATERS 2. cc ccccccccccs ccccccccccccesc gi City occ vestwenal C1 Saxophone (] Trumpet () Trombone 9 ()French Horn [)Baritone [()Bass OR get this genuine leather | s-window pass case. : Holds Railroad Passes, Auto License, Lodge Cards, etc. Masonic or Shrine Emblem stamped on in gold free. Your name or other stamping 35¢ extra per line. Cash must accompany order We carry EVERYTHING MASONIC Send for free catalogue No. 10- P.S., of Books, Monitors, P sate he No. 11 P.S., of Lodge Supplies. 7e Have Been in Business 67 Years? REDDING & COMPANY 200 Fifth Ave., Desk P. S. New Y ee Fhte Diana F YOU CAN TELL!T FROM ? SEND 17 BAC 1 Carat Elite Diamo less for their dazzling rai liancy. You'll be deli Rings Surpass all oti acid and other tests. E Engraved Ring sterli teed. Looks like $25 owner offered $85.00 5 minutes after buying one. © Links FREE. With each rin we give free SEND order, bination Set set with small Elite Diamonds. Just send name, address and finger size. $3.89 and postage. On Satisfaction Guaranteed. Write t with Canadian or foreign orde Elite Jewelry House, ept. 381, 609 S. Paulina St., Breed squabs and make money. prices than chickens. how to do it. TWO} CAD Sold by millio Write at once for two free bat One is 40 pages printed in colors, 0 Ask for Books 3 and 4. You will be surprised. Squab Company, 616 H Street, Melrose Highlands, ee 5] ee M ae | The Electrician’s Wiring Manta By F.E.SENGSTOCK,E.E. Contains all the information needed for tit) p-oper installation of lighting and power Neu tems in houses and other buildings. It completely covers inside electrical i and construction in accordance with fi tional Electric Code. RAD Pocket size—flexible binding 448 pp. Price, $2.00 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY All Electric Radio = ie i oe # casita 3 et lia eta Ae std a mers ane: mR

ee on 8 cence rz hase

Tubes-Single Control UST plug this Randolph Radio into the electric light socket— and tune in. A powerful, selective radio that gives dependable limited reception. No Batteries, chargers, eliminators, acids or liquids. Here is complete radio satisfaction whenever you want it. The easy tuning with one control brings on all stations. Illuminated drum allows you to operate the radio in the dark and has space for logging stations. Every detail of the Randolph is modern and perfected— it is the master-built radio the wonder set of the day. It is this wonderful radio that you test and try for 30 days FREE before you buy. Listen to it in your own home. When it convinces you by actual performance it is the ideal radio—the one you have always hoped for—you can buy it direct at factory prices. Be sure you write for free descriptive liter- ature today. Genuine Walnut Cabinets Beautiful Ampliphonic Console The finest of heavy, genuine, solid buri finish walnut is used in the making of ali Illustrated here is one of Randolph cabinets. No picture can do the beautiful Randolph Seven Console Model— made of the finest care- fully selected heavy solid walnut, hand-rubbed and with burl finish. Has built-in genuine large Amplian cone speaker of | the finest quality. As- sures unlimited recep- tion of high notes and low notes clear as a bell. them justice. You must see them to =m come NI ctrical wiring 5 with the Ne tee eeeee renee eeeee te ecer e+ ccccccee coecescccccsoss CE ee Oa lasscnssncsiceitansetieasenti ee ae ae aie Mark here Ci if interested in Agent’s proposition. Gn en eneneanenanasabantnaneneiaeaeiaas RANDOLPH RADIO CORPORATION lll West Lake Street Dept.251 Chicago, Ill. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6,

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112 ‘This new invention is important to you HEAVY BLOWS...on metal— they soon loosen the securest head. be But with a Plumb Ball Pein you need never work with a wobbly head. When steady pound- ing and shrinkage loosen a Plumb Handle, you just turn the screw wedge, and the head is tight again. © The greatest tool invention in years! It eliminates loose handles for all time by giving you a way instantly to retighten them. eS When steady pounding and shrinkage loosena Plumb Handle you just turn the Screw Wedge and it is tight again A Plumb is built for hard work. Head is mounted off-center to add power to your blows. Oblong eye takes a sturdy, full-size handle. Pein is cone-shaped to spread instead of mash rivets. Handle is of selected hickory, double tested. A safe hammer for your car or work bench, the Plumb Ball Pein. At all hardware stores. Look for the Red Handle and Black Head. Number H F 375, 1% Ib., costs $1.30. Other sizes in proportion. FAYETTE R. PLUMB, Inc. Philadelphia, U. S. A. DOUBLE LIFE See i) Hammers Hatchets Files Sledges Axes POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY System in Surface Grinding How to Save Your Time and Insure Accuracy jy * Setting Up Special Work—Three Typical Iohy By Hector J. CHAMBERLAND 3 | saves time in thi and will Soa hia initial cost. It js jy tended to be Used jg connection with be or filing-lathe gy» chucks, but can made to suit One's jp. dividual needs, The hole is - and all sides oan hole: The four ¢ parallel to the hole gy Fig. 1. surface grinder with which-tool- makers and. machinists are famil- iar, this adaptable machine may be called into service for operations outside its regular line of work. An example is illustrated in Fig: 1—the sharpening of a formed cutter for knurling tools, The set-up shown is as quick as any and the results are very accurate. A 60-H wheel of the bevel-and-concave type is used. As the mill is a straight flute cutter, the grinding is done on the con- cave side. A diamond is mounted on the plate as shown and set radially with respect to the indexing center. Every time the wheel is dressed, it automatically sets itself radially. When dressed, the wheel is stopped and the first tooth of the mill is lined up with the cutting side A ee from the ordinary uses of the Set-up for sharpening a special cutter. dressing arrangement and the plate for holding the index centers * exact and an equal dis + tance. from the cenje .-, gs Of the hole. After the shank ofthe punch or gap is ground, the. tool is lined up in th Note the wheel block, the square is ground in relatig|| to the shank, and a, small amount ¢}| stock is taken off each side by. turning the block over without changing the‘ dow, ward feed; then the same amoiint 5 ground off each side to attain the correc dimensions. The block is then tired upright and the end of the tool squared, The block can be used for grinding rectangular pieces as well. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate a large ply gage, which is also used as a depth gage, It is ground cylindrically, one side being squared up with this operation, The gage is then finished to thickness, In making these gages, they are bore out as shown in the drawing and a %in, hexagon handle is fitted after finishing To prevent springing after the dog has been released from the man- drel. The cutter is moved away from the wheel with the traverse feed, and rotated an amount equal to what is to be removed’ for sharpening. The point of the tooth is in an undercut position. The dog is tightened, the cross-feed is worked away from the wheel, when the gage is grounl cylindrically, a wood bushing is made to fit the large bore; this answers the purpose and allows for squaring the end. : Note the diamond holder in Fig. 3 on the magnetic chuck set a the height of the (Continued on page 118) and the tooth is ground until the diamond touches the wheel. The tooth is now radial again, and the cutter is in- dexed for the next tooth and the operation repeated. This method gives the same results as an expensive machine or fixture. As the wheel is dressed before grinding each tooth, a good finish is left and an accurate job done in respect to the teeth being radial and equidistant. Ordinarily tools of the same type as the square punch illustrated in Fig. 2 are ground on an angle plate, but the toolmaker’s block shown in Fig. 5 Fig. 2 (upper view). ground. Fig. 3 (lower view). plug gage, How a square punch is- Grinding a large which is also shown in Fig. 4 Pay the| | ished square with the| tl © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. i Nore sent atl f — PLUG Fig. ‘ requ willing tools, ¢ by the chine, sults. = é grin el only a: work. This on th The fi ber iss

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Novetes iy | Ut can be ult One’sj eds, 7” e is grounj des are fp Te With th four sides the hole an mn equal di the center nch or Up in the in relation! | amount of} | turning the | the” down. amount is the comreet| | hen tured ol squared, or grinding large plug Jepth gage, > side being ition, The ess, y are bored ind a %-in r finishing springing e is ground y, & wood ade to fit ore; this urpose and uaring the diamond . 3 on th ick set at of the page 113) punch is + +} | worember, 1927 ‘Surface Grinding (Continued from page 112) wheel. This device allows the wheel to be dressed when al- most in contact with the chuck and at any height up to 4 in. It was de- scribed in detail in the August issue of PoPULAR SCIENCE MonTHLY, page 103. | For the benefit of *——.| mechanics not very she AND DEPTH GAGE familiar with the Fig. 4. A tool that work described, it iupies careful work may be well to mention that in milling snap gages, dovetail ; forming tools, and the like, the operator 1s guided by the graduated mechanism of the ma- chine, which almost guarantees the re- sults. On the other hand, when the same tools are being finished on the surface grinder, skill and good judgment are the only assets in favor of the man doing the work, This is the second of two articles on the use of the surface grinder. The first was published in the Septem- ber issue. INSERT PIN TO FIT SLOT IN CHUCK —— T wt H / ' a} ' ' Hn " ih " i! " w ! -4 ES a 2 ' 4 —_——— f 4 4 ai 4" | BORE FOR SPRING COUNTERBORE FOR CHUCKS . NUT (TO SUIT) TOOLMAKERS BLOCK Fig. 5. All sides of this timesaving accessory are ground square to within .0002 in. in 1 in. Easily Made Reel Holders Keep Wire Handy PRING wire or magnet wire on reels always has a tendency to come off and get in the way. Whether the reel is kept on the bench or in a drawer or, as sometimes happens, is simply set down on the floor, the wire is apt to become gradually unwound, and soon it is a tangle. One foreman put @ cotter REEL OF stop to this by having reel hangers made and fastening them to the shop wall about 4 ft. from the floor. Each holder was bent* from one piece of light flat ion, = provided a pin for the reel and fas- tened to the wall A simple method of two screws. making hangers for —~G. A. Lurrs. hoiding wire reels POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . 113 “YANKEE” no. 1555 Brings ' Job Out plicle ie, **Yankee”’ Ratchet Breast Drill No. 1555 atchet Double into the Open With “Yankee” Ratchet Breast Drill No. 1555, a finger touch on the Ratchet Shifter gives you DOUBLE Ratchet. When set in this way, lack of room to turn the crank doesn’t matter. The slightest movement of handle, either back or forth lets you drill continuously. Nothing need be removed. No lost motion. No lost time, The four other ratchet adjustments shown above, and two speeds, make this “Yankee” Drill the handiest and fastest ever designed. You can change speeds instantly without removing drill from work. Just shift lever at base of hub. Ratchet Breast Drill No. 1555 (Illustrated), 3-jaw; No. 555, 2-jaw. Hold 4% in. Drills. Ratchet Hand Drill No. 1545, 3-jaw; No. 545, 2-jaw. Hold %in. For smaller drilling jobs use “Yankee” Ratchet Hand Drill No. 1530, with five ratchet adjustments. Write for Free ‘“‘Yankee”’ Tool Book Shows how “Yankee” Tools make work easier: Spiral Screw-drivers, Plain Screw-drivers, Ratchet Bit Braces, Automatic Push Drills, Automatic Feed Bench Drills, Ratchet Tap Wrenches, Vises—Removable Base, etc. Dealers Everywhere Sell ‘‘Yankee’’ Tools “Yankee” on the tool you buy means the utmost in quality, efficiency and durability. Nortu Bros. Merc. Co., Philadelphia, U.S.A. ~ YANKEE” TOOLS Make Beller mechanics ome B'sy) This-seal on a radia, seo! or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE QE-STANDARDS. See page 6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY New adjustment — narrow anvil—shape of frame—and moderate price are features of Micrometer Caliper No. 11 Civilization Depends On Accuracy Printing presses, telephones, typewriters, elevators .. . machinery, watches, radios, automobiles . . . the man- ufacture of these and literally hundreds of necessities of modern civilization would not be practical without accuracy in manufacture and interchangeability of parts. Precision tools make it possible to manufacture to very close limits and to make in mass production economic- ally parts which can be assembled into a completed unit. Civilization depends on accuracy — and mechanics everywhere depend for accuracy on Brown & Sharpe precision tools whose performance sets a standard of accuracy known world wide. Dept. P. S. BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO. Providence, R. 1., U.S. A. Inside Micrometer No. 264 makes inside measurements from 2% to 8” by thou- sandths—clamp screw is an exclusive feature BROWN & SHARPE TOOLS . “‘World’s Standard of Accuracy” © This seal on a radio, techer pil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Old Bill says— De NOT slight an oil hole just pg, cause it cannot be reached easily |] | running with the oil can spout. Insert a thi, piece of wire in the oil hole and pour gj sat on the wire. mitt n High speed steel drills get dull very know. quickly on slow speeds and feeds; ¢ except should be run at all times up to they right OF rated speed and feed. Put on all the an elect feed the work will stand. ’ To get the most work out of them|}| “2 drills should always be ground on the} | whats machine if one is available. It is neg to impossible to grind a drill Correctly by hand. A paper washer under the tool-post} ring helps considerably when tz al heavy cut; oiling the tool-post screy also helps, as the tool may not be a secure as you think. ay Some mechanics make it a when machining steel to start with given feed and increase che speed unt the chip turns blue. i Any foreman likes to see a mecha | using a square nose or side tool with 14-in. side feed when finishing a iron part on a lathe. When grinding centers or any work on a lathe, be sure all bearings are pro- tected from emery dust. Place wet waste or rags, or even a pan of water where the sparks strike. Before starting a day’s work on any machine, it is a good habit to unt enough tools or tool bits to last through the day. Considerable time can be saved in trips to the emery wheel, which in more than one shop ingeniously located at a distance from | lating 1 pretty nearly all of the machines. —_ | handlin Filing left-handed near the chuck or} because faceplate is the safest method. Was COI Lm ee = = — J Z —, = pte rene | p . | VME a. NW = MORSE TAPER SHANK 28 BODY OF CHUCK * mye A simple fixture for holding screws which | his lat} are to be cut off, pointed or rechased F 4} two wi HEN it is necessary to rechase thejf) won't s thread of countersunk-head screwsi§) it has or point or cut them off, the holder ium should. trated is a good one to use. The body# switch ¥ Ee machine steel and a small strip of han steel is peened or staked in to drivet screw.—G. A. L. Ee

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November, 1987 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY a Hunting Trouble in Shop Motors By GEORGE A. WitLoucuey, E. FE. “T DON’T see what's gone wrong with the motoron this lathe,” said Clyde as w in the switch and gave the belt apull. “T have to yank this belt to get the thing started; if I don’t, the motor growls i og. oe ine has it been acting that way?” [asked as I walked over to the machine. “Jyst since morning,” he replied. “Well, that’s a good thing, Clyde, for running that way is hard on the motor. This is @ three-phase motor and you're raning it single-phase.” “It might be running four-phase for all t dull Iknow. I don’t know much about motors feeds; t except to know that they don’t work Ip to their} | right once in a while and then I try to get On alll the|} | an electrician to tell what’s wrong and fix ‘em up for me.”” t of t “This is simple, Clyde, and I'll explain nd on the|| | what’s wrong, and fix you a test lamp so Testing the fuses of a three-phase power any work circuit with a lamp in a weatherproof socket a are pro- Plac , of wail you won't need to have any more trouble like this. Ill get a ‘pig tail’ socket and k bring it back with me right after lunch.” . Pt On the way to Clyde’s shop that after- © last af noon, I stopped at an electrical store and able time|}| bought a weatherproof composition socket he emeryij| and a small 220-volt lamp. I got this ne shop isij} type of socket because it is made of insu- ance from} lating material and there is no danger in ines. handling it, and I chose a 220-volt lamp . chuck orl} because the line to which Clyde’s motor d. #} ¥as connected was three-phase, 220-volt. That is, there were three wires and the : Screwsif} voltage between any two of the three was 20. In some places it is hard to get 220- volt lamps and two sockets have to be connected in series and two 110-volt }\ amps used. Then one wire of one socket \ iiihas to be connected to one wire of the other, and the two remaining ends used | for testing. | H i Back at Clyde’s little shop, I explained # that when a motor acts like the one on a | his lathe, current is flowing through only #| ‘Wo wires instead of three. The motor echase the won't start, but it will usually run after ad screwsig)it has been started, although not as it rider illuif} should. Probably one of the fuses in the he bodyi#f) switch box had blown when he had loaded p_ of hantif} the lathe too heavily, but perhaps a con- drive the) tection had loosened somewhere or a fuse isn't. making (Continued on page 116) ee ed 88h ia Scena ae pon now. oe $ ee 9? Don’t be ‘Sold When you’re convinced, buy. In the meantime, accept this 10-day test we offer to prove our claims GENTLEMEN: Men are slow to change a habit. So we have found in offering them this temarkable new shaving cream that it is better to offer a test, at our expense, than merely try to argue them into a change. Results prove the big majority of men who try Palmolive Shaving Cream stick to it. For they find the things we say aretrue. Andthey tell others, inextrav- agant terms, things we would never dare to claim. So now we urge you to clip the cou- pon as a reminder. test, and prove to yourself that what you seek, we’ve got. You owe it to yourself to know from your own experience. How we did it Palmolive Shaving Cream’s sensational success is no accident. Our vast labora- tories worked years perfecting it. Before we started, we asked 1000 men what they expected in a shaving cream. Try this ten-day Then we set out to give them what they asked. They named four things. We offer five—features that came only after 130 different experiments had been rejected. All our knowledge of soap, gained in a lifetime of study, has gone into this new shaving delight. 5 exclusive advantages 1. Multiplies itselfin lather 250 times, 2. Softens the beard in one minute. 3. Maintains its creamy fullness for 10 minutes on the face. 4. Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. 5. Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. Won’t you try it? It costs nothing to learn what we have done. We count on winning you strict- ly on merit. Your present method may suit, still there may be a better. Send the coupon before you forget. THE PALMOLIVE-PEET COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PAL To add the final touch to shaving luxury, we have created Palmolive After Shaving Talc—especially for men. Doesn’t show. Leavesthe skin smooth and fresh, and gives that well-groomed look. Try the sample we are sending free with the tube of Shaving Cream. Here are new de- lights for every man. Please let us prove them to you. Clip the cou- © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. ° See page'6: Shaving Cream MOLIVE @ 3777 10 SHAVES FREE and a can of Palmolive After Shaving Talc Simply insert your name and address and mail to Dept. B-1419, Palmolive, 3702 Iron Street, Chicago, Ill; Residents of Wisconsin should address Palmolive, Milwaukee, 1S. (Please print your name and address)

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a ® rr On ¥ PS ing from ground water She cracks and painting SMOOTH-ON No. 7 dry surface. stable floors, etc. About 25 lbs. required for , Dampness and flood- getting in is easily stopped by filling the o. over the porous spots in concrete or brick walls and floor with —the only effective waterproofing material that can be applied from inside and to wet or _ Excellent also for waterproofing boiler pits, cisterns, tanks, ponds, wash-room, garage, and each roo sq. ft. of surface and you can do the » work yourself. SMOOTH-ON No. 1 is the good old standby for stopping leaks in , steam, water, gas, oil, or stove pipes; mending , cracks, breaks or leaks in furnaces and boilers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots, and pails, making ' loose handles tight on umbrellas, knives, hammers, brushes, drawers, etc.; tightening loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc. ‘ Use it on the automobile for stopping leaks in radiator, hose connections, gas tank,. gas, oil and ex- haust lines, keeping lubri- cators, hub caps and nuts § from loosening and falling off, etc. § The Free Smooth-On Re- pair Book will show you f how an astonishing number H of repairs are easy to make, and by doing the work yourself you make big savings. Mail the coupon for a free copy. Get Smooth-On No. 7 in 1 or 5-lb. can, or 25, 50 or 100-lb. keg and Smooth-On Nea No. 1 in 7-oz. or 1 or 5-lb. can. At any hardware store, SMOOTH-C or if necessary from us di- tron Cus rect. Sea e@e ee ee eee eS eS eS ae eee eee eee ee SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Convenient Holder for Valves to Be Filed MALL steel or brass valves, which have to be filed before regrinding, are sometimes difficult to hold. An excellent homemade holder for them is & —— A holder for small valves made out of an old Ford transmission band lug and a bolt illustrated. ‘This is made out of an old Ford transmission band lug. One side is tapped for a %-in. bolt, which is bent over to give a thumb grip. The bolt pinches a wing of the valve, the rest of which lies against the tapered boss at the front of the lug.—F. B. Hunting Trouble in Motors (Continued from page 115) good contact with the clip that held it in place. ‘“‘Here’s your test lamp,” I said. “Now we'll test the fuses. ‘Touch the bare ends of the test socket wires on the first two fuse ends where the wires are connected. The lamp lights, so these are the feed wires and the fuses are ahead of the switch. If it didn’t we'd try the next two and then if it didn’t light we’d have to close the switch to make the test. Now put one wire of the lamp at the bot- tom of the second fuse and the top of the first so the current has to flow through the first fuse. That fuse is good because the lamp lights. Now try it with the one wire of the lamp at the bottom of the first fuse and at the top of the second; that lights too, so the first two fuses are good. Now try it with one wire at the bottom of the second and one at the top of the third. Just as I thought, the third fuse is blown, for the lamp doesn’t light. The fuse at the left is blown and we'll have to take it out and refill it, but we'll have to do it carefully because they are ‘alive’.”’ “Oh, I’ve got more fuses so we'll just put in a new one,” said Clyde. So with a small piece of wood we took out the blown fuse and inserted a new one. “Tf this hadn’t been the trouble,” I remarked, “‘we would have looked over the connections carefully and taken out the fuses and sandpapered the metal ends to make sure of good contact with the clips.” Since that time Clyde has not been troubled with motors that won’t start. A SELF-CLOSING water faucet of the type operated by pressing together the han- dles will serve in an emergency as a safety valve on water, air or oil lines. UST a short period ia ureablepractices play pieces on the few Cant { saxophone. 1927 body many new and exc fac oD on. tion, depentiiia’ nee FREE TRIAL; EASy p,. sents, on ny, Coan ie ment for band or orchem Send now for litera | and the details, C. G. CONN, 1132 ConnBldg. Hiebert Install Pay EN) ———— PLUMBING-HEATIN; ~Save Hai} “THE SHOOTER’S ART” Tells how to hold, aim and handle rifles; helps you guide others in correct knowledge of guns, N ; Gives facts that make crack shots. Contains safety and common sense instruction every arent and boy should have. Helps to make ys leaders. Your copy Free. Write at once, AIR RIFLE The NEW BENJAMIN A Saale fatal, [AirRifi — - (ad le yy at your dealer’s XN BENJAMIN Air Rifle & Mtg. Co., 6254. Broadway, St. Louls, Mo. or sent postpaid. Writef Oba e-\, 7-4 cele): \. me Se ee i Apo caeieeee eae Ne 7} DF] than work. > ~\\ 5 cer > ~ “\ . Tra aay) e7s 3 ian J Sis 70 ei Stat iodey ; Shipped from factory or nearest of 10 branch a OTTAWA MFG, CO. room i801 Mages Wide. Pittene Gerstner Tor ) are fully RELL Made so i so neatly, they: the most p men. Machinists & Get our free ¢ H. GERSTNER & SOME] 547 Columbia St., Dayan lh | tal to invest. my huge warehouse as you sel ‘ol Get My Liberal Offer and also Guide—“How to Sei No stock to = a Big New 182- . i] ios"’—Free. Fallot bare of Bargains—all latest in Radio. Write today. a RADIO MFG, CO. 4ARRY SCHWARTZBERG, PRES. Dept. 286 American Radie Bidg., Kansas City, Me. A 2c STAMP success. —will start J on the See Money Making 0 tunities on pages 146 to 174. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6 NW | ad An a for pl

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} POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 117 Novemb; , November, 1927 for Heating Small 4 caste | LheHandyman’s most GOOD way to save gas when an acetylene torch is to be used for ¢ ¢& ; all parts to be hardened, is to lm ] tant tool 1S ad Me a uble holder like the one illus-

make ® This is trated. f of sheet Steel ~ aie elded to- 'f rwithahan- | die at the back. © The central divid- ing Pi is bent double and has the ends turned up. Half a dozen The container has a 4 are placed in diagonal partition compartment of the holder and the bottom ones are with a large flame. When the heat is attained, the holder is : to allow the work to slip out into the water. ‘The upturned edges in the center of the holder prevent the pieces in the upper half from slipping out, and this half is then turned down Carb orundum and more work placed in the top e e <ras'| Combination Stone work in the top ee half is thus pod heated and requires less gas to bring it HE success of the “job” may depend on p to the correct tem- the sharpness of your tools—on the deft "How the holder for te aoa t mh e 7 K ; .* touch you give with a keen-cutting chisel an parts is made lardening.—A. IK. ; or ing tool. ; id Bs : Many a home craftsman has Depth Can for Hardening — < learned to use the Carborundum Ends of Long Rods Lj ‘ i. Combination Stone to put a BLACKSMITH had to harden a Qe oS » quick, keen edge on any tool— number of ~ —_ a uniform Xe oat? aN ee ee an edge that stays sharp. distance at each end. Before doing this, A - eS e ‘ ‘ he pierced some holes in the dine an eae @ ee Think, too, of this feature—one 3 TF ae side coarse grit to start your edge; the reverse side fine grit for perfecting it. Made of the manufactured abrasive—Carborundum —harder, sharper, faster-cutting than any other material. — 2 rem ce

*%

Every stone uniform in grit and grade. Does Carborundum is the not readily fill nor glaze. Use dry or with oil. Registeréd Trade 7 Fs Name used by The Made in several sizes. Carborundum Com- pany for Silicon Car- ‘ bide. This Trade Carried by Hardware Dealers Everywhere Mark isthe exclusive are sap ce © SEND For CaTaLoc P-1 For CompLete List OF CARBORUNDUM PRODUCTS

THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY, NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. CANADIAN CARBORUNDUM CO., LTD., NIAGARA FALLS, ONT. Sales Offices and Warehouses in New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee —_ The Carborundum Co., Ltd., Manchester, Eng. Deutsche Carborundum Werke, Dusseldorf, Ger. An auxiliary can used to regulate the depth for plunging heated rods into a water tank i dd can and four holes near the top, and #) *spended the can as shown in the tank, Wa) hich was filled with water to give the Pe) rect depth within the can. In this ete _— the advantage of a full tank without any danger of hardening 4 bars farther "hin was necessary.— A B RA S I V E Pp R O D U C x S OORE.

ram is} Fhis seal on a eadio; tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. | See page 6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY November, im = Makes any wet trickle charger DRY! KUPROX all watering and attention! Now you can convert your wet electro- lytic trickle charger into a dry unit that never requires attention. The sensational new KUPROX all- metal Replacement Unit replaces the old acid jar—eliminates all acids and liquids—all watering and attention. It doubles the former charging rate on most chargers. Very easy to install—just disconnect the acid jar and set the KUPROX KUPROX RADIO POWER DEVI tion of any Unit in its place... binding post connections. stalled, you need never again bother about your trickle charger... watching or watering. . kind. standard chargers. The KUPROX Replacement Unit is Replacement Unit $4.50 from any radio dealer Eliminates all acids and liquids— only two simple Once in- no - no atten- One model fits all only one item in the complete line of KUPROX Radio Power Devices. See them at your nearest radio store. CES KUPROX A & B TRAN- SIFIERS—AIll radio power from a single unit. Con. trolled from set switch. Ab- KUPROX “A” TRANS}- FIERS—Batteryless, noise less, electric “A” power. Dry, dependable, needs no attention. Operates any KUPROX “B” TRANSI- FIERS — Dry, permanent, free of hum. all sets and circuits, $14.50 receiver. 4-volt or 6-volt, solutely dry, requires no $28.50 and up. attention. $57.50 and up. and up. KUPROX Replace- KUPROX Trickle ment Unit — For ree Chargers — 1I-amp. placing acid jar on rate. Large model all standard trickle gives 2)4-amp. boost- chargers and power er charge. $10.50 units. $4.50 and $18.50. WRITE FOR FREE BOOKLET—“The Secret of [Scceetu Battery Elimination” descril ing KUPROX Radio Power Devices. THE KODEL RADIO CORPORATION, c 3 E. Pearl St, CINCINNATI, 0. Models for ™’ st How to Hold Ship Mode Hulls for Shaping N THE construction of a I boat models, I have Pvt peer) . problem of how to hold the unfinj hull while working upon it. At last | hit upon the two ideas illustrated The first is used when the outside of the hull is being shaped. It consists of ¥% in. thick table supported by a suitable block of wood with two pegs that enter loosely holes bored in the hull as at A 4 \ Meeeon 2 “3 SECTIONS OF ~ i/ if Hh wu i ‘5 a1 Vs p J SCREWS CPADDED BLOCK Two methods of clamping a ship model for finishing outside and inside of the hull or into cleats fastened to the hull with finishing nails, as at B. If the sheer of the deck has been cut, nail small blocks across the table to sup. port the hull at several points. The second method, which is for hold. ing the hull while the inside is being gouged out, requires a cradle made of 1-in, stock. One jaw is fastened securely to one end of the base, while the other is attached with screws so that it may be quickly loosened and the hull released. After the hull is in the cradle, the small block in the center is wedged in place, The jaws are padded with several thick- nesses of soft cloth, as is the central supports.—R. W. CHappe.t. Handy Test Tube Rack for the Home Laboratory fmt ages chemists, or boys who are lucky enough to have toy chemical sets with which to experiment, will ap- preciate the value of a test tube rack like that illustrated. TEST TUBES DRYING ON 14" DOWELS RECESS FOR : CANDLE ASE == 8 E ” "x 6*x 13 A clamp for use when heating a test tube is a convenient feature of this wooden rack Abench for | blacksmith’s bench leg i deadens the Anorth hi annoying @n work at lea. on the right that there au It helps gre: adjustable. The solder ina rather « do any amo will be bett« metal and t It has the usual stand and pegs for the test tubes and, in addition, a a a device which allows a tube to over either a candle flame or @ alcohol lamp. ® This seal on a radio, tagl or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6 HC fj Tee ways ME tro te

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en cut, to sup. or be s being of 1-in, rely to other is may be leased. e small 1 place, | thick. central for who are hemical will ap- ack like IRVING ELS for the amping ye held , small | | j soreness 1927 Fcsative Metal Work (Continued from page 73) ANGLE. IRON \ TO FLOOR ——~ 4G oe ay —_—_————4:() 19 6-0 _—_—________} Abench for light work (Fig. 1) and one with a blacksmith’s vise for heavier operations (Fig. 2) bench leg in a box of sawdust. This deadens the noise transmitted to the floor. Anorth light is usually considered the best. Direct sunlight on the bench is very anoying and bad for the eyes. For night york at least two lights are needed, one on the right hand and one on the left, so that there are as few shadows as possible. Ithelps greatly if each of these lights is justable. The soldering apparatus is best located inarather dark corner, especially if you do any amount of silver soldering. You vill be better able to see the glow of the metal and the solder. This is more im- portant than it may sound. When copper, brass, silver and most other metals are heated much, as for hard sidering or annealing, a scale or oxide forms on the surface of the metal. This mustberemoved (Continued on page 120) WOOD COVERED WITH TIN TT . a cag te FIRE BRICK LAYERS OF PAPER SOLDERING BOXES FIG. 3 ASBESTOS HOMEMADE SOLDERING STANDS FIG. 4 Two ways of making a soldering box (Fig. 3) M4 two turntable soldering stands (Fig. 4) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY MARIUS C. A. LATOUR Famous French Scientist IRVING LANGMUIR General Electric Co. A. McL. NICHOLSON Western Electric Co. LEE DeFOREST Famous Scientist ERNST F. ALEXANDERSON Consulting Engineer, Gen. Elec. Co. L. W. CHUBB Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. A. H. COLPITTS Westerti Electric Co. S. LOEWE Formerly Telefunken Co., Germany L. A. HAZELTINE Inventor of the Neutrodyne @he New 119 | The Genius of these Nine Great Engineers ___ has made possible this remarkable — ‘New Electric ‘Receiver - FREED- EISEMANN RADIO you will get all the qualities you have wanted in a radio receiver—marked abil- ity to separate all stations... high amplifica- tion without regeneration... perfection of tone...and a simplicity of operation that will amaze you. L this new Freed-Eisemann Electric Set In the creation of the New Electric 11 Re- ceiver, Freed Eisemann has been able to use the inventions and patents of Alexanderson, Hazeltine, Langmuir, Latour, Loewe, Chubb, Nicholson and others—certainly the greatest radio engineers in the world. Operated from your Electric Light Socket— There are no batteries or other attachments that need constant care. The Freed-Eisemann Electric 11 Receiver can be plugged into the light socket. Do not be confused. There are many electrified sets—sets that use, in one form or another, battery power units. This new Freed-Eisemann Set is not an electrified set. It is a true electric set. The power in your electric light wires runs the set. Amazing Low Price—Because of the de- mand for this remarkable receiver we have been able to manufacture it on a volame basis that has cut the cost of production to a point where the Electric 11 Receiver can be sold at a price within the reach of everyone. Before you buy a radio set have the Freed- Eisemann dealer in your town demonstrate the marvelous Electric 11 Receiver. And let the dealer tell you about the Budget Payment Plan through which you can have this set in your home now. A demonstration costs you nothing and you will be thrilled with the ability of the Electric 11 Receiver to bring into your home the programs of all stations faithfully reproduced in full beautiful tones. FREED-EISEMANN RADIO Brooklyn - « « « « New York f Latour,H d RadioCorp.of America . @ This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. . See page 6.

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Build These Flying Models of FAMOUS AIRPLANES ERE’S fun and useful interest in Building and Flying Model Air- planes; it shows you in the best and easiest way all the parts of real Air- planes, what each part does, how they are constructed, what makes them fly, how they “take off” and land, and many other things real aviators must know. Ideal Models are wonderfully accurate copies of Famous Airplanes, designed in exact proportions and have constructional features, parts and fittings like the big ones. They are all oeanemhend to fly when correctly constructed. They are easy to build; Ideal Complete Con- struction Outfits contain everything needed, including Plans, Diagrams, Building-Flying Instructions and all parts, fittings and ma- terials. Here are several realistic models; choose yours now— LINDBERGH'S “Spirit of St. Louis” (shown above) 3 ft. size. Complete Construction Outfit $7.50 FOKKER “America’’ Monoplane (shown above) 3 ft. size. Complete Construction oe rere ire peer tit (shown above) 3 ft. size. Complete Construction —-Z DeHAVILLAND Air Mail Biplane 3 ft. size. Complete Construction ~~, “Jennie’’ Training Biplane NC Naval Cross-Atlantic Seaplane 4% ft. size. Complete Construction — NIEUPORT French Scout Monoplane_ 3 ft. size. Complete Construction a 00 BLERIOT or TAUBE Monoplanes 3 ft. size. Complete Construction Outfit, CNC hed caegastodswndescenvacen $5.00 Ask Your Dealer or Order Direct if Unobtainable. West of Denver, Colo., and in Canada, add 50c to each Headquarters for MODEL AIRPLANE PARTS AND MATERIALS E have the most complete stock of parts, fittings and materials for Model Airplanes, specially made or selected to duplicate in miniature the actual parts of real Airplanes; also supplies of every- thing needed by Model builders. Our big catalogue is the most complete obtainable; i fu mation énd describes over Send 5¢ for Big separa’ needed for any kind CATALOGUE Plans for Model Airplanes lei rete ae 25° build with materials needed, we Gowasbons fer any one of the above IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY COMPANY Established 1911—16 years sere ope. 163-165 Spring Street ork City

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Decorative Metal Work (Continued from page 119) each time the metal is heated. The usual method is to dip the hot metal in “‘pickle,”’ which is a mixture of water and acid

Art metal work by Mr. Thatcher. Later on * he will tell how to make similar pieces Yee usually kept in an earthen crock near the heating and soldering apparatus. The pickle pot should have a tight cover. Large pieces are best annealed and soldered (if the blowtorch is used) in a soldering box, which consists of two sides and a bottom as shown in Fig. 3, page 119. This may be made entirely of fire brick as shown at B. The purpose of - © the soldering box is to conserve and reflect the heat about the work and at the same time corfine the flame safeiy. Sometimes a pan of cinders, lump pumice stone, broken fire brick, asbestos, or char- coal is placed in the soldering box to hold the work and reflect the heat evenly. It is not a bad plan to cover that part of the bench to be devoted to heat- ing and soldering with fire brick or even common brick,, The soldering box also provides an excellent place for a turntable, as shown at A, Fig. 4. The upper part consists of a shallow pan filled with refractory ma- terials on which the work to be soldered is placed and turned about to best ad- vantage for soldering. Two old machine pulleys that fit the same shaft may be used as a base, the upper pulley turning on a short piece of shaft. A tin pan may be riveted or bolted to the upper pulley. The automobile junk yard will usually yield plenty of materials for making a turntable. Two brake drums may be ar- ranged, or a wheel hub and a brake drum, as suggested at B, Fig. 4.

Steam turbine model made by the author with only hand tools This is the first of a series of articles by Mr. Thatcher, who is a distinguished craftsman and teacher. He taught art metal work at Teachers College, Columina University, for fifteen years. Many interesting facts about his work were given in the September, October, November, and De- cember, 1926, issues of PoruLtaR SciENCE MonTHLy. In the next article of the present series, he will tell how to set up various types of polishing heads and other equipment. November, iyp

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil buxner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6

MAKE MORE MONEY - Read the Money Making Opportunities on pages 146 to 174 of this issue. -

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ember, 19p norembe? 1927 “wel ||) Handling Heavy Work cheney ; (Continued from page 78) the pile with the chain hook shown, ) vith @ pair of shafting tongs, if a chain Aue |/e "ig not available. The shaft is mo) EP balanced on a floor truck and can * without much effort. le — ou have some bench work to Mion several shafts that are rather awk- {to handle in the vise on account of or the weight. It may be essary to have another man close the for you while you are holding the Then, if you have to change the “aition of the shaft frequently, you will ve to call on some one for assistance ain, In Fig. 4 is shown a simple vise ow that will support a shaft and enable a an to handle the work alone. It can be quickly made from sheet steel, copper or : a al ' He if | f 8. hag rs Saas 2 t Fig. 3. A floor platform before a machine or bench will often save a mechanic fatigue : Ex moplete i» §| brass, “The jaw is cut the width of the | vise and long enough to curve around the nan pus || salt and lap over about 2 in. on each ays if at }/jaw when the vise is closed. It is first ep. bent around the shaft, and after the ew York 1) shaft has been locked in the vise, the ends ae turned over. This type of cradle can be made in a few minutes and will often Fords} ave a lot. of energy. You can open or Y PRICES} close the vise as often as you wish, yet $395) the shaft will remain at the right height, tod it can be moved longitudinally or e for Bookd || turned around. howing 0M 4) Another simple kink is to place on the y bar of the vise a block of wood, » Tlinois tuttothe proper height. The block should }\ grooved on the side resting on the bar })/ that it fits over sufficiently to hold the uk in place. ~ An important consideration in connec- ss big thew 00 With vise work is to stand at the i teit height, especially if you have to fiend many hours at the work. Un- jj) tunately it is impossible to build long Hp benches that will be just the right nght for both long and short men. The y thing is to try to strike a happy im. This applies also to many large such (Continued on page 122 IS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 128 SUPREME SYMBOLS OF SECURITY THE WORLD OVER WHEREVER MEN ENFORCE RESPECT FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MINE AND THINE There is only one maker of Yale Locks and Keys. The mark Yale means the name of the maker. The Yale and Towne Mfg. Co. Stamford, Conn.,U.S. A. Canadian Branch at St. Catharines, Ont. YALE MARKED IS YALE MADE

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Use an en Kit to get Matched Parts Every part of your aerial installation should be of uni- formly high quality, because one poor unit will affect the entire job. For complete satisfaction year in and year out, buy a Belden Aerial Kit with Beldenamel Aerial Wire and the well-known Belden Lightning Arrester. Don’t take a chance with a poor antenna system. Ask your dealer for a Belden Aerial kit. Belden Manufacturing Co. 2304-A S. Western Ave., Chicago Aerial Kit POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Handling Heavy Work (Continued from page 121) as engine and turret lathes and millers. When you find the vise or machine too high to work at constantly without be- coming tired, the best remedy is to make a small platform, as shown in Fig. 3. It may be from 1 to 4 in. or more high. In many shops heavy machine acces- sories such as index heads for milling machines, chucks and faceplates for lathes, and machine vises, are kept on the floor near the machines. Some of these are too heavy for one man to lift. A large index head for a milling machine is difficult even for two men to handle. To make the job easier, the machine table should ke lowered to its lowest position. On modern machines this can be done speedily with power. Loosen the column clamping bolts and throw in the fast feed gears and a high spindle speed; then let the table down to its lowest position, but be sure to watch the differ- ential nut underneath the table to see that it doesn’t jam against the shoulder of the threaded hole. Stop the machine about ¥ in. away from this shoulder. Lowering the table in this way makes the necessary lift for the heavy dividing head that much shorter and easier. A truck adapted for holding a dividing head is shown in Fig. 2. For this purpose | a stand may be built of wood and provided | CRADLE FOR HOLDING SHAFT SHAFT ON CENTERS TAKES UP END PLAY OF SPINDLE SHAFTING TONGS STAND FOR HOLDING SHAFT IN LATHE AND FOR RAISING, LOWERING OR SWIVELING EVEBOLT TRUNNION (ay i CLAMP 10-TON CASTING. CLEVIS HAND TRUCK Fig. 4. Methods of supporting work in lathe and vise and for moving castings and shafts with casters, the height corresponding with the minimum height of the machine table. This will enable a man to slide the dividing head on or off the machine without help. It has another advantage in keeping the head off the floor and in much better condition than that in which these expensive accessories are sometimes found. If desired, the lower section of the stand can be made (Continued on page 123) © Tits sda Oi & radfe, Yoel Gr oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE’ OF STANDARDS. See page 6. SEAVER-WILLIAMS ACV IRYINVISY INVA ANP AN ANGan IT STANDS PUNISHMEM The “Sportsman” DUSTPROOF MOISTURE PROOF CASE 17 JEWEL SHOCKPROOF MOVEMENT SECOND HAND FoR TIMING PURPOSES beet Se ! is day ‘ei ted by Ili ,e field, Illinois. Gi U.S. tated by x Me quested their entire, out ut of Strap Watches tee a conceded the best. e Iilinois “3 rtsman’’ is their logical achlevemsne! uit fo ‘SPO T-wear! DRESS-wearl* wear! en are ii t. Lis emphasize our ‘‘Direct-by- y-Mah'v Val aon bs ae Our Ram pitied | 4 Digfurent: SPORTSMAN” 20 es I bar oblique ABSOLUTELY FREE! | allowing Or if pleased you may pay on the Budget Pian: $6 MONTHLY hore the or if fert h within 10 days, the ze ‘$2.79. ‘and s and Check or r Money -” Order for $31.2 *Otherwi ise rote Order NOW at this Special Price! | SEAVER-WILLIAMS co, | Enpevteze, Exporters, pine oe enerations of Honor | | 365 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, MASS, | 7 Sole Dictributere of W. EATHER. PROOF * “Sportsman” | Scars. pee Se eae NO Money on Delivery’’ Plan " OGreen Oo White | NAME ADDRESS Clip and mail this coupon NOW. tell us something about respect the information. mo “ SOFT WATER }« — Without a Cistert there lathe If you have ran have all the with home, you can have > Water you want. Nop i is useful ing for rain—no dirty : Suppose } end of ¢ center S gage. yy | | (Check Color of case) ih poeta | hae o ort it w “chk 1, ] 2 een nl Champion Water Softener Co. 52."s* % lathe Here is the vere t zm MI campers tell Us ing wo k wil i =

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f Fi vores 1927 “flandling Heavy Work (Continued from page 122) HF EN q cabinet for smaller parts of the the tail center, bolts, wrenches, into tes. ‘on the lathe, a board: or blocking machinist is working steadily ee lathe, he can have a board or Vek just high enough to bring the ane like. Similar stands can be nd for holding heavy lathe chucks sn mounting a large chuck or face- be placed across the ways. When Oak Subba | hole in the chuck in line with — ed. He can move the chuck ave Stem the ways with the carriage, and by y CRP Tr on the belt the chuck or faceplate ‘canbe easily started. y One man can handle D FOR avery heavy chuck in this way unless it ee iys to be lifted from the floor. STRAP}! “Some mechanics make heavy work of WATCH ing a chuck or faceplate, especially duck has a tendency to jam against the block under one of the ¢huck igns at the back of the lathe. With the SS. wes Weck resting on the way and with the tees Sia Jack gears in, pull on the belt in the re- al FREE!) ese direction, bumping the chuck jaw es | inst the block. if Another method is to place a short iron , Te Nel ber obliquely between two chuck jaws, ct oogend end of the bar to come ot Plant yainst the back way of the lathe; then } pull on the belt. After the thread has $ 13 darted, the chuck can be run off with a the power on, using a slow speed until Ss co. the thread is nearly off; then stop the der Howe | the and take the last turn or two by ON, MASS.|} jand, Always have a board across the |} mysso that if the chuck accidently gets may from you, it will fall on the board portsman’ tsman’’ Watch rin Advance- of case) | ‘mdi do no damage. | HUCKS that have a tendency to stick mre a | hard against the shoulder on the ame gindle may often be relieved by placing inmetal washer or heavy paper gasket back of the hub. l te have to place a heavy shaft in a use blocking in the center, or at end if the shaft is a long one. Even p Cisters jiiere lathes are large enough to be me with a crane, blocking under the isuseful and also a safety precaution. you are cutting a thread on end of a big shaft and must remove ‘suecenter several times to try on a nut qftgage. With a short piece of board an the ways or the carriage, one or sesmeg? short blocks up to the shaft will s)aport it while the center is withdrawn -$5 Dow! Pie Fig. 1, page 78). Removing the tool : amt when placing long or awkward work the lathe will also save some time, as Me tool post is generally in the way. —_——} Heavy castings that must be trued up the chuck can be held safely if a short (ge or hardwood stick is used between ge ail center and the work. A light ge ete with the tailstock spindle against e l prevent accidents and make Me }0b of truing up the piece much easier. ag, wuble is often experienced when fac- he large casting held in the chuck, / main difficulty being to get a straight » *his is (Continued on page 124) ing wat ll the f roof washing | Fret {the thread starts hard. Many times a Njoulder. ‘To start it easily, place a POPULAR SCIENCE. MONTHLY THE NEW MODEL 9-In. JUNIOR SOUTH BEND LATHE A Precision Lathe — Back Geared — Screw Cutting a rts 7: Waekee RM « Yin. x 3 ft. New Model i lode, with Camanad = $ 1 75 A Precision Screw Cutting Lathe Practical for handling the finest work in the machine shop, manufacturing plant, tool room, Service Station and Electrical Shop. 50 Sizes and Types to Select from Below we list the prices of the countershaft driven lathes with different length beds. Can also be furnished in motor driven types. Features and Specifications Automatic Feed to Carriage. Set-over for Taper Turning. Hole through Spindle............+...+0+0+ % in. Spindle Speeds...........+++. A8 to 714 R.P.M. , eer ee ee 1 in. Maximum Draw-in Collet Size.......-..-- % in. Prices of 9-in. Junior South Bend Lathe including Countershaft and Equipment 9” x214’ Bench Lathe, 11” between centers.. ..... [Shipping Wts.]..... 9” x3’ Bench Lathe, 18” between centers. .......... 375 Ibs, «...-.- 9” x 314’ Bench Lathe,23” between centers. .......... 400 Ibs, «..-.-- 9” x4’ Bench Lathe, 29” between centers........... 425 Ibs, ....... 9” x 434’ Bench Lathe, 36” between centers........... 450 Ibs. « ce an i cate nee OE Sah SGM 9”x3’ New Model Junior Self-Contained Motor Driv- en Bench Lathe with Motor, Switch, and $ = 5 3 B 9”"x3’ Junior Screw Cutting Back Geared BA IR sons cncccdcccscccccicis $ 185 Equipment shown beneath the lathe furnished as regular equipment with all the countershaft driven lathes, including the bench lathe shown at top of page. Operates from Lamp Socket YH. P. Re. versing Motor and Reversing Switchconnect directly to ocarest lamp socket without extra wiring. -with plain rest, $160.00— with compound rest $170.00 -with plain rest, $165.00— with compound rest $175.00 -with plain rest, $170.00— with compound rest $180.00 -with plain rest, $175.00— with compound rest $185.00 +++e++-With plain rest, $180.00— with compound rest $190.00 acon otha i it ai 9”x 3’ New Model Simplex Motor Driven Bench Lathe with Motor, Switch, Belts and a 2 39 tershaft, but not Bench Practical Attachments 9” Junior Lathes can be fitted with Milling At- tachment, Taper Attachment, Draw-in Collet Chuck, Threading Dial, Grinding Attachment and 12 other practical attachments. Easy Payment Plan 10 Months to Pay Easy Payment Terms 4re 25% or % with the order, balance in ten equal monthly payments’ or you can purchase your lathe from your near- est machinery dealer. Write for Booklet No. 22-K containing prices and descriptions of the 9” Junior Lathe in all types and drives. 150 illus- trations of work it will do. Mailed free to any address. Established 1906. Over 38,000 South Bend Lathes in use. SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS New York City Salesroom, 183 Centre Street 840 East Madison Street @this.ccat-on @ radio; tool or oil burner-advertisement signifies'the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS.’ See page’ 6!” * South Bend, Indiana

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é e “Give Me One of Those Little Jiggers To Fix the What- Do-You-Call-It on © My Car!” “When the ladies come in to buy tools,” says the hardware clerk, “it’s worse than a Chinese puzzle to find out what they wani. They never know the names— we don’t usu- ally expect them to. But I haven’t much patience with a man who doesn’t know what he wants.” The man who calls for a TRIMO Pi Wrench wins the dealer’s respect every time. He is demanding a quality tool that two generations of wise workmen have approved. TRIMO’S sure grip never slips, but a touch of the finger releases it. A TRIMO cannot lock. e TRIMO pressed steel frame will never break. And TRIMO parts are all replaceable at small cost. These are some of the reasons why “Give me a TRIMO” pre- dicts a sensible purc TRIMO TRIMONT Manufacturing Co. Roxbury (Boston), Mass. America’s Leading Wrench Makers for nearly Forty Years POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Making Center Reamers in the School Shop SEFUL as well as instructive is the school shop project illustrated be- low—a center reamer. This tool should be a part of every mechanic’s kit. Making one provides practice in the use of lathe tools and in the art of tempering steel. The tools required are: Hack saw, 6-in. steel rule, outside calipers, tool holder, —S => oe Se ny —_ > 0 r _——A~S Le ler This useful center reamer will give young machinists excellent experience in turning center gage and file, forge, tongs, and, of course, a lathe. The operations are as follows: 1. Cut off a piece of tool steel stock 2 in, long. 2. Chuck in engine lathe and face off. 3. Turn 4% in. diameter. 4. Reverse work in chuck and face off end. 5. Turn % in. diameter. 6. Set com- pound rest on engine lathe to proper angle. 7. Turn 60-deg. taper. 8. Hold in vise and file cutting edge to center line. 9. Harden. 10. Polish. 11. Temper. Note that operation 8 could be done on a milling machine. ' This is the second of a series of projects which the writer had found particularly useful in high school machine shop work. Others will follow from time to time.— ‘H. B. Kewiuam. Handling Heavy Work (Continued from page 123) generally caused by slight end play in the spindle. I have seen mechanics take sev- eral cuts across a large casting and then fail to get a true face. Taking up the end play with the adjusting nut on the back of the spindle does not always eliminate this trouble, but if there is a hole through the casting, place an arbor on the centers through the hole and take up the play with the tailstock spindle (Fig. 4). The arbor runs freely on the centers while the work is being faced. If there is no hole in the work, the next best thing is to put a true center in the end and run the tailstock spindle against the work. With this arrangement it is possible to get a true face on the work with one finishing cut; it also has the advantage of stopping any. tendency of the work to chatter. In offering these suggestions, my main purpose is to get mechanics to think of ways to make their work easier and avoid unnecessary physical strain and hard labor. Some men never seem to hurry and yet accomplish a great deal more than those who are always flying around. And it is not uncommon to find two men doing what one man could do alone if a little more intelligent thought had been given to the matter of handling work in the shop. Tue weight of sheet iron can be computed by multiplying the thickness by 40. This gives the weight in pounds a square foot. November, i977 ° New Self-Massagj REDUCES WAS -fasily ! Substitutes good, solid ti for bulky, useless, disfi aotengt fat, yet does it so gently you hardly know it is there. Formerly those who wished = — dieting or strenuous ent” ercise Oo go to a profes masseur. His method b — about the desired reduction. it was expensive and _ time-con- suming, and few could take advantage of it. Remarkable New Invention At last a wonderful new invention brings this same effective method within the reach of all. The Weil Scien- tific Reducing Belt by means of specially prepared and scientifi- cally fitted rubber is so con- structed that as you wearit every breath you take and every move- ment you make imparts a constant massage to every inch of the abdo- men. Working for you every second, it reduces much more rapidly than ordinary massage, saving both time and money. Actually Removes Fat It does not merely draw in your waist and make you appear thinner. It actually takes off the fat. Within a few weeks many people find #2 4 to 6 inches gone from the f774 waistline and look and feel 10 to 15 years younger. The Weil method of re- duction is used by athletes and jockeys because it reduces quidiy and p their strength. Highly endorsed by physicians, Sgtig | faction guaranteed or your money back, SPECIAL TRIAL OFFER Write today for full description and Special 1-De 4 Bal Weil Company, 1011 Hil Fo Trial Offer. The New Haven, Conn. Ss eS SS ES SO GS ee THE WEIL COMPANY, 1011 Hill St., New Haven, Conn, Gentlemen:— Please send me without obligation, | | complete description of the Weil ScientificRedueing 1 i Belt and your special 10-day Trial Offer, ‘| | Ds 5: 6:6.6:0:6:6:00:4-0:440.008e0 6 eu oe | | Address tseecceernencesoosneseosaeaiaaaam PARKS Manual Trainer $350 without For your home shop! Combination 11-inch band sawaad | 11-inch wood-lathe. If you have a knack for j ing you can turn out first-class bridge lamps, ¢ furniture, ship models, etc., in fast time. Get one! Write for specification circular. THE PARKS WOODWORKING MACHI 1547 Kaowiton Street Cincinnati, Canadian Factory: 208 Notre Dame, E. Lathes $6.00 to $75.00. Largest line of small lathes in Amer ica. Send four cents for catalog of lathes, drill presses, saws, jig saws, band saws, etc. SYPHER MFG. CO., DEPT. S. TOLEDO, OP Tite cent on a radio; teohoreoil-burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page & siruction © be simpli greatly diminating curved edge the side pie but the wi thought curves © Wé give the c more worl yom and it The lowe mange and is bolts, To | forward,

Page 129

{| yas bent at a ! main sheet. HN Sere The nt — gruction coul en Cm | caine {flgreatly by see | curved edges of |

a

ee ; Shipshape

ome | Tue hood illus- trated below fills a long-felt need in ' the kitchen not oaded with @ , age ogee goed “+30 e. The odors of cooking gee of boiling kettles, and va. of the oven are carried away. front and back were fashioned of Setangular piece of medium weight wed iron, 20 by 63 in., bent into three sections. The type of gas see naturally controls the dimensions to extent. i two sides, which are 34 in. long 9 in. wide, were cut out with 14-in. atra allowance

—_— =

i the edges. }\This margin || rght angle as'a fange to which to solder the be simplified diminating the the side pieces, but the writer

thought these _____ Hl eurves would Homemade hood carries give the cook off fumes of cooking more working pom and improve the looks of the hood. The lower edge rests on the shelf of the mage and is held to the back by two stove bolts. To prevent the hood from falling forward, an upright bar was bolted to the back of the hood near the top; it projects downward and is attached behind the range. This makes unnecessary any ittachment to the back wall. ort sleeves were inserted in the sides tear the top, at one side for the narrow pipe from the oven and at the other side ir the 6-in. pipe leading to the chimney. Asimpler method would be to cut accu- tle circular holes in the hood to admit the ends of the pipes. Finally, the outside of the hood was fainted gray to match the walls of the fom, and the inside enameled black. Nsitors inspecting the kitchen believe lie hood to be an integral part of the tge—OweEn Lovejoy.

A Goop way to use Basement the overhead space | Storage Racks in any unfinished

q@ ® basement or cellar } Snail a few strips of ordinary building q

j=" Up against the floor joists. One lath

1] merally jong enough to span three

= D0,

Ja yo such laths placed close together Fy ae the basement wall will make a rack

4)" atge pans and (Continued on page 126)

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 125

Bridges---A partments --And NICHOLSON Files It was recently predicted that city con- gestion would eventually force architects to use the upper structure of bridges for apartments. When the time comes to build these apartments, NICHOLSON Files will be just as useful as they are in the building trades today. Made in the largest plant of its kind, these files are fitted for hundreds of jobs throughout industry and the home. The industrial uses are well known to mechanics. Home gOlso, uses are described in booklet =< ‘Files and What They Will o For You.” Copy sent US “A. without obligation. —A File for Every Purpose NICHOLSON FILE COMPANY Providence, R. 1., U.S.A. SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSTASSSSSSSSESSSSHSSSHSSSSESSSSSSSSSHSETASEEBeesensesasesscscees LETT TT TT

Page 130

Model Makers ~. Amateur Mechanics Experimenters, etc. Study the specifications of this ultra-quality line of dependable machine tools, selling at prices you can afford. Knapp Lathe No. $30 Turns wood up to 6 in. length, 2% in. diameter. Tool rest, head rest, tail stock all fully adjust- able. Complete with 3 step pulley, 3 high grade cutting tools, and in- struction book. $6.00, Denver West $6.50 Shipping Wt. 4 Ibs.

Outfit 935, consisting of 12 interesting and turning designs, and templates, 43 white pine blocks, 5 in. long, from 34 to 134 in. diameter. Outfit 935, $1.25 Shipping Wt. 7 Ibs. Knapp Jig Saw No. 900 Capacity up to 3/8 in. lumber, also bakelite, celeron, etc. Handy for making radio panels, as well as jig saw and scroll work. Instruction book, wood with design laid out ready for cutting and 8 blades furnished. $4.00, Denver West $4.25 Shipping Wt. 334 lbs. Sample of work done on Saw No. 900 from Outfit 902 which consists of 20 boards, 4!4 x 12x 3/16in, and 12 designs for mak- ing everything from toys to practical household articles. Outfit 902, $2.00 Shipping Wt. 6 Ibs. KnappSpeed Drill No. 910 Takes 1/16 in. to 3/16 in. dia. drills. Drills wood, iron copper, brass, alum- inum, lead, slate, bake-

lite. No workshop, whether you work wood ormetals, cemplete with- outone. Instruction book. $4.50, Denver West $4.75 Shipping Wt. 4 Ibs. power, a.c. d.c. 105-130 volts, any commercial frequency. Equipped with switch, 2 step pulley, 6 ft. cord separable plug. Hard drawn copper commuta- P tor, mica and bakelite nd segment insulation, bY bronze bearin $7.50, Denver West $8.00 UNIVERSAL POWER Shipping Wt. 33< lbs. MOTOR No. 750 Transmission No. 975 7 Pulleys all adjustable onshaftingbysetscrews. Shafting adjustable on uprights. 834 in. high, 12 in. long, A big value . . . One of a line of 5 trans- missions, pricedfrom$1.00 to $7.50. This one $3.50, Denver West $3.75 Shipping Wt. 3 Ibs. Send 10¢ for full color catalogue fully describing nape American Industry in Miniature—a real line of miniature machine tools that work. Go to your dealer and see a Knapp Work Shop with all these tools mounted andassembled $27.50 —at any hardware, sporting goods or department store (toy dep’t usually). If out of stock we will send direct on receipt of price plus forwarding costs. KNAPP ELECTRIC CORPORATION Dept. 88 PORT CHESTER, N.Y. cAlso manufacturers of Knapp Electric Questioner In Canada: THE T. EATON CO., Limited (Canadian prices slightly bigher)

© This seat on a radig, tool ofojl burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.° POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 125) fruit kettles not often used in the kitchen. Others placed near the center of the basement or above the coal bin will hold spare stove pipes or small storm windows. During the winter, garden tools can be kept in the same manner, if no outhouse is available. Close by the workbench short lengths of wood and molding may be kept handily overhead.—Enric B. RoBerts.

Tuis window ven- tilator is construc-_ ted of light gal- vanized iron stif- fened along the upper edge with wire. Notches are cut at the ends to slip over round-head screws placed in the window- stop molding. The window can be lowered W indow Ventilators

WIRED EDGE LIGHT GALVANIZED == IRON(ENAMELED) ===

¥' LESS THAN WIDTH) OF WIN DOW

BEND UP

How to lay out, cut, bend and attach a simple type of galvanized iron window ventilator practically all the way without removing the ventilator. | Our ventilators are enameled. They are | kept in place whenever the weather is at all doubtful. They regulate the draft, keep out all rain and snow, prevent the window sills from weathering, save the bother of pinning up curtains and prevent all worry as to whether rain may drive in. —W. S. PickrELL.

Winpow and porch screens should be marked carefully to identify them as they are taken down to be stored for the winter. One of the best ways is to use small nails with numbered heads, which can be ob- tained for a few cents at any well stocked hardware store. Take the screens down in orderly progression and fasten a num- ber toeach and to the window frame. Another method, which is almost as simple and has the advantage of being indelible under all circumstances, is to mark the screens with Roman numerals, (I, II, 111, IV, V, etc.) made by driving a \%-in. chisel into the edge. The screens for the second floor may be prefixed by a Roman II. To avoid any possibility of mistaking IX for XI, underline each with a chisel mark. Mark a few of the window frames to correspond, so that there will be no chance of forgetting where the number- ing was started and in which direction it was carried around the house.—B.H.F. Marking Screens

| 80 low that it is available to all. -s Without placing me under any obligation

What Caused Ht? Here is a remarkable picture of tornado that has swept across = jonas rg it’s only pn of the scores of et raordinary pictures in the brary. Popular Sclence Do you know what causes such dy, matic, disastrous freaks of natu) You can know. Science made thrilling for YOU “Science is thrilling for the scientist,” gaij Garrett P. Serviss. ‘‘Let’s make it thril ing for everyone.” And so he edited a great library touching every scientific subject, each subject written by a recognized authority, My Serviss himself is a renowned scientify writer, and the men he selected to him have each won fame in their respey tive branches. Furthermore, they an men who have been able to tell about ther subjects in a popular absorbing way, And now, to complete this great achiev. ment, the work has been published byP, F. Collier & Son Company, at a pric

Scientific fact—as gripping as a nowl The Popular Science Library is a complete reference work, essential to every intel gent American household. But its vale goes far beyond this. Each book reat like a novel, telling with thrilling power the marvelous story of how man has tamel the elements and charted the infinite. Here you will find your favorite subject authoritatively and vividly discussed, ant you will find new subjects that becomemor and more fascinating to you. ve facts, useful facts, practical advice, f for thought, and interesting conversatia ——— We, who have seen them, know that nothing can take the place of these books in your home. We do not ask you to send one # cent. We ask you only to let & us send you, free, the valuable and entertaining book, in itself a@rich mine of facts. There is sae ik no obligation whatever—the coupon will bring Don’t wait, send for your copy to-day.

= P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY : 250 Park Ave., New York City = send me a copy of “The Wonderland We Se = Also please advise how I may secure the = ence Library by small monthly payments. Name) Mrs. ccccccceccescocccesceseeem esceeeeee® ee Addre BB cccccccccccocesesec sees see eees ‘ati ‘ai

** “ihe ‘publishers cannot undertake to send the booklet free to children

Page 131

itist,” said ce it thrill. y touchi h mi rity. Mr, | scientific to i they an bout their way. it achieve. shed by P, at & price A % Ss a nove a complete ery intell- | its vale lling power has tamed nfinite. ite subject ul and come Mor 8 dvice, f nversation. oeeeee? oresnbO, 1927 em Carpenter (Continued from page 80) *a¢ Jerry and ‘the director will go ee eebined jobs-from reading the - to figuring out not only how the sets play Id be arranged, but also, as it happens in shold ses, what will be needed in the way of oe, dressing rooms, additional partitions, aa: and so forth. — If the director has just met Jerry for the first time, it might be just as well at the outset toagree upon the meaning of the word “‘stage. FEW years ago I suffered a couple of bad A days of worry for the simple reason that ghat 1 meant by the word “stage” didn’t at all with Jerry's meaning. We were to on a musical show in the town armory, and never having been in the armory or seen any of the shows that had been put on there, I wsked Jerry if they had a good stage. He me that they had, and he seemed sur- prised that I didn’t know that it had been donated to the town by the president of the lock Works. Anyway, it sounded all right to me. As I was still bright green in the pro- ducing game, I let the matter of the settings until about three days before they were P _ Jt was in this eleventh-hour scene confab with Jerry that I suffered the shock of revelation. What Jerry meant by a stage was pot a regulation theatrical stage, but merely a form! When I could talk calmly and ask questions Ilearned that Jerry's “stage” was a twenty by twenty-four foot platform set up on horses two feet above the armory floor. It had no front, no proscenium arch, no sides, no means of lighting and a curtain that consisted of a number of frowzy blankets nailed to a two-by- four and hung from the armory roof girders, to be raised and lowered as need be. When the Girtain was down, the two-by-four was just high enough above the stage floor to conceal @man's head, provided he was not over six # tall; when the curtain was up, its lower fringe was about five-foot-six above the patform floor. With the dress rehearsal only three days off, it is needless to say that Jerry wd did some tall hustling to get his “stage” tocome somewhere near the specifications of mine. And all this worry because he and I hadn't sounded each other on the clear mean- ing of the word. oe just as well to take a good look at the stage at the first opportunity, unless you already know all about it, its conditions and imitations. And what I mean by taking a good look at it consists of not merely seeing it with your eyes but examining it with a tape measure. Measure it off and lay it out on paper, making a plan which shows the stage urea, the proscenium opening, the location of tide walls (if they exist) and the location and 4 of door openings onto the stage, if it to be one of those closed-in stages m to many small-town halls, schools ai church “parlors.” | Trecall a near-tragedy that occurred from a of a little of this sort of forethought, or » fore-measuring. The play we were ing on called for two interior sets. The were made a few days ahead of time, bit not put in use until the first dress re- hearsal, two nights before the public perform- ace. Since our Drama Club was able to hire the entire hall for a week before the show, the mene frames were built, covered and painted out in front, in the auditorium. When set up were, of course, carried to the stage by vay of the proscenium arch. The set for Act I was put in place ready for the night rehearsal. end of the act, when the time came to make the shift to the second-act set, Jerry to take the first set backstage. But he POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY PRISCILLA SEWING BOX See LePage’s Book, page 11 aes — Handiest Ne E Tool in your Quin? Always —tWAYs THE UnaT, ED STA ettONAL MUS RS AND ARTISA ———== Work Shop Send 10 cents for this NEW LePage’s Home Work Shop Book Just write your name and address on the coupon below, tear it out and mail to us to- day with 10 cents in coin or stamps, and we will at once send you a copy of LePage’s New Home Work Shop Book, postage paid. Address LePage’s Craft League, 558 Essex Ave., Gloucester, Mass. Tear out the coupon now so you won’t forget it. [E AGE'S GLUE SPANISH SHIP MODEL See LePage’s Book, page 4 127 esta lil ite bpailnt. Wintawaipenredonata.~ti SMOKING CABINET See LePage’s Book, page 13 This NEW Book will show you how to make 20 attractive pieces of furniture Nae before has a book been offered that con- tains so much practical work shop help at so low a price. It contains complete information for making 20 different pieces of gift furniture, designed by an expert—attractive, artistic, useful, practical and easy to make. Any one of them is ideally suited to be a prized and handsome Christmas gift. New Book—greatly improved Tue first LePage’s Home Work Shop Book, pub- lished a year ago, proved so popular that, though advertised only a few times, over 30,000 copies were sold—an enormous edition for a book of this kind. Now the new book, just off the press, represents a wonderful improvement over'the old one. Of its 20 complete projects, 16 are entirely new and never offered before. Each project is presented in three parts—a pho- tographic illustration of the finished project, a com- plete dimension drawing of its parts, and simple, easy-to-follow directions, for making, given step by step from start to finish. Designed by expert For each of the 20 gift furniture projects, the de- sign, dimension drawings and photographs, as well as the actual articles, were made by William Klenke, Instructor in Woodworking, Centra? Com- mercial and Manual Training High School, Newark, New Jersey. Assurance is therefore given that each’ project and the directions for making it are perfectly practical. In addition to the three pieces illustrated above, the book includes the following 17 projects: Occa- sional Table, Folding Sewing Screen, Fernery Stand, Tilt Top Table, Piano Bench, Costumer, Cedar Chest, Table Desk, Desk Chair, Card or Console Table, Book Stand, Turned Bench, Dressing Glass, End Table with Book Trough, Foot Stool, Back Rest, and Hanging Book Shelves. Where else could you get com- = aaenens for making all these things for only cents In addition, this new LePage’s book contains full information on how to secure plans for making eighteen more new projects, prepared by Frank I. Solar, Teacher of Manual Training in Detroit Public! Schools, and widely-known tool craft writer. , , MAIL THIS COUPQN LEPAGE’s CRAFT LEAGUE, 558 Essex Ave., Gloucester, Mass. | Gentlemen: Enclosed please find 10 cents (coin or % stamps) in payment for LePage’s New Home Work | Shop Book. Please send a copy of this book to: | DING... 0.0605.0.6 600 0080060 se0d bee} so eee sees | aly got as far as the door. It was then that he | I discovered that the (Continued on page 128) BOTTLES ’ TU BES, CANS | ee TEE ere EE ii ee &® This cealcon aradia, tool of oil burner, advertisement signifies the appagepl af.the INSTAEUTE OF STANDARDS, ,_ See, page 6

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘Machine-Growth Registers Here Your machine may seem to be running fine—yet really be standing still. For it produces today what it produced last year, unless you watch the record and see that it shows improvement. As you better the mechanism or operating method, it shows in better production-records. You look for growth and can check up the GAINS on the dial of a The Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Counter below is for machines such as presses and metal-stamping machines where a reciprocating movement indicates an operation. Registers one for each throw of the lever and sets back to zero from any figure by turning knob once round. Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as required. Price with four figures, as illustrated, $11.50 subject to discount. (Cut less than Y% size.) Set back Revolution Counter of similar model, $10.00 (list). Smaller counters from $2.00 up. The “Form UM” Magnetic Counter below counts operations or units of output, from any distance that wires connect with machines. Can be placed over desk or on convenient Counter-Board. Cut | 2 Size. Mechanical contacts on your ma- chine make and break the electrical cir- cuit which operates the counter. The electro-magnetic drive can get its current from your regular lighting circuit (110 volts), or from storage battery. Write us about that counting problem of yours; ask for the counter catalogue, anyway. The Veeder Mfg. Co. 44 Sargeant St. Hartford, Conn. The Stage Carpenter (Continued from page 127) frames were all bigger than the door openings. In the meantime willing workers were hustling the Act-II sets up over the footlights and on to the stage. You can imagine the mess that followed—the confusion not only on the stage but also in the mind of distracted Jerry. Here was a small, closed-in stage containing the disjointed elements of two perfectly good but unremovable settings...and Jerry foaming in the midst of it all. And what did the poor man do? He spent the entire next day in an agony of rebuilding his two sets so that each would allow for storage space for the other. MUST admit that he came out of his con- fusion in good order. In each of the rooms he built a slightly projecting jog which was just deep enough to hold:all the frames of the other set. And he was clever enough to locate this storage “wart” differently in each set so that a too critical observer would not suspect his dodge. A fairly reliable tape measure and a few minutes of its application to that stage and its surroundings before the sets were designed would have saved Jerry all that anguish and an extra day of frantic labor. When I stress the importance of the stage carpenter I have in mind just such distressing upsets that occur from time to time in even the best regulated families of amateur players. For that reason the stage carpenter-designer has to be able to use his head fully as well and as actively as he can his hands and his tools. HE old days when a few side wings and a backdrop stood for a room interior have . Today even among the most amateur- ish bunch of beginners, a stage room has to look like a real room with merely one side of it omitted in order to give the audience a look-in. Actors no longer make magical entrances from the side of nowhere, but come through actual door openings, with real doors; they open and close what seem to be workable windows, and the fireplace before which they sit seems comfortably safe to even the most exacting fireman in the audience. And instead of having a few waving strips of cloth sus- pended over the actor’s heads to conceal the back rigging of the stage, the interior set has a ceiling that is flat and looks solid. And all this is the work of the stage carpenter. And so when the curtain goes up on a setting that pulls an immediate round of applause, Jerry can figure that at least ninty-nine per- cent of that particular burst of glory is all his own. This is the first of a series of articles on making scenery for amateur theat- | ricals. In the second article, which is scheduled for early publication, Mr. Smith will discuss the making of pre- liminary models. How to Finish Curtain Poles in Polychrome Effects C= poles may be polychromed by giving them two coats of flat wall paint, the second of which has been thickened with a little plaster of Paris. Before it has a chance to dry, tap it with a stencil brush or any other stiff brush to give the surface a rough texture. When this is dry, apply a coat of glazing color of some contrasting or harmonizing tint. This may be made from painters’ tinting colors ground in oil or in japan and thinned with turpentine. Apply the glazing color ir- regularly and mottle it with a rag. The colors should harmonize with the draperies. If a more antique looking polychrome ef- fect is desired, apply powdered rottenstone mixed with turpentine and after a few minutes wipe off the greater part of the powder. ousness, skin , omy sprains, prostate trouble, ,goitre an and ton ments, even hay fever and asthma, have fond relief, new health - Vitality ity with i tis mar scientific invention, Pains vanish aii For Health--Beauty--Vigor Endorsed and used by hospitals, sanitariums anj physicians. Every home should have one, ne, Save tom, days, months of suffering. No med pleasant treatment. Only the wy tray ean Dnt to every nerve affected. imple ean use VIOLETTA. Don’t suffer pa in ree when you can try VIOLETTA 10 This Book Free Tells all about violet rays—how this marvelous discove: by Nikola Tesla, the electrical wiz- ard, now brings this mysterious curative power toall. Contains Vi-Rex Co., $056 Wessen dee Please send me your free book on details of your 10-day free trial offer. Name Address iitictacicdensenes ll ' 7 Bhi sealon a radio, geel.or oil.b Write Me Todey ~ enie ing how you can buy a Sete ceed . all e world, Lng Ke vane. profi Be on. EA eo, alg in also Snel Saw in nati ETT ENC GINE WORKS Witte Building, Kansas City, Mo 2228 Wipe Bulldiig. Pittsburgh, Pe 100 SCALE PLANS OF 0D and MODERN SHIPS Easy to build and ip model Send 6 cents for od oe ) plans, books, prints, maps andode ) things that smack of the ses. SEA ARTS GUILD 405-N ELEVENTH AVE. MILWAUKEE, WS ce percent ont sf: Section qutee out to Popular An Authority Tells How To Buy, Buy, Install sone A Radio For Best Results oe booklet published b a by the Popular Science his his investiness Tee t signifies the.approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page oo

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Fy fl 2 HE ih Pay! fi j a Rend ——_— “is 3 Sal SE e ELE povembe?, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Bieter Heating e (Continued from page &4) i of instrument be used to operate aod this Pe atirely by natural draft. As an on nt the author kept a furnace fire until SI eh, though the house temperature did . above 70 degrees except when the ‘4a temperature rose above that. Thermo- dat control early in the fall preverits overheat- 5 which is a prevalent cause of colds. Me dels available include: 1.—A plain instru- -with no clock (the alarm clock described later may be installed). 2—A 24-hour non- jeweled clock. 3$.—An eight-day nonjeweled dock. 4—An eight-day seven-jeweled clock. ber 1 has no provision for maintaining : t night temperature except by setting joa day temperature on arising. By means of the alarm clock switch it may be turned on iefore arising, the fire having been on natural draft all night. Number 2 will maintain any desired night temperature and, by means of the clock, shift to the day range. Number 3 des the same except that the clock requires Fig. 3. Electric control motor which oper- ates the draft door and check damper and turns the blower on and off according to a preatranged program without any attention oily weekly winding. Number 4 is a better tock, of course, and automatically retards the fe to night range. It may even be used to ep a rising and evening temperature a lower night and through-the-day tem- perature. An ordinary alarm clock to control any in- sallation, whether a thermostat is installed or isillustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. It was used fe to control a converted vacuum cleaner, accounts for the rheostat mounted on the panel—a slate shingle or other fireproof tnconductor. One or more lamp sockets, in with each other but in series with the » may be used instead of the rheostat. combinations of lamps give the id Tesistance to govern the speed of the er. With a standard speed motor blower fitch only is needed. If a rheostat is pur- one with six contacts having a range of to 150 ohms will be satisfactory. 2 is _ ey of gy ws A hole is the panel to fit the face and three mall brass angles hold the clock firmly in Wind the alarm key tight, forcing it to a ‘ivenient position so that a miniature toggle mitch of the type corresponding to G. E. 1299, fits equivalent, may be mounted to engage mith the key during its revolution when the og trips. Slight (Continued on page 131) for every home HE Remington Portable is everybody’s typewriter. For the young and old, and for all ages in between, it is always the same handy little helper and time saver. So simple and easy to operate that anyone can quickly learn to type at a speed far surpassing the pen. The Remington Portable is the lightest and smallest of all standard keyboard portables—weighs only 814 pounds net and fits in a case only four inches high, but it is a strong and reliable machine—complete in every feature. Can be purchased on terms as low as $5 monthly. Send for our booklet, “For You—For Everybody” to Department 67. REMINGTON TYPEWRITER COMPANY Division of Remington Rand 374 BROADWAY, NEW YORK Branches and Dealers Everywhere REMINGTON PORTABLE RECOGNIZED LEADER—IN SALES AND POPULARITY ae ® STANDARD @ & NOISELESS @ & ELECTRIC © © PORTABLE ® TABULATING ACCOUNTING TYPEWRITERS TYPEWRITERS TYPEWRITERS TYPEWRITERS TYPEWRITERS BMACHINESS Remington-made Paragon Ribbons and Red Seal Carbon papers always make good impressions. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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“I’m going to raise his salary” “T’ve had my eye on him for some time and I know he can handle big- ger work. “He studies those I.C.S. text- books every chance he gets, and I want to tell you it has made him a valuable man for this business. “I’m going to raise his salary and give him that new job we were talk- ing about. I wish we had more men like him.” ——_ How do you stand when your empléyer checks up his men for promotion? Does pass you by as just a routine worker, or does he think of you as a man who is ambitious to get ahead? Won’t you be far more likely to get the promotion if he knows you are studying at home and are really preparing yourself to handle bigger work? Think it over. Then act. It takes only a moment to mark and mail the coupon and find what the International Correspondence Schools can do for you yet that one simple little step may be the means o changing your whole life. “Do it now.”

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What to Look For When Your Car Overheats By Ray F. Kuns “ CAN'T see why it should overheat,” you will sometimes hear a car owner say. Neither can anyone else—at least, not literally. But if we begin to dig into the matter, we may find the cause of the trouble. The hose illustrated, for example, ap- peared all right outwardly, but the lining had become softened and rotted. Not all overheating troubles are due to the hose. Sometimes the radiator is clogged up, although it may appear pretty good and still al- low water to pass through as fast as a hose will supply it. Usual- ly this is due to the fact that part of the tubes are stopped up and the water is pass- ing through those remaining open so fast that it does not have time to become cool. It comes from the radiator almost as hot as it entered and goes back to the motor, which grows hotter and hotter. A new radiator is the only solution which is uniformly satisfactory. Mud in the cylinder block is another cause of overheating. Have it removed. Do not block up the normal air passages with a lot of equipment, such as camping supplies, and expect to escape trouble. Butterflies, grasshoppers, bees and other insects have been known to fill radiator honeycombs to such an extent as to interfere seriously with the cooling. Dust and dirt accumulate in the radiator core. Take the hose and wash this out from the inside occasionally. Do not daub a lot of thick paint on the radiator core in an effort to “doll” it up. We all know about keeping the fan belt in good condition and properly tightened, yet it is surprising how many forget about it until the engine is overheating. It is well to remember, too, that the fan blades can become bent out of shape and fail to throw the air properly. Many an over- heated engine has been _ pro- duced by such a simple thing as a set hand brake or dragging foot brakes. Im- proper carburetor settings and poor igni- tion are contributing agencies in some cases. However, the troubles are more often in the nature of faults in the cooling system itself, usually in connection with the circulation of the water.

Outwardly this hose ap- pears in good condition

Hose cut to show how the lining has decayed

CampemTets Bui ioers Guroe | { }

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. S22 page 6. TTTIL TL ltl J 3 N, W. School : Elwood

how I'ma easily and gation. 133018),¢ Name ....-.---------- Adre0e ....----------s- Ty)

EXTENSIO!

Page 135

ember, im

* (ANDY 4 (1vol, 75 Pt tt Se ¥ 2

soreenber, 1927

Better Heating (Continued from page 129) toggle may be necessary so that it Sse the ~~ Install a radio switch stop $2 machine screw as a stop to prevent we complete unwinding of the alarm spring, te ¢ certain that it permits the full wind- tof th: spring as well as the tripping of ing _ Fasten the switch to the back of the dock by passing two 6-32 machine screws the composition switch case in place of the short ones used by the manufacturer. A cover should be provided for the switch to protect the switch wiring. : This switch, the resistance and the boiler t visible below, if used, should all be wired in series with the live wire lead to the . All wiring must conform to the Code. Te boiler thermostat illustrated is one of the f10-volt type mentioned in the first part of this article. The 110-volt room type, if used, is simply substituted for it. ; If one prefers, the alarm key with no stop be used to wind a string attached to a in-pull light socket, the blower being at- to this socket by means of a drop cord. Jo prevent too great a drop in house tem- at night where one of the 110-volt type thermostats are used, or the draft control

CEILING a

~-—wS TOGGLE WITH - SPRING OR COUNTER EXTENSION ARM WEIGHT TO RETURN TO OFF POSITION Fig. 4. Switch arranged for use with a con- trol system of either spring or gravity type without clock attachment, it is a good plan to connect a string by means of pulleys to the draft door and hook a loop in the end over the sarm key, when wound, so as to hold the draft door open. In this way the fire is left on utural draft throughout the night. When the darm rings in the morning, the loop slips off, dosing the draft door before the key trips the toggle switch. The fire left in this way will re- irea shorter time under forced draft to bring house to 70 degrees than if left completely dut off. Only with the most exceptional draft wilit burn noticeably through eight hours in this condition. A buckwheat coal fire when smothered with excess coal will keep 36 to 48 hours, but it will heat very little. The instrument shown in Fig. 3 is the electric type draft control motor, in this case called amotor-program switch by the manufacturer it contains a built-in 110-volt switch, is operated by a cam and may be used the blower on and off directly. This the installation of a separate switch, as that illustrated in Fig. 4, which is with other models. farms pointing up (Fig. 3) are attached ins to the drafts, that on the right to the draft door, that on the left to the check. ition shown the house is at 70 de- check closed, the draft door open the blower not running. In this way the tapers off under natural draft until the temperature falls, when the living room t will cause the motor to make one arevolution, the arms then pointing down. will be open to give better combus- the blower will be turned on, and the ita door will be closed to force the blower air the fire. This cycle will repeat as

b use the thermostat for natural draft / » disconnect the blower and shift the kver arms one half turn. The motor may be Nounted at any convenient point, with the uins passing through pulleys.

*Agravity or spring (Continued on page 132) CS

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 131 Old Briar p TOBACCO | THE BEST PIPE. SMOKE EVER MADE!”

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ee ee ee eee wNe | order or check with 1 e coupon. Tear out now, while it’s handy. UNITED STATES TOBACCO CO., RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, U. S. A. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY WATCH THE YOUNGER CROWD PICK THE WINNERS! — ~~. ew) S \ ms OOK around you at the big game —and see the Fatima packages pop out! No gathering of the younger set, large or small, fails to extend this ex- traordinary record. Unquestionably, Fatima has pleased more smokers for more years than any other cigarette. ATIMA The most skillful blend in cigarette history Read the Money Making Opportuni- Make More Money ties on pages 146 to 174 of this Issue. RP (ar ~~», MICROSCOPE ,) MADE IN U.S.A. Educational and entertaining, this fine instrument familiarizes young and old with life around us thatisinvisible to the unaided eye. insects appear as mon- sters. t and mineral life revealnew beauties in form te dee ee me, 0 entists - sicians, scientists and fab- oratory. Precise optical qualities, giving va- riable magnification from 100 to 250 di- ameters. Tilting stand. Black finish, tions. Model$38.50.Atyour dealer or direct, Wollensak Optical Company 897Hidson Avenue : ester, N. Y. “Write Today VERY boy will want this new, thrilling and beauti- fully illustrated book. It isa most interesting story and tells you all about the new Meccano. It fully explains the fun and ease with which you can build : hundreds of wonderful working models in colors, such as steam shovels, wrecking cars, cranes, bridges, etc. These models are exact duplicates of the real engi- neering machines from which they are.copied. $500 Cash Prize With this book you will receive an entry blank for the great Meccano Prize Contest—first prize $500 in cash. You may be the lucky boy. No experience necessary. Write today. The book and entry blank will be sent to you free upon receipt of your name and address and the names and addresses of three (3) of your friends. Put No. K-1 after your own name for reference. MECCANO COMPANY, tInc., Div.K-1, Elizabeth,N.J. MECCANO ris} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. November, im —$=4 Better Heating (Continued from page 131) type motor is used, the chain which yw, normally open the draft door should be nected to the check draft as well as to + gle switch. The author has seen g hn switch made by one manufacturer with an tension lever arm. A spring or comial balance should be installed to open switch when the motor operates the coutrol as the house reaches the correct temperat (Fig. 4). It may seem confusing to have ther controls reversed, but the last paragraph ey plains. Except in the mildest weather m trouble will be experienced with over! Pee: because heat losses will compensate for the between house temperature and boiler heat The switch below the motor-program switch in Fig. 3 is a special switch, called by the map. ufacturers an “electrolier” switch. It controls two circuits. The first snap turns on the thermostat circuit only, the second snap turns on the blower only, the third snap turns on both, and the fourth turns all off. Number 1 will be used for natural draft only, after having shifted the lever arms. number 2, if the blower is ever wanted without thermostat control. Number 3 is the normal operating position, and number 4 is used when the system is shut down for the summer or if it is necessary to turn off the blower to remove ashes or start a fire. This switch controls the blower circuit in addition to the built-in switch or the toggle, if the arrangement shown in Fig. 4 is used. From the author’s experience he feels that he has obtained perfection in home heating— perfect control, perfect combustion, a fire that women can keep as well as a man with no more labor than adding a shovel of coal from two to four times a day, and at a cost which in comparison with any other heat is almost absurd. Two years’ saving in fuel pays for this outfit and the saving each year thereafter is in cash, to say nothing of the increased com fort. Oil heat, of course, is ideal for those who can afford it; it has added conveniences but also added costs. ‘‘Comicull’’ Doll Has Clothespin Body By F. Cuarke Hucues CLOTHESPIN ' Omaiar= “%. UPHOLSTERERS eN sli ‘So BEAD FULLER BALL The completed doll with suggestions for col- oring it, and the parts from whichit is made HIS “comicull’”’ doll is an attractive little toy for the nursery. It can be made very easily and requires for materials only a pin, an upholsterer’s tack with a large about ten inches of very thick white cord, two large beads, and two wey balls such as a sold for use in repairing faucets. ‘ The clothespin is cut off and drilled as shown and the parts are assembled with glue. Bright waterproof enamel or lacquer should be used for decorating the doll.

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po 1927 How to Repair Furniture (Continued from page 98) off all you can. Loosen any veneer Paks with a little hot water. Scrape oe eiom of the cavity clean and flat and the tch. Fill a salt sack or even a sock & sand and, after gluing in the patch and cover it with a piece of paper, apply the we & ch will conform to the shape of the . 6, 96). _ er ceenctimes becomes loose. Run ‘» knife under the loose ply, freeing all the icles of dried = that ay = Dip ‘ts in glue and push it under the raised gh the veneer down by rubbing it with a hammer head. Use a wet cloth to wipe ofall surplus glue. Lay on a strip of newspa- ‘| yer and apply a pad of cloth and a pressure Fock, holding all with a clamp. Sometimes face veneer will loosen and form blisters, as in Fig. 7. In the beginning these we usually of such small extent that the jouseholder does not suspect their pres- ace; but damp weather causes the thin veneer to swell and stretch. When you see a suspi- gous looking spot, press upon it with thumb or . If it depresses at all—springs up snd down—the veneer is loose and needs im- pediate attention. ; ; Using the small blade of your jackknife, cut deanly through the middle of the blister, fol- jywing the grain, as in Fig. 8. Dip the blade or apiece of tin in glue and force it under the ister, on both sides of the slit, as in Fig. 9. Then rub the surface with a hammer head and fdlow the procedure suggested above. dampen any spots of it that stick, and mb these places with the tip of the finger wtil the paper rolls off. A little light rubbing witha felt, wet with oil and pumice powder, vill restore the finish. The checking of furniture tops, drawer fronts, doors and panels is caused usually by atmospheric changes of a contrasting nature, although sometimes it comes from improperly kin-dried Jumber. If the check is short and cose, try drawing it together with a clamp. If this works, put glue on a piece of tin or thick paper, and wipe the liquid into the check. Clamp it up again, wipe off the surplus glue, an, when dry, lightly rub the blemish with afelt pad wet with oil and pumice powder. Ifthe check is quite narrow, but resists coming together under pressure, burn stick shellae into the cavity, and then rub down the surface. Should the check be ;/; in. or more in width (fig. 10), make a thin wedge-shaped piece of wood or shive to fit it, and force it in with glue, pressing it down with the head of a hammer. Allow it to stick up a little (Fig. 11) so that you cn shave off the projection when the piece is dy. Finish by staining the shive to match is surroundings and apply two coats of thin thellac or pale, quick-drying varnish, thinned mt with turpentine. Rub the last Ih order to get the most telling effect out of jour patching endeavors, I recommend your giving the entire cabinet finish a freshening up “4 sort of rejuvenating bath. Furniture won gets rather dull and lusterless, and a brightening of the polish now and then will take it seem like new. One of the simplest and best cleansers is astile soap and water. Stir shavings of the spina basin of soft water until you have good Ms. Dip a hand in the soapy water and with the palm rub the varnished surfaces cir- - After fifteen minutes remove the mam with a soft cloth, rubbing briskly. § leaves a good polish. furniture wax, if it is of first-class Y, 1s another excellent rejuvenator. a thin, uniform film, let it stand about an hour, and polish with a soft cloth. a —— HEN the job is dry, peel off the paper, | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 133 with half-clean faces OST fellows shave and bathe every morning, and yet go to work with half-clesa Saat ° Pore-dirt hides in every face. Mil- lions ‘of tiny, grimy particles fly about in the cleanest air. You can’t see them; they’re too small—so small, really, that they get worked down under the skin. After a while, pore- dirt gives you a grayish pallor... like a fellow who needs a vacation. “But I can’t see any pore- dirt on my face,” you say. That’s because it’séz your face, not on it. Here’s proof: Send for the free tube of Pompeian Massage Cream. When it comes, first wash your face— then treat yourself to a quick, invigorating mas- sage. What happens? Goesin pink, ROLLS OUT GRAY. ee The upper picture, taken under a powerful mi- croscope, shows a sec- tion of skin defore using erous trial tube of Pompeian Mas- sage Cream... enough for three facial massages. That’s s Photomicrograph taken under the l.ns of powerful microscope show- ing section of skin before using Pompeian Massage Cream. Photomicrograph of the same sec- tion of skin after using Pompeian Massage Cream. Compare the skin tone. Note the dried pellets of cream, dark with the pore-dirt that has been rolled free. ee Street Pompeian Massage Cream. Com- pare it with the lower picture, taken after using Pompeian Massage Cream. fin that really IS clean —Pompeian clean! See those dark marks . . . dried pellets of cream, gray with the pore-dirt that a few minutes’ massage brought out. And remember that im- bedded dirt couldn't have been washed free in a month of Saturdays! Give yourself a Pom- peian Massage. Free your pores of sallow-toned dirt. It not only sets you up with a clean, confi- dent feeling, but invig- orates your skin with a freshandruddy glowthat makes the [others say, “Never saw youlookan better, old man...” © FREE test convinces thousands Pompeian is 60 cents at any toilet goods counter. We'd really rather you tested it FREE. Fill in the coupon and drop it in the mails— right now, while you are reading this message. POMPEIAN MASSAGE CREAM The Pompeian Company. Dept. 302-4 595 Fifth Ave., New York. Gentlemen: Please send mea gen- City State © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY New Methods of | IQR raffic Contro Sa oS ntafe Special. ral 9] (Continued from page 30) problem is to keep the traffic moving. On ( Carnegie Avenue, one of our main thorough- fares, we have installed the Chronoplan of fi or You automatic traffic control through the operation to seed etal of which system of signals motorists may a ¢ travel the entire length of the street, about ¢; mune three and a quarter miles, without stopping. Pe The time required for this distance is nine minutes.” Francis Smith, lieutenant of traffic, reports that Jacksonville, Fla., has overcome its greatest problems by signal lights, street-car safety islands, one-way streets and making all down-town thoroughfares forty feet in width. Worcester, Mass., has, according to Chief of Police George H. Hill, established eighteen loading platforms for street car passengers so a | ACK ty hn Pf & situated that vehicles may pass while the street cars are being loaded. “Also,” he adds, “we have so synchronized our automatic signal lights that an automobile driver can make an a an hour through the main streets without stopping. Upon receipt They all know Star Hack of a fire alarm the chief 44 pushing a signal button, can stop traffic in one or all three special fire zones, thus affording free passage for fire apparatus.” Saw blades as they have In addition to our NEW LOW PRICE, I used these blades for more send for your approval one of these Stap Watches, guaranteed for a lifetime of N PORTLAND, Me., a Traffic Advisory factory service, not only 7 the Santa Fe Wa Board, appointed by City Manager Harry A. ere Cyr Eh Ay Be — ea] | Brinkerhoff, cooperates with the Public them; so perfect and beautiful, jewelers Works and Park Departments in effecting they are worth 1/3 to % more than we ask There is not a country on satisfactory traffic regulations. Among these oa PENNY DOWN—allow yan Pre 1 helpful regulations, one marks the non-parking days FREE—then sell it to you on easy p the globe where Star blades zones, and others the thirty-minute and one- ments. . h king zones. Why Not are not known to the old "Light ty intense publicity for all Sante Fe Specs Wau accidents, full page:safety-first advertisements Vou will never mies the tow ests ae and an annual Safety First parade reduce make you own one of these watches—S END POR} : accidents caused by automobiles in Pittsfield WATCH BOOK—iilustrating in besa en : ; ; , dreds of desi d comb cases in thelf | sing chanics to be a good and Mass., according to Chief of Police John L. POCKET WATCH. Mu'S STRAP With efficient bla de Sullivan. With a trading population of pame or monogram and any emblem pf ° 150,000, seven persons were killed in motor Sograved ip the Case to sult year ome aaa accidents during the year of 1925, but only on te Gh er ee ee : three in 1926. When you have a difficult In general the larger cities have found that mupeahpanipahetenatty:: than onevhalf a century. est, and most skilled me- . : traffic troubles are more apt to come from Janta te Soca © KH cutting job to do tell us of lack of speed instead -# too much of it; that FREE gold chain or a strand ot when streets are widened, especially at bottle | your problem and let us necks, the automobile proves a most satis- — ‘an ve on eae factory means of transportation. > send you a FREE sample All parking infringes on the rights of prop- Dept. B-80 Thomas Bldg. Topeka, Kan blade that will do the job. erty and must, in time, be done away with; (Home of the Great Santa Fe Railway) and also radial arteries and encircling boule- euaseoseeueceessun vards must furnish the ultimate solution of Santa Fe Watch Company, Ty S d f h , city motor traffic problems. Dept B-80 Thomas Bldg., Topeka, Kat en or cnart. Please send prepaid and without obligat hes SMALL, outlying communities there is Money Down” y Se Sa virtually no problem. For example, R. F. McLaren, assistant secretary of the Public Service Commission of Montana, reports, Clemson Brothers, Inc. “The traffic density of Montana cities and towns has not reached proportions that are 4 causing us any anxiety.” From Provo, Utah, Middletown, N. Y. comes the reply, “As the city is small, the © streets are wide and traffic not heavy and we h ffi bl k of.” And ' MAKERS SINCE 1883 +t ana gods po A “one Chief YOU NEVER SAW LIKE Constable David Ritchie, “We have no 6 CYLINDERS traffic problem.” nite Tucson, Ariz., however, has found that it RE VOLVIN G MOTO has to have strict regulations for its local and co aa a TAR CK AWS visiting motor cars. About 25,000 Americans will be killed by pert Al , usual I motor cars this year, by conservative estimate. And as fifty-five percent of all registered cars are in cities of 10,000 population or less and only twelve percent in cities of five hundred thousand or more, the smaller as well as the bigger cities should begin to prepare for the 30,000,000 motor vehicles which within the Complete Catalogue 25e which is allowed on i 8 4 next few years may be humming along our AMALGAMATED SALES & SERVICE streets and roads. 327-M. So. LaSalle St. for HANDE) MAN, MECHANICS afi SODEE MAKEN © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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OM |. Is Flying Really 1 _— Safe? lal: (Continued from page 13) if were killed, and Major Dargue ‘ only by a parachute drop. “ailots were the pick of the Army Air ymmander Rodgers, hero of the first fight and one of the most skillful Gp the Navy, crashed and was killed vat Philadelphia. The death-list among ‘and Navy fliers is terrific. From July 1 lp May 1, 1927, seventy-one Navy planes i killing 116 aviators. The Army Air s from July 1926, to May, 1927, had 158 4g with 25 deaths. jously, military aviation is not safe. ssure, safety is not the main consideration itary flying, but does the public know the snce between the risks which the military must take and those which the civilian brshould avoid at any cost? HAT sort of flying is safe, then? Civil Aviation? , In the six years including 1921 and 1926 ; records show 849 civilian airplane resulting in 458 deaths and 598 seriously injured. Last year the ut on 50} | were seventy-five. And the number of C*THIdN | Ved accidents in 1926 was greater than in any : hing year. ae "What cae of flying is safe, then, if any? e of satielt) fast year, 1926, planes carrying the United Pog va Mail on Government-operated air ficials canyif |qyutes flew a total of 2,292,273 miles. In the ewelers sapii jod planes on contract air mail routes wr fey 9,086,395 miles and carried several thou- to use it MIE |gnd passengers. In that total of 4,378,668 n easy p i niks of flying, there was not a single fatal | git. In Germany, in the same year, Jewel 5,268 oe passengers were flown 3,814,000 miles wer the Lufthansa airways with only one fisl accident; in Great Britain planes of the iH \inperial Airways flew 791,000 miles without a intielf jande fatality; in Australia more than a million i niks was flown over regular routes without a Tt xems, then, that there are conditions ude which flying is reasonably safe. But to ‘Weare that flying is safe without pointing out itlat only one-twelfth of all the flying done in United States in a year is done under Mitions which make for safety, is to impose the credulity of the public. Bas unfair to conceal or gloss over the oka, MamMlEPE dangers of aviation as it would be to tell a "Hilty that ocean navigation is perfectly safe, re} }) Wihout warning him not to try it in a canoe or i th t »peka, Kent) Commander Byrd himself, G. M. Bellanca, a maj fi umtles L. Lawrance, Clarence D. Chamberlin, tae St jomver Loening and many other leaders in [imation and aerodynamics have declared ‘iii ipinst general air races and stunt flying. The msible heads of the growing industry mize that such contests as the Hawaii air jMearea menace to the advancement of their | case, | “Stunt flying has noticeably stunted pas- iaieeer-carrying aviation in the United States,” Col. Paul Henderson, President of the utical Chamber of Commerce. “Stunt ying 1s ular and dangerous. The gen- public could tell that. Hence the man ie ground, who was a potential passenger, Sil many instances scared, and decided to and see, to let the other fellow fly first, the will climb into an airplane. Hence, mee in regular passenger service on ed routes has been to a degree lacking, MUnjustifiably.”” Henderson speaks with authority. As Assistant Postmaster General of the States, he built up the Air Mail Service = present efficiency; and as president of the Air Transport, he heads the company tarries the Air (Continued on page 136) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY FAST WRECKS THE E are living in the age of SPEED, the mile-a-minute life. We crowd two or five years of life into one. We hurry; we worry; and we dissipate, little realizing that there must come an end to our supply of Nerve Force— that we will become nervous wrecks—Neurasthenics. There are countless ‘‘ near neurasthenics” about us everywhere—in the streets, in the cars, in the theatres, in your business, and es- pecially in your own home —right in your own family. ““Nerve-weakness’’ is not a malady which manifests itself, as many people be- lieve, in twitching muscles, trembling hands. These conditions found only in advanced cases. There is but one malady more terrible than Nerve Exhaustion, and that is its kin, Insanity. Only those who have passed through a siege of Nerve Exhaustion can understand the true meaning of this state- ment. It is HELL; no other word can ex- press it. At first the victim is afraid he will die, and as it grips him deeper he is afraid he will not die; so great is his mental torture. He becomes panic-stricken and irresolute. A sickening sensation of weakness and help- lessness overcomes him. He becomes ob- sessed with the thought of self-destruction. The symptoms of nerve exhaustion vary according to individual characteristics, but the development is usually as follows: First Stage: Nervousness, restlessness, sleeplessness, lack of energy, poor circula- tion, and other minor symptoms of low vitality. Second Stage: Nervous indigestion, belching, sour stomach, gas in bowels, shallow breathing, decline in power of the reproductive functions, high or low blood pressure, hot or cold flashes, heart palpita- tion, mental uneasiness, irritability, undue worry, despondency, self-consciousness, etc. Third Stage: As nerve weakness ad- vances, the symptoms mentioned before become more severe. It is then the more severe mental symptoms appear; namely fears, melancholia, dizziness, loss of mem- ory, hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, and finally INSANITY. If only a few of the symptoms mentioned here apply to you, especially those indicating mental uneasiness, you may be certain that your nerves are weak and deranged. Fight this weakness as you would fight for your life. Conquer it, or it will conquer you. There is nothing more terrible than Nerve Exhaustion. are Medicine Useless Medical treatment for nerve weakness is worse than useless. Taking drugs to stimulate jaded nerves is like making a tired horse run by dragging him behind an automobile. Physical Exercise May Be Harmful Don’t be deceived into believing that some magic system of exercise will restore lost Nerve Force, as is so often claimed by physical culturists. More often it wastes the little that is left, for exercise demands expenditure of Nerve Force. Bear in mind that some of the worst nervous wrecks may PAUL von BOECKMANN LIFE NERVES be found right among our physical culturists, prize fighters and noted athletes. Nerve abuse wrecks the strong as well as the weak. Important Book on the Nerves Many excellent books have been written on the care and strengthening of the nerves, but by far the most practical book ever written for the benefit of the general public is ‘‘ Nerve Force”’ by Paul von Boeck- mann, the noted authority on this subject, who has for thirty years made an intensive study of people with weak and deranged nerves. The book is illustrated and contains 64 pages of condensed facts and advice upon the subject of Nerve Culture. The cost, prepaid, is only 25c. (Coin or small denomination stamps). Your Children’s Nerves This book is of inestimable value to parents. Proper care of a child’s nerves is as important as his mental training, for education is of little value unless backed by sound nerves. Nervous parents are likely to beget nervous chil- dren. The information contained in this book will give a parent a thorough understanding of the dangers that threaten a child’s nerves and how to counteract them, so that the child can become immune to nerve strain and become strong and healthy. Unconditional Guarantee This book is guaranteed from cover to cover. If after applying the advice it contains, your nerves do not feel 100% calmer and better, your money will be refunded PLUS your outlay for postage. There is no time limit to this offer. Over a million copies have been sold, a record never before reached by any other book on health. This book and several other books on health subjects by the author are now on file in many public libraries and at the National Medical Library at Washington, _ They are highly recommended by noted physicians, scientists, teachers, ministers, and students of health culture. What Others Say: A prominent lawyer in Ansonia, Conn., says: ‘*Your book saved me from a nervous collapse, such as I had three years ago. I now sleep soundly and am gaining weight. I can again do a real day's work.” A physician says: ‘‘Your book shows you have a scientific and profound knowledge of the nerves and nervous people. I am recommending your book to my patients.” A mother writes: ‘‘I always had that dr. d out feeling. I could not take any interest in my children’s activities: they annoyed me. I could find no relief until I read your book. It taught me how to build upmynerves. NowI ama companionto my children, os play with them, and am interested in their oings.”’ A college student writes: ‘‘I studied so intensely to re my ‘exams’ that I broke down completely, and had to leave college. After following your teach- ings, I was able to return to school and complete my education, graduating with honors.” A young girl writes: ‘‘I have been suffering from depression for a long time. I tried many cures, but none succeeded. In changing my mental attitude to life, you saved me from this terrible melancholy.” An athlete says: ‘‘To look at me, you would have thought me to be ‘the picture of health.’ But my appearance was deceiving—I was strong physically but internally my nerves were shaky and life was a burden to me. Now I understand that muscle isn't everything.” A business man writes: ‘‘Your book did more for me for indigestion than two courses in dieting.” Fill in the attached coupon today-—-NOW. The book will be a revelation to you. Se eee eS SS SS SS SSS SSS ee eee Se Paul von Boeckmann, Studio 1430. Cellini Bldg., 48 W. 48th St., New York City. Dear Sir: Please send me your book on Nerve Culture subject to guarantee. Enclosed find 25c. es 6 This seal on a radio, tool o: oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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136 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | Write For Folder HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438, W. 33rd. St., New York, N. Y. of two fingers. stations, merely alter the position of the individual halves of the dial. every radio fan will appreciate. Degrees and wave- lengths are illuminated from the back by a small electric light, connecting with the A battery circuit. The bronze escutcheon plate, richly embossed and oxidized, endows the panel with a classic beauty. The New HAMMARLUND Illuminated DRUM DIAL \ ," YITH this up-to-the-minute improvement, local stations can be tuned in by a simple movement For finer adjustment on distant It is a mechanical masterpiece Gor Betion Radic A “MILLION-DOLLAR” FRONT FOR YOUR RADIO ammarlund jit BURN YOUR NAME ON TOOLS Toots FromTheft. Write with elec- tricity any name or design on the hard- est and mig tests and netruments 0 any metal, like writing on pape or pencil. Complete Outfit ° - Interest- a illustrated cir tree. Write to- , OGRAF PEN CO. 1171-A East Stark St., Portiand, Oregon PRODUCTS YOUR OWN ery, labels, paper, circulars, tags, menus, book, etc. Save money and time, cut cost in half. Sold direct from factory. Pays for itself in short time. fits, $5.85 ap Joo Geers. Big Profits. Easy ruies sent. pes efor common of XCELSIOR ¢ t D r, Carda, ink», paper Cutters etc. THE KELSEY Company, ¢-33, Meriden, Conn. plete Presses $11 ap. Rotarp $149. Print for . ri OW you can buy a Sterling “B” Socket Power (Raytheon approved) for as little as $28.50 complete. There’s no longer any reason why you should put off enjoying the advantages of full radio power and better tone. Simply “light-socket” your set the Sterling way. A Sterling Demonstration will be a revelation— Ask your dealer. © Sterll B Socket Power Unit THE STERLING MANUFACTURING CoO. 2831 Prospect Avenue 3 $8 Cleveland, Ohio | lite, Wood or Metal. List Price 40c. The Latest and Best in Socket Design The Eby Socket is completely NEW throughout. Its design is in strict accordance with the latest develop- ments in socket manufacture and radio reception. The New Eby Socket has a 3 point wiping spring contact the full length of the prong—the most scientific- ally perfect type known. The con- tact prongs can’t spread. Easy to mount above or below Bake- a2¢0 The H. H. EBY Mfg. Co., Inc. 4710 Stenton Ave. PHILADELPHIA, PA..- ____ Is Flying Really Safe? (Continued from page 135) Mail from New York to San Franc; dentally, the only plane which got thro Ing. Hawaii without trouble was of the ga, a of om which his company uses, ine type t simmers down to thi : whether flying is safe. nde. Testion Over regular routes such by the Air Mail, adequately Tae all way, with lighted emergency landing flat close together that a forced landing M4 made with safety at any time and with ny : direction equipment, flying in a plane of ny the four or five first-rate commercial ty my perly inspected aind licensed by the Devas Le of Commerce, and with engines of equall ‘hat standards, piloted by a licensed transport, the passenger takes no greater risk than he does in traveling between New York Chicago by rail—keeping in mind the fact that passengers have been killed on the trains, ¥ other kind of flying hasany right tobe calledsafe hve day will come, we believe, when the Government license on a plane, and the Government’s license in the pilot's will mean that anybody who takes that plane and with that pilot is taking m undue risk so long as he does not fly out of gliding range of a proper landing field, } does not mean that today. The Department of Commerce, perhaps wisely, is interpreting the Air Commerce Act “liberally.” The regulations should be tightened up. planes, left over from the war or copied from obsolescent types, equipped with i war-time training engines, should certainly not be licensed for passenger service of any kind Unfortunately, the Government has » control whatever over private planes and private pilots. Unless a plane carries cargo or passengers for hire across state lines its owner and pilot can laugh at Uncle Sam and go merrily on their way, continuing to demonstrate that flying is not safe. More than half of the fatal flying accidents are due to incompetence, iz experience or foolhardiness on the pilot’s part, The French Government last year analyze flying accidents as to causes, by percentages, Fifty-four percent of all crashes, 62 percent of fatalities and 63 percent of injuries were the pilot's fault. Failure of planes or equipment caused 11 percent of accidents, engine treubk 22 percent, bad weather 5 percent, and variow other items the remaining 8 percent. Ow Department of Commerce's licensing requir ments for pilots seem rigid enough, as far as they go; and they go as far as the Fedenl Government has power. It is time for the states to set up a fer restrictions of their own, as New York-and one or two others have done. Pending such restrictions, it is up to the man on the ground to stay on the ground if he values his lif, except under the ideal conditions such as the Air Mail services offer. The best evidence that aviation is not sale is found in the offer of $150,000 in prizes by the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for a “Salt Aircraft” competition. - These prizes, the lar gest one of $100,000, will go to the designers and builders of planes which can do thing which no plane in existence today can The prize winners must be able to fly at lower speeds, rise with a shorter run, land in smal space, climb more steeply on the take-off, glide safely at steeper angles, maintain grealet stability in flight, recover more certain! from abnormal air conditions, be more easily oo trolled and manoeuver more readily m stricted territory and on the ground that anything which has yet been built. Thosecm™ ditions summarize the defects which expe and scientists recognize in the today, defects which make the statement tt “flying is safe™’ seem foolish. © -This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. Se page 6- pa tin ape than 2 few our | blew ; it out Ne vetel be sail d, “ ur Jong. out th are things tl of driving. And a8 for 1 yatch for it by dozi Hot cours i num ne lee while gocident eit orif they d LEEP i: Gus we to go to sle ought not te “But wh who has tro he’s in bed iving & ca “T didn’t that he doe todo with it When you'r miles and n combined ¥ the lack of | senses into ¢ traffic where the brake, may ge Mat you \ ‘keep awake sk one of t] ing the We facing a firis asleep awake, and Lindbergh « ping to sle across the o Back at t the victim « the front se: “Might : work,” Gus woke the sl “You can again,” he : “How ar ing up drivi end of the 1 “(YERTA peevis remem “Banana ‘ some

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: - jpremibet, 1927

priving—Dozing—Death! (Continued from page 69) +e to reason out all that Sherlock bed Why, it couldn’t have been more few seconds from the time you first blew your horn till the crash. How did you itout so quick? | ; ss veteran smiled. “Blessed if I know, +1 “unless it’s because I’ve been driving be sid Ouick thinking and being able to out the right thing to do in an emergency things that you can get only by a whole lot iving. No instructor can teach it to you. as for that sleep stuff, I’m always on the for it. I nearly got killed myself years by dozing off while driving. _ a course there’s no way of getting accurate but mést people have no idea what a number of accidents are due to the driver asleep. Most of the fellows who fall while they’re driving and get into an yeident either don’t realize what happened wif they do they are ashamed to admut it. are LEEP is a mighty queer business anyway,” iN) Gus went on. “Sometimes when you want to go to sleep you can't, and then when you ought not to, you do. “But why,” asked Joe, “should a fellow who has trouble in getting to sleep even when je’s in bed be likely to go to sleep when he’s driving a car?” . “J didn’t say that,” replied Gus. “The fact that he doesn’t sleep well nights has nothing todo with it. It all depends on how easily he is fected by monotonous sights and sounds. When you're driving along a straight road for miles and miles the steady hum of the motor embined with the comfortable position and the lack of physical motion seems to lull your gases into a drowsy state. Of course, in heavy trafic where you are constantly forced to apply the brake, shift gears and steer the car, youmay get tired but you won't get sleepy. “If you want to find out how hard it is to awake some time,”’ Gus went on, “just ask one of the fellows who did sentry duty dur- ing the World War. Even the certainty of facing a firing squad in the morning if they fell seep wasn’t enough to keep some of them awake, and if I remember correctly Charlie lindbergh claimed that he was more afraid of ping to sleep than anything else on his hop across the ocean.”” Back at the garage an hour later, they found the victim of the sleep accident curled up on the front seat, snoring peacefully. “Might as well let him snooze while we work,” Gus suggested, but the pounding soon woke the sleeper and he climbed out to watch. “You can bet I won't go to sleep at the wheel agin,” he said. “How are you going to prevent it—by giv- ing up driving?” Gus asked as he pulled the tad of the new spring into line. "CERTAINLY not!” replied the owner _M peevishly. “I haven’t got cold feet yet. I'll ft remember not to go to sleep, that’s all.” Banana oil!” snorted Gus. “Will power will of course, but it’s a whole lot better to adopt some definite way of overcoming the .; About the best I know of is one that a salesman friend of mine works when that y feeling creeps over him. He pulls up at the side of the road out of the way of the traffic and deliberately goes to sleep for ten or fifteen “Then I know another fellow that gets out runs up and down the road a bit. The tureise, he says, starts the blood circulating sems to break the hypnotic spell brought wb the steady hum of the motor.” 5. Lou Te going to stop anyway,” suggested Jee, why not park at a hot dog stand and eat me while ote waking up again?” Humpt !” growled Gus. “That ought to Work—indigestion will keep anybody awake!”

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

First Time in America! This and other new fea- tures make the 1928 Har- ley- Davidson Twin the most advanced mount in the history of the motor cycle industry.

The Single — our famous solo mount that travels **80 miles per gallon’’ and is priced at only $235, complete, f. o. b. New Model Sport-Solo Twin lenty! A real sport mount, cnaliee wheels — 25”x3.85 balloon tires —roadster handlebars, Dow - metal pistons, racing type, optional at slight Power and speed a increase in price. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

; Wier <—“oyg , —s \ nt81 Far ftom traffic jams Acuet country road, carpeted L& with rustling autumn leaves — | the tang of Indian summer in the J) s é crisp, bracing air — a spin down a winding trail — new things to see f — adventures you'll never forget! v And it costs only 2c a mile with a é Harley-Davidson Twin—the mount § & that gets you there quickly, com- y fortably, safely. Plenty of room in = &. the sidecar for your outfit or a pal. Prices as low as $310. f.0.b. factory G. on easy Pay-As-You-Ride terms. . See your dealer. Send coupon for catalog. Hartey-Davipson Motor Company Department PS Milwaukee, Wisconsin ARLEY-DAVIDSON Motorcycles Twin and Single cylinder models in a wide range of prices. Get our catalog,

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© ABC Powerizer makes every set aDe Luxe electric’ Alternating current flows uninterruptedly into new A.C.Radiotrons in set ~ Finest tone quality in radio OW you can lave any radio set powerized— all ready to plug into light socket. No batteries, jellies, trickle charger eliminator units. Al- ternating current direct to A.C. Radiotrons in set is the enly practical scientific method of electrification. Deep bass notes — vibrant chords of the organ—are re- produced with the richness and mellowness achieved only by powerized amplification. Write for literature explaining details of real A B C socket - power and tone quality. RADIO RECEPTOR CO., Inc. 106 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y. LICENSED BY RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES Model for Atwater Kent without tubes $60.00 Radioirons UX 280 end UX-210, $14 00 Universal Model—for majority of 6-tube RFL and Neutrodyne circuite ithout tubes $60.00. Radictrons UX -260 and UX-210, $14.00. Rediola +-20° Model — List without tubes $59.00. Redictrons UX-280 and UX-210, $14.00. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Driving Motor Cars to Death (Continued from page 25) that you would want your new car to receive after the breaking-in. Now for the tests. First, fuel consumption. Filling the gas tank to the brim, they drive at twenty-five miles an hour, recording the num- | ber of miles made before the tank is empty. | Similar runs at twenty-five, thirty-five, forty- | five and fifty-five miles determine oil con- sumption. For a detailed record of the car's fuel economy at various speeds, they mount a specially devised gasoline gage on the dash. This con- sists of a glass tube, or burette, graded in cubic centimeters and connected with the supply so that it reveals minute changes in the fuel level as the car proceeds. The tester sits beside the driver with the gage before his eyes and a stop watch in his hand. N=: speed and “pick up,” or accelera- tion. Knowing that the ordinary speed- ometer in common use never can be depended | upon, the experts have devised a “fifth wheel speedometer,” which has proved extremely accurate. This is a bicycle wheel mounted at the side of the car and resting on the road. As it re- volves it drives an electric generator. The record of the amount of current produced by | the generator is a measure of the car’s speed. Seventy-five miles an hour is about the limit for most modern automobiles. At least two of the latest models, however, have passed the hundred-mile mark. Low speed as well as high is an important item. The testers determine how slowly the car can travel and still be managed easily, and the lowest speed at which the engine will idle without stalling. Acceleration is recorded by the speed attained at specified distances and by the time taken to advance from one rate of speed to another. For tests of acceleration in low and inter- mediate gears, the car is stopped at the foot of a hill and started from rest. : In the hill-climbing tests the easiest hill is a 7.26 per cent grade—about as stcep as you are likely to encounter on the highway. Next comes 9.7 per cent, then 11.6 per cent—a hill rivaling the famous Uniontown Mountain in Pennsylvania. On each hill the driver puts a car through tests with a running start at ten miles an hour, then twenty miles, and finally thirty, recording the speeds at various points along the way, as well as the total time to reach the summit. A ‘D if the car breezes over the ee of the three hills without sign of faltering— there remain still greater challenges to its power; grades of 21, 24, and even 35 per cent— | the next thing to a precipice. Moreover, Pike’s Peak or any other gruelling climb in the world can be duplicated with amazing exactness on a level stretch of Proving Ground road, by the use of an electrical machine called the “towing dynamometer.” This is a trailer carrying an electric generator driven by the movement of the wheels. An electric resistance connected with the generator can be varied to produce any load or pull | desired when the trailer is hitched to the car under test. And, as has been proved by making a great number of tests, the performance of the car can be measured accurately from the amount of current produced by the generator. The men at the Proving Ground call this machine “The Thousand- Mile Hill.” Steep hills and dynamometers play an equally important role in the next test—for braking efficiency. First, to test the four-wheel brakes the driver runs the car up an incline onto a set of fourroller (Continued on page 139) A Perfect Aeri in 5 Minutes Just connect it to the set and plug in —that’s all the work you need to do on an aerial that brings in programs with remarkable volume and clarity, It uses absolutely no current, reduces both static and interference, ‘and completely eliminates the lightning hazard. Sold by all good dealers ona 5 day, money-back basis for $1.50, Dubilier Light Socket Aerial Building a Power Unit? Then select the condenser blocks built for long hours of heavy-duty service. Dubilier Blocks are the choice of leading manulac turers and of experimenters who with care. Micadon—The Standard of Radio og This famous fixed condenser is now incot: and t] porated in a moulded Bakelite case luadled, Th to meet modern receiver designs. T com adapted to soldered and sc tions. All ‘engesttien. Prices 45c to $1.50. owe coul DUBILIER CONDENSER CORP. fimachines, 4377 Bronx Blvd. New York City Next the ex } . | Te iad stead CONDENSERS }_“ © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 927 ember, 199, geen priving Motor Cars to Death he (Continued from page 138) ao) - «One wheel rests on each roller. When ay ig started under its own power the a ae Seaeelve, each driving a generator. From | : a of the current produced, the tester te the horsepower transmitted t various pedal pressures. oa be cther road check on these measure- jj. In e roll down until it attains a determined ged, then steps on the brake pedal while ie tester records the distance the car travels ‘jdore it comes to a stop, the time required to the rate of deceleration, or slowing down, Fe effort expended by the driver’s foot aie pedal brakes are ‘perhaps the most vial part of the car, so far as driving safety : tomfort are concerned, the engineers have | developed extremely accurate instruments to ‘ai\ ‘ their efficiency. To record decelera- We fin, for example, they employ a delicate \)\) i | MANN F) gechanism based on much the same principle 7 W ist causes 2 railroad passenger to lurch for- ~ Farina car when the train comes to a stop. | Instead of a human body, however, the de- a ccstnins a moving weight. Its motion as i brakes are applied writes a picture of * JF iedeceleration on a moving roll of paper. a Agin, to measure the pedal pressure re- | qired to stop a car at a given rate of speed q they have devised a sort of stirrup attached to RS Jiciniepeda, . | Thedriver places his foot in the stirrup, Ug mF stich records the pressure through a spring to do mechanism. ‘The same device measures the ogTams f ssergy required to operate the clutch. 'TVERY man when he buys a car these h days, of course, is as much concerned with phtning Fis riding qualities as he is with its power and 218 FH oed. For these the Proving Ground experts lave invented surprising tests. Most spectacular is the “bath tub,” a jon in the concrete roadway filled with wier axle deep. The car comes sailing along ittwenty-five miles an hour. Splash! In she ges! The spray flies high all about us. Will sestall? Or will she be able to paddle through othe other side of the pond? It doesn’t take te out. on the dry road they examine the ma- dineinsideand out. If the body or windshield laks, they make a note of the fact. Exami- ution reveals whether the water affects the inition system or brake linings of the car; vheher it gets into the carburetor; whether nit? thefenders are set at the proper angle to shed ae tflood, and so on. Sometimes the testers even Dubie pP@laras to fill the “bath tub” with mud nanufc- § Wlead of water, just to see how much mud ild with J vilsplash over the body and chassis. After the bath, they set to work to find out mdly how much noise the car makes at tanous speeds as well as the amount of vibra- tn in engine, chassis, axles, steering gear and and passenger seats. Radio amplifying tus gives an electrical record of noise, vibration writes its own record on special To of R drive over rough roads reveals much about w incor, §%lort and the ease with which the car can be designed hailed, The tester rides in one seat, then a wither, comparing their comfort. This $1.50. nurd, of course, is a matter of judgment by a trained i SORP. sapert who has traveled in thousands tai Nea the expert assigned to the job observes _},_ Mount of wabble or “shimmy” in the } it Meels as the car travels at top speed; 4 we steadiness of steering over the rough + The actual amount of energy which oe ted must use in handling the steering is determined (Continued on page 140) jeoogh each wheel, and the effectiveness of | driver next takes the car down the | sa Oe each of several trials, he lets the | 139 The Spirit of a New Age HEN the American aviators ‘landed in Europe from trans- Atlantic flights, they were asked to sign their names in The Golden Books of Paris and Berlin. Ancient Euro- pean custom demands that only the famous register in the Libro d’Oro. Authors whose ships of fancy reach harbors of success are honored by having their autographs and best stories selected for inclusion in the pages of The Golden Book Maga- zine. The original Libro d’Oro contained the official list of the Vene- tian nobility; the names in The Golden Book Magazine are the aristocracy of letters. The stories that deserve to live, the worthwhile works of Discriminating readers want only the best writers. The Golden Book Magazine supplies them in their most fascinating moods because only their best work is selected. Short stories, novelettes, poems, essays and playlets of such writers as Du- mas, Balzac, Jacobs, Wister, Dick- ens, Mérimée, Davis, Hardy, de Maupassant, Conrad, Thackeray, - Sudermann, Tolstoy, Stevenson, Mark Twain, Alfred Henry Lewis and Peter B. Kyne, with one in- stallment of a long serial master- piece in each issue. Why read trash when for the same price you can read short story masterpieces, old and new? Why read synthetic literature combine fiction when you can vigor of thought with beauty of style and artistic construction, and like ships sail on through the years. Trash is as ephemeral as the waves ofthe sea. Great writers, the creators of literature, explore strange realms and interpret the eternal laws of life. They educate as obtain the genuine which wholesomely stimulates the emo- tions? By reading The Golden Book you be- come acquainted with the great writers of all nations. You also avoid missing any of the best contempo- rary American short stories. well as entertain. today. Give the Golden Book a Trial The Golden Book Magazine will give you more entertainment and solid enjoyment than you can obtain in other ways of spending the subscription price. Every issue is full of good stories. Fill out the coupon containing the special 5 months’ introductory offer and mail it with your remittance THE GOLDEN BOOK (Published by the Review of Reviews Corp.) 55 Fifth Avenue New York © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. THE GOLDEN BOOK MAGAZINE 55 Fifth Avenue, New York Enclosed please find $1.00, for which send The Golden Book for five months to the address below. ve i P.S.M.-11-27 COCO e re eee eee eH HEHEHE ESHER ES ES EOE EEE ED Peete eee ee ee ee eee eee eee ee ee |

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POPULAR. SCIENCE MONTHLY

There 1s a < Vitrohm Radio Resistor for EVERY power unit More than 90 standard Vitrohm Re- sistors and Rheostats cover the re- sistance need of every socket power circuit now on the market. Resistance is the heart of power circuits. Make sure of quiet, per- manent, and unfailing service by in- sisting on Vitrohms for radio. Vitrohm ‘Resistors and Rheostats are guaranteed unconditionally for continuous-duty in any circuit where they operate within their watts dissi- pation rating, and Vitrohm Resistors have the highest continuous-duty tating without resistance change of any resistor. New Vitrohms The list below of new resistors and rheostats is partial. A full description of new Vi- trohms for Radio is available without charge. Send for it. RAYTHEON 350 M. A. UNITS Vitrohm Resistor 507-70 Vitrohm Rheostat 507-59 QRS 400 M. A. CIRCUITS Vitrohm Resistor 507-62............ $7: Vitrohm Rheostat 507-59 SILVER-MARSHALL UNITS Vitrohm Resistor S-M 653 $ Vitrohm Resistor S-M 655 Vitrohm Resistor S-M 657 THORDARSON POWER PACKS Vitrohm Resistor for R-171......... $2. Vitrohm Resistor for R-210 Vitrohm Resistor for R-210 with UX874 Regulator Tube The Adjustat A .new Vitrohm Rheostat, dissipating 20 watts, having 15 steps of resistance. The Adjustat is priced at $3.00. 11 types are available in the following re- sistances and current capacities: 507-79, 1 ohm, 4 amp.—507-71, 2 ohms, 3 amp.—507-72, 6 ohms, 1.5 amp.—507-73, 20 ohms, 1.0 amp.—507-74, 30 ohms, 0.75 amp. —507-80, 50 ohms, 650 m.a.—507-81, 600 ohms, 180 m.a.—507-75, 1000 ohms, 125 m.a.—507-76, 2250 ohms, 90 m.a.—507-77, 10,000 ohms, 40 m.a.—507-78, 25,000 ohms, 10 ma.

WARD LEONARD ELECTRIC CO. MOUNT VERNON, N. Y.

| | Driving Motor Cars to Death (Continued from page 189) by a device consisting of a duplicate wheel at- tached to the steering post and containing a mechanism which accurately records the pounds pressure exerted in turning it at the various speeds. There remain the questions of how much time and labor the prospective owner must ex- pend in caring for the car, and how many small troubles it is likely to cause him. And so, while mud and dirt are still thick upon it, the driver takes it to the garage for an entirely new examination. Here the tester, holding a stop watch, records the time it takes to wash, polish, grease and oil the machine; also the time to change tires with the tools that are supplied by the automobile maker. Other tests which are considered necessary in proving a car are made to determine such items as efficiency of headlights in road iJlumi- nation, accuracy of the dashboard instruments, convenience of these instruments for observa- tion, amount of windshield reflection, accumu- lations in oil and gas filters, the charging rate of the battery. PPEARANCES, too, count mightily with carowners. Therefore this and every other car, like a blooded stallion at a horse show, must pass by for inspection. The fit and finish of its hood, fenders, running board; the paint on its body; its upholstering, floor covering, hard- ware, accessories—all these fine points are carefully noted. Even the slopes and curves of its lines are charted. For this the car is placed in front of a background ruled in squares and there photographed. Film transparencies of the photographs then can be compared with those of other models, revealing differences in wheel base, height of body, length of hood, size of windows and doors, and so on. In this manner designers can analyze motor car fashions and gage the trend of public demand upon appearances. You might think that after an automobile had undergone such a thorough dissection, the engineers would be satisfied. Actually, though, the tests have just started! The long grind, the test of time, is still ahead. Once more the driver who is to make the test climbs behind the wheel and urges the machine out over the Proving Ground roadways. Week in and week out, the car jogs along for hundreds and thousands of miles. It travels in the course of this journey at a wide range of speeds, duplicating, as nearly as possible the speeds at which a typical motorist would be likely to travel. After each 5000 miles the first engineering tests are repeated. EANWHILE whenever the car requirés repairs or adjustments, it goes into the shops. If any part breaks or becomes defective, a new one is substituted, and the defective part is sent to the engineering laboratory for analysis and study. Every item of repair and every replacement is charted on a large scale bulletin board, which thus tells at a glance which portions of the car require attention most frequently, and at what mileages they invariably will demand it. At 25,000 miles the machine is considered to have written the complete history of the best years of its life. Its strenuous days on the Proving Ground are ended, and it passes into the realm of used cars. Its autobiography, however, remains as a permanent record, serving as a basis for com- parison with contemporaries, aiding in estab- lishing standards by which all motor cars can be rated, and supplying a starting point from which engineers can remedy the weaknesses of the present in the automobiles which you and I will drive tomorrow.

4 a&e-eqese t = RoE eB See eB aS It Must Be CUSTOM- BUILT! The new improved Hammar Roberts Hi-Q SIX Receiver heel oy designed by ten of America’s fog sm whom th most radio engineers entirely witha ee « | eye to finest possible reception, Every modern constructional feature is ip cluded—perfect synchronization is assum —deluxe performance is finally achieved! © This wonderful instrument cannot & purchased ready-made. It must be GSB gah college. ‘TOM-BUILT by yourself at — Com} iglenough fir lete parts cost only $95.80. ci to sur k shows you how to Sail Dri "ee foundation panels make construction # ‘Me educati pleasure rather than a job. grea him som instrument is accepted as one of the ied out ot radio regardless of price. Ask your Gelli -samely, for the “How to Build” Book or ie “Puch would 1 direct. Price 25 cents. , whet! “Hammariund )|.2 inet ROBERTS © Hi.’ SIX pone : but are w HAMMARLUND-ROBERTS, Itt hestun b 1182-W Broadway, New York Gi ae

Pua vho earn In cer = J larican ind Ve ACCESSORIES ii: at WHOLESALE * pining B enploy ape cae || 4

$25.00 A DAY! You and the wonderful new HB Pai Outfit can do the work and 5 men ¥ prasnes. rms ‘actories paint job in one- fifth the usual io Delating By New, 7 Quiet ecial experience B [eo spect easy montbly p ents % tically no expense to you. in Bulletin P1171, HOBART BROS. Box P1171

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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, Going to Raise My ‘to Be a Plumber’”’ © (Continued from page 11) sional experience, the engineer can “edto what a photo-engraver, a printer lather can make as soon as he is syman's class. se we come to the second argument ges the flood of youth to college. sinvestigation by the Society for the ~ of Engineering Education shows, 3 made in large industries employ- sy men of all types, that the college ssn't stop at $4,000 in ten years. going up in pay—overtakes and : nd the noncollege man. : ‘shis mean that the college education is ee “taking?” 7) aay believe so. But I believe—as do Jege professors whom I found making sal studies along this very line—that of man who goes through college is forge ahead anyhow. I might even wm the figures that it takes him ten srcome the handicap of his cloistered walary is earned by the man every » and not by the college education. fact, at least, the statistics offer evi- TD ige. If there's specific money-earning power ‘gacollege degree, why are the minimum A grins of engineering graduates around thirty years after graduation when the LT! usimim is over $30,000? Why aren’t they ° imately the same? ‘oly because the men are different. nmarlund. the college graduates as a group are r has beep gfrent from the rank and file of noncollege ica's forg wen whom they outdistance. But the differ- ly with ae doesn’t consist in the possession of so y with at mits of text-book learning and one ion. \B degree. The difference is in economic ature is ni and in native ability. It is estimated ’ is ascundff iat out of a thousand pupils who start first : : in the elementary schools this fall, only achieves a enter high school, only thirty-eight cannot. be wigt as far as college and only fourteen will st be CUE hcollege. Thus the college graduate has me. Cott pdenough financial backing and native intel- Instruction to survive sixteen years of continual i. Dri] Seton struction #§ Te educational process has not necessarily ‘i him something that others lack; it has the bettit weded out others who lack something that he four Gcaktt ie—namely, the sort of initiative, intelligence, K OF Wilt stand determination to accomplish set tasks "}rich would make him a large money earner, Faov, whether he acquired his schooling in qd halls, in the streets, in the machine id Piper the railroad yard. Wy those of us who have these qualities, but are weeded out of educational system é iq ) Bieonomic pressure, can come to the top also. hbeertain large industries 85 percent of the PM vho earn more than $3,000 are noncollege B In certain mechanical branches of itcan industry, 73 percent of the men (Ging over $5,000 reached that level without ep of a diploma. employment manager of a large com- 7 told me: . if our executive positions, the white §et workers are not so well paid as the i manual workers. The latter have an | oy to rise into supervisory pay. In our business there will at any age, several noncollege men in rank and salary than any but one outstanding college man.” nt manufacturing company re- Sthat 40 percent of those who started as tes twenty years ago are still with the ation, and half of these are in super- the Class 1 railroads, America’s largest labor. (Continued on page 142) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY [9] Plug In-and Tune In. Irial Agents! Dealers? Big Profits ? Make big money taking ore ders ae All or rt time. Metrodyne All ‘lectric Radios are in a class by themselves. Marvelous quality, performance and price. Demonstrate at home and take orders. Lowest] wholesale prices. Your dem- i 30 days’, set Write today for Sorpeous Console Genuine walnct cabinet, in beautiful al . ° ys ie . entire range the low: tte the eS a(n Pera oats = a calles y appearance of any Shipped direct from our factory at ROCK BOTTOM PRICES Cost Less Than Most Battery Sets No or Eliminators nine oe gr te 7 Tubes — Single Dial Set At last! The radio you’ve dreamed about! If you have elec- tricity in your home you can now enjoy long distance recep- tion without the care, bother and muss of batteries, chargers, eliminators, etc., with this genuine batteryless radio set. Simply insert the plug in socket, press switch button and “tune in.’’ You could not buy a better radio set than the Metrodyne All Electric, at the same price. 100% Electric Radio. Only the highest quality low loss parts are used throughout. Solid walnut cabinet, beautiful two-tone effect, with handsome gilt metal trimmings. Has electrically lighted dial. Log stations in the dark. Only one dial to tune in all stations. Excellent tone qualities —won- derful volume—very selective. Size of cabinet, 28 x 13 x 10. Costs Less Than Most Battery Sets Do not confuse the Metrodyne electric radio with eutinnny light socket sets, because the Metrodyne is truly an A Electric Radio — consumes less than 2c worth of power a day. Comes to you direct from the factory. Its low cost brings it down to the price of an ordinary battery set. Write We are so confident that you will _be Golighted with this wonderful, easy-to-operate Battery Radio T. that we offer to ship it to your home for THIRTY ® DAYS’ FREE TRIAL — you to be the indee, A postal or letter brings complete information. WRITE AY! METRO ELECTRIC COMPANY 2165 N. California Ave. ODept¢23 Chicago, Ilinols If you are going to build, remodel, or repair a house, you need the great book “Your House” by John R. McMahon It is complete, authoritative, easy to understand and follow, and is essential to any man who wants to avoid the costly mistakes in the building and upkeep of his It describes fully, with many diagrams and illustrations, how to finance, plan, build, remodel and keep up a house. Read the contents below: house. How TO WORK with TOOLS and WOOD have been looking for. Here is the book that amateur tool users How to Finance Your House, Spacing a House, Sur- veys, Foundations, The Use of an Architect, Mis- takes that are Avoidable, How to Size up a House Already Built, Remodeling Old Houses, Floors and Interiors, Roofs, A House in Four Materials, Con- crete Masonry and Stucco, New Lumber for Old, Building to Foil Hurricanes, The Garage,The Plumb- ing Question, Heating, Lighting, A Monthly Calen- dar for Repairs, Care of the Heating Plant, Under- standing the Thermostat, What to Do Till the Plumber Comes, Protection Against Fire, Electrical AB C’s, a the Meter, Handy Tools for the Home, Finance Tables, Cost of Building, Measure Metric and English Measures, Miscellaneous and Board Measure, Weights and General Data, Tank Capacity, Melting Points, Pump Data, Strength of Wood, etc., Weight of Materials, Pitch of Roof, Span of Floor Joists, Mortar, Concrete, etc., Concrete Floor or Roof, Pipe Area, Heat Loss BY he —s Materials, Values of Insulatin Materials, Pi ata, Sheet Metal Data, Coal an Other Fuel Data, Fuel Oil Data, Flue Linings, thimney Heights, etc., To Estimate Heating Plant, Winds and Climate. Price $3.00, postage prepaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue New York It is written by a practical man who knows woodworking and how to use tools. It explains in a simple, straightforward manner all the processes of working with tools and wood. You will find this book interesting from start to finish. It contains 185 pages with over 150 illustrations to clearly explain all the details. Attractively bound in dark blue cloth binding, it will serve as a ready ref- erence book e all your work. Price, postpaid, $1.00 BOOK DEPARTMENT Poputar ScreENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Ave., New York, N. Y. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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142 Moisture does not affect-- WORLD'S just © '12én Ultra MUSICONE °— iD _ or in person) * 4 — ja OAC A rices slightly higher West of the Rocky Mountains EROSLEY MUSICONE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Magnet coils wound around bakelite bobbins with wire, coated by a_ substance, which a year’s re- search inthe Crosley laborator- ies developed, keeps the Musicone con- [ee SPEAKER stantly efficient in any climate. WA Mh — wey > iA Se 1 = A new metallurgical discovery increases the vibrations of the pat- ented actuating unit 10 times over the former type, even then supe- rior to anything on the market, with resultant sensitiveness to delicate tones, increased smoothness and finer and greater volume. If you cannot locate your nearest dealer write Dept. 17 for his name and _ literature. THE CROSLEY RADIO CORPORATION Powel Crosley, Jr., Pres. \ Cincinnati, Ohio ne ——— Pats. Pending Reg. U. 8. Pat. OF. Price $2.75 An Effective Stabilizing Device for Radio Frequency Amplifiers Your radio will be a far greater pleasure with oscillation noises eliminated. Phasatrols sup- press oscillations and their accompanying disturbances to reception. Designed for use with most R. F. Sets—very easy to install. Send for special pamphlet listing various circuits, tS) Dept. 64B, 175 Varick Street, New York, N. Y. Licensed_ by Rider Radio Corporation Pat'd 5-2-'16; 7-27-26 Does Your Set Oscillate? PHASATROLS ELECTRAD The Two Tube Official Browning-Drake This new assembly has been designed to be used with any good audio transformer system such as Amertram, Thordarson, etc. Only the R. F. and detector tubes are used. The combination gives an exceptional tone quality. Browning-Drake Corp. parts used are the Official Browning-Drake Kit, special type T foundation unit, cartridge resistance and neutralizer. If your dealer does not carry all of the specified parts, write us direct. DEALERS Almost three times as many BROW NING- DRAKE parts are sold as those of the nearest competitor. If your jobber cannot supply you, write or wire us TODAY. BROWNING DRAKE CORP. BROWNING DRAKE © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6 November, gy 9 a So ‘I’m Going to Raise My Boy to Be a Plumber” (Continued from page 141) A survey made by a subcommittee of American Society of Mechanical Engin & —— = such facts as these: Out of seventy-nine railroad resident forty-five rose from the ranks withees training. An analysis of a group fae officers showed the following Proportiog noncollege men: d Vice Presidents, 52 percent General Managers, 83 percent Superintendents of Motive Power, 56 Mechanical Engineers, 20 percent we Mechanics, 80 percent Need the noncollege man resign himself a subordinate position forever? " ’ ILL HINKLE, who went into the house when Freddy Vail went to has a fair chance of climbing to the job of superintendent of motive power with a of $10,000 or more at the age of forty-¢j Government figures show approxi | 65,000 railroad engineers earning an a of $245 a month; approximately 23,000 skilled foremen averaging $237 a month, while 26,009 white collar workers below the officers but above ordinary clerks average $217. What price a white collar job? I asked that question of a man who know the building trades well and whose handiwok is to be seen among modern New York sky. scrapers. “I can hire in our drafting room,” he saj “college graduates to work at $40 a week on plans for a building that will be put by structural iron workers at $14 a day. ta hire accountants whose college diplomas ap worth $45 a week; but I know skilled lathes who can make $15 or $20 a day. When plumbers, carpenters, painters and electrical workers are getting $12 a day— when bricklayers and plasterers are getting $14 a day—the answer to your question is obvious. “In my own college class, of fifteen men with whom I have kept in close touch, only four have approached $5,000 salaries in fifteen years. The majority of them are making » better money than good foremen can a in the well-paid trades. And four of them ar earning under $2400 a year in white collar jobs where they have no future.” I hunted up a prosperous contractor. “Tt’s bunk,” he declared, “‘to make th sweeping assertion that the skilled manul worker will get stuck at a certain level if hasn’t a college training. I started as a masob I didn’t get stuck. A live man in the buildig trades can rise to foreman and make $3400% $4,000. He may become estimator and malt $80 or $100 a week. As superintendent k may get %5,000 or $8,000 a year. If hes smart, he’ll finally go into business for himsel and make anywhere from $10,000 a year It’s the white collar worker who gets He’s likely to be an employee for life, ina blind alley job.” y contractor made two points that! have encountered again and again in dit cussing this subject. “First,” he said, “don’t forget that the boy who takes up a trade must be able to face rough, back-breaking labor. But secondly, the man with a good physique plus the sort d brains that would take him through colleg can rise far and fast. I wish I could havea some of my jobs a few college-minded men. I did have one—and now he’s one of my colt petitors.” Said an electrical worker: “T can afford to send my boy to college, bit he doesn’t want to go, and I’m not urging hist. | His cousin went to college and now he’s m4} bank. When my son George is in the contract) ing business for him- — (Continued on pagel} nn intelligenc jobs in the y re in vers the men will rv time. A su Said an “ Appret week in the to $70 a w $100; our | HAT today debated. 1 [have bee The trade: going to ¢ boys who consider W The pre “Sevent hind a lat here, we'll It’s for college stu short of 3 important. A stude laid down “For thi think only the remun If a col remunerat thirty-two a family. I want ten years | drifting, If he war lawyer,—\ college. I college age let him be It was | me thinkit “ i; Sf he sai worked in In each, n ing and h who start afraid of practical greater th: “Educa purchased adjustmen The truly and traine “The cc trained n

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omas ar cd lathers ters and a day~ 2 getting estion is Norembe?, 1927

rm Going to Raise My Boy to Be a Plumber’”’ (Continued from page 142) 1] send to the bank for his payroll—and te cousin will be in the teller’s cage count it out for him.” Gaid the president of a large photo-engrav- i, hungry for boys in the office; but we can't get the youngsters to come in here from the shop... Boys of first-class ability and ‘atelligence prefer to run errands and do odd ve in the plant for four or five years while dey te in training. They know that as en- vers they may average $75 a week. Some men will run as high as $125 a week with over- time. A superintendent may get $130 a week.” Said an employing printer: “ Apprentices who start at $12 to. $16 a week in the printing trades may be earning $50 to $70 a week in five years. Foreman can get $100; our superintendent gets $125.”

HAT the skilled craftsman in America owt earns good money need hardly be debated. But has he a future? The testimony [ have been able to find indicates that he has. The trades need the type of brains that are going to college. And a great number of the boys who are now going to college may well consider whether that route has any future. The president of a western university once addressed his new freshman class to this effect: “Seventy percent ofj you ought to be be- hind a lathe or a broom. But since you're here, we'll do the best we can for you.” It’s for the sixty or seventy percent of short of a diploma that these thoughts are important. A student of vocational opportunities has laid down this recipe for promotion: “For the first ten years after you go to work, think only of doing your job well, and forget the remuneration.” If a college graduate ignores the matter of remuneration for ten years, he’s likely to be thirty-two before he can think of establishing a family. I want to start my son thinking of his job ten years before college age. I don’t want him drifting, at twenty-three, like Freddy Vail. If he wants to be an engineer, a doctor, a lawyer,—why of course, I want him to go to college. But if, in ten years before he’s of

n in dis the boy dly, the have on men. | 1y com

college age, he manifests no professional bent, let him begin with a wrench, saw or trowel. It was a brilliant college professor who set me thinking along this line. Bite spent nearly as much time in overalls,” hesaid, ‘‘as I have in the classroom. I’ve worked in a great variety of industrial plants. In each, many of the best paid, most interest- ing and happiest men were practical workers who started with tools in hands that weren’t afraid of grease. The chance for the skilled practical worker is great, and was never greater than now. “Education isn’t a commodity that can be purchased in packages and hoarded. It’s adjustment to life, and goes on continuously. The truly educated man has a trained mind and trained hands. “The colleges are turning out too many half- trained minds with untrained hands. The opportunities of tomorrow are for the boy omg trained hands and will train his own min “J

U. §. Has Most Physicians PaysictaNS are more numerous in America than anywhere else, in proportion to the pop- ulation, according to the latest medical census of the world. We have 133 to every 100,000 Persons, as against Great Britain’s 92, Ger- many’s 51 and France’s 35.

eee college students who are going to be forced out . POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ¢ ee

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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144

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u Save 30% to 50% An amazing offer! Just $1.00 down brings you the famous 21 Jewel Studebaker Watch direct from factory. Balance in py Pematoray payments. You save fully 30% to 50%. west prices ever named for equal quality. Send coupon below for catalog of Advance Watch Styles and full particulars. This amazing offer enables you to pay for your watch while Studebaker Watches have 21 Jewels, genuine rubies and sapphires. 8 adjustments—for heat, cold, isochro- nism and five positions. Insured for your lifetime! Insurance Policy given FREE! Ladies’ Bracelet Watches, Men’s Strap ‘Watches, Diamonds and Jewelry also sold direct to you at lowest prices and on easy monthly payments. Open a charge account with us. Send the coupon. WRITE for FREE CATALOG The cou below will bring you a copy of our beautiful, new six-color catalog showing 80 magnificent, new Art Beauty cases and dials. Latest designs in yellow gold, green gold and white gold effects. Exquisite thin models. 12 size and 16 size. Buy a2i Jewel Studebaker Insured Watch direct from the maker—save big money and pay for it in easy monthly payments. Special Limited Offer: Watch Chain Free 4 Fora limited time we are offering a Magnificent Watch Chain Free. To all who write immediately we will include particu- lars of this astounding special offer. This offer is limited. Send the coupon at once—before it expires, STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPANY Directed by the Studebaker Family— three-quarters of acentury of fair dealing WATCHES DIAMONDS JEWELRY Dept. P-805 - South Bend, Indiana Canadian Address: Windsor, Ontario Mail Coupon at Once While This Offer Lasts [om 0 ae cme oem 0 es cm ome @ Studebaker Watch Co. Dept. P-805 South Bend, Indiana 6 Please send me your free catalog Please send me free mr Advance Watch Styles and de- catalog of Jewelry and talls of your $1.00 down offer. Diamonds. . November: iyn

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Answers to Sam Loyd Puzzles on Page 66 A Rebus Remedy | The physician’s puzzling advice deciphered in ten minutes to reed follows excesses. y A Puzzling Key Ring The janitor’s arrangement of his keys in three groups so as to present such Dumbery that the third would be the product of the first and second follows: 78—345—26910. The lem should be solved within fifteen minutes, What Was the Age of Fido? If we let X stand for Fido’s age five Years ago, then sister's age (being four times older or five times as old) would be represented by 5 X. Adding five years to each, 5 X plus 5 represents sister's age and X plus 5, Fido’s They are now in a ratio of 3 to 1, from whic we deduce the equation, 3 X plus 15 5 X plus 5. The solution gives us the value of X as five years. Today, Fido is 10 years of age and sister must own to 30 years. Five minutes, Trading Livestock Hank had eleven animals; Jim had seven; an Duke, twenty-one. Nine minutes. A Test for Nimble Wits The natural way of tackling that chain. cutting job would be to cut every fifth link and so separate the thirty-link piece into six five. link pieces. That would necessitate six resolder. ings as well as six cuttings, and the job at the prices given would cost $1.50. However, there is a less expensive way of producing the six pieces from the circlet—at a total cost of only $1.25. This is to cut and take out every sixth link, thus producing five complete five-link pieces and five single links, which have been cut through. Five cuts and five weldings thus are sufficient, rather than six of each by the other plan. Five minutes. A Mystifying Race It would be a tie if it were a straightawa race; but in running to the stake and back, a half of the race would be 1121 feet, and the dog would have to make twenty-three leaps in either direction, thus going a distance of 290 feet. The cat would go over and back in seventy- six leaps, a distance of 228 feet. Since they raced at like speeds, Tabby would finish two feet ahead of the dog. Ten minutes.

Solving Auto Engine Secrets ST grad of us take it for granted that the development of the automobile has about reached its limit. As a matter of fact, though, engineers say they are only at the beginning in working out the fine points o | improvement. They are just beginning to learn, for exam ple, what happens inside an automobile engine. The other day Dr. Emma P. Carr, of Mount Holyoke College, announced before the Insti- tute of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society that spectroscopic investigations im progress might reveal the nature of the exple sions inside the cylinders and solve th< mystery why “knock” preventers such as ethyl gas increase engine efficiency. These studies, she said, already have shown that detonation, a compared with normal explosion in the cylit- ders, represents a decidedly different typed chemical reaction. Further knowledge of the mysteries of com bustion will enable automotive engineers t design motors of greater power and less fuel

Africa, but and in the | 9, Rome having bee 753 B.C. city that h the oe gar, in wha to believe Babylonia1 ago. 10. On tl there exist of commer streams th have dried eventually the desert excavated 11, Und toa, @ sm between tl the morni top of the than 40,06 killed. 12, Amo been kep' States We of Phoeni less than certain so

consumption.

em Califo —

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miber, iy : “1927 POPULAR SCIENCE .MONTHLY 145 a ————— yd Here Are Correct Answers ) | to Questions on Page 53 Weak batteries ? As you travel on a railway, through north- da, a glance at the sides of the Ould be em Neva will disclose long, level benches or : Decay mares. Geologists have proved that these €Vve Vv Wt really are the abandoned shore lines Rectigon

of lakes that have dried up. keys in 2 Lake Superior is, strictly speaking, the

tbe fresh-water lake in the world, with an the fin of 32,060 square miles. In western Asia © Prob. ae lies what is really a larger lake, the salty nutes, Caspian Sea. Its area is approximately 169,000 The Fwo-Rate Charger lo? square miles. . aan 3, In the tundra lands of the Arctic, the , ated by summer heat — to thaw only the sur- (CONNECT your battery 3Ampere Rectigon keep your “A” at top notch . Plus § face of the ground. permanently to Rectigon oO for every program. Rectigon 1 fees 4. Inthe mullet fisheries off the west coast of —it will automatically now will recharge your wet “B” - equals || | Mexico, the fishermen place nets reaching just “trickle in” new power to re- $4 oo just as easily. value of |f | to the surface of the water. Beyond a net is an 1 h : if : c S of age ncanoe. The fish jump over the top of the Ph, Saas Goes eS Ul of, 5 5 Ampere Rectigon| Rectigon is made by West- rinutes, |f | pet and land in the canoe, which is what the bn junusually long periods of set $9 0 inghouse — broadcasters of fshermen intend. b ‘operation drain the battery the first radio program from This delectable food is made in especial | faster t a “trickle” will $2. oo KDKA, back in 1920. Recti- en; and dhe ‘and quantity in the city of Matanzas on recharge, just swing the leads gon is safe, compact and the north coast of —— Rage eae ie » over to Rectigon’s high rateterminals simple... No moving parts to break } a — re ee “ and bring the battery to full charge or wear out, nothing to damage the chain. quickly and without bother. set even if you tune in while charg- - Rectigon wut ties id the P only. Just attach the leads to tox for better battery charg- apsin|f | 9 Rome claims to be nearly 2,700 years old, your Gaseey and coancst te ing, Westinghouse aleo of 290 age gape = ~ legend ery) = tox to the light line. Left pere makes Micarta panels and venty- 153 B.C. h t hope me ar had hited i e manently on charge, at either tubing for better insulation, ‘raced city that as n con mame inha F K = 4% or 34-ampere charging rate, and radio testing > feet pga rw na Thee as sas itkeeps your “A” battery power ee for gar, in what 1s now - 28 reaso ppy- No messy liquids, no tter reception. to believe this city was a trading post for on parte, po Pin yi pee Babylonian merchants more than 3,000 years 4 ous. Aa yous decleds. ts al = t the 10. On the southern rim of the Tarim Desert Sy there exist d, some 2,000 years ago, a number ‘fact, |] | of commercial towns and cities. The mountain t the|} | steams that supplied these cities with water its of |] | have dried up. The cities were abandoned and } | eventually covered with drifting sand from xam- || | the desert. Some of these ruins have been excavated in recent years.

\ THIS 100 PAGE | RADIO . CATALOG Insti-|f | 11. Undoubtedly that on the island of Kraka- mical |§ | toa, a small island located in Sunda Strait, ns in between the islands of Sumatra and Java. On xploe-|} | the morning of August 27, 1883, the entire stery top of the island of Krakatoa blew off. More | gas gga people are believed to have been

EW 1928 Book off , she = wellknown road r REE mn, as eliminators, accessories at lowest ylin- | | | 42, Among the places where records have eAWRITE fone ATALON ov pe! | | been kept for many years by the United States Weather Bureau, the driest is the city cour |} | of Phoenix, Ariz., the average rainfall being

ye less than eight inches a year. However, it is | | | ettain some places in the desert part of east- “Build your own with ““RASCO” Parts’’ em California are drier. 130 West Lake St., Dept. 28—CHICAGO | RadioSpecialty Co.,96-P Park Place, New York, N.Y.

a A

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUFE.OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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146 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Novembe, A] Advertising Services a 30 pp a Word. A 10% discount is Books lowed on all contracts for six consecutive inser- ADVERTISE in 24 4 metropolitan dailies, 24 words, : oe . An $15.00. Helpful Guide listing 1000, publications, 4c| tions. Advertisements intended for the January, | omana Nebr “@ BOOK Write Art Garg gy amps. Wane Company, Baltimore Blig.. Chicago. 1928, issue should be received by November Sth. ; IMPORTANT to advertisers! aang toe a WORDS,-151 rural weeklies, $6.04. ee. from your advertising? Write + deriving a1i2P Hartford, 3t. Louis, Mo. ““Quick-Action Advertising Rate Pal a. ALL Advertisers should not be withous the im- You Can Use Popular Science Montht portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the Address your inquiry to: Manager ck-Action Advertising Rate Folder" which contains es. Popular Sctence Monthly, 250 Four Ave a of ws ¥ _ a yon are = - — ork. returns, do it now ress your inquiry to: NTE ae anager, Classified Advertising, Popular Science 6 PAINT ag Ki tee reat snapeie'h 10e Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. PRESS and public concede it to be : Ind. 40 WORDS insert 60 magazines $2.00. Empire duced. “Radi> Theory’ and. Open ating. by ake Agency, Shawano, Wis. 9 Texanna Loomis, member Institute of Radio Engine FOUR Hundred Rural Newspapers, 30 Words, $12.65. OF THE I IS lecturer on radio, Loomis Radio College. Tho Thompson Service, 627 Union Trust Bidg., Cincinnati, O. — and feterence book; 4 do Tenby 700 tilustration, ADVERTISE 50 magazines $4.00 inch, thrice $8.00; a cases Radio School, circulation proven. King, Box 6728S, Wilmington, Del: says the Gort. ical Col ees, Universities. Dept. don ommere, on receipt sihech ot money order. Loomis Publ E F ompany, Dept t t., Washington, Authors, Song Poem Writers, Manuscripts CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC aaa SONG Poem Writers—Send for proposition. Ray COLLEGE 7 Hibbeler, D10, 2104 N. Keystone Ave., Chicag Branch Office Services SHORT stories, articles, etc., popes. ty written, % marketed. Hursh Service, Dept. . Box aT Harris- That POPULAR SCIENCE MONTH naz pa me od ° ee $3.00 M burg, Pa. LY is a wonderful producer for classi- eomete Gear. Gale panna server “MUSIC Composed” to words. Bauer Bros. (for- fied as well as display ads is best evi- Interview applicants, act or report. E ae Hd merly of Sousa’s Band), Oshkosh, Wis. denced by the letters we get from cessful. Responsible. Confidential. Refe: 9 SONG Poem Writers. Address, Monarch, 236 W. vy. : _ 8 Commercial Service Bureau, 515 Forsyth Bldg. 55th, Dept. 126, New York. the advertisers using this Money MAIL forwarded daily. $3 month; $7 quarter. @ OD. peONG piriters, Wanted. Hear your song on the Making Opportunities Section. Wood Bldg., Glenside, Pa. gre onograph. ress, ng ams, Clear Creek, . : WASHINGTON, D. C W. Va. Read what the Central Scientific Daily. Hensinger, 413 Insurance Bids. Forwardej In MANUSCRIPTS my pewritten, Rates Reasonable. College of Fargo, No. Dak., says— ——.| too—not | Write: Miss I. L. sler, 1642 Twentieth Avenue, a Altcona, Pa. Classified Manager Business ‘Opportunitie when oftes AUTHOR'S Manuscripts properly typed and ar- Popular Science Monthly po s an ranged are half sold. Profitt, B1071, Knoxville, Tenn. New York, N. Y. ae live in | Sir: LEARN the collection business. Good in 1 live in Dear Sir: National 1 Calieetor's booklet, “Skillful Collecting * 7 saw, right cAutomobiles and cAccessories It is a very small advertise- Notional Collector's Association, Sclence BUM MBE adit, thi ment to be sure, but the returns — DELIVERY bodies for Ford Model T. Chassis with have been far superior to any BECOME a Foot Correctionist. A New Profeaia) the landla inclosed cab, suitable for Contractors, Grocerymen and other magazine that we use. It not medical nor Py oe F All the trade you can atte} rent for th Farmers. Three styles. Price $49.50. Write Daniel gazi ith a high to; many are making $3,000 to $10,000 yearly, —— Zimmerman, Craigville, Indiana. puts us gh wi a hig oo training by mail, no further capital needed or all MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the —_ of Monge wae pen Ny fg 2 —nererce a * “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains esire to continue with their : : : —_| hack over some really important facts which will Drove interesting studies. PATENTS procured; Trade Marks Registered-i} 04 shink and valuable to you. It also tells w You Can Use As we seek only a high grade comprehensive, experienced, oo service for the pre and Popular Science Monthly Prontably Xow like to f old 4 ‘d tection and development of your ideas. P: the “end know, wouldn't you? Address your inquiry to: Man- of older students, we do not advice gladly furnished without charge. Booklet of . r, Classified Advertising, _Popular etl Monthly, ae es ae pe that formation and form for disclosing idea free on ‘De never Fourth Avenue, New Y ork than the aes B- —. > ny 2D, Bldg., Washington, and I th JUST patented—Most See ital spinning Fi red, white POPULAR R SCIENCE MONTH- : fd RB But it ws and blue automobile light—turns with wind—used LY. It is “top of the list ” with us. MINIATURE ae machines, $50.00. Byrd= I anywhere on car. Installed 2 minutes. Beats flags. Get Vv. 1 318 Reed, Erie, here’s the one—be first—mail, $2.00. Money back ck guarantee. ery truly yours, USED een School courses sold on te Agents wanted. Box 202, Midland Park, CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC COLLEGE urchase basis. Also rented and exchanged. M B bought.) ls = guarantee. n Catalog free. (Courses nt.) Le WAS : : 4 ountain, a abama. AS CAviation It is paying 250 classified adver- INVENTIONS commercialized Patented Or ub erable . use AR aten rite am Fisher So., 183 Enright, . THE eee —— of ——- ae a new = sll Y ° ty will p eg Bt. Louis, Mo. - Id =ppl correspondence course in mechanics of aviation. A HLY—1t wi ay you. SELL: by Mail!—Books Novelties Bargain! where cc thorough training in practical aeronautics. American y ol ia Schoo! of Aviation, Dept. 6741, 3601 Michigan Ave.. us send you further proofs of the ee, ‘Chisago. —— oe Other f SRCkeT = Catalog Model Airplanes, Parts, — Pome Fie Basen ne ae b ay = ion ~ 7 pn But—muc gupplies: Se post pad. ideal Company. 163% 8 p mand closing dates. ress your inquiry make you Thousands of Dollars if you'll send for , Eye-opening” Literature und Lists of Guarani that v Street, New to Formulas for making the World's Biggest-Sellig go oat an ee or is ~~ ee repens s and aree- oe aT anes, right o yew own Home, Shop, all the | re on free ree foot m aeroplane. No si H ce, etc t ay for this Free Money- Aero Shop. 3050 Hurlbut Ave., Detroit, Mich. _ Manager Classified Department Information. Dr. Liscomb Miller, Chemist, Tan a raMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit a from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the PopuLaR SCIENCE WE START you in business, furnishing ev Ching have. “Quick- Action Advertising Rate Folder’ showing ‘“‘How Men and women, oppor rtunity to earn $35 to $1 100 You Can Use Po Science Monthly Profitably.” MOoNTHLY ly operating Ragsdale’s original “New System 8 And I Address your S. ry “to: Montes, Ceemaee Advertis- andy = oe ~% Gestes: wae a ret Bey. : ing. Popular ence Monthly, fourth Ave., New 250 Fourth Avenue: New York commer 1D. _ 4-4 7 W. Hillyer Ragsdale, oo. AVIATION'S best and cheapest homestudy ground MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today fora copy atm| weed to school course, $10, or write Romby National Aeronaut- “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contalm fair to he: ical Service, Box 43, Santa Monica, California. -_ — a saat wie | prow ye , BUILD your own Sport Monoplane. Blueprints and each npg or lg 5 ne tate ew 5am S Mary — $2.50. Allison Airplane Co., Sowrence, tng Ah. ly Bay en an = where yo ans . ' . er, Classified Advertising, Popular Sci LEARN Aveton. Earn your way if you lack the Blue Prints 250 Fourth Avenue, New ork. ern i another | gneh._varney Aircre’ a eer raat —_ ty ERINT. 250 signs or pletures an hour without pram can adva1 em. Ou or machinery. S ; catalogue illustrat 21 finest models, complete line of TO THE man be = & —_—_ Workshop and likes to 1014, Springfield, Ohio.» aici “a “That’ ~~ pplies —m, : st d for i cents. U. S. Model Air- pe By Bs A. prints ay Ke = YOU are wanted to resilver mirrors at home. Im] ghaf line te eee nen reer, N.Y Construction of useful articles for the home. “The follow. mense profits plating auto parts, tableware, ete. Write ~ AVIATION » ~y- a” Rt . corn ing are a few of the blue prints available: No. 15, Work- for information. Sprinkle, Plater, 94, Marion, Indians for a bet e > om nT ) National Aeronautical Service, Box 43, Santa Monies, shop , Bet 7 7 time b lio S = - = on ahogany | Chest, sian hg ae Fre, ceeeery powspeee’s Se of 8 rea California. with three stages of ‘amplification, No. 43, Four-tube ONE of the biggest aaa a th 3 nt to all Mary di ver, 44 and 45 ae Pirate Ship, 46 and 47, | address for 10c. Louisiana Distributing Service, Det | answer b Bending Machi Baalvak Galleon, 48° Model Salling Yacht Wo Sor Alc: at hae ta a re ing Machines ne model, 51, 52 and 3° Clipper Ship, 54 and 55, : — ___— | her. THE amous Hossfeld ‘“‘Wrenchless’’ Universal Five-tube Radio get. Send 25c for each blue peeat you ole "ae wh Oe. Frm Cusine. vee Oo Cee Iron Bender is th e last woed in bending machines. ‘Bends = A Foner Science Monthly, 242 Fourth. Avenue, one” p c. ney, Station C, It was metal cold or hot into most any conceivable shape, in- 5 - stopped ot t Frye e Bolts and or Spring Eyes. Bends A aa poe gee ge oo i ith, a . wu rs or 1%” pipe cold. Thousands in use by Boats and Launche e, go . _ d ro 5st. where I cnsees of trage from the smallest shops to the s ~ oe, Se about m largest railway systems. Write for circular and prices. RECEIVE 100 or more quarters in — mail qoall ere y Hossfeld Mfg. Co., Winona, Minn. BUILD your own boat. Outboard motor speedster, | Jay. No take. Complete instructions 25c. the cause ALL L Advertisers should not be without the important runabout, cruiser, row or sail using our knock-down | !ng Service, No. 458, 103 Race Street. A arian, a facts Making. Write today for the "'quick- materials. 55 Models. Send 25¢c for catalog. 1, Brooks SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make #@| With a Rellen pone sing Rate Folder” ch contains in-| Boat Co., Inc., Salt Street, Saginaw W.S., yourself. Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets. All the formation of value to you. If you are anxious for quick H UBBELL Marine Coolers convert Ford Sostaea into | Catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co., W' stor Rianager returns, do it now! Address your inquiry to: marine ors. Booklet free. Ford speedboat oy D.C. that wa Classified Advertising, opular Science built, blue | print and directions, sixty cents. C. C. H NEW System Mail Order; big profits, instructions who kne Mon' ; 250 Fourth Ave., New York. bell, 14C Cottage St., East No’ rwalk, Conn, free. Evans S. King Co., Wilmington, Del. e

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5 nish every Cincinnati, nit 16 ail rams Mall Mich. lake them , All ashi structions MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 147 Many times in the old days while I trudged home after work to save carfare, I used to gaze enviously at the shin- ing cars gliding by me, the prosperous men and women within. Little did I think that inside of a year, I too, would have my own car, a decent bank account, the good things of life that make wt worth living. I Thought Success Was For Others Believe It Or Not, Just Twelve Months Ago I Was Next Thing To “Down-and-Out” ODAY I’m sole owner of the fastest- growing Radio store in town. And I’m on good terms with my banker, too—not like the old days only a year ago, when often I didn’t have one dollar to knock against another in my pocket. My wife and | live in the snuggest little home you ever saw, right in one of the best neighborhoods. And to think that a year ago I used to dodge the landlady when she came to collect the rent for the little bedroom I called “home!” It all seems like a dream now, as I look back over the past twelve short months, and think how discouraged I was then, at the “end of a blind alley.” I thought I never had had a good chance in my life, and I thought I never would have one. But it was waking up that I needed, and here’s the story of how I got it. _ a clerk working at the usual mis- erable salary such jobs pay. Somehow I'd never found any way to get into a line where I could make good money. Other fellows seemed to find opportunities. But—much as I wanted the good things that go with success and a decent income— all the really well-paid vacancies I ever heard of seemed to be out of my line, to a for some kind of knowledge I didn’t ve. And I wanted to get married. A fine situation, wasn’t it? Mary would have agreed to try it—but it wouldn’t have been fair to her. Mary had told me, “You can’t get ahead you are. Why don't you get into another line of work, somewhere that you can advance?” “That's fine, Mary,” I replied, “but what line? I’ve always got my eyes open for a better job, but I never seem to hear oa really good job that I can handle.” Mary didn’t seem to be satisfied with the oo but [ didn’t know what else to tell It was on the way home that night that I stopped off in the neighborhood drug store, where I- overheard a scrap of conversation dhout myself, a few burning words that were cause of the turning point in my life! With a hot flush of shame I turned and left store, and walked rapidly home. So was what my neighbors—the people who knew me best—really thought of me! “Bargain counter sheik—look how that suit fits,” one fellow had said in a low voice. “Bet he hasn’t got a dollar in those pockets.” “Oh, it’s just ‘Useless’ Anderson,” said another. “‘He’s got a wish-bone where his back-bone ought to be.” As I thought over the words in deep humil- iation, a sudden thought made me catch my breath. Why had Mary been so dissatisfied with my answer that “I hadn’t had a chance?” Did Mary secretly think that too? And after all, wasn't it true that I had a “wish-bone” where my backbone ought to be? Wasn't that why I never had a “chance” to get ahead? It was true, only too true—and it had taken this cruel blow to my self-esteem to make me see it. With a new determination I thumbed the pages of a magazine on the table, searching for an advertisement that I’d seen many times but passed up without thinking, an advertisement telling of big opportunities for trained men to succeed in the great new Radio field. With the advertisement was a coupon offering a big free book full of information. I sent the coupon in, and in a few days received a handsome 64-page book, printed in two colors, telling all about the opportunities in the Radio field and how a man can prepare quickly and easily at home to take advan- tage of these opportunities. I read the book carefully, and when I finished it I made my decision. Ww happened in the twelve months since that day, as I've already told you, seems almost like a dream to me now. For ten of those twelve months, I’ve had a Radio business of my own! At first, of course, I started it as a little proposition on the side, under the guidance of the National Radio Institute, the outfit that gave me my Radio training. It wasn’t long before I was getting so much to do in the Radio line that I quit my measly little clerical job, and devoted my full time to my Radio business. Since that time I’ve gone right on up, always under the watchful guidance of my friends at the National Radio Institute. They would have given me just as much help, too, if I had wanted to follow some other line of Radio besides building my own retail business—such as broadcasting, manu- facturing, experimenting, sea operating, or any one of the score of lines they prepare you for. And to think that until that day I sent for their eye-opening book, I'd been wailing “I never had a chance!” i I’m making real money. I drive a good looking car of my own. Mary and I don’t own the house in full yet, but I’ve made a substantial down payment, and I'm not straining myself any to meet the installments. Here’s a real tip. You may not be as bad off as I was. But, think it over—are you satisfied? Are you making enough money, at work that you like? Would you sign a contract to stay where you are now for the next ten years, making the same money? If not, you'd better be doing something about it instead of drifting. This new Radio game is a live-wire field of golden rewards. The work, in any of the 20 different lines of Radio, is fascinating, absorbing, well-paid. The National Radio Institute—oldest and largest Radio home- study school in the world—will train you inexpensively in your own home to know Radio from A to Z and to increase your earnings in the Radio field. Take another tip—No matter what your plans are, no matter how’ much or how little you know about Radio—clip- the coupon below and look their free book over. It is filled with interesting facts, figures, and hotos, and the information it will give you is worth a few minutes of anybody's time. You will place yourself under no obligation— the book is free, and is gladly sent to anyone who wants to know about Radio. Just address J. E. Smith, President, National Radio Institute, Dept. 0-87, Washington, D. C. J. E. Smith, President, National Radio Institute, Dept. 0-87, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Smith: Please send me your 64-page free book, printed in two colors, giving information about the opportunities in Radio and how I can learn quickly and easily at home to take advantage of them. I understand this request places me under no obligation, and that no salesmen will call on me.

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Business Opportunities Formulas Inventions Wanted SIGNS and showcards easil iy with letter DON’T Buy Formulas till you've read my Valuable, INVENTIONS of styles and Samples | * g ‘Literature for prod roducing uaranteed = tterns. Large variet or stamp. John Rahn, B2120 Neva =" so YOU can have an independent business of your own, “4 I am here to show you the ll Write at once! Wm, Heinemann, 2415-A Montrose Ave., Chicago, Ill “WE Start You—Silvering mirrors; plating tableware, autoparts, ———_ Ss, ete.; refinishing metalware, c rs, bedsteads, etc. Immense rofits. Outfits furnished. ‘Wesco, B-1246, S, Wichita, ns. ast Circulars, etc. to bg tnd —-. rt and Book Lovers cur Specialty. Cervenec System, Box fi Buffalo. UT LOOSE from old ideas; Learn Privilege T Small capital. Free information. Paul Kaye, 149 B way, New York. “HOME business brings handsome income. Infor- mation 10c. Oe Coe, 129 t 59th St., New York. ALL Advertisers should not be oe the important facts on Money Making. Write for the a. Action Advertising Rate Volder™ ich contains formation of value to you. If you ore anxious for ¥-s —_ a © LA | now! ddress ee inquiry to: Science Advertising, ontily: 250 youre Ave., New York. Chalk Talks LAUGH producl program, $1.00. Catalog free. Cartoonist Balda, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Chemists OUR new catalog listing 5000 ontesin 2500 illustra- tions. epee? Apparatus and 1 Neo books sent on ny hohe Labora’ ~ 4 we Materials ro 4-1 641 East 71st Street, Chicago, U Dogs, Birds, Fish BEAUTIFUL registered bull pups, $15. Bulldogs, 501 ood, Dallas, Texas. A. K. C. SMOOTH Fox Terriers, all ag for sale. Free photos. Shipped on approval, any —4 if ‘not satisfactory return at my expense. References exch: . now. Mrs. Carmen D. Welch, Ram- sey, Ill., R. R. No. 1 HUNTING Hounds Kennels B1, Herrick, Ill. Cheap; Trial allowed. Dixie Education and Instruction DON’T prepare for any Civil Service examination without seeing our free ig i lumbian Corre- spondence College, Washington, D. Sion 2 amy Soskbaesins mast tered in 60 hours with 8 innate ploma.” seeraat ional Book: SS Institute, Desk ia P Springfield, Money- Specialties in all lines. Mailed Address Miller Manufacturer’s Chemist, Florida. “SUCCEED With Your Own Products. Make them ourself. Formulas, Processes Fin aw ggg All lines. ‘atalog, circulars free. C, Thaxly Co., Washington, For Sale FOR Sale—Patent, Improved Figur Sifter, outright or Royalty Basis. Harry Nakagawa, Tanana, Alaska. A MAGAZINE that every reader admires; species of both business and Humanity (in Coins at 150) per Copy. Box 326, 601 E. 36th St., Chicago, Ill. patented. | Write Adam Fisher Mit. ie OE Laboratory and Chemical Service on em mical problem solved od and working Toma Richards. Industrial Chemist, Bor 2400" = ANALYTICAL CHEMIST will analyze 8 y—show hi mak clas -modern formulas only, aid wae cam’ ‘or ts. Cleveland, Ohio. Ca" Binck ee PR TT t tate de noe eee soe ck-. on Adve’ Rate You Can Use Sar toe lence ag your ing : Manager. aaa is ng, Popular Selence Monthly, 250 Fourth ork. Ave., New For the Home HOT water on tap, $6. Make your own Aut ti Write John Kirkeby, San Luis Obispo, Calif. GRANDFATHER clock works, $5.00. Build your own case, instructions free; ke good profi your k works with chimes for old or new cases. Cloc Write for full particulars. Clock Co., Nicetown, Penn. TO THE man who likes to work with tools, Popular Science Monthly offers the opportunity to purchase blue- prints giving details of the construction of useful articles lor the poms. ih fag = Ate. a few of the blue a vi 1, Sewing T: o. 5, Kitchen Ca No. 13, ‘Pea. Wagon, No. 15, Works ighop Be Bench, No. rt Cedar and Mahogany Chest Tube Radio Receiver, 44 and 45, Model Pirate Ship, 46 and 47, Spanish Galleon, 48, Model Sailing Yacht. Send, 2 for each blueprint that you wish to Popular Science Monthly, 242 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Help Wanted EARN $25 woskiy, ai time, writing for_news- japere magazines rts ence unnecessary. Details Press Syndicate, 971, St. Louis, Mo. “eTaahianiF Ae aS ye Orient. Good pay. Experience unnecessary. i of positions free. Box 122-Z. Mount Vernon, N. Y. ne aaigrere, French, 7} easily learned; immense Re ts. ear Mirror Works, Excelsior Springs, “a MEN, get Forest er tig $125-$200 mo. and home furnished; permanen’ fish, trap. For details, write Norton, 254 MeMann “3 ldg., Denver, Colo. WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in ry factory in the United States to act as a tion representative for the most popular magazine in the world. Address Manager of Representatives, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. degree Courses by a oes, and Industrial. Topleal Plan of practi censed and ex x instructors. Tui- tion low. Write io ie a free cation.” The Central Scientific College. North, Fargo, oot Dak. , Bapnrrene, “HOME St lege, Rogers, ool, and Accountancy, Electrical Carnegie College, THE Electrician's Wiring Manual Seng. EE. E. Contains all the information BN ‘tor the ‘and 8 ocracy in Edu- , 1416 3 Ave., Bookkeeping, Higher other courses. stock, elect rica the National 448 , pp. Price $2. ce Monthly, Fourth Ave., New York City. For Inventors atte ae oe Ideas Can be Sold. H oe you how 4 ou make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- fighced rive a T. 805 Jenifer Building, SE OAS Commercirlized. Patented or . Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 Enright, Bt. Greene, SECRET Service B Credentials and year’s membership $2. Money ck if not pene. Con- a Secret Service System, Box 81K, Waukegan, COUNTY Representatives for Credit R ane. Liberal Dra Account. Western Credit Index, Lankershim Building, Los Angeles. MEN—Get Forest Ranger or —— ag $125-$225 ae steady; + em ice unnecessary. details write Y. Bradford, 31 South 52nd S8t., Phila . Pa. Help Wanted Instruction DETECTIVES Earn Big Money. Excellent oppor- tunity. Travel. Fascinating work. Experience un- necessary. Write, George Wagner, 2190-P Broadway, MEN wanting outdoor work, qualify for forest ranger position. Start $125 month; cabin and vacation: trol the forests, protect the game; give tourists nformation. Write Mokane, Dept. M-29, Denver, Colo. ty —~" Brakemen, Baggagemen ot 50. 9250 col- on train rters (colored monthly. vbxpert oe URROCCOEATY. ~ SE. t St. Louls, vast SUNSTRS repared for positions in hotels. Carolinas. ERS oar Florida. Write Hotel Institute, Drawer mr bOR. Boston. U. 8. GOVERNMENT jobs. $1140 to $3300 ~, Men—women, 18 up. St Pleasant work. vacation. Short hours. Experience . Com- I AM in touch with hundreds of meneyed men and manufacturers who wish to +4 ee inventions. Hart- ley, 38 Court St., Bangor, M: INVENTORS’ Universal weiucatorcontaine 900 mechanical movements; 50 Ogg ~ at — B how to obtain and sell patents. eas. Explains how to select By attorn 1% a avoid, ‘patent Special Price, —— Biever- ich, 681i Ouray Bidg., eer aahienton D GET your own patents. Forms soamnlee instruc- tions, $1. Cooperson, Campbell, Caiif. INVENTORS Advisory Service; Experienced patent one mernet rness assistance; correspondence invited. C. J. tent Engineer, American Bank Bidg., ALL aeerileets should not be without the im- portant facts on Mo Making. Write today for the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder" * which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for —_— rofit returns, do it now! Address ae inqui ay tes Classified ey opula: Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in every factory in the United States to act as fs ng tion sepqasentestrs for Mana most te magazine mon a sufficient. List “today . N.Y. How to Entertain pom gy | with full particulars— sure ranklin Institute, Dept. PLAYS, musical comedies and revues, minstrel +: blackface skits, ane gg acts, , monologs, tations, entertainments usical —, ones ~~ books, make-up > goods. Big catal free. | 8. Denison & Co., 623 So. Wabash, Dept. 26, Incorporations DELAWARE Incorporator forms. Chas. G. Guyer, 901 ton, Delaware. SOUTH DAKOTA—liberalist laws—lowest ex: Free forms. Wren & Chapman, Billings, Missouri. Indian Goods 100 GENUINE § Indian arrowheads from Arkansas. $4.00 postpaid. H. Daniel, Lamar, Ark. Charters: Fees Small; Market Street, Wilming- nse. Information ress ee, Monthly, 250 ourth Ave., New York. For Men and Women the pos. atives, Popular hk! erm home or travel. Bagerieney ry. ae free. Write, George Wagner, 3190-P Broadway, N. Y. GET c Rew Le advice, formulas. All lines, LP H. Newman, Box 343, Madison Square Staticn, ew York. Inventions for Sale AUTOMATIC Brakes, a wrought iron proposition. Charles Taylor, Careywood, Idaho, ee Magic Tricks NEW 1927 “Fun-Magic-M ° pages. profusely illustrated. Over 750 ni t we Te jokes— puzzles—books—E =urogean no velties at oe ¢— Fostgens, 10c. Lyle Douglas, Station Ad, MAGIC Triak Cards That Are A Free samples. Write me today. °e Daa Adrian, W. Va. Mailing Lists for Sale 3000 OHIO FF —a—_-.. ils. 99% GUARANTEED Mailing Rae ness Firms, Individuals, Profess! Guaranteed reliable and Sseounntene | tied cam and price list on juest. Saas 845 Broad St., Newark, N. J ” Manufacturing 2 RE: Steel, Aluminum, Co; Brass, Wire goods manufactured to order. ineting # Manufacturing 528 N. Western Ave., Chicago, Illinois, TO ORDER: Metal articles, Meets, = Pat Experimenting. Manufacturing. Inventions 1 oe Engineering Works. Brooklyn Station, Miscellaneous FORMS to cast Lead Soldiers, Indians, M 151 kinds. Send 10¢ for Tnustrated == Animate logue. Henry ©. Schiercke, 1034 72nd St. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask t for * copy Py Advertising Rate Folder.” It some really important facts which will and valuable to you. It also Popular Science Monthl ly ? Address your inquiry to: Classified Advertising, > anal Science Monthly, 3 Fourth Avenue, New Yor i oe cee Taw = my outfite. Py ve circulars sent anywhere. Sergt. Bonzey, we Providence, R. I. a TTOO Remover Formula $1. a Supply Catalogue, “Watters. ”* 965 Puttman, Detroi — —— Models and Model Supplies SPECIAL Machinery or parts, Dies, Ti gyecitice Modal sag Supplies. 'S dt oe t roe Stalogue. vee The Pi upp. en or a xe 8 Til. Bey for Scale Scroll Work and inlaying. rs wide S S10 Saat llth St., New York. SPECIAL machine builders, tool and die inventor’s models, ——— work of all kinds. ty Hardware Machine Co., Ravensw orndale Avenues, # Il. MODEL steam engines and boilers. Boat and fittings. Send 10c vee By catalng. Ri first order. Model Machine Shop. 212 Price 8t., way, New Jersey. SHIP Models: ag Parts and bineprints Three Masted Chinese Junk, 60¢ postpaid. Cassir Craft, Framingham, Mada. . LET our experience be your guide. Models models; Tools and equipment for economic Patterns of all types: manufacturing in all bi Satisfaction guaranteed. United Machinery Compaaj, Engineering Dept., Cincinnati, U.S. A. FREE Offer. Anyone purmeaine ‘om plete Model set or goods totaling $10 00 receives free copy “Ship Model Making.” Price $2.50. tive catalog, me. Roy Hancock, 323 Douglas, Bore mouth, IMEGHTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder” sh You Can Use Po = cience ia ag your inquiry to: Manager, C ing ne. F Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth wo. —s Propellers, etc. Send a. et be . J. Fisher, 1002 Etowah Ave., Royal MODEL rr Supplies Catalog 10 ak ‘om SHIP Model age o Steering menters Supply H ouse. x 10, Station Y, N. ¥. Motorcycles lg ~ dS ge bargains. Used, rebuilt. teed. nipped on approval. Catalog free. Clymer, i Broadway, Denver, Colo.

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i rishi Il tel = El il it BE a3 | tpinal sl ll Hl 2 3 seed! ll Hl i ze ff Ua AE G5 eset oH at eee! ll Al al lz SEaBRS 2: 3 Ll bi ai MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION “She golden glories of the AIR- Money—Fame—Opportunity— Friends ities are biggest in new industries. They are more numerous— more easily seized. Aviation is the outstanding new industry of the day. Its doors are open wide to wide- awake, ambitious men and women. Our Free booklet tells how and why. Aviation is broadcasting for workers—not only for those who have the fire to blaze sky- trails over the world, but for thousands of others in the many fascinating, money-mak- ing positions doing ground work. There is no need for you to fly to get rich in Aviation. Pioneers in the automobile field made for- tunes without driving racing cars. But you must have training to get into one of the 53 different lines of interesting work in this thrilling new business. You must under- stand the fundamentals of Aviation—know the terms, know your way about. Aviation Institute makes it easy for you to secure training. You do it at home, in your spare time—without interfering with your present occupation—with no loss of time nor money. You need no especial experience, no training in mechanics, the automobile or kindred lines. The instructions are simple, practical, workable. Under the guidance of Lieut. Walter Hinton, first trans-Atlantic Pilot of N. C. 4 fame, and his staff you are home- trained to take your place in Aviation. You are ready to become a pioneer in a rich new field filled with golden glories— and to pio- heers go the plums. Think of the thousands of openings just crying for you in the livest business of the age. Think of the 4000 airports in America AVIATION INSTITUTE OF U.S. A. _ Lieut, Walter Hinton, President 1115 Conn. Ave., N. W., Suite 211 Wash., D.C. in Lieut. Walter Hinton, First Trans-Atlantic Pilot, N. C. 4 fame. President of Aviation Institute of U. S. A., and Prominent in De- velopment of the In- dustry. 53 Kinds of Jobs There is endless variety to the different lines of opportunities in Aviation. Not only are pilots, instructors, com- mercial operators, wireless experts and mechanics needed in the air, but the industry is hungry for wood workers, drafts- men, engineers, riggers, designers, electricians, pho- tographers, sales- men, statisticians, tool makers, ex- ecutives, account- ants, glue experts, chemists, glass workers and other lines, totaling 53. Your chance is all ready and waiting ~ for you. Mail coupon for full information. where riggers, inspectors, mechanics and helpers are needed. Think of all the giant factories, building planes and parts, breath- less with energy, crying for men. Already there are 6000 privately owned planes here. Commercial aviation is here. We fly more miles than any other country. Five railroads are going into air transportation. The Guggenheim Foundation is financing air passenger lines. There are 20 air mail routes already operating. Ocean steamship lines are testing air mail planes from ship to land. The American Express Air Service is now running. Now is the time to get into Aviation and expand with its rapid growth. Get a kick out of your work—earn big money—meet the best people—travel—in short, get ahead in the world. First Flight Free If you wish to become a pilot, after you graduate, final flying instructions are given here in Washington at Hoover Field or at other fields all over the United States in cooperation with the Institute. Five to ten hours with an instructor and you can fly alone. First flight free to graduates. Get all the facts. Do it now. This book is FREE It a ate tells 7” all AVIATION 7 INSTITUTE OF 4 U.S.A., Suite 211 7 1115 Conn. Ave., N. W., 7 Washington, D.C. F You may send me without 7 obligation a Freé copy of “‘Avi- ation and You.” = Send ven ian can , reeaaaes init (Naina aaa id = Ee a A ET SE ESAS SSSA ea thteenieieanniat Paste - nage pemeemmmnr er ener al aaa

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Motors, Engines and Machinery Patents for Sale MAKE your own half and one horse power A.C. induc- tion motors. A.C.Induction maoeee anes i shows winding connections t. Quick each —_ Dept. B, Gaines Bros., Box 481, Gainesville, Texas Music and Musical Instruments INVENTORS: aes pd Ae yt service for Presenting ee ee or anufactu — Co. 18328 Snright, St. Louis, tlhe cea Ye patents for new motor vehicle — device operated from steeri wheel br Roberts, Canada. 276 Bourgenis St., ontreal, SAXOPHONISTS — Clarinetists — Cornetists — Trombonist: “Free Pointers.” Virtuoso Music School, 36, Bu eA SHEET-MUSIC, 10 for +. 00. For an im or Student. Cat alog free. Ferd. Zarb, P . 18, 8 D., New York. Photographs and Supplies HAVE you acamera? Write for free sample of our big magazine, showing how to make better pictures and earn money. American A aaa 117 Camera House, Boston, 17; Massachuse Novelties and Pictures Books and Novelties. Catalog 10c. , Dept. 3, 1188 Folsom St., San ART Pictu Howard Francisco, Calif. ALL Advertisers should not be without the im- portant facts on Méney Making. Write today for the ick-Action Advert. Rate Folder’’ which contains —- of value to you. If you are anxious for quick returns, do it — aa i our, ae Hs to: Classified rtising. Popular ence * 250 Fourth =. ‘New ork. ADDRESSING machines, multigraph, duplicators, folders, check writers, sealers, dictating machines, at about half new cost. Pruitt, 117 N. Market 8t., Chicago. ALL Advertisers should not, be without the im- portant facts on Money Making. Write tedey for the nd oe | Advert which contains rmation of value to you. If you are anxious for quick rofit serene. ¢ & x now! Address aon. mor to wg, gy My Science onthly; 250 Fo rourth Ave., Ne ork. Patent Attorneys PATENTS—tTime counts in applyit ng for patents. Don’t risk delay in protecting your Send s = or model for instructions or write for FREE book, “Hi Obtain a Patent” and “Record of Invention” t charge for information on how to pr tions strictly confidential. service. Cla B rence A. O° Security Bank ( Patent Office), Washington, D. c. (See page 161) PATENTS. Booklet free. Highest references. Best results. Promptness assured. Watson E. Coleman, Patent Lawyer, P24 9th Street, Washington, D. C. att aL Ideas Can Be Sold. I tell you how and help 7 make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- a. rite W. T. Greene, Sil 3 Jenifer "Building, ashington, D. C. MILLIONS spent annually for jeqae! Hundreds now wanted! Patent yours and profit! Write today for free book—tells how to protect yourself, how to invent, ideas wanted! How we help you sell, etc. American indus- tries, Inc., 501 Victor Bids. ™ Washington, D.C. PATENTS, Trade-Marks, all countries. — rs’ experience examining applications in Paten fMfice. Consultation.invited. George Beeler, Patent “Asterens. 11 Park Place, New York. MONROE E. my Oura ig., Washington, D. C., Patent Lawyer, Mi Cal tectrisal Expe Expert. Book- let and Priority Mesord pieake ‘gratis. PATENTS a B&,-- Marks Registered.—A ae. prenies serve service for the pro- of your Lbs ee without charge. Booklet of in- MAKE money in — raph Learn quickly at home. Spare or full time. “New Pian. Nothing like it. Experien — merican School of Photog- — Dept. 743. 360 Michigan Avenue, Chicago. BIG money and fas initials for his —_ Ten agg | ss samples. merican Mon Orange, New Jersey. oe A BUSINESS of your own— Making Name and Number Plates, Checkerboard Book and Sample free. E. Palmer, 513, W AGENTS—Make a dollar an hour, Sell Rample peckage free. Colleces Mise’ er Amsterdam, wy ¥, EARN $10 daily silveri ie Anishing metal ware, headlights chaniohers Bale ul 8 . e Street, New York. — 3 e $500.00 Monthly. pena ao t. “Rhinestone —— buckles and ere. xclusive _ Chaton Co, 606 "Biue Island, Chicag: — Photoplays Wanted $1250.00 FOR a Photoplay story by an unknown writer and sold through our Sales Department. We re- vise copyright and market. Locat in the heart of Motion Picture Industry. We know the demand. Established 1917. Send Manuscript for free criticism. Booklet mailed on request. Universal Scenario cme 214 Western & Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, 4 Printing and Engraving BETTER Printing for Less Money. Write us about — printing needs, and you will save money. Ernest ‘antus Company, 525 South Dearborn Street ae se: 200 SHEETS and 100 Envelopes ) $1.00. Write for samples. J. Brooks, Printer, ty Ky. 200 LETTERHEADS, 7x10, $2.00 and 100 Envelopes peateats. Fine quality Bond aper. Your name and — on each sheet and envelope. Enclose oa with order. Elmer Legg Printing Co., 5th Floor, raphic Arts Bidg., Kansas City, Mo. ‘THOUSAND Hammernmill Bond letterheads four dol- lars; Multigraphing, two. Miscellaneous printing. Mayray, Monmouth, Illinois. PUBLISH Your Own Magazine or House Organ, Our standardized service at one-fifth Ny = td prices. Sam- — and particulars free. Evans Printing Company, Grand Rapids, Mich. 500 FULL-SIZE Bond Letterheads: 250 Envelopes {printed = paiveres. Gordon Co., 211-213 Main uffalo, N. 200 LETTERHEADS and 100 seversees. . 00, post- paid. Oberman Company, Box 1268, Chicag 200 HA om oy ILL Bond Letterheads or = Eavilopes- neatly printed ur order $1 postpaid. Request motations cher = nting. C. E, Patton Company, 409 rthur Bldg., Omaha, Nebraska. ee nae cart to advertisers! Are you deriving pront ‘our advertising? Write today ¥. a copy ot the aQuic -Action Agreeing Rate Folder” showing “ You Can Use Po a Science Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, fied Advertis- we. Fess pular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New or Printing Outfits and Supplies PRINT your cwn cards, stationery, circulars, paper: etc. Complete outfits $8.85; Job Presses $11 any $149. Print for others, big prefit. All easy, rules rite for catalog presses, type, paper, etc. Kelsey Gasca, F-3 Meriden, Conn. Radio ladly fu pemetes and form for Giosomns idea free on r Richard B , 44 Owen Bidg., Washington, D. C., or 41-Z Park Row, New York. RICHARD E. BABCOCK, Patent ee pe a & Trust Bidg., Washington, D pty trade-marks, copyrights. Haliable sonics by an practitioner ——— ng personal at- tention t to each case. Inquiries fu B. P. Fishburne, Patent La McGill Building, W ngton, D. C. LANCASTER AND 1D ALLWINE. 232 Ouray Building, Washington, D. “Originators of the Form Evidence of — ption.* ore your invention to anyone send for blank form to be nessed. Form and patent information bulletin free. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask sete, for 2 copy of the “Quick Adve Rate Folder.” It contains -Action rtising sonre real! important facts which ml prove interesting and valua to yee. It also tells “‘How You Can Use r Seience M —_ Profitably.” know, wouldn't you? dress your inquiry to: r, Classified yy ee Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York INVENTOR’S Advisor, valuable ye book, sent free. Lebiner, Three Parkrow, New PATENTS. Free advice, personal service of Atto . former Patent Office Examiner. Albert Jacobs, 725 Barrister Bldg., Washington. ADAM E. FISHER, Registered Patent Attorney in 25 years; references: eo attention and ep gaa assured; Dept. . Enright, St. Louis, mare ooklet INVENTORS’ Guide free on request; gives valuable information and advice for all who have o ideas or improvements. Frank L. Lederman, Registered Attorney Engineer, Woolworth Bidg., i714, New York. PATENTS. As one of the oldest patent firms = America we give es, at lowest - oan a@ servic Sense, free. 869. mechanical, — and chemical ne sheet pr 212 MeLachien Building, Washington, D. C. ARL MILLER, tered “Patent pstersey ¢ (former se no for ——! ny ony by a known Patents of et pordinels F's ook. a St., Wash., D. C. Estab. 1 APPLICATIONS for red and prosecuted ineading a pe one sh ngs and vernment fees $70. h sketch with deseri fon. M PATENTS secured. Easy terms. Inventors’ Service Bureau, Box 1648, Washington Cc Patent Office examiner), McGill Building, Washington, D. C. Write for Instructions, HOW to bay Ls and O) N'T sell for others. “Emplay Make your own Boos tn specialties, etc. - _We furnish and = yon ee Xe "ik booklet free, once. National Scientific r Richmond, Va. — Tnw Gold $1.50 job. Washington, Boston, Mass. fe wh ge perfumed Denes eae gents ning money ihe bot Mission Factory, R2328 W. pron IMPORTANT to abversjocent Are you from eo advertising? Wri a a Action “Advertising Rate Folder” Can Use ——. Science Mont p, BY your inquiry to: Manager, fled Be. Fepuiar Science Monthly, 250° Fourth Ave,,. or —. MISTER Agent let me tell hey Png to make World's Biegent-cel ling Specialti , ture-proofing liquid for tires; Solvik Hand Mendit, Fabric otiing Ldquid: Sat Finish—all colors: paeeet Fly- Thermic 1 ree Saving Cloth; Tufnit, ‘ea of Silk Hosiery: Ducopol ‘Guaranteed Mont Automobile Polish. Fifty other equa’ Makers, Investment Small. Profits Greve! yon how to get the profit you're entitled to, ne Chemist, Miller Chemical Building, a. AT LAST! Reasonable priced Auto Embi Lodge. Sells for a ~ — Write for os le case offer, Ni Bistributors, bose 0, Ashland, one JUST Out—New faa —s No strings tlsclons daly. a day ry day; over 100 mis: = or Write for t free ‘otter. | Sta- Co., uis, Mo. “SHON the Argentine,- South America. Novelty, ne sales possibility, most for full ’ perzieul ulars. White Don Francis > Dept. 11 ashington St., New York City. © RADIO Agents—Make Big Le pape = Marvelous New Sets and accessori . Kansas City, Mo. BIG bunch il Year 15c. Magazines, nes, catalogue Kentucky Agency, Covington, Kentucky. 4 BIG pay every el Complete guaranteed line to wearer—Dress Shirts, Work Shirts, Overey Pants, Leather Coats, Sweaters, $10-$25 daily! Experience unneces wif Big Free! Nimrod Co., Dept. 25, 4922-2 Chicago. GOLD leat window letters and script experience; 500% profit. Samples free, 69-Y-West Van Buren, Chicago. . me for best results. A new 20-pag he Popular 8 Institute otros fat 4 wit Nel elp you the most out of your radio investment. price = opular Sevence reuters 242 Fourth Ave., N. Y. City. O—Make money, don’t spend it. “Get our pro Ra No —, Co-Operative Radio Doctors, 31 Essex St., Dept. H Salem, Mass. ilton G. Carver, Real Estate—Orchards—Farm Lands a renee — oe Groves “On the Gulf.” Monthly Bs uaranteed care. Big, quick returns. Suburban Orchards, Dept. “S,”’ Biloxi, Miss. OZARKS—10 acres near White River and proposed re dam, $100, $5 ppeneety. Alva Zimmerman, 1802 5th, Kansas Cit ty, K LAND Free if = ihny to bananas. Bananas bear full crop the second year. $5.00 monthly will pi plant five acres, which enous pay $1,500 profit annually. Reliable Companies will cultivate and market your bananas for se ripen every day and you get your check every ys. For particulars address Jantha Plantation Co., Empire Building, Block 963, Pittsburgh, Pa. Salesmen and Agents Wanted AGENTS—Clever yaventjon! ne tere makes every pen a fountain pen. Fast office seller, profit, demand increasing everywhere. Exclusive territory offered. Sample free. H. Marui Company,Tribune Bidg., NewYork. GET our free sample case, toilet articles, perfumes and a Oy a Wonderfully profitable, La rma Co., t. F., ; Louis, Missouri. AGENTS. —§200 a week. Genuine fold letters for store windows easily applied. Free samples. —— offer to general agents. etallic Letter Co., 434-A Clark, Chicago. $10 DAILY sllivering mirrors. plating and refinishi lamps, reflectors, autos, beds, chandeliers by new meth Outits furnished. Write’ Gunmetal” Co. .. Ave. F, Decatur, Illinois. “"AGENTS—Best seller, Jem Rubber Repair for tires and tubes; su vulcanization at & — of over 800° per cout; put it. on cold, it. f in two minutes, and is guaranteed to last the life a the tire or tube; eed — ante: owner and accessory dealer. For particulars yey ye money and free.sam f- dress Amazon ys Co. Amazon Building, delphia, Pennsylvania. WONDERFUL new mletare gas saver, All 400% profits. Doubles Mileage. 1 free, Critdon, Al-120. Pivheaton, Ill. MAKE $1000 caaae Christmas selling pw Ciartotenes cards in distinctive steel designs. Expensive sample book free. W and Sugden, Rochester, N. Y. LAMB'S Wool | ga mittens, brushes, 358 Broad, Lynn, Mass. BIG winner for Agents. New patented cig: Holds kage cigarettes and box safi beautiful, . flexible container; write for D ition. All-In-O 2810 Portland Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. MAKE $25.00 100% PROFIT on every sale sali Christmas Ore . Cards in Box Assortments. : per ontaining 21 | Folders, each othe ever sold begins to com mpare Christmas Box Assortments. rite Tamed 4 rticulars and free samples. Waltham Art Water St., Dept. B-27, Boston, Mass. BANKRUPT and eae e sales. $50.00 dail start FF furnishing everything. Distributors, D Superior, Chicago. c LMET—The Wonderful ——— Cloth ° em . all metals vithest tauid. paste o ‘ proved by “Good Housekeeping” and * Modern —sells fast at 25c. Sample free. F. C. Gale, 15 St., Boston. $75.00 WEEKLY to Introduce “Chieftain 5 $4.95 Guaranteed Tailored Shirts. Full wo! Free. Your own shirts Free. Cincinnati & pany, Lane 16011, Cincinnati, Ohio. _ SALESMAN selling to men. We have side-liil th any other liné you may ne handling and make more re money See ve you, © provid are now selling to men. A. ing Salesmanager, 850 West Adams, Dept, 236 SUCCEED With Your Own Products. yourself. Formulas, P: wae circulars free. C. =r ut o

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

and Agents Wanted =1 #2" | You Fellows WhoWant ce and CB to t Free p free 8. pney maki! roposition. ‘Taylor pt. B55. eincinnati. Ohio. Ba BL .- —s_— Gdvertisers! Are you deriving profit ? Write today for a weg the

Rate Folder’ sho’ “How ence Monthly Profitably.” mC : Manager, Classified Advertis- Adare yout dnauey Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New YR —rccanct Wand Adaing Machine. $1. Whole- ter Su , 104 Hersch gle. Retail, 4.50. Typewriter pply, make week placing Cigar Lighters scapes arora Free Plan. Drake Mig. Co., , Wis. hit of season—FitsU adjustable to match. $1.70 commissions in Caps tion order. $10 to $20 a day evquiek for free outfit and free cap offer. . CM-80, Cincinnati, Ohio. New = yg y ~ gees to . ts—constant weekly re) orders— sore einen. Box 971, Richmond, Virginia. FAKE orders for coffee, flour, dried fruits, canned T, meat, staple groceries, toilet articles, paints, ‘and tractor oils. No capital or bond required. collect. Permanent business. Big pay. We dae Hitchcock-Hill Co., Dept. 81, Chicago.

iy abled & . Fig commissions. Write immediately. icage 3, Dept, —— St., San Francisco, Calif. roe aie aid Big Book . Pants and free suciers with $15.00 sult or SSeerets of Buccens In Liectricity,”” with all overcoats. Agents make $3.00: Beau patterns an Py 7 cae Fastene sales Proposition. Tasos Gaaaiee tree. i ae your Home Study Course in Tailorin; 0., roadway, Dept. 19, 7f New York. . 7 a LEARN BY LE : : ROMER: basistecs si nsamicces cedenomaneheens ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the

some important facts which will prove interesting to you. It also tells ‘How You Can Use ence Monthly Profitably.” You'd like to , wouldn’t by Address your inquiry to: Man- Sy pttsified dvertising, Popular Science Monthly Avenue, New York. ye Le a Avelbl’ 2 MN iio it CR Rl a ‘fA Z . f \) | NES 34.5 660s asbiceds cnet ee \\ : : i 4 Residents of Canada send coupon to R. A. ; Ss Farrow, Special Representative, 7 Medbury Lane, East, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. “Quitk-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains Scie

~ —_

i ee ee. Manu- 4 Th i ) ‘Coo eC rain Experien References, Box 71, Seattle,

Page 156

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION increase Since enrollment with N.S.T.A., H. E. Windmer of Paterson, N.J. has increased ray over 300% — $2500 a year extra money. $8080 Increase R. B. Hansen, Ak- ron, O., rose from 160 -a-month If you are interested in a better job and more money, here are living proofs that ou-can get what you want far fore — Ey gma Now ie $38,820 in a single year! They j, about $4000, thanks themselves give most of the to N.S.T.A. credit for their start to a cer- tain book, which they read when they were working for low pay at “‘blind-alley’’ jobs. Where Shall We Send Your Copy--FREE! This astonishing book is «allied “‘Modern Salesmanship” and no.man who ever wants to earn $10,000 a year or more should _ Wyte to — it. It tells ow the in selling is oper al ea eee aotimtied sous est- outlines a simple $7000 Blan w teh will enable you to quality in a short while to ll a position with one of the thousands of firms who are constantly calling on us for trained men. It gives full de- _— ee. 100. All different, 3 cents. P. 8. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo. Ohio. STAMP Collectors— Phill Monthly Bulletin (iltus- bargains, se kets, ps, Box 1012, rtford, D coins, la: 4 ting a EY eoins for J for coins, oa sale free. Catalogue Prices ten = William Hessl ~s Tremont Street, Boston, ass.

Lists free.

CALIFORNIA gold $% size, 27¢.; $% size, 53c. White cent and ca ue, 10c. Norman Schultz, Box 746, Salt Lake City, tah, 150 GOOD mixed foreign stamps, 3c. Stant Niantic, Conn. 20 VARIETIES unused Mon Meal Stamp Co., Toledo, O. + A - mixed stam be. bargain lists, magazine, eoten, poet hinges, oy SA pcamaras for beginners. Sarver eepie, Decatur, I 500 DIFFERENT 40c; TO Boe: 2000, $3.50. Fred Onken, 630 79th Street, Brookiyn UNITED STATES and Forel Decorations. Cat and Alexis Mengelle, FREE! Beautiful unused set 10 Jugo-Slavia 1920, cataloging $1.81, to approval applicants. Pennsylvania Stamp Co., Soa urg, Pa. 2c, 3c, 4c, 5¢ and 10c approvals offered stamp eS furnishing satisfactory references. Send for one and get three good stamps Humboldt Stamp Co., Arcata, California. FRENCH Colonies, 25 different, 5 cents. Big lists free. Challe — ° tam Company, 427 McDonough Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1000 MIXED Foreign Stamps, 25c. Phil Lundsted, Cape Cottage, Maine. 300 DIFFERENT ey ys and Premium, 10c. Cen- tral News, Watertown, 40 OLD Coins all different, si 00; aD different Coins $5.00: Monroe Half-Dollar’ ¢ $1.00: 300 different nga War-Bills $1.00. M. y ey Box 315, Dallas, ‘exas. ALL Advertisers should not be without the im- portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the Quick-Action ‘Advertising Rate Folder” “which contains information of value to you. If you are anxious for ae rofit returns, do it now! Address your inquir aneger. Classified Seve te. Popular Sc a. Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York OLD Coins Bought and Sold. = Coin Bock 65c. 700 illustrations. Send 10c for Coin collecting booklet. Guttag Bros., 16 Exchanze Place, New York. MOZAMBIQUE Company—15 different stamps. showing many African native scenes, only 10c. ‘ Pa Nickles, 213 Seaton, N. E., Washington, D. C. 4 DIFFERENT Dominican ——— 2c; 4 Union of South Africa 2c; 4 Chile 2c; 4 Cuba 2c; 4 Guatemala 2c; 4 Brazil 2c; All'10 cts. Free sample of Stamp & Coin eneeter, monthly. Kraus, 409 Juneau, Milwaukee, Ss. $10.00 FOR — A rey assortment of 500 all differ ent stamps gu. d to over $10.00. offered to te oaprer al applicants for only 25¢e. Edgewood Stamp ept. Iford, Conn. STAMPS, 105 China, etc., 2c. Album (500 illustra- tions) 3c. Bullard, Station AA, Boston. Stories Wanted STORY Ideas Wantel for a magazines. velo demand. Accepted any form r revision, de- opment and submission to markets. Estab. 1917. Ss for criticism. Booklet Saatted on uest. Universal Scenario Company, 402 Western *< Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, Calif. Technical Schools CHICAGO Technical College oifers short, int practical courses in Drafting and Enginee eering—civil, mechanical, electrical, structural—Architecture, Build- ing Construction, Plan Ri , etc. Courses fitted to your needs. No time wasted. Instructors are experts. Graduates in demand at big salaries. Opportunities for Bitn year work while studying. Day and evening classes. 4th yeas: gr any time. No special preliminary train- ing requi Low tuition—easy terms. Write for 84 page illustrated Blue Book, descri meee | opportunities open to our uates. Chicago Technical College, 23 Chicago Tech. Building, Chicago. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are yee deriving profit from your advertising? Write t odey % for a copy of the “Quick-A —_ “Advertising Rate’ Folder” showing “How You Can Use Po Science ly. A Profitably.” Address your ‘ing ry to : Manager, Classified Advertis- os. Fu opular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave. .» New ork. Telegraphy TELEGRAPH Y—Both Morse and ey thoroughly and quickly. Tr salaries. Wonderful o rtunitics. Expenses on chance to earn rt. chool established fifty years, Catalog free. Dodge's Institute, H374 Hart Ave., Val- paraiso, Ind.

(144),

vostage 2c. P. 8.

mn Coins. Military alogue 500, mark bill, 10 cents. Colorado Springs, Colorado.

ree,

free

Typewriters and Supplies “RENT a typewriter.” If you pay its rice in rent, we give machine free. Catalog free. Pgh. on pe Supp y, Suite 543, 339 Fifth Ave., Pitts- urgh

oy | make.

Wanted DETECTIVES needed everywhere. Experience un- necessary. Particulars free. ne American Detective System, %190-P Broadway, N. Y. WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in every factory in the United States. to act as sserip- tion representative for the most r magazine in the ‘world. ress Manager Representatives, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York.

eS Astonish Your Friends— Gain that magnetic makes you the center of any crowd, | Business and social success is assured the man who can perform m 4 tricks. You can earn big money either on the side or as a professional, a3 well as being the most popular per. son in your crowd. Why envy other? skill? You can learn Magic yourself, quick and easy. Earn Up to $1000 a Month ye my gepers NOW made cme’ = For’ Dr. Harlan, T. Theapperently superhuman do H. ey accomplished magician becomes . when you rou lust know how. Mait Gon Special roster! demand_ for a tremendous dem: entertainment mment. Se pay igh man iste knows al awice Dr. Har really gets as high as $250 1 wort ht now. omy ume saney on ante 3 ion. lesmen Find out all about iy a ba to learn Magic. The ngs ile without any obligation, Mail 0 Tarbell System. 1367 Sunnyside Ave., Studio 13-68 C

System, Inc. 1367 Sunnyside Ave., Studio 13-68 ¢ Tell meall about Dr. Tarbell’s new and system by which I can learn the MAGIC. No obligation on my part.

Inc. 4

- soresabers 33 a ot anette yeaa Zren eae HW 7 TRIG Ti Fae ‘st Fee* ffs ret EF Re SEATAT i. eal ATE

Page 157

"Hit g ° ie ree ehtad Ep 3 ei s nik ae Hitiadibbeess sa i a at | LE ra et Er nas: (Continued from page 35) into larger barges and shipped to Pittsburgh. $3 miles away. All was aa when the river was high, but ‘aa the dry season there was not enough the boats, and . iy pene peal resorted to. Twice a week, t e eight hun- ed or so barges were collected along the asort of mill pond made by damming When the dam was cut, the « with their cursing and cheering pilots to market on the flood waters. them back, unloaded. Jams, and fights marked this crude iE cE: = if N THE high tide of the movement, 1,000 hoats, thirty steamers, and 4,000 men plied is lively trade. Soon the boatmen’s wage became exorbitant, and a thousand horses and mules were imported for Though they could not compete rates, they remained to haul oil wells to the boats. As many as six teams were employed in Pennsylvania early sixties—endless trains of wagons with barrels of oil. The teamsters were lot; during the week they cursed ir horses and repaired ee roads ith anything that came to hand, and Satur- oe. when they were paid off, was marked by orgies and brawls that took every i their high wages. In 1861 Herman Jones, of Erie, Pa., con- ceived the idea of transporting crude oil through a pipe from Tarr Farm to Oil City, seven . away. The project, however, fell through. A bill introduced in the Pennsyl- vania legislature a year later to lay a wooden pipe line from Oil City to Kittanning was defeated by four thousand teamsters who saw their occupations threatened. In the same year, they tore up a pipe that J. L. Hutchins had just laid from Tarr Farm to Oil City, which delivered oil at the Hum- "boldt ery by means of a rotary pump Hutchins had devised. The inventor laid another pipe, also torn up. He appealed to the oil producers for protection, but they were afraid to aid him, so powerful was the team- sters’ domination. In mber, 1865, Henry Hartley started to lay the first successful pipe line in the his- tory. of the world, so far as is known, from i Run across five miles of country to Shaffer, terminus of the Oil Creek Railroad. Teamsters cut pipes, burned camps and even threatened the lives of the workers. But they had picked the wrong man. BEARILEY brought armed guards who drove off the disturbers and allowed the repair of the lines to go on in safety. He issued a proclamation to the teamsters prom- ising death if they again interfered. The line was completed and delivered as many as 800 barrels a day. Soon other lines sprang up as oil was dis- covered in Ohio, Indiana, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming and other points. Until they were cially privileged as common carriers in 1906, the oil lines were not permitted to cross 4 milroad right-of-way. Railway men con- sidered them deadly rivals, and small wars would be waged when by night the oil men Would attempt to tunnel beneath the rail- toad tracks. Now the oil lines follow the rail- toad lines wherever possible. Today eight hundred million barrels of oil pass through the pipes yearly. More than hundred million dollars are invested in them. Old feuds have been forgotten. The latdy race of men known as “‘pipeliners” now ‘ombat Nature alone to place their priceless across the wilderness. — A Fl cs Stetina MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION: Hungry For... Are You Poa 95 omens; RE you a red-blooded, daring he-man? Are you eager for a life of constant thrills, constant ex- citement and fascinating events? Do you crave adventure, popularity, ad- miration, and the applause of great crowds? Then why not get into the Aviation Industry—the greatest ad- venture since time began—the great- est thrill ever offered to man? Think what Aviation offers you. Thrills such as you never had before! The praise and plaudits of the multi- tude. And a chance to THEN CHOOSE AVIATION! road to undreamed of money—suc- : cess — popularity —and prominence! Easy to Become An Aviation Expert Get into this thrilling profession at once while the field is new and: uncrowded. Now—by a unique new plan—you can quickly secure the basic training for one of these won- derful high-salaried jobs, at home, in spare time. Experts will teach you the secrets—give you all the inside facts that are essential to your Success. get in on the ground floor where rewards will be un- limited! Aviation is growing so swiftly that one can hardly keep track of all the astonishing new de- velopments. Air-mail routes have just been extended to form a vast PICK YOUR. JOB! Airplane Instructor Airplane Engineer Airplane Repairman Airplane Assembler Airplane Mechanician Airplane Inspector Airplane Builder Airplane Salesman Exhibition Manager Airplane Contractor Airplane Motor Expert Airplane Designer yourself to gain! aerial network over the entire U.S. Airlines and airplane fac- tories are springing up all over the country. Men like Henry Ford are investing millions in the future of commercial Aeronautics in America! The possibilities are so tremendous that they stagger imagination. Everything is set for the greatest boom in history. The fortunes that came out of the automobile industry and out of motion pictures will be nothing compared to the fortunés that will come out of Aviation! There is just one thing holding it up: —lack of trained men! Even in the beginning thousands will be needed —and generously paid. The oppor- tunities open to them cannot be over-estimated. Those who qualify quickly will find themselves on the tunities in t And, the study of Aviation is almost as fascinating as the actual workitself. Every Lesson is chock-full of interest —and so absorbing that you actually forget you are studying. But best of all are the ultimate re- wards -you are fitting Send for FREE Book Send the coupon for our new, free book, just out—Oppor- Airplane Indus- try. Itis vitally interesting, reads like a ro- mance and tells you things about this aston ishing profession you never even dreamed of. This book is so fascinating it could easily today. of Aviation Ave., Chicago, In. . AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION, « Dept. 1368, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. Without any obligation please send me FREE book Opportunities in the Airplane Industry. Also information about your course in practical Aeronautics. PN 05's «dil vagaaunadidenetevecue tt i cn ain DRDO oc 0500s sbieadiniis tistdaabecosdmmuiasnee GES. oc ics ccatencoe td saend DR 6 6 incd wove sell for a dollar. We offer a limited number FREE. ‘Write for yours American School Dept. 1368, 3601 Michigan é — = Se ee ; a A ean — rae nen RES Nt NR commer em

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Axy MAN who can read and write and use a pair of pliers can become an electrical expert and free himself forever from the long hours and drudgery of a small pay job. And you can learn the BIG PAY profes- sion of electricity right in New York City— - the heart of the electrical world—the city of 100,000 jobs. At the same time you are learning the BIG PAY profession you can be enjoying the sights and wonders of New York, the modern Bagdad. Be an Electrical Expert Graduates of the NEW YORK ELEC- TRICAL SCHOOL are in demand by all the big electrical companies. Or, if you prefer the independence of a business of your own, there are thousands of op- portunities for efficient, dependable men to become electrical contractors. When you are your own boss the money you can make is limited only by your own energy and ability. Personal Instruction The NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL is not a correspondence school. You learn by doing—by personal instruc- tion on full size standard electrical equip- ment under the personal supervision of trained instructors. At N. Y. E. 8. you train ae hands and mind at the same time. You learn the theories of electricity —and then you are shown how to put the theories into actual practice by solving the problems with your own hands. The man who has learned electricity by actually doing electrical work under intelligent. personal in- structors can go to any part of the world and be sure of a good living. There are N. Y. E. 8. Gradu- ates in all the countries of the world. Write today for the 48-page buoklet giving full information about the N. Y. E. 8S. Course and show- ing pictures of the equipment available for your personal use in our two seven-story buildings. The NEW YORK ELECTRICALSCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York esccccsessvesss\{ ATT TODAY THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 W. 17th Street, New York. Please send me FREE your 48-page booklet. It is understood that this request puts me no obligation. aidiatory May Produce Life ~~ 4 (Continued from page 23) mind, and mind as the conscious apex of life. They are, so to speak, the same thing in different stages of development. Neither is a mere consequence of complex material sub- stance. Our bodily mechanism consists not only of muscles, through which we alone act on the external world, but it contains a brain and nervous system which controls and works these muscles and receives impressions from our sense organs. Yet the brain is merely-the chief instrument which mind, or life, izes, and through which all the rest is accomplished. If the brain is damaged, or out of order, the manifestation of life is imperfect, or may cease altogether. This familiar fact has led some fae om to say that mind has no existence apart tom the brain, that brain is not so much the instrument of mind as it is the mind itself, and that when the brain is destroyed, the mind is destroyed too. HIS does not follow at all. In fact it is contrary to all analogy. A close examina- tion of the brain will not explain thought, though it will show us the mechanism by which thought is reproduced in material form that we can perceive. Examination of the instru- ments of an orchestra, or the strings of a piano, would never yield a symphony or a sonata; and yet these instruments are necessary for its reproduction or manifestation. A savage wandering in the interior of an organ would no nearer the understanding of music; nor would he be destroying music if he wielded a hatchet in his journey; though he would be injuring its presentation. Similarly, even if we could see the processes going on in the mole- cules of the brain, the rhythm would be in- teresting, but we might not be any more enlightened than if we merely witnessed the movements of conductor and violinists in an orchestra. How then shall we discover the secret proc- esses of this all-controlling mind, or life, or vitality, which, though apparently distinct from material substance, interacts closely with matter, thereby manifesting itself and achieving its purposes? ; It IS plain to everyone that matter does not exhaust even the physical universe. The ether, or whatever is equivalent to it, must be taken into account; though this and all ultra- material things—such as beauty, intelligence, aspiration, faith, hope, love—are only known to us in their association with matter. We have discovered, for example, that light is an ethereal vibration, but what we see is not the light itself, but the material objects on which it falls. If the ether is constituted as I believe it is, it must be the seat of enormous energy, not necessarily infinite but far beyond any energy of which we have any conception. All the energies that we experience in matter are but a minute and residual fraction of the ethereal energy of which they are a feeble manifestation. My speculation is that this boundless ether, thus full of energy, is utilized and is impreg- nated throughout with something that may be called life and mind in the highest degree; that it is the home of the ideal and the supernal, and that all life and mind we are conscious of is but a tiny fraction of this majestic reality. I conceive of the ether as the vehicle or physical instrument of this supreme mind. It may be that “spirit” is a better term, that ro per- meates and infuses everything, and that it controls, sustains, and has brought into being the visible and tangible frame of things. In myself the conviction has gradually formed that the physical ether is literally and physically squirming or pulsating with life and mind. It is as if we might regard it as a great reservoir of life, from which separate individual fragments can from time to time be drawn, as store of raw material in a warehouse. Pie 1 really generated, but is ers by And so it may be possible for us, probs some centuries hence, to construct an effds trap, and thus to offer a material hahi to otherwise purely ethereal life. 1) pat persons, I know, will feel af such a conclusion. They will say : such a self-acting mechanism for the creation | of life would remove from the universe du need for a planning and creative Mind, s9 9 to be out of harmony with certain demiy implanted instincts and religious ideas, fears seem to me groundless. For the p we have assumed as some day possi laboratory, is surely not a self-acting at all. A chemist who in the future cover how to construct protoplasm and t fuse it with vitality, is himself no se machine. He surely is full of knowled contrivance and planning, and is co operations full of understanding and That life, therefore, when it- appears, will have come into being without antecedent life | through @ pipe rai $ THE k H\ revolutio rlicle of raw tact with the 4 ee ast The chemist or physicist who does it will been alive, and will only have pe accomplished it through the agency of a power ful mind. The phenomenon will not aw occurred haphazardly or without tice whethi There is nothing in the process to which eni— prope ception need be taken. Rather, it’ might beliy ha welcomed, even by religious people, as ng | B perature . what amount of thought was necessary to prw |i very balls duce any imitation of actual existence. If wejBhulls, called cli are wise, we never will be afraid of any progress} yntial cement in knowledge; we wil! never oppose or obstruct ithe peak dem: the achievements of science. AB ont At present there are some who will try tof Powerful mi say that the ether does not exist, and that)Bthose used in | the idea of life and mind existing out of ase ciation with a material organism is an absun pypsu ity. They do not see that the really st dded to regu problem is how life and mind came into ment when 1 ciation with matter at all. They will not entet}@hefore the worl tain the notion that they are incarnations, fot|§ The gray pe a brief period, of a persistent something that) #tube mill is I is not material. And they deny the po ) of any other mode of existence. lent as dyna {ht were not for HE fact is that mere survival or cc ied, neither of existence, when regarded from the}@taken construc proper point of view, must be admitted # inevitable. The only rational question isa individual survival. And that question be answered by an investigation and se of facts which are gradually forcing them more and more on our attention, but whichal not yet accepted or studied by any of th orthodox sciences. They are, in fact, @ simple, too concrete, too like the ordinaj experiences of daily life, to be palatable to tiaja majority of scientific observers; and ingly, though partially apprehended by simple, such facts are usually ignored by t who consider themselves the wise and p Germans Make Gas from Sew: ee | EMARKABLE ‘success of new processes for converting sewage and sil ilar wastes into gas for household use Wa described recently before the Royal Sanit Institute at Hastings, England. They cou as well be employed in producing gas 10) dustrial pu . At Gross Zieter, Germs sewage produces enough gas, it was reporm + for the domestic supply of a population @yy 8,000. Be Inflammable gas is produced from s two methods. In one, certain kinds of teria are allowed to act on the sewage with water. In the other, the own is dnehiy and subjected to the same kind of distill by heat that is used in making gas from es

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-, 1927 Bridges Built of Magic Dust (Continued from page 39) raw materials, though quite well “ad must be combined physically and chem- , This is accomplished in the kilns, which iE ect be described as overgrown blow- 4 utomatically conveyed to the upper slightly tilted kiln, the raw mate- on a two- or three-hour journey the brick-lined cylinder which is hotter | hundred degrees than the volcano | the only one whose temperature has . A large kiln requires a ton of every twelve or fifteen minutes, or the in gas or oil! The coal consumed to 200 pounds for each 376 pounds manufactured. The most commonly is coal, fed into the kiln in pulverized a pipe under pressure. In some the black powder is brought from the inding equipment a half mile away a pipe line. § THE kiln rotates, making about one ? revolution every minute and a half, each ; Je of raw material gradually comes in con- ife. | j4ct with the flames, which shoot out in a roar- Hing tongue thirty or forty feet long. Slowly the | i-materials form into white-hot balls Slike size of marbles. Gazing through a small 7 | » a workman can tell through long ractice whether the chemical changes are tak- properly. Oftentimes he will measure the kiln temperature by a pyrometer or tem- hOWINg |B yeratu . Near the butt end of the kiln the fiery fails drop through an opening. These If We) Balls, called clinker, may be considered as po- GFE E ential cement and may be kept in storage for bstruct /B the peak demand for cement in the summer | months. try 10/8 Powerful mills, usually of the same type as id that }Bthose used in preparing the raw materials for urning, pulverize the clinker. A small amount deol gypsum, not more than three percent, is tramige/Badded to regulate the time of setting of the 0 cement when used; otherwise it would harden be before the workmen could place it in the forms. ms, fot} § The gray powder that comes now from the ig Usb Stube mill is Portland cement—a powder as puny Spotent as dynamite, but in a different way. If }fit were not for this cement, the great Muscle Shoals project would never have been contem- ted, neither would Uncle Sam have under- }puken construction of the Panama Canal, for is the only building material which may i} je used almost as easily under water as on land, qed which will not deteriorate through rotting ca] 5 at a) | ent i ed ich gt er . ° ’ | Cs D cement must be so fine that more than three fourths of it must pass 00} th a sieve of 40,000 holes per square inch [}#-* sieve so fine that it holds water. This my qaueful test has been made possible through Mpiighly efficient wire weavers who spin fine wire ads and weave them into a shiny wire cloth, han an excellent quality of silk, which may jpave five thousand holes less per square inch. + jf Filling sacks with shovels was a slow back- aking process. But nowadays automatic rman} yp stines, each with a single operator, can fill d sim- | least 4,000 sacks a day. Last year enough > were was shipped to fill 650,000,000 sacks. since cloth sacks are returnable, most of “could make two trips yearly, so 250,000,000 of for it are kept in service. In addition 100,000,- ai pee were used in 1926. And to orted, | }° sacks and bags from the mills re- ion ¢ 8 725,000 railroad cars. re | Aremarkable thing about Portland cement although it is made by a hundred or f ba ent companies in the United States, y tmaterial has the same chemical qualities drag untry over. It is manufactured in ac- ' Eeuanice with Government specifications and, sterling silver, must meet certain standards. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Drafting ~ Lessons Actually Sate! to prove youcanlearnathomeinsparetime! We have invented a new, simplified way to teach Drafting—the first real improvement will make this in Drafting home-instruction in history. We want you to see it, try it—without one penny of cost or obligation. We want to contract with you: show you how we get away from the copy- ing methods used in the past. See how we When you enroll for our home-training in Draft- ing, we agree to give you: 1. Complete Drafting training, by the new Prac- tice-Method. 2. Professional Drafting Outfit, as illustrated. 3. We will help you get a good Drafting position at a substantial increase in pay. cored. Or we'll refund every cent of your money, make you think, solve problems, do actual drafting room jobs from the first lessont Draftsmen WANTED! 70,000 fine jobs advertised this year, many at $60 to $125 a week. Get ready to fill one. Get out of the rut. Make something of yourself. Plan your future in Drafting. Even if you have only common schooling, even if you know nothing of Drafting, we guarantee to make you a real Draftsman or to refund your money! Special surprise offer right now to the first 500 men who The American School, a million dollar No- Profit Educational Institution now offers men a double service—training for a spe- cific job, then finding the job. For one small price, on terms of only $5 a month, answer this ad—reduced price, easy terms, Coupon brings complete information, A nen, rapid, simplified way you are now assured both in position and salary. Coupon brings com Pollctaile of the ional offer! of definite benefits, This new “Job-Method” gives you actual drafting-room jobs in a new one-step-at-a- time way. With pictures which you can un- derstand almost without reading the “les- sons.” And that is why American School- trained Draftsmen can qualify for a good job at big pay when they graduate. HIGHWAYS TO SUCCESS! The big money in Drafting goes to men who specialize in Machine Design, or Electrical Drafting, or Architec- tural Drafting, or Structural, or Automotive. It isn’t enough merely to know general Drafting practice. You must know how to calculate and design and plan original work. You need many Engineering subjects to fill the kind of a Drafting position that pays $60 to $125 a week. The Amer- COUPON ican School now in- cludes this special- ézed trainingin its Drafting course. Professional Outfit Given Fine, imported in- strume help y learn Drafting easily Free to Students and Graduates: .T?® A™=ntcan * ScHOOL now offers its students and graduates, without cost, the nd qu e Brings 3 Lessons Free Get them. ‘Test your own ability - to learn Drafting and get ready for a fine job and big pay. Cous pon also brings surprise offer, and complete information about your opportunities for success in Draft. ing. MAIL IT TODAY! * BE 8 GS & Gee Chief Drafting Engineer services of an efficient Employment Depart- ment which keeps in touch with the employ- ers of Draftsmen all over the United States. We have placed hundreds of men in good Drafting positions. We have made this train- ing so complete, so practical, so easy to mas- ter, that our students are bound to make ¢ triang ink good. And, so, because the demand for real Draftsmen continues to ex-@ ize inst AMERICAN SCHOOL @ Dept. 0-875 Drexel Ave. & 68th St., Chicaga Rusb 3 Free Drafting Lessons, surprise offer, complete in- fuaraniee, ete. to prove f ntee, etc. can become a real Draftsman home in spare time. truments, in- pogrd. table, es, T-squa tractor,e' = ceed the supply and because this training actually prepares men for good Drafting positions, we back it with a Free Employment Service, free tom N*™¢ employers, students, graduates. Chief Drafting Engineer Street No. American School bieb“s1s Gian fie °- ee eee aac nes ee ne a re RE LC LT SET SSSI SSPE I Sein SASS SSNS SSCS en dell eee

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$1000 REWARD For the Capture of This Man ame, Condray; age 37; Height, 5 ft. 8 in. Weight 141 pounds; Hair, light brown; Eyes, gray. Easy enough to iden y him from his photograph and this iption, you may say—but, Condray took the name of “Brown”, dyed his hair, darkened skin, More Trained Men by states, cities, detective agencies, pa nye and private bureaus is becoming greater eve 4 Pie re is a real ity for YOU. Can i a more fascinating line of work than this? Often life and death d d on oe ge lence—and big rewa : + go to e expert. Many experts earn regularly from $3,000 to $10,000 per year. Learn at Home in Spare Time And now you cam learn the secrete of this science at home in your spare time. Any man with common school education and average ability can become a Finger Print Detective in surprisingly short time. Secret Service Reports FREE Just’ mail the “co “pen and we will send you without cost or obligation the bona fide re- ports made by Secret Service Operator No. 38 to his chief. Better than fiction! Leads you through ee A step in the solution of a mys- terious murder and a daring train robbery. Shows how Finger Prints become infallible evidence. Get the big illustrated book on true Finger Print cases now offered free. Also our special offer of a Professional Finger Print Outfit and a Course in Secret Service Intelligence now being made for a limited time. The coupon brings it all. Mail it now. You have every thing to gain—Nothing to lose University of Applied Science 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Dept. 13-68 Chicago, Ill. University of Applied Science 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Dept. 13-68 Chicago, Illinois Contact! (Continued from page 20) receiver, made of just a vacuum tube, coil, condenser, rheostat and phone. There was a touch of affection in the way he handled it. How the little outfit recalled the happy days back home when, as a boy, he had saved his nickels to buy those parts; waited day after day for the postman to come with the package; unwrapped the apparatus with trembling, eager fingers; assembled the oubbt on the cover of a cigar box! When he was thrust into a wire company at the training camp instead of ee to a radio company as he requ he made a place for it in his pack, and here it was. It was crude, it had no selectivity, but his little first set never had failed to bring in something. It seemed to have a personality, a soul, as inanimate things have when we have created them, lived with them, loved them. No regu- lation pack set could have filled him with such confidence. E SMILED as he thought what would happen to him if, back home, he should do what he was doing now, connect a spark coil right in the aerial] circuit. How it would mess up the ether and interfere with Govern- ment and commercial traffic on all wave lengths! But a broad wave was what he wanted now, one that required no critical ad- justments at either end. And the simple little receiver was just what was needed, now that there was but one station to bring in and the crashing of the shells made it hard to hear anything. A wire thrown over the limb of a tree served as his receiving aerial. He connected his outfit with the battery. “Ready sir!” he said. “Zero, I learned before the wire was cut, is 4:15.” The commander barked orders to those around him. Burden used the brief moment to send a test call to Beezo. A tense moment of listening, and Beezo replied. Knowing what Burden had to work with he had figured out roughly how he should tune to the im- rovised outfit for best results. The prob- eee of spanning the short radio distance be- tween them was not difficult for buddies who had been “hams” together. Beezo radioed that the general said he must be placed in communication with the 55th at once. The commander gave Burden his messages, sentence by sentence. Everything indicated that the Germans would attempt to retake the hill at daybreak. They could lay down a ba that would prevent the 55th from consolidating with the rest of the line, then sweep the hill. He described the situation and awaited orders. URDEN hammered out the message, ad- justed his receiver, and began to copy in a note book. There was a gray streak on the eastern horizon and it was only a matter of minutes before the show would start. He was obliged to use a flashlight, but guarded it carefully. The shelling ceased and the hum of an air- plane approaching from the German line reached his ears. A few moments later, he glanced over his shoulder and in the strength- ening light saw a slim object slip from the bottom of a bomber. The plane was high and flying fast; the object was dropped some distance back and did not appear at first to be coming his way, but in a moment there was no mistaking the fact that it was. “Jump, sir!’ he shouted to the commander, and dove over his apparatus into a shell hole. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION sold Ben leigh Prod pays | aa no 7 a perien years te bk \ RETAILER AL. GULDNER $155,800 worth of awle . spices, food products, aa toilet arations, medicines, and other hold necessities. THOUSANDS OF OTHER Retailers out previous experience make ; $200 weekly sales the year round i, every state and province, 32,000,009. ‘ packages sold last year. f We supply advertising literature tell you just how to build» big beae WRITE vous. s BASS Fa» a en coupon belo W.TRAWLEIGHC C0. City y5uaw P GUITAR mob ctcGn Gees: HAWAIIAN GUITAR Shae ys Only 4 iy : Natives Do =§ them quickly. aa Play in Half Hour if t know pot hat paar harmonious wie very little practice. N. edge necessary . pk = Tay Any ee roll Notning to bay werything " delay terms. A OTHER Banjo, Violin, Tiple, Tenor COURSES) Bamie Ukuicle ST ell - known FIRST HAWANAN CONSERVATORY of MUSIC, Inc. Sth Floor, Woolworth Bidg., Dept. 146, = as 0 Sik oP Ne ere A hotograrhs ‘ .* You can quickly qualify for big-paying positions otia Picture, Portrait, Commercial or News start your own business. No experience need I afi CAMERA FREE =" ‘am ; Easy to learn. Write today for Free Book, / and Free Camera offer. NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF PHOTOGRAPH Dept. 5 10 West 33rd St. Learn Cartooning At Heme—in Your Spore Time from the school that has trained scores of today’s successful cartoon- ists who earn from $50 to $200 and more a week. The Landon Picture Chart Method of teaching makes original drawing easy to learn. Send 6c in stamps for full information and chart to test your ability. Also state age. BA 3 LANDON SC HOO} An instant later the earth seemed rent asunder. Tons.of soil, hurled into the air, came down and almost buried him. He extricated himself, scrambled to the rim of the hole and looked-for his radio outfit. Where it had been — (Continued on page 157) Gentlemen: Without any obligation whatever, send me the Confidential Reports o: ping ee No. 38—also your big Finger Print Book Special Offer now open. A 2c Stam —will start you on the success. See Money Mz portunities on pages 146 tof Street Address CBby OME BEaOO. occ cccctccccccoscsvds Age

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION — Contact! (Continued from page 156) es ater ten times as large as the one , Re ered him when the earthquake q 2 ‘ still was in his hand. Hearing Fe His note boot he turned and recognized al bedraggled commander, just crawling gel orders, sir!” said Burden. gist is to sit tight and wait for line to catch u with you. They didn’t lay down 2 Sisenen until they knew had any outposts beyond the thunder of the heavies, deep. rever- berating, prolonged, broke from the Allied Far overhead passed hurricanes of that dropped on the German front the hill. Like rolling flames they along and as they passed, nothing but ing, barren, pock-marked earth remained trees had spread their sheltering arms buildings had dotted the landscape. sat and watched the awesome for some minutes, then slowly his closed, his body sagged and he fell on his ‘as the sun appeared, a khaki flood over- the country as far as eye could reach.: It “ap to and past the hill, where it was iby the 55th. Corps truck, loaded with wire and us, followed not far behind the regi- that flanked the hill on the left. It A lanky youth leaped from the seat up the slope. sarching the terrain rapidly, he came at e prostrate form of Burden. ’s hair was matted with blood, his ing and face caked with mud. His head was turned away from his comrade, who dropped on his knees beside him with quivering aes roor old Burden!” murmured Beezo. A moment later he laughed aloud, for out of the wide-open mouth of the fallen signal man came an answer to his greeting. It was a sound as of a crosscut saw striking a knot and in its groove. Burden, his job finished, and snoring! i Beehive Civilization Exceeds Man’s ; (Continued from page 28) flowers: “Working with Prof. F. K. Richtmyer and Dr. J. Arthur Harris, Dr. Lutz took egy amg of many flowers to determine what rays they refract. His pictures proved that: in addition to red, yellow, blue and green, many flowers refract ultra-violet tays—some of them, such as yellow daisies, in amarked pattern that makes them particularly striking. Further studies indicated that bees can distinguish between the different colors. BOX was constructed with windows at end into which slides of different ~ aE ! glass could be fitted. After a honey | had been imprisoned, a red light, say, i be shown at one end of the box. Imme- of the bee would go toward it. Then a of another color would be shown at the Opposite end of the box, to see if the bee would the red window and go to it. And so on. It was found that the bees would immediately go to red, blue, green or ultra-violet rays. The ion of ultra-violet rays, invisible to eyes, was strongest of all. tz’s investigations, combined with those of von Frisch, three conclusions have been reached. __ First, that bees can see flowers in somewhat Same way acolor- = (Continued on page 158) a | VES. 1 OROVE 27S0 MILES 1 BELIEVE | SEND FOR OW’ (T WONT HUR. TO TRv iT ICAN'T FINDA TRACE OF CARBON IN YOUR CYLINDERS ON 40% LESS GASOLINE AFTER INSTALLING THI DEVICE. -—— A GUARANTEED WAY TO CUT YOUR GASOLINE BILLS Inventor’s Amazing Device Must Increase Your Mileage 25% to 50% OR COSTS YOU NOTHING He. much gasoline can you save? Perhaps the price of a new set of tires, as many have saved. Perhaps half the price of a new car, as related by H. H. Cummings. Over two million have adopted this new way to lower fuel costs and repair expenses. Over ten thousand enthusiastic and unsolicited reports al- ready received say that this invention has saved them gas- oline—made carbon trouble and expense a thing of the past—gave old and new en- gines greater power and speed. You're Wasting Valuable Power There is a utes. of a New used one on my Authorities now say that zyigy, Lpeve, driven over 30 miles a gallon where before the average car owner wastes two or three gallons of gasoline of every ten he buys. You pour this excess gasoline into your engine which cannot absorb it quickly enough. Thus arise carbon deposits, the worst evil that can happen to your en- gine. Carbon scores and pits the cylinders, develops knocks, causes waste power and lost ——— costs heavy repair bills. With this wonderful device on your car your gas is under positive control. It explodes cleanly and sharply—every atom I got only 12 to Trups. miles a gallon on miles a gallon, model for every car, truck and tractor. Easily installed in a few min- Saved Half the Price Almost Doubled Gas Mileage L. M. Sko ki made 26 which formerly made only 14 & How This Invention Works The Stransky Vaporizer is built on the sound engineering principle of multiplying the vapor power of your gasoline. It fits any car, works auto- matically, and can be installed in a few minutes. It is not a powder or mixture, but a simple metal device little larger than a dollar. It has no mechanism to get out of order and should outlive the car itself. Already it is being used on practically every make of car, truck, trac- tor—even on an aeroplane. The reports shown on the left are typical of thousands re- “ ceived. You Can't Lose — Mail Coupon Now 4 miles 0 “Suppose it doesn’t save me Sy Sai, gasoline and remove carbon?” Bee ‘How do I install it?” “How a etesee §=6much does it cost?” These and . other questions can be more satisfactorily answered upon ony of coupon below. It will bring you full description of the Stransky Vaporizer, tell you about our free sample offer, price to agents, and other details. Stransky H. H. Cummings, “I have 1922 Ford a Reo Six Mail Coupon Now of it. Thus carbon cannot form from un- exploded gasoline. Also you have a new convenient way to remove carbon already formed, the same way carbon is removed from the famous Diesel engine. It is simple, automatic and amazingly effective. transhy APORIZER The Sirens’ and DECARBONIZER P-730 Stransky Block Pukwana, s. D. J. A. Stransky Mfg. Co. P-730 Stransky Block, Pukwana, S. D. Yes, send me full details of the Stransky Vaporizer and Decarbonizer, your free sample offer and your agent's pr iti This req does not obligate me,

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

oom A 2¢ STAMP Puts You on the Road to 9 BIG PAY JOBS See how amazingly easy it is now to take your choice of the 9 biggest jobs in the building game! Men w can read blue prints are at a mium every- where in this six billion dollar field. And now, right at home, in a surpris- ingly short t oy 4-H t training that has shown thou- athe way.to .. . $4,500 TO $12,000 A YEAR No longer need any man spend years learning all the “‘mysteries” of blue print plan reading. For now you can get the blue print training in a few months that it has taken others years to pick up “‘on the job”. This is the training that leads to all the 9 big pay jobs in building or a profitable con- tracting business of your own. This is no ordinary school course. It is all practical. You get many full sets of real architects’ working blue prints to examine and keep for reference. Twenty practical building experts then go over these blue prints with you, step by step. Explain everything. Talk to you in clear, plain language as easy to understand as your newspaper. There is no grinding study. No textbooks to wade through. The whole course is just like playing some fascinating new game. See what this training has done for others. After finishing it, Baker, Ohio, made $3,800 clear profit in 3 months as a contractor. Depke, R. I., increased his salary 700% in 12 months. Clifford Scholl, a Scheuer, ineanand ass’t superintendent in 8 months. Marchand, La., writes, ‘‘My salary is now increased 196%.” This training will do the game for you. Want proof? Then don’t send one nny, just mail the coupon below. t will bring a complete set of real prize-winning blue prints, and the remarkable book “How To Read Blue Prints,” all ab- solutely FREE. It will also bring complete details of the 9 best jobs open in America to- day for men with practical blue print training. So don’t delay. Mail the coupon right now. Chicago Technical School for Builders Dept.P-150,"Chicago Technical Building 118 E. 26th St., Chicago, III. = Chicago Technical School for Builders, Dept P-150, Chicago Technical Building, 118 E. 26th Street, Chicago, Il. Send me your free blue petees and free book. It is understood these are mine to keep without cost — ation. It is also understood that no salesman on me.

beseeeence

Beehive Civilization Exceeds M2.a’s (Continued from page 157) blind man can see them, in varying degrees of intensity, and can distinguish the ultra- violet rays to which the human eyes are not sensitive. Second, that bees have an almost unbeliev- ably acute sense of smell, far superior to that of human beings. > Third, that bees communicate }¢ith each other accurately in different -ways; among — by dances, feeler-rubbing and sehse of smell. The observation hive has made it possible, also, to learn far more of the ordinary domestic routine of the bee than formerly. For centuries it was supposed that certain bees worked at particular tasks all their lives. Now it has been discovered that bees turn from one task to another at different stages of their existence. And they are almost as individual as human beings, working whenever they choose, hurrying or taking time about things, in accordance with their moods and fancies. FTER leaving its cell a newly-hatched bee first washes itself. When hungry it begs food from a passing worker. Then it starts in cleaning brood cells, that have to be brushed out before the queen will lay another egg in them. After two or three days the young bee visits the pollen stores. She eats what she wants, then goes into nurse’s training. She carries honey and the food known‘as “bees’ bread” to the older nymphs. After three or four days she takes up the more advanced work of feeding the younger larve, and keeps it up for a week or so. Then comes a tour of exploration over the entire hive. Gradually she becomes interested in the older bees coming in with loads of honey or pollen. Finally she is carried along in a cur- rent going out and—flies! No first flight in an airplane can be more thrilling. The young bee does not start off to gather honey immediately. She merely flies for fun and experience. These trial flights prove that bees rely on memory and not merely blind sense of direc- tion. Until she has made her trial flight, a bee cannot find her way back to-the hive. If the young nurses are taken from the hive and liberated, they are not able to find their way back. But once a bee has had a chance to fly about and locate home, she can always return unerringly. N° OTHER living creature in the world, the experiments have shown, has a memory equal to that of the bee, at least in matters of location. Yet the bee’s brain, relatively, is small —only 1/174th of the insect’s entire weight. Even that is larger, proportionately, than the brain of the ant, which is only one two-hundred and ninety-sixth of its weight. Usually young bees go back to nursing again after the early exploration flights. Then comes sentry duty—flying near the hive, watching the entrance, fighting off intruders. Last of all comes field work. Some bees choose pollen gathering, and some gather nec- tar. It is thought that no bee ever gathers both pollen and nectar; they specialize. While on field work a bee labors almost incessantly, storing up honey or pollen for the hive. The nectar from two or three flowers would be enough to satisfy the hunger of a single bee for a day, but she visits 200 or 300 flowers. From this nectar honey is made by evaporation, after a drop of acid has been added to it from the bee’s body. The evapora- tion is caused by fanning. Twenty thousand bees will bring in a pound of nectar, which is about four times the bulk of honey; so that 80,000 bees work in making a single pound of honey. To get it they travel a total distance of more than 100,000 miles. eee evic™ _ Lean in Los tne

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 159 DO YOU | , ; => DRAW? @ when in walked a tall, slim ‘San Diego, AVE liking for drawi 1 & Svat who announced briefly that he H you a ng for drawing, for sketching people and scenery and ‘man, | lane to make a nonstop flight putting your thoughts upon paper? Would you like te tura your talert an wok i tarts, This youns for drawing into money? It is a fascinating and immensely pi ‘New Y ' aii nes of Air Heroes (Continued from page 33) profitable hobby to be able to sketch quickly and easily the people you see about you, * as you've guessed—was a pretty scenery, trees and old houses. fable chap. “I'll design the plane you want, DID YOU EVER THINK yhs.,s,p'acunt sod Hiall promised with enthusiasm, “I'll have the open before anyone with a talent for drawing? design ready in twenty days!” ‘PIMEANT designing virtually acomplete new anh the twenty-eight-year-old engineer was tothe task. To technical knowledge atthe Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, N.Y., added practical experience as an engineer with the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Com- and later with the Douglas Airplane 1 Artists and Illustrators make big incom @ tes ene juterebting | ‘enjoysble and na we aid. a artists this —_ make from’ $5,000 to 4 000 ae ded more drawing for newspapers ad rs. | ay ° are paid for Illustrations, Cartoons and Designs or Advert: 3 and Posters. Editors, publishers and advertisers are always looking for new and in- bo drawings and are willing to pay good prices em. OPPORTUNITIES ABOUND 32,%'s won- sion for anyone who has a liking for draw- , whose planes had carried Army = Ry Ag Re Ee around the world. } bare mercis 3 Hall labored over his drawing board. His tising and fitustrated ‘publications fia"™" eee. Nemec 184 bo bore Ne aries that the Seid of commereal at except to snatch a few hours s . go) C) ings completed on time, the company a oe called his factory men together and ‘ ve them just sixty days to build the plane! LEARN AT HOME now need ft was. completed on schedule. So came the to" eludy this" delghttul > aaorbs . r rt. ta of St. Louis. desi h has where ender om *resultful ya yd Not to every plane designer, however, oapondento Snetructien with which you shave gem cone 0 cary, Pelnce aruaaed | Ea Ne intment before he saw his labors Be caicatie tn the chests seco ILLUSTRATED BOOK duration flight of Chamberlin and Acosta, and FREE later in Chamberlin’s great hop across the sea This book hasa message for you. It is unique and inspiring. It brings you news that no matter where you live, or what you are doing, your talent for drawing can be de- when Chamberlin was tuning up the ja for its ocean journey, you might have geen-a slight, mild-mannered little man about five feet tall, sitting beside a hangar, jotting calculations on a pad. He would have greeted with great courtesy and an almost child- fie smile. If you had talked with him of aviation, or of his newest plane, you would haye seen his thin face alight with eagerness. “A SIMPLE, gentle soul, this Bellanca,” 4% you might have thought. Yet a resolute soul and with this amiable simplicity a mind as keen as a blade. Out of this man’s struggles have come not ily a marvelous flying machine, but a distinct important contribution to aviation science. This contribution, embodied in the Columbia, is an ingenious method of making each individual part perform some of the work of lifting the plane into the air and keeping it there: To Bellanca goes the distinction of largely solving the problem of minimizing the Tesistance of parts which ordinarily do not the plane to fly. He has made struts, tail faces and even fuselage do some of the . The struts are really little wings which, while adding to the strength of the machine, increase its flying efficiency. Born forty-one years ago in Sciacca, Italy, ta’s introduction to mechanical things this father’s grist mill, a primitive affair stones driven through wooden gears . But with an ambition to be “an business man” the youth entered the Moyal Institute at Milan. There he became ‘Mote interested in mathematics than in business. For a hobby he flew kites, and it was while studying their response to air cur- tents that he determined to learn to fly. A you had visited Curtiss Field, N.Y., during he das veloped in the privacy of your own home surely and simply and without drudgery. It contains deeply interesting literature dealing with Commercial Art and IIlustrat- ing, and discusses various kinds of draw- ings, the prices paid for them, and the op- portunities : eeocnmn tore, Sounset A is - You can haveit for the asking. A request for it doesnot place you under any obligation whatever. Kindly enclose 4¢ in stamps to wy anal postage. BK FREE A 2c STAMP access. See Money Making Op- portunities on pages 146 to 174. TRAVEL- for "UNCLE SAm™ RAILWAY POSTAL CLERKS| MEN—BOYS later he heard of the flight of the Wright MAIL CARRIERS—POSTOFFICE CLERKS 16 to 4s bothers at Kitty Hawk in 1903. That decided $1700 to $3300 a Year for Life ety Bh 5 OUPON He would fi would build No “lay-offs” because of strikes, poor business, ete.—sure pay © Dept. P-264, Rochester, N d y and he wo — advancement. City and soqnery residents qtand same Sfull description of the position checked below! NORTH AMERICAN SCHOOL OF DRAWING 541 Henkel Bldg., Buffalo, N. Y. Please send me your “Drawing for Pleasure and Profit.’ I enclose 4¢ in stamps to cover cost of postage, etc. se eae: = penne: 2 TE NAME. a ADDRESS a kent grgt we > AN ELT TC LT LE TT TT FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, .¥ us Rush to me, Socly teed of chases 32 book with (1) A — - 2 gr Cut coupon and mail it £Llésitway Mail Clerk: ($1900 to $2700) oe cou a wa: '° STEADY WORK before turning the page C)Postoffice Clerk ($1700 to $2300) LiCity Mail Carrier ($1700 to $2100) Prohibition Agent ($1800 to inure! Mall Carrier ($2100 te ¢3300) the outset he was handicapped by lack funds: Even when he obtained enough financial backing to build his first plane, it was Mota great success. (Continued on page 160)- es

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION fARTOONING LEARN AT HOME BD ed read the following “straight from the shoulder”’ letter and you’ll see why we say that the Washington School of Cartooning can prepare you for the big pay field of Cartooning, in your spare time, at home, by mail. “The enclosed cartoons,” says O. A. Pokrandt, a Wisconsin student, ‘‘are sam- ples of my progress in drawing. I have received $250 for these ‘and the enclosed letter will show that I have a ready mar- ket for my work in the future. The mak- ing of cartoons has been one round of pleasure and enjoyment as well as prof- itable to me.” Cartooning Pays Big There’s no more attractive or highly paid profession today than Cartooning. Millions of dollars are spent every year on cartoons. Capable cartoonists earn from $50 to $250 a week. Learn to draw side-splitting comics—right at home in spare time through this amazing method that has already been tested and proved by many Washington School Graduates. No special talent or previous training needed. No drudgery. And in a very short ‘ime you should be ready to make money drawing cartoons. Send for FREE Book A new handsomely illustrated book has just been printed, which gives all the most up-to- date information on the wonderful opportu- nities in Cartooning, and shows how this star- tling method enables you to enter this field. It tells all about our students—their success— what they say—actual reproductions of their work—how they made quick profits while studying. This attractive book will be sent without cost or obligation. Send for it. Mail coupon NOW. Washington School of Car- tooning, Room 2411E, 1113-15th St., N.W., Washington;D.C. No obligation. (No sales- man will call.) Washington School of Cartooning, Room 2411E,1113-15th St.,N.W., Washington,D.C. Please send me without obligation, your illustrated FREE BOOKLET on Cartooning. Geniuses Who Created Planes (Continued from page 159) But he was ing. A flight across the English Channel began to be discussed. The idea fascinated Bellanca. He built a tractor- type biplane, but he had no motor to run it and no money to buy one. Meantime Bleriot flew the Channel. Bitterly disappointed, but not defeated, Bellanca vowed then to build air- planes that would far surpass that feat. Seventeen years ago he came to America, with a “hopechest” which was nothing more than a grip containing his drawings of his now famous “parasol” monoplane. A year later, having built the plane, - rented a hangar at Mineola, N. Y., and began to teach himself to fly. His friends predicted speedy death, but in three months they changed their minds; Bellanca not only flew, but made turns at a height of several hundred feet and landed safely. This first “ I” plane is still in existence. Clarence Chamberlin flew it in 1921 with the same old engine turning the propeller. T THE time Bellanca first took the air, air- plane flights were very much of a novelty. He and his “parasol” staged exhibition flights in various parts of the country. Soon his activities won the attention of the British government. In 1916, when the Allies were looking for new planes, he was given a British contract for the design of an observation plane. But the plane had to be equipped with a rotary motor; and, since no motor of this type was available, the contract was never filled. Disappointed again, Bellanca moved to Hagerstown, Md., where, during two or three years, he devoted himself to study and design- ing. There he met Chamberlin and began a close friendship which resulted in the longest nonstop flight up to that time. In 1921 Bellanca decided to try his fortunes in the west. He moved to Omaha, and there, in a garage, built a monoplane which for the first time embodied his idea of winglike struts. “Who is this Bellanca?” experts began to inquire. And well they might; for in 1922 a plane bearing this name won thirteen first prizes in four air meets, including the Inter- national Air Races at St. Louis. Government contracts for four mail planes followed. Bellanca delivered them in 1924. ‘ Since then each of these planes has flown 160,000 miles in the service of Uncle Sam. When, two years ago, the Wright Aeronauti- cal Corporation, builders of the Wright Whirl- wind engine, decided to build one or two test planes, Bellanca joined their staff. And at the corporation’s plant in Paterson, N. J., was completed the Columbia, the Bellanca mono- plane which Chamberlin flew to Germany. Y COINCIDENCE, at this same New Jersey plant labored another inventor, without whose engineering genius the achieve- ments of Lindbergh, Byrd, Chamberlin, Mait- land and Hegenberger might never have been realized. He was Charles Lanier Lawrance, creator of the now famous Wright Whirlwind air-cooled engine, the marvelous, unfailing power plant which drove each one of these flyers over thousands of miles of sea. Back in 1916 when Lawrance, at the age of thirty-four, was first experimenting with radial air-cooled engines, friendly aeronautic experts told him there never could be a future for that type of engine. Water-cooled engines had been e mainstay of aviation. Lawrance, however, stuck to his idea. His first air-cooled motor was a little two-cylinder affair developing twenty- eight hersepower. This was followed by a three-cylinder radial engine of sixty horse- power. Army and Navy engineers watched with interest and by 1919 these engines were driving messenger and training planes in Army and Navy services. Two years later Lawrance developed a nine-cylinder engine mT fifty-hour test developed 147 ho F | spite of the fact that it weighed only 419} pounds. The same year a 200-horen | engine was delivered to the Navy. bai From that time the success of Teen. and his engine was assured. The com, he had formed was taken over by the Ween Aeronautical Corporation, and at came president. With improvements adja the engine was introduced as the Waal Whirlwind 225-horsepower. The public, hog. | ever, did not hear much about it until Gop, |) mander Byrd and Floyd Bennett flew oy the North Pole in a Fokker plane powered wih | three of the Whirlwinds. “a . this genius of power has set still hishs. goals. Only the other day he announsd the completion of successful tests on 9 pep Whirlwind with fifty more horsepower, suming ten to fifteen percent less fuel. He. his consulting engineer, Ed Jones, soon wil announce an air-cooled engine to be called the} “Cyclone,” with 525 horsepower! | But given reliable airplanes and y | engines, even the most skilful pilots could not | to fly across the ocean without “hm! sense” —without sensitive instruments to gud | them safely on their way. It remai another young man, Charles H. Colvin, jj) supply this need. All of the note : distance American flights have been carried iy | success through the instruments of navigation | invented and manufactured by the company | of which Colvin is the guiding genius, = Colvin’s first adventure in aviation was mip 1910, when he was only seventeen. A mull estate development company in East Orang | N. J., had hired a pilot and one of the ai/ type Bleriot monoplanes to attract the publie} to its property. Colvin, who had been ip! terested in newspaper and magazine work in| high school, and who had been eagerly reading! accounts of pioneer airplane flights, went ij) “cover the story.” The plane taxied across the) field, but refused to go up! a That night Colvin failed to return home) For a week he was lost. Just when his parenis| were preparing to notify the police, he red | in with the explanation that he had beenwatee ing the pilot try to fly. pe For the next three years, while he studiedin} Stevens Institute of Technology, he spat many a Sunday at the Long Island flying elds, At the end of his junior year he got a job will!) the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Companya a mechanic, working on the assem al plane engines. Soon he was erred. making metal fittings and assembling HIS work took him into the field. T made friends with the late LawrenceS Morris Titterington, inventor of the inductot compass; J. D. Hill, who with Bertaud attempted to fly Old Glory to and with flyers at the Curtiss school. Spa asked Colvin to work with him on aipl instruments in a department of the Spe Gyroscope Company. Soon he was # charge of the flight testing of Sperry i ments, particularly the stabilizer, known #) the “automatic pilot.” In 1916 he was observer in the first flight ever made mal) airplane entirely under automatic controk — After the war, Colvin, Titterington H. Goldsborough started the Pioneer ins ment Company. ‘ “We nearly starved to death the first® years,” said Colvin. . Yet from those years of hard work came! marvelous instruments that have given flyers where human vision cannot : > blanketing fog or the borderless exps sea. 4 ‘1 3 ced Ba a -5 2 hs SE i : 138 $2 he a i eked bigs TT ay 8 shy eri) Sap E ze A F i a se Ld g a we SFe. = t real re aE. aye TF EE ETitre rye Ht re thie gE - 5 Bg I : Hh F.8 3 28

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£4 $F o5 B= iris fii i oe a A eed sn fis GEE Es Fs Bei 3 it EL ptiiit bil BE Fiske MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Whirling Wheels (Continued jrom page 44) Square Garden for the next fy These—unlicensed—men are in They're out.” : accepting, convinced look by Fosdick’s face. Jim had won; They all knew it.. That was the Jim’s addition of that nasty in- = ¥ a rT = Gail; we didn’t get the contract,” was ‘4 when he had gone to her again. to explain the reason for his black crooned over it and told him a3 Z= Sex EEE = and the blackened skeleton of had been a wooden hive of produc- “The cannon stoves did it,” explained Bob “The weather was cold, and Mac had red-hot. Then some idiot brought gasoline to wash off a greasy frame.” factory was junk; the machines were seed with charred timbers; warped and sted line shafting writhed up like a frozen the experimental room with its nearly ished floor, the “ie with ecrg drawings records—everything was junk! Except two 1903 models,” said Gil. “The one ought to be here right now. 's waiting for it.”” There was a far-away wk in his eyes; already he was planning. you get a plant?” “Two of em. Mac said neither one of ’em E E a a FRiae .| was big enough.” “Where’s Mac?” * them both lined up.” Then Gil turned to Gail, who was standing dose beside him in the frozen slush. “Gail, dear, this isn’t going to be much of a honey- moon.. We've got some things to do and you won't see much of me.” She pressed her shoulder tightly against ; her blue eyes were bright. “But Ill be right where you can find me any time you want to,” she promised. And out of the ashes of an ex-carriage fac- tory rose the spirit that was to master big Jim Wenden—teamwork, with loyal men rally- ing behind a lean-faced leader whose eyes never wavered from his job. At first there were the two plants, with Mac driving one and Wally the other, and each ting automobiles for counters in the game of “get out the most.” Then both forces were jomed in a new steel and concrete building that rose on the vacant land once offered to tm for a million dollars a foot. A broad, two-story front, with one wing, then two, then three, extending back from it, and men in tater and greater numbers joining the battle speedy production of speed. With Gil and there and everywhere, doing the here | work of a dozen men through all of the days aid most of the nights, and his helpers fol- lowing like keen-nosed dogs on the trail. "THERE was Bob Legg, who said a law prac- tice was too slow. He took over the de- | tails of management. Mac stuck tight to the at first to oversee the assembly line that ad conceived, then to plot the course of work as the wings went up one by one and filled themselves with machine tools. Wally, finished with the game of beating Mac Ma temporary shop, swung the greater and eater task of meeting service needs. Andrews and Morton, selling out their New York mee came to Detroit during that first Spring. It was no picnic, that next year, nor any of the years that followed; it was work, work, day and night. But it Was play as well; for wasn’t this The Game, With a certain player to. be whipped? |, The second floor of the front building was over to offices. Gil had a spacious room one corner. The others—all but Mac, who (Continued on page 162) W\ Atl aa(6 3) dd (PY Rh 4 U.S. PATENT OFFICE - Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with a competent Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applications for patents are filed-in the U. S. Patent Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country and be entirely unknown to one In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a poten. So lose no time. i e coupon below. Office. another). with me at once by mailing t Strict Secrecy Pre- served—Write Me in Confidence All communications, sketches, drawings, etc., are held in strictest confidence in strong, steel, fireproof files, which are accessible only to authorized members of my staff. Feel free to write me fully and frankly. Your case will have my personal attention. It is probable that I can help you. Highest references. But FIRST— clip the coupon and get my free book. Do THAT right now. Get in touch Prompt— Careful |. Efficient Service ——== This large, experienced organization devotes its entire time and attention to patent and trademark cases. Our offices are directly across the street from the U. S. Patent Office. We understand the technicalities of patent law. We know the rules and re- quirements of the Patent Office. We can proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an application for a patent covering your idea. Our success has been built on the strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- mark owners located in every state in the nion. No Charge for Information on How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent procedure that every inventor should have. And with it I will also send you my “Record of Invention” form, on which you can sketch your idea and establish its date before a witnéss. Such evi- dence may later prove valuable to you. Simply mail the coupon and I will send you the booklet Mail this Coupon )}i0w? and the “Record of Invention” form, to- gether with detailed information on how to proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a minute’s time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely without charge or obligation. Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney Member of Bar of: Supreme Court of he United States; Court of Aqgesh, istrict of Columbia; Supreme urt, District of Columbia; United States Court of ims. Practice confined exclusively to Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney 88-X Security Savings & Com. Bank Bidg. Washington. D. Cc. » as dsc o> Please send me your free a Patent,” and your “Reco without any cost or obligation on my part. (important: Print or Write name clearly) ok, “How to Obtain of Invention” form 161 (ENTS INVENTORS ~~ Wyvite for these FREE BOOKS) {

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Are afraid 7 u will be fired? RE you sitting on the anxious bench wonder- ing what will happen to you if business slacks up? Are you one of the many small- salaried, untrained workers who are always the first to go when employers start cutting the salary list? Why have this spectre of unemployment hanging over you all the time? Why not decide today that you are going to make ourself so valuable to your employer that he can’t get along without you? You can do it if you really want to, right at home in spare time, through the International Correspondence Schools. In just an hour a day ou can get the special training that you must fove if you are ever going to get—and keep— a real job at a real salary. You're ambitious, aren't you? And you want to get ahead? ‘Then don’t turn this page until you have clipped the coupon, marked the line of work you want to follow and mailed it to Scranton for full particulars. Surely it is worth at least a two-cent stamp to find out all about the I. C. S. and what it can do for you. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet COVERRAT ANAS, CORRESPOND a SCHOOLS e Universal Universit Box 7649-E, Without cost or obligation, ng send me a copy of your booklet, “Who Wins and Why,” and full about the course before which I have marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES iness Management Industrial Management Personnel Organization Ad oCanw CLILLE EEE EEE Oorr BECOME A RAILWAY POSTAL CLERK Men—Boys 18 up—Examinations com- ing. $1900 to $2700 a year. Steady life-time job. Common education sufficient. No “pull” —_ Mail coupon ee. or — Catalog. A. R. PATTERSON Civil Service Expert Patterson School Devt. 1611 ROCHESTER, N. Y. 8 : Send me without charge your Catalog, describing this other U. 8. ‘Govermmnans Positions. Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 161) lass-walled affair down in the shop—were ned up across the front. The space behind was open, and filled rapidly with desks where clerks worked, telephones rang and type- writers clattered. They produced fifteen hundred machines that year after the fire. Fifteen hundred run- abouts, tonneaus and a mixture of both—a de- tachable-tonneau that “goes pretty well,” as Andrews said. And they did it in three plants, the third one being the new_one, into the first wing of which they moved an up-to-date assembly line before the next snows came. And the boss thought nothing of it! “Well, why should he?”’ said Wally Burns one day when Andrews remarked about it. “That’s old stuff with him. He had that all figured out in the old shop.” Which was true. Gil had been watching the men one day, when they had been driven to death getting out those sixty-odd machines! He had noticed that tote-boxes full of engine parts were being trucked between machines, that when men on the assembly aisle wanted a unit for installation they had to go and get it. “Now why can’t we take the job to the unit instead of the unit to the job?” Gil had asked— and there was the new system all worked out, in the first new wing. LONG track of channel irons sunk in the floor, with piles of the various units— axles, transmissions, steering gears, engines and bodies—arranged in the order of their assembly on either side of it. They didn’t manufacture a single unit that first. year. Everything had been contracted for; the job of getting out machines had been quite large enough. At the front end, beneath the floor occupied by the offices, the whole space was taken up with trestles—the only stationary part of the whole assembly. There the frames, of wood armored with steel, were laid until axles and wheels were attached. Then they were rolled, foot by foot, down the wing that was so long that its sixty feet of width seemed narrow, receiving parts one by one from the gangs of men who stayed in one place and let the jobs roll past them. The shop was filled with broad daylight, for the roof overhead was of saw-tooth construction, its north wall being entirely of glass. Yes, it was all old stuff to Gil. “He’s thinking about five years ahead right this minute,” said Bob Legg to a white-haired gentleman who was being shown through the new shop. “And how he does it and carries on the experimental work at the same time is more than I can comprehend.” * y® he’s a pretty bright young man,” was Oliver H. Marston’s comment. “A pretty bright young man.” He had become another believer in Gil Herrick by that time. It was he who had made it pos- sible for Gil to make a new start. “With mostly my own money,” the banker had told his wife one evening. “But he thinks it’s all the bank’s. If that young man knew how much of it was personal funds—” he chuckled. It never would have done to express personal confidence in unsecured notes with the funds of the Founders and Merchants National; that was a business institution, and this other—his gray-haired, round-faced wife whose children had left her long before, thought she under- stood, and smiled softly. “Perhaps it would be nice to entertain them at dinner some evening,” she suggested. “You say he’s married now?” “Yes, and living in furnished rooms,’ he chuckled. “To be near the plant, he says. But I know. He’s no spendthrift, that boy; there’s many a man working for him that’s making more out (Continued on page 163) WasHINGTON Monument IN NatTIOon’s Capita, Before disclosing your invent: send for blank form cEVIDENGE oF CEPTION” to be signed and wit registered patent attorneys we rep hundreds of inventors all over the Unies | States and Canada in the advancement of ventions. The form ‘Evidence of Conception; sample, instructions relating to patents and schedule of fees sent upon req 274 Ouray Building WASHINGTON, D. C, Originators of forms “Evidence of Conception.” PATENTS To the Man With an Idea I offer a most comprehensive, enced, efficient service for his prom legal protection and the developaealll his proposition. ' Send sketch, or model and description, eevice oe oan, a {hcouen pr Unit es patents, etc. reliminary advice ly furnished without charge. 7 vine | My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurai ad- vise clients as to probable patentability be fore they go to any expense. ' Booklet of valuable information and form for properly disclosing your idea, free . | quest. Write today. “i RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington, D.C. 41-D, Park iw Sen oaks TRADE -MARKS REGISTERED 1000 NEEDE! INVENTIONS Here is the most remarkable book ever offerel inventors. One Thousand needed inventions and described. Arranged as follows: G Problems; Automotive; Mechanical; E Chemical; Radio; Marine. Separate the Ten Most Needed Inventions. This book give you one idea that will win you a 10 Nothing else like it-has ever been pub iled at enormous expense. Edited by t | 2 ai | i to | > rancis Yates, formerly Managing Editor of a leur ing scientific magazine. Over 100 pages, bound. Send only $1.25 (nothing more to pay) a your copy of this remarkable book will be mediately. (Outside U. S. $1.45). _ Money after 10 days’ examination if desired. Limited Make More Money Read the Money Making 0; on pages 146 to 174 of this issue.

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75 38 FAS oF? ge MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION page 162) ‘he is—for the moment. He’s al "his money back in the lant. 4 idea, mother—if you can find a ton he isn't working all night. Suppose ne i ” down in a certain expansive, wood- Sesom with an arched roof and a floor there the players of The Game began 7, gather, the talk at every round-topped Li always reverted sooner or later to one *iiect, Not the Herrick Automobile brass any | it was doing; no, it was always \ TU pegat came to be called. What he 4s doing, what he had done. ir F ng Wheels t at ib Who was it that aired that news about the with Fosdick? No one ever knew, ‘moasip has no sources. Morton thought it H vally; Wally had told him about it first, ut when approached with an expression of bat suspicion, Wally denied it hotly. /*What do you oye ps a #4 tongue-waggin’ talkin’ machine?” en be | . “Well, maybe I am—to you fel- ows in the outfit. But do you think I'd be tannin’ around town blabbin’ that tale? Say, when I jumped in to tear Gil away from that ‘hum, 1 got in a couple of pretty good wallops ' ut if any guy thinks I’m talkin’ wit it—” he glared. 70, IT could not have been Wally. There [¥ was only one other possible source of bat 1 seorge Fosdick himself. For the ubiect of discussion in the Pontchartrain bar yays got around to this: "Yes, sir, he’s a comer, G. W. Watch his noke—and Jim Wenden. Ever hear how he d George Fosdick up? Well, it seems the p of ‘em were talking about a contract: G. W. and Jim Wenden. Something ed, don’t know just what, but all of a iden G. W. jumps up, smashes Jim Wenden i the nose, tells Fosdick where to go, and ts out. And what does Fosdick do? dllows him here to Detroit the next day and sakes him take the contract! When G. W. ‘t have any more plant than a rabbit!” “That was commonly known, not only by ie players but by the more humble workers. nd if you want to see a factory go, just let known that the Big Boss is a fighter! if, when the dull season comes, as ys did come in the early months of in that Game, he lets it be known that not close the plant down entirely; he ‘work half-time instead. For that was Gil did, as one dull November and t succeeded another. Just try to it trouble in a place like that! Which, of } big Jim was fool enough to try. iM imported 4 sleek-tongued, nimble- man from somewhere, gave him structions, and sent him over to apply for ‘at the Herrick plant. He got one; it was sy to do when he told his qualifications. ind then he went to work, at first. with his is until he had made good, then with his a place to work,” he growled when there was a little breathing spell. “Never get ‘minute to sit around.” * His fellow workers said nothing. “Makin’ a mint, runnin’ us to death, an’ sittin up there with his feet on a desk.” One of the boys looked sharply at him and he the subject, only to come back.to Jater, and time after time, growling, espe- atnoon, when they were sitting around. at last'he exhausted the patience of one a them, who looked up from his work. “Ever work eighteen hours a day?’’ he asked. “Naw, why should I? I ain’t no slave!” >, ntow where G. W. lives?” phew, but I can guess. One o’ them palaces 0 Jefferson Avenue.” (Continued on page 164) PATENTS TRADE-MARKS -- DESIGNS FOREIGN PATENTS MUNN @& CO. PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING 24 WEST goth STREET New York City SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING Washington, D. C. TOWER BUILDING Chicago, Ill. HOBART BUILDING San Francisco, Cal. VAN NUYS BUILDING Los Angeles, Cal. Aoks® Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks By Request. Associates in all Foreign Countries. PATENTS Trade-marks, Copyrights, Patent Litigation, Handbook with illustrations, 100 mechanical movements. Sent free‘on TER ALBERT E. DIETERICH Formerly member Examining Corp. U. 8S. Patent Office . Patent Lawyer and Solicitor 27 years’ experience 681-A Ouray Bldg. Washington, D. C. ‘n Business 25 Yeors Complete /acilities-References. re ADAM FISHER Mrs. Co. 183-D Enright Ave. St. Louis,Me. Travel on “UNCLE SAM’S” PAYROLL Railway $158 to $225 MONTH POSTAL CLERKS MAIL COUPON BEFORE YOU LOSE IT. Franklin Institute, Dept. P266, Sirs: Rush ener N.Y ze (1) 32epage boo! rs: describing positions ae Railway Postal Clerk an # City Mail Carrier; (2) teli me how to aU. 8. 3 dy Work , No Layoffs—Paid Vaca — 47 Government job; (3) Send me list of positions now Men—Boys 18 Up—See Your Country , Common Education Sufficient ’

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Would you like to make money at home — and ve fun doing it? Would you like to be paid for a de- lightful adventure into art; finan- cially - rewarded while enjoying a beautiful cultural experience? Then read, below, the offer of Mr. Petit. HERE is asimple and most fas- cinating way to earn money, in your spare time, and right at home. It is so wonderful that are joining every think of being in business for yourself, using just a corner of one room, opening a tiny little shop of your own! What great Gabriel Andre Petit funt And how rich are the Art Director rewards. I Will Show You How Let me tell you why the plan of the Fire- side Industries is so easy and so profitable to you. Wherever you go. [an a are im- mediately taken with the charm of hand- 4. ted Aleatiak gate-lec tables, brackets, toys, bookracks, hand-col- ored greeting cards, etched copper lamp shades, batik and other beautiful art cof] objects and gift wares. Fireside Indus- tries teaches you exactly how to DO this lovely art work and how to SELL your products. You can spend an hour a day or eight hours a day. The profits are hand- some indeed. A pair of candlesticks can be painted in an hour and should make a profit of $2 for you. Think of it! No previous experience whatever is necessary. work is made so clear that anyone can follow the simple instructions. A complete outfit of materials is furnished to every member. Success Assured Whether you wish merely to give expression to your artistic instinct, or wish to turn a fasci- nating pastime into cash profits —or both— your success is as- sured. Every day letters like these come from women who find joy and profit in this ch ing avocation: “Made $210,” writes one. “Earned $60 in one month,” writes another. “Have all the orders I can fill,” says still another. One woman writes, “Was swamped with orders.” Another says, “Could have sold 5 times what Thad.” Many say “Like a beautiful dream come true.” Do you wonder that members of Fireside Industries are so enthusiastic about the work? e ! Beautiful New Book eon Decorative Arts Write letter or mail coupon for the new Fireside Indus- tries book which tells the inspiring story of this great rganization of home money-makers, what the work is, how it is successfully taught by mail, ite broadening cultural effect and the unusual profits to be made. New b pted at this time. Write today and enclose a 2c stamp to pay part of the postage. Write NOW. This is truly a golden opportunity. Fireside Industries Adee Michigan so Fireside Industries Department 51-S Adrian, Michigan Gentlemen: Without obligation on my part, please send me, FREE, the story of the fascinating work of Fireside Industries members; also particulars of membership and your money- making offer. I enclose two-cent stamp. (Write in pencil + Ink will bloh Whirling Wheels | (Continued ‘rom page 168) “Guess again,” snapped the other. “He lives in a furnished room, you sneaking tongue- waver. He was wrong, for by that time Gil had taken a comfortable house and installed his wife and Gil, Jr., in it, but it made a good story. It failed, however, to impress the growler. He went on, for some of them seemed to be listening, he thought, to what he was saying! Until a day when G. W. himself happened to pass by, when he broke into such a stream of foul abuse that those who heard dropped their tools. ; “Who you talkin’ about?” demanded one. “Him, the——.” More of the same, and sock! His evil tongue was silenced. Gil heard the commotion, saw the crowd of men gathered in the middle of the assembly line, and hurried up with Mac. “What’s wrong?” “Aw, nothin’. This fool was talkin’ too much with his mouth—the loose-jawed son of a back-bitin’ scorpion! I slugged him.” “What was he saying?” “Talkin’ out o’ turn; namin’ names. Tryin’ to get us to quit, I guess.” Gil’s eyes narrowed. “Throw some water on him.” , Paria! did, aplenty, and the man sat up wringing wet, to meet the cold eyes of the man he had maligned. ““What’s your name?”’ demanded Gil. The drenched one gave it. “And who are you working for?” “You; who do you think I’m workin’ for?” “Nobody else?” The man’s eyes wavered, and Gil began to entertain a suspicion. “Real sure about that? Maybe Id better let these boys go ahead.” “Sure! Let me at him,” growled the man who had struck. “I'll polish him off!” “Nobody else?” repeated Gil. The man muttered. “Gimme my time; I’m gonna get out o’ this hell hole.” Gil was convinced. “All right, boys; go ahead,” he said, and they started for the trouble maker in a body. At which he yowled, and beg, for mercy. “I’m workin’ for Wenden,” he confessed. “Take ’em off!” Gil managed with difficulty to get between him and the mob. “Never mind, boys,” he said. ‘Much obliged. I'd like to deliver him to Wenden in person.” ND didn’t that make a hit! Gil piled that sopping wreck into his four-cylinder runabout—it was a four then— and dumped him out in front of the ornate Wenden lobby entrance. “Go on in,” he snapped. “And tell that hellion in there that if he starts anything like this again I'll bring, my whole plant over here and clean him out.’ And that was all over town before night. No, it was not safe to play with G. W., or any of the crowd out there—and by that time it had got to be quite a crowd. At first there had been only the assembly line, but now, with two other wings run up alongside the first, they were making their motors again and beginning on transmissions. Gil had bought out the machine shop that had made his engines and moved the whole thing over. Then, when the four came along. . . It was a beauty, that four. Infinitely bette than the one Jim Wenden had bluffed him out of. It was an L-head, whereas Jim’s was T- head; that made a big difference, though at the time Gil hadn’t thought so. The first four —the one Jim “ got””—had been developed out of Gil’s first single-cylinder engine, and be- cause its two valves on opposite sides of the cylinder, it had grown into a MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION START to Very First Da Extra , Hosts of a4 Loads of Fea Con Be Your” By : HE ai ay act fH i J. C. DEAGAN, Inc, Dept, 1657, 1770 Bertee he, offer and casy-payment planon — “THE CONTROL OF BUSINESS Accountants command big income, Thousa' Cer- ree ndsneeded. About9, tified Public Accountants in U.S. Many earn $5,000 to $20,000. We train you ——- at home jn your spare time for C, P. A. examina- tions or executive acceunting positions. 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See Miles Away ! Distsrt pcre close. Wander telessepe opens 8 1-2 powerful lenses. C. Palmer wrote:‘‘See numbers T-head that called (Continued 136) On arrival pay Postman$1.85 plus post mete, ee_) FERRY BGO. Dent. #y Money eck gas USA “ , hi NOTH “And the

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

© (Continued from page 164) ‘two camshafts. This second engine had rw hased on the double opposed engine, eh had its valves side by side; hence it » I-head with only one camshaft, and in proportion. cylinders were cast separately, and on a heavy cast-iron base, with crank shaft bearings. The flywheel with a cone clutch working in it; gears for the camshaft were in front, r easy timing. It turned up five | revolutions a minute, but only at for the gear ratio of the selective, transmission, which was set just of the differential, kept the turnover i four hundred as a maximum. been a little trouble with lubrication ‘that had been solved by increasing saber of feed pipes from the lubricator, now set on the dash with glass ; which the driver could detect the feed. And in addition Gil spoons to the bottoms of his with the result that they not il for their bearings but splashed is cylinder walls and cams re- 72 Biac Wheels = ‘SEBERE : : 4 , La 2-e Lt . @ - % Sot E - “ - ee — “Y x 7 nasi mt as t a King of Belgium body on that It had appeared at the 1903 :, h model, and had taken them The driver’s seat was low, with ift levers and wheel on the right; seats were almost a foot higher. the tonneau passengers to act kings, and look out with un- view over the heads of the front- oc ts. The upward, backward flare was a ul series of curves, thrust of the hood made an w. There was a full-height of th honey-comb variety in front, a water reservoir in the top of it and a fan behind it, driven from the camshaft mrs. Too large a fan, they discovered after fe first two hundred jobs had gone into srvice-and reports began to come to Wally; it kept the engine too cool. So they eliminated the pump feed and made the system thermo- ia i Te

tal ie | siphon, the heat alone causing the water to i And in addition, Gil added head lamps as standard equipment without extra shipped 2500 Herricks that year. The inclusion of headlamps as standard equipment brought a yow! from Jim Wenden, inthe shape of an advertisement: WITH SUSPENDERS THROWN IN Did you ever buy a pair of pants and / teceive a pair of suspenders free of charge? maple for the suspenders; ,the merchant, or you? THE WENDEN FOUR IS ALL AUTOMOBILE NOTHING IS “THROWN IN” “And that,” said Gil Herrick when Andrews it to him, “is about the kind of a dim Wenden would be expected to do. machines did he sell this year?” near as I can guess, about twenty-five ed. A.L.A. M. doesn’t publish its re- you know.” knew, and smiled thoughtfully. He had wenthe A. L. A. M. board room in New York Andrews had pointed it out to him during the show of the year before. The meeting place of the mighty,” he fSaid with a chuckle. “Where only the ; | cha 1 of God—or Jim Wenden—may enter.” 488 Toom was on the top floor of a sky- }| taper in Forty-second Street near Madison. ts of the roof above it, for a distance ihalt the building on either side, were fenced 1& strong steel picket fence, with wicked at the top. This was to prevent the eavesdropping (Continued on page 166)

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Every home feels an instant need for at least one of these amazing new devices. Four out of five. buy both because of unique interchangeable feature, both operating from same tiny wall bracket. There is not room for all the sensational details here. Our plan in- cludes practical sales training course. We furnish every- thing. Exclusive territories. Write today for Free Test Offer and proof of $68 to $150 a week. CENTRAL STATES MFG- CO. (Established over 20 years) 4500 Mary Ave. $544.00 FIRST MONTH Dept. P-841 St. Louis, Mo. Central States Mfg. Co., Dept. P-841, 4500 Mary Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Rush me + yang of your double profits plan and Free Test Offer MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 165) of any envious outsiders during a conference. “Not that I want to join,” Gil had said reflectively. “I’m not itching to pay one and a pestae percent of our selling price to a bunch that haven’t got a leg to stand on, but—Jim Wenden said I couldn’t get in.” Jim Wenden had said a good many things | that day in Fosdick’s room. And none of them had come true. The Herrick Automobile Company was not exactly out of business— yet. It, together with nineteen other com- panies, had formed a rival association—The American Motor Car Manufacturer’s Associa- tion, and was exhibiting very profitably in the Grand Central Palace, while Wenden and his association were holding forth at the Garden. “And now he says we're hiding behind Ford’s skirts,” mused Gil. “Says if Ford hadn’t entered suit to break the Selden patent they'd have been sving us. Well—they don’t publish reports, but I'll get into the A.L.A.M.” And he did, that very year. “It’s easy,” said Bob Legg, who hadn’t forgotten his law. * All you have to do is buy someone’s license. They're supposed to be limited, but they’re transferable.” We is what Gil did. Already there had been several demises in the automobile game, and membership in the A. L. A. M. didn’t earry any insurance. There was one little outfit that had fallen by the wayside, and its receiver was anxious to collect some cash. One day, when the “Ins” were gathered about their director’s table, in walked Gil. “How'd you get in here?” demanded Jim from the head of the table. Gil grinned. ‘‘ Walked in,” said he. “Here’s my license; want to see it?” “Tt ain’t legal!” **Ever read it—or can you read?” “You get out!” “What'll you give me to get out? license is for sale—now that I’m in.” “Not a cent! But you'll get a sweet bill for back royalties due!” “Which I won’t pay. I’m the only member you’ve got that has no accountability,” said Gil with an air. “Because I don’t like the looks of your chairman, gentlemen, I’m going to sell out my license. Let’s see; there are one or two others you don’t like, aren't there, Jim. Besides me? I think I'll sell it to—” “How much?” demanded Jim. “Well, it cost me five hundred,” Gil thought aloud. “Suppose —oh, two thousand ought to cover it all.” The Abe after much more of similar nature, Jim bought. For one thousand dollars— an item of news that somehow found wide circulation among the players of The Game. “I’m afraid that’s rather foolhardy,” was Oliver H. Marston’s comment when he heard it. He was not unaware of the matters between Gil and Jim and—at first—had chuckled. Now —“Two can play at that game, you know. Wenden can make it mighty uncomfortable for you, too.” It was a warning. But Gil laughed. “With my gang?” and shrugged. “Any time he wants a fight, all he’s got to do is start one.” Which was a pretty cocky thing to say, and no one knew it better than wise old Oliver H. Marston. Youth, and success—added together, they made a combination that, tended toward conceit. He had seen many a good man wrecked along that route; it would be a shame to see Gil’s well-deserved success piled on similar rocks. Bad business, this quick success! There were not a few derelicts on the | seas of speed manufacture already. “Tend to your knitting, young man.” It was as near to an (Continued on page 167) be the musical entertainer, Music is 2 vAYS welcomed everywhere. You play this Gon out having to study and Dractice, Just wil Sring You happiness, pleasure ncaa leasure and ‘ou look kor it it, money besid ‘or home, Concerts ‘and Be Made int r Paid Entertainers. 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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION to Play 4 kly and Easily call upon Alice. Looking at Alice, it d why he is eager to impress her favor- done so already, — a word, by his y beautifully. With the amazingly easy method onal eeidance ot 4 tantructess Academy o: ic, has wired this nt—op med many doors to bim'and made friends. n Door to Social Success same. If you would enjoy the satis- do ity, or the . - at that Tmasie offers, thie pe "School these things come true. In r time, own Seerend in a few shor? pa opad oe ee Thousands of Happy, Successful Students , successful year. Over 200,000 ha: Ld mth bis. Ou dorsed = stadents. ir and recom- and ay Hawaiian Guitar, Organ, Mandolin. * Send for This Beautiful New Book—FREE It will tell you all about this great School and give you many i success that ACs ~ als eee f M: “s ‘lome-. oO sic 702 East 41st Street, Chi \° ito OWN your OWN BUSINESS tapital needed; Tgive you 13 b filustrated booklet. No bligati today and get started to big pay. American Auto Paint School 4275S. AshiandAve.,Dept.206, Chicago YOU ain 50-100 weelly New plan makes iteasy. We start you in business and help you succeed. Sell Madison Better-Made” Shirts for large manufacturer direct to wearer. Spare or full time. No capital or experience needed. Write for Free Samples ion Shirt Mnfrs., 562 Broadway, New York aes Make More Money ! Agen make from .00 to $15.00 per day ito M P) sell ‘the Univ iste’ and Auto 40 Au hank F to mber of other 8 Automobile, Aviation, Electricity,Mechan 1 your own at spare time. Sample 85 cents Set Publishing fo. Shas Era Ave., if for to Get the Most Out of Your Radio Investment © Science Institute has prepared a that gives definite and helpful advice in ne and operating a radio outfit. radio booklet can be obtained for 25 m the Popular Science Institute, 248 Ave., New York City. Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 166) order as the old gentleman had ever given; the bushy white brows were drawn down. “Don’t forget you aren’t out of the woods yet. Not-by a long ways.” Not that Gil was not tending to his knitting; he was. He had only just undertaken a very radical step—standardization. ; “There’s too much time lost making part fit, Mac,” was the thought he had just ex- pressed, the result of many a keen-eyed obser- |}. vation, not only of cost sheets but of factory methods. “Too much filing. We’re going to stop that. We'll set up a practice of machining limits and inspecticns and hold ’em to it.” Mac threw. up his hands when he under- stood what was planned, and Gil knew why. Not so long before, when Gil had been mulling over the idea, they had been standing in the engine assembly section watching the painful process of scraping in bearings, and Gil had asked him just how tight a bearing should be. Mac had scratched his bristles in a thoughtful way and said: “Well, Mister Herrick, a bearing should be loose,” OW Gil knew what that meant. Mac had intended to convey the fact that a bearing should fit snugly without binding. It was a matter of the “feel” of the bearing. But what Gil was planning to do was to establish a definite standard of “looseness” in thousandths of an inch. And when he said so— “Mister Her-r-rick, it’]l ruin us! Tolerances by thousandths—why, we'll reject more than we make!” “Not with tight machines—and a tool room big enough to keep the tools in shape. That’s the next step, Mac; go to it.” And Mac did, reluctantly enough, but with Gil there to help at every step. And the following year they staged a demonstration that convinced not only Mac but the whole world. Under the watchful eyes of officials of the American Automobile Association, three cars were selected at random from the assembly line and completely torn down, the parts packed in boxes. These were shipped to New York during show week and, in the presence of a large crowd, another group of workmen re- assembled them. No files were used, no attempt made to fit parts. The mechanics simply put three cars together, then drove them through the streets without the slightest sign of trouble. And five thousand of the Herrick four, Model 1906, were sold that year. And Jim Wenden—* Well, well! Here’s the standardized kid!” he bawled one day in the Pontchartrain bar. They met many times, of course; their trails were bound to cross within the narrow limits of a city and the lobbies of a hotel where the automobile world gathered. But they seldom exchanged words. This time Jim was slightly under the influence. There was a sly look in his eyes and his great voice, booming across the room, stopped all talk. “‘How’s all the little thousandths? Save many today?” “T HAVEN’T counted them yet,” was Gil’s reply, quite audible -in the silence. “They ll show up at the end of the month— on the balance sheet. And how’s the pants business? I see you're throwing in a vest these days.” A ripple of laughter went through the room. Jim not only had accepted Gil’s lead of supply- ing headlamps; he was including also the newly devised acetylene generator. Jim tossed down a drink and bellowed: : “The standardized car—with a forty-mile speed limit! Nice bus for the old ladies, boys; step right up an’ buy a Herrick!” , Gil’s retort was ready. “High-geared bike talk again?” said he. “No, but I got a (Continued on page 168) Send For today. Then Tl resh tny bigr py yd ye find part-time employment while ing, and from thenon Ga ines = sy i ee a ae for thamselvesand become tadepensent. Act NOW! Don't Wait! COYNE "Ss Not a Corresponel. School 5.C. LEW 18, President Dept. 87-73C Established 1899 Name

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION ‘‘There’s the new | Ned Tyson” He’s making $6500 a year now “I vsep to know him when I was a kid—we went to grammar school together. “Then his father died and he had to go to work. Got a job with Brooks & Watson as a clerk, but couldn’t seem to get ahead. “Then overnight something seemed to wake ihim up. He began making suggestions to the ' firm—helped them to save a great deal of money. “Then Old Man Brooks became interested — wanted to know how Ned happened to know so — about the business. Ned told him he’d been at home at nights through the Inter- ore Correspondence Schools. ‘H’m,’ said Mr. Brooks, ‘I’ll remember tha “He did too. Put Ned out on the road as a salesman for a year or so and then brought him into the main office as sales manager. “He’s getting $6500 a year now and everybody calls him ‘the new Ned Tyson.’ I’ve never seen such a change in a man in my life. The I. C. S. deserves a lot of credit.” An International Correspondence Schools course will help you just as it helped Ned Tyson. It will help you to have the happy home—the big- ger salary—the comforts you'd like to have. Start today to make good. At least find out what this great school can do for you. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS “The Universal University’ Box 7651-E, Withent, ont ot tigation lease send me a copy of your booklet, “Who and W hy,”” and full about the course ae me, and I have marked BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES | Salesm: Electrical eet he hine jroad Positions Engineer cervertns and Mapping Bream Engineering.) Hadio you reside in Canada, send this coupon to the Interna- tonal Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montrea} The Plumber $11.00-$16.00 mao ee beat of WINTER and SUM sll 78 ER the the Plumber ts, busy at a ee Spportunition with yim ear the opportunities ‘ae of cP ga ius Cas et the ancst La 4 & > fork--Biue ‘tor read- LEARN IN 8 to 12 WEEKS Sxperienter welf'to inventiante. “Get Got FREE cats cagaiou that Yella in tella in pictures URIVERSAL | PLUMBING! SCHOOL Don’t pes Sary Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 167) wagon for the Vanderbilt cup that'll skin any- thing you can make!” “Then you must have a good hired man to drive it.” “Don’t you think it, my boy! I’m driving it myself, and if there’s any half-sized bicycle mechanic around here that—”’ “You'll come in second,” was the way Gil stopped that speech, and he turned on his heel and went out. After which big Jim Wenden celebrated. He picked up a bottle that stood beside his elbow, waved it over his head and hurled it squarely into the center of the great mirror that covered the wall. Then he shouted: “Yay, boys, I got him! Send the bill to me; I'll buy you a dozen new mirrors! Drinks on me, boys; I got him!” Which, at that moment, seemed a most extraordinary thing to say. Got him, yes; if making G. W. throw down a challenge was what he meant. But why celebrate that? There was a race to drive before he was entitled to celebrate. It was not until some months afterward that they knew what Jim meant. What is Jim Wenden’s mysterious scheme to ‘“‘get’’ Gil? Will he succeed? In next month’s installment Gil Her- rick comes to the turning point in his career. And that race—you never have seen nor read of one quite so thrilling and dramatic. When Nature Starts You Seeing Things (Continued from page 38) downward. It is simply the opposite of the effect noted in the desert mirage, where the light, in traveling from cold to warm air, is bent away from the earth. Sometimes the layer of warm air ascends to great heights in the atmosphere, giving rise to the most striking of all mirages—known as a “loom.” Here objects far beyond the normal range of vision and even below the horizon appear in the sky. Ts was the Serr we that recently treated Cape May, N. J., to what was de- scribed as one of the most extraordinary oeean mirages seen along the coast in years. Sand dunes thirteen miles away, at the Delaware Breakwater on the opposite side of Delaware Bay, were clearly seen as an image in the sky. Other “looms” in this country have lifted the Grand Canyon of Arizona into view from below the horizon, and have elevated the image of Milwaukee, Wis., above Lake Michigan. Some- times cities and scenes lifted into view are greatly magnified, as if the observer were look- ing through a telescope, due to the freaks of the atmosphere that give it the quality of a powerful lens. “Looms” are more common in Arctic re- gions, where they are the bane of aviators. A series of these weird phenomena wrecked the plane of Major F. L. Martin, army aviator, in an Alaskan flight. After a hair-raising experi- ence in dodging an imaginary mountain that “loomed” directly in front of his speeding craft, Major Martin encountered the real mountain unexpectedly and made a forced landing among its crags. Unhurt but lost amid the icy slopes, he and his companion crawled from the wreckage and wandered for days until natives rescued them. But such a mirage may serve a useful end as well. One of them enabled Captain Scott in 1902 to know the appearance of a portion of the Antarctic which was even without the range cf his telescope. (Continued on page 169) VWccer ‘a 1927 ATLI Given to readers of his magasing nage of this offer now Nene tion wit vor Internatic Dictio The “‘Supreme Aut A complete reference libra ones form, with 3000 pages 7 7 a lent to a 15-volume eneyelopellan all in volume, carr now be yours on the remarkably easy terms: The entire work (with 1927 A’ Delivered for $1.0 — easy month! payments there approv orders in ited States a You will —,. a the b India-Paper Edition whi Reduced About One-H: ) in thickness and weight as com. _ — with the Regular Paper Editic er 408,000 Vocab - Terms and in i tion, 12;000 Blogra Dh = Nem ; 000 Geographical Subjects, © Ps “i00 $0 Sitemeations ‘ " Constant: improved and kept up to ¢ : “To have this work in the heme is like the whole family to college.”’ To have it in the Office is to supply the answers to countless daily questions. Send This G.&C, MERRIAM CO. Dept. S, Springfield, Mass, i Fiense cond me ie ft Seg 0, Questions” , "with references to their an i “Facsimile Color Plate” of the new specimen pages of India Regular paper with | terms of _your Special Atlas Offer on Websters ‘ew }% ter readers | DRAW CARTOO TURN YOUR TALENT INTO Cartoonists earn from $50 to $150 per more, Remarkable Circle System of Drawing t half the usual time, Students from all parts of the ® enrolling for this exceptional instruction, service and up-to-the-minute instruction make kn @ National students to attain success. Send for interesting BOOKLET and SAMPLE 0 PLATE explaining full details of the Course and’ tional students are accomplishing. No salesman The National School of C: 615 Penton Building tam ———

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sei, oe y BUSINESS CAREERS A ‘ANT an important, bich-calaried position? Tiaygonelt 39a ca do, the w you how, guide yon oa ou mee solve business me te aces time-saving L —_. plan Ser Sete Saws til Beata a i thal eld, together with an wy ne Theres no cost or ok os solentlon. [a O Effective Speaking O Stenotypy Big 1928 Radio Catalog the press. Thousands marvelous bargains in nation- ally advertised goods. All the TEST IN RADIOS and equi; yee Lowest whole- Make More Money Read the Money Making c »-tegmanann al Skin Troubles Cleared Up—often in 24 hours. To prove you can be rid of pimples, blackheads, acne, euptions on the face or body, barbers’ itch, enlarged pores, oily or shiny skin, send me your name and address today—no cost Obligation. CLEAR-TONE tried and tested in over cases—used like toilet water—is aney 7 4 fn results. You can repay the favor by t li your | ; it not, the loss is mine. WRITE TODA ES.GIVENS, 458 Chemical Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. Wrestling Book FREE sap aoe ne Frank Gotch and big hoe Barns School of | Wrestling, 3398 Range Bldg., Omaha sa, Nebr. ond EA R N PROMOTION COLI EGE ‘CREDIT through ¢ HOME.STUDY COURSES in 40 different subjects given by Che GAnibersity of Chicago Ellis Hall, University of Chicago, Chic height, and arcades and vaults appear. When Nature Starts You Seeing Things (Continued from page 168) From his observations of an image high in the air of mountains extending south of Mount Longstaff, he concluded the range ran in the same direction for at least seventy miles. Seott’s deduction was proved accurate by Amundsen when in 1911 he made his sensa- tional dash for the South Pole. Because of the lofty position of the heated layerof air,rays of light from objects below the horizon, which cannot ordinarily reach the eye, pass through it. The light rays from far distant objects, which normally shoot into the air unseen, are- bent back toward the earth until they strike the eye. Only the upright image is visible. T IS generally conceded, since D. B. Mac- Millan’s exploration in 1915, that Peary’s Crocker Land was a loom of Arctic ice. Mac- Millan’s description of it is amazing: “Great heavens, what a land! Hills, valleys, snow-capped peaks, extending ae, at least 120 degrees of the horizon . . . As we sgn it gradually changed its appearance . finally at night disappearing altogether.” Often two, three or even more layers of warm air, separated by zones of cooler air, occur and give rise to what is known as the multiple mirage. Then a series of images of distant objects are seen, one atop the other, extending high into the heavens. The images at the to and bottom are in an erect position, ase al the intervening ones are inverted regardless of the number. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, whose books on the Arctic are classic, described to me a multiple mirage which led his companion, Storkerson, miles out of his course in the Far North. Storkerson saw what he thought were tower- ing cliffs fifteen or twenty miles away. As he advanced to examine them, they receded, get- ting lower and lower until they sank below the horizon. Miles of tramping revealed the “bold cliffs” to be only low mud banks. The stratified atmosphere had multiplied the images of these flat banks until they apparently rose like majestic palisades. Stefansson further told me that this same atmospheric condi- tion frequently makes small rocks appear like huge bowlders or high pinnacles. Sometimes, he said, small stones take on the height of men, and slight variations in the heat lend them the appearance of a marching army. T= most famous mirage of all time, called by the Italians Fata Morgana from the fairy of King Arthur legends, is frequent on the Sicilian coast and at Naples. Here, usually in the morning, beautiful cities appear in the sky. Pinnacles and towers reach dizzy heights, and castles of fantastic shapes jut upward. Suddenly all changes; the columns lose their These fade, and again castles and colonnades develop. The Fata Morgana is the elevation of objects on an opposite shore into pinnacles and col- umns. It is due to the presence of curved and irregular layers of air of different temperatures —a condition peculiar over the water in that vicinity. Instead of being bent in plane layers of air, as in other mirages, the light rays are bent in broken and repeated layers. The result is magnification and distortion, but chiefly vertical ification. Ordinary objects are thus twi and combined to form an ever- changing fairyland. Fata Morgana is also often noted in polar regions. Both Scott and Mawson have re- ported that such abnormal atmospheric con- ditions in the Antarctic will elevate small projections of ice, a foot or two high, into lofty castles and towers. MONEY MAKING etmeentenin IES SECTION 169 3100 (0) om OD alam ererere| Commercial Drawing BECOME AN ARTIST THIS TESTED WAY “THOUSANDS who never dreamed they could draw can now become artists at home, in spare time, by amazingly simple way. Students write telling us they never realized that learning to draw could be so easy. Many 3 are able to earn money mak- ing drawings before completing our training. Miss Hartleigh’ made $235 after 12 lessons; David Gould made $225 on one job while still just a student. E, V. Fritsch wrote, ‘I earn $10 to $15 aday. ” Big Money in Cornmercial Art Millions of dollars t this lo are being spen year on advertising and story illustrations, designs, and cartoons. -, oo Sar will be field d field where big mo is eld — and a w very gladly paid anyone who can produce a work. Advert magazines, mat need printing houses, business concerns trained artists. Competent artists easily from $50 to over $250 a.week. Why dont you. too, enter this “‘fascinating, big pay business?”’ Learn to Draw By This Simple Method e' tay - will be amazed at the ag ® we which you learn—amazed, too, at your ra progress. You start at the very — fundamentals, yet almost before you realize it, you are able to ee duce salable work. It’s aK fun learning to draw this way. You learn at home, yet yo work receives the personal attention and criticiom of competent Art Instructors. Many students actually sell enough work d their training to pay for it many times over! Mail Coupon for FREE BOOK A new handsomely illustrated book has just been printed, which gives all the most up-to-date information on the thousands of wonderful op- portunities in Commercial Art and shows how this ortling, simple method enables you to enter this field a, = eS ae yg ed me. cesses—what they sa re us ns oO! their work—how they made big money while studying. This attractive book yo be sent with- out cost or obligation. Send for it. Mail coupon NOW. (No salesman will call.) Washington School of Art, Inc. Room 2411 E, 1115-15th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Washington School of Art, Inc., Room 2411 E, 1115—15th =e N. W. , Washington, D. C, book on art, ‘ rent gulek re ie S > Become a Artist” ist and details of your offer to new Students A ease S eee sess esesssssss en ST

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176 The Day-Dreamer Will he ever wake up? =o IF Thad $1006. ooo His life is made up of rosy visions. He sees himself in a monoget ©. of office—as the president of a firm—with a $20,000 salary—perhaps even as a millionaire with a Rolls — a rakish yacht and a swell country estate. But all this grandeur is in his dreams. He lives in the golden PARADISE OF By MORROW— as | it never comes. He does nothing with the opportunities that surround him TODAY. He will always be somebody else’s servant, instead of master of his own destiny. How does he get into such a mental state? Be- cause he uses only about ONE-TENTH of his mental energies in doing the vital things that count. We are nearly all victims of the vicious habit of living far below our Godgiven endowments! The proof of it is that you have failed to reach the high — ONCE set 7 a. You admit it ou sent to know is, WHAT CAN BE DONE BOUT t There is one very simple Thi that you CAN do— now. You can find out what Pelmanism has done for 650,000 men and women, some of whom were facing THE VERY SAME DISSATISFACTION with their attainments that you are feeling. Pel- manism developed the mental powers they lacked— it replaced procrastination with ‘‘do it now’’ effici- ency; it put concentration in the place of mind- = ering; it substituted self-confidence for self- di#trust. Since Pelmanism is the science of Se chol- © it brings SELF-REALIZATION to all classes ant conditions of men and women—prominent and famous as well as obscure and unknown. And among the better known persons who used and advocate it are: T. P. O'Conner, “Father | Jerome K.Jerome,Novel- ‘of the House of Com- ist. mons. : The late Sir H. Rider Haggard, F amou s - Sir Frederick eenastce, Direstes of tary Operations, Generel Sir Robert Bad- Imperial General Staff. en-Powell, Founder of | Admiral Lord Beresford, pag oy ‘Scout Move- G. C. B., G. Cc. V. O. Jude Mes. B. Lindsey, |Sir Harry Lauder dae Hen. of the Fave: Comedian. ¥ W. L. George, Author. Frank P. Walsh, Former Chairman of National | Baroness Orczy, Author. War Labor Prince Charles of Sweden —and others, of equal prominence, too numerous to mention here. A remarkable book called “Scientific: Mind- Traini has been written about Pelmanism. IT CAN BE OBTAINED FREE. Yet thousands of ple who read this announcement and who NEED this book Me not send for it. “It’s all tommyrot,” they will say But if ‘they will use their HEADS, they will realize that people cannot be HELPED by tommyrot and that there MUST be something in Pelmanism, when it has such a record with 650,000 different individuals, and when it is endorsed by the kind of peo e listed above. e first principle of YOUR success is to do something radical in your life. You cannot make just an ordinary move, for you will soon in sink into the mire of oT Let Pelmanism help you FIND YOURSELF. Don’t put it off Mail the coupon below now—now, while your resolve to DO SOMETHING ABOUT YOURSELF is strong. THE PELMAN SRaTSTOTS OF AMERICA J Approved as a “The Sea pondence school under ee laws of the State of New York. est h St reet Suite 8711 New York C Seeaceessasaaaes tS re tS a Ors BOs The Bag Institute of America. 71 West 45th Street, Suite 8711, New York City. I want Pn be, —) me what Pelmanism has actually done for Pepi. Please send me your free book, “ Belentifie fie Min Training.” This places me under no obligation whatever. You’ve Got Your Patent, But— (Cortinued from page 26) in producing something new, is not patent- able. If, however, the new arrangement re- sults in something never before attained, the courts will hold the patent valid. Mere sub- stitution of other material which brings about the same result is not patentable, but if it brings about new and better results, it is. As an example, the mere mixture of car- bon and iron to make steel would not be patentable, because the various mixtures of carbon and iron have long been known; but if some other metal were added to produce in the steel new properties, such as to make the steel rustproof, the addition would be patentable. A CASE in point is the Edison incandescent light patent. This light differed from the earlier cohen filament burners only in that Edison made his carbon filament one sixty- fourth inch or less in diameter, while the earlier patents specified a diameter of one thirty- second inch or more. Ordinarily, this would not be a patentable difference, but that reduc- tion of one half in the diameter of the filament increased the resistance four times and reduced the radiating surface two times, thus increasing the ratio of resistance to radiation eight times. It was this point which made the burner practi- cal, whereas earlier burners were impractical. In other words, Edison’s changes were in the basic laws governing the flow of current through a resistance filament, and were there- fore patentable. Next, only ideas are patentable, and an idea need not necessarily be practical in order to be valid. For instance, the patent on the first cir- cular sawmill was declared nonvalid because it was shown that there had previously been sawmills in existence, which, however, were too small to cut logs. In other words, the pat- ent on the original machine covered the idea of the circular sawmill, even though the ma- chine itself would not cut a log. A plumber proposed to thread pipe for its entire length so pieces of any size could be cut off and joined, but a patent had already been granted upon the idea of threading each end of a pipe, and the patent office held that threading the whole pipe was nothing more than a logical extension of this original idea. The combination of two or more substances or ideas of known qualities is not patentable when the combination does not result in some- thing not previously known. As an example of this type of patent, which has been declared invalid, I might mention the putting of rubber on the end of a lead pencil. The court held that neither the rubber nor the pencil acquired any new properties by reason of the combination. = famous Selden patent on automobiles, which was declared invalid in 1911, is probably the best known example of a patent upon a combination of previously known ele- ments. Selden applied for his patent in 1879, the | papers, however, lying in the patent office for sixteen years, during which the inventor amended them from time to time to include new automotive developments. The patent was finally granted in 1895 and until 1911 Selden collected royalties on every car built. Then a number of automobile companies re- fused to pay further royalties and Selden sued for infringement. All of Selden’s claims were broad and all-in- clusive. They did not state any particular type of body clutch, engine or steering mechanism but confined themselves to generalities which covered every type of device which Selden thought. would be used in the future automo- bile. The court held that all the claims of the patent were old, and that the new combination of old ideas did not produce any new result of new codperative action. (Continued on page 171) MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Ge Ruio, Bus ae where big pay— extra money—rais- es come quick! brilliant future awaits you in the World’s Biggest B Earn usiness up to $100 aWeek Send coupon for Free Auto Book’ See ho ee, er en ek wmen make go oe Hees 0 the vey course you need if you ying waaiion as_a Show Card tterer, or have a business ol ne your own, C oi and practical and especially arranged to. the needs 2 the student who studies as Written by E. L. Koller, Principal of . the national School of Art, member. of ee Federation of Arts, and The National Socies Craftsmen. Mail coupon for Free Booklet. Box 7648-E, Scranton, Penna. details of your home-study course in O) Show Card Lettering O tlustrating oc LEARN [am DRAFTINGHS ela EP ECTRICHY a a sane i Baek wi with ae ope scat, Wisc vontense. COMESLEGINGN Senet | GETTING AHEAD? 5) Read the advertisements on Pagé 1 to 174 this issue if you want to get Without cost or obligation, please send me fully 4a = -

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up-keep has become the BIG- of the great auto industry. They million new cars a year, but 2 million autos, trucks, tractors, TO SERVICE. from the grease — Get away eRe AN AUTO EXPERT! Service Stations, Repair and Elec- tre ooking for E EXPERT RTS—men 0 $1 00 a week. So I urge ~ SOD IGHER UP. Be fore- manager Or = rintendent. Or go into ong yourself. YOU CAN—if you're a a | a part of your spare iEARN AT HOME — the quick, sure, easy way! Xo , no memorizing, no trade courses —n0 or examinations. Here is a bet- ter way. ‘ou don’t have to keep a million facts your head—it you know where to put your en them. Eleven noted auto engineers have this merece 2300 pages, over prints, ng diagrams and illus- tates Bag Pe big bE, Jiffy-indexed for “slat t with the COUPON! We'll loan you this AMERICAN AUTO an. UNBERIN LIBRARY so you can see for 4 LI how dae Abs 3 tt BE TOU uw ODS. y oc- at re . By 1 LOOKI ‘I NG UP the an- lems as they ns in the day’ 's our “question and answer” than a fourth of the RICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY enh $20 , Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicage eit are free, the 5 volume library 0: at vA joan me MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION. t Senda Penny 2 ) a nical Soc Drexel Ave. ed ssth st., Chicago, Hl. the few cents delivery - he = six T cil ow grou 36 gas > ae iat wears rUialels, altar, Madotin or Banjo Mandolin. You wil few conts o these instruments an day for lessons i Ms Sas wmseeed See — a phi te bo charge. sent on One week's tree trial. | Write for Over 200, 000 satisfi RESPONDENCE SCHOOL OF music, Inc, Halsted Chicago, Illinois Street, Dept. 367 lfs @use and GI ifan be quickly cured if you 9 Gir coin or stamps, for 2 ring and Stuttering. SENJAMIN BI «» 1147 n. ‘1. St. Indiana ig, te 10 page cloth bound book ing and Stuttering for 20 years. {am mer! an uttering for 20 years. iin - BOGUE ; ctures. léxly dur- Spare time . Alas core es Soares. fe enge- New oney epunee. pee mee else d at once fer free iculars. , U.S. A. k, Opportunities “a n MGhicas sencge OF ona full Ren You’ve Got Your Patent, But— (Continued from page 170) The patent was therefore declared invalid. The court concluded Selden “‘erred by making his claims too broad.” Lastly, prior existence of an idea will invali- date a patent, even though this idea was not recorded in writing or patented. If it can be proved that the idea was in use previous to the eee for the patent, the claim becomes void. A case in point is the trolley pole of a street car, the paterit upon which was declared in- valid on the ground that the idea had been in ow revious use, back in Colonial days, though it d not been written nor patented. The idea was held to be nothing more than a modifica- tion of the method of raising water from a well by means of a long pole, or sweep, counter- balanced by a large weight on the end opposite ee bucket of water. A prospective patentee should determine, before applying for papers, what are the pat- entable a te of his idea. I once worked out a process for dehydrating fruits and vege- tables by passing them through a series of tunnels, through which were passed currents of air of definite temperature and humidity. Knowing nothing of patents at the time, I applied for one on the machine and it was granted. In the meantime, another inventor, working independently in another part of the country on the same idea, was granted a pro- cess patent. In other words, his patent covered the process of dehydration while mine merely covered a machine for carrying out this pro- cess. I therefore could not use my machine without infringing his process. OMETIMES more than one patent is nec- essary to cover the different aspects of one idea. For instance, the steel fireproof curtains, such as are used in theaters and as fire doors in buildings to confine a fire to one section of a building, are covered by more than a dozen patents. And there you have all there is to this busi- ness of patents. All you have to do to make a million dollars is to get a valid patent upon a . commercially profitable idea. If you can do that, your fortune is made. Who Did the Shooting? (Continued from page 22) position on the two shell caps. In any firearm there is a certain amount of play, and the shells do not always come back against the breech in exactly the same position; nor does the firing pin always strike the exact center of the primer. The positions of the individual mark- ings in relation to the imprint as a whole are, however, identical. Under the microscope I compared this murder shell with other test shells fired from the Sacco pistol. Although the latter were somewhat fouled and dirty, the identity was again evident; so evident in fact, that the defense expert, looking through the microscope exclaimed: ** Well, what do-you know about that!” Finally I tested a fourth murder shell in the same manner. There was no similarity. Then I applied the tests to the four bullets from the body of Berardelli, comparing each with test bullets fired from the Sacco pistol into a box of sawdust. In each case the bullets were placed horizontally under the comparison microscope in little holders which enabled them to be rotated. The first one I examined, known in the evi- dence as fatal bullet No. 3, was considerably fouled and corroded, but the microscope revealed beyond question that it had come from Sacco’s weapon. First, the marks of the rifling grooves were of the same width and the same angle as those (Continued on page 172) THE FEDERAL OMPARE the small drawing at the left made by George Holman Ray before studying with us and the Cover Design at the right which was made recently. Note the wonderful improvement brought about by the right kind of training. His is an interesting story. When eighteen, he was employed as Indian interpreter and storekeeper. at Hudson’s Bay, one hundred miles beyond the railroad. In summer his mail was carried in by canoe; in winter by dog sledge. He says: “My cousin sent me a magazine which contained an advertisement telling about the Federal Course. I was fortunate enough to get several foxes in trapping I was doing with an old Indian. I used the money to start the course. -I had absolutely no other art training except the Federal lessons. “Upon completing the course I got an art job in Winnipeg, then with the St. Paul Dis- patch and now I am here in Chicago operat- ing a studio of my own. I owe my start in illustrating entirely to the Federal Course. I am still studying and find Federal text- books and co-operation as valuable as ever.” Compare your opportunity with the difficul- ties under which Ray worked, consider how much easier you can gain success equal to his by studying under Federal tutors, sixty lead- ing artists such as Sid Smith, Neysa McMein, Fontaine Fox, Charles Livingston Bull, Clare Briggs and many others. Five thousand publishers are looking for skilled artists at big pay. Step out boldly into the “ROAD TO BIGGER THINGS” like hundreds of others have done under Federal tutoring. Just fill out cou- pon below and mail it to us and we will send you a copy of the book FREE. Do it right now while you're thinking about it. Feverat Scnoor or IL.vustraTiNne, 11147 Federal School Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. Please send your free book, Bigger Things.” Name “A Road to Occupation Address

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Beck’ é. a Year/ “If it wasn’t for you and the training you gave me, Mr. Dobe, I wouldn’t be making $8000 a year now.” awn eet. Learned Drafting at Home— So CanYou! Beck answered my advertisement and got my free book on Draftsmanship. That’s what I want you to do now. Beck was then a helper making $12.00 a week, but he took my simple, easily understood and quickly learned course in drafting at home without giving up his job, _ You can do the same hing. Will you? “I often look back to the time I answered your advertisement,”’writes and wondered how I could take u your course as I was not able to save enough out of $12.00 a week to make the first pay- ment. But I finally did it and it was the best money I ever spent in my life. Thanks to your training I am not afraid to tackle any work along drafting lines and can read- ily master all the architect’s plans.” Mail this Free Coupon or Write Today for FREE Book! Beck asked for the Free Book first! Will you ask for it today? Certainly you are not _—— at all by writing for “Successful Draftsmanship.” Get it and read it. Then make up your mind how successful you can be. This man is making real money and you know the old adage “What man has done man can do.” So mail the Free Coupon below—orwritea letter or a post card. Do that now. No man who is dissatisfied with what he is mak. ing now should fail get and read “S Draftsmanship. DOBE EASY j=’ || DRAFTING — | | 1951 Lawrence Ave. Div. 13-68 Chicago { Dobe Easy Drafting MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 1951 Lawrence Ave., Div. 13-68 Chicago § Who Did the Shooting? (Continued from page 171) o: the test bullets. In addition there appeared tiny scratches which were identical. In particu- lar, the microscope revealed one very promi- nent gouge which matched perfectly. tat- ing the bullets, I compared them groove by groove. I invited the defense expert to look ifito the microscope. “That,” he said, referring to fatal bullet No. 3, “could not have come from any other gun. None of the other body bullets matched. For example, one of them, bullet No. 2, obviously came through a right-hand twist pistol, where- as Sacco’s was left-hand twist. | beat sey te again to fatal bullet No. 3, at the defense expert’s request I compared it with other test bullets, one by one. The marks of identity—tiny scratches and grooves —matched in every case. Further evidence in corroboration was the fact that fatal bullet No.3 was of an obsolete type, manufactured with grooving near the base known as the “cannelure’”—a remnant of the old days of lead bullets. Three bullets of this type were found on Sacco’s person. No doubt many persons, including some officials, are skeptical of this sort of comparison evidence. “Guns leave their fingerprints? Nonsense!” you may hear them say. Yet only twenty-five years ago everybody ridiculed Joseph A. Faurot, former deputy police com- missioner of New York, for trying to secure recognition of human fingerprinting as a means of identification. Faurot lived to see the fingerprint system adopted throughout the world, and also to say of the new method of identifying bullets and firearms: “It is a science, in my opinion, as infallible, as practicable, as revolutionary, and as valu- able in criminology as fingerprinting itself.” Today in our laboratories in New York City we have records of the shop standards entering into the manufacture of virtually every modern revolver and automatic pistol of both American and foreign makes, a collection of many hun- dreds of bullets of all calibers and types, fired through arms of nearly every make; and about five hundred revolvers and pistols from all parts of the globe. Given any bullet, we are ordinarily able to determine within a short time exactly what kind of weapon fired it; and if that weapon is eventually traced and found, we can identify it with scientific exactness. With a remarkable instrument called a helixometer, designed by Mr. Fisher, we can examine the entire interior of the barrel of a weapon. It reveals every flaw, fouling deposit or rust spot that might be reproduced on a bullet fired through it. Moreover, by studying the deposits within the barrel we can determine the approximate time when the weapon was last fired, the kind of powder in the cartridges (black or smokeless), and sometimes the type of bullet. TILL another valuable instrument is a mi- crometer microscope with which we can measure the width of a rifling groove to the ten thousandth of an inch. With the same accuracy we can measure the depth of the groove, its angle, and the pitch of the spiral. We have collected specimens of the different kinds of powder grains used by virtually every manufacturer of projectiles. When a pistol is fired, usually some | eo grains are dis- charged unburned. At close range some of these grains may lodge in the flesh of a victim. By examination and comparison with the speci- men grains, we can determine the manufacturer of the powder charge in the fatal cartridge. By such methods we are supplanting “expert .opinion”’ with facts. Our goal is that innocent men shall not be sent to their deaths, nor guilty men acquitted, by testimony unsub- Send me full information on the su and how you will help me win success, HIGH SCHOc COURSE Ib TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY ‘f you tak} HANDICAPPED fas You cannot attain business or soc prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well. paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em ployers of practically all worth . fostia omen High Same rain. . You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap, But a can remove it. Let the Americag’ School help you. FIT YOURSELF FORA FUTURE This course which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, broaden your mind, and make keen, alert and capable. It is com plete, simplified and up-to-date. If covers all subjects given in are school and ‘meets all requiremenis of a High School training. From the) first lesson to the last you are care fully examined and coached, Most people idle away fifty hours a week, Probably you do. Use onl one-fifth of your wasted hours. for) study and you can remove your present handicap within two % You will enjoy the lessons and th knowledge you will gain will repay the time spent in study. ~ Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin, ; ee Drexel Ave. & 58th St. i$ ee bject checks re 1S € a -% BS £ i ir 43 REE — ib 4 co Ty > Pest Office stantiated by the facts of exact science.

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en ee MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION _ Whole Rooms That Fold Up (Continued from page 68) for flour and other containers that supplied with cabinets, scientific teas advise an array of labeled jars sizes uniform in several series to hold sup- 4 of spices, other cooking accessories and ag . The best method is to jars of uniform diameter with ore Se and attach homemade labels. or sinks used to be er —e slice. Now they commonly include a ' drain Board on one or both is also a one-piece porcelain sink sbined sith a “laundry tray,’ otherwise a tub, which is covered with a wood or minum drain board when not in use. We 7 Sve a tiny washing machine that fits into and operates by water pressure, being sted to the faucet by a hose. An inner rocks automatically with the flow of cold or tempered water. It is a useful ; pomery for doing small laundry jobs and for items which the housekeeper will not entrust to a public laundry. modern bathroom has become smaller L and better. The writer’s conviction on this was fortified after he had seen the bath- jooms in the grandiose New York palace of the late Senator Clark. This $3,000,000 gructure was barely two decades old when to make room for an apartment house. = ree quarters were cumbrously elegant Jand inconveniently spacious. The fixtures were monumental and awkward, in some fantastic. Most hotels and many | homes today have bathrooms more truly lux- grious than unlimited wealth could purchase | a generation ago. Asmall tub is now favored by many persons. it serves well in connection with the preferred | shower, whether the latter is a fixed feature Foraspray hose. There are shower curtains of ‘cotton. duck and of rubberized silky cloth. If hog have trouble mixing the shower just right, in a thermostatic mixing valve. ~The built-in tub formerly involved costly tt laying; now tubs are ready made in this style, fitting tightly at floor and walls without ‘sanitary space beside or below. There ‘are models and various sizes to fit a corner or a recess. The over-all lengths are com- monly four and one half to six feet with usual over-all width around thirty inches. A glass or porcelain handgrip attached to the wall beside the tub is a device of luxury and safety. The wall-inset porcelain soap dish is refinement. Glass rods for towels are to keep clean. A toothbrush holder, a loap dish and a drinking glass holder, all of lain, belong at the lavatory. We must forget the medicine cabinet of porcelain and glass shelves and maybe a glass which is attached to or, better, inset in wall. PTTIS not splurging to have such fixtures and accessories in a modest home. Metal and Wood soon deteriorate in a gp pe become unsightly and unsanita Glass and porce- hin and heavily nickeled or chromium coated he latter being a new improvement— are highly desirable. Tile is usually the preferred surface for bath- tom walls and floor. On account of its expense it is often given up for materials that resemble it and in measure partake of its There are glazed and oilcloth wall papers which give the 2ffect of white tiling. A wood fiber wallboard with hidden, se ing fastening at the back is marked oft in in Squares, and when finished in white enamel to be tile. There are floor linoleums resemble hand-set ceramics. Rubber and cork tile may be laid either over wood or Concrete. Easy as A~B- You Can Play Any In a Few Mendes This Delightful New Easy Way! NY one can easily learn music by this remark- able new method. And the cost is only a frac- tion of the old slow way. You don’t need a private teacher. You study entirely at home. Almost before you realize it you are Pisying real tunes and melodies, both popular and classic, to please your friends, amuse yourself, and make money. This wonderful new method of reading and playing music is as simple as reading a book. No — teacher could make it any clearer. The essons come to you by mail at regular intervals— complete printed instructions, diagrams, all the music you need. You can select your own time to study or practice. And the cost averages only a few cents a lesson, including the music. If you play, you are always in demand. Many invitations,come to you. And you meet the kind of people you have always wanted to know. You Piay From Notes Learn to Play The famous U. 8. School of Music course is based on by Note sound, s fandementel =aaen rinciples, highly simp ae Game Ro" “trick” or stunt method, Organ You learn to play from Violin Cor notes, just as the best njo musicians do. You learn tc pick up any piece of music, read it, and understand it! So easily—so pleasantly! instrument a ___ as Almost before you realize it, re playing t and melodies on your favorite’ thetrumment. You'll be be ed at your own quick progress. students wice, and ever three times, as fast as they the ordinary routi « way. ae Book Tells All “Musi swic’ Ni ork. ST OF tise 811 Brunswick —— ee New York Cit Please send moe Your Own Hom r free booklet, ic Lessons in XS oewith tm cedeekion a Dr. Frank Crane, Demonst trat tion Lesson, and particulars of your offer. I am interested in the following course: Bave You Inst? GOV'T. POSITIONS °35 10°75 WEEKLY aenwet, Malt Clerk ( ) Meat Inspector . Cler () Special Agent Chauffeur Carrier Skilled Laborer ( ) Audito ept. 224 St. Louie, Mo. Send me et oe rs about positions marked —salaries, locations, opportunities, etc. BE A RAILWAY TRAFFIC INSPECTOR For nine years our graduates = been offered positions . Inspectors at definite salaries us €X- penses, a few days after com- pleting their studies. afm ee start at per month and rise rapidly to $175. $200 or $250 per month. As a Railway Traffic In- spector, you are practically ro own boss, see new faces and es each minute, re- ous oa aty to bh — h oMelals, are 's y hea ently outst work, with rd regular hours. Hundreds of Satisfied Graduates Sao toeey for booklet D-3, details and con- tract act agreeing to to pms yore money if you di t secure & position after ‘completion of urse. ntlemen: ann Sloat Tac what the course or Ww Er trams ic Inspection has done A. diy f win you bare done forme! interest Standard Business Training Inst. Buffalo, New York Are You Satisfied with Your Radio? . Hints on operation cover nine pages of the P Science Institute’s new booklet “‘What the Buyer Should Know.” This booklet also gives deft nite information as to what you can expect in the way of radio reception, how muc ch you must pay, how can cut down cost, what equipment is reli: 25 cents, {i Science Institute, 250 Fourth Ave., New New York A Great Book FREE with this pay-raising library For a short time only we will give every subscriber to the How h'e Engin of a ino thaaeiane ° ch’s neering Drawi: e book on mechanical drawing ever written. This book makes drawing as plain as day—tells you all about instruments, plans and methods—and prepares you to handle any drawing job you — ever have to i. It comes to you absolutely td Machine Shop Practice 9 volumes—3065 pages—3608 illustrations (A combined home study course and reference library) The New Machine Shop Library is written for p men. It “iy you the best metheds for every kind machine work. It explains machine tools and their operation, drawing an , tool work, . on and g and fixtures, automatic sc and their tools and all of the mathemati thes yo nave’ yg It is written, complet -—the very best d of help to the machine sh who wants to advance himself. Send no money— —Just mail the coupon FREE pepper COUPON "376'Teventh Avon, new York” ncuine Shop, 10 10 #5 On wale

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION FREE toStudents prof the opportunity to welcome you as a student so you will — learn how to play Guitar—yes, you will just like the native 4 ogetyoustarted (74 nd help your musical success . bring you pop- ae you will ee a waiian Guitar, = same as the one pic- tured, free when'you en- roll. Our short cut methe od of instruction will enable you to playa ee a 4 i m the : coupon —— ‘tolls — ticulars today and ll reserve a gift Hawaiian Guitar for you. Learn to Play Quickly Wie our short cut method of ruction Bacar quienty learn how to st Hawaiian eh w ich will bring you popularity and social suc- You learn to y from notes. If you never had ps musical training, “you. will quickly get on, because our nine experts have a course of home instruction which is as simple as learning A. B, C’s. Picture and Phonograph Record Method Easy We don’t depend u pon printed lessons only for your success, but we a Sone ao of our peotessere play- ing, diagrams, charts ny h reco’ for each lesson. This practi y brings our professors from our studio to your own home and enables you to listen to a -¥ = just as if they were actually iy you. -To prove this is easy, Mk you yeur first lesson free. Rush Coupon—Send No Money So positive are Mi send free wit become one of ey ee we will send wos obligation, lesson. Also receive our free big book which Pome iculars about our couse. Write for your free k and your free lesson today. HAWAIIAN STUDIO, No. 5611 of New York Academy of Music 100 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Please a 4 free book, ‘“‘How to Learn Guitar’ first lesson. Also reserve a Hawaiian , - *. me. This obligates me in no whatever. pre ee ee hat Saye ak Get Free Book. , See re amazing opportu- to make money right No obligation. Foe sagen State afe aed ir. or Mrs. Reducing the Universe to Inches (Continued from page 16) Worth) unit, the “light year.” This concept is familiar to everyone. Expressions] like “fifteen minutes” walk from the station,” “two hours by train,” and the like convey a real meaning, although time and speed of travel are substituted for the 7? measurement of distance. Similarly, the “light year” represents the distance trav- eled in one year by light at the tremendous speed of 186,000 miles a second. It takes a little more than a second for light to reach us from the moon, eight minutes from the sun, and four hours from Neptune. The light just reaching us from the nearest star, however, left it four years ago. In other words, that star is four light years distant from us. Only to a distance of about 300 light years can the method of surveying by triangulation be applied. For a long time astronomers had no means of sounding the depths of space beyond that point. Only a tiny fraction of the stars visible in their telescopes could be measured and studied. But now, through in- genious methods first developed at the Mount Wilson Observatory, they have learned to cal- culate the distance of any star or swarm of stars whose light can be caught by the tele- scope. For the new yardstick is the light of the star itself! It is based on the physical law that the intensity of light varies inverse- ly as the square of its distance from the source. F YOU can determine that the light in your room is nine times brighter at the lamp bulb than it is where you are standing, then you can figure that you are standing just three feet away from it. Similarly, the difference between the true brightness of a star and its apparent brightness as observed through a telescope on earth, is a measure of its distance from us. It was this method which Dr. Maxwell employed in computing his new figures of the size of the universe. But how is it possible, when a star is so far away, to learn its true brightness? It is done ‘by remarkable instruments for determining its temperature and size. Obviously, the hotter a star is, the more light it will radiate. Its temperature, therefore, indicates its surface brightness. If, then, the size of the star can be found, the two factors considered together tell its total brightness or candlepower. The temperature of a star is known by its color. When you look at the stars you will see that they vary in color from red to blue. The red ones are the coolest; the blue, the hottest. The size can be calculated by determining the substances which compose a star and therefore its density. This is achieved by an instrument called the spectroscope, one of the most useful tools of the astfonomer. It is an ‘arrangement of prisms which break up the light from a s ar into the rainbow colors which compose it. The record of the rainbow, made on a photographic plate, is known as the spec- trum. Study of the spectrum and its arrange- ment of colors reveals the nature and quantity of chemical elements composing the star; hence its density and probable size. R. MAXWELL employed a new type of spectroscope, or spectrograph, in which the prisms and lenses are made of quartz, so that the ultra-violet region of the spectrum, to which ordinary glass is opaque, may be photo- graphed. This instrument he fitted on the Crossley reflector of the Lick Observatory. Two of the spectra of faint stars obtained in this manner are shown in accompanying photo- graphs. Notice in each case the dark lines crossing the band of light. These are caused by different elements in the star’s atmosphere. In their position, size and arrangement, the astron- omer recognizes hydrogen, iron, calcium and so on. In general you will see that the two spectra illustrated are quite similar, Thy because the two stars of which they arey have virtually the same temperatures, there are a few marked differences. Fopess ple, a dark band near the center, strong in one spectrum and weak: in the off shows the presence of a compound of ¢ and nitrogen. Since it is known ’ compound is decomposed by high pre ‘ is easy to determine that the star which, tains the most of it is less dense thay other. Indeed, by exact measurement the intensity of this dark band in each eas is possible to compute just how dense star actually is and thus, indirectly, to at their sizes. : D? MAXWELL succeeded in photogey ingand measuringstars 1600timestoo to be seen by the naked eye. Since there more than six million such stars, he could: of course, study them all. Instead, he adoptat the method of “sampling’’.a few of them k so arriving at an average. The distanes some 2000 faint stars were thus me : from their spectra. The farthest ones he reached were about 100 quadrillion miles frgy us; in other words, the light whick entered telescope and blackened Dr. Maxwell’s p graphic plate left the star 15,000 years be From these measurements, observing] rate at which the number of stars thing near the limits of the Milky Way, Dr. Maxw arrived at his figure of 60,000 light years diameter of the universe. Though some smaller than previous calculations—200,( 00 300,000 light years—experts believe it is ong the most reliable estimates yet made. i And what incomparabie wonders lie bey Countless other universes—billions of them we" are told—at inconceivable distances yet surveyed! Though it takes a very keen eye to see many as ten of these far island universes out the aid of a telescope, in recent years 1 thousands of them have been photograph and catalogued. It is estimated that a powerful reflector, like that at Mount W is capable of photographing several millia them. Yet thus far it has been possib measure and study only a few. Nearest of and the oldest, for example, are the Magel Clouds, 100,000 light years distant. B are the two great spiral nebulae in Androp and Triangulum, a million light years a But the vast number of nebulae are beyont the reach of measurement, even with the mos powerful reflector on earth. New methods Wi be required if surveyors are to penetrate ii infinity 100,000,000 light years and more, © Classification of known nebulae according their form and observation of regularities) their behavior have led to this theory: UNIVERSE begins as a great chaotie of glowing gas in the form of a rotatil sphere. After ages, its rotation causes it flatten out in the shape of a lens. Morea pass, and then gigantic upheavals begin to ta place within it. Eruptions throw out solida terial from the inside. Great streamers fly in the shape of spiral arms. At last stars pear on the outside. After trillions of yearst mass of gas has been entirely transformed i Gradually the spiral arms unwind, p more and more stars. Finally the arms appear altogether, and all that is left isa Wi swarm of separate stars. But what happens next? Possibly, we told, some of the stars will begin to wander from the parent universe and venture if space beyond. Most of them, though, ¥ remain until they die. The smaller stars ¥ die first, then the larger ones. Finally the tire universe will be a mass of embers. , | Dept. 2081-6 3217-15th St St., cw. Ww. so feshington, o0.¢