Popular Science Monthly 1927-08: Vol 111 Iss 2

Page 1

Page 2

NOT ALIKE

hair and lather without clog- ging; an adjustability of shaving edge so precise as to suit any skin and beard; [¥

of door S$. In consequence there are strong contrasts in skin textures and beards. The dimensions that makes it the New Improved Gillette makes and-tailored razor for your shaving comfortable and en- face... Get a New Improved joyable to every man. It has Gillette today and your shay- 4 q a shaving edge with ample ing troubles are over. space beneath to receiveshaved THE GILLETTE SAFETY RAZOR CO. 6 The New Improved Whether you have @ aid beard “‘like wire”’ or as soft as silk, your GOOD shave will become a PERFECT shave if you read “Three Reasons.** On request we will gladly send you a copy, free. S AF ETY<— RAZOR a micrometric exactness of

Page 3

august, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1 SHARING FIRST PLACE WITH CADILLAC When comparisons are suggested between lesser cars and the La Salle, it will pay to remember that the General Motors Corpo- ration—manufacturer of the leading automobiles in every grade — is behind the creation of this especial value in automobiles. The La Salle shares with Cadillac the famous 90-degree, V-type, eight-cylinder engine—together with first place in the fine car field, FOR A SMALL DOW N PA YMENT— with the appraisal value of your used car acceptable as cash— you may possess a La Salle on the liberal term -payment plan of the General Motors Acceptance Corporation—the famous G. M., A. ed plan, CADILLAC MOTOR CAR COMPANY DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION DETROIT, MICHIGAN OSHAWA, CANADA (LA Sane) \3 Priced from on ed to aes 5, J 0 bs. Detroit MANUFACTURED - ¢ COMPLETELY ¢ BY -THE ¢ CADILLAC * MOTOR * CAR » COMPANY * + WITHIN «ITS , OWN - PLANTS - © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6

Page 4

2 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, ig Ave — | F LEADING ARTICLES t Automobiles Wuy We May Warr Twenty Years ror OcEAN Air Lines. . . 9 Briton Develops Cheap Fuel _ . 44 By Commander Richard E. Byrd, U.S. N. Soft-Faced Hammer Saves Your Car 44 An expert’s view of future commercial sea flights When You Drive Your Car Around : a Corner. . 44 LiypBerGH’s GREAT PARTNER By Frank Parker Stockbridge _ 12 Movies Test Auto Drivers . . . 46 Details of the first New York-to-Paris plane Mud No Terror to This Car! . . 48 R. R. Gates Direct Traffic . . . 48 Tue First PLANE TO GERMANY . By George Lee Dowd, Jr. 14 Twin Engines Drive Novel Bus . . 48 Interesting Predictions by Aviation Authorities —— Car Turns in Its Own ngt . . « a LIFEBOATS UNDER THESEA . ... . By Alden P. Armagnac 15 Odd Electric Car for Shopping . . 31 An inventor's amazing plan to make submarines safe Light Signals Auto Speed 53 On THE SEAINACABLE SHIP. . By Edgar C. Wheeler 22 ~— Auto Curtains from F lap- a Thrills in the lives of the “‘ocean linemen” Ww Ristle Sedition Boiling | 9g A $10,000,000 “ AcciDENT”’ . By Kenneth Wilcox Payne 24 New Battery Terminal Tool . 68 The remarkable story of an unusual personality . —_ —. “see - . 68 " ‘ n Emergency Hose 68 Eacu or Us Has Forty Staves. By Robert E. Martin 26 Spiked Board Pulls Won te 68 Do you realize what you owe to electric power in your daily life? Hore ror Hay Fever Victims . . By Norman C. McLoud 27 Aviation How recent medical discoveries yielded a new treatment ; New Motor Balloon .. — SrraNGE Ants Grow FLOWERS ; By Hyatt E. Gibson 29 Gyroscope Stabilizer for Airplane . , What a noted biologist discovered in the ‘jungle Testing Helicopter Model . . . 17 Plane Hauls Glider in Aerial Train . 32 Even Worms So.ve Puzz.ies By Prescott Lecky 33 “eG ” . a apeeg 4 : as : Superpower” for Airplanes . . 49 Watching “dumb animals” think “Wing Flutter” Wrecks Planes . New Turiwiers Dery Gravity. . By Elwell Crissey 38 Ingenious Device Tests Air Pilot's — A revelation of the engineering skill that goes into amusement devices oud oy iets * - Deck Fans To Arp Sea FLyers . 43 New “Booster” for Airplanes . . 57 ] A Swiss engineer's ingenious scheme for mid-ocean airplane landings Sam Loyn’s Puzzie Pace ae ee Health and Hygiene Is Your Home Sare From Fire? By John R.McMahon 66 Eyeglasses and Efficiency . . . 87 Some valuable hints on protecting your dwelling New Disease from the West . +. a I Blueberry Cure for Diabetes . . 47 I Wuen Your Moror S1zz.es . ' . By Martin Bunn 69 Aid for Deaf Has Tone Control . @ ; Gus and Joe give timely advice on summer overheating Water Purified by Rays. . 48 ¢ Do You Know tHe Trutu Asout Or Burners?. rm oe. oe aa — Guards mes Con- a E oO ° ° How Your E ectric Toaster Hevps Pay Pusuic Utiry Drvi- Hums You to Sleep . . . . . Sl " DENDS . . By Wallace Ames 4 ’ , E Laboratory Discoveries F FICTION Oil Ships and Rainfall. 36 P Warrune Waeetrs—PartI. . . By Edmund M. Littell 18 = . am Tested at Bureau of wl x The birth of the automobile told in a | fascinating new novel Con Seow Produce Life? . | | 3Y ‘ Bare Hanps—Conc.usion By Hawthorne Daniel 40 That Mythical “Sea Level” . . 49 The swift climax of an absorbing tale of the North Artificial Light Speeds Up Beets . 49 A Test Cigarette Fire Danger. . . 52 Li Sounds That Kill. . . . . . 538 “) RADIO Dark Rubber Lives Longer. . . 53 A How to Hook Your PHonoGraPH TO THE Rapio Set. 62 ag Lag a Vision . . a By Alfred P. Lane in Not Harmiu os Hi y Alf , Why Your Watch Slows Down. . 37 Cl ConTROLLING Rapio VOLUME By John Carr 64 Gas Appliances Made Safer by Sa Laboratory Tests . . 60 Li THE HOME WORKSHOP Model # A Surp-Movet VANE By Capt. E. A. McCann 73 one Hi . , , . y Tiny Whaling Ship for Movies . . 31 LiInDBERGH’s PLANE, Toy Size By D. M. Clayton 76 Model Building in Cork... . 31 Or CuttinG THREADS ACCURATELY . By Charles Kugler 80 4 Midget Locomotive That Runs. . 31 Sig A —— Dr August, 1927, Vol.111, No.2. Popular es yr Monthi ublished monthly United States, its possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. ‘The ~ at 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y., by the Popular cience Publishing contents of this magazine must not be reprinted without permission. In aid i Co., Ine. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 28, , at the Post Office at senting in its editorial columns numerous stories of new products of ap my New York under the act of March 3, 1879; S dditionat ‘entry as second-class science, Popular Science Monthly does not underwrite the business methods matter at Chicago, Illinois. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office of the. individuals or concerns ay them. The use of Popular Science ] Department, Canada. Printed in U. 8S. A. "Geoprighe. 1927, by the Popular Monthly articles for noe-en ng schemes is never ——* O. B. Capen, Science Publishing Co., Ine. Single copy, 25 cents. Yearly subscriptions to President and Treasurer; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; . Cole, Secretary.

Page 5

16 16 17 32 49 52 54 57 37 37 47 47 48 51 51 36 36 37 49 49 52 53 53 54 56 57 60 ecretary. —_—$—$—— nae a ————— _——_—— August, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY More Than 250 Striking Articles in This Single Issue Cover from Every Angle the Latest Developments in the World of Invention and Discovery ——— Carved Figures Depict Famous Battle . . Schoolboy Constructs Auto . Small- Scale Railway in ’ His Back wena. . Models for Flood Prevention Miniature Stage Tests Lights. Factory Ventilation Studied with Model . — Rubber for Ship’ s Crosstrees Ship Models Built from Our Blue- prints ‘ " Miniature 31 7 31 31 37 55 56 79 . 108 New Devices fia the _— Safety Guard for Your Iron Cord Detachable Edge Keeps Knife Sharp . Shears -_ from Cob. Novel Glass Teapot Has Handy Ball . Pad Protects Your Ironing Board . New Asbestos Iron Stand : Novel Washer Operates by Suction . “Heat Domes” Cook with Gas Turned Off .. ; Fish Clamp Makes Scaling Easy Adjustable Glove Drier An Iron You Don’t Lift . New Grapefruit Tool. . Keeps Moths from Your Clothes “Holder for Holders” on Gas Range Drying Rack Clamps on Radiator . Removes Vegetable Seeds and Skins New Processes and Inventions Life-Saving Suits for Harbor Firemen France Tries Iron Roads _. New Device Rectifies Current Odd Oil-Burning Locomotive Houses Washed by Machine Ten-Pound Electric Handsaw Magnet Saves Worker’s Eyes Electricity Hastens Crops. . Flame Burns Under Water in New Boiler. : Portable Reading Lamp Holder | Map Puzzle Teaches Geography. Wooden R. R. Ties Passing . “Ultrawhistle” Gives Silent Sum- mons. . Auto’s Exhaust Heats Coffee Pot Lunch Kit and Table in One “Ear Lorgnette” for Theater | Fisherman Reels Them _ : Hat of a Dozen Shapes Bote. ee Clock Controls Electric Lights . Saw Guide Replaces Miter Box . Live-Saving Suit Resembles Diver's Costume . Mechanical Smoker Breaks In Pipes High-Speed Marker Lays Traffic Lines. ; Overheated Engine Stops Ttself Signal Stops This Elevator . A New Way to Open Letters . Drill Carries Its Own Motor New Paint Stops Oil Leaks . Warns of Dangerous Fumes. . “Touchy” Electric Cable Traps the Burglar . . Pe Ie 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 16 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 54 55 55 4 b r Tests a Tipplers’ Breath . Strange New Liquid Makes Wood Fireproof. Pte ce Gas Mains Shaped like Planks . ; Liquefied Gas for Fuel Manless Tractor Plows Steering . Plciiigaaiiiee $2,000,000 Offered for His Picture Invention . Cop Invents Anti-Burglar Camera . New Camera Faster Than Lightning Feeds Movie Film at High Speed . Portable Arc Lamp Aids Amateur Movie-Makers . vith Radio New Radio Beacon “Radio Watchman” Guards Ohio Reservoir ; Hunting Treasure by Wireless Radio Lights to Guide Airmen . . Weather Maps by Radio for Los Angeles ; Hides Antenna in Ship’ s Hull “Radio Roof’ 100 Miles Up New Ideas for Chargers . Static Still Unconquered . Keep Tube Prongs Clean Heat Spoils Dry Cells C-Voltage for Power Tubes . A B C’s of Radio . Ships Destroyers Ready for Scrap ee Most Powerful Fireboat .. “Old Ironsides”” Comes Back Destroyer Her Own Dry Dock Like a Fly in a SugarBowl . . “Black Fleet” Fails to “Capture” New England : Repairing a Superdreaduaught, , Britain’s New “ Mystery Ship” Monster Warship Aground . . Modern Hospital Sails with Fleet . Largest Oil mapa —_ to _ No Funnels .. Unusual Facts ail Ideas Moving a 350-Foot Front Man Was Never an Ape. . Telephones from Ocean Bed . Treasure from the Dead Sea Metered Fuel for Homes. . Re-Create Indian Salt Mine Giant Testing Machine Rebuilding a Whale . . Faraday’s Coil Brought to America . Traffic Tower in a Hotel . ; Counting Cash by Electricity Artificial Heat for the Ocean Largest Dredge for New York’s Bridge ‘ How ae Might Talk ; Building Stone Waterproofed Speeding Up the Chariot Race . More Power from Less Coal . j Coaling a Locomotive in Four Minutes . 56 % Aerial Car Paints High Electric 56 57 57 16 17 37 48 50 32 32 45 46 54 54 61 61 61 61 61 61 16 17 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 35 55 17 35 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 44 45 46 47 47 48 49 49 52 B Cable. . 53 Mammoth Tool Bores 13-Foot Cyl inders . 53 To Hush Riveters | 54 “Perpetual Motion’ Almost 55 . Twins’ Minds Run Alike 55 Building Mammoth Generator . 55 Measuring Niagara’s Power . 55 X-Rays Ferret Out Rum. 56 Hottest Spots on Earth .. 56 Seventy Million Phone Calls a Day 56 A Deep-Sea “Butterfly Net”’ 56 Valuable New Mineral Found in Vast Deposit . 57 Canal Runs through ’ Five-Mile Tunnel . ; 57 Plaster Statues Made Bronze 57 Hints for the Mechanic New Machines Aid Mechanics . . 102 Diamond Holder for Surface Grinder 103 Installing Leather Packing . . 103 Piece of String Solves a Tapping ‘ Problem... 103 Non-Removable Rivets “for Small Fuses |, . 104 Working Cast Iron onthe Lathe. . 105 Oiled Reamer Bores Smaller . 105 Compound for Chasing Threads . 105 Oiling Hints 105 Soap Serves as Cutting Compound, Cools Bearings . 105 Pliers Adapted for Knurling a! « * Milling Odd-Width Narrow Slots . 105 Holding Short Pins Vertically . 107 Ideas for the Handy Man Kitchen Table Serves As Bench 15 How to Mix White Lead Paint . 75 Lindbergh’s Plane, Toy Size 76 Timesaving Mail Box Has Hinged Bottom . a. : A Plug That Fits Three Holes . ae Constructing an Egyptian Type Stool 78 A Hall Mail Rack Easy to Build 78 How to Make a Teakwood Tea Tray Table. a Toy Glider Made with Feathers 79 Archers Can Make Own Targets 82 A Real Home for Your Dog. . 84 Adapting a Carpenter’s Level for Testing Inclines. 84 Hiding Defects in Woodwork 84 Varnishing Glass ._. 85 How to Do Wrought Ironwork . . 86 Blueprints for Your Home Work- shop . 87 Building a Sand-Box Play Shelter 88 Cement for Filling Cracks ; 88 Patching a Shingled Roof 89 Stopping a Water Leak . 89 Liquid Metal Polish ._. 89 Solving Your House-Painting Prob- lems . 90 Rebuilding a Transmission . 92 Bench Vise Helps Clamp Glued-Up Work. . 93 To Bore a Flat Steel Spring . 93 How to Make a Paneled Chest . 94 How to Fix a Noisy Electric Motor . 98 Pine Cone and Feathers Make saci Peacock . 98

Page 6

4 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

August, 1927 Even Your Electric Toaster Hel ps Pay Public Utility Dividends By WALLACE AMES, Financial Editor f PEAKING of bargains,’’ re- marked Mr. Crane to_ his thrifty wife, as he looked up from the evening paper, ‘‘this Ought to interest you. Here is an advertisement by the Electric Light and Power Company showing nine electrical appliances for home use which all together cost only $1 a week to run. “This advertisement says that the current consumed by a hair dryer used one hour each day costs only 4c a week. We can run an electric bath room heater twenty minutes every morning for 9c a week. How about an electric vibrator? You can massage with it one hour a day, if it takes that much time getting the kinks out of your system, for 2c a week. Gee! I never realized that there were so many uses for electric current, and that it was so inexpensive. Did you?”’ “I began to realize it this after- noon,”’ replied Mrs. Crane. While I was down town I had a little time and so stopped in at the show room of the Electric Light Company. And I could hardly tear myself away. There were so many clever, labor-saving electrical contraptions there. “Why, with a few of those little contrivances I could get our house work done in less than half the time it takes me now. And they do things so well. “Let's look over our budget, plan it over a bit, so we can buy more electrical things.”’ Mr. and Mrs. Crane’s observations suggest a very big, important reason why public utility securities are today rated as sound investments. Public utility companies are making great strides in the matter of increasing the market for their services. OMEONE, whose name we do not recall, was asked how to become wealthy. His terse reply was: ‘‘Make something that everybody wants.”’ That comes “oase d close to describing what the electric light and power companies have been doing these last several years. Only they have been producing something that everyone not only wants, but needs. When the industry was in its infancy, not so many years ago, elec- tric current was used for lighting and to a certain extent for factory power. The progress that has been made within recent years in increasing the use of electric current makes the imagination stagger. Let’s begin with wired homes. Ten years ago only 5,260,000 homes, or 22 percent of the country’s total were wired’ for electricity. Today the number has been increased to 16,000,- 000 Or approximately 60 per cent. Thus, within ten years the utilities have increased their potential home market nearly 300 percent. Once a home is wired, every additional electrical appliance used adds to the utility company’s revenue without adding commensurately to its over- head. Whereas, in the beginning, elec- tricity was used in the home for light- ing only, nowadays it seems as though almost everything is done by electricity. There are at least 39 domestic appliances consuming elec- tricity, such as irons, vacuum clean- ers, refrigerators, oil heaters, sewing machines, washers, radio sets, etc. | BD peenerdeed 1926 the retail value of various electrical appliances sold reached the total of $775,828,000. Radio sets and accessories. added another half billion. Not only did the utility companies make a normal profit for their investors on their roportion of this accessory business, Ber the installation of all these ap- liances means a permanent increase in the use of electric current. Your vacuum cleaner means a market for from $1 to $4 of electric current per year. And there were a million new vacuum cleaners sold last year. Your coffee percolator means from $1.50 to $6 of current. And some four hundred thousand percolators were sold last year. If we were to go on through the entire list of electrical appliances we would find that they alone increase the income of the utilities by millions upon millions of dollars per year. Lest the reader begin to calculate that he is spending too much money on electricity it might be interesting here to insert that the total year’s electric bill for the average family is only $27.89. The valuable and convenient services which we get from electricity are among our most trivial of expenses, While great strides have been made in increasing the sale of electric current in the home, similar progress has been made in commercial and jp. dustrial fields. Electric power has replaced steam power in factories, Industrial plants, office and apart. ment buildings, hospitals and various types of institutions which once gen- erated their own power have in num- berless cases discontinued their own generators to become big customers of the central stations. MODERN advertising has done its share to increase the use of electric current. Look at all the electric signs, and the brightly lighted store win- dows. Civic pride has helped with its ‘‘White Way ' street lighting. An indication of the increased mar- ket for power in industry is given by the figures.on motor horsepower op- erated by electricity purchased from central stations. The figure in 191 was 3,884,724. By 1923 it had in creased to 13,365,663. More recent figures are not available. . Including domestic, commercial and industrial uses, there are now fully three thousand separate ways in which electric current is used. In the one yeat, 1926, nearly one and a half million new customers were added to the books of electric light and power companics, bringing their total up to neatly twenty million customers. partment, domestic lighting, commet cial lighting, and power customers, ha shown an increase around 300 perceiit during the last 10 years. T DOES not automatically fok low that any and all public utility securities are good investments, just because the industry as a whole & in good condition. Reputable it vestment bankers scrutinize evefy piece of public utility financing with great care. Their engineers lawyers go into every detail. Re in the files of bankers are voluminous and complete. {Each individual offer ing of stock or bonds is made to tht public on its individual merits, nd alone on the status of the industry # a whole. of] seatiitics in this article based on researches mé by Electrical World and Electrical Merchandi Each de

com with How men How your How doub rate, How back Wha' mort, first of th All of vital te edition Scenes copy m 8 i=] e <4 ~ emory

"S } &

A me atrange buying, of Real tion or Ting, it New 288 pp. th POPUL:

Page 7

bust, 1927 Xpenses, en made electric Progress . an in- wer has actories, 1 apart. | various nce gen- in num- eir own istomers done its f electric ric signs, ore wine with its L sed maf- given by wert Op- ed from in 19lf had in- e recent rcial and »w fully in which one yeat, ~ million he books mpanics, > nearly Each de commer mers, has > percent lly fol ic utility ts, just whole is able it re «every ing with ers Reports luminous ual offer Je to the rits, not dustry # Sendamelt POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Here is the ANSWER to questions which bother many investors How can you tell what gives a first mortgage bond absolute safety? How can you get the highest in- come from your money, consistent with safety? How can you select a safe invest- ment house? How can you retire in 15 years on your present living budget? How can you get 644%—more than double the savings bank interest rate, with all the convenience? How can you judge the security back of a first mortgage bond? What is the history of the first mortgage bond in Chicago? Why can Cochran & McCluer sell first mortgage bonds in every state of the Union without salesmen? All of these questions and many others vital to investors are answered in the new . edition of a famous book, “Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made.” Get your copy now. We'll gladly send it. No sales- man will call. ee OSS SOneg gees -27 % ® Cochran & McCluer Co. 46 North Dearborn St. Chicago, IIL. Gentlemen: Please send me without obligation your book, “Behind the Scenes Where Bonds Are Made.” No salesman will call. Name | EE eee er eee City .. State TERR RRR RRR RRR REE SE SE | Cochran & M‘Cluer Co, Established 1881 Never a loss to any investor 4 NORTH DEARBORN STREET Chicago POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Real Estate Educator A most comprehensive yet concise atrangement of useful facts about ying, selling, leasing and sub-letting of eal Estate, contracting, for erec- tion or repairs, mortgaging, transfer- a) insuring, etc. ew revised edition. 288 pp. Price $2.00, postpaid. To Help You Get Ahead ke Booklets listed below will help every family in laying out a financial plan. They will be sent on request. How to Build an Independent Income(1927 Edition)—Describes a - for buying 644% First Mortgage Bonds by payments of $10 or more a month, and shows the results that may be accomplished by systematic investment. Ad- dress: The F. H. Smith Company, Smith Building, Washington, D.C. Ask for Booklet 75. The House Behind the Bonds reminds the in- vestor of the importance, not only of studying the investment, but of checking up the banker who offers it. Address: Fidelity nd & Mortgage: Co., 1188 New York Life Building, Chicago, Ill. Behind the Scenes where Bonds Are Made tells how you can retire in fifteen years and have an income equal to your present living budget. This booklet can be secured by writing to Cochran and McCluer Company, 46 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill. Wune investments obviously cannot be guaranteed by the Publisher, every effort will be made to insure that only adver- tisements of absolutely reliable companies are accepted. Address your inquiries to Wallace Ames, Financial Editor, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York. Security The satisfaction of home owner- ship can’t be described. But it can be enjoyed, by those with courage to save instead of spend. With so much at stake, let your earnings accumulate safely in Fidelity 612% First Mortgage Bonds. They are triply-secured —by ample physical property; by Fidelity’s conservatism; by our guarantee of the payment of principal and interest when due. You’ll invest more often and delity’s Booklet, “The House Behind the Bonds.”’ Send for it now. I BOND .* MORTGAGE ry J.U.MENTEER President ~ INCORPORATED 193 660 Chemical Bldg., St. Louis 1188 New York Life Bldg., Chicago 378 Colorado Nat’! Bank Bidg., Denver L-232 more wisely after reading Fi-. } 3 FIDELITY: GUARANTEES -EVERY: BOND/o © This seal on a radio, tool or oi] burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. There is a reason for World-Wide Confidence IN SMITH BONDS Ea. safeguard and provision, our long experience in the First Mort- gage field recommends, is utilized for the benefit of the investor. omen Smith Bond is secured by a First Mortgage on improved Real Estate—a First lien on land and building; a first lien in effect on net property earnings, the owner being required to make monthly payments in advance for interests and a por- tion of the principal. i. Mortgage ‘that secures a Smith Bond issue is a first mortgage on property advantageously located, whose valuation, as established by competent and reputable appraisers, is substantially in excess of the first mortgage. These and many other important factors make SMITH BonpDs _ They Yield Safe 6; % Interest Sure > Income Satisfactory 2 O Denominations of $1000, $500, $100. Maturing from 2 to 10 years. Detailed information concerning SMITH BONDS and the safe- guards that protect your invest- ment may be had on request. Ask for Booklet No. 75-29 Our Mail Service Department No matter where you may be you can avail yourself of the Mail Order Service of our Home Office in Wash- ington, D.C. Your investments and inquiries will be given the same per- sonal, efficient and courteous atten- tion you would receive if you called at one of our offices. The F,H.SMITHCo. Founded 1873 Smith Building, Washington, D.C. 285 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. Continental & Commercial Bank Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Boston ALBANY BuFFALo MINNEAPOLIS Sr. Louis Kindly send Booklet and information regarding SMITH BONDS, NAME 75-29 ADDRESS

Page 8

‘in the ERS PEN up a booklet on oil burning in any train, wait- ing room or public place, and it is almost a certainty that the stranger next to you will start a conversation. This unfailing interest is seldom accompanied by any particular knowledge on the subject, either. For if more people really knew about oil burners, they would not just be interested but would own one of these truly wonderful devices. When it comes to knowing about oil burners and the degree of satisfac- tion they give, the Popular Science Institute x Standards probably has more complete and ane knowl- edge on the subject than any other organization. The Institute has spent a year’s time and several thousand dollars in gathering the data that it has on oil burners. The one outstanding fact deter- mined by the Institute's investigation is that practically every owner of a good oil burner is satisfied and considers that his burner has lived up to the promises made for it. One thing is certain—if the public as a whole were as fully convinced of the efficiency, conven- ience and comfort of oil burners as is the Institute, there would be few homes without them. This opinion is based on the data mstitute’s possession after questioning 3,343 oil burner owners located in 252 cities in 30 different states. The findings were entirely impartial, the whole investigation being conducted by the Director of the Popular Science Institute, Dean Collins P. Bliss of the College of Engineering, New York University. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY This investigation was undertaken for three reasons. First, to secure general information on this subject in which readers had shown considerable interest. And, in the second place, to be able to authoritatively advise readers just what makes of burners would give them good results. The third reason for the investigation was to protect both Poputar Science Montaty and its readers in regard to oil burner advertisements in the maga- zine. All oil burners advertised in Poputar Science MonruHty are cov- ered by the publisher’s guarantee. Poputar ScreNcE MontTHLY Cannot, and will not, carry the advertising of any but reliable burners. Over 1400 readers have already written the Institute and asked for specific recommendations of oil burn- ers for their homes. Many of them have written telling us that they have © Popular Science Monthly GUARANTEE The above seal on an advertisement indicates that the products referred to have been approved after test by the Popuiar Science Institute of Standards. OPULAR Science MonrTHLy guaran- tees every article of merchandise ad- vertised in its columns. Readers who buy products advertised in Poputar Science Montuiy may expect them to give absolute satisfaction under normal and proper use. Our readers in buying these products are guaran- teed this satisfaction by Poputar Scrence Monrtuty. Tue PusLisHEerRs By questioning 3,343 oil burner owners Popular Science Institute of Standards was to compile a list of a number of good Makes that were found to be giving general Satisfaction FS installed burners recommended by Institute and how pleased they with the results. One of these owners recently wrote, “‘I only wi had asked you before; our oil bu has been such a comfort.’’ This seems to be the general attitude. The difference between heating wi oil and with coal is, they have a the difference between having an ever ly heated warm home instead of a top hot or too cold one; between absolute ly forgetting heating problems, aa shoveling, sifting and constantly # tending a furnace. As to the costal using the two types of fuel, mom owners report slight differences few spend less, some spend slightly more for oil than for coal, but th majority find the cost about equal. Then there is the question of sett ice. Many people who have had m experience with oil burning are unde the impression that frequent servi calls are customary and _ necessaff. This is not true. Good burners, such as those on the approved list of the Popular Science Institute of Standards require little servicing and such ser ice as is required receives prompt at tention, with no inconvenience @ the part of the owner. Contrast thi with the daily calls of the furnat tender and ashman when coal is dt heat supply! Readers writing for recommendé tions of burners should tell (a) nut ber of rooms in the house, (b) typed heating system, (c) average anmil® coal consumption, (d) whether gasalt electricity are available. Address i Popular Science Institute, 250 Foutt Ave., New York, N. Y. be Augus' U1 I efficic increa raised. The day au limitat permit fuel. I “knocl compr: Tha: search develo which, quantit eliming cies anc ETHYL

Page 9

g an ever d of a too absolute: lems, and tantly a 1¢e cost of uel, most erence—4 1 slightly , but th r equal. n of sett re had m are under nt service necessaty. ners, such ist of the Standards, such sett rompt at nience of trast this e furnat oal is the Get the benefits of high UTOMOTIVE engineers have long known that the efficiency of gasoline engines increases as their compression is raised, The compression of the present day automobile is as high as the limitations of ordinary gasoline permit. Gasoline is not a perfect fuel. It explodes too soon (i. e., “knocks” and loses power) when compressed beyond certainlimits. That is why automotive re- search devoted many years to the development of “ETHYL” fluid, which, when mixed in very small quantities with motor gasoline, timinates its knocking tenden- ciesand makes it a high compres- ETHYL GASOLINE CORPORATION, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY sion fuel. The fuel so mixed is Ethyl Gasoline. Ethyl Gasoline has brought the benefits of high compression — greater power and flexibility, faster pick-up, reduced gear- shifting — to hundreds of thou- sands of motorists. This is because carbon deposits raise the com- pression of your engine beyond the point at which it was designed to perform efficiently with ordi- nary gasoline. Try Ethyl Gasoline to-day. En- joy a driving satisfaction and engine performance that you have never before experienced with your car. The “ETHYL” trade- mark shown above identifies the Ethyl Gasoline pump. 25 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY What high compression means to you HE principle of high compres- sion is readily understood. The tighter you pack the powder charge in a muzzle loading gun, the greater the force given the bullet. Similarly, the tighter gasoline vapor and air are compressed in the combustion cham- ber (the space between the head of the cylinder and the topof the piston) beforeignition, the greater the power derived from the explosion. Increasing compression therefore simply means decreasing the size of the combustion space, which may be accomplished mechanically or through the formation of carbon. Higher compression means a more powerful and flexible car, less gear- shifting, faster pick-up. In short, a performance impossible with lower com- pression and the use of ordinary gasoline. ETHYL GASOLINE © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 10

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Bey ond All We had scarcely hoped for such performance. New as today — old as Grebe’s reputation and experience—the Synchrophase Seven typifies Grebe leadership of over seventeen years—a leadership built on the production of only the best that engineering skill could devise. Cxp eclalion For nearly a score of years Grebe has developed device after device— radical, practical, permanent—for the improvement of radio reception. And now—the Synchrophase Seven—the latest proof of Grebe leadership. 1 Controlling Dial that tunes accurately without aid of additional dials. 3-Point Tuning Drive —smooth-running, permanent adjustment. 5 Tuning Stages for maximum selectivity and fidelity of tone. 7 Useful Tubes each playing a distinct and important part in the produc- tion of tone, volume and distance. The cabinet, of selected butt grain walnut, has a panel of French marquetry exquisitely designed and wrought. Booklet P gives the details. Your dealerwill demonstrate. A. H. Grebe © Co., Inc., 109 West 57th Street, New York City Western Branch: 443 So. San Pedro St., Los Angeles, Calif. Factory: Richmond Hill, N. Y. The oldest exclusive radio manufacturer SYNCHROPHASR, JQ ea RADIO REB

Page 11

pee Se gs Cae AUGUST, 1927 SUMNER N.BLOSSOM Editor VOL. III, NO. 2 ( ommander Byrd Tells~ "Cp ) hy We May Wait 20 SYears for Ocean -A7R Lines An Analysts of the Trans- Atlantic Flights of Lindbergh and Chamberlin, by the Man Who First Flew to the Pole HE world-wide rejoicing over Charlie Lindbergh’s superb feat of flying alone from New York to Paris, and, two weeks later, over the equally amazing achievement of Clarence D. Cham- berlin and Charles A. Levine in fying to within 110 miles of Berlin, has largely obscured the fact that they made thereby priceless contri- butions to the science of aeronautics. Thousands of columns that for weeks flooded the world’s newspapers justly extolled the fine courage of the trans-Atlantic flyers. Much was made of the risks they took. I, for me, regret that so little praise was bestowed upon the pilots’ technical skill which went into preparations for and execution of their stupendous flights. in my opinion, which is supported by a wide circle of aviators, Lind- bergh and Chamberlin both demon- strated three important things: they took what were virtually commercial- type planes and flew them 3600 and 4100 miles, respectively, without nishap, proving that their craft were to freaks; they steered the whole _ way by compass, demonstrating that the new earth inductor compass was a highly reliable instrument; and they kept their air-cooled motors timing unceasingly the whole way, atest which alone was nearly worth their entire efforts. Many have disparaged the flights & a contribution to commercial nic air lines. In Lind- bergh’s case they called attention to the fact that he flew alone, and de- dared that no passenger would ever portage in a_ single-motored machine. Then, when Levine sur- prised even his wife and friends, at last moment, by taking passage The author, Commander Richard E. Byrd, wearing the Congressional Medal of Honor awarded to him for his flight to the Pole MONG the millions who anxiously fol- lowed the trans-Atlantic flyers in their amazing hops to Europe was‘one man who, better than any other, knew the perils sur- rounding them, and the skill required to carry them through. That was Comman- der Byrd, first to fly over the North Pole, and one of the world’s foremost aerial navigators. For him, the flights over the ocean were no dare-devil race. They were thoughtful, courageous efforts to advance aviation. Poputar Science Montuty considers it- self fortunate to present to its readers Com- mander Byrd’s own analysis of these great achievements, and his graceful tribute to the pilots who accomplished them. He gives us an authoritative picture of the enormous work to be done before regularly scheduled air liners can follow the lonely trail blazed by the Spirit of St. Louis and the Columbia. over the Atlantic with Chamberlin, it was pointed out that, since dropping into the sea likely would have meant death, theirs was no more a practical exploit than the stunt of a man walking a tightrope across Niagara Falls. HESE are not sound criticisms. Bleriot, on his first crossing of the English Channel, was doing what, in the mind of the public, was a dare- devil feat. Yet his example inspired engineers and capitalists to establish a London-Paris air line that now op- erates daily. Even in the early days of our transcontinental railroads, records show that people thought an engine breakdown would be fatal, either from the bitter blizzards that swept the prairies, or from toma- hawking Indians who would swoop down upon the unprotected train. Yet each crossing of our country brought men nearer to the dazzling rail service now at the disposal of a traveler. Today ocean flying is still a gam- ble. Neither Lindbergh nor Cham- berlin, by their gallant voyages, have made it otherwise. It will be some twenty years, in my opinion, before regular commercial trans-Atlantic air service. is established. What these two pilots have done, though, is to reveal the nature of the hazards by first-hand experience, and, like Bleriot, to inspire men with new confidence that they are not too great to be conquered eventually. They have demonstrated, for one thing, that ocean flight will remain a gamble until we have full and ac- curate knowledge of weather over the sea. Heretofore ocean weather data have been collected haphazardly. All of us who look forward to ocean flying in the future have examined

Page 12

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY every detail of the weather records _ in the ocean, that would in effect be man- Lindbergh and Chamberlin brought made islands, provided with food, sleep- down with them, for theirs is the first ing quarters, fuel supplies and wireless complete first-hand list of conditions ob- _ station. tained over the Paris-New York route I am convinced that a proposed “sea- within a limited period of time. UR governmental Weather Bureau has made a science out of weather prediction for this country. Storms can be foretold; precipita- tion and temperatures can be ap- proximated in advance; and the severity of the seasons has become almost a matter of mathematical tables. But we know relatively little about the weather over the ocean. Of course, it roughly follows that of the contiguous land to the westward. This is so because the prevailing wind motion in the North Atlantic is from west to east. Vessels making passage from Europe to America regularly submit their. meteorological data through various channels to our Navy Hydrographic Office in Washington, D. C.. So- called “Pilot Charts” give the digests of these reports at regular intervals. In preparing the America for our planned flight across the Atlantic, we had the _ codpera- tion of the Radio Corporation of America and the Weather Bureau. Both relayed to us the daily reports of vessels at sea regarding the state of weather they were encountering. But this was far from enough on which to base commercial flying over the ocean. For one thing, such reports are based on only spasmodic observa- tions by passing ships. Then they are, of course, taken at sea level. Depth of fog, height of wind dis- turbances, thickness of cloud forma- tions and the like have never been gathered. Lindbergh and Chamber- lin have made it plain that if ocean flying is to be practicable, a con- tinuing weather service will certainly have to be established, with large central receiv- lp ing stations at New York, on London and Paris. jza Of other danger fac- fa) tors that must be elimi- x nated,‘most important is chance of engine failure. At once we realize that the single-engined planes which Lindbergh and Chamberlin flew would have to be replaced by a multi-engined machine capable of being keptaloft by only part of its several- engined units. For in- stance, a plane with ten engines might readily be designed to fly with only six of them. In emer- gency certain weights such as landing gear might be dropped, and thus let even fewer en- gines keep the plane aloft. 9 drome,” or floating hangar, such as the MORE

A HUNDRED WONDER Ube Popular Science. The proposed ‘“‘seadrome”’ or giant floating hangar de- signed as a way station for ocean flight by Edward R. Armstrong, noted engineer, as pictured on the cover of Poputar Science Montuty last October. Lindbergh and Byrd both express belief in the necessity of some such plan @#AZORES x Ors. 2 Vag by x : fe) e <3 2 nd), 7 Za 9, r a % Co ey @ Vive 2

ere AL ERTAINLY there will have to be The Lindbergh and Chamberlin flights open landing stations along the way. Lindbergh himself has expressed the fascinating possibility of girdling the earth by airplane in a series of hops, indicated on this his map. No single jump would be longer than favor of great floating hangars anchored the 3600-mile stretch from New York to Paris

one designed by Edward R. Ar chief experimental engineer for E, Pont de Nemours and Company, wil] 800 prove practical. The idea is sound, 4, soon as the proper engineering skil] behind the move and funds are provided for such ventures, they can- be built. The greatest problem willy to anchor the floats. Seadrome, should be common sights Over the ocean within a few years, would be supplemented by land; fields on the land bordering route; Newfoundland and J for the northern route, and th Azores and Portugal for the south, ern one. In the future, too, there will hay to be fast patrol craft along the gjp lanes to act both as lightships and rescue units. \ ," YJHEN Commander Read flew the Atlantic some year ago he hopped to Newfoundland and thence to the Azores. Along his route were stationed many naygl vessels. Yet when his companion flyer, Commander Towers, fell into the sea it took the rescue vessels some time just to find the plane In this connection the passenger or express plane will have to havea seaworthy hull so that she can float for an indefinite time and eyep make some way through the water, She will have to be equipped with radio that can be used afloat as well as aloft. That is not the case with our present plane radio equipment, Thus, for a long time, only the seaplane type of aircraft will do the dependable cross-sea flying. There is bound to be great ad vance of airplane design before we shall be able to buy a ticket t Europe by air. No average passen ger could stand the present strain on nerves and body that more than thirty hours aloft entails. It isa common thing for passengers on th Paris-London route arrive with green facs and heaving stomach due to air sickness result ing from their planes leaping about over the Channel. As with steam 2 ers, the relief for this xt misery will lie in larger and larger planes. Y THER nerve strains % will be reduced evel : / before passenger service Sy becomes a_ factor @ I. : . 4 plane design. One is the constant roar of an a plane’s motor. Even# the accustomed _ pilét hy this is always disagre® able. Mufflers al have been desi Only a few weeks ago# plane flown over Hudson River madelittl more noise than an automobile. trouble is that the muffler reduces power of the engine. But when thereat many engines in one plane this need mt make so much difference. Much has been done in the way #

Page 13

ompanion s, fell into ue vessels the plane, passenger to havea e can float and even the water, pped with pat as well case with quipment, , only the will do the g. great ad- before we ticket to ge pastes ent strain more than s. Itisa vers on the route t reen faces stomachs ess result ir planes over the ith steam t for this - in larger nes. rve strains luced even rer service factor m One is the of an alt Evento red _ pillat . disagree S already designet. eks ago over made littl bile. ‘Tht duces the . there alt s need nél ie way @ August, 1927 rsonal service aboard planes used for short passenger routes in Europe. Meals can be served and naps taken. But in the day and a half crossing of the Atlantic by air the passenger will have to be warmed and fed and entertained if his patronage of the line is to be kept, 0 DOUBT heating will be done by utilization of the exhaust of the engine. Regular dining car service can be installed without the addition of much weight. Radio will provide entertain- ment. However, all these things are easier said than done. And some years will have to pass before the small refine- ments so indispensable to the critical traveler can be perfected. This year the Germans, in particular, have gone well ahead with design of nger planes. They are building a machine that utilizes the wing for space for passenger cabins. This means a wing six to ten feet thick. At first thought, such a condition would seem detrimental to the plane because of wing résistance. But it is the vacuum above a wing rather than the push of air under it that stands for lifting power. Therefore, a deep wing front is really beneficial. The trans- Atlantic plane of 1950 may have wings thick enough for two tiers of cabin and stowage spaces. Naturally the multi-engine plane must have its engines accessible from the central station. This may seem a super- fuous remark. Yet I believe this was never done until 1926; and that only one triengined plane today has a “cat-walk”’ from its cockpit to the outboard engines. This is a good example of how much has to be accomplished before the feats of Lindbergh and Chamberlin can tie up with practical commercial flying over the same route. As planes grow the fire risk will grow with them. In the America we have a quick dumping device for emptying our fuel tanks if we see that a crash is inevita- ble. The tragic accident to Captain Fonck’s plane last year was a sample of the peril from a quick blaze. Yet quick dumping of fuel is not the final answer. Surely there should be developed a fuel that is not so highly in- fammable as gasoline. Possibly some form of alcohol can be got from cellulose that will make a cheaper and safer fuel. I suppose that even a very high powered storage battery may be devised some day. But we are far from it now. HAVE been asked if there will be helicopters on the large ocean planes of the future, making it possible for them to hover when they reach their destina- tion. Frankly, I see little promise in the helicopter. On the other hand, I confess to a growing enthusiasm for the possi- bilities of using parachutes on planes to lower them slowly in cases of emergency. Size of plane need be no hindrance to very arge parachutes, or perhaps several sus- pending different parts of the machine. [am inclined to think that the remark- € success of the earth inductor com- pass in guiding the trans-Atlantic flyers on their course was the most important Single item in the list of what they achieved. This type of compass is not especially new in principle. We could hot have used it (Continued on page 113) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Ao Lindbergh and his single-engine mono- plane Spirit of St. Louis—which thrilled the world by riding more than 3600 miles from New York to Paris in 3314 hours. This and Chamberlin’s record flight to Germany, says Commander Byrd, proved the efficiency of stock planes, and the reliability of navigating instruments. il

Page 14

12 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘saan Lindbergh’s Great Partner Mechanical Marvels of the Monoplane, Engine and Precision Instruments That Carried Him to Fame By FRANK PARKER STOCKBRIDGE ? »’ SAID Lindbergh. “My plane and J.” The plane first. Right. The courageous young flyer could never have made his magnificent ocean hop without a plane. Planes have flown without a pilot, radio-controlled; one may yet fly pilotless from New York to Paris. But that is another story. This is about Lindhbergh’s plane. Give Lindbergh, the man, every last ounce of credit for courage, judgment and flying skill, yet his plane and its equip- ment had to be as good of their kind as he is of his kind. What is it like, then, this last word in airplanes? How does it differ from other planes which previously had tried long-distance flights and failed? The Spirit of St. Louis embodies all that has been learned about airplane design and construction since the Armi- stice. The war taught aircraft designers a great deal, especially about building fight- ing planes. But— No airplane which was in existence at the signing of the Armistice, on November 11, 1918, equipped with any engine which was then in existence, could have made the flight which Lindbergh made. War demanded high speed, great maneuverability, a high ceiling and power with which to climb to it quickly. Peace time aviation calis for safety, stability, endurance and reliability, minor consider- ations in fighting planes intended for short flights at top speed. In its elemental design, Lind- bergh’s plane embodies one lesson learned from war. It is a mono- plane. MERICAN aviation began with biplanes, and America has stuck consistently to biplanes ever since, until recently. France began with monoplanes. Had it not been for Glenn Curtiss’s victory with his biplane, when he won the first inter- national aviation trophy at Rheims, in 1909, American aircraft designers might have considered the monoplane a little more seriously in the early days of the art. But the Curtiss victory was regarded as a triumph of the biplane, regarded as the safer and more stable of the two types and capable, as was dem- onstrated at Rheims, of even greater 8 , England followed America’s lead, in the main, with the result that the great majority of the airplanes used by the Allies in the war were biplanes. But some of the French monoplanes proved their superiority in many respects, and when the war ended students of aviation gen- erally agreed that the one small plane which had given the best account of itself on either side, was the German Fokker designed by a Dutchman from French models. That stimulated the development of the monoplane after the war, for com. mercial use. In America only one sue. cessful monoplane had been developed in 1919, by Grover Cleveland Loening. Today at least eight of the most widely. known makes of airplanes have but one pair of wings. It was a monoplane, the AH \NOUCTOR®” Oil & PRESSURE GAGE fn SANK AND TURN INDICATOR i CLOCK / TACHOMETER @ \ f INCLINOMETESR GNITION / SWITCH Courtesy ‘‘ Aero Digest” Interior of the monoplane’s cockpit, showing instruments and controls by which Lindbergh guided himself to Paris with almost uncanny precision. In the upper picture Lindbergh is Driving mechanism of tarth inductor compass. seen at the little window of his inclosed cabin Power is generated by a tiny windmill at the top Columbia-Bellanca, which carried Cham- berlin and Levine on their record hop to Germany, and which previously estab- lished a new world’s record for sustained flight. It was in a Fokker monoplane that Commander Byrd crossed the North Pole. All three of the planes that lined up on Long Island in May last, pre paring to fly to Paris, were monoplanes And it was in the smallest of them all, the little Ryan monoplane, that Charlie Lindbergh first flew across. Yet one of the comments which Lint bergh made about his experiences @ observations in Europe was an expressioll of surprise at the greater development d the monoplane in France. Lindbergh’s plane is but slightly mode fied from the commercial type of the same make which is regularly used in carrying Wright Whirlwind motor which drove the Spirit iT mail between Los Angeles and Seattle, of St. Louis 3647 miles without missing a stroke | Via San Francisco. It is what is known a Augus a sen wings comm seat i: the ec ress aie The the st this ca to hol gasolir across inclose ting & entran fuselag windo' regula: gallon: miles, wings, inside behind iH ta reason: weight that he tween engine the sex length tank t sening line be longest bergh’s feet. Four two ga amount bergh somewl and a h pounds which plane i Thisext Increasi the wir Was ad enlargec hecessit standar:

Page 15

usust, 1927 CT t of itself, | Fokker, 1 French ment of for com- one suc- eloped in ning, t widely. - but one lane, the

hat lined ast, pre- noplanes, them all, t Charlie ich Lind- neces and xpressioi pment of tly modi the same carrying { Seattle, known a

vid = Coat X

200 -H. P- ENGINE + METAL 7 PROPELLER jm y, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 13 The design and equipment of the

OIL TANK PERISCOPE Spirit of St. Louis. This broken- INSTRUMENT BOARD away view reveals the mechanical GAS TANKS GAS TANKS features of Lindbergh’s monoplane

AIR VENT. iA X ws that embody the last word in air- plane construction. The machine is only slightly modified from commer- AILERON cial planes of the same make. Notice y= a-WINDMILL FOR COMPASS

~.

INDUCTOR COMPASS GENERATOR

RUDDERS Sn oi bite

LANDING GEAR LIFE RAFT RACK FOR STABILIZER TAIL SKID ACCESSORIES FOOD COMPARTMENT STORAGE SPACE a semicantilever monoplane, with the terbalance the shifting of weightforward. the wings are almost exactly seven feet wings located above the fuselage. In the So ten feet was .added to the length wide, from front to back, their area is commercial plane of this type, the pilot’s of the wings, giving them a spread of 320 square feet; the lifting capacity of six- seat is directly behind the wings, while forty-six feet. This, it proved, was suffi- teen pounds to the square foot demon- the compartment for mail, ex- ress matter or passengers 1s under the wings. The first change made from the standard design was to fill this cargo space with large tanks to hold the 300 extra gallons of gasoline needed to carry the flyer across the Atlantic; the next, to inclose the pilot’s cockpit, put- ting 2 roof over his head and an entrance door on the right of the fuselage, with a corresponding window on the left. The three regular tanks, which carry 153 gallons of gas, enough for 500 miles, are located between the wings, over the cargo space, and inside the body of the machine, behind the pilot. HE new location of the gas tanks was chosen for two reasons; first, to put all the weight in front of the pilot, so that he would not be crushed be- tween the gas tank and the engine in case of a crash; the second, to reduce the length of the gas line from tank to engine, thereby les- sening the danger of the gas line becoming clogged. The longest gas line in Lind- bergh’s plane is barely two feet. Four hundred and _fifty- two gallons of gasoline, the amount with which Lind- bergh started off, weighs somewhat more than a ton and a half, instead of the 750 pounds of mail or passengers which the standard Ryan plane is designed to carry. thisextra weight necessitated increasing the lifting area of the wings. Further weight was added not only by the enlarged wings but by the necessity of lengthening the standard fuselage, to coun-

cient to lift the strated on the Paris flight might easily be initial load of exceeded, although the design of the 5,150 pounds wings of Lindbergh’s plane is for speed with which the rather than lift. Spirit of St. Louis The rule in airplane construction is started across “thin wings for speed, thick wings for the Atlantic. As _ lift.’”’ This plane’s wings are only about eight inches through at the thickest point. They are made of spruce ribs shaped to what is known as the “Clark Y” section, held in place by wires, and covered with cotton fabric treated with ““dope,”’ a solution of cellulose in acetic acid which stretches the fab- ric and keeps it taut. One interesting departure from standard practice in the wings is the location of the ailerons, the “little wings” which operate to control lat- eral balance, and are hinged to the after edge of the main Above, Lind- bergh’s speed timer. At right, speed and drift meter, which en- abled him to cal- culate angle of drift and speed a wing structure, one on each At extreme right, the indicator of the earth inductor com- side. When the plane starts pass. All the way across, Lindbergh watched the little hand to tip to the right, a slight on the dial, which told him of any deviation from his course movement of the control lever or “‘joy stick,” swings the right aileron downward and the left one upward. This reduces the wind pres- sure on the lower side of the left wing and increases it on the corresponding surface of the right wing, bringing the plane back to an even keel. The ailerons, too, enable the flyer to “bank” the machine in turning, and so avoid side-slips. In Lindbergh’s plane the ailerons, instead of being attached to the wings at the extreme ends, where they are usually placed, are cut in about two feet from the wing tips to increase the rigidity of the wings. HE fuselage, or body, of the plane, is suspended from the wings by wooden

First model of the earth inductor compass, the invention of Maurice M. , . Titterington (left), which enabled Lindbergh and the Spirit of St. Louis struts, streamlined, or shaped to reach the Irish coast at a point only three miles from the planned course to (Continued on page 123)

Page 16

14 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August; i97 ‘iain TRA GASO i : Ex ea LINE Tren and eauipmey ; plane Columbia. Vir tually every Part, even the wing struts made to in —_ plane's lifting capacity GASOLINE TANK WINGS 200-H.P WHIRLWIND ENGINE IN INSTRUMENTS Olu TANK EARTH INDUCTOR COMPASS FOOD SUPPLY WING STRUT RECORDING BAROGRAPH DESK FOR OIL TANK WALNUT PROPELLER © Tie First Plane 7o Germany What Aviation Experts Say About the Atlantic Flights and the Future of Ocean Air Commerce By GeorcGE LEE Down, Jr. NE minute before Clarence Chamberlin soared aloft in the stur- dy Bellanca monoplane Columbia for his record-breaking flight from New York to Ger- many, the first “air passenger” to Europe climbed into the cabin —Charles Levine, backer of the flight. Levine, it is true, “worked his way”’ across the ocean; for be- sides the duplicate instruments he watched during the flight, he relieved Chamberlin at the con- trols, now and then, to give the pilot a wink of sleep. Nevertheless, while it took a Lindbergh to blaze the first air trail, alone, over the Atlantic to France, it remained for Chamber- lin, in his flight to Germany, to first give the world a prophetic glimpse of actual passenger travel in an aerial cabin above the ocean. By the time you read this, there may be other transocean flights, other overseas air passen- gers. New wonders in aviation are following one another in be- wildering succession. What next? What new accomplishments may we expect in the coming weeks and months? In messages to PopuLar Science Monrtu.y, a number of America’s foremost aviation authorities have given us their impressions of the trans-Atlantic flights and their significance to future air travel. ““Where these men have pio- neered, others will follow,”’ reads a telegram from Maj. Gen. Mason M. Patrick, Chief of Air Corps, U. S. Army. “Speeds — ™>— MAPS, Etc GASOLINE DUMP DISTILLED VALVE WATER CURVED STABILIZER +s * . = ros _ -, Moy et a Clarence Chamberlin (left) and Charles Levine, “‘passen- ger,” at the nose of the. Columbia before hopping off and pay loads will be increased, Ocean air lines will be organized, and ten years will make commer. cial air traffic over our oceans the rule rather than the exception.” Vindication of the air-cooled motor for aviation, with the hope of transocean air lines in the future, is the concrete result of the flights, declares Rear-Admiral William A. Moffett, U. §. N, Chief of the Bureau of Aen nautics. “Such rapid progres is now being made,” he wires, “that no one can tell what wil happen next. American aero nautics is on its way to eve more remarkable successes.” Ocean-going commercial planes and mid-ocean landing plact may be built at any time now, believes Wm. P. McCrackea, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Com merce for Aeronautics. Theit construction awaits only th financial backing that flights such as Lindbergh’s and Cham berlin’s will stimulate. ‘‘ What,” he asks, “is there to prevent’ regular trans-Atlantic air trans portation schedule within 4 period of, say, five years, if only the necessary financial backing can be made available?” HAMBERLIN landed atEe leben, Germany, with his lat drop of gasoline gone—in a& cordance with his announet intention of flying as long as his fuel lasted. Had he been ablet re-fuel at some mid-ocean f station he could have contim indefinitely. “‘Such facilities ar absolutely necessary to ‘ commercial flying on the Atlante or any other ocean possi wires E. R. Armstrong, inventot of the “seadrome,” a “floating airplane (Continued on page 181) termin divers an It Nanni. boat te the sul Shot constr prove s for the When ramme coast, aboard F-4, ax Honoh marine submay avenue underse Man number floats ts June is: Comm: markal & prope

Page 17

be increased, ganized, » commer. »ceans the ception.” air-cooled 1 the hope ‘Ss in the result of r-Admiral J. §. N, of Aero- progres he wires, what will “an aeT0- ' to even >sses.” cial planes ig places ‘ime now, eCracken, y of Com s. Ther only the at flights rd Cham “ec What,” prevent & air trans within @ rs, if only 1 backing led at Eis ith his last e—in at Nnnow , ong as his en able t ean continu jlities am to . e Atlante possible, , inventor August, 1927 Liteboats under the Sea oe HEN, in the future, a disabled submarine sinks to the sea bottom, its crew need not fear a losing struggle for oxygen-— terminated at last by death unless frantic divers reach them. Such is the belief of an Italian-American inventor, Menotti Nanni, who has devised an undersea life- boat to be attached to and released from the submarine in an entirely new way. Should the man-size model he is now constructing at Tivoli, near Rome, Italy, prove successful, it will fill a pressing need for the safety of underwater navigation. When the U. S. submarine S-5/1 was rammed and sunk off the New England coast, nearly all of the thirty-four men aboard were drowned. The sinking of the F-4, another Navy underwater craft, off Honolulu a few years ago, was another marine tragedy that brought home to submarine designers the necessity of some avenue of escape for men imprisoned in undersea boats. Many schemes have been suggested; a number employ a detachable cabin that floats to the surface with the crew. In the une issue of PopULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, Commander Fitzhugh Green based a re- markable story, “Black Death,” on such 4 proposed invention. He told of a sub- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 15: Inventor Designs Odd Rescue Barrels By ALDEN How unsinkable, barrel-shaped life cabins, released from a foundered submarine, might carry the crew to the surface. The first of the cabins has risen and men, climbing through its hatchway, are signaling a passing ship. The second has just been re- leased from its vacuum fastenings The inventor, Menotti Nanni, demonstrates a model of the vacuum ring, with central man- hole, designed to lock the lifeboat to the sub- marine. When the two halves are fitted together and then the air between them sucked out, they cannot be pulled apart marine “‘lifeboat’’ that proved a veritable death cabin, for it failed to release at the critical moment; moreover, its very pres- ence had so weakened the submarine hull, cut away to receive it, as to swamp the undersea craft. To overcome these de- fects, common to Locked to the Submarine by a Vacuum P. ARMAGNAC -The principle he employs is centuries old. In 1654, before a royal audience, Otto von Guericke, an experimental phi- losopher of Magdeburg, Germany, dem- onstrated the power of a vacuum. He fitted together two copper hemispheres; then, with an air pump, sucked out the air within them. Thirty horses were unable to pull the shells apart. But when he opened a valve that let in air, they separated of their own accord. Similarly, as a means of “bolting” an unsinkable life-cabin to the shell of a submarine, Nanni employs a pair of close-fitting, smooth-faced domes or cups, one attached to the submarine, the other to the life-cabin. Between them a vacuum is produced by a suction pump in the submarine. Under the tremendous pres- sure of the sea and air the cabin is as securely fastened as if riveted on; yet, he says, the turn of a valve that lets the sea into the vacuum frees the two parts instantly and releases the cabin. One of these vacuum locks, dome- shaped, holds each end of the cabin to the submarine shell. A larger one at the bottom is adoughnut- shaped affair with a circular channel in the center for the vacuum. The submarine has foundered! Into the cabin through the “doughnut hole” of the pneumatic ring climb the men. Some- one slides shut the water-tight door at the bottom. “Ready?” The releasing valve is turned. A hiss of water spurting into the vacuum chambers and the cabin lurches upward—free of the submarine. , Safe at the surface, the men climb out through a hatch at the cabin’s top and summon aid by wigwagging or radio. most proposed submarine life- cabins, Nanni has devised vac- AIR PIPES, _ VALVE. FOR SLIDING DOORS OPERATED uum ‘cup fasten RELEASING CABIN BY SCREW SHAFT ¢ ers which, he AIR OR WATER claims, will as- sure positive and speedy release of a barrel-shaped lifeboat that carries the crew to safety. The design of the life cabin and how it is attached to the submarine. The crew enters at the bottom through sliding water-tight doors I CS TT CITT aT eae Se ae PR Se eo Pa RR or a SERENE a NEA oe aN ‘e i erties

Page 18

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1977 Snapshots of Progress } Automatic Airplane Pilot, Motor-Driven Balloon, Camera Burglar Trap, and Other Ingentous Ideas Inventor of a new coin-in-the-slot camera that automatically takes your picture and delivers it framed in less than a minute, Robert E. Olsen, of Santa Monica, Calif., (below) is said to have refused $2,000,000 for rights to his device. His wife worked with him for five years to perfect the invention. A number of the machines now are in operation at a noted seashore park Under its own power, this curious motor- driven observation balloon invented by Col. Luigi Avorio, formerly of the Italian Military Engineers, can move from place to place over short distances. The inven- tion includes a special ‘‘nacelle”’ instead of the usual observation basket, and a rudder attached beneath the craft’s rear end. Recent tests conducted at Milan, Italy, are said to have been successful A new “automatic pilot” for airplanes, (below) said to keep the plane ong - given course and an eveg 4 keel. A whirling gyroscope steers the plane througha mechanism operated by compressed air and a pen- dulum. The inventor of the device is Robert Mit- ton, of Los Angeles, Calif. Seventy-eight destroyers, built by Uncle Sam during the war to scour Harbor firemen of Los Angeles, Calif., who never have learned to swim, the oceans and exterminate enemy submarines, are now rotting away as welcome the latest innovation in fire-fighting costumes—a suit whose = they lie at anchor in the Naval Base at San Diego, Calif. They are wearer can’t sink! The new outfits were given to men of the fireboat © waiting their turn to be scrapped in accordance with the terms of the L. A. City No. 2, who are seen testing them out. In the turmoil of fire- limitation of armaments treaty agreed to by the great world powers fighting a fireman may fall overboard, hence the life-saving suit August

Page 19

> swim, — ireboat 7 of fire- rg suit August, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How will a helicopter behave when it gets in the air? To learn the answer, Louis d’Amblanc, French experimenter, recently built a model helicopter, carried it aloft in a balloon and dropped it. At left: attaching the model to the balloon before the test 17 The remarkable feat of moving a three-story building with 350-foot frontage was undertaken recently by’a Chicago contractor with the aid of screw jacks. To move the building evenly, men were stationed at a series of jacks along the front. At a whistle signal from the foreman each man made one turn on the screw of his jack. At left, the build- ing during progress of the work. Below, waiting for the signal for another turn on the screw jacks An ordinary camera becomes a combination bur- glar alarm and rogue’s gallery with the novel attachment invented by James O’Connell, (right) New York City policeman. An intruder’s contact with hidden wires starts an alarm bell, fires a flashlight, and takes the photograph. Electric con- trols set off the shutter and the flash simultaneously The unusual photograph at the left shows the world’s most powerful fireboat in action during a recent demon- stration staged by the Los Angeles Fire Department. The boat, which is entirely powered by gasoline motors, is the only one of its kind. Although comparatively small in size, it can hurl more than 12,000 gallons a minute eT eee Lae. a a TT I eres PS ARNE LEY of m

Page 20

18 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY we . 4 “Whirling “CW/heels= A Romance of Inventive Genius and Its Dramatic Struggles to Create the Age of the Automobile **After some months of experimen- tation in Wendenville, in the spring of 1896 I had an opportunity to com- pare the merits of my motor wagon with those of an imported one, and was led to believe that I was on the right track.’’—Extract from _ the autobiography of Gilbert W. Herrick E IS acclaimed a genius today, the man who wrote those lines, and a genius he most certainly is. But he did not tell what it was that made him a successful - genius. There are lots of things that never get into biographies. What is a genius? A dreamer? A fool? Quite often they are called just that. And quite often they stay in that category until the world has passed them by. But Gilbert W. Herrick—well, take a few of those words: “‘ Months of experi- mentation . . . compare the merits . . . right track.’’ There is a story there— Wendenville, Michigan, was a quiet little town of about a thousand souls in those days. Wide, tree-shaded streets, a single block of business houses, two churches with steeples rising above the trees, a little frame “depot.” No wireless, but the tongue of man was good enough for transmission of the news that a stranger from the city had arrived. Lem Carson, the station agent and livery stable proprietor, started the news after he had taken the young man to the Caswells, and it spread across town like the ripples created by a frog diving into a pond. That was late on a Friday evening of June, ’95; too late for Mr. Zach Wenden to make any change in the arrangements. The Caswell house was dark when he got there, and he stood outside combing stubby fingers through his thick black beard. Well, he had told Lem to take the first likely looking boarder there. They needed him worse than anyone else in town, so there he should stay, young man or not. He turned on his heel and went home. The stranger was a godsend to the Caswells. The husband, a t a By EDMUND M. LITTELL Author of “Midge” and “Fire Shy” Illustrated by B. J. Rosenmeyer o * about hit The strangest sight Wendenville ever had J seen—big Zach and little Gil riding int ° Main Street in a rackety horseless to us this that belched out clouds of black smoke} The on what he n the corner: man—in ce of black he Until he s' face, dress beneath a banker from Boston, had been kild — fi y ni by the panic of ’93, leaving an estat den.” he so involved that there appeared tol tuck no hope of settlement. All they ha St 0" was the little brick cottage which . had deeded to his wife before hi i804! troubles, and they had been waitiy) "y — weeks for just such an opportunity ij ,. aly keep up appearances. But Mrs. Caswell, gaunt and spinsterlik with straight hair and a cold eye, was not one to express gratitu bl **A mechanic!” she exclaimed when their paying guest op re retired to the single upstairs room that had been hurriedly} da dek pared by her eighteen-year-old daughter. “What a state we’ It was th come to, compelled to receive a common working man into that vot home—the Abner Caswells! We never should have left Bostom Gil was I told him so the day we left—and we're farther away from} let B now—” her thin lips closed on a sigh; she rocked indignantly ie te e her chair beside the center table lamp. hoped 7 “An orphan!” was the way her daughter reacted to the ad@ fool befo - tional work in store for her. Not aloud, though. “So youl jy ad looking, too.”” There was a dreamy light in her blue eft ing, he was “Looks more like seventeen than twenty-two. So slender kind of white, and his hair mussed like a boy’s—” She hi heard her mother subject the newcomer to a cross-examinaul yy, more searching than a court procedure; she was interested. W rnted; | who Gil I vas outside. she said aloud as she shook down a rope of hair that was aul He. silk with fire in it was something quite different. youl; he did “Well, he’s from the East, at least. That should—” fist: he ER mother snorted. “Springfield! And doesn’t know a ig in Boston. Who are the Duryeas in Springfield! No ittered ever heard of them. If it had not been for his letters 1s bove him. have turned him out.” it voice | “Oh no you wouldn’t, mother,” softly, with a laugh. “ money is better than none at all.” bout the w.

Page 21

ust, 197 efore n waiting insteriik guest fi iedly p ate we! n into 't Boston ender a now & «sbigail!” Tt was an oath, and her mother stood up abruptly. «Another remark like that and aS You re more like your father , ery day: Go to bed this instant! Ill speak to Mr. Wenden pe t him tomorrow.” oak ; Which she did. Not at the blacksmith shop where the giant of aman worked and watched the affairs of the village; that she never have done. She always managed to meet Zach Wenden casually at the general store or on the walk in front. And the huge man, who practiced blacksmithing because he liked it and not because he had to, combed his beard and chuck a0.” his great voice rumbled. “He'll do.” An endorse- ment as good as a sterling mark—to any but Mrs. Caswell. Her cold gray eyes grew colder, her thin lips tightened. oni '«—N BOSTON we would not consider entertaining one who Tecaeed having ‘served time’ in Massachusetts,” she said. y je of a laugh from Zach. “Didn’t you read the Jones an’ Kinkaid letter? Where it talked about apprenticeship? Well, that’s ‘serving time.” When a man gets his papers from Jones ’ Kinkaid, he’s a mechanic; none better.” “Well, I shall keep the silver locked up just the same. I collected a month’s rent in advance, also. That is the custom in Boston.” , “Needn’t worry; he'll get along.” “T shan’t,” with a tightening of lips. “And you may assure ever had ee like a boy maybe, but if you’d heard him standin’ up ess buggy} to us this mornin’—”’ he chuckled reminiscently. ck smoke} The one she referred to as “James” needed no assurance; what he needed was warning. He was big Zach’s youngest son, and was more than casually interested in what went on at the Caswell house. That was why Zach had thought to make a change. Instead, he took it out in a caution. “No bullyin’, Jim; hear me?” and his stalwart son had — growled. ; “Naw, I won’t thrash him; Ill just—” He had met Gil Herrick that morning on Main Street near the corners, and such a contrast! Big Jim, with arms and shoul- ders that had defeated many a bull calf—and every ambitious man—in competition, whether friendly or otherwise; with a mop of black hair and a face as rugged as a boulder—he was a giant. Until he stood beside his father. Slender Gil Herrick, pale of face, dressed in city clothes, blue-gray eyes looking out from . Jbeneath a small-visored cap in a friendly way. What Jim did kill when he first met the new-comer was to shake hands. pan “My nanie’s Jim Wen- be iden,” he said bluntly, and th s stuck out a strong hand. hishid Mine's Herrick, Gilbert wey | W.; glad to meet you.” —and he took it. It was an old trick, that tightening of the hand to a bone-crushing point. All the young bloods practiced it— and prepared for it when they shook hands with Jim. It was the kind of horseplay that country men liked, and fal Gil was a city lad. He suf- LY ty fered. But if Jim expected snanty him to yowl and writhe, ‘the al to make him a So youl fool before the crowd | y that stood by watch- ue sing, he was badly dis- rtunity) gratit She hal inted; for Jim was ae who was fooled. vj What Gil Herrick did - outside Jim’s expe- mce. He declined to youl; he did not swing fist; he smiled! muled directly up into Non, ack eyes that Is ittered assuredly ‘33 him. Then, in a di # Voice that might ; n remcrking bout the weather: as aubuti. “Mind if I watch you?” She slipped up onto one end of the bench and watched his slender fingers manipulating a chisel. ‘‘ You like making things, don’t you?” POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 19 “You're hurting my hand,” he announced. It was more effective than any yowl or any blow; it surprised the big one so completely that he dropped the hand as though it were a hot coal. Then he laughed shortly, and the gleam in his eyes turned red. His lip curled, his voice drawled, and he tried another tack, while his watching friends grinned silently among themselves. “Understand you’re settlin’ here, Gil-bert,” he said. ‘What you gonna try to make a livin’ at?” “Td like to rent that shop.” A hand that had been working slowly at his side came up to point at a one-room structure, with a single, long-dusty window, that stood beside the general store; he was as friendly as ever. “I’m thinking of opening a bicycle and repair shop.”’ “Repairs?” Jim bristled. “Repair what?” “Bicycles, guns, sewing machines—anything like that. I—”’ , “ Ain’t room for two repair shops in this town; we're doin’ all that.” “That’s just what I was wondering. You must be related to Mr. Zach Wenden, then. His son, perhaps? I wonder if you'd take me to his shop.” Jim would. That was what he had been sent in to town to do. But he had expected to return with a thoroughly subdued stranger who would have been shown his place. Now— “Come on,”’ he growled in a most ungracious tone, and swung on his heel to stride away with tremendous steps beneath the trees that shaded East Main. Gil had to run a few steps to catch up with him, and make an effort to keep abreast. Jim crossed three street crossings in surly silence. “Have you got a wheel?” asked Gi at last. “Maybe I could—”’ “Got one. Racer,” and Jim was seized with an idea. “Give you a job—if we let you open a shop. Put a bigger sprocket on her. If you can.” “Maybe I can when my stuff comes,” said Gil. “If you're sure you want it.” “Said I did, didn’t I? Ain’t that enough?” mn HAT depends. If your sprocket is racing size now, I wouldn’t change it. Too much of a job to drive a bigger one, They had come to the outer edge of town, where a lane led from Main Street ‘and ascended a knoll. Jim turned aside on it without warning Gil, who had to turn back and follow him up toward where the weatherbeaten smithy stood. “Job!” Jim was jeering. “For me?” and he slapped a mighty leg with a huge hand. “I can drive anything!” “For a while, yes,” said Gil. “But not for any great distance. It’s a mat- ter of... Mr. Wenden? My name is Herrick; Gil Her- rick.”’ They had entered the pungent shadows of the smithy where the huge Zach stood before his forge with one bared arm raised to the bellows handle, and again the stranger dis- missed the unimportant for his own affairs. Jim showed how he felt about it by volunteering in a surly voice: - “Says he’s gonna open arepair shop. Take money outa our pockets.” Zach wasn’t interested in the money part of the shop. He owned many fine acres of farm land, and not a few good prop- erties in town. The reason he stayed a blacksmith was for just such a thing as was presenting itself to him now. But he failed to show it; he released the bellows handle, the leap- ing cone of fire died down, and he turned a pair of PRC mse as ee cae I EEG SEIS = 4 3 i

Page 22

20 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, keen black eyes upon the newcomer, who met his gaze steadily. “That right?” he rumbled, frowning. “Yes, sir,” said Gil with a smile. “The shop part. If—” He stopped, for the big man had moved away from his forge to a place where the sunlight from outdoors was behind him, and was weighing him from beneath a bush of brows. VEN Jim knew when to be silent. A horse, whose white rump and switching tail were visible in the rear of the shop, stamped on the splintered planks; it was the only sound. And Zach ignored the city clothes and looked into Gil’s eyes; saw the forehead of a dreamer, the strong nose of a doer—and a jaw that said “Maybe.” ““H-m-m! Where you from?” “Springfield. I have some letters—”’ Zach took them. “Blow up that fire, Jim,” he said, and the fire grew again. Promptly. “Well. Pope bicycles in Wendenville.” | he rumbled when he had leafed the letters through. “Repair shop, too, eh?” Next Month ! “Have you been an—orphan very long’ “Yes, sir. I might be able to take some a Tetngeoncl road away ew a = HE story behind railroad- = as he ea his work, another smile that was neither ingratiating oid . — 1... Isn't it— nor brash. “‘ There ought to be lots of guns a adhg. 3 ee Sere, th a and sewing machines in a prosperous dis- a” . Aer age “ ABIGAIL!” from the kitchen trict like this. And—” he looked about the make P keeping the schedule “You haven’t set the bread yet,” well-equipped smithy—‘ maybe I'll have a the railroad man’s pride—this “All right! . . . Isn’t it a little you'll find in few jobs for you later on. One or two forg- ings, and some heavy drilling on that hand After that Jim would have nagged him no matter w lived, though Gil knew the real reason for his attitude hy time and was careful not to presume on the Caswell f. a Mrs. Caswell had taken pains to warn him very early in hint at the house. It was during the first few days of his residence there had asked for a table to use in his room. Anything would one of those plain kitchen tables. But they had none ze suggested that he might make it in the barn, which had ’ unused since Mr. Caswell’s death. He was working there » evening after supper when Abigail slipped out. 4 “Mind if I watch you?” she said. “The supper dishes done.” He smiled and said no, and she slipped up onto one end of bench, and watched his slender fingers manipulating a chisel “You like making things, don’t you?” ; “Yes, Ido. It’s fun to work with Won) once in a while; it smells so clean and fee almost soft after handling iron.” “Four years. They were killed in any to get started in a new town?” “Oh no, people are very friendly.” “ Abigail!”’ and the visitor was gone yj press—” ee ” | “Oh,” and Zach’s eyes lifted to that | Schedule OY-= a flourish of skirts—to present a frown forehead. “Inventor?” a question to her mother: “Why did ““No, not exactly, but I might doa little | By call me, mother? I was just watching tinkering some day, and—I worked for the | Pope people for a year and when I asked them for an agency they said they had this section, so—”’ you never have any jobs for me when LEO F. CREAGAN is here.” “Because he is entirely unknown tox was her mother’s uncompromising reph “Who said anything about competin’ | in next month’s PopuLaR “He is a boarder, not a member of { with us?” growled Zach. “If you can take | ScrencE Montuty. A vivid, family. Remember that, please.” jobs away from us, you're welcome. That’s what we need around here—competition. | able information of the techni- thrilling story, it presents valu- *“Or because he hasn’t got a farm money in his own name like Jim? Wel, Jim, finish up that horse,” and he laid aside | 3] cide of railroading. _ like him just the—” his leather apron. “I’m takin’ this here Gil Herrick around town.” . = “* Abigail!” Gil didn’t hear that, but he could But the warning to his son that lay be- hind the official acceptance had no effect on him, except to make him worse. Jim had established himself as the strongest young blood in the central portion of southern Michigan. Everyone admitted it, gracefully or otherwise—and stayed away from the Caswells. This one—it made no difference to Jim that Gil was keeping the Caswells alive; he was living there and refusing to bend the knee. How to make him? Easy! Just nag, nag, nag, until a temper was worn through and a pride exploded into flying fists. yp™ had a farm, and he ran it. Zach noticed that since Gil Herrick came to town he ran it better than ever. “Taking his temper out upon his land,” he surmised with a chuckle into his heavy beard. But Jim always found time to jab at Gil. Either in the post office, where Gil seemed to get considerable mail, or out in front of the repair shop next door, where other people could hear. “‘Here’s the bicycle kid,” Jim would bawl. ‘“‘How’s the inventin’ business today? Ain’t seen any o’ them forgings bein’ done at the shop yet.”” Or—‘‘Got any flyin’ machines today? Thought I might like one. Here’s the feller that says I can’t beat him with a bigger sprocket.” Gil took that one up. “I didn’t say that,”’ he replied quietly. “All I said was that you can’t drive a bigger one very far at any speed.” Jim winked at the bystanders. “You don’t say so?’ he gem “Well, s’pose you get me one; I'll show you who am. “T know who you are,”’ said Gil with a smile. That smile! It made Jim rage. “But if you want the sprocket I guess I can get it.” Gil spoke as one would to a whining child that begged for candy—and that was not easy on Jim. Oh, he had a way, that quiet one! “Get it!”’ snapped Jim, and the listeners grinned. ‘‘Teri teeth bigger!” “Ten teeth?” exclaimed Gil, then he shrugged. “All right,” he conceded, “it’s your money you're throwing away.” a hint. He stayed in his upstairs x reading and working at all times except when meals were se While Abby, as the townfolk called her, was inspired tot about him. Even to Jim, which only made matters worse, **Know we got a good carpenter in town?” Jim drawleda night in the post office part of the general store. “Yess Makes tables—an’ draws funny pictures. Look like buggies.) they ain’t no horse onto ’°em. What’s the matter, can't draw a horse, Gil?” Gil looked up from a letter he was reading. “Maybe thal what it is,’’ he said, and frowned. He would have to lockh drawings in his trunk. Jim guffawed. “‘Inventor! Tinkerin’—on paper with a pew Haw-haw! Gimme a pencil, somebody; I'll make you a fi machine.” Gil had no reply, unless a sudden departure from the} was one, but he seemed to have a heap of business to do after in the Caswell barn. He had asked for permission to it, and Mrs. Caswell didn’t “see any reason why you shouldit That was as near to being friendly to him as she ever got. “T she added, “‘ you will keep the door locked even when yous inside.”” Fes shortly after that two heavy cases appeared at the tion, to be hauled to the barn by Lem Carson. Thett picked up an old buggy that had been lying in the weeds of the blacksmith shop for a year or so, tightened up its until they were as good as new, and swung a sledge ford while he made some queer forgings. After that, metallic) pings began to come from inside the barn, to which Gil ada nobody, and when sputtering, explosive sounds that nothing less than an engine of some sort began to be het “Well, well! The little inventor’s makin’ a flyin’ machi drawled Jim. ‘But he’s puttin’ wheels onto it, ain’t he?” “No, not exactly,”’ was Gil’s slow reply. There was &@ defiance in his eyes, his lips were firmly set against wii knew was coming. “I’m putting an engine on wheels! making a motor wagon.” Augus “Ha poser f Well “Tm bit But 1 vest tin e the thre always side nov That | 7 a the bro fixed it. tools, bi set it his

Page 23

= vie ude by 4 well fe th ly in his ij > there, & would none, go ch had beg 1g there oy T dishes 1 end of thy Z a chisel, k with Woo Pan and fee L. n very long” led in red rk. itchen dog read yet.” a little Maybe tha ve to lock nission to yu shoulda’ er got. “I ed at the on. Thenl .e. weeds bal up its whe ~dge for metallies . Gil aduill that could to be het in’ machi n’t he?” was @ 10 1inst will} wh August, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 21 Gil planted one last futile blow before he fainted .. . Jim Wenden, conqueror, was defeated then and there Rather flatly, some thought, for this was a “To beat me an’ my high-geared bike, eh? “Haw-haw!”’ poser for Jim. Well—” “No, not to beat you in any way,”’ interrupted Gil shortly. “Tm not racing you any time; I’m building a motor wagon.” But race him he did, because Jim refused to be evaded. Har- vest time came along, and Jim was pressed for time. He had to handle his own farm, after which he had to act as engineer of the threshing outfit that worked around the circle, but there was always time to jab at Gil. Jim had many more friends on his side now, fewer who grinned at his discomfiture. Herrick’s BicycLE AND REPAIR SHOP Porre BicycLEs We Repair Anything That was the sign Gil had painted on his window when he opened his shop, and they had laughed at the vainglorious last line—at first. Then Zach had arranged a demonstration—and 4 proof of public endorsement. He had called upon Gil to fix broken knotter on his new-fangled Deering binder. And Gil fixed it. He might be a city man and unacquainted with farm tools, but he knew machines. A nice little tide of business had setin his direction. But now they were saying, “better be fixin’ the wheels in his own head, the lunatic!’’ Such is the fate of a dreamer of dreams. Then the sprocket came, and Jim got his race. And big Zach Wenden, who had seen a “Maybe” in Gil’s jaw slowly altering to a definite “I will,” chuckled into his beard. “T’ll put it on myself,” said Jim on the night the sprocket arrived. ‘Anybody crazy enough to try puttin’ a engine onto a buggy ain’t got sense enough to fit a sprocket. I want my bike to run!” : IL stiffened and there was no smile on his face when he replied. “I'll race you,” he said. ‘“Tomorrow-—if you're mechanic enough to get a sprocket on that soon. Five miles.” It was a hot race. Straight out the nicely graded road that was the extension of Main Street, with the knoll on which the smithy stood as the judge’s stand and big Zach Wenden the judge. Jim in the lead at first, then Gil ahead, to be overtaken at the turn, and a terrific sprint at the finish.. Gil won by a few lengths, and when they had dismounted and stood panting be- neath the knoll— Abby had been watching from a favored position beside Zach. Yelling and screaming with the best of them, waving a bouquet of roadside flowers. And when it was all over, she slid down the bank, wormed through the crowd, and presented a somewhat bedraggled bunch of flowers to Gil. “For the winner,” she cried gaily. (Continued on page 109) SRE a ere SPIT phy ED are RIES BT ys ee orien 1s rer i ) + i : i | i : i H ak ae ey a a phate ateaty aS

Page 24

22 On the Sea in a Cable Ship Thrills and Perils of the Men Who Lay and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 197 Repair the Slender Ropes Linking Continents T WAS a black evening in mid- Atlantic. Ugly combers pounded and tossed thecable ship Colonia, 7981 tons, as she plowed along a bee line between ttwo continents. Coiled in a huge tank in her hold, a black snake of cable spun smoothly around a spindle. Inch-thick, the snake writhed upward, crawled over a drum at the stern,:and slipped into the cold sea. Every man of the crew of 150 was at his post, nerves keyed; for on this threatening night miles of water lay below the cabile ship’s keel, and a four-ton pull ‘from ‘the depths strain- ed at the slender rope of copper:and steel destined to link two worlds. One hitch in the coiling mechanism, one kink in the moving cable, and the metal rope would become a black snake indeed, its coils twisted, hissing and thrashing, carrying death and disaster to everything in its path. On deck men watched the cableas it slid over the drum into the blackness. In the testing room an electrician studied a shifting spot of light from a mirror galvanometer that signaled unbroken communication with ‘the shore a thousand miles away. In the drum room an engineer stood with eyes glued on the scale of a dynamom- eter which told of the strain the cable was bearing. Eighty hundred- weights now ... ninety... a hundred... From below came an agonized cry. “My God, she’s snagged!” Down in the hold, sweating men stood helpless with horror. The coils were rising in a tangled mass! Broken cable, wrecked machinery, mangled bodies—they saw too well what it meant. An instant, fraught with suspense— then a form leaped high into the air. It was one of the crew, By EDGAR C. WHEELER CORE OF COPPER WIRE messages now rush at the rate of 2500 letters a minute. is the thin layer of permalloy tape, which keeps signals from jumbling Hauling up a deep-sea cable for repairs. Caught by a grap- pling hook, the slender rope has been raised to the ship. Two men, slung on bosun’s chairs, fasten ‘“‘stoppers’”’ to it. When the cable is cut for testing, these stoppers pre- vent the severed ends from running back into the sea GUTTA PERCHA TEEL AR INSULATION as ae WRAPPING Construction of the new high-speed permalloy cable, across which TARRED HEMP CORDS Its secret of the hazards that fall to the lot of | the hardy men who lay and feng: the thousands of miles of ocean cable | | that stretch from country to country Among northern icebergs, in tropic seas, in fair weather and foul, these men sail on a continual round of adventure, that the world may be joined in swift and unbroken cop, munication. So effectively do they perform their task, aided by maryg. ous instruments of science, that ¢. perts nredict we shall soon sen cablegrams to any part of the gloy as cheaply and as often as we noy send letters. Today 400;000 miles of cable lie on the ocean floor—enoug | to girdle the world nearly seventesy | times! And fifty-three cable ships | are operating on the seven seas, tp maintain every foot of it in perfect working order. It is a hazardous job, | despite the fact that cable work has developed into an exact science sing the time, sixty-odd years ago, when Cyrus Field finally succeeded jy | stretching the first slender conl | across the Atlantic. Imagine yourself, for instance, aboard the Colonia, one of the two | ocean largest cable ships afloat, embarking | on a cable-laying expedition. Greater than some ocean liners, she is; 50) feet long, fifty-six feet in beam, ant of unusually sturdy construction She carries a mighty load—nearj | 4,000 nautical miles of steel-armord cable weighing some 8500 tons-| contained in four great circular) tanks. As you arrive on deck, menar coiling the cable in ‘the tank, winding it on the spindles wil infinite care and _ inserting lil between the coils. This task,ym learn, is fully as important as actual laying of the cable, forth slightest error may cause ime} sharper witted or more daring than the rest. His hands caught at the snarl and clung, as it dragged him upward, swiftly. He tore viciously at the knot. A moment more and the mass would reach the deck, carrying destruction. The man was win- ning. He had won! Nota second too soon, the writhing thing straightened out toclear the drum. Yet even as it did so, a sudden twist loosened the man’s hold, plunging him to the floor of the tank with a sickening thud. Broken and maimed, he was, but his bravery had saved the lives arable damage later. The cable itself, you discov, is a marvel of electrical efficieny and engineering skill. It is t new high-speed undersea condit tor called permalloy cabk Through it, messages cam crowded at the amazing s dd 2500 letters a minute; @ messages at once in each directitt This is ten times as fast as@ best previous cable, and mm than forty times the capacity 4 Cyrus Field’s first cable, with sixty letters a minute. a The secret is a thin, nam of companions. And it had saved the cable. That true incident was typical The final splice—a real thrill to the cable repairman, for it marks the culmination of his job after the fault in the line has been found. The two ends of the cable are soldered and bound together again tape of permalloy metal, @ ; ture of nickel and iron, about the central core of The ’ weight slopes, To.

Page 25

August, 197

hip ‘og the electric current. This om ie eagactic qualities which keep the signals from blurring or jumbling. About the core and the tape is a thick covering of gutta percha insulation to keep the current from escaping. Then comes a wrapping of jute to cushion the wires. On top of that is a sheathing armor of steel wires. Over all is a wrapping of hemp cords. The whole cable is an inch thick. On the shore ends, where it is likely to beat against rock and reefs, more steel armor is added, until the cable | is thicker than a man’s arm. to the lot of | y and repaip f ocean cable | 3S, I trop; id foul, ~ ial round of orld may be broken com. vely do they d by marvel. nce, that ex. L soon send of the globe @S We now ),000 miles of loor—enough | rly seventeen | cable ships | Ven seas, to it in perieet azardous job, ble work has science since TS ago, when ucceeded in slender col | or instance, e of the tw | t, embarking | ‘ion. Greater , she is; 500 n beam, and construction load—nearly teel-armord | reat circular | leck, men ar 1 ‘the tanks, pindles wilh iserting lah his task, you ortant asthe cable, forthe cause ite} rou discove, cal efficiency ll. It is the rsea CO lloy cable ges can b zing speed d nutes ach directiat

, and = > capacity able, withi And now the ship starts on its voyage, - paying out as it goes. The drum of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Es

ing-out machine par ited with brakes that govern its speed. From there the cable under the wheel of a dynamom- eter which records the strain upon it; then, dragged by its own weight out over a pulley or sheave at thestern of the ship, it into the depths of the ocean. Down in the tank, | a= @ .

RIO DE JANEIRO! é

>” TELEGRAPHICLBLATE: 5 : » .. ba nova sco R een - "4% = : 3. GREA K ee NEWFOUNDLAND 42 ORESaSE % ae ee fps , A FF Fae CAPE VERDE SWUN DEEP ~ ORATHURST ) SIERRA LEONE < yee ASCENSION ISLANDS x

men watch the black line whip round and round its spindle. At eight knots, ordinary laying speed, it makes the complete cir- cuit of the tank every few seconds; and with each circuit a man whose duty it is to watch the uncoiling must skip it like a rope jumper. One moment of forgetful- ness may mean being caught in the coils. Meanwhile, engineers on deck are con- stantly on watch. Although the course of the cable has been surveyed in advance, the ship must “feel its way.” For the ocean bed is not a level floor, but broken by lofty peaks, high plateaus, canyons, and valleys known as “deeps.” The lowest known depth is more than five miles; the Atlantic floor drops, in places, more than four miles. The cable must not sink into one of these vast holes, lest it snap of its own weight. Nor must it climb precipitous slopes, to be cut against jagged ledges. To detect these hazards, the ship is

Above, odd-shaped nose of the cable ship Lord Kelvin, showing “‘sheaves” or pulleys over which the cable is hauled aboard ship when repairs are to be made. In laying, cables are fed from the stern Right, a cable ship’s dynamometer, used to record cable’s strain. Its scale shows when the ship is over a deep

Deep-sea cables cross mountains and valleys which we never see, as shown above on this remarkable map of the Western Union trans-Atlantic system a sounding device, which also takes samples of the soil at the bottom. This consists of a weight attached to a coil of piano wire miles long. When the weight hits the bottom, the contact springs a trigger, releasing a small dredging attachment that brings up soil, Harmful mineral deposits or submarine volcanoes that might injure the cable are detected in this way.

equipped with ingenious devices. The scale of the dynamometer instantly makes known the presence of a deep by recording increased strain on the cable. In addition to this, careful measurements are made at intervals of a few miles by

Landing the New York-Azores cable at Rockaway Beach, N.Y., through heavy breakers, was a hazardous task. The cable was hauled in, slowly and carefully, supported by barrels every thirty feet along its length Still another instrument is a sonic depth finder which determines the depth by measuring the time required for sound to travel from the keel of the ship to the sea bottom and echo back again. Occasionally a sharp detour from the charted course is necessary, as when the Colonia, laying the high-speed New York- Azores cable two years ago, discovered that her course lay directly over the top of an undersea mountain seven thousand feet high! Mostly, though, once the cable ship has started laying her line, she steams straight ahead for the other end. Nothing short of a hurricane will stop her, and when that happens there is only one thing to do—cut the cable, attach a buoy and throw it overboard. Returning after the storm, the line can be picked up and spliced. The success of any cable- laying job depends largely on the sensitive mirror galvanometer in the testing room. There a tiny spot of light indicates con- stant electrical connection with the shore. At specified intervals, if all is well, the light makes a sudden leap. Should the spot leap at any other time, something is wrong along the line. Possibly the laid cable will have to be reeled in until the flaw is located. As the ship approaches land, the laying becomes more dangerous. Coastwise shipping, reefs, submerged wrecks, and carelessly (Continued on page 130) ¢ t BR TRE MEE SRS AAT IE TTA = BATES e taggin I nem = ARNE LR HOS OE SENS aE TNL) EE 2 EMT:

Page 26

Steps in the progress of illumination in 2500 years. By KENNETH WILCOX PAYNE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Left to right: saucer lamp (vegetable oil); early pottery lamp (vegetable oil); decorated pottery lamp (vegetable oil); bronze lamp (olive oil); ‘‘Betty’’ lamp (grease; brought to America by Puritans); candle; “Camphene” lamp; coal oil lamp; carbon lamp; clear Mazda lamp; white Mazda lamp; new standard lamp with inside frosted bulb $10,000,000 “Accident” The "phone rang, and Marvin Pipkin found the secret of better lights for 16,000,000 homes N Dr. Marvin Pipkin stood six elec- tric light bulbs on a Cleveland conference room table not long ago and flipped them over with a careless gesture, he started something that is saving his fellow citizens about $10,000,000 a year. To a layman his experiment would have seemed of trifling interest. He had simply come into the conference room with a few insignificant frosted bulbs, grayish in color. They were frosted on the inside, instead of on the outside—but what of that? Well, here’s what of that: Dr. Pipkin had done what ex- of the technical achievemey that gave birth to these ingsid. frosted bulbs. Bu for lamps, we should spend two thirds of our lives in darkness. For centuries men have fought for more and better light. The story of the Edisons and Langmuirs who have turned night into day forms one of the great ro- mances of invention. And the latest epi- sode, related here by Mr. Payne, is a most dramatic climax. By erfecting inside frosted lamps, Dr. Pipkin has provided bulbs that are almost shock proof; he has relieved eye strain with glareless light, and he has given us ten to fifteen percent Nela Park is the headquarter of the National Lamp Works» the heights back of East Cley. land, Ohio. If you are pumld by some tricky problem in light. ing home, shop, school or stred they will solve it for you ther, The chances are they have a. ready solved it and are onl waiting for you to come and gt the answer, as 12,000 visitos from all parts of the world & every year. more light for our money. | S ONE of them phrased it | “Nela Park is a plac | where the light of tomomy perts had been laughing at for twenty years as an impossibility. He had brought about simplified man- ufacturing in an industry that puts 300,000,000 lamps annually into our homes and shops. He had given cheaper and better light to 16,000,000 American families. He had earned for himself the Charles A. Coffin award for meritorious service, and for his company he had won the praise of Herbert Hoover and the Depart- ment of Commerce because of another significant step in the national campaign against waste in industry. In fact, Dr. Pipkin had rounded out the half-century of lighting progress since Edison’s first crude carbon lamp by per- fecting what is said to be the most general- ly advantageous light source yet devised by man. All of which Dr. Pipkin accomplished thanks to a love affair, an annoying telephone call, an accident to a half- finished bulb—plus his own persistence and chemical skill. Knowing nothing about this, a short time ago when I dropped into an electrical supply store, I was exasperated when the dealer told me he couldn’t sell me the particular round, frosted bulb I sought. He said he wasn’t carrying that kind, and their sale was being discouraged. He tried to sell me, instead, a pearly-gray, balloon-shaped lamp. Doubtless many other consumers have had similar experiences lately. We used to be able to choose from nearly half a hundred different kinds of electric lamps. Now, my dealer said, we are being nar- rowed down to a standardized line—six sizes, all of the same shape and finish. But he insisted that the only limitation upon our freedom as consumers was a limitation to our privilege of being extravagant. OR he added that the new standard lamps would cost me only twenty- three to forty cents apiece, a reduction of more than forty-four percent in recent years. Also that the new lamp was so rugged I could almost let the baby drop it downstairs; and that it would give me more light for the current consumed, last longer, and be much better for the family’s eyesight than the older lamps. Considering that 68,000,000 of us in this country use electric lighting, I should have been impressed by these advantages, but somehow I wasn’t—until I met Marvin Pipkin, at Nela Park, and learned shines today.” its staff d engineers and research specialists have contributed millions of dollars to the profits of American business, and it estimable comfort and pleasure to com munity life. Fifty years ago the candk was still the mainstay of our fight againt the darkness in which two thirds of or lives would be spent but for artificial light Now electric light is vastly cheaper tha candlelight; it gives us twenty-one tims more light for our money than did Edison’ first lamps. And no one institution he made greater contribution in recent to illuminating progress than Nela Park It was with one of the executives of thi organization that I discussed the subjet of the standardized lamps. “ About twenty years ago,” he said, 1 was one of several who had a brilliatl idea. I was just out of college, on my tos to make a hit with my employers in lamp business. I told them—what every body knew—that the frosted lamp g# better light than the clear bulb, but thi outside-frosted lamps pick up dirt raj and are almost impossible to clean. ‘ suggested, ‘let’s confer a blessing up# electric light users by frosting our I on the inside.’ “My superiors smiled indulgentl agreed that it was a splendid idea. ‘W August, don’t y did. If hit on | that it on the alamp plown t “Sine has had awaken Marvin Warfar idea wl Armist! seems t things : done. “ D* ] youth i was his ing was war he and bec: knowlec where | defensis man ga: “The his job’ with a | He expl home | counter Clevela: Clevela: cheaper anybod, be, rem credit g preferer helped t task. “Whe wasn't around someboc his ha frosting. himself. “Tha 1919. ask him of the s' FOU. on tl one of tl in a la tered chemica snowed bulbs of - sizes al stages o “And breakag. teally o bulbs ev the disc mercial] “You oe mp Pp changed substanc known, filament light for carbon | experime

Page 27

» levement e ingd [quarters Works o st Cleve. > Puzzled In light. or street ou there have al. are only e and get ) visitors world do rased it, a place omorroy staff ot ollars to , and in to com e candle t against 1s of ow ~ial light, per than ne time Edison's ition has ent years ala Park es of this e subjett . said, ‘I brilliant 1 my toes rs in the at every: mp gat but thal t rapid ». ‘So! ng upi ur lamp ulgently a. W - sizes and August, 1927 don’t you look into it?’ they inquired. I did. I found that other bright minds had hit on the same notion. I found further that it was quite possible to frost a bulb on the inside. The only trouble was that alamp thus frosted became as fragile as a blown bird’s-egg. “Since then many another newcomer has had the same idea and the same sad awakening. They all gave it up. Sergeant Marvin Pipkin, late of the Chemical Warfare Service, began playing with the idea when he joined our staff after the Armistice. But he didn’t give it up. He seems to have the notion that impossible things are just the things which can be done. “P\R. PIPKIN had studied at Alabama Polytechnical Institute, after a youth in Florida. Chemical engineering was his specialty, but road build- ing was his first job. During the war he enlisted at Jacksonville, and because of his special chemical knowledge was sent to Nela Park, where Uncle Sam was developing defensive methods against Ger- man gas. “The Armistice left him out of his job with Uncle Sam, but blest with a Cleveland girl for a wife. He explained to her the charms of home life in Florida, and she countered with a defense of Cleveland. So they stayed in Cleveland. If electric lamps are cheaper and better today than anybody ever thought they could be, remember that part of the credit goes to Mrs. Pipkin, whose preference for the old home town helped to keep her husband at his task “When he inquired if there wasn't something he could do around the lamp _ laboratories, somebody proposed that he try his hand at _ inside frosting, just to keep himself occupied. “That was back in 1919. You'd better ask him about the rest of the story.” FOUND Dr. Pipkin on the top floor of one of the big buildings, in a laboratory clut- tered with jars of chemicals, and _ half snowed under with bulbs of all shapes and in various stages of breakage. “And, apropos of breakage,” Dr. Pipkin remarked, “it was really our strict policy against wasting bulbs even in experiments that helped in the discovery of inside frosting as a com- mercially practical scheme. “You are familiar with the brilliant achievements that have made the modern lamp possible. Dr. W. D. Coolidge changed tungsten wire from a very brittle substance into one of the strongest metals own, and so made possible tungsten filaments, giving eight times as much light for the current consumed as the old carbon filaments. Edison, in his early experiments, tried ‘to use nitrogen-filled POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY bulbs, and decided that an electric lamp must have nothing at all in it to be suc- cessful. Now, thanks to Dr. Irving Langmuir, we know how to put certain inert gases back into the bulb—with the result that the filament can be heated to higher temperatures without breaking. ‘Countless improvements such as these resulted in flooding the market with a vast variety of electric bulbs, and at last the manufacturers appointed a commit- tee to design a new simplified standard lamp which would overcome, if possible, the growing confusion of styles and resultant inefficiency in manufacture. ““A method of exhausting the lamp through the neck had done away with the old pointed tip at the spot where the air had been taken out. A coiled filament had been perfected to replace the straight filament. In short, the lamp industry was Dr. Marvin Pipkin in his laboratory at Nela Park, O. On the bulbs in the rack are seen the long necks with which the lamps are originally blown before frosting After the first etching with strong acid, the inside frosting of the new lamp bulb has the texture shown at the left, and the glass is extremely fragile. After treatment with a weaker solution of the same acid, the surfaces are rounded, and consequently strengthened at a point where an efficient standard lamp could be designed; but to hit on a standard finish seemed impossible. ‘Everybody agreed that the new lamp should emit as much light as a clear glass bulb, but should diffuse it and prevent glare, as does a frosted bulb. However, a bulb frosted on the outside not only collects dirt, but refracts some of the light inward. If we could only etch bulbs on the inside, we would have a smooth outside surface; and we knew that the inside frosting would waste by refraction only a negligible proportion of the light. “Still, when I was fussing around with 25 inside frosting experiments, back in 1919, everybody laughed at me, and kept eall- ing me off to tackle something ‘more practical.’ They told me about the manu- facturer who had contracted with the railroads to supply 50,000 inside frosted bulbs, and had begged off on his contract when he found he had fifty percent breakage in his product. Inside frosting was an exploded dream. ‘However, I kept experimenting with various acids, and types of glass, and different shapes of bulb. And when this matter of standardization came up I went at the problem in earnest. = OU see, after a bulb is blown, it can be frosted on the inside by etching with a strong solution of hydrofluoric acid. I knew that, after etching a bulb, I could pour in a weaker solution and allow it to stand for a time, with the result that the fine-grained texture originally etched in the inner surface would be eaten away and the bulb would be clear glass again, ready to be used over in new experiments. “*T often cleaned bulbs this way, in order not to waste them. One day I had just poured a cleaning solution into a lamp on my desk when a telephone call interrupted me. In answering the phone I accidentally tipped the bulb over and spilled the acid out before it had had time to clean off the inside etching. “Later, when I returned to my experiment, I was careless enough to drop this inside-frosted and half-cleaned bulb onto the floor. By all rights it should have smashed to pieces. Even a clear glass bulb might not have stood the drop. But this theoretically very fragile inside-frosted bulb just bumped on the floor and rolled under the desk unhurt. And that’s all there was to my dis- covery.” Thereafter, Dr. Pip- kin treated a few more bulbs in the same way. Then he took them before a skeptical au- dience, stood them in a row on a table, and tipped them over. The first one smashed to pieces, as everybody expected. But the next three didn’t break, and the last two Dr. Pipkin nonchalantly knocked to the floor, where they bounced unshattered, in violation of tradition! The skeptical smiles of the audience vanished. In amazement they asked the inventor what the secret of his accomplish- ment was. Modestly he admitted that he hadn’t the slightest idea! *“But I do know the exact procedure that produced these unbreakable bulbs,” he added. “I can make more like them.” He did, and now his process is being duplicated in the manufacture of several hundred million bulbs a year. “So you see,”’ Dr. Pipkin told me, “it was all just a little accident.” ir at Perr EN a

Page 28

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1977 ach of Us Has 40 Slaves

ROBERT E. MARTIN VER before in history has any people been able to per- form such tasks as the people of the United States are accomplishing today. Yet there are other nations larger than ours. The popula- tion of China is four times as great. The population of India is triple our own. Yet no nation equals the United States in the amount of work done, or in the comforts and conveniences of life. The reason‘is simple. We can do more work than any other nation, k ause we have developed more mechanical power. Work is being performed more and more by machinery. “Laborers,” in the old sense, are to be found far less commonly than in other countries—less frequently, too, than in this country a few years ago. The time is almost here when no one will earn his bread “‘by the sweat of his brow.” For every. person in the United States there is between eight and ten devel- oped mechanical horsepower. A sturdy man is capable of developing about one fourth of one horsepower during sus- tained labor. Thus, the strength of each of us is multiplied by our machines near!y forty times. About one billion horsepower is at work in our country, exclusive of our own physical energy an 1 that cf draft animals. Our automobiles alone are nearly twice as powerful as all the people in the world! Steam locomotives on American railroads WE AMERICANS have grown so accustomed to pressing buttons and pulling levers, that few of us realize the vast power of the mechan- ical servants that do our bidding. know, for example, that ten horsepower is available to every person in the United States? Did you can do more work than all the people of North America, South America, and Africa. Our developed waterpower exceeds the strength of the people of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, although we have developed only twenty percent of the power of our streams. In fact, if our windmills were to run simul- taneously in a breeze blowing twenty miles an hour, they alone would surpass the man power of Turkey in Europe. It is impossible to estimate exactly the amount of power weactually have atwork. Our automobiles supply between 550 and 600 million horsepower; locomotives fifty-five million; electric plants, more than twenty million; factories, exclusive of those that buy electricity, twenty-five million. Small stationary engines, trac- tion engines, steam shovels, motor boats, steamships, small water power installa- tions, and many other sources of power bring the total to about one billion. And engineers are looking forward to a time when this will seem but a trifle. Further- more, so long as our sources of power continue to grow, our incomes, too, will grow, and our scale of living will con- tinue to improve proportionately. OW can we visualize one billion horsepower? If we had slaves doing the work of our power plants, we would require about forty slaves for each of us—a total of Or that our automobiles alone are nearly twice as powerful as all the people in the world? The following article discusses in a new and fascinating way how mechanical —— is light- ening our labor, relieving our adding to our comfort and happiness. 6. oe rudgery, and

ES ie "Drawing by b Loew = I. Doskow four billion, six hundred million, or two and a half times as many people as there are in the world! Obviously there would be no room for so many people to live, for it would mean a population of 1600 to each square mile, in addition to the present population, which is about thirty- six to the square mile. UT even if we could take care of so many slaves, they could not accom. plish the work now being done. They would have enough strength, but could not apply it uniformly, as an engine can. A group of twenty men may be rated at five horsepower, yet they could not do the work of a five horsepower stationary ’ engine. A hundred men could not propel a light automobile at thirty miles an hour all day, although they might equal such an automobile’s horsepower. A sturdy man can strike a heavier blow with a hammer than can a pneumatic riveting hammer, yet ten men with riveting ham- mers can do far more work on a 8 structure than could a hundred men with sledges. Thus a riveting hammer, which is a very small machine, multiplies one man by ten. So vast is the developed power in our country that could the entire state Connecticut be excavated to a depth of four feet and placed upon a huge elevator, the power of the country could raise the load to the top of a six-story building i an hour. If all (Continued on page 131)

August,

regulari the cert had ava preseasc ulations to whic sensitive seemed Last : thing er The ens experien In the p tumn jo effect of he was : miles wi entire se asthma, and wit hay fev My n no purp< the long heen disc ment is | towards today cl: in the T successft the prot: pollen o duces m fever, and pre Universi oration ¥

Page 29

t, 1927 ® / | a lca : i vith @ veting ham- - steel 1 with which $ one n our ite of th of vator, se the ing in. re 131) August, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Timothy. Its pollen causes nine tenths of spring hay fever in Eastern states Horses often cause hay fever. Dandruff from their coats is blamed Ragweeds, responsible for most fall hay fever. Left, great ragweed; right, wild wormwood Hope for Hay Fever Victims Don’t blame the goldenrod; it may be your feather pillow or woolen blankets—Surprising new facts about the malady which causes a million to suffer NE of my neighbors had suffered from hay fever for twenty-two years. Each fall had brought the annual attack with such regularity that he looked upon it as having the certainty of taxes. For five years he had availed himself of what is known as preseasonal treatment, or advance inoc- ulations of the extract of weed pollens to which his nostrils were particularly sensitive. The theoretical immunization seemed to do him little or no good. Last year he tried a new deal—some- thing entirely new to the medical world. The ensuing season was the best he has experienced since his hay fever started. In the past he had been barrea from au- tumn journeys, because of the irritating effect of railway smoke and dust. In 1926 he was able to take a trip of a thousand miles without discomfort. He passed the entire season with complete freedom from asthma, which had been his perennial foe, and with almost perfect immunity from hay fever itself. My neighbor’s case is presented with no purpose to jump at the conclusion that the long-sought specific for hay fever has heen discovered. However, the new treat- ment is believed to mark definite progress towards the control of hay fever which today claims more than a million victims in the United States. It resulted from successful scientific attempts to isolate the protein and albumin contained in the pollen of ragweed, the dust which pro- duces most of America’s autumnal hay fever. The achievement came about through the research of Dr. Harry S. Bernton, associate professor of hygiene and preventive medicine at Georgetown University, Washington, D. C., in collab- oration with D. Breese Jones and Frank A. By Norman C. McLoup Csonka, of the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry. The object of the research was to de- termine the precise chemical portion of the pollen which provokes hay fever, and to prevent the disease through inocula- tions with the portion which affects the individual sufferer. Similar study has been made with pollen of timothy grass, which shares with orchard grass the re- sponsibility for most summer cases of hay fever. - In their sortie against the autumn ail- ment the scientists have used the proteose and albumin portions of the ragweed pol- len with marked success. Their experience shows that some patients are sensitive to both fractions, but that most of them respond to the proteose alone. This in- dicates that the proteins of the pollen are the cause of their suffering when inhaled into the nostrils, In the matter of summer attacks of hay fever the scientists have isolated four proteose fractions of timothy, in pure form. Patients inoculated with these have enjoyed almost complete freedom from symptoms of the disease. HE separation of the pollen into its individual elements constitutes a sig- nificant change from previous methods in which the physicians worked with the entire protein content of offending vegeta- tion. In the case of my neighbor, the season’s relief was achieved through arm injections of the proteose and albumin fractions of the pollen of ragweed, which is held responsible for autumnal hay fever. Hay fever is a catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane of the nostrils, due to the victim’s especial sensitiveness to the irritating effect of dust from plants and flowers. The name of the ailment is mis- leading, as the haying season, of itself, is not responsible for the malady. Another wrong impression is that the ailment is caused by goldenrod. Some people dodge this yellow autumn flower as if it were a poisonous snake. They are apt to begin sneezing at the mere mention of the name. Scientific proof, however, has fully ac- quitted goldenrod. Investigators agree that no plant spreads hay fever unless its pollen floats in the air and can reach the nostrils in normal breathing. They have demonstrated that goldenrod pollen is dis- lodged from the flower with difficulty, and that it is not given to traveling on the winds. For similar reasons, honeysuckle, lily of the valley, daisy and chrysanthe- mum have been absolved from blame. Even the rose, which long was held re- sponsible for “rose fever,” now is held guiltless. ? AY fever has some curious kinks. Although pollen dust reaches the noses of almost everybody, many people are not sensitive to the infection. Curious- ly some sufferers are sensitive to one type of pollen and not to others. Ragweed, for instance, will set one person to sneezing at the first contact, while grass pollen will leave him unharmed. Others reatt to the pollen of wormwood, but not to that of either grasses or ragweed. In the cycle of a-year the United States passes through four hay fever seasons. Some sections of the country start sneez- ing in February and keep it up till the end of April. These sufferers are affected by pollen dislodged from trees. Early spring

Page 30

winds bear dust-from the oak, cottonwood, ash, elm, maple‘and walnut. These wood- land specimens cause hay fever in many states. Late spring finds a new cause of infec- tion in pollen from grasses. Residents of the Eastern states dread the presence of redtop, June grass and timothy. In the Middle West the offenders are June grass and sweet vernal grass. The sneezing season created by these growths extends. through April, May, June and July. Summer brings out the full strength of the docks, goosefoots and amaranths. In some states these plants are the prin- cipal cause of hay fever from June to September. UTUMN is the time when a large percentage of hay fever victims suffer their attacks. I knew one man who lived for forty years with the certainty that his sneezes would start August 3d— never on the second or fourth day of the month, but always on the third. The fall siege continues till the pollen is killed by frost. This type of hay fever is caused mostly by ragweed, which grows al- most everywhere east of Kansas. In the Southwest the amaranths are the worst offenders. Of all the plants ragweed and timothy are held mostly to blame. The U. S. Public Health Service estimates that close to nine tenths of the spring attacks in the Eastern states are caused by timothy, and that a similar proportion of fall attacks may be charged against ragweed. Their wind-borne pollens often travel as far as five miles. Detection of the particular pollen, or fraction of pollen, which affects the individ- ual, is determined by a method involving trial and error, through applications or injectiors of pollen extracts on the arm of the subject. If, for example, the patient shows a marked reaction to ragweed ex- tracts, the doctor knows that ragweed pollen is the one to which he is most sensi- tive. If the response is greatest to the pro- teose fraction of ragweed, the practitioner POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

has further guidance toward adequate treat- ment. Such tests accom- plish two things. They permit treatment with immunizing injections of the particular pollen in extract form, and they reveal which plant must be shunned by the patient. In the latter respect, often a change of residence will work wonders. To be bene- ficial, however, such a change must be guided by accurate scientific knowledge. I know of a fall victim in Florida who sought escape from his annual attacks. Hearing that the moun-

tains furnished relief, he bought an expen- sive home near Ashe- ville, in the Blue Ridge of North Carolina. This man found himself a victim of half knowledge. Science has demon- strated that mountains are beneficial only if their elevation is too great for the growth of the hay fever weeds. This condition is not likely to exist be- low 6,000 feet. The North Carolina home of the Florida sufferer was less than 2500 feet above sea level; instead of finding immunity, he found a region abounding in ragweed, with profuse crops of pollen. He was worse off than if he had remained in Florida. KNOW of another man—and there are many like him—who never permits himself the luxury of an automobile outing in the fall. He refuses to go even to the suburbs of his own city, because such excursions expose him to weed pollens and set him to sneezing. The same man cannot take a railway journey in the sea- son of distress. The right of way of the

The three scientists whose chemical analyses of pollen have led to the recent discovery of a val- uable new treatment of hay fever. From left to right they are: Frank A. Czonka, of the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry; Dr. Harry S. Bernton of Georgetown University,“and D. Brese Jones This apparatus, recently installed in the University of Pennsylvania Hospital, measures reactions of the patient to various pollens and dusts, and so aids in determining causes of hay fever and asthma average railroad is lined with weeds, and the pollen from these plants whirls into the cars with the vortex of air created by the moving train. The action of the pol- len on the nostrils usually is aggravated by dust, smoke and cinders. The com- bination is likely to produce severe parox- ysms of sneezing. Not uncommonly a railway trip of an hour or so will develop an attack of hay fever lasting ten to fifteen hours. During a railway journey some pro- tection is afforded by breathing through a moistened handkerchief, or by placing aseptic wool within the nostrils. At the end of the trip the nostrils may be cleared by washing them with warm salt solu- tion, in a proportion of a tablespoonful of salt to a pint of water. There are people who suffer hay fever attacks even when no pollen is near In some cases the trouble is due to the close proximity of horses and mules. Before the day of the motor car, such sufferers could not travel in - vehicles drawn by these animals without being thrown into convulsive sneezing. The provocation in these cases came from the dandruff dislodged from the _ hair-coats . of the animals. Inhaled by the sensitive traveler, the fine dust produced hay fever or asthma, or both. URING the World War this source of infection formed a real problem for the United States Army. Numbersof men in the cavalry and artillery <- ‘severe attacks of hay fever from i horse dandruff. The trouble was over come by the simple expedient of tram® ferring the sensitive soldiers to the i fantry. i I have heard of one man who cant sleep on a feather pillow. The dust from the feathers brings on an attack of hay fever. His sole recourse is to use pillows stuffed with cotton or moss. One of his friends cannot sleep under a woolen blame et, nor stay in a room in which there am woolen rugs, because the wool dust pre duces intense distress. The Public Healt Service has found that many people af affected by feathers and wool. In one puzzling (Continued on page 13)

August,

describe Dr. Ha amazins parts ol dow th with alr From ancestol ably c: species and six man. . ters, fa: among manlike in their that a | ture dr: produce: actors t! scenes conceive tor, W. Films, I While t: made of At last —to be

Page 31

and into d by ‘pol- rated com- TOX- ly a velop n to ough cing | the ared solu- ynful ever near. » the ules. such ‘icles eing 1 the itive ever a8 a SVRRESEGE FRSEES ws 8 _ =S POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY & _% ad , The Antville jazz band in action. A scene from the remarkable new movie romance of the ant world, ‘‘ Youthful Ecstasy’”’ At the roadside inn our hero, Mr. Insect, joins in dancing and revelry far into the night. These lifelike movie figures are constructed of wax, plaster and lead Strange Ants Grow Flowers Insect Colontes Also Found That Bake Bread and Gather Gold NTS that bake described by a German biologist, Dr. Hans Heinz Ewers, whose amazing observations in _ all parts of the world seem to en- dow these diminutive insects with almost human intelligence. From some wasplike insect ancestor, says Dr. Ewers, prob- ably came all the different ' species of ants—between five and six thousand—known to man. Engineers and carpen- ters, farmers and warriors are among them. Indeed, so hu- manlike are these little insects in their daily round of living that a remarkable motion pic- ture drama recently has been produced, with ant figures as the actors throughout. A few of the scenes from this production, conceived by a Russian inven- tor, W. Starewitsch, and executed by Ufa Films, Inc., are reproduced on this page. While the figures of the ant actors are made of wax, plaster and lead, their ac- bread, aerial gardens, and roll up by the hundreds of thousands in huge floating balls are now By HYATT E. GIBSON plant Mr. Insect and his convivial party raise their glasses in a toast to the “ant girl’”’ dancing on top of a mushroom table tions as depicted on the screen are hard- ly more amazing than are the actual incidents that occur in colonies of liv- ing ants in many parts of the world. For example, though torrential rains may self-sacrificing Honey ant. feed each other mouth to mouth from their crops; but certain of the Honey ant workers have backed ant cultivates a different kind of flower in its airy garden; a fact that makes it difficult to believe the planting of the seeds was accidental. Powerful tribes of ants such as the tropic Amazons make slaves of weaker races, who feed them and care for their young. In some nests discovered, the slaves outnumbered the Ama- zons fifteen to one! Warfare and primping occupy the time of the Amazon masters, who in the midst of a slave-hunting ex- pedition, will stop to impart a glistening polish to their horny bodies. In an attack on an alien “‘ant city,” the Amazon warrior with its deadly jaws is a ferocious combatant. Curiously enough, the timid slaves them- selves grow bold while living under Amazon rule. Apparently the slave takes on the char- acter of his master. Queerest, of all perhaps, is the Most ants (Continued on page 134) drench the tropical forests of America where the humpbacked ants live, their nests of molded earth in the treetops are secure against the flood. Each of these nests is a hanging flower garden, and the plant roots hold it together! Observation has shown, says Dr. Ewers, that the ants de- liberately plant their gar- dens with seeds. Some of the plants in these gardens are found nowhere else in At last Mr. Insect quits the party and reels homeward —to be met at the door of his cottage by an irate wife Nature. And each _ in- dividual species of Hump- The final act of the drama—a funeral procession bears : the remains of Mr. Insect to a lonely hillside grave

Page 32

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1927 Some of Uncle Sam's fight- ing ships participating in the recent naval war game off the New England coast, as seen from the U.S.S. Idaho. The “Black” fleet, representing the invaders, was repulsed by the de- fenders. Note the small planes perched on the deck Deas me a. * or. ~*~ h \ Aas @ Je. a 0 Like a fly in a sugar bowl, the little U. S. submarine S-// is almost lost in the huge Navy drydock at Charlestown, where she went recently for repairs after returning from navai maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea. Compare this picture with the one on the opposite side of the page. They give an idea of the vast cradles where any fighting ship, from the smallest diver to the largest battleship, can be hauled from the sea Great-Grandchildren of “Old Ironsides” =="“=" Famous Frigate Lives to See Mighty Armored Machines Rule the Sea Our many readers wn have built the Posmu Science Montniy mess of the U.S.S. Constitutin will be especially . ested in this photo of "Gi Ironsides”’ being . from her pier at C The Colorado almost fills the Brooklyn Navy Yard drydock after being hauled from Diamond Reef in New York harbor It looks as if the destroyer at the left were in distress. Actually, though, she is acting as her own drydock. When the ship’s hull needed scraping and repaint- ing, an ingenious commander conceived the method of shifting ballast, causing the vessel to list sharply. ‘‘Gobs”’ in boats speedily cleaned the bottom Revolutionary design has given the title ‘“‘mystery ship”’ to Great Britain’s new $25,000,000 battleship Nelson. Bombproof decks are said to make her invulnerable to air attacks, while her underwater armor is heavy enough to resist the explosions of four torpedoes The U.S. S. Colorado hard aground on Diamond Reef in New York harbor during the recent visit of the U. S. battle fleet. For many hours tugs and mine sweepers labored vainly before at last they succeeded in freeing the $26,000,000 warship. Two bottom piates were ripped off and two blades of the port propeller were split

Page 33

august, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31 Model Making a Growing Fad Midget locomotives that really run; a battle carved from wood; other unusual miniature examples of fine workmanship J. H. Webb, of Los Angeles, Calif., who model maker putting the finishing built this complete model whaling ship touches on a reproduction of the famous ee ta ‘ a for a movie miniature, claims it is the Paris Pantheon, done entirely in cork. . - , - : smallest in*the world. It is only five The only tool used was a special knife , inches long. Note the little whale made to carve the moistened cork blocks to the same scale, 24 feet to the inch Photograph shows a French aartist- One of the smallest locomotives ever built would fit in the palm of your hand. It is only two inches long, with a tender measuring an inch and a half. It runs on an electric battery and can pull a train of cars weighing two pounds. A. R. Walkey, of London, made it Five hundred figures whittled from wood will depict the Chateau- Thierry battle and the U. S. Mar- ines’ part in it, in a World War tableau being constructed by Isaac Abramovitz, of Denver, Colo. The largest of the figures is only four inches tall. Above: the whittler at work, using a magnifying glass. At right; some of the lifelike wooden figures of U. S. Marines in actior In. odd moments, Bert Lower, Jr., a Canton, O., schoolboy, built this flashy model roadster. It is five and one half inches high, wheelbase thirteen and one half inches, and weighs four and one half pounds. It is fully equipped with elec- tric lights, leather up- holstery andhinged doors The miniature locomotive that pulls this back yard railway train runs under steam from its own boiler. Constructed by William L. Daney, of Pueblo, Colo., the locomotive is a counterpart of those on the Cuba Northern Railway. Daney also made the train of cars to go with it

Page 34

32 Plane. Hauls a Glider in Aerial Train POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY probably the first stunt of its kind in history. While in full flight at an altitude of 100 feet, reports state, the glider’s pilot cut his UTURE “air trains,’ with powerful airplanes for locomotives and motor- less gliders as cars, have been predicted as a result of an amazing experiment recently performed at the Karlsruhe flying harbor, near Berlin, Germany. In this test a Raab-Katzenstein biplane took the air towing a full sized glider— “Radio Watchman”’ A RADIO station plays watchman in keeping guard over the water supply of Akron, Ohio. Every hour it transmits the water level in the city reservoir, so that operators in the pump- ing station fourteen miles distant may know how to regulate the water flow. The sending of the report is entirely automatic. At five minutes before the William Manfrass, inventor of the system, with the clock-controlled radio receiver machine loose and swooped down to a safe landing, the towing plane landing near by. “In my view,” said the German pilot, Espenlaub, who built and maneuvered the glider, “long distances can be covered without difficulty by a plane and a glider in this fashion.’ Other observers are even more optimistic. Rotating disks, with notched edges that control electric contacts,’ send the signals hour a master clock, set twice a week by radio time signals, turns on the trans- mitting set. Relays go into action and start an electric motor that rotates eleven hard rubber disks. On each disk edge is a series of ridges and notches, arranged in the form of a wireless tele- graphic code. Each of the eleven disks announces a certain water level. Brass arms, resting on the irregular rims, move up and down to make and break the circuit like ordinary telegraph keys. The result would be a jumble of eleven messages, were it not for the water level indicator—a device resembling an auto- mobile timer, that energizes but one of the disks at a time. Which one becomes “live” is determined by the position of an electric switch arm within the timer, controlled by a water level float through a steel tape. Thus the water broadcasts its own water level. The biplane “locomotive” towing its ‘“‘car.’’ Left: The pilot, Espenlaub, seated in the glider which he designed for the remarkable experiment > They foresee an “air train” of a number of gliders carrying passengers and freight bound for several points along the line of flight. As the towing plane passed over an important town one of the gliders would be released from the end of the train and descend with its own special pilot and its passengers. The rest of the train then would continue its flight. How this might be done was demon. strated in the Karlsruhe experiment. An automatic release enabled the slider’s pilot to disconnect his machine at wil from the large plane by loosing the thousand-foot wire towrope. Guards Ohio Reservoir At the pumping station the signals are picked up by a standard three-tube receiver. From its loudspeaker they can be heard in any part of the works, Before the radio iastallation was made, the reservoir attendant reported the water level by telephone several times a day. Whenever telephone service broke down, he was forced to drive the fourteen miles to the pumping station. Governed by a water-level float, this switch apparacus controls the transmission August, 19 legend, th it up agai the hole. In the miration. ask, “ WI olog be h the canin off as ad lieve youl Animal “anecdote before it sciences, developed fected its young sci tury, it remarkab the lower ever dreal scientists happens : they arr: things to OR ex the K: wonderins an animal of the ev control it small min never ob Nature, e of a mil he tried a Two ] placed tank and feed on mi eralmontl partition in, dividi in two. perch; 01

Page 35

ist, 1977 Lumber freight he line Passed gliders of the special rest of ight. Jemon- ot. An elider’s at will ng the signals 2e-tube r they orks, ported several service ive. the ‘tation. vitch august, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MCNTHLY 33 Even Worms Solve Puzzles ID you ever hear the story of the dog with a stick in his mouth trying to get through the hole in the fence? According to this d, the dog dropped the stick, pickec itup again by the end, and went through the hole. : ; In the old days we smiled with ad- miration. Nowadays, still smiling, we ask, “Where is this dog?” Any animal ologist will be glad to provide a suitable hole and stick if you will produce the canine genius, and if the act comes off as advertised he will cheerfully be- lieve your story. Otherwise—not! Animal psychology had to outgrow the anecdote and devote itself to experiment before it could progress. Like the older sciences, it has set up its laboratories, developed its special apparatus, and per- fected its technique of measurement. A young science, born in the present cen- tury, it has already discovered more remarkable facts about the behavior of the lower animals than the field naturalist ever dreamed of. For in laboratory work scientists do not wait till something happens and then try to interpret it— they arrange the situation and help things to happen! ORexample, Prof. Norman Triplett, of the Kansas State Normal School, was wondering not long ago whether a fish, an animal well down toward the bottom of the evolutionary scale, could learn to control its natural desire to dine upon small minnows. He knew that he would never observe any such restraint in. Nature, even though he sat on the bank of a mill pond the rest of his life, so he tried an experiment. Two perch were Ingenious Mazes and Problem Boxes Test Wits of Rats, Birds and Cockroaches in Amazing Experiments By PRESCOTT LECKY Triplett gave them a real test. He re- moved the partition and the perch, no longer interested in the minnows, remained peacefully on their own side, while the minnows crossed over and joined them, and both large and small fish swam about together, neitherkind pay- placed in a glass tank and permitted to feed on minnows for sev- eralmonths. Thena glass partition was slipped in, dividing the tank in two. On one side, perch; on the other, minnows. Glass between. Smack! As the perch rushed for- ward they collided with thé barrier full force. Undaunted, they re- turned to the attack and butted their heads again. This continued without interruption for seven minutes. The perch gave for a moment, then tedagain with gradual- ly waning energy till at the end of tl Y minutes the minnows Were removed. FE experiment was repeated every day for a month. In the meantime the fish were fed with angleworms. Gradually lessened their attacks and at last gave up altogether their attempts to reach the minnows. It was then that Professor problem box. Below: At left: The difficult electrical To open the door to the central food cage, the rat had to step on a trigger set in the floor. Lecky is watching the animal come out after a hearty meal If you were a rat in this maze what path would you follow to reach the food at the center? The maze is screened, as the photograph indicates. Note the rat caught in one of the many blind alleys ing any especial attention to the other! They remained together in peace for several days. Occasionally a perch ap- proached a minnow and followed a little way, but at the last minute he turned and swam off. It was evident, then, that even a fish can learn to control himself! Just prior to this experiment, a famous European biologist had asserted that fish could learn nothing. Now, though, it is known that all animals, even the one-celled variety, can alter their be- havior to some extent even though the change may not last permanently. Dr. Asa A. Schaeffer, of the University of Tennessee, has shown that the frog, another cold-blooded animal, is able to learn a similar lesson in a single trial. HIS frog was fed on worms and bugs. Included among the latter were cock- roaches, which the frog regards as a dainty tidbit. Then an electric battery was connected with the damp sand on which the frog was seated, and a fine copper wire, also connected with the battery, was wound about a cockroach. The frog snapped up the bug, received a moderate shock and hastily spat the insect out again. This one experience proved to be sufficient. For nine days the frog refused to eat at all, and then would take only worms. He had lost his appetite for cockroaches completely, for the time being, at any rate. How long the altered habits would last is a question, but probably not very long. As we pass up the scale of life we find that the higher organisms not only learn more complex tasks, but they re- tain the habits for a longer time. That is why laboratory training and testing of animals is so valuable; it gives us a key to their intelligence. JIn the near future the animal psycholo- gist probably will have evidence, for instance, as to whether a dog ismoreintelligentthanamonkey, or a monkey than a young human baby. Perhaps, before many years, he will have tests which can be applied. to pedi- greed dogs, to entries in horse shows, and so on, to the end Mr. that blue ribbons may be awarded for animal brains as well as beauty. OTHING in the behavior of an animal is more re- markable than its ability to find the shortest way to its home or to food. To study this characteristic, the, apparatus commonly used is the maze, a closed labyrinth ranging in difficulty from the simple choice of right or left to highly com- plex patterns. One of the most intricate is the Hampton Court maze, patterned after a famous parkway in England. The hun- gry animal is admitted to the maze in an outer alley and must

Page 36

SAD as namee 34 find its way to the food in a large square in the center. Almost any animal, of course, could find the food eventually if he tried hard enough. The real task is to learn to take the shortest route, to follow consistently the correct pathway without turning off into numerous blind alleys along the way. You will find it none too easy to follow the right path even in the photograph, at the bottom of page 33, and remember that the animal cannot see the whole problem as you can, but is down between the walls with nothing but more walls in sight! S A matter of fact the animal POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 19y of New York University, This apparatus is built up of ident, cal metal units, which cap arranged into any pattern de. sired. Research is now in progress at Columbia to de. termine the relative difficy} of a maze of eight blind all as shown in the illustration 9 the bottom of this page, and on with six, four, or two bj alleys. A study of the Photo. graph will show that all th angles in this maze are exap the same, which makes it poss ble to formulate standard test, of graded difficulty for anima just as standardized intelligeng tests are used in schools, A will make many errors and waste much time on its first attempts, but gradually after repeated attempts these errors are eliminated. Its final performance is amazing. Often a rat will start out ds fast as it can run and thread the entire pathway without a mistake. There is no hesitation what- ever; it runs by the open blind alleys as if they did not exist. Even several months later, without intervening prac- tice, the rat can repeat the performance almost perfectly. Like our own motor habits of skating, swimming, dancing, typing, and so on, the habit seems to stick. Just why the rat ever learns to select the shortest possible route is still more or less a mystery. Psychologists are still battling over various theories. One point, however, seems fairly clear—that he learns by doing. If he is put in a basket and carried through the maze, he learns nothing; but if he is pushed through he learns rapidly, a fact which was demonstrated by Prof. H. A. Carr and Prof. John B. Watson, of the Univer- sity of Chicago, not long ago. Apparently he learns with his legs, for not only does he run as well in the darkness as in daylight, but if a barrier is put in his way, or the distance between turns is changed, he will dash straight into the obstruction or the walls of the maze. HE Hampton Court maze is used in experiments with rats and mice in the animal daboratory at Columbia Uni- versity, New York City. Some mice form the habit reason- Ingenious apparatus used to determine whether birds can distinguish between dif- ferent forms of about equal area. Here the bird, having chosen the circle correctly, is being rewarded with food. Had it chosen the square it would have received a mild electric shock. The apparatus is used also for studying color vision and optical illusions maze of the same type, byt large enough for dogs, cats, raccoons and monkeys, also will be built, ang possibly a-.small one for worms and insects. Perhaps you imagine that worms cap. not learn. But a common earthworm actually has been trained by Professo Robert M. Yerkes at Harvard University to take the path to the right by the simple method of penalizing left turns by giving a mild electric shock. C snails, crayfish, turtles, and fishes all cay learn mazes with one or two blind alleys, and the cockroach easily learns a maze of three or four. COCKROACH maze was designed by Professor Syzmanski of Vienna as a pathway without sides supported over a basin of water. The insect that did not follow the pathway was penalized by a ducking. A maze was once built at Chicago iarge enough for human subjects. It was -found that blindfolded children and col. lege students required about as many trials as rats had taken on a maze ol similar shape. S In Germany a few years ago —_ horses trained by a Mr. von Osten W said to be able to solve arit " problems. Apparently they could Elaborate electrical ‘‘obstruction apparatus’ developed in the laboratory to measure the driving force of animal instincts, such as hunger, sex and fatigue. In each case the obstruction to be surmounted by the in- stinctive “drive”’ is a ‘mild electric shock subtract, divide, multiply, extract squar roots and cube roots, read and They could even do problems involving fractions. One of these horses, known as “clever Hans,” was studied carefully by a scien tific commission. No ably well*in twenty-five or thirty trials, but the average is about seven- ty. Rats, for some rea- son, learn with fewer trials. For birds this maze is much more diffi- cult, and even monkeys do not do especially well, though for the latter it is hardly a fair test. Run- ning about in long, closed passageways is not a naturalactivity for them. Guinea pigs and porcupines also require a simpler pattern. The latest develop- ment in this field is the trickery was discovered —the horse solved many problems correctly even when the trainer was ab sent. But this only it creased the mystery and a second commission Wa formed. This time’ curious discovery Was made. Unless some per son in the room knew the answer to the problem, Hans could not solveit! To all appearances, 4 telepathic horse! Two more steps the mystery was sol When a blind was pit on the horse’s eyes, 4 “ ‘4 could not solve Warner-Warden maze, designed by Dr. Carl J. Warden of Columbia and Dr. Lucien Warner, An adjustable metal maze developed by Dr. Carl J. Warden of Columbia University (right) and Dr. Lucien Warner of New York University. and rearranged in any pattern desired. The trained rat which Dr. Warden is intro- ducing into the labyrinth at the right will reach the food box in about four seconds It can be taken apart problems even everyone present ke? (Continued on page 1%) Lugust, M rine hos them. Relief, 0 ship aflo modatio: tients. Relief 0 lengthy land in the vess¢ better € many staff of F draw uf dispensa cal sup} stock is. the ship For in ratin pa perfc Other se] treatmen in the de includes form, to Six ho

Page 37

iversity by the t. turns Crabs, ; all can 1 alleys, maze of lesigned Vienna pported ct that onalized Chicago It was ind col- 3 many naze of yes,

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Modern Hospital Sails with U. S. Fleet

HEN “gobs” W=: ill, the Na- vy has a ma- ‘ne hospital ready for nem, ‘The U. 8. S. Relief, only all-hospital ship afloat, has accom- modations for 550 pa- tients. A trip to the Relief now replaces a Jengthy voyage to s land institution—and the vessel is said to be better equipped than many hospitals. Its staff of physicians may draw upon the ship’s dispensary for all medi- cal supplies. Enough stock is carried to last six months, when the ship accompanies the fleet on a cruise. For injured sailors, there is a daylight operating room. Internal examinations are performed in a modern X-ray roo-n. (Other separate clinics care for the routine treatments; the Navy’s teeth are treated in the dental cabin. Modern equipment includes all-metal stretchers, of wire cage form, to bring injured men aboard. Six hospital wards afford quarters for At left: A view in the X-ray room of the U. S. S. Relief. Navy physicians are preparing to ex- amine a patient Below: One of Uncle Sam’s doctors, with an attendant, making his daily rounds in one of the six wards of the hospital ship. Note how the

35

eee ae | i ~< ¥ i \ * + : . @ f 4) x. ae he ‘ 3 = eave | ‘ See 5 ; WE ae ‘ me. = % 2 7 a

The U. S. S. Relief, only all-hospital ship afloat patients. Nine doctors are in attendance. Capt. R. A. Dawes, U. S. N., is in command. The Relief is 482 feet in length and her speed is sixteen knots. She car- ries no armament.

Man Was Never an Ape~dlem Fairfield Osborn Above: So-called Java “ape-man,”’ of 500,000 © years ago. Right, Pre- historic Piltdown man, who lived in England nor human beings, says Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City and one of the world’s foremost paleontologists. In an address before the American Philosophical So- cety in Philadelphia a few weeks ago, Professor Osborn expressed the _ belief that the forerunners of modern men were “dawn men,’ who developed independ- ently of the apes from some prehistoric animal not yet discovered. There is promise of an interesting scientific controversy in the fact that disagreement with Professor Osborn’s f was expressed on the same occa- sion by Dr. William K. Gregory, former of Professor Osborn and an expert also associated with the American Mu- Y oe ancestors were neither apes

seum. According to Doctor Gregory, the close similarity between the bodies and minds of modern apes and men is strong evidence that the direct ancestor of both was an ape. This, he recalls, was the original idea of Darwin, to whici. he urges that scientific theory must return. In recent years the most commonly accepted theory has been that men and apes both were descended from a common apelike ancestor. In support of his “dawn men,” Professor Osborn puts man’s origin, not thousands of years ago, but sixteen million! Both men and apes first appeared then, he says; therefore man could not have descended from ape ancestry. Traces of man’s mysterious ancestor, he suggests, might reward a diligent search in Central Asia, where he believes the “dawn men” first sprang into being. This “dawn man,” the founder of the Mongolian, Negro and Caucasian races, is described by Professor Osborn as ground-living, alert, capable of tool making, and living in the fairly open country of the high plateaus and plains of Asia. The celebrated Neanderthal man, @ primitive race of Europe, Pro- fessor Osborn believes to be a later off- shoot that eventually died out, leaving no descendants. “ Pithecanthropus erec- tus,” of Java,’ usually considered the earliest of our ancestors, may be one of the last of these Neanderthals, he adds; and therefore no direct kin of ours. New geological discoveries have shown much earlier the Piltdown men of England, perhaps the last of the “dawn men.” Prof. Osborn’s belief in “dawn men” and their more mysterious ancestry is supported by a recent discovery that apparently shows men existed at least four million years ago—long before pre- vious estimates of man’s antiquity. In a Nebraska hill, Professor Osborn - discovered more than Ve ny 300 fossilized bone

implements of that estimated age, fash- ioned by the hands of some primitive man from the bones of extinct animals.

Above: Neander- thal man, prim- itive European of 25,000 to 50,000 years ago, believed by Professor Os- born to have been a later offshoot of “dawn man.”’Right: Cro-Magnon man, of 20,000 years ago

Page 38

NN peg E NE SuRNRRN RIT OY se — 36 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 197 Latest Rewards of Research On these pages are presented each month brief stories of notable scientific discoveries, and of achievements in research and in- vention that have a practical bearing on our everyday problems. Telephones from the Ocean Bed ILLIAM BEEBE, famous naturalist-explorer, scores another remarkable feat in under- sea adventure. Returning from a trip over and under the waters about the coral reefs of Haiti, he brings with him descriptive records of strange creatures never seen before—records dictated by him over the telephone while walking along the bottom of the sea! “There are so many interesting things down below,” he explains, “that you can’t hope to remember them all when you come to the surface.” For that rea- son he installed in his diving helmet spe- cial telephone apparatus, by which he was able to dictate his observations to an assistant aboard his four-masted schooner anchored above. One of the strangest discoveries he recorded in this way was a transparent fish that carried swarms of smaller fishes, like passengers, in its stomach! When- ever the little fellows wished a free meal or a free ride, they would swim right through the mouth of the transparent fish into its spacious dining room. Some- times there were as many as 300 of these passengers, all alive and happy. The wonders of the sea apparently are as limitless as are the marvels of elec- trical communication. On the site of the first Indian salt mine dis- covered in North America, recently found in Nevada, M. R. Harrington of the Museum of the American Indian, New York City, staged this re-creation of an ancient mining scene. Two full-blooded Indians, using primitive stone tools, are seen hacking at the salt ledges Treasure from the Dead Sea HE Dead Sea soon may come to life. Despised and neglected for centuries, this lowest and saltiest large lake on earth may aid in taking the knock out of auto- mobiles, in fertilizing farms, in supplying the world with medicines, and in making cements. For chemists recently have undertaken to extract and separate the valuable salts which the Dead Sea is known to hold. Its waters, they say in their report, contain nearly twenty-five percent of salty matter, consisting largely of two valuable chemical elements, bromine and potassium. Some two mil- lion tons of bromine, and an almost equal amount of potassium, are lying there waiting for the world to gather and make use of it. Bromine, among other uses, forms a part of the knockless “ethyl gas’’ for automobiles. Potassium is the essential element of potash, used for fertilizers. In addition, the Dead Sea contains millions of tons of compounds of magnesium, which is use for medicine and in the manufas. ture of cement; also many eubjp miles cf common salt. London capitalists are reported to be backing the project of chemis. try to raise the salt sea from the dead. Oil Ships and Rainfalj TUDIES of weather reconds indicate that the world’s ayer. age rainfall has decreased about one percent in the last half cep. tury. Heretofore most experts have believed that this has been due to forces outside t) 2arth, such as variations in sunlight, aad that the decrease will be made up by a cop. responding increase later. But now an Indian weather expert, L. A. Ramdas of Karachi, comes forward with the surprisingly plausible suggestion that the lack of rain is caused by oil film spread on the surface of the oceans by ships that burn oil for fuel. This film, less than a millionth of an inch thick, he says, may be sufficient to retard the evaporation of ocean water, which is the chief source of rain! No doubt many mysteries of world weather, its changes, causes and effects, will be solved soon; for thirty nations -e. cently joined in international codperation to make weather records of all countries more easily available for study. From reports of ships at sea, special efforts will be made to gain new knowledge of the meteorology of the ocean, which greatly influences the weather of the land. Metered Fuel for Homes ie NEW YORK CITY, a recent survey shows, more than seven billion pounds of steam, piped from central heating plants, were sold by meter last year to owners of skyscrapers and apartment houses. More than two thousand build ings, some of them the largest in Man hattan, bought an average of three and Two of the ingenious testing machines in the U. S. Bureau of Standards, where almost every article in common use, from modest sash cords to steel girders, are subjected to scientific examination. In the cord- testing machine above, window weights are hung from sash cords of various materials, and an electric motor raises and lowers all at once. Soon the poorer cords are frayed and worn. The mammoth machine at the right, pulling or pressing with a force of a million pounds, measures the ability of steel girders to bear tons of weight in skyscrapers or bridges. The girder in the photograph is bending under terrific pressure To OI , ! ¥ en agg oF August y one ha and us refrigel miles « Jaid in Mea: of the in a fie County nearly steam. Day, 0! Washin develop offers | running without Evide ing whe of coal. now bu} we wor or carry hold fur Eye VE} gla: efficienc: mands ¢ the conc by the Ii in Engla engaged women’s glasses « work no the end « tion of n Mode ‘XPE els | largely 3 designs « vessels, els in wi of dikes 1

Page 39

st 1mm |] anguet, 1927 . POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 37 h Records of Strange Fishes Telephoned from the Deep; New Lightning Camera; Oseful Discoveries of the Month Ralph Lillie and Dr. M. A. Hinrichs, re- cently reported they had succeeded in producing living creatures from unfer- a one half million pounds of steam each, iS Used and used it for heating, power, light, nufae. refrigeration and cooking. Forty-five le miles of steam maine have been cp eggs by means of the power- id in the east side of the city. ul, curative rays. Eggs of the sea oul Tatcenwhile, on the opposite side urchin, placed under the influence hemis. of the continent, five wells driven of the rays for from five to ten m the} ina field of hot springs in Sonoma minutes, according to reports, be- County, Calif., have been yielding nearly 5000 horsepower of live steam. According to Dr. Arthur L. Day, of the Carnegie Institution of came swimming fish larvae, fath- ered by none other than a labora- tory machine! In the Academy at Rome, a few records Washington, further commercial weeks ago, Professor Quirimo Ma- saver | development of these steam wells jorana, famous wireless expert, about | offers fascinating possibilities of announced the invention of wire- If cen.) running engines and dynamos less transmission of speech by experts) without burning a pound of fuel! means of the same rays. His new s been Evidently the time is approach- method, he declared, has the ad- earth, | ing when we'll buy steam instead vantage of assuring secrecy of id. that of coal in much the same way we = ; _conversation, and thus would be r & Cor. now buy electricity or gas. No longer will — pee Beep Rend ne especially useful for the transmission of we worry about the winter fuel supply, a, aan poeta | an Sas Ge ee eee Army and Navy orders in time of war. expert, or carrying out the ers for the house- developed in the General Electric Company ome hold furnace will be in the discard. —a — 3. ——- New Disease from the West _ . HYSICIANS have discovered a new mi Ey eglasses and Efficiency sissippi floods? Mr. Freeman, former American disease called “tularaemia,” is film, VEN if your eyes are perfect, eye- president of the American Society of described recently by the U. S. Public rick, he glasses are likely to increase your Civil Engineers, was expert adviser to Health Service. Originating with squir- rd_ the efficiency, particularly if your work de- President Roosevelt on his official in- rels and rabbits in the West, and spread- h is the mands close attention. Such, at least, is spection of the Panama, Canal. ing to man, it has invaded all but nine the conclusion drawn from recent tests “The Federal Government and the states; the New England group, New ’ world | by the Industrial Fatigue Research Board states have spent hundreds of millions York, New Jersey and Delaware. effects, | inEngland. In experiments with workers of dollars in trying to solve ionsze- | engaged in the exacting task of making the Mississippi’s problems,” eration} women’s hosiery, it was found that he says. “A week’s work with a yuntries | glasses especially designed for the fine model at a total cost of a few hun- From | work not only made them less tired at dred dollars may tell more than rts will | the end of the day but led to the produc- six months’ effort and $10,000 of the | tion of more and better stockings. spent on an experimental dike in greatly the field. Improvements in the d. Models for Flood Prevention tt of training rivers to main- tain navigable channels and in a ENTS in towing ship mod- making them carry their floods to ves els in a long laboratory tank were the sea more safely and quickly, survey | largely responsible for developing the may come from the laboratory.” pounds a . modern wees ee wean i vessels, Experiments with airplane mod- °f 2 rae els in wind tunnels have done much to Can Rays Produce Life! irtment | promote safe and efficient flight. TILL more wonders follow in 1 build- Why not, suggests John R. Freeman of the path of ultra-violet rays. n Man- | Providence, R. J., use laboratory models Two experimenters in biology at ree and | odikes to solve the problem of the Mis- the University of Chicago, Dr. y*% The original coil and glass used by Michael Faraday, celebrated English physicist, in experiments that led to radio and other electrical marvels, have just reached America, the gift of the Royal Institute at London to the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. Dr. Howard McClenahan, secretary of the Franklin Institute, is shown displaying the instruments Experts of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art have underteken the unique task of ‘ “rebuilding’’ and mounting a huge finback whale a = corinne recently caught off the coast at Trinidad, Calif. . oa In the photograph at the left Robert Paine, museum “3 sculptor, is seen examining the immense upper jaw. SiGe On benches in the background are other bones of various shapes and sizes that will be fitted together

Page 40

Sie ae a ee —T

<a OSA were enn ee os

38 New Thrillers Defy Gre How amusement park engineers tax their ingenuity to lure us with “flying leaps” and “breathless dips” 9! LOOKAH! Alookah! The Great Dizzy Dip, the most daring ride on earth! It drops you a hundred feet

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By ELWwE.u Crissey

at a hundred miles an hour! Here you are, folks—the biggest thrill in the world!” Jostling throngs, the roar of wheels, the hoarse entreaties of bal- lyhoos, shrieks from pas- sengers, blares of music from carrousel organs and bands, and the scene is typical of hundreds of amusement parks throughout America on a summer night. The inception, con- struction and operation of amusement devices,

designed to appease the human craving for thrills, has become an important industry, in which any successful device involves not only a thorough understanding of-crowd psychology, but engineering and inventive skill of high order. Sensation is the chief goal of the in- ventor of amusement park apparatus. A device which imparts a high power thrill is patronized repeatedly, while one which only amuses is forsaken once the novelty is discovered. Thus the “rides,” as roller coasters and similar devices are known, remain the most popular features. Forty-three years ago, L. A. Thomp- son, a pioneer in the field, built the first scenic railway at Coney Island, N. Y. It operated small, motorized cars, by means of a third rail, over a loop system, which the inventor called the “Switch Back.” It covered a straightaway of slight dips and inclines, then reversed, and ended at its starting point. It often had tunnels, heights. ing mast, the forests, landscapes, and scenes intended to horrify riders. From this it got its name, “‘scenic.”’ The cars rarely traveled faster than ten miles an hour, and little attempt was made to thrill passengers with sharp dips. This summer, at Woodcliff Pleasure Park, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., there was opened a new coaster railway which drops its trains down a dip of 132 feet, and at Darting through space in a tiny aerial cockpit, suspended from the top of a revolv- “ Airplane Swing” gives riders sensations of great speed and lofty Crowds, eager to spin through the ozone, patronize this thrilling ride what will the to keep pace? the bottom they are traveling miles an hour! “Cyclone Racer,” new this season,

August, At Coney Island a speed of better miles tale But eve these rides will not satis. fy the public long. Al. ready the giant “Mile Sky Chaser,” built gj Coney Island by Arthur Jarvis in 1924, hay ceased to be a sensation, It is not easy to thrill people who often travel at better than = gj miles an hour in ther own automobiles! And the problem of thrilling the public of the future has the amuse ‘ment device engineers stumped. They admit it. If the last forty years have speeded people from ten miles an hou to seventy, they say, next forty years have to do, “We've gone about as far as we can in getting thrills out of gravity coasters,” Vernon Keenan told me. He is chief en. gineer of Harry C. Baker, Inc., of New York City, a devices. ““To large builder of amusement hold our patrons, we'll have to do the impossible,’’ he added. And Keenan and others are planning

o pon ree

The grandfather of all carrousels, built by G. A. Dentzel away back in 1867. The one you rode on was prob- ably madeat his factory Even in the Far East the lure of a wooden Ferris Wheel, that can- not cause dizziness, ap- peals to eager patrons in a park in Palestine

to attempt “the impo sible.” They believe they may achieve it in futur coasters by contradicting the law of gravity an upside down at times, “leaping the gap;’ ” that is, jumping through space from one track to another. This suggests that the Coney Is land “Loop-the-Loop,’ probably the greatest thriller of all, may bem} vived in a new form. device was abandoned it 1915 because of several set ous accidents. “People nowadays like to wave to their fri and show off,”’ Keenan me. “They want to believe the rides at dangerous. If they think they’re in peti every moment they call the rides ‘ and come back for more. Our trick is# get the kick, without the danger. “For example, the guard straps bars which we put on the seats of the cat are really unnecessary. The rides are p& fectly safe, or we wouldn’t be ope them. But the straps and guard rails gest danger. ‘Why this thing is so ‘Many op guards,

top of as sengers 2 few inch: This pro of being air, whil away Wi the trutl ing force anced it passenge obeying ad hon us ( No mati may mal ally insis devil, an the price on a wi modern r stunning taking sv as the ol Accele: tremendc ern coas fooled e and avia told me used suc

Page 41

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 39 Here is the latest—‘‘The Football’’—scrambles ten tubs filled with pleasure seekers ina spinning bowl. The collisions are enjoyed as much by the onlookers as by the riders they had to strap you in!” tive passengers ex- daim—and then buy their tickets. “At certain moments, when the trains leave the top of a sharp dip, the pas- sengers are actually lifted a few inches from their seats. This produces the sensation of being thrown into the air, while their train runs away without them. But the truth is that the oppos- ing forces are so nicely bal- anced it is impossible for a passenger to fall out, if he is obeying the rules. “PMHE ‘smart aleck’ gives us our greatest worry. No matter what rules we may make he will occasion- ally insist on being a dare- devil, and sometimes pays the price for it. But, taken on @ whole, most of the modern rides, for all of their stunning dips and breath- taking swerves, are as safe as the old horse and surrey.” Acceleration explains the feeling of tremendous speed which the fastest mod- em coasters give. The deception has fooled even automobile racing drivers and aviators, according to Keenan, who told me they never questioned his ac- curacy when he said the trains attained aspeed of one hundred miles an hour at the bottom of the initial dip. This first chute gives the trains sufficient momen- tum to complete the circuit, and the maximum acceleration is attained in from three to five seconds,. followinz a slow ascent from the loading depot. The contributions of Jarvis, Baker, Keenan, and others have equipped the newest coasters with safety locking de- vices, by which the trains are held to the guide rails by wheels under the rails and also against their sides, preventing move- ment in any direction but forward. Back slipping is prevented by safety dogs, which engage in ratchets, on the ascents. Automatic block controls also have been used successfully in some systems, but Many operators prefer to trust human is, stationed along the track, with ¢ control brakes instantly ready. The greatest thriller of all—Coney Island’s “‘Loop-the-Loop.” This device was dismantled in 1915 because passengers fell from their seats while riding upside down and were crushed The average coaster system is from 2200 to 3600 feet long, and is traversed in one and three quarters to two and one quarter minutes. The most successful of them have carried 15,000 persons in a day, and nearly a million in one year. The completed systems cost from $65,000 to $200,000. Several carloads of the fin- est fir or yellow pine lumber are required to build one of the structures. Construc- tion of the “Cyclone Racer,’”’ at Coney Island, demanded 233,000 feet of lumber, 240 tons of steel, and 96,000 rivets. RAMPED building space, frequently not adapted for such structures, often forces the drafting engineers to resort to ingenious designs in order to crowd the necessary track length into a confined area. If a building lies in the chosen route of the coaster, the racers have been known both to dive under the building and climb over it. “Funnels” between adjacent walls sometimes concentrate wind on a pro- posed “‘hilltop’”’ and must be considered, for such obstacles might demoralize a coaster system by blowing its trains to a standstill. Trouble will follow if a train Psychology as well as engineering figures in the construction of amusement park devices. These roller coaster riders imagine they’re in danger because they’re strapped to the seats, but the guardrail in front is the real safety appliance once loses its momentum, for there is no other means of propulsion. The use of a horizontal plane, as con- trasted with the vertical designs of the coaster rides, has produced interesting results. The traditional carrousel, which first appeared in 1867, was probably the pioneer among “flat rides.” Later came the “Old Mill” and the “Shoot the Chutes” boat rides, followed by “The Whip” and the “Caterpillar.” HEN, in 1922, appeared the “‘Skoot- er,” which used miniature electric automobiles, and capitalized the human desire to steer things. These cars oper- ated in roofed inclosures, taking their power through a trolley from an electric- ally charged mesh overhead, and were guided by a trick steering arm, which provided plenty of collisions and conse- quent excitement. Last, came the “Scrambler,” using a number ef cushioned ‘“‘tubs,’’ mounted on casters, and placed in a revolving bowl. The opposing gravitational and centrifugal pulls did the “‘scrambling.”’ The ‘‘Football,” which appeared in the United States for the first time this season is a modification and improvement of the Scrambler, adapted by E. J. Kilpctrick, New York and London amusement park promoter, from a device he saw in opera- tion at Milan, Italy. Ten tubs, each bear- ing the name and colors of a famous American college, roll on casters in a forty-eight-foot dished inclosure, which, in this device, is stationary, with the excepiion of a seven-foot inner circle, which revolves. To the circumference of this moving wheel three captive tubs are attached by flexible chains. When in motion, centrifugal force throws the cap- tive tubs from the center, while gravity pulls the loose tubs towards the center, down the sloping sides. Pneumatic bump- ers with which the (Continued on page 127)

Page 42

A Story of Men and Science the Mastery of Northern Wilds There, HAWTHORNE DANIEL Illustrated by J]. Clinton Shepherd HE mystery of Devil Island was a weird and dreadful cry which now and again echoed across its wild rocks. On this desolate northern island were four castaways—Parker, Thorn- ton, Williams and Kelly. On a pleasure cruise among the Aleutian Islands, these yachtsmen had been captured by Kiska Joe, a notorious seal poacher, and had escaped from his clutches only through the shipwreck which had’ cast them up on the apparently uninhabited shores. Like primitive men, they made - their home in a cave and with clubs killed game for food. By their ingenuity they created steel tools from ore found on the © island, and even undertook to build an engine-driven boat in which they hoped to escape. Unexpectedly their efforts were interrupted by the appearance of Kiska Joe’s schooner. Parker, risking the gnmity of the poacher, was made captive. The others, resisting his armed attack, were saved by a repetition of the mysterious cry, before which Kiska Joe fled in terror. The- castaways resumed work on their boat. During a feast pre- pared by Oomak to celebrate completion of the engine, a figure appeared in the open doorway. Seizing a ladle, Oormak struck. The body of a woman fell across the threshold. It proved to-be Tuginana, wife of Kiska Joe. Twelve years before, she revealed, Kiska Joe had killed her child. In a struggle with him aboard the schooner she had fallen overboard and had swum ashore. Since then she had lived in a cave on the island. The mysterious cries were her cries of vengeance against the slayer of her child, to whom they were the voice of an evil spirit from the dead. At last the boat was completed and the castaways with Oomak and Tuginana set sail. Now for the conclusion: left Buldir for their annual fall migration to the south, and the season had been longer and more successful than usual, yet he was worried. Six times had he slipped undetected up to that uninhabited spot to fill his schooner with sealskins, and now he had a cache that would bring him a royal sum, even though he was underpaid by the crook who bought them from him and slipped them past the customs into Seattle and Portland and San Francisco. But despite his cache of skins his whole season had been one of worry and trouble and danger. Those K JOE was worried. The last of the seals had only just POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY are Hands Thornton leaped into the foul-smelling hold. sat his old friend, weak and emaciated from weeks of captivity ’ The light vanished as suddenly as it had‘ appeared, yet th August, aogust, 1927 yachtsmen had been the cause of the and he was wondering how he might ones who were still on Devil Island, only killed them all when he first captured everything would have gone smoothly for though there had been several parties looking for them, no one had Zuessed gf Kiska Joe’s connection with their disap His schooner now was gliding slowl —Vvery slowly—across an almost glassy sea, He bound eastward for Kiska once more, to get the latest information about the searchers, sailing for Devil Island and annihilating jy enemies. He had recaptured one of them, by the Coast Guard had been so active that he haj not dared to sail again for Devil Island for fey a revenue cutter might trail him, and thug py; all his chances of success. But once he foun out where the searchers were and where ; revenue cutter was, he would sail to the islan and murder every one of the party. He wasn} safe with any of them alive, and he’d better no attempt the job unless he were prepared to get them all. Though Kiska was his destination, he wa not going directly there. He would k . miles.to the south of the island, sail well ‘it, and then turn about, and approach it fon the east. If the Coast Guard asked him wher *vhéhad been, he could tell them he had bees ty Tanaga or Atka or the Islands of the Poy Mountains. Slowly the sun sank beneath the marked horizon, and when its brilliant disk had passed the edge of the sea, Kiska Joe, if he had looked, might have caught sight of a tiny spo upon the horizon appearing faintly against th bright light of the western sky. The speck wa an odd little steamer, strangely out of ‘place in that wide xpanse of sea, so far from land Trans-Pacific liners bound from Japan to Van. couver.or Seattle often passed along the route that Kiska Joe was sailing. But this vessel was even smaller than’Kiska Joe’s little schooner. Its single funnd stood up against“the sky without masts to keep it company, Still, even if Kiska Joe had seen it, he probably would have given it little attention. His mind was on his plans for his attack m Devil Island, and:a spot on the horizon, unless, perchance, it had — a Coast Guard cutter, would have interested him nd at all. ‘ The sun sank lower:still, until the western sky was dark, and overhead -the stars were out—sparkling and distant. Th schooner sailed slowly in the faint breeze—moving with hanily enough speed for steerage way. The sea slid past as silentlys oil,“and*the sails, barely distended by the breeze, sagged lessly.«Kiska Joe looked about casually, and went below. Into the night the schooner made her way, moving’ hardly more than three miles an hour. Her running lights were dew red and green, and the birinacle light glowed softly into the blank face of the man’at the wheel. Only two men were on deck—th hélmsman and the mate, and the mate was enjoying the virulent flavor of his pipe. All at once, on an eddy of a midnight breem, a faint metallic sound came to their ears. Looking about, they caught sight of a mysterious glare astern of them a mile or. in on the floor, strange clanking sound, faint at first, grew louder. watched and listened. A thin layer of clouds had obscured th stars, and the night was utterly dark. In vain the mate searched the blackness for some sign of the origin of that slowly growing sound. He marveled, for he hal times! Hi: never seen a ship at night without lights. Perhaps this was not@ the had fi ship! His heart beat faster at the thought, and the strang d aw: beliefs of the Aleuts sprang unbidden to his brain. If it was mi the vision a ship, then what? Spirits and devils and strange, savage goblimig ™8 eyes, o crowded through his mind. He looked again, but not a thiify *s, for could he see. Perhaps he had better call Kiska Joe. A foretold tt But Kiska Joe, once he was on deck, could offer no explanationg ¥éte spirit The sound was still at some distance. They could gather cla direction, more or less, but they could see nothing. The mat strange his ventured to express his thoughts concerning spirits and devil} mi and Kiska Joe involuntarily started. He had heard white m eg The laugh at such things, but had he not seen? Not once, but m

Page 43

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tuginana, too, heard the sound. She rose suddenly to her feet and stood listening on the stern deck, while the glow from the furnace illuminated her figure. ‘‘Kiska Joe!’’ she shrieked. times! His wife, for instance. Many times had he seen her since t the had fallen from the rail beside which he now stood. He moved away from the spot, a little uncomfortable. He recalled the vision of his wife—a vision of streaming black hair, of flash- ig eyes, of upraised arms and widely spread fingers. He shud- red, for he remembered, too, the fearful shriek that always foretold that she was about to dash toward him. Yes, there Were spirits or devils; no doubt about it! he clanking was nearer now, and he could make out a nge hissing sound as well. He listened closely. Surely, it was tothing more than a ship with some kind of an engine that he had J + ry ° . . wip Never seen before. White men were forever making something mw. That must be it. Still, it was strange that the vessel “Kiska Joe! I keel youl!” carried no lights. Well, he would hail it, and learn what it was. “Ship ahoy!” he cried, but there was no reply; only the clanking and the hissing. Then, suddenly, he saw a faint glow— a glow of light on something that billowed and rose and fell. What was it? Never in his life had he seen the like before. He quivered with fear. Spirits? Devils? What? Closer came the sound, and brighter the strange red glare. A shapeless form moved back and forth in the light. He must call again. He must! No harm had come from his first hail. Prob- ably none would come from a second, and it might be only another vessel—a vessel that gave out weird noises and carried no lights. “Ship ahoy!” he cried again. “Ship ahoy! What ship is that?”

Page 44

42 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY But his blood ran cold at the reply. It began as a low cry that wavered and fell, and rose again, higher and shriller, until it drowned out the sound of clanks and hisses. It wavered, chilling and penetrating, and finally soared into a shriek. Kiska Joe shrank back, and then he heard his name screamed out across the black water. “Kiska Joe!” It was the very shriek he had heard many times before from the lips of his phantom wife on Devil Island. “Kiska Joe—I keel you!” Then, as if to bear out the frightful threat that came to him from out the dark, he saw, not fiftv yards away, the silhouetted figure of his wife—her black hair streaming in the red light that shone upon her from nowhere—her arms upraised—her fingers wide spread. Where, an instant before, there had been nothing but blackness, now he saw this fearful figure sharply etched in the blinding glare. E CRIED aloud in terror, and the man at the wheel let go the spokes and groveled on the deck. Kiska Joe felt the fellow grasp him about the knees. He kicked savagely and the man let go. Kiska Joe did not look to see what the fellow did. He could not take his eyes from the still shrieking, gesticu- lating figure of his wife, who stood in that brilliant light, surrounded by darkness, and accompanied by the growing sound of clanks and hisses. He cried aloud. He turned naturally to the Aleut tongue, and begged. He shrieked and pleaded, and felt hope once as the distance between him and the nightmare seemed to grow. But once again she approached — approached, though she did not walk. She seemed to stand still, and yet she came closer and closer. * * * For three days the crudely con- structed boat in which the cast- aways from Devil Island had put to sea had clanked across the smooth water. At the end of the second day the sealskins of fresh water—all save the one they had reserved for drink- ing—were empty, and they were forced to use ocean water in the boilers. Yet they kept on their way. They had no compass, so they steered by the stars and the sun, and went sadly wrong when they took Oomak’s guess as to the direction they should go. Thus, during the second night, they had passed within ten miles of Buldir without seeing it in the dark, and had headed toward the southeast into the almost ,boundless expanse of the Pacific. Late in the afternoon of the third day, they sighted a sailing ship far ahead of them—a sailing ship that they were gradually over- taking. They determined to catch up with her, in order to learn their position, or possibly go aboard, leaving their crude vessel to the mercy of the seas. But steam as they would, night had fallen long before they came within hailing distance, and only by watching her lights with the utmost care could they con- tinue after her. UT they were gaining. Their engine pushed them noisily along their way, and they could see the sailing ship’s lights growing larger. They knew that their engine would be over- heard before any hail that they could give: and so, seeing that they were surely gaining, the party was taking its ease, despite rapidly pounding hearts and eager desires. Williams had re- lieved Thornton at the engine, and Kelly had taken the tiller from Oomak, who sat in the stern beside Thornton, while Tuginana sat cross-legged on deck, less interested, apparently, than anyone else, in overtaking the ship. Closer and closer they came, and suddenly Thornton touched Kelly on the knee. “Didn’t they hail us?” he asked. “Listen!” Tuginana rose suddenly to her feet, and stood listening in “Ship ahoy!”’ cried Kiska Joe. the dark on the stern deck, before the group about the She too had heard the sound, but no other sound came: noth but the regular clank of their engine and the hiss of escaping steam. All they could see was the light from binnacle of the other vessel, and the billowing clouds of stean from ba engine as it wavered, from time to time, the top of their short funnel, up which, faintly, shone the }j the fires below. , ' © Tight frog The hail came again. _ ahoy!” they heard. that?” Thornton started to his feet to reply, when suddenly his blog was chilled by Tuginana’s shriek. He remained on one knee Won. dering what had come over the Aleut woman, who, since sh had fallen stunned across the door sill, had been so mild gy ; quiet. Her shriek was dreadful. And then—* Kiska Joe!” she cried. ‘‘Kiska Joe! I keel you!” “Good Lord,” muttered Thornton. “It’s Kiska Joe! yj, have to get out of here. Williams,” he called softly, “stg, up, for the love of Pete! We've got to get away!” Williams, who had been watehi from the steps that led down to th boilers, instantly swung the furnag doors open and shoveled charcoal on to the fires. The light shot out bri. liantly into the black night, lighting the still shrieking figur’ of Tuginang x she waved her hands at the vessel tha now was hardly more than forty away. Kelly pushed the tiller hard and the little steamer turned and started away. They heard the voig of Kiska Joe crying out in Aleut and Thornton, leaning toward Oomak grasped the Aleut’s arm. Seca “What’s he saying, Oomak?” ly asked. “He think Tuginana spirit come tp keel him,” replied Oomak. “He think she devil. He say go ’way. He giv money—give sealskins—give anything only go ’way.”” “Kelly,” whispered Thornton sud. denly, “turn back. Go after him. Ke thinks she’s a devil! Williams,” he called, “‘keep those furnace doors open. Keep out of the light yourself. Keep it on Tuginana.” ~ “Ship ahoy! What ship ; HE steamer turned once moreto- ward the schooner, and slowly overtook her. They could vaguely see, now, the figure on the deck thal still cried out fearfully in Aleut. I was Kiska Joe, and Tuginana leane forward, screeching and waving he arms in the glare from the furnace. The distance between the two ve sels diminished. Thirty yards twenty, ten. Closer they sailed, and Kelly put the tiller dow. bringing the steamer to within ten feet of the schooner's mail They saw Kiska Joe move toward the opposite rail, still eryig in Aleut. The steamer slid closer still, and suddenly Tuginam What “Chip ahoy! ship is that?’’ His blood ran cold at the reply. It began as a low cry, that wavered ‘and fell, and rose again RTIF] fast to re leaped. She fell across the schooner’s rail, still yelling, ail plan propo climbed aboard. Swiss aero On the schooner all but Kiska Joe had run below. Only th ee ak half-breed captain remained to face the vision of frightf r la that his staring eyes saw. But Tuginana’s sudden leap was planes mig! terrific shock. He was too frightened to make out the d® they could shape of the vessel from which she had jumped, and could thi} aid use th of nothing but avenging spirits. He seized the rail behind hig} @mying ca He screamed. The white men on the steamer saw him On the up his hands. They heard a splash—and slowly the schoo] Wind mach moved on in the faint breeze, with no one at the wheel, wit would creat one save Tuginana on deck, and with her captain beneath® velocity. 7 smooth water that closed about the vessel’s stern. | “sirng to “He fell overboard!” cried Kelly, turning the boat about Wind strean search for him. The schooner glided slowly on, and for ® df the blast hours the little steamer lay on the calm sea, looking for 9 lier s sign of Kiska Joe. But they found none. A mile or two tomy mot east the schooner came up into the (Continued on page e m

Page 45

‘more {o- d slowly puely see eck thal leut. It a leaned ving he furnaces two ve yards, er dow. er’ Tail E uginans ing, all Only th htfulnes: yp was the div ald thinl ‘ind his. m. thro se 0 , with eath about for for vo to page J august, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 43 Deck Fans to Aid Sea Flyers A mid-ocean landing in the teeth of a man-made gale. How the proposed wind ‘“‘ brake” would enable a fast ocean-hopping plane to alight safely on a liner’s deck. fast land or water plane to come to rest on a steamship’s decks in a plan proposed by Frederick Brunner, a Wiss aeronautical engineer, which is ei above by our artist. With the mnner landing device, freight-carrying might cross the Atlantic, because could stop in mid-ocean for fuel, td use their entire lifting capacity for carrying cargoes. On the deck of an ocean liner a A isst tana gales would enable a j Wind machine with airplane propellers would create a gust df air of tremendous velocity, The pilot of a freight plane, desiring to land, heads directly into the stream. As he approaches, the force di the blast increases, and motor roaring, _—" spinning, the plane actually motionless in the air. Thus an ane might sink gently, on an even keel, straight down into a landing space no larger than its own length. Brunner and others believe the prob- lem of bringing a moving plane to a standstill within a small space has been solved. At the point where the propelling force of the airplane is equal to the resist- ance produced by the artificial air current, the plane comes to a stop. To prevent an approaching plane from pitching and tossing, with possible dam- age, the “wind machine” sends its blast through a boxlike arrangement of vanes that keep it uniform and in a straight line. This eliminates air eddies, and would make the landing so smooth that even a seaplane, equipped with pontoons in- stead of wheels, could float down without injury upon a liner’s deck. Aeronautically and dynamically the invention is feasible, in the opinion of Its fuel supply replenished, the plane would then be sent on its way by a catapult aeronautical experts. Brunner is await- ing tests on the model he is building: Although the Atlantic has already been spanned in single jumps, this feat cannot, at present, be duplicated by a freight- carrying plane. Gasoline load must be sacrificed to cargo, and a freight plane needs, therefore, a mid-ocean gas station where it can refuel. It is to meet this need that Brunner has devised his unique Janding device. Only a few feet on a passenger liner’s deck, instead of the broad expanse of runway on a modern airplane carrier’s landing-surface, is re- quired by a descending plane. After fuel has been obtained, the air freighter may be picked up by a derrick and placed on a catapult like those in present use for launching planes on ship- board. Its tanks filled, it continues its way across the ocean with its cargo.

Page 46

44 Soft-Faced Hammer Saves Your Car ACED with soft removable plugs to protect such parts as gears, sprockets and polished metal work from injury, the new hammer pictured below is designed especially for work around the automo- bile. New plugs are inserted as needed, the old ones being driven out by a punch pushed into a unique slanting hole that The face of this soft-surfaced hammer for motorists can be renewed when worn out is a feature of the tool. The hammer will not lose its balance, as is the case with other soft-metal hammers, even after con- stant use, and will deliver as forceful a blow as any tool of its size. | KNOW YOUR CAR \ ," YHEN you drive your auto- | y Pa mobile around a corner, the rear wheel on the outside of the curve turns faster than the one on | the inside. If there were a solid | axle between the two rear wheels, either one of the wheels would slide over the ground or else the strain would snap the axle in two. In order to eliminate this trouble, a | differential gear is,used in the rear | axle, and the axle is made in two pieces. As your car starts around a curve, the differential gear comes into action and allows one wheel to travel faster than the other without strain. While your car is traveling in a straight line the differential | gears are not in operation, conse- quently, the only wear that takes place on these gears is when you are rounding a curve. In order to make the differential gears last as long as possible observe the follow- | | ing rules: 1. Keep your foot off the accel- erator when you are rounding curves, whenever possible. 2. Avoid fast driving on steep hills with many curves. 3. Makesure that theaxle hous- ing is kept filled with the grade of lubricant recom- mended by the makers of your car. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY f st Seine ‘ yt Traffic Tower in a Hotel UESTS at a new Berlin hotel are en- joying the novelty of what is prob- ably the most elaborate electric informa- tion and control system of its kind in existence. When you arrive at this hotel, a “traffic officer” in 4 booth all his own takes charge of your movements. Ele- vators under his command speed you to the proper floor; by the time you reach it, you have been announced by tele- phone. House detectives have been dis- pensed with; for through the traffic director’s indicators he is aware of every- thing that occurs in the hotel. France Tries Iron Roads OADS of iron are being tested by engineers at Le Mans, France, who have paved a part of a main highway, the Avenue Leon Bollee, with ten tons of cast-iron plates. The plates as designed by the government’s chief of road engineers present a slightly corrugated nonskid surface, having the advantage of being smooth for motor cars, yet rough enough to prevent horses from slipping. Besides their obvious durability, they afford a new use for old iron. Briton Develops Cheap Fuel A METHOD of producing a new moty fuel, much less costly than gasoline was recently reported from E The illustration above shows the remark. able apparatus used thus far in the labor. tory experiments. Commercial apparatys would be two hundred times as large, The raw material is a cheap grade ¢ coal, and the fuel is obtained as an oil by distillation. When all the oil has bem extracted, powdered coal remains as, valuable by-product. In the picture th inventor, N. H. Freeman, is shown tin ing one of the operations. New Device Rectifies Current A THIN disk of reddish copper oxideis said to be the secret of a remarkabk new invention. Without use of an elect lytic cell or rectifier tube, it rectifies th alternating current from your house wim to a one-way direct current suitable fe battery charging. It is possible that th disk, made on a large scale, will elim» ate rotary converters in electric powers tions, according to the inventor, Prof. $1. M. Allen, of the University of Cincinnati Professor Allen is shown holding a disk @ his new alternating-current-rectifying mew T Low cee obt gas from t in a rem pleted in Russian e horsepowe Diesel me oil burner. the trial t ous appar: mous ven cool the m the engine As the loc: no cinders Counti ONE of I novel elect silver coins hung bene: hundred p cally allott Far more human han equivalent Coins are sc Machine in

Page 47

» Fuel 2W motor gasoline, England, Temark. e labor. pparatus arge. grade o an oil by has been IMS asa ture the wo tim urrent r oxide is narkabk 2 electro. tifies the use Wire table for that th ower sta- rol 8 disk d gt i Locomotive Burns Oil “FIQUID coal,” a synthetic oil fuel L obtained with the aid of hydrogen gas from the lowest grades of coal, is used in a remarkable locomotive just com- pleted in Germany. Prof. Lomonosoff, Russian engineer, designed the new 1200 horsepower engine, which runs by a Diesel motor—a gasoline engine turned oil burner. The photograph, taken during the trial trip near Berlin, shows the curi- ous apparatus at the front with its enor- mous vent that serves as a radiator to cool the motor. Enough fuel is carried in the engine’s tanks for a 1,000-mile run. As the locomotive is smokeless, there are nocinders to blow into passengers’ eyes. Counting Cash by Electricity oA flows like water at the Bank of England, in London, where a novel electric machine sorts and counts silver coins and discharges them into bags hung beneath. Amounts of from five to a hundred pounds sterling are automati- cally allotted to the proper receptacles. Far more rapid and infallible than a human hand, the device measurés out the equivalent of $7500 in an hour. Coins are sorted and counted electrically by Machine in the Bank of England, London POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Houses Washed by Machine WO men can wash an average-sized frame house in five hours, with the new electric machine pictured above. A motor in its base automatically mixes a cleaning solution from powder in the conelike hopper, and forces it through a hose to the sponge in the operator’s hand. He need only rub the sponge lightly along the wall, and the dirt vanishes. By turning a valve, the cleaning solution is shut off and water alone used for rinsing. In a few hours, using this process, it is said, your house looks as new as if it had just received a fresh coat of paint. Radio Aids Treasure Hunt RMED with a Government license and a new radio device said to indi- cate the presence of large quantities of buried metal, a party of American and British adventurers is reported to have made the first recorded discovery of buried treasure in paying quantities. The 45 “find” was made recently in Panama City, where jewels, plate, and’ chairs of . precious metal were said to have been brought to light. Pirates’ hoards in the West Indies, the Florida keys and the Mexican coast will be searched for if the radio treasure-finder meets with further success, as well as two spots called the world’s greatest treasure fields—Cocos Island, off the coast of Chile, and a small volcanic island off Brazil. Ten-Pound Electric Handsaw NE slow stroke with the new motor- driven handsaw pictured above, and a board is sliced neatly in two. The whirling blade, mounted directly on the motor shaft, does the work in a tiny frac- tion of the time it would take to saw a piece in the old hand way. Light and portable, the tool weighs only ten pounds. One of its useful features is an adjustable depth gage that can be set for a cut of any depth up to two inches. | How Much Do You Know of the World You Live In? EST yourself with the twelve questions below, selected from hundreds sent in by our readers. If you can answer half of them, you are doing better than most. For the correct answers, turn to page 135. 1. What is El Capitan? 2. Who were the mound - builders? 3. Where do sealskins come from? 4. Where was ‘El Dorado’’? 5. What is ambergris? 6. Where is the world’s coffee grown? . Why are Irishmen called Hibernians? 8. Where do sandstorms some- times blow away the rail- way? 9. Where do explorers find an- cient books written on clay bricks? 10. What country averages more than two miles above sea level? 11. What island contains giant stone statues built by a mysterious race? 12. Where does vanilla come from?

Page 48

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Magnet Saves Workers’ Eyes T’S NO joke to get a fragment of steel in your eye; but the sufferer in this picture was unusually fortunate. He is having it removed by a remarkable new “ring magnet” developed by English physicians, that enables them to draw the metallic splinter into an accessible spot where it can easily be extracted. Counterweights support the heavy mecha- nism while the patient places his head within the powerful magnetic field. Poisons More Dangerous to Women OMEN workers are more suscepti- ble than men to poisonou# sub- stances used in factories, according to a report prepared by Dr. Alice Hamilton, professor of industrial medicine at the Harvard Medical School, who points out that they are the first to succumb both to familiar poisons and new poisons used in industry. In fifty-two recent cases of poisoning caused by fumes of benzol, now used on a large scale as a rubber solvent, forty were women. During the war, says Dr. Hamilton, women in munitions factories were more liable than men to poisoning from materials used in making explosives. With new and unfamiliar poisons being used, particularly as solvents for var- nishes and shellac, it is important to safe- guard women, Dr. Hamilton says, as ex- periments have shown that a poisoned woman may have poisoned children. Radio Lights to Guide Airmen ADIO signals from the ground direct aircraft in a unique adaptation of the automatic dial telephone, invented by Capt. Paul S. Edwards of the U. S. Signal Corps aircraft radio laboratory at Dayton, Ohio. Any one of a hundred different code signals, consisting of numbers, can be sent from the apparatus, which re- sembles the dial of an ordinary automatic telephone. In the pilot’s cockpit aboard the airplane, flashing lights on a visual indicator interpret the signals to give the airman directions for landing in a fog, or for plotting the course of his flight. The visible signals are not interfered with, as ordinary radio signals might be, by the tremendous roar of the motor. Electricity Hastens Crops LECTRIC wires embedded in the soil have been successfully used to pro- duce farm crops ahead of time, according to recent reports received from Sweden by the United States De- August, 19y Flame “Burns” Under Water in New Steam Boilers OT only does a flame “burn” water, but it heats the water y; amazing efficiency, according to the ia ventors of a revolutionary new t steam boiler. A Swedish engineer, Oscar Brunler, and his son have perfected jt salient feature—a burner that forces 4 burning mixture of air with gas, oil, @ even powdered coal straight down ; the water in the boiler! Combustion complete before the flame strikes th water, but the hot gases are still glowi as they speed through: it to raise oval water to steam in a few minutes, At Hanover, Germany, a 500-horsepowe boiler fitted with the underwater burne has successfully completed a year’s tests Two English inventors, C. F. Hammon and William Shackleton, have also per. fected a “submerged-flame” boiler, Both this and the Swedish invention need py smokestacks, for there is no smoke. The boilers need be only one tenth as large, jt is said, as an ordinary boiler of equal capacity—an important space-saving fe. ture on a ship, where every inch of ayail. able space is needed. ARTIFICIAL heating for the ocean is to be tried out at Westerland, Germany, a ular seaside resort, in orcer to provide all. the-year-round bathing. Huge- electre heaters will be installed that will rai the water’s temperature and rob a winte dip of its chill. Heated bathing cabin and covered ways leading to the wate will be provided for the bathers’ comfort partment of Commerce. Its soil warmed in this unique way, a farm near Stockhoim secured a fine crop of lettuce in March, far ahead of the usual season. In further tests to be con- ducted at the Stockholm Agricultural Experiment Station, a half-acre open field will be strung with buried wires 130 feet apart. Scientists believe that they will then be able to plant potatoes in April and har- vest them in early June. > o ‘ wee Capt. P. S. Edwards, U. S. Signal Corps, dem- onstrating his new signaling system for aircraft Movies Test Auto Drive O DETERMINE who is, ands not, competent to drive mobile, and to help lessen the m6 toll of traffic accidents, ingenious prospective drivers, using motidl tures, have been developed in In the testing room is a model @ seat, equipped with all the contre in operating an automobile. The to be tested is seated at the steering] In front of him is placed a screemy which is thrown a motion picture of gested street, showing moving pedestrians, traffic signs and so fortl is required to operate the controls § avoid the “dangers” and obey 1 rules. Every mistake he makes is 1 tered automatically on an electrical ® cording machine. August, 19: Dre HE la world underwate the founda River brid Jersey: mud, the F lifted out « Jersey sid dredge sco of thirty-ts of its steel. tion, it is h before the Bluebe: 1X out ¢ treated made of | cured, acco Allen, of M ciation of A six cases, he ly, while ty failures: M js to be re insulin in tl Hou CHIM talk w talk, more « to imitate se opinion of | garet S. C University. “Perhaps failure to de tendency to suggests in e stimulates in have no sucl _ A French observed a has conclud¢ This novel fame time.

Page 49

_ The rge, it ig fea. avail. ; to be a pop de all. lectrie ne winter cabins wate mfort, August, 1927 Dredge for New York’s Bridge HE largest dredge of its kind in the Pid had to be used in the first ynderwater excavation not long ago for foundation piers for the great Hudson River bridge linking New York and New Jesey. Sixty thousand cubic yards of mud, the engineers estimated, had to be lifted out of the river bottom on the New Jersey side alone; and the mammoth e scooped out the cavern at the rate of thirty-two cubic yards to each swallow ofits steel maw. ‘The New Jersey founda- tion, it is hoped, will be above water level before the cold weather sets in. Blueberry Cure for Diabetes IX out of eighty-one diabetes patients Created with myrtillin, a new drug made of blueberry leaves, have been cured, according to a report by Dr. S. M. Allen, of Morristown, N. J., to the Asso- cation of American Physicians. Twenty- six cases, he says, were benefited positive- ly, while twenty-one cases were outright failures: Myrtillin, Dr. Allen emphasizes, is to be regarded as supplementary to insulin in the treatment of diabetes. How Apes Might Talk CHIMPANZEE might be taught to talk with its fingers, as deaf people talk, more easily than it could be taught to imitate sounds of human speech, in the opinion of Dr. R. M. Yerkes and Mar- garet S. Child, psychologists, of Yale University. “Perhaps the chief reason for the ape’s failure to develop speech is the absence of a tendency to imitate sounds,” Dr. Yerkes suggests in explanation. “‘Seeing strongly stimulates imitation, but hearing seems to have no such effect.” _AFrench scientist, Louis Boutan, who observed a female gibbon for five years, has concluded that a young child who has not learned to speak, works like a gibbon. Achild who is beginning to talk no longer works like the ape but directs its efforts along a definite line, like a man. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 47 Portable Reading Lamp Holder O MATTER where you go, a new electric fitting developed in England always provides you with an adjustable reading lamp. Its rubber-tipped, mova- ble “feet” grasp the back of a chair or the edge of a table, and a hinged arm holds the light in a position where it will best shed its rays on the pages of your favorite book. The attachment folds up, and can easily be tucked in the pocket or hand bag. It should prove useful to traveling salesmen in hotels without table lamps. Map Puzzle Teaches Children Geography : EOGRAPHY becomes a fas- cinating game to the child, instead of a dull “bookish” study, in an ingeni- ous and practical new toy. Cupped round blocks each contain the map of a continent, cut up to form a picture puzzle. In assem- bling the puzzle, the child learns the continents of the world, the countries in each continent, and the shape and geographical loca- tion of the coun- This novel toy keeps children busy and teaches geography at the tame time. When assembled it forms a handy globe-map of the world. tries. When fitted together it forms a serviceable globe. Aid for Deaf Has ToneControl i YOU are hard of hearing, a sensitive microphone in a new invention does the listening for you. Within a portable case the size and shape of a small box camera, it transmits what it hears to an amplifier that magnifies the sound. Head phones that slip over the ears make the sound audible. A single vacuum tube like those used in radio sets does the work; batteries to operate it are also contained in the compact outfit. An important feature of the device is a tone control, which makes it possible to fit accurately an instrument for almost any case of subnormal hearing. Wooden R. R. Ties Passing HE familiar wooden railroad tie will soon be a thing of the past, judging from several recent successful experi- ments to replace them with bars of con- crete or steel. Sample ties of steel, made of scrap metal from worn rails, were in- stalled a year ago in railroad yards at Glenville, N. Y. They proved so success- ful that they are now to be made in quantity, to replace wooden ties in yards and sidings. Ten times as strong as wood, they are made from the discarded rails at extremely low cost. Meanwhile, after tests extending over a score of years, a concrete tie has been developed. Twenty-five thousand of these new ties are being installed over a line near Pittsburgh—enough to cover seven and a half miles of track. Rein- forced with steel rods, each tie has wooden blocks set in it to which the track rails can be spiked down. In the future, engineers predict, roller- bearing trains will travel at extremely high speed, without vibration, over the new roadbeds. GERMAN POLICE are reported to be using an amazing new device to aid in tracking down criminals—an “ultra- whistle,” that summons police dogs with- out giving the faintest audible sound to warn the fugitive. The sound wave it emits is of more than 40,000 vibrations a second—too high-pitched for the human ear to hear, but the dog’s sensitive ear, it is said, detects and understands it.

Page 50

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Mud No Terror to This Car! T TAKES a muddy road indeed to stop Leonard F. Muhlheim, rural mail carrier of Oelwein, Iowa, and his re- markable car, which he has nicknamed the “Iowa Mud Hen.” After he had be- come marooned countless times with his old car, following rains that made the dirt roads in the southern and central por- tions of his state almost impassable, he resolved to build an outfit that could con- quer the most slippery highway. The ““Mud Hen” was the [result; its double wheels with its “caterpillar” tread of chain carry him over any road. Water Purified by Rays UT of France’s war efforts to provide her soldiers with chemically steri- lized, yet palatable water, has come a re- markable new system of purifying city water, already in use in half a dozen French towns. Reported to be economical and automatic, it is the discovery of Philippe Bunau-Varilla, remembered in America chiefly in connection with the Panama Canal. M. Bunau-Varilla discovered an entire- ly new principle when he found that a minute quantity of hypochlorite of soda, placed in water that was agitated, gave off traces of extremely active chlorine gas when the water was treated with ultra- violet rays. Although the gas was not present in sufficient quantity to cause an objectionable taste, it was powerful enough to kill five sixths of the microbes in a test sample of street gutter water. To utilize the discovery, he developed an automatic pump which does the work of purification in a single operation. French towns using the apparatus report a direct decrease in typhoid cases. Building Stone Waterproofed ATERPROOFING stone is the unique method now becoming widely adopted to protect buildings and statues. The stone is heated with a blow- torch to expand its surface and “open its pores.” Then melted paraffin is applied with a brush, forming a protective cover- ing against rain, frost, and gas fumes in the air. One such “waterproofed” struc- ture is the Buckingham Memorial Foun- tain nearing completion in Chicago. Feeds Movie Film at High Speed NEW movie camera mechanism, said to feed film through the camera at high speed without danger of tearing it, is the invention of Edward Amet, of Los Angeles, Calif. He claims to have perfected a system of advancing the film after each of its sixteen “shots”’ a second that grasps it gently, speeds up as it moves it along, and then releases it. The device is also used in superspeed work. R. R. Gates Direct Traffic MG Riauervistnigy at dangerous street inter. sections will be regulated by gate similar to those at railroad crossings, if a novel “‘silent policeman,”’ invented George Hulmes, of Detroit, Mich., and recently demonstrated in that city, jg generally adopted. It carries two pairs gates, which allow traffic to proceed jg only one direction at a time. When the gates that guard one of the intersecting streets are raised, the others are auto matically lowered. At corners where m traffic officer is on duty, the device would be operated from a distant control point, Twin Engines Drive Novel Bus HE motor stage below, recently put into service in Oakland, California, looks more like a trolley than an autome bile. There’s no danger of a breakdown because of motor trouble, as the bus has two powerful engines, placed under the seats, either one able to drive the machine alone. One is connected to each of the rear wheels, and ordinarily both are used at once, synchronized by a double foot throttle. The “motorman” sits in a cib byhole at the extreme front, with nothing to obstruct his vision. This bus has two engines, each with its own radiator, clutch and ignition system, placed under the seats to give more passenger space. If necessary, it can operate with one motor Auto’s Heats C HEN ; of coff hood of your js a steamin for you! It’s coffee and di a new coffee Wallace, of fits directly manifold. T ten miles of d inventor says full of water. you can sto} the inconvent inating also from burning Lunch K RE’S a to the ] After all the : for a meal h: capacious con and four hin

Page 51

Auto’s Exhaust Heats Coffee Pot HEN you want a cup of coffee, lift up the hood of your car—and there js a steaming pot waiting for you! It’s easy to brew coffee and drive at the same time with anew coffee pot, invented by L. W. Wallace, of Los Angeles, Calif., which fits directly over the engine’s exhaust manifold. The heat generated by five to ten miles of driving at ordinary speed, the inventor says, is sufficient to boil a pot full of water. On a motor camping trip, you can stop for refreshments without the inconvenience of building a fire; elim- inating also the danger of forest fires from burning embers left behind. Lunch Kit and Table in One agi a compact lunch kit that adds to the pleasure of auto picnicking. After all the food and crockery necessary fora meal has been unpacked from the capacious container, the lid is folded back and four hinged legs swiftly convert it legs turn it into a table. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY y into a picnic table. Crawling bugs and insects—the bug- bear of picnic lunches—are_ ex- cluded from the repast. The novel case, which is a British invention, folds again after the meal into a surprisingly small space for packing on the running board or in the tonneau of the car. That Mythical “Sea Level’ yeti op popular belief is shattered by the report from Washington that, after all, the sea. isn’t level at all but is a “gently sloping hill.”” H. G. Avers of the Coast and Geodetic Survey made this announcement after extensive experi- menting. The mean sea level at Biloxi, Miss., he tells us, is two centimeters below that at Galveston, Texas. Even more surprising is his report that the mean sea level at St. Augustine, Fla., was found to be twenty-four centimeters below that at Galveston, and thirty-one centi- meters below that at Portland, Maine! Open this compact automobile lunch kit, remove its contents of food and utensils, and four hinged When packed, the kit is easily stowed in a small space in the car Speeding Up the Chariot Race HE thrilling chariot races of Roman times have been brought up to date by British sport enthusiasts. Its appear- ance somewhat modernized and a glass windshield added, as shown in the above illustration, the two-wheeled vehicle from which ancient Romans lashed their horses is now drawn by a roaring mo- torcycle. Behind their gasoline-driven steeds, the modern “charioteers”’ furnish spectators a race replete with thrills. More Power from Less Coal NE kilowatt-hour of electric power— enough to burn an ordinary electric lamp for seventeen hours—from a single pound of coal is the striking engineering achievement announced by the Columbia Gas and Electric Corporation, of Cin- cinnati, O., for their new power plant. This is about one fourth of the energy that scientists say the coal contains; but to recover even this much is remarkable. When coal is burned to give electric power, most of its heat goes up in smoke or is wasted elsewhere. One fifth, or less, of its potential power is usually turned into electric current. “Superpower” for Airplanes EVOID of gears, crank shaft, and timer, a new barrel-shaped rotary airplane motor for which phenomenal power is claimed has been invented by Elbridge Gerry Smith, airplane motor engineer, and the first complete motor is now under construction at Garden City, Long Island. His original model, built during the war, Smith says, convinced him that the new motor would produce two horsepower for every pound of its weight—making it four times as powerful as the best engines now available. WIrH INTENSE artificial light that rivaled sunshine, O. Munerati, French biologist, recently succeeded in growing three gen- erations of beets in a single year. The powerful illumination caused the plants to go to seed more rapidly, and the seed to germinate in far less time than usual.

Page 52

50 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Inventors’ IdeasN« ) An Odd Quick-Parking Auto, Dust Mask; to Fight City Germs, Mechanical Pip, Smoker, and Other Ingenious Creation;

The back seat of a theater or auditorium is brought within easy hearing distance of the stage by this novel “ear lorgnette,” a novel sound amplifier which magnifies voices just as opera glasses magnify faces

rs <p erat ys

Sliding into a tight park- ing space or getting out of a bad traffic jam are comparatively simple - matters in this curious auto, recently demon- strated in Paris; for its

r front wheels can be is in - oy os turned entirely around. and jacket of rut The auto can “about jand helmet. Thes face” in its own length

The real angler in this case was not the man in the picture, but an “automatic fisherman” consisting of a large reel containing a coil spring. When a fish bites, the jerk releases a trigger, causing the spring to haul in the catch. A bell signals that the fish is hooked A Minnesota inventor makes the alarm clock switch electric lights on or off at the desired hour. The invention can also be used to control other electrical devices

Now amateurs can make their own movis indoors, without need of expensive studi equipment. Plugged into any lamp socket Je this six-pound portable arc light supplit Zn illumination rivaling daylight. It may ® held in the hand or suspended from a hoo

An ingenious new substitute for the cumbersome miter box is a saw guide (at left) which can be locked at the desired {Amachine that c; angle to the piece of wood to be cut. The | the dista guide both swings and tilts, permitting | um. Equ the easy cutting of compound bevels Pipe in a way t The latest economy in women’s millinery is this odd high-crowned sombrero of velour, which really serves as a dozen different bon- nets in one. It can be shaped into any style

Page 53

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY and Useful 51 Donning the life saving suit. It is in three sections—trousers and jacket of rubber material, and helmet. These are fastened together by locking rings that ‘form water-tight joints. The wit serves to retain the wamth of the wearer’s body | | | The latest idea for shoppers is an odd three- wheeled electric car. Amachine that can smoke three dozen pipes at once now saves the moker the distasteful chore of “‘breaking in’’ a new briar or echaum. Equipped with mechanical mouth and lungs, it ‘‘ages”’ Pipe in a way that would ordinarily require weeks of steady use An ingenious life saving suit, designed to keep a ship- wreck victim afloat for hours, has an inflated jacket and a helmet with windows and breathing valves You enter through a swinging front door, touch a lever, and glide through the shopping district at the leisurely speed of ten miles an hour. Electric motor and storage battery are in a rear compartment As a safeguard against contagion in germ- laden city air, the use of this novel “dust mask’”’ has been suggested by the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene of New York State. It can be folded and carried in a small hand bag l With the machine pictured above, traffic lines can be painted on the street as rapidly as aman can walk. A pressure tank forces the marking liquid through a number of nozzles, while a canvas roller on the front wheel serves as an efficient “paint brush” On the theory thata monotonous droning noise will make you drowsy, a German in. ventor has devised a machine to cure sleep. lessness (at the right). The apparatus, wound up like a clock, emits a soft humming noise which contirues for forty minates

Page 54

52 A coal car, hauled to the top of this tower, dumps its load into the waiting locomotive tender beneath Coaled in Four Minutes RITISH locomotives are loaded with coal in an incredibly short time, at a remarkable coaling tower recently erected at Doncaster, on the London and North Eastern Railway. By electric power a coal car is seized from an adjoin- ing track, hoisted in a jiffy to the top of the structure, and dumped. The coal, pouring into a hopper, slides down chutes to the tender of the locomotive below. From start to finish the operation takes only four minutes. At a switch- board within a control cabin that tops the coaling tower, a single operator con- trols the electric mechanism. “Wing Flutter’ Wrecks Planes 7 ING flutter,” a curious airplane phenomenon somewhat resembling the “shimmy” of an automobile’s front wheels, is the cause of a whole series of mysterious airplane accidents in England, according to a new theory advanced by British air experts to account for eighty unexplained wrecks last year. In many cases the plane, flying normally, sud- denly went into a spin and crashed. Apparently the pilot had fainted, or had lost control. At high speed, scientists now suggest, tremendous air pressure on the ailerons, or balancing flaps attached to the rear wings, may twist the wings themselves and set up vibrations that jerk the con- trol stick out of the pilot’s hands. This same “flutter’’ was noticed in the early days of aviation, when the wing tips themselves were purposely warped for balancing. Subsequently separate “‘aile- rons” were provided; but at modern speeds in excess of 150 or 160 miles an hour even these may distort the main . wings. Though unseen by an observer on the ground, a pilot struggling with a “wing flutter’ might be engaged in a life-and-death fight to recover control, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Overheated Engine Stops Itself HE “thermostop,” a re- cent French invention, is of all kinds from overheating. Should the bearings run dry of oil, the cooling system fail to function, or any other part overheat, the new device auto- matically rings a warning bell and shuts off the engine. The “brains” of the device consist of a small dome con- taining an electric switch held open by a link of easily melted material. Any number of these domes can be used, screwed into the motor at vital spots. When overheating occurs, the fusible link melts, closing the electrical contact and actuating the bell and the motor cut-off. In tests made by the inventor, Emile Alric, an automobile motor was run with the device attached, and the oil supply re- peatedly shut off. Each time, he reports, the new device stopped the motor before the bearings had been damaged. His invention makes it safe, he says, to run huge steam or Diesel engines virtually without the attention of an engineer. Test Cigarette Fire Danger w= you throw away a burning cigarette stub, are you contributing to the annual fifty-million-dollar fire loss for which smokers are held to blame? Scientists of the U. S. Bureau of Stand- ards now are making tests to find out how dangerous a lighted cigarette is as a potential fire menace. In one of the tests, a burning cigarette is placed within a wad of paper and held in the breeze from an electric fan, while an observer with stop watch and clock notes the time required for ignition. This and other tests already have shown that the paper used in the manufacture of cigarettes can be impregnated with sub- stances that will reduce the fire hazard. To measure the hazard of a burning cigarette, the experimenter places it in a wad of paper, turns on an electric fan, and records the time it takes for the paper to ignite said positively to protect motors, August, 17 new automatic vice which sg: engine when 2a comes Overheat Below: The % ventor, M, Enik Alric, d ing its operatin Dearing its on the of a Diesel engin. | Signal Stops this Elevator | ) aay vguas of the kind that ofte,| pass by your floor without stoppi are being replaced in a thirty-eight-story| New York office building by cars thi! stop automatically on signals from wait. ing passengers. They cannot pass q| floor from which a signal has been giyen| unless they are full; in that case the operator presses a “pass-by” button,| and the next car stops. | Upon entering one of the new can the passenger calls his floor to th operator, who presses a corresponding button. The car stops automatically a the desired floor, and opens its doors, Since statistics show that seventy per. cent of all elevator accidents are due to tripping while entering or leaving cap, the new elevators also are equipped with self-leveling devices. Uncte Sam’s huge dirigible, Los Angele, is being equipped with the new radio apparatus for receiving weather maps, invented originally by C. Francis Jenkins to warn ships at sea of storms. | August, | ANet RE desk stroke, a and_spee strip it s yelope Pp! contents. along th wheels th feat. Th nitely, if Aer NE ol the | int the ais at near Tac structed a reservoir : apply pai workmen that proj turning @ with the hung. TI mile at a and a hal remarkabl point for by hand | of an ancl foot tower slipped, th to almost «

Page 55

ator at ofter| stopping | ht-story ars that ym. wait- Pass a eN given nase the button, 7 car to the! ponding ically at 00rs, nty per. e due to ng can, ed with Angeles, w radio raps, Jenkins August, 1927 A New Way to Open Letters ERE’S a handy new device for the desk or writing table. A single stroke, and it opens an envelope neatly and speedily. The unusually narrow strip it slices from the edge of the en- yelope prevents injury to the letter’s contents. A thin slot running lengthwise along the handle, and small cutting wheels that fit the slot, accomplish the feat. The cutters are said to last indefi- nitely, if not misused. Aerial Car Paints High Electric Cable NE of the strangest aerial] railways in the world was recently devised to paint the giant electric power cable that spans “The Narrows” of Puget Sound near Tacoma, Wash. Engineers con- structed a unique car that carried a paint reservoir and a set of circular brushes to apply paint automatically. Two nervy workmen took turns cranking a handle that propelled their swaying car by turning a rubber-faced wheel in contact with the steel strand from which they hung. The perilous trip of more than a mile at a dizzy height was made in four and a half hours. So effective was the remarkable car that to reach its starting point for the trip in mid-air it crawled by hand power up the precipitous slant of an anchor cable to the top of the 317- foot tower. Had the driving mechanism slipped, the men would have been hurled to almost certain death. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Mammoth Tool Bores 13-Foot Cylinders NGINEERING genius has succeeded in producing a giant among machines, a boring tool that can handle monster cylinders measuring up to thir- teen feet in diameter’ This iron Hercules, recently exhibited at Leipzig, Germany, is used to manufacture the thick shells that inclose powerful: steam turbines. It weighs 115 tons. An idea of its enormous size may be gained by com- parison with the workman stand- ing alongside it. The piece to be bored is clamped to the base plate, and the boring tool, mounted on a rod whose maxi- mum length is forty-six feet, is thrust forward into it as the machine advances along its geared track. Sounds That Kill EADLY sound waves, of such high frequency that they are inaudible, recently have been produced by Prof. R. W. Wood, of Johns Hopkins University, and A. L. Loomis, in the latter’s laboratory at Tuxedo Park, N. Y., using a quartz sheet vibrated 500,000 times a second by electricity. The experimenters found that when these waves were generated in a tank of water containing a number of small fish, the fish were mysteriously killed, their muscles reduced to a pulp. In further studies reported to the National Academy of Sciences, the scientists discovered that blood cor- puscles in salt water are broken down by the strange vibrations, and the whole fluid is tinged a clear red—unless a trace of gelatin is added. Artificial ice, com- pressed and placed in contact with the waves, is shattered into small crystals. Oil, paraffin, and mercury, considered impossible to mix with water, combine with it under the silent sound waves to form semi-opaque mixtures. Thus, when a paraffin candle was suspended in the water, the wax melted from the surface to form a “paraffin milk” that resembled Almost as thrilling as walking a tight rope. Here the cable painter is starting on the mile-long journey high above Puget Sound. The paint is applied automatically The giant boring machine. Compare its size with that of the workman at the right of the illustration real milk. Drops of mercury in the bot- tom of a vessel were split into globules so small that they could just be dis- tinguished with a powerful microscope in the inky mixture they formed with water. The new waves, Prof. Wood foresees, may find future useful application in mixing hitherto antagonistic substances. Light Signals Auto Speed “TT’S folly to have a red light on the rear of an automobile without a similar warning at the front of the car.”” Voicing this belief, Samuel Sboro- witz, noted German engineer, has just invented a radiator cap light to wara pedestrians at night of the speed at which a car is approaching. The contrivance consists of several lights of various colors arranged as a radiator ornament. For each ten-mile increase in speed, from ten to sixty miles an hour, a different light flashes. At sixty miles an hour a red light glows as a warning signal. It has been proposed that the red light should be made to glow as soon as the driver exceeds the legal speed limit, and that all motorists in Germany should be compelled to in- stall the signal device. Dark Rubber Lives Longer OR rubber articles that are likely to be exposed to sunlight, rubber of the darkest color will stay “‘alive’’ the long- est. Recent experiments in the rubber laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Stand- ards have demonstrated that the shade of rubber goods has much to do with their durability. In the experiments three samples of rubber, one uncolored, one black, and one red, were exposed to sunlight for six months. Tests of the samples were made at intervals, and revealed that the uncolored piece lost its life about five times as fast as the black one, but only about twice as fast as the red-colored one.

Page 56

Ingenious Device Tests Air Pilot’s Vision OW keen is a pilot’s eyesight? The latest test for would-be aviators is a unique means for determining their ability to judge comparative distances. Two vertical bars, one fixed and the other sliding, are mounted on a platform against a white background. Standing across the room, the candi- date for a pilot’s license draws forward the movable bar by a POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 19 At the right: Dr. G. Breit (left) and Dr. M. A. Tuve (right) of the Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, with their apparatus for measuring height of ‘“‘Heaviside Layer” Below: The new appa- ratus for testing avia- tors’ judgment of distance, and John Groves, its inventor string until he guesses it to be at exactly the same distance from the back- ground as the stationary bar. A scale immediately shows how accurate his judgment was. Tests of this sort are important, for inability to judge distance may cause a pilot to wreck his plane when he makes a landing. The new testing device is the invention of John Groves, of the Aeronautics Division, United States Department of Commerce. To Hush Riveters XPERIMENTS re- cently begun by the U. S. Bureau of Standards may silence forever the deafening clatter of the pneumatic riveting hammers used in skyscraper building, and result in noise- less construction. The Government has set aside $100,000 for this investigation; and the Bureau is conducting tests on the new National Press Club Building being erected in Washington, D. C. A girder manufacturer of Washington recently loaned the Bureau his ten mil- lion pound compression testing machine for experiment, and the scientists are said to have put a successful silencer on it in the hope that this in some modified form may lead to silent riveting. Drill Carries Its Own Motor HE latest in rock drills is a new French invention that carries its own gasoline motor. It requires no com- pressed air hose to become tangled or to drag about when the machine is moved from place to place; the entire apparatus is self-contained. In spite of its bulk it weighs only seventy pounds. A magneto furnishes batteryless ig- nition for the motor’s single cylinder. Such a device is of especial utility in a quarry or mine where holes must be drilled in isolated places at some distance from the central source of power. Hides Antenna in Ship’s Hull HEN Capt. F. G. Moe, skipper of the recently completed thirty- eight-foot cruiser Momo, of New York, decided to install a radio set on the craft, he evolved a unique scheme to avoid unsightly antenna wires. During the building of the boat, he strung a single strand of insulated wire clear around the inside of the boat’s hull to form an open loop. When the joiner work on the ship was finished, the an- tenna was completely hidden from sight. Both ends of the loop are brought to a convenient plug where a radio receiver may be attached. The set is said to work perfectly on this unusual “aerial,” and to receive signals equally well from both local and distant stations. This newly invented rock drill contains a one-cylinder gasoline motor that drives it “Radio Roof’ 100 Miles Up S THERE a “radio roof” in the upper atmosphere that reflects radio wayes back to earth? “Yes,” say Dr. G, Breit and Dr. M. A. Tuve, of the terrestrial magnetism department at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, as a resylt of recent experiments. Tests they conducted with elaborate radio instruments to measure its height indicated that the average distance of the theoretical “Heaviside layer” from the earth is 100 miles. During the experiments, however, the apparent ‘radio ceiling’” sometimes descended to a height of fifty miles and again rose to 130. To these billowing changes of level they attribute “fading,” which has been one of the most mysterious forms of trouble in radio transmission. Glider Soars Fourteen Hours N A soaring flight of fourteen hours and eight minutes, Ferdinand Schulz, at Passitten, Germany, recently achieved a new world’s glider record. His success in keeping his one-seater, motorless craft off the ground far eclipses the previous record of ten hours and twenty minutes held by the Frenchman Massaux. The Speed Limit of Vision WO scientists, Dr. P. W. Cobb and F. K. Moss, have measured the eye's speed limit. Your eye moves on a skip- stop system as it sees or reads, they say. After thousands of tests on eleven sub- jects, they found that to distinguish an object the average eye must stand still for about one seventh of a second. No amount of added illumination will speed it up. Most homes and factories are not brightly enough lighted to have reached the limit that these tests showed. New Paint Stops Oil Leaks A RED protective paint which is said to be the only known material that seals joints against oil leakage recently has been developed by the General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. ¥. One of its first practical applications 8 in the manufacture of fuel oil burners, where it is applied to seal oil joints. The paint can be applied either by brushing or dipping. It is said to dry rapidly and to produce a hard, glossy finish which can be cleaned easily. De natured alcohol is used as a thinner. “Perpe T LA foun machine. the origin wheel wit mechanicé such a “) signed by ventor, SII just been firm, mal They are show how tion, the petual mo The ma the Mass nology. I number « weighted | wheel is as change the wheel is se before it e Measu: W power will show power can of the Gre quantity American : of the Cos Falls, N. across the Goat Islar which the depth and tion divert show the » the falls, a old figure Twin ST as physica This is the experiment which mer pairs of ty were founc twins; and alike had t

Page 57

1 1907 aves Breit strial hegie esult orate eight e of from the arent se to level is of UTS s and z, at ved a cCess craft vious nutes on > and eye’s skip- y say. | sub- sh an 1 still . No speed ached | that cently eneral N. Y. ons is irners, S. er by 5 glossy . De r. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ——— eS 3 Left: The nearest gd thing to “perpetual motion,’’ demonstrat- ed at the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology. So nearly has it conquered fric- tion that, once set in motion, it will run for hours before stopping Below: Lighting the miniature stage from an electric control pan- el which is a small- scale duplicate of the controls actually used in theaters. In this way the most striking lighting effects can be worked out in advance “Perpetual Motion”—Almost A’ LAST a practical use has been found for a “perpetual motion” machine. Though scientists agree that the original goal of a continuously moving wheel without outside source of power is mechanically impossible, all rights to such a “perpetual motion” device de- signed by a Swedish and a German in- yentor, similar to earlier attempts, have just been purchased by an American frm, manufacturers of ball bearings. They are exhibiting the odd device to show how nearly it has conquered fric- tion, the ultimate enemy of all per- petual motion schemes. The machine was displayed recently at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology. It consists of a wheel with a number of spokes, each holding a weighted ball at its end. In addition, the wheel is actuated by weighted rods that change their position constantly after the wheel is set in motion, driving it for hours before it eventually slows to a stop. Measuring Niagara’s Power W measurements of Niagara’s power by Government engineers will show how much loss of electric power can be blamed on the sinking level of the Great Lakes, by determining the quantity of water now flowing over the American side of the falls. With the aid of the Coast Guard station at Niagara Falls, N. Y., they recently shot a line across the American falls at the head of Goat Island, and installed a cable by which they could measure the river's depth and speed. Allowing for the frac- tion diverted for electric power, this will show the volume of water flowing over the falls, and will be compared with the old figure of 8000 cubic feet a second. Twins’ Minds Run Alike ST as they resemble each other physically, twins are alike mentally. is the conclusion drawn from recent experiments at Columbia University, in which mental tests were given to 158 pairs of twins. Those of the same sex were found to differ less than boy-girl twins; and the ones that looked most alike had the closest mental ratings. Model Stage Tests Lights ROBLEMS of producing striking stage lighting effects are easily worked out with the aid of an ingenious working model invented by George L. Hall, of Melrose, Mass. He has built a miniature stage, complete with tiny flood and spot- lights. Working a small-size electric con- trol panel, a stage electrician can use the model stage to plan in advance how his lights shall be operated. 55 Largest Oil Burning Ship to Have No Funnels S° RAPIDLY has the motor ship attained favor that sixty percent of all the ships now under construction in the United States, and half of those in the world, will be powered with oil-burn- ing motors instead of the former coal- fired steam boilers. In Italy a motor ship, the Saturnia, is being built which will overshadow even the 655-foot Asturias, at present the largest motor ship afloat. The new vessel will have accommodations for 3000 pas- sengers and deck space for airplanes. Fun- nels will be lacking. Most of the present motor ships, in- cluding the Asturias, carry funnels; they are a concession to the fact that people are not yet accustomed to seeing a ship without funnels. Building Mammoth Generator A NEW power station under construc- tion on Lake Michigan near the Indiana-Illinois state line will have a steam turbine generator unit nearly three times as large as any of the giants now in service. It will be rated at 208,000 kilowatts, or two thirds the capacity of the Niagara Falls hydro- electric generating station. The complete weight of the machine will be 4,000,000 pounds, and of its heaviest single part, 275,000 pounds. Warns of Dangerous Fumes \ ," 7ITH the increasing use of hot mer- cury in industry, in chemical processes and in the new mercury tur- bine, the presence of poisonous mercury vapor in the air has recently become a menace to workers. Now a device has been invented that automatically gives an alarm when even one part of mercury in. twenty million of air is detected! A transparent strip of paper, coated with a chemical that darkens in the presence of mercury, ordinarily permits light from an electric lamp to fall on a light-sensitive electric cell. But when the paper blackens, giving a telltale warning of the deadly vapor, the light is cut off and the electric cell gives the alarm by ringing a gong. “Touchy” Electric Cable Traps the Burglar SENSITIVE electric cable that responds to the slightest touch is the latest idea in burglar alarms, invented by a German engineer. It looks innocent enough; but step on it, anywhere, or even touch it lightly, and an alarm bell rings. Along the entire length of the cable run two electric wires, and pressure at any point makes contact between them to close the circuit and give the alarm. In the photo the inventor is showing how a slight pressure on the cable causes a lamp to light. The inventor of the new burglar alarm demonstrates how the slightest touch of the cable will light a small battery lamp

Page 58

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Factory Ventilation Studied with Model Y MEANS of an in- genious working mod- el, New York State’s De- partment of Labor can demonstrate graphically the need of special ventila- tion for factories where manufacturing processes re- sult in acrid, injurious chemical fumes. A small replica of a large-scale ventilating in- stallation, the model uses a tiny blower run by an elec- tric motor to suck noxious fumes through inverted fun- nels into pipes to the roof. A hot plate warms small cauldrons, and the escape of their fumes is studied. At the left, Dr. L. E. Coffer, of the division 6f industrial hygiene, is show- ing how the model works. X-Rays Ferret Out Rum UNTING bootleg liquor is the X-ray’s latest use. With a special apparatus re- cently constructed for George Contreras, Chief Prohibition Agent of Los Angeles County, Calif., by R. H. Miligan, X- ray expert, searchers for illicit whisky found twenty-five cases of it disguised as bales of hay in a lumbering motor truck. The photographer who ac- companied them on their raid snapped the photograph at the right just as the discovery was made. At the right of the truck is the portable appara- tus used to generate the rays. The man standing behind the truck has just perceived the telltale out- line of bottles on the screen of the fluoroscope he is holding in his hand. The Hottest Spots on Earth HILE you are fanning yourself this summer, perhaps you may find solace in the fact that there are other places in the world far hotter. The world’s hottest spot, according to the records, is Azizia, in the semidesert plain of Jefara, northern Africa. There the thermometer rose to 136.4 degrees in the shade on September 13, 1922. The average yearly temperature for the region is 70.8 degrees. Previously the high record had gone to Greenland Ranch on the edge of Death Valley, California, where the thermometer once reached 134 in the shade, and where it goes higher than 120 degrees every summer. The earth’s coldest spot is Verkho- yansk, Siberia, just within the Arctic Circle, which experienced 90.4 degrees below zero in January, 1885. Unofficially it was reported.that this record was broken there last winter with 97.6 de- grees below. This place, however, is warmed during its two-month summer by temperatures that rise to 80 degrees. The low record for the United States— 65 degrees below—is held by Miles City, in the eastern part of Montana. AQUARIUM OWNERS whose goldfish seem ailing are promised a remedy by Ida M. Mellen of the New York Aquarium. While treating goldfish, she discovered that a kerosene bath and a bath in a solu- tion of aluminum sulphate restored health. Strange New Liquid Makes Wood Fireproof REMARKABLE liquid which, when used to impregnate wood, makes wood fireproof, has been perfected by Finnish inventor, acecrding to reports tp the U. S. Department of Commerce, In recent tests of the invention, a smaj building was constructed of wood had been treated by the solution, Al. though the building was saturated with oil, every attempt to ignite it failed, The liquid, it is said, costs so little that it can be used in the cheapest sort ¢ construction. Wall pape coated with jt also is protected from fire. A Deep-Sea “Butterfly Neg” gb CAPTURE tiny creatures which live on the bottom of the sea and which are likely to escape a dredge o bucket, Dr. O. T. J. Mortensen, a Danish naturalist, has invented an_ ingenious device that is a veritable undersea “byt, terfly net.” It is a metal sled with ry. ners, With a fine silk net stretched on The sled is let down at the end of a cable, then hauled along the bottom: of the seq, As the runners slide over the mud, myriads of small creg. tures living there, like insects in a field, are trapped in the silk net, to be hauled to the surface for study. Tin Not Harmful HAT the tin used asa lining for most cans com taining food has no effect o the human body is the recent conclusion of Doctors E. ¥, Schwartze and W. F. Clarke chemists of the U.S. Depart ment of Agriculture. In experiments with asparagus and pumpkin, foods which might be expected to set up chemical action in combination with the tin lining, they found not th slightest unfavorable effect. Moreover, after feeding tin to human beings in twe gram doses, they could find no evidene that it had been absorbed by the body. Tests a Tippler’s Breath DRINKING wman_ doesn’t stand a chance these days. Now a device has been invented by W. D. MeNally, coroner’s chemist of Chi- cago, Ill., that is said to tell infal- libly whether a person has taken a single drink. When he breathes through a glass tube into the simple apparatus shown in the photograph, specially prepared chemicals in the bottles change color if there is the faintest trace of alcohol. By this means, the inventor suggests, police might test auto drivers suspected of drunken driving; or, as suggested in the picture, doubtful wives might test their errant husbands before admitting them late in the evening. AMERICANS HOLD 70,000,000 phone talks a day, on 17,000,000 tele- phones. To transmit these messages, there are 45,000,000 miles of wire. Chemicals in the bottles change to a slightly” greenish color if a trace of liquor is on his breath in the histo ( HEN conneé seilles with fifteen mile found a seer superable o their way— tervening mountains. fifteen ye work they | last comple of the most 1 able canals world—it tra more than fi’ undergrounc The sub nean tun seventy-two wide and co: nillion do build, It cor coast, via t

Page 59

le that sort of with it Vy, et” which ea and cdge or Danish zenious . “but. th run. On top, at the hauled he sea, ver the 1 crea. insects in the to the ful d asa nS COn- fect on - recent Clarke, Depart. us and ination not the reover, in two vidence ody. August 1927 Valuable New Mineral Found in Vast Deposit QNBREAKABLE glass for baking dishes, bottles, pitchers and the like goon may be available in greater quanti- - . and at lower prices than ever before, h the recent discovery, in Kern County, California, of about eight million tons of an entirely new mineral, This mineral, called ‘“‘rasorite” after its dis- coverer, C- M. Rasor, a borax engineer of the Mohave desert field, is known to chemists aS the tetrahydrate of borax. It was found in large crystal-like bars resembling glass in texture. A com- tively simple and inexpensive process converts these bars into commercial borax, Which is used extensively for enamels,. Welding fluxes, laundry ma- terials, and in the manufacturing of the almost unbreakable borosilicate glass. Since other important borax ores re- quire expensive chemical processes, the discovery of the new supply is expected to reduce greatly the price of the product. The find is one of the most remarkable in the history of mineralogy. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 Space-Saving Gas Mains Shaped Like Planks wuz only one foot of room between the surface of Central Parkway, in Cincinnati, O., and a new subway benéath, city offi- cials asked themselves how sixteen-inch gas mains were to cross the street. The problem was recently solved by a novel expedient. Special flat pipes, only a few inches thick, were con- structed of riveted steel, and laid above the subway roof, leaving several inches to spare. At each end the regular sixteen-inch mains were connected, as shown in the photograph. Raprum can be employed | to remove superfluous hair, according to Hayward Pinch, of the Radium Institute in London. The rays, which kill germs and cancer cells, also destroy hair cells buried in the skin. Canal Runs through Five-Mile Tunnel HEN French engineers set out to connect the coast port of Mar- seilles with the inland city of Berre, about fifteen miles away, by waterway, they found a seemingly in- superable obstacle in their way—a high in- tervening ridge of mountains. After fifteen years of work they have at last completed one of the most remark- able canals in the world—it travels for more than five miles underground ! The subterra- nean tunnel is seventy-two feet wide and cost sixty nillion dollars to build. It connects the coast, via the shaft under the mountains, with Lake of Berre. The photograph below shows the first boats entering one portal of the tunnel during recent dedication ceremonies. Liquefied Gas for Fuel - ATURAL §gaso- line,” a valuable domestic fuel, is now obtained in the Middle West from extinct oil wells, in a new process made possible by im- proved machinery. Long after it has ceased to be worth while to pump oil to the surface from a well that has nearly dried up, large quantities of extremely rich natural gas continue to rise through the abandoned pressed to a liquid and “bottled,” is said to be The liquefied natural gas is supplied to homes in the drums seen at the left. When empty, they are returned to the factory and refilled an excellent substitute for gasoline or oil. orifice. This gas, com-— Why Your Watch Slows Down HAT makes your watch run slower in summer than in winter? Dr. P. G. Nutting, physicist of the U. S. Geological Survey, who has just com- pleted a study of this mystery, reports that the change is due to moisture in the air, and not, as many people suppose, to differences in temperature. Most watches are kept reasonably warm, even in winter, he points out. The real reason why watches speed up a little in winter and slow down in sum- mer is the condensation of a film of water on the balance wheel during warm weather, when the air is much more moist. This film is too thin to be seen even with a microscope, yet it adds enough extra weight to the wheel to make it run a trifle slower. At the ‘seashore where the air is especially moist the slowing-down effect is most noticeable. In dry winter air the moisture vanishes and the watch speeds up. New “Booster” for Airplanes REATER power for airplane engines at all altitudes, higher speed, and capacity for heavier loads, are promised through the use of a new built-in supercharger developed at the research laboratories of the General Electric Company at Lynn, Mass. Heretofore the superchargers used with engines of Army and Navy airplanes have been separate attachments. Now they can be made an integral part of com- mercial airplane motors, merely by the addition of two gears and a mechanism known as an “impeller.” “The supercharger does for the air- plane what the oxygen tank does for the pilot when flying at high altitudes,” ex- plains Dr. S. A. Moss, designer of the new supercharger. ‘“‘It prevents suffocation.” Plaster Statues Made Bronze LASTER statues are turned into metal ones by an ingenious “extrusion pistol,” devised by a German artist- inventor. It shoots a fine stream of melted bronze against the inside surface of a hollow plaster cast with such force that it passes through the plaster and forms a thin film on the outer surface.

Page 60

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, ovel Mechanical Devices (Below) This new bread knife, provided with three detachable edges, can’t get dull. When one edge needs sharpening, a new one is put in its place. In use, the edge is held in a groove of the blade by a slot at one end and a thumb screw at the other Just where your electric wire is most likely to wear out—at the connection to the and appliance plugs—rubber guards will Pro- tect it in a new household cord for iron, toaster or percolator. Shocks and burns from broken connections are prevented and the plug is in- sured against breakage with this new device Turn the crank of this ingenious kitchen tool, and the green corn is miraculously sheared from the cob. Sharp knives in a metal rim do the cutting as an automatic spindle pushes the cob through (At right) Fireproof and mothproof, this ironing pad of unusual thickness, made of animal hair, retains its springiness, lasts indefinitely and lengthens the life of your iron. It is attached to the ironing board beneath the ironing sheet by strings Special features distinguish unique glass teapot. Made of glass used for baking utensils} has a heat-insulated handle thy can’t get hot. An adjustable ball on a chain is built into the Asbestos protector, at- tached with screws, serves as rest for iron when not in use and protects your board when hot. A rail prevents iron sliding off (At right) Device attached to tub washes clothes in a few minutes. A long handle swings This gas range cooks with . . —~ funnel through the heat turned off. You + water and a spring suspend the dome-shaped ’ : - returns it. There hood over burners, turn off ; is but little exer- gas and “retained heat” Ree ee tion, as the handle continues cooking with no 5 ; itself is moved danger of boiling over - only a few inches

Page 61

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 59 Avgust 1927 Make Housekeeping Easy Here’s an iron that won’t tire you. You need lift it only-twice on ironing day—taking it out and putting it away. At other times it can be tipped on its side, removing heated parts from contact with board. Upper view, below, lying harmlessly on its side, and lower view, ready for work Scaling fish is a rapid and easy operation with a new device made for this purpose. Aspecial clamp with a bulldog grip, at- tached to the table top, holds the fish in a convenient position and the scaling is done by a few strokes of a pronged tool Washable gloves are stretched and dried to look like new by a wire frame adjusted to fit any size. This process lengthens the life of the-gloves and does away with wrinkles usually formed in drying How many times have you looked in vain for a holder to grasp a hot plate from the stove? They never stray out of sight when this handy new set, pro- vided with a hook readily attachable to any range, is used. The set of three, al- ways near at hand, helps kitchen work The cork in this bottle of moth- proof liquid produces a mist to cover fabrics with a stainless and noninjurious spray. The bottle contains a miniature plunger that acts as a pump A single stroke of the lever and in one minute this grape- fruit tool severs a section of fruit from the pulp and re- moves seeds, then the contents is ready for serving on a plate This remarkably versatile new kitchen tool can remove skins, seeds and cores from fruits; grate cheese, figs, and nuts; and sieve and grate all kinds of cooked vegetables. A coarser implement will extract fruit juice, pulverize meat and vege- tables, and flake soap bars (At left) Your radiator becomes a clothes dryer by using this rack attachment on any unit in your home or office. Light clothing thrown over a dusty radiator is kept spotless and dried quickly. In summer, near a window, it will work as well without heat

Page 62

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Manless Tractor Plows without |S porting a group of agricultural ex- perts and practical farmers gathered recently at the College of Agriculture farm of the University of Nebraska, a remarkable tractor that ran by itself successfully plowed a twenty-acre field. It was the invention of F. L. Zibach, a Grand Island, Neb., farmer, who de- vised for it an automatic guide which al- lows it to run without a man steering it. The guide is a curved Steering row he has just plowed. Then he lowers into place the automatic guide, turns on the “gas”—and goes away! Without a human hand to guide it, the chugging machine circles the field in a spiral, or a rounded square, of constantly dwindling diameter, conscientiously plowing every square foot of ground. In case the machine “jumps the track,” or the plow hits an obstruction,

piece of metal hinged on the front of the tractor, that glides along the fur- row last plowed and keeps | > the steering wheels aligned against its edge by means of a powerful spring. Wherever the furrow leads, the tractor follows, plowing another furrow just inside it. Thus, when Zibach sets out to plow a field of any size whatever, he guides his tractor once around the outside border, com- Se

=. 7.4 a = om =e My oxy > me: ae ald asi —_* «ae f* teat eo” z * <7 PF A tii te o J0ntee e Sy _< : . 30 Ms. a TROT eae: “ag . “ Wmny, ; a ned Be ae OE gegen i 8 A lle

This guide, projecting like a *“feeler’’ from one front wheel, holds the tractor along the edge of the furrow which was last plowed Zibach says, an electric switch on the front axle automatically cuts off the ignition and stop the tractor. Otherwise the only attention it requires is to bem

wie

ing to rest with one of the tractor wheels in the fur-

Chemist sampling products of combustion taken from a space heater in the laboratory ILL your gas range set the house on fire? Will your fireplace heater fill the room with poisonous carbon monoxide gas? These and other questions are answered in the American Gas Association’s laboratory at Cleve- land, O., where tests are performed on every make of household gas appliances. Three pipes of different colors supply the laboratory with water gas, coke-oven gas, and natural

The automatic tractor plow.

not in Los Angeles; the tests would show if the kind of gas used makes a difference. In determining “fire hazard,” a range is backed up to a wall studded with thermometers and

gas—to duplicate the supply any- where. A certain cooking range might work well in Baltimore but Taking biscuits from oven after baking experiment, one of the 160 different tests made on gas ranges Running unattended from sunset to sunrise, it plowed a large section of land while the farmer slept Gas Appliances Made Safer by Laboratory Tests plenished with gasoline, oil anj water about twice a day. run. Observers check the temperature at surrounding points, to make sure that it is below the danger limit. The test for dangerous carbon monoxide gas is » delicate that the electric recording devices, developed by the U. S. Bureau of Mine, detects even traces in the smoke belehed by locomotives on the railroad track new the laboratory; it is sensitive to two parts in 100,000. Samples are taken of the air above gas range burners and near radiaat heaters by a domelike hood. A good heater, the tests have revealed, generates less carbon monoxide than thre men smoking cigars in an average room! In all, 160 different tests are made ont gas range. A procession of ranges travel around the room, like a line of automobiles on a factory conveyor, and ten different tests progress simultaneously on as ranges. Even a baking test is perfo for at one point a pan of crisp bi is whisked from the oven and examinél

Besides the electric carbon monoxil recorder, there is a chemical ap us sensitive enough to measure its @ of How well a heater heats is measured bya extremely delicate thermopile desig

by Dr. W. W. Coblentz, of the Bureauag ; Standards, similar to the type he usesif measuring the temperature of Mars. | More than 2300 types of gas range and eighty-five heaters have so far bet tried out in this laboratory. Eventualf tests will be made of every known

& ag om

Pik Hi i :| i . Ped — | Foe e< Hi

Page 63

ifferent August, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 61 Hints for Radio Beginners New Ideas for Chargers How to Get Better Service from Dry Cells and Tubes ESEARCH engineers are constantly working on the roblem of improving ra- dio battery —— Two velopments, recently an- — Bes chown in the iJlustra- tionatthe right. One is a new type of A-battery charger containing no tubes nor liquid cells and which is ly compact. It gives a re charging rate and con- eons is not suitable for trickle ing, but is surprisingly effi- cent. Although it takes but twenty-five watts of current from the light socket, thirteen watts of transmission laboratory of the Bureau of Standards in Washing- ton, states that as far as overcom- ing the effect of static is concerned, experimenters are still at sea, although every day more and more is being learned about it. Keep Tube Prongs Clean ANDPAPERING the tube prongs with a fine grade of sandpaper every few-months is a wise precaution to prevent trouble from contacts. In any electrical circuit, the effect of a poor con- tact depends largely on the voltage current are delivered to the bat- tery, which means that the charger is slightly more than fifty percent eficient, a very high figure. This charger is showrr at the left in the picture. It consists of a small alternating current transformer mounted inacase with clips at one end to take an ordinary automobile-type fuse and a rectifier cell. —The makers of the rectifier cell claim it will last at least 1,000 hours. At the end of that time it can be replaced with a new rectifier cell as easily as re- placing a cartridge-type fuse in an electric switchboard. A full-rate charger of this type can be ued in the conventional arrangement with an automatic relay to turn it on and off, as with the various types of trickle chargers. The difference is that you will have to remember to keep the charger turned off more than half the time. At the right in the illustration is a new wit to replace the electrolytic rectifier cll in any standard type of trickle charger. Like the full-rate charger, it is perfectly dry and has no adjustments. It isa result of the discovery that copper crystallized in a certain way can be con- nected in a circuit so that it will pass current only in one direction. The inter- nal arrangement of the unit is such that it gives full wave rectification and con- sequently a slightly higher charging rate than the electrolytic cell. Static Still Unconquered oe governments and _ individ- YY uals are still striving to find out just what causes static, and many re- markable facts bave been recorded con- one “Ming it, radio fans still are at the ar b ntualy » make | mercy of this noisy nuisance. It is gen- } erally admitted now that thunderstorms emuch to do with the production of slatic, and thus the quantity of static is as an indication of approach- a} 8 storms. By reference to previous »y M4surements of static intensity, it is Posible, even, to predict with con- accuracy the severity of the . vy storm. . L. W. Austin, in charge of the radio At the left is a new type of two-ampere charger that uses a dry tubular rectifier. The “dry” replacement unit at the right can be used instead of the liquid rectifier cell A B C’s of Radio THE beginner in radio construc- tion is inclined to rush things. Naturally you are eager to get the set in operation, but it will pay in the end to make haste slowly. In assembling a set, the first step, before you get out drill and soldering iron, is to make sure you have every part on hand. Dan’t figure you can get part of the work done, and then buy the rest of the parts. You are sure to run into trouble. The space you have allowed for the new parts may not be sufficient, or the parts may not fit in with what you already have accomplished. And remember to fit the panel to the cabinet and complete the sup- porting structure before you begin to mount the various instruments. Sandpaper the prongs of your radio tubes every few months to insure quiet operation of the circuit. The lower the volt- age, the more important it is that the contact be as nearly perfect as possible. In your radio set, the filament circuit that carries the current to light the tubes is low in volt- age, while the plate circuit is far higher. So it is most important to keep the fila- ment supply prongs clean. The filament prongs on all modern tubes fitted with the X-type base are the two thick ones. Heat Spoils Dry Cells I *8teaious failures of dry cell A- and B-batteries often are due to keeping them where the summer sun shines on them for several hours each day. Under such conditions they reach a temperature much too high for best results. Dry cells are dry only out- wardly. Inside there is considerable moisture, and the functioning of the cell depends on this moisture. Excessive heat seems to drive it out through the pores of the retaining material, and the useful life of the cell is shortened. C-Voltage for Power Tubes wy you purchase a new power tube you will find packed with it an instruction slip specifying the correct voltages for best results. Usually there is a table of C-battery voltages that are right for various B-voltages. You cannot accurately determine the voltage devel- oped by any ordinary type of B-eliminator by means of a voltmeter, for the voltmeter itself draws so much current that the voltage reading will be far lower than is actually being applied to the radio set. Under such conditions, the best you can do is to guess at correct C-battery voltage. This is not difficult. In any case the correct C-voltage is the highest voltage you can use without causing the music to get thin and reedy. Watch out that you do not operate the power tube at too low a C-voltage. The tone quality may sound all right, but the tube will be overloaded and its life will be materially shortened.

Page 64

How to Ho AVE you ever wanted to get dance music on your radio and found that not a single station was broadcasting it at that particular time? Or have you ever de- sired a few bars of soothing instrumental music to put you in the proper frame of mind for a sound night’s sleep only to find that all the stations were burning ‘the air with red-hot jazz? Instead of turning off the radio in disgust on such occasions, why not fix things so that when the broadcasting sta- tions don’t give you what you want, you can manu- facture it yourself? The new method of transferring music to phonograph records, to- gether with the develop- ment of apparatus that will transform this rec- ord into exactly equiva- lent electrical vibrations, has made this feat possi- ble. Radio has made such a hit because the music and speech are natural and lifelike. In fact, the marvelous tone quality of really good radio re- production nearly wrecked the phono- graph business. Phonographs had been made year after year with no improve- ment.in tone quality. The public ap- peared te be satisfied and so were the manufacturers. Then along came radio and the phonograph makers woke up one morning to find that their business was “shot to pieces.”’ They had to do something or else close up shop and so, aided by the developments in the new art of radio, combined with intensive research work, they revolutionized the whole method of recording and repro- ducing records. ig TONE quality, the phonograph now is on a par with the finest radio set. The wavering groove in the modern phonograph record is an almost perfect picture of the music it is supposed to represent. Of course, the simplest way to repro- duce these perfect records is to buy an up-to-date phonograph, but that expense is not necessary if you possess a high grade radio receiver and an old phono- graph. The condition of the phonograph is quite immaterial so long as the motor POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ok Your Phonograph to the Radio Set Pick-Up Device Gives Old Machine a New Voice By. ALFRED P. LANE still is capable of turning the record at a uniform rate. And even if your radio set is somewhat antiquated, it will be cheaper to rebuild it to modern stand- ards than to purchase one of the new type phonographs. A vital factor in securing high class reproduction of phonograph records by Fig. 1. If your radio receiver is a late model or has recently been brought up to date you can use the audio amplifier in it to reproduce the marvelous new pho- nograph records by using a pick-up device connected up to your old phonograph way of your radio set is the pick-up ‘device. This instrument, of which several types have been approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards, consists of a tiny electrical ynit inside of a metal case. Protruding from the lower side of the case is a standard type of socket for the usual steel phonograph needle. The needle, of course, rides in the groove in ] Coming Next Month! EGINNING in the Sep- tember issue, a series of articles in the Home Work- shop Department will describe in detail the construction of up-to-date B-battery elimina- tors, including circuits that are absolutely troubleproof on any type of radio set. the phonograph record and serves jy translate the wavy irregularities in. thy groove into mechanical vibrations thy are in turn converted into equivaley electrical oscillations by the pick-up de. vice. These electrical oscillations gy about as strong as those produced by th detector tube in your radio set when you are receiving a st local station. In fact jt is possible to connect W a pair of headphong direct to the device anj enjoy the music without the aid of any batterig or audioamplification, O AMPLIFY th music as producel by the pick-up device you use only that part of the electrical circuit in your radio receive that follows the detecte tube. Thereforei makes no difference hoy efficient your set is ip bringing in distant stp tions or in choosing be tween them. All that counts is the audio am plifier. That must k modern in every respett if you want really good tone quality. Assuming that you radio receiver is of late model or the audio amplifier init already has been brought up to date, the problem of connecting up to the deve that takes the place of the ordinary tox arm and sound box on your old phow graph is extremely simple. A complet arrangement of this type is shown in Fig 1. At the left is a small portable t phonograph which for this paxticae use is just as good as a high pric cabinet machine except, of course, thil it needs winding more often. The tone arm of the phonograph li been moved over to one side out of way and the electrical pick-up device li been placed in position so that it properly track in the record groove, i all of these pick-up devices, the eure is fed to the audio amplifier throught volume control which, ordinarily, merely a variable resistance connetlt in a potentiometer circuit. From the volume control box you note that a cord leads to a plug that inserted in the detector socket radio set in place of the detector t Different makes of pick-up devices different forms of attachments to ¢ stage au With | ta rec needle in radio set record in suit your trol knob 0U the ordinarily absent. are very found po: use of by terially musi need not condenser the pick either in t. unit or in the volu unit. While densers st needle si noises in trical im they are f audioamp! they cant from the there are scratching are sent o directly fre itself and parts of th vice. You bothered b when you ume contr the music they will | some when turned low of scratch is a fixed becames lo volume of ; reduced. The way noise is to device by } graph close played, and this point, toline the ; a a last re of the ordit with old ra; Perhaps Teceiver. I. t of m

Page 65

st, 197 ‘peaett 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 63 pect in place of the detector tube, but in simplified as much as possible without volt storage battery with the positive ) case the result is the same and if the sacrificing tone quality. There are no terminal to binding post plus A and the detector tube were not in the circuit at adjustments of any kind. All you need _ negative terminal to binding post minus all the circuit could be arranged asshown’ dois build it from high grade parts, put A. Take four 45-volt blocks of dry cell: in Fig. 2 in which the two wires from the the specified tubes in the sockets and B-battery and connect them in series, ‘ck-up device are connected to the P after connecting up the batteries turn that is, with the plus terminal of one jus B binding posts of the first on the filament switch which is shown block connected to the minus terminal audio transformer. . in the circuit just above the binding post of the next and so on. Then connect the With the outfit arranged as in Fig. 1, marked minus A, then plug the phono- minus terminal of the first battery with put a record on the phonograph, set the graph pick-up device in one end and the the minus A binding post. The plus B needle in the outer groove, turn on the loudspeaker in the other. 135-volt binding post should be con- radio set in the usual manner and set the In building the amplifier you don’t nected to the plus end of the third block record in motion. Adjust the volume to have to follow conventional radio prac-- counting from the minus end and the suit yourself by turning the volume con- tice and house the amplifier in a special plus B power 180-volt binding post is trol knob. radio cabinet with a composition front wired to the plus end of the four blocks panel. If the instruments shown are _ of battery. OU will be impressed at once with arranged in approximately the posi- A 4%-volt C-battery should be con- ves ty V the fact that the needle scratch tions given in the diagram, the box or nected with the positive terminal of the In the ordinarily heard even on the best of compartment in which you house it can battery to binding post marked C plus S$ that modern phonographs is almost entirely be of the smallest possible size, and if and the negative or minus end to the valent absent. These needle scratching noises you want to fit the amplifier into a given binding post minus 44% C. An entirely up de} ore very high in pitch and it has been _ space, considerable liberties can be taken separate medium size 45-volt B-battery nS a} found possible to get rid of them by the with the arrangement of the instruments should be used to get the necessary high by the use of by-pass condensers without ma- provided that you keep G-G, P-P and C-voltage for the power tube. It should CD YOU; ierially changing _the nature of the G-G connections as short as possible. be connected with the plus terminal to strong} jusical reproduction. However, you Modern types of audio amplifying trans- the plus C binding post, which makes fact it need not worry about these by-pass formers usually are not fitted with bind- two wires connected at that point, and tect up} condensers. They are built in as part of ing posts at the top as shown in the the minus terminal should be wired to phone} the pick-up device the binding post minus C 40 ice and} gither in the electrical volt. vithout unit or in the base of atteris} the volume control SS O* COURSE this amplifier tion, unit. BY ¥ will work with cheap trans- While these con- (I /-— formers and ordinary 201A Y the) densers suppress the % type tubes and a total B- duced needle scratching ne ) battery voltage of 90, but” devie} noises in the elec- 2 TYPE TUBE M TYPE TUBE anyone who has at part} trical impulses as listened to such an circuit} they are fed into the a f : we «Ail p outfit compared receiv} gudioamplifier so that — y with an amplifier letectn} they cannot be heard — Ge ‘ fo using good parts Oreit} from the loudspeaker, and the power tubes ce how} there are mechanical a certainly will t is it} seratching noises that Theis EN stretch a point to get the better int st} are sent out on the air F outfit. sing be} directly from the needle If you build the amplifier only ll that} itself and the metal [ C for the phonograph pick-up device dio am parts of the pick-up de- } d o o it is not likely to be in use nearly aust be} vice. You will not be eee MS ae +B POWER as many hours a day on the average respet} bothered by these noises . ¥s 35V 40 160V as would be a radio set. With the ly good when you have the vol- Fig. 2. Here is a hook-up that will show you how to get perfect latter, there alway os the tempta- ume control set so that reproduction of the new phonogiaph records. You can assemble tion to tune-in a given station and at yout} the music is loud but an audio amplifier according to this diagram or use it to help let it run for the rest of the evening. is of j they will prove bother- you modernize your radio receiver. Use only high grade parts This you. cannot do with the ier Mit} some when the music is phonograph because of the neces- late, tit} turned low. This is because the amount drawing. In most cases they are near sity of changing records. Consequently e deve} of scratch noise produced by the needle the base of the instrument. They were it is quite practical and economical to ary tot} is a fixed quantity and consequently drawn at the top to make the wiring as operate the entire amplifier on dry cells | phow*} becomes louder in proportion when the clear as possible so that the beginner will if you are willing to get along with some- -omplele volume of sound from the loudspeaker is_ have no trouble in figuring out connec- what lower volume than is obtainable nin Fig} reduced. tions. from the storage battery operated am- ble UE The way to get rid of this scratching A complete list of the apparatus needed __plifier. ut} noise is to muffle the electrical pick-up to build a modern audio amplifier as n priced} device by keeping the lid on the phono- shown in Fig. 2 would read as follows: HE construction is exactly the same rse, thi} graph closed while the record is being Two audio transformers of the highest for dry cell operation except that played, and if you are extremely fussy on grade. you use a 4V-199 size self-adjusting raph lis} this point, you will find it worth while One output transformer also of the rheostat at X and a 120 size at Y. Sub- it of tf toline the inside of the top with felt and highest grade. stitute a 199-type tube for the 112 and a evice hs asa last refinement, plug up the mouth Two vacuum tube sockets. 120 type power tube for the 171. Use six t it wi of the ordinary horn on the phonograph Two self-adjusting rheostats size 112. No. 6 dry cells wired in two sets of three ove. ME with old rags. Two open circuit jacks or two pairs of _ in parallel in place of the storage battery. > curre Perhaps you haven’t any type of radio _ phone binding posts. Connect up three 45-volt dry cell B- rough teceiver. In that case you can get the One filament switch. batteries in place of four which will give arily, t of modern music from your old Eight binding posts. you a total of 135 volts on the binding onnel#§ phonograph by building a special audio For tubes you need one power tube post marked 180. Apply 90 volts to the ifier according to the arrangement of the 112 type and one of the 171 type, _ binding post marked 135. Keep the 4%- you w in Fig. 2. Then if later on you and of course you need a loudspeaker. volt C-battery as specified but substitute gu Want to get radio reception as well, you Get a good one. You can’t get good a 221%-volt block in place of the 45-volt tof tan build a simple radio set and use the music out of a poor speaker. battery so that you will get 221% volts tor ti} audio amplifier you already have built The battery hook-up is really quite’ minus on the binding post marked C evices#§ for the phonograph. simple, and you can use a B-eliminator if . minus 40 in Fig. 2. 3 toe audio amplifier circuit has been you prefer. In any case connect a six- Dry cell (Continued on page 129)

Page 66

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY For dancing, you want all the volume you can get to drown out the shuffling of feet on the floor T IS easy to control the water flowing out a faucet. Just turn the knob to suit yourself. The amount of water that comes forth will have no effect upon its quality. Regulating the volume of music or speech that flows from your radio loudspeaker is not so simple. How to control volume without introducing distortion is 2 problem that is attracting much attention, especially now that pow- er tubes and modern audio transformers have made possible reproduction of radio programs at a high volume level without sacrificing tone quality. There are times when you want every bit of volume you can get. Dance music, for instance, should be loud enough to drown out the shuffling of feet on a pol- ished floor. On the other hand, dinner music should serve as a pleasant back- ground for table conversation. And there are occasions when one member of the family desires to listen to a speech while others are reading. Accurate adjustment of volume without loss of tone quality is essential in such a case. This volume control should be capable of regulating down to complete silence with exactly the same effect on all the tone frequencies. In the early days of radio, without today’s tonal possibilities, it was simply a question of applying enough amplifica- tion to bring the music up to audibility. All radio receivers were fitted with inter- stage jacks so users could plug the loud- speaker in after the first stage of audio amplification and eliminate the second stage altogether. HIS crude method of volume control now is obsolete. Cutting out the last audio stage means that you also cut out the power tube, and the tone quality suffers. Furthermore, this method doesn’t give close control. As improvements on the interstage jack system, there are three possible methods of controlling volume on any radio receiving set. You can regulate the strength of the signal as it is brought into the receiver. You can adjust the amount of radio amplification, or you can de- crease the audio amplification if the signal is too loud. From a theoretical point of view, the How to Make Programs Loud or Soft without Distortion By JOHN CARR first of these methods, that is, regulating the signal strength before it is acted on by the tubes in the receiver, would be ideal. Unfortunately, however, the methods available for regulating the strength of the signal before it is operated upon by the set are open to several practical objections. Of course, the simplest way of reducing the strength of the incoming signal would be to reduce the length of the antenna, but you would hardly wish to crawl up on the roof and snip off a piece of the antenna every time you wanted the music weaker. The same effect can be obtained by reducing the number of turns in the antenna coil in the set, but this leads to trouble with the tuning. Every time you change the antenna coupling the setting of the first tuning dial also must be changed a trifle, or slight distortion produced by inaccu- rate tuning is introduced. This method of control also sharpens the tuning. However, if your set em- ploys several stages of radio-frequency | OU can build a realistic wooden model of the Spirit of St. Louis, the monoplane which Charles Lindbergh flew from New York to Paris. An | article on page 76 of this issue describes just how to go about it. Full size drawings of the model, contained in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY blueprint No. 67, also are available to aid you in the work. | amplification, you will find it impossible to cut down a powerful local station to anything much Jess than full volume. A better way to get input control is to connect a variable resistance across the antenna and ground. By adjusting to lower and lower resistance values, more and more of the signal energy flows through the resistance instead of through . the coils in the set. If the resistance can be made low enough, volume can be re- August, ip When someone is read. ing, you should be able, without SACTific ing tone quality, to soften the music 99 4 : not to disturb duced almost to the vanishing point Introducing a resistance into the cireyj in this way broadens the tuning, but this is not objectionable because you need fy control the volume only on stations thi are received with considerable strength and which are, in consequence, rathe broad tuning anyway. A variable p. sistance suitable for this purpose shoul have a range from several million ohmst a very low point for adequate contnl Changing the volume by adjusting th amount of radio-frequency amplificatig is one of the most popular methods ¢ control both in factory built and hom assembled radio receivers and the sim plest way of this type of control is to im an adjustable rheostat to regulate th temperature of the filaments of the fr. quency amplifier tubes. While distor. tion is theoretically possible as a result this form of control, practically the eo. trol is almost perfect. "TWO peculiar effects are noted with this form of volume control. If yo use a trickle charger for your A-battey and keep it turned on except when the set is in use, you will find that a fer minutes after the set is first turned onan the volume control adjusted, the musi or speech will become noticeably weaker and the; volume control will have tok readjusted. This apparent weakening d the signal doesn’t indicate anything wrog with the set. It is caused by the droppig back to normal of the storage A-battey voltage and can be avoided by turning tle set on a few minutes before you in to use it. The other effect shows up only if you are using a B-battery eliminator. You may notice that the volume contr # very abrupt. A slight change of the cor trolling rheostat may produce a greil change in the strength of the must This effect, most pronounced in a # having several stages of radio-frequen amplification, is due to the poor volta regulation of the B-eliminator as ¢ pared with the uniform voltage obtainé from batteries. . Attempting to control volume adjusting audio amplification is ope! at least one objection if the set is pow® ful. No matter (Continued on page rows horiza is presentec The whit time yours correct ans’ 1. Drop leave a fab & crustace Drop I fr 4, Drop C Tosion. 5 & measure Christian f Drop G fro stream. 8 leave a dec and leave | scent and |

Page 67

, You atrol is he com- grea 1 a ot FASCINATING course in men- tal calisthenics is embraced in the new test puzzles presented here from month to month by Loyd, world famous puzzle maker. ~ This medley of problems ranges from mathematics to word juggling and pic- ture diagrams. Each one of them will help yougeta line on your mental abilities. To test yourself, keep track of the time t takes you to arrive at the correct answers; then turn to page 133, for the correct answers and your rating. Have You an Eye for Form? COMBINE these two clusters into one larger five-by-five square of diamonds, in which the letters will run in alphabetical order from top to bottom rows horizontally, is the problem which is presented for you to work out. The white squares are to be disregarded. ul} >< ill a : “tf: iD ‘il

First, mentally picture the objective larger square with its orderly arrangement ofletters. Then plan into how few pieces it will be necessary to cut the two groups attheir connecting points in order to build the five-by-five square. This problem will test your ability to visualize clearly and to estimate the dimensions of geometrical forms. See page 133 for the solution and your rating. A Brain Teaser in Letters AS INTERESTING test of your vocabulary consists in transforming oe word into another by dropping a single letter. The first example is answered by the word rock. Answer the others as quickly as you can, time yourself, then turn to page 133 for correct answers and your rating. 1, Drop the letter K from a stone and lavea fabulous bird. 2. Drop R from 8 crustacean and leave a vehicle. 3, Drop I from earth and leave the sun.

queny voltage $c ne

4. Drop C from a coating and leave cor- msion. 5. Drop D from a glen and leave 4 measure of cloth. 6. Drop E from a Christian festival and leave a flower. 7. G from a gridiron and leave a small stream. 8. Drop E from an organ and lave adeer. 9. Drop S from a stake leave a vessel. 10. Drop R froma sent and leave an appendage.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Count the Children HE census man, leaning over a farmer’s fence, asked, ‘““‘How many children have you?” “Plenty,”’ the farmer said, “and I find that little feeders eat just as much as the big ones. Since the last twins came, a barrel of flour runs out three days sooner. I figure that if we had four more children, the barrel would empty in four days less time than it now takes.” Assume that the father, mother and each of the children consumes a like quantity of flour. Can you tell how many children there are in the family? Time your answer, then turn to page 133 for your rating for mathematical ability. Can You Reason It Out? A PROVING necessity is the mother of invention, it is told that the popular “Twenty-Five Up,” well-known through the West, was invented by a party of snow-bound miners whose stock of games was limited to the possibilities of a single well-worn die. The game is played by two persons.

The object is to see who can get 25 first, or compel his opponent to carry the score above that total. The first player “sets the pace” by calling out any number from one to six.

Sam Loyd’s Brain Twisters Put Your Wits in High Gear See How Quickly You Can Solve These Six Puzzles Suppose he commences with 5. The second player throws the die and adds his number to first player’s chosen number. Let us say the second player throws 3, making the score 8. The die is no longer thrown; the element of calculation begins. The first player now turns the die over, but, according to the rules, must give it merely a quarter turn, so as to bring to the top any of the four sides, 1, 2, 5, or 6. Suppose he took 6; the score would be 14. The second player, let us say, turns up 4, making the score 18. The first player then turns up 6, carrying the total to 24, which wins, because his opponent cannot make 25 by turning up any of the four numbers which can be shown by making a quarter turn. Going above 25, he loses, as explained. What the miners did not discover is that the game involves a knotty problem when the question is asked: Who has the better chance of winning the game, the first or second player? What do you think about it? Would you prefer to ‘set the pace”’ by calling the first number or be the second player who makes that one chance throw of the die? Here’s an excellent way to measure your reasoning powers. Turn to page 133 for your rating. One That Needs Analysis SCHOOLMASTER asked his class to substitute figures for letters in the equation shown on the blackboard. What figures can be substituted for the letters A, B, C and D and have the ABXxAb = CODL

equation work out as shown? This un- usual problem will test your talent for mathematical analysis. Time yourself, then turn to page 133 for the correct solution and your rating. Have You Imagination? INSTRUCT one word from the letters in each of the following lines: 1. Ravine nearit. 4. I see a worm. 2. Treat five men. 5. Stir in temper. 3. Permeable tin. 6. None in class. 7. Men find I die. You'll need all the imagination you possess to find the solutions. Time your- self. Then, on page 133, see your rating and how many words you had correct. Sam Loyd has prepared another set of his fascinating new test puzzles, which will appear in next month’s issue.

Page 68

66 Is Your Home Safe from Fire} How to Avoid the Hazards That Cause a Blaze Every Minute Somewhere in America By JOHN R. MCMAHON HE guests at a house- warming party had been promised a surprise and they were quite excited about it, making all sorts of wrong guesses. It would be a show with a thrill, something appropriate to a house- warming and at the same time a scientific test. What on earth could it be? Some of the guests laughed at the idea of getting a thrill, but the host offered to bet with the skeptics that their hearts would skip at least two beats. “This way, ladies and gentle- men,” he said at last. He opened a bedroom door and grouped them at the entrance so they could see everything inside. Then he picked up a gallon can of kerosene and doused its contents on window curtains, bedding, . floor rugs and articles of apparel hanging in a closet. While his guests watched in amazement, he laid a fuse of twisted newspapers to the doorway, lighted a match and put it to the end of the fuse. The flames crept slawly toward the oil- soaked floor rug and the oil-dripping bed. At the moment the fire reached the kerosene, and a half instant before the room became a roaring furnace, the host calmly shut the door and a servant’s voice announced: “Dinner is served.” Some of the guests had more than their share of the promised thrill. Their emotions ran from fascinated horror to panic and the verge of hysterics. The skeptics admitted their hearts jumped. The company sat at dinner and the host explained that he was testing the merits of his new fireproof house. He would give that fire a couple of hours to burn itself out. After the bedroom furnishings were consumed, the fire would find nothing more to feed on, since walls, floor, ceiling, doors and windows were incombustible. After dinner the bedroom was visited. It was gutted. A hod of ashes represented its contents. But no essential damage had been done to the house. The dwelling was certainly fireproof, for it was of solid concrete. HIS classic housewarming took place in the vicinity of New York several years ago. A better demonstration along the same line could be given today. There could be a similar fire in a bedroom and the after-view would show nothing de- stroyed except paper, cloth and the like. Every item of furniture would be un- scathed, for it would be all metal despite POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY With a fire every minute, America leads the world in home burnings! Our yearly fire bill is over half a billion dollars its perfect resemblance to wood. We now can have metal chiffoniers, rocking chairs, armchairs, stands, tables, what- ever we want. America leads the world in home burn- ings with a fire every minute! Fifteen thousand lives were lost and $559,428,858 in property destroyed by fire in 1925, the last year for which figures are available. The lives cannot be restored and much of the property is not insured. For years the public has been warned and exhorted and lectured and scolded on the topic of our national fire record. But every year America’s fire bill climbs steadily upward. BELIEVE we are all a little case- hardened on the fire peril. Figures don’t impress us. We sniff at statistics. Fire? Sure, send for the engine. Maybe it will be worth looking at. There is a chance to freshen jaded in- terest in a vital subject by pointing out that fire protection is just one aspect of a comfortable and economical home. A house is not well built and livable unless it is reasonably safe against flames. When you safeguard against the red- tongued monster, you also bar out rats, mice and other vermin, you checkmate molds and insects that insidiously de- stroy woodwork. At the same time the house is warmer in winter and cooler in summer. You save fuel. You reduce up- keep materially, having less repair and replacement. You attain lasting satis- faction and long run economy. But the fireproof house is costly, more Accust, than the average person can afr Fics Yes, if it is one hundred pemat : hes in _proof like the dwelling where ae Shel owner put a match to his Oil-soaly) eC bedroom. foun m3} Then is it worth while to ae diffi money on partial and tncompld, siden fi protection? The first It certainly is, especially f . datio you know the vulnerable po) oo Fi and guard them. Everything j ys nry life is subject to a percentage off men th chances, and it is wisdom to gual = the 0 against the worst or most of then can A soldier protects his head with, al “tin hat,” although his body isg rr the firs exposed. A mechanic at a to 7 of t grinding wheel wears goggles to say Ohoris his eyes and ignores minor hazani these piec to his bare hands. If your hou} joth as fir is protected against half or thm} hich is fourths of the possible fire There she it is safe to that extent. Be squivalen detail of protection counts and} Eoning worth having. halfway u Where would you start to stl it is adv guard a house against fire? mineral ¥ At the foundations, unless th} ends wher walls are masonry. Too many fram} doubled ‘ dwellings have too low foundation wak spaces an so that the woodwork is close to th guard the ground. The wood becomes damp, mh} attack. and is subject to attack by such formik] — flow ca able insects as white ants. At the sam sop fire? time there is a standing invitation § the fire fiend when autumn leaves dri HEY against the wall or rubbish accumulats off di and someone is careless with match@] blaze by 1 cigarette. It is well to have foundatin} hoyse, S) walls extend at least two feet abow} of merit a grade. And this protection should noth} tion, The whittled down by wooden steps restilg building on the ground, wooden supports unde} ' Here I w: porch, or latticework screening pork fire-stopp Let the first two or three steps be om} conflagra’ crete, have masonry piers under the poh} jp our ho and use a strip of ornamental wire feneim} and mice below wood latticework. If wire doesm} 4nd even please the eye, it can be hidden Wilf ypless th shrubs. described sist despi HE same precautions should B§ { deal y taken with a near-by garage a™— There js ; other outbuildings. ‘The value of bid] ulation | foundations merely from the standpoillf there are of dryness and wood preservation} and down now widely recognized. Many hous@§ tributing moderate age are being raised at ¢ and attic siderable expense just to amend af sulates a that could have been avoided easily Does a at small cost in the first place. protection What does fire-stopping the walls 1 Yes, cc It means blocking at intervals the@§ example | spaces between studs in wood frame col struction. If this is not done, the# er or spaces—usually about four by fou thicker, "

Page 69

e? Fig? an affy Perey, where th Oil-soakyi > to incompldy ally ble > ything i tage of] , OF then, ud with, ody is al fied August, 1927 fireproof methods of Two construction, show- OT act spacing of flues pA separation from beams 2 cn CueeRANEE 3 d inches in size—become potential fire fues that extend vertically from the foundation to the roof, Thus a cellar blaze may shoot to the attic in no time. It is difficult to fight such an insidious hidden fire, however early discovered. The first line of stops should be on the foundation wall between ends of floor joists. Fill these spaces with any kind of masonry, including mortar rubbish. You can do this any time with an old house. Qn the other hand, the second line of stops can only be applied in the course of new construction. They belong halfway up the first story and may consist of short ieces of two-by-fours fitted between studs ina horizontal line. Some builders insert these pieces at an angle so that they serve both as fire stops and as structural braces, which is a fair compromise method. There should be another line of stops, or equivalent cut-off construction, at the. beginning of the second story and again halfway up the second story wall. Finally, it is advisable to fill with masonry or mineral wool the spaces between rafter ends where they rest on the wall. Here the doubled “plate” stops the vertical stud and the object is mainly to safe- guard the eaves from interior or exterior attack. How can those pieces of two-by-four wood sop fire? HEY at least retard fire by cutting off draft. If you can slow down a blaze by ten minutes, you may save your house. Slow-burning is a technical term of merit applied to heavy wood construc- tion. The insurance rate is lower on such abuilding, which is usually a factory type. Here I want to emphasize the benefits of fre-stopping, apart from the question of conflagration. We may never have a fire in our house, but it is certain that rats aid mice will ramble all through the walls and even break into the living quarters wiless they are blocked by the methods described. A few vermin may indeed per- sist despite wall-stopping, but it is easier to deal with a few than with an army. There is also the important benefit of in- sulation against heat and cold. Unless are stops, air circulates freely up and down the wall, making drafts and dis- tributing heat and cold between cellar and attic. Dead air, or confined air, in- sulates and stabilizes temperature. Does a double floor of wood give any fire protection? Yes, considerable, and that is another trample of how fire safety coincides with g00d construction. A double floor is rder or slower to burn just because it is thicker. The case is like that of the two- onsumat Hacea,needs much air to prosper. It eats more POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY by-four stops, or it is like lighting a match compared with igniting a plank. Fire quickly through a single floor and estab- lishes a draft to accelerate havoc. The resistance of a double floor is much in- creased by having a layer of asbestos paper between the two layers of flooring. Such a combination, with a metal lath and plaster ceiling below, is suitable to protect living quarters from a built-in garage and is rated to resist fire for a period of one hour. Is it worth while to have exterior walls of masonry when everything inside is com- bustible material? Inviting fire—chimney bricks on edge, un- lined, and in contact with roof. Note cracks Where a roof blaze started. An unlined chimney on wooden supports in a garret Here floor was built into chimney wail. Vibration loosened brick and started fire Yes, both for the degree of protection obtained and for the saving in upkeep. You don’t have to paint masonry or watch out for decay. However, the up- keep argument loses force in the case of wood frame that is covered with stucco in first-class style. Here the surface is the same as with stuccoed hollow tile or con- crete block and should require no more attention. The great majority of so- called masonry houses are of wood con- struction inside, including floors, parti- tions and roof. While there is decided value in an incombustible exterior, it is a mistake to exaggerate it or to regard such a dwelling as “‘fireproof.’’ Undue con- fidence may lead to dangerous careless- ness. Such houses are subject to most of the usual hazards and every day num- bers of them are completely burned out. Heat cracks and topples the outside walls; or they are pulled down by falling floor joists, unless the latter are self-releasing. After the fire there is salvage of masonry 67 —_ and perhaps some of the first story wall. What about protecting the combustible in- terior of such a house? Plaster on metal lath for partitions and ceilings is the first choice. Then comes gypsum wallboard, which is made in sec- tions four feet wide and long enough to ' fit the height of any room. Gypsum can- not burn, while the large size of wallboard has advantages, including labor saving. The superiority of plaster on metal lath is chiefly due to the reinforcement of wire mesh or the equivalent, which gives rigid- ity and also holds the plaster in place when attacked by fire. There seems to be an opportunity here for some inventor to reinforce wallboard, solving the prob- lem of its proper fastening to studs. Such a ready-made surface would be practically equal to a hand plaster job. N HANDWORK it is well to remember the added merit of back-plastering, that is, applying a layer of mortar on the back of lath between studs. Thus the total thickness of plaster is increased and the lath is wholly covered on both sides, preventing rust if metal and decay if wood, while improving fire resistance in the latter case. A wood frame partition wall is not accessible for back-plaster on both sides. In this case we might back- plaster the more hazardous side, as that towards the kitchen, especially the wall near stove or range. Can the requirements of fireproofing be reconciled with insulation against heat and cold? They can be fairly compromised at least. Mineral wool, asbestos and porous plaster substances are-unburnable. The other insulating materials are generally fire resistant, whether by nature or by treatment in manufacture. Wallboard made of sugar cane or wood fiber is usu- ally protected by a layer of stucco or plaster, and such (Continued on page 132) q a Gian et act y mt " SS e SS AG = . f Z 4 . i Yy y ‘AO 4 / p>” a%% : H . t PEE: ’ { Guta eae ai nh H ‘ie Ra im S| 4 i Ss mt 3 H g 5 Fi i = : ; & ' if ri 4 4 q v7. A Am Protecting frame dwelling with fire stops that block dangerous flues between studs and help to insulate against heat and cold

Page 70

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1927 andy Kinks for Motorists Easy ways to oil springs and stop curtains flapping—Other useful ideas for your car DOOR CURTAIN STIFFENER-—> a a7 YN th, -_~ UMBRELLA RIB HEM IN DOOR CURTAIN .Fig. 1. How an old umbrella rib will stiffen window curtains and keep them from flapping in the wind Ten Dollars for an Idea! D* J. W. AUSTIN, of San Jose, Calif., wins the $10 prize this month for his suggestion of the whistle attached to the overflow pipe (Fig. 2). Each month PoputaR Scrence Montatiy awards $10 in addition to regular space rates to the reader sending in the best idea for motor- ists. Other published contributions will be paid for at usual rates. HEN the door curtains on your car begin to get old and floppy you probably will find that they sway in or out with each gust of wind and consequently af- ford little protection from the weather. An ingenious way to stiffen them is to open the end of the hem along the top and insert an old umbrella rib, as shown in Figure 1. Whistle Indicates Boiling OUR motor always seems to over- heat and start boiling the water, if you have the misfortune to have it happen at all, at night when you can’t see the thermometer on the radiator, or when, in the daytime, your attention is concen- trated on the road or the scenery. Of course, if you are going slowly in traffic the escaping steam will rise to warn you of trouble, but when you are traveling fast, you may not notice that something is wrong until serious damage has been done. A good way to make an infallible steam indicator is to solder a small whistle to the end of the overflow pipe, as shown in Fig- ure 2. Day or night, the shrill blast of the whistle blown by the escap- ing steam will warn you to stop and investigate. A warning signal of this type is particularly valuable if your car is fitted with an automatic or hand-controlled radiator shut- ter. With the type, the whistle will blow and warn you to open the shutter if you happen to forget it. New Battery Ter- minal Tool IGURE 8 shows a home- made tool that will prove effective in removing a bat- tery terminal that is stuck fast to the lead post be- “cause of excessive corrosion. The device is a Jever ar- rangement fitted with claws somewhat like those of a TIGHTEN WITH NAIL BATTERY TERMINAL Fig. 3. Lever and hook device above is_ useful in hand-controlled battery cable terminals Fig. 5. Piece of wire and cotter pin makes hose clamp in an emergency hammer. Pressing down on the lever lifts up on the claws inserted under the cable clamp, and presses down on the post to which the clamp is stuck. A Simple Spring Oiler S SHOWN in Figure 4, you can make an efficient spring oiler out of a piece of sheet iron, a broad lamp wick and a bolt. After you have cut a strip from the sheet iron long enough to reach a half inch or so below the edge of the spring on each side, place the strip on a piece of wood and with a center punch make a number of holes in the section that will cover the top of the spring. Then drill two holes, one at each end, fit the lamp wick in place over the spring, and bend A PRIN P SPRING ~ ail removing corroded OIL HOLES Li SOFT WOOD Fig. 4. Ingenious spring oiler made from a strip of sheet iron and lamp wick RADIATOR Il Hi > i}; 7] | HHT phil WiiHt | WL AAA} | ae LL LLL WHISTLE _ Fig. 2. Whistle soldered on the end of the radiator overflow pipe will give warning of overheated motor the sheet iron as shown in the illustration, Oil squirted on the top of the oiler will settle through the small holes at the bot- tom of the dents made by the center punch, and the wick will carry the oil down to the edge of each Jeaf. Best results will be obtained if you fit two oilers on each spring, one on each side of the center fastening. If the springs are badly rusted, it is a good idea to mix a little kerosene with the oil. An Emergency Hose Clamp | id YOU happen to strip the threads on a hose clamp bolt so that it will no longer hold tightly, you can make a sub- stitute out of a piece of wire anda large cotter pin, as shown in Figure 5. As you will note from the illus tration, turning the cotter pin by means of a nail tightens the wire by winding it around the cotter pin. Ordinary galvanized iron or even copper wire will do. In fitting a hose connection, itis pipe with thick shellac before pushing the end of the hose on it, as shellac is insoluble in water, gasoline or oil and consequently will help make a tight joint. Spiked Board Pulls You Out RDINARILY only one rear wheel gets stuck in a mu in the road. If the mud is very soft, even chains may not proved much use. However, you find that a length of board fitted with wooden cleats, and through which a number of long spikes have been driven, as shown in Figure 6, will provide a path for the wheel out of the hole. At other board nailed along the edge will prevent the w Fig. 6. A cleated and spiked board, with a guide rim along one edge, will help in getting your automobile out of mudholes slipping off. When not in use it can be strapped under the running board. a good idea to coat the end of the’ august, 19 U better. flirt with Gus start “T nev jobs !” th he mopp brow wit sick of c buretors, new bulb: trouble c: head’s m his horn thing im] or someth “Bette car, Gus, “He says enough t to locate “Proba muttered the door. But G changed gressed w in the cu overheati Although minutes, from it ir was @ sn with the « fan belt — appeared “ H outfit sur a cook st automobi last mon _ feet ever _ “Start it,” Gus Hardy the mot smoothly opened tl squinted a bit,” he Appare

Page 71

st, 1927 CS ation, T will e bot- center he oil ou fit orings O mix ds on ill no . sub- and @ illus- in by r pin. even , it is f the efore on it, rater, ently _ feet ever since. When Your Gus discovers a complication of little atlments that cause a radiator to boil in summer By MARTIN BuNN US WILSON always insisted that hot weather didn’t bother him, but Joe Clark, his partner in the Model Garage, knew better. Whenever the mercury began to firt with the top of the thermometer, Gus started grumbling. “T never saw such a lot of picayune jobs!” the old auto mechanic growled as he mopped the perspiration from his brow with a handful of waste. “I’m sick of cleaning the muck out of car- buretors, changing spark plugs, putting new bulbs in headlights and going out on trouble calls to find out that some bone- head’s motor doesn’t ‘mote’ because he forgot to fill the gas tank! “See what that bird outside is honking his horn for, Joe. I suppose it’s some- thing important—needs a new hub cap, or something.”’ “Better go out and have a look at that car, Gus,” said Joe a few minutes later. “He says it overheats, and it sure is hot enough to fry eggs on; but I can’t seem to locate the trouble.” “Probably needs a new fan belt,’’ Gus muttered disgustedly as he started for the door. But Gus’s bored expression rapidly changed to one of interest as he pro- gressed with the inspection of the motor in the customer’s car. The motor was overheating—that was quite obvious. Although it had been stopped for several minutes, heat waves still were rising from it in a shimmering cloud and there was a smell of scorched paint mingled with the odor of ‘hot, oily metal. Yet the fan belt was in place and the radiator appeared to be full of water. any DEN did you first notice any trouble, Mr.—?” inquired Gus. “Name’s Hardy—lI sell sewing ma- chines,” replied the car owner. “If it was a sewing machine that wasn’t working right—bobbin gone wrong, shuttle on the blink or something like that—I’d know what to do, but this outfit sure has my goat! It’d do fine as a cook stove but it’s a total loss as an automobile. I bought it second hand last month and it’s been broiling my _ “Start it again and let me listen to it,” Gus requested. Hardy stepped on the self-starter and the motor started at once. It ran smoothly without a sign of a miss. Gus opened the filler cap on the radiator and squinted down the hole. “Speed her up a bit,” he said. Apparently satisfied with what he saw, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 69 Motor Sizzles “I suppose it steams on all the long hills,”” Gus observed. “Yeah,” replied Hardy, “it sure does. Blows off steam like a teakettle by the time it gets to the top”’ Gus closed the radiator cap. Then, after the motor had been running for several minutes, he felt all over the front of the radiator and proceeded to place his hand on various parts of the cylinder block and cylinder head. “TI suppose it steams on all the long hills,” Gus observed. “Yeah, it sure does,”’ replied Hardy. “Blows off steam like a teakettle on a rampage by the time it gets to the top. I have to fill the radiator with water every time I get gasoline.” “There’s a hill right near here,” Gus suggested. “Id like to see how it acts.” “Hop in,” said Hardy. “You won’t get cold feet in this car at any rate.” But Gus had forgotten the heat for the time being. He was too much ab- sorbed in finding the cause of the over- heating, and so he carefully observed the way in which the car accelerated and appeared tobe listening intently for queer noises. They started up the hill in good style. About halfway up the water began to boil, and a few hundred feet farther on the motor developed a hollow ringing knock that seemed to come from only one cylinder. “Better stop and let it cool off a bit,” Gus advised when they reached the top of the hill. “Then we can go back,”’ he added. “I know what’s wrong. It’s what the doctors call a complication of diseases,” “Tat means a hopping big repair bill,” groaned Hardy, “and I haven’t sold a single sewing machine this week. About how much is it going to set me back?” “Don’t worry,” said Gus with a smile. “You can have a powerful lot of things fixed on an automobile for a few dollars if they are all little items. And all of yours are. “T don’t remember ever having run into such a queer combination,” con- tinued Gus. “Not one of the things that are wrong with this car would amount to anything by itself. But each one has a tendency to cause overheating, and working together they sure have put the motor on the bum. “There’s nothing radically wrong with the cooling system. Barring one par- ticular trouble, it’s just a sort of general let down in operating efficiency. Take

Page 72

70 the radiator, for instance. It looks clean enough—if you just glance at it. But if you inspect it carefully you'll notice that a lot of dirt is caked in the openings. That dirt has two bad effects. First, it cits down the amount of air that the fan can suck through the radiator. Second, it prevents the air from touching the actual metal surface, and so keeps the radiator from getting rid of its heat to the air. The fan belt is slipping because it’s too loose, and that still further slows down the air flow through the radiator. And I think a measurement will show that the angle of the fan blades is not right. They are set nearly parallel to the radiator. They should be at a greater angle so as to scoop more air through at each revolution. Whoever had the car before you must have bent them that way to make the motor run warmer in cold weather, and then he forgot to bend them back again in the spring. “The pump seems to be work- RADIATOR ing all right. CLOGGED When I looked in WITH DIRT / the filler opening in Uy the radiator, I could see the water whirl- ing around, due to the in- creased speed of the pump when you stepped on the throttle. And there really isn’t much that can happen to the pump, anyway, as long as it keeps on working at all. But circulating the water through the radiator and cylinder jackets won’t keep the motor from getting too hot if the radiator is coated with mud on the outside and full of muck, scale and rust on the inside and the jackets are in the same condition. And from the looks of things ‘I’m pretty sure that’s the case with this motor.” “You don’t mean to say that a little dirt will make any car overheat as bad as this one does, do you?” exclaimed Hardy skeptically. “Not by itself, perhaps,’ admitted Gus, “but there are other things wrong. Your carburetor is set for a rich mixture. The spark doesn’t advance as far as it should, and I’m certain that the muffler is choked with carbon. Those three things would be enough to cause a little overheating on a warm day, even if nothing was wrong with the cooling system.” ““When the motor gets real hot there’s a funny knock,” said Hardy. “Has that got anything to do with the cooling system?” “Probably,” replied Gus. “Maybe the dirt in the water jacket has collected over one cylinder to such an extent that the head overheats at that point. Or perhaps some of the holes between the cylinder jacket and the head jacket are stopped up. That would keep the water from circulating over that particular head and it would naturally get hotter than the others. We'll see what happens when I flush it out.” By this time they had arrived back at the garage and Gus got busy at once. SLIPPING MUD CAKED IN RADIATOR FINS FAN BELT POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “Tt'll probably take at least an hour, Mr. Hardy; do you want to wait?” Gus inquired as he started to drain the radiator preparatory to flushing it out with a strong solution of lye. “Sure I'll wait,” replied Hardy, fanning himself with his hat. “Nobody wants to buy sewing machines in this weather, anyway. I'll get me a nice cold bottle of soda pop and maybe take a snooze under that tree while you work!” After the water was all out of the radiator, Gus filled it with the lye solu- tion and ran the motor at a rapid rate until it had warmed up again. Then, with the motor still running, he opened the drain petcock at the bottom of the radiator, stuck the water hose in the filler opening, and turned on the water fast enough to make up for the amount that ran out at the drain cock. At the end of about fifteen minutes of this treat- FAN BLADES SET AT WRONG / ANGLE / CARBURETOR SET FOR TOO RICH A MIXTURE Any one of the troubles indicated on this cross section diagram may cause your engine to overheat in hot weather, if the trouble has developed to a serious stage ment, the water that issued from the bottom was perfectly clear, indicating that all the dirt that had been in the cooling system was‘ out, or at least as much of it as could be removed by that particular method of cleaning. “TI hope it got the dirt out of that clogged-up cylinder head,’ Gus muttered to himself. “If it didn’t, I'll have to take the cylinder head off.”’ ITH the inside of the system cleaned out, Gus set to work to clean the crusted mud out of the radiator fins. He put the nozzle on the hose and set it to squirt a solid stream about the size of a pencil. Then he shot this stream through the openings in the radiator from the inside so that the water and the dirt it dislodged would be thrown out at the front. Bending the fan blades so that they would pull more air took only a moment, and then Gus examined the fan belt. “T could tighten it up and it would run all right, I suppose,” he thcught. “Still, it’s worn to a frazzle, and it'll WATER JACKETS FULL OF SCALE 4 AND RUST August, 9 Guess P'lly ‘ soon give out anyway. a new one.” Gus tackled the ignition nexg) found that one of the control leve become bent so much that it didn’¢) the timer case around far enough j the spark was advanced. i a q a = " CHIMNEY sweep would right at home on this job!” exclaimed as he started cleaning out t}, muffler. But a stiff wire brush e him to finish the disagreeable work ing short time. “All ready for a test, Mr. Hardy” Gus called a few minutes later to the sewing machine salesman who was gn, ing peacefully under the tree. Once more Gus climbed in behind th wheel and they headed for the test hil This time the car arrived at the without any sign of boiling. The } evidently had doy its work and up the clogged passages in the cylinder head, be cause the knock aly had disappeared, “There’s on point you ought to remember, Mr. Hardy,’ Gus suggested, “The motor got up this hill without i but if the hill had been twice as loy it probably woul have boiled if I had kept it in high gear, When you get ong steep, long hill in hot weather, esp cially when you ar driving with the wind, you'll find that the motor wil stay a whole ki cooler if you shiftts second instead @ trying to go all th way up in high There’s two reason why the motor cools better in second speed under such conditions. One i that the motor turns over faster and the fan consequently pulls more air through the radiator. The other is that the pum circulates more water through the cylit der jackets, and carries off the heat mud more quickly.” “T thought I heard you say you wer tired of picayune jobs,’ grinned Je Clark to Gus after Hardy had departed “Humph!” growled Gus. “My ides of a picayune job is one that anyboly can do. The ones on that car had y# stumped!” RUNNING WITH RETARDED SPARK MUFFLER CHOKED WITH CARBON 4 Romance in Your Car If you are one to whom the smooth- running mechanism of the automobile is an endless source of wonder delight, you’ll want to read “Whirling Wheels” Edmund M. Littell’s fascinating romance of motordom, beginning om page 18 of this issue. August, | is the w mon se can get. Ligh of this smootht it is — tudes of enjoy it It ha knowled Step by And, Selves 1! UNIT

Page 73

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 71 S22 TOBACCO -= eas THE BEST PIPE SMOKE EVER MADE!” |; °: ’ iq! rs August, 1927 oh g ‘ 5} ti ( CAN YOU IMAGINE this surging theatre throng along Broadway all agreeing on one star as the greatest? Of course not! Yet this throng is but a fraction of vast multi- tudes of smokers who are wel- . coming and praising one pipe -tobacco—Old Briar—as «the best pipe smoke ever made.”’ Fonts eae Foes eat HAVE OLD BRIAR Tear out this coupon and mail to: United States Tobacco Co., Richmond, Va.,U.S.A. SPECIAL OFFER: You are entitled to the best pipe smoke ever made. And you can enjoy it immediately. rectly on receipt of this coupon, we will mail to you the reg- ular Old Briar 50c humidor box. In addition, we will include one 25Sc pocket package of Old Briar—extra—if you include your dealer’s name. Send no money, but pay the postman only 50c when he delivers your order. Tear out the coupon now, while it’s handy. ‘ ai 46 “ | /HE most convincing thing in the world about Old Briar is the whole-hearted praise of the smoker himself. It’s just plain com- mon sense that pipe smokers are turning to the best tobacco they tan get. They are entitled to it! ee Prewit GeeMNe 2... 2 2. sick Wb ~ dbus then yaes Light up your pipe full of Old Briar. Draw in the ripe fragrance of this wonderful tobacco. Enjoy its full, pleasant aroma— its extra smoothness— its comfort. Smoké it awhile. Notice how mild and cool Ge 2. nk Sx cae eed aeoas en ioc Na hoe ene SSGCEGAECECEEEE BEERS KEAKEREEBeSS Cite enld Giebet 2 65 £22 tee Sarees it is —how completely satisfying ! Now, you know why vast multi- tudes of pipe smokers are welcoming Old Briar—why even the ladies enjoy its fragrance. ee re ae eS . . “f° a If fer—send st ‘ mey order or check with co pon 5 It has taken generations of tobacco culture and years of scientific + ne ne ee F Ss knowledge in the art of mellowing and blending, to produce Old Briar. (¢ 3; pleasures that man enjoys, pipe sucking coils Step by step Old Briar has been developed—step by step perfected. about the least. And the additional enjoyment of a pipeful E of Old Briar costs only a fraction of a cent more than And, every day, thousands of pipe smokers are proving for them- pes te cy bas hex ink sacks of COE aes selves that Old Briar is the best pipe smoke they ever had. has our unlimited guarantee. TO DEALERS: Old Briar is sold in Pocket packages at 25¢ and Humidor boxes at soc, $1.00 and $2.00. If your jobber has not supplied you, write us and we will send you a supply by prepaid Parcel Post at regular Dealers’ prices. UNITED STATES TOBACCO COMPANY, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, U. S. A. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. a OA age en RNS GREY Fy tat DY T ARENA A PR Earle

Page 74

72 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1927 Buy separately or in assortments A social celebrity in wood! Make a Tea Wagon from Plan No. 17e HE tea wagon has long occupied the center of the stage at afternoon teas, bridge parties and informal luncheons. Why not make one for your own home? Stanley Plan No. 17e gives you all the necessary designs and details of construction. You will find it comparatively easy to make. But it certainly doesn’t pay to gamble on results by using inferior tools. In the long run the best tools are really the cheapest to use. Carpenters the world over prefer Stanley Tools. They know that the name Stanley assures durability, correct design, and right “feel.” And Stanley Tools are first choice The best tools are the cheapest to use Ask your hardware dealer in thousands of manual training classes. You can buy Stanley Tools separately and so collect your own set. For your convenience in buying there are also complete sets of Stanley Tools in chests at a wide variety of prices from $15 to $95. Or there are assort- ments in strong cardboard boxes containing directions for making your. own tool chest. Priced from $5 to $20. ead Your hardware dealer has Plan No. 17e as well as other Stanley Plans for making useful articles, or he can get them for you. The plans cost only 10c each. Ask him also for small Catalog No. Se50, which shows many useful Stanley Tools. It is free. If he cannot supply you, write to The Stanley Works, New Britain, Conn. = STANLEY TOOLS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. anything watch th for any And wh answer 1 ately th: weather \ It is no avane of it is far le construct el of the ety. The fraction o have to model va ‘wy exeh nave fores for these decoratio! them for : To sin still more been pre) plete dra size outlir weather-v may be t the wood obtain by to the Blu ice Dep: PorpuLAR MonTHLY Avenue, - for Bluep (see page As we a our ship t head winc ing Du would, of the ideal a only “believe have evel jected.

Page 75

st, 1927 ae H POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 73 ir Wakeling. Editor | ay HICH way does the wind blow? If you love the outdoors, care anything for boating, or watch the weather closely for any reason whatever, you often wish to know the answer to that question. And what can possibly answer it more appropri- ately than a_ ship-model weather vane? It is not difficult to make avane of this type. Indeed, it is far less trouble than to construct a decorative mod- el of the mantel-shelf vari- ety. The cost, too, is but a fraction of what you would have to pay for a ship- model vane in one of the *w exclusive stores that nave foreseen the new vogue for these charming gable decorations and are offering them for sale. To simplify your work still more, a blueprint has been prepared with com- plete drawings and a full f= size outline of the hull ofa p= weather-vane ship, which S may be traced directly on ,~ wood. be you can tain by sending 25 cents fo, - to the Blueprint Serv- e- ice Department of PoputaR SCIENCE Montuty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, for Blueprint No. 66 (see page 87). As we are dooming our ship to an eternal head wind, the “Fly- ing Dutchman” would, of course, be the ideal motif, but as only those *who “believe in fairies” have ever seen her, she had to be re- jected. The American Grand Turk— one of the “Letters of Marque” ships— has been chosen because she was a pic- turesque little brig, which helped to win the War of 1812. This ship, of 310 tons, was built by Elias Hasket at Salem, in 1812. She captured three ships, twelve brigs, seven schooners and eight ae uP AI om, ~ Gens —— - ¢) LZ eS By Capt. E. A. McCann sloops—a wonderful record for so small a vessel. In 1815 she was sold and became a merchantman. In our vane we are going to simplify everything very much. A silhouette is what we want. And it must swing easily to the lightest puff of air, yet withstand the fiercest gale. For materials you will need the follow- ing: White pine, 1 pe. 1% by 4 by 20 in. for hull and 1 pe. 4% by % by 10 in. for channels; dowel sticks, two -Yj-in. and three 3-in., for spars and guns; hardwood, \% by \ by 6 in. for cat- heads and bumpkins; cop- per wire, 1 spool each No. 18 and No. 22; thin sheet copper, 7 by 12 in., for sail and flags; thick sheet cop- per, 6 by 6 in., for letters; brass tubing, % (outside diameter) by 27 in., % by 11 in., and \% by 48 in., or other heavier pipe or rods, depending upon the material obtainable and the method of mounting; a suitable flange, such as a square brass floor flange, for the lower end of the main support; wood or copper for gilt ball; 2 brass washers with %-in. holes; a short piece of 4-in. brass rod, or cotter pins; 5-in. brass nails, thick and thin; enamel, stain and varnish; solder. Ts tools necessary are those that are to be found in every household— handsaw, hack saw, ham- mer, plane, screw driv- er; brace and 4- and 3 e 3%-in. auger bits; \% and \-in. bit stock 1 -~ O ec an ec twist drills; or breast drill and %- and \%- How to Make a Striking Ornament for Your House, Garage or Camp in. drills; tin snips or old shears, soldering iron, files, pliers; 4% and 1-in. wood chisels, knife, rule, try-square. Cut the hull block to the shape shown full size on Blueprint No. 66 and on a smaller scale on page 87. Shape the lower edge to leave a keel about % in. square and round off the outer corners along the bottom. Cut the stem and sternposts to the same thicknesses as the keel and round the ends of the hull to meet them. The rudder is indicated by being cut a bit thinner. Note that the hull where the (Continued on page 96)

Page 76

74 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, ig Running Your Outboard Motor How to Mount It Correctly and Look After It So As to Insure the Most Reliable Service By EDWARD V. PARKER HE sight of a young boy wending his way down to the waterside with the com- plete power plant of his motor boat dangling at the end of one skinny arm would have caused considerable excitement in the days when a_ two-horsepower | gasoline motor of the marine type weighed several hundred pounds. But the perfection of the out- board motor has made such a sight quite common these days. Modern types of these remark- able motors are so skillfully de- signed that they will send your boat through the water hour after hour without showing any signs of distress. However, the out- board motor, like any other piece of fine machinery, requires a cer- tain amount of attention for best results. It must be used in a boat of the correct type. You can clamp an ~ outboard motor to the stern of almost any boat or canoe, but for best results remember that an out- board motor exerts as much power 3 .. 5 F forcing out the exploded gases of the old charge, and the cycle g operations is repeated. In effect, therefore, the ty cylinder outboard motor is equjy. alent to a single cylinder machin except that by using two piston, and two cylinders, vibration j reduced and much more power developed than would be practicy with one large cylinder. As there are no valves, the pos sibility of trouble is greatly » _ duced; so long as the motor) supplied with gasoline and sparking apparatus stays om job the motor is bound to running. Lubrication is taken care the simplest possible way. oil is mixed with the gasoline fore it is poured into the fm tank. When the gasoline is into the crank case, the air with the gasoline, leaving to lubricate the bearings pistons of the motor. There# chance for trouble with lubrication so long as you mak as several horses, and if you apply that power to the stern of a rickety old boat, something is bound to let go in time. The strain im- posed by driving the old tub through the water may open up the seams and even loosen up the transom so that you may suddenly discover that your fine out- board motor has broken away and headed for Davy Jones’ locker. Make sure that the boat is in good condition although, of course, it does not have to be of heavy construction. To elirhinate all chance of the motor’s slipping, always tighten the clamps as tight as you can by hand, but don’t use a wrench. The motor will drive the boat through the water much faster if the propeller is down far enough so that it operates in undisturbed water. Have the propeller blades below the line of the bottom. This is particularly important if the boat is of the flat bottom type. Y FAR the most popular type of out- board motor has a_ twin-cylinder engine. These engines are of the two cycle type, which means that there is one explo- sion for each revolution of the crank shaft. Both cylinders fire at once so that the jar of the power stroke in one cylinder is exactly balanced by that in the other. Vibration is reduced to the minimum by this arrangement. As the two pistons travel toward the cylinder heads, gasoline and air are drawn by suction into the crank case. The lubrication of an outboard motor is taken care of by adding a good grade of oil to the gasoline before filling the tank Then, when the pistons move toward each other on the power stroke, the charge of explosive mixture in the crank case is compressed. Near the end of the stroke each piston uncovers a slot in the cylinder wall that is connected by way of an opening in the casting with the crank case. The charge compressed in the crank case rushes into both cylinders, To mount an outboard motor properly, it is sometimes necessary to cut down the transom sure that the proper amount d good quality gasoline engine @ is mixed with the fuel. Outboa motor manufacturers specify i each case the grade and amount of oil each gallon of gasoline. BE SURE to mix the oil with the ga» line before you put it in the fuel tan of the motor. Don’t pour the two into th tank separately and expect them to mi in the tank. They won’t do it. Te heavier oil will settle to the bottom of tk tank and be drawn into the carburetore mixing valve and you may not be able start the motor at all. Most outboard motors have gasolitt tanks that hold about one gallon; thats enough fuel to run the motor at full sped for approximately two hours. You wi find it necessary to refill the tank sevenl times on a long trip, so take along om gallon cans of gasoline to which the right amount of oil has been added. It iss wise precaution to have at least a cane two more in the boat than you are likey to use. You never can tell when a heal wind or an adverse tide will upset yor calculations. The oil mixed with the gasoline care of the lubrication of all the parts@ the motor itself. The bevel gears W drive the propeller are packed with gre and it is advisable to add a fresh supp of grease after each two hundred miles use. The instruction book accompany the motor will show you how this show be done. In (Continued on page august, 19 VER E tab ber js not ro does it kitchen t wishes to tinkering, fitting up be conve! bench wh the job is use by cle: the tools- a Dr. Jek HIS | which square, s built quit A sket order to s: to make s just right The sch for long « shelves at were mad

Page 77

Bust, 197 yu make 10unt of gine ol hu tboarl ecify in of oil t he gas uel tank into th 1 to mit it. Th m of th iretor a > able t gasoline ; thats all speel You wil : sever Ong on he right It iss a cane POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 75 Kitchen Table Serves As Bench It Does Double Duty When Drawers and Shelves Are Built into It to Hold Tools and Supplies table; every husband wants a work- bench. In a small apartment there js not room enough for both. Neither does it happen very often that the kitchen table is in use when the man wishes to do woodwork, model making or tinkering, for that is usually in the eve- ning afier the housework has been done. Why not solve the problem, then, by Bae housewife needs a kitchen Putting a shelf into the end compartment. The bar clamp keeps the legs from spreading fitting up a kitchen table so that it may be converted temporarily into a work- bench when occasion requires, and, when the job is done, returned to its primary use by clearing the top and putting away the tools—making out of it, so to speak, a Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. HIS I did by making use of a table which was already at hand. It had square, slightly tapered legs and was built quite substantially. A sketch was first made to scale in order to save time in the construction and to make sure that things would work out just right. The scheme finally decided on provided for long drawers in front and a set of shelves at the right end. The drawers were made long enough to receive saws and a steel square. The upper one was to be used for tools and the lower ones for other equipment and materials. The necessary lumber order was made —Douglas fir for the additional framing, the doors and drawers, and plywood for the-paneling and drawer bottoms. For the runs for the drawers and the frame- work around them, “blind-stop” ma- terial, which is carried by lumber yards for window-frame construction, was ob- tained, and thus much labor in ripping and planing was saved. For the base or rails, 1 by 3 in. material was used. is also can be obtained cut to size as a tule; if not, it can be made by ripping either a 1 by 6 in. or 1 by 8 in. board in By E. E. ERICSON two, depending upon whether the fin- ished pieces are wanted a little less or a little more than 3 in. in width. After the material was prepared, the frame was fitted in place. Plain “butt”’ joints were used in most places, al- though it would not be very difficult to use mortise-and-tenon construction where the bottom rails, or base pieces, meet the legs. A pair of long cabinet- maker’s bar clamps were used to hold the work together while the nailing was done. Although by no means essential, these clamps help materially in producing a square and solid job. HE upright piece at the right-hand extremity of the drawers was fitted to the upper and lower rails with half-lap joints and nailed from the back. The seat or rabbet for the panels was made by nail- ing small, square strips back of where the panels were to go and “toe-nailing” the panels in place from the front. If a “plow” or universal plane is available, the new rails can be grooved in advance to receive the panels, but it would be most difficult to make grooves in the legs and upper rails of the table. The lower shelf in the end is supported at the ends on the rails, while the end rail is fitted outside of it and nailed in such a position that half the thickness of the shelf is exposed, as shown in the drawing; this forms a stop for the doors. Two doors for the cabinet were made from 1 in. thick wood and hung with 1%- in. butt hinges. To guarantee against warping, two cleats may be screwed inside of the doors. A small elbow catch is placed on the left door, and a cupboard Jock or catch on the other. If a plane for grooving the fronts and sides of the drawers to receive the three- ply bottoms is not available, this handicap can be overcome either by buying ready- made drawer material from the mill or lumber yard, or by fastening the drawer bottoms by the method previously described for securing the panels to the framework—that is, by nailing square cleats in place to hold the bottoms. Homemade wooden drawer pulls would The completed bench. Dimensions arc gov- erned entirely by the size and type of table serve the purpose admirably, but in this case metal pulls were used in order to save time. No vise or bench stop is shown, since the intention is to keep the top clear for general kitchen use. Hand screws will be used for vise and bench stop, as illustrated ’ in the article, “‘A Bench That Takes No Room,” on page 73 of the May, 1927, The doors are hung with 114-in. hinges and fitted with elbow catch and cupboard lock issue of Poputar Science Monruty. No particular herm, however, would be done by cutting in a metal bench stop of the type shown in the article just men- tioned. Such a stop would be a material help in planing and, since it may be lowered to the level of the top, it would cause no inconvenience when the table is used for other purposes. A little pains in painting or staining the new parts, or, better still, painting the entire job anew, will make this a piece of furniture which would be presentable in any kitchen and of practical utility to both the housewife and the handy man. How to Mix White Lead Paint IXING a glossy white lead paint for exterior use is not the task that many amateurs imagine. When only a small quantity is desired, choose as a measure a can that will hold about one half the amount of paint desired. Fill this with white lead and empty into a much larger can. Then fill the measur2 with four fifths pure raw linseed oil and one fifth turpentine. Stir well and pour a little at a time into the white lead, mix- ing thoroughly. Stir in the tinting color, if any is to be used, and add approxi- mately one tablespoon of liquid turpentine drier for each pint of oil used. Strain through cheesecloth. For a priming coat, this paint should be further thinned with linseed oil and turpentine. 2 OEE ks LOA a ONE Per eee oh

Page 78

By D. M. CLAYTON SK any small boy wheth- A er he would like to have a toy model of the Ryan monoplane, Spirit of St. Louis, in which Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh flew from New York to Paris, and see what he says. Like a flash he will answer: “You bet I would. It'll be the greatest toy I’ve got.” And you can. make one for him quite easily, or, better still, let him do the job him- self, with a little help whenever he needs it. The model is surprisingly realistic when neatly painted. It will serve not only as a toy, but for display purposes or as a decoration. It may be hung by means of a fine wire near the ceiling of a sun porch, chil- dren’s room, or any other room where a novelty of this type is appropriate. Another use for it is as a weather vane, mounted like the ship model described in the article begin- ning on page 73. Full. size drawings from which the work can be laid out directly have been prepared— No. 67 in the PopuLar SciENCE MonTH# xy series of blueprints, listed on page 87. Materials are needed as follows: OR the body or fuselage (A), 1 pe. clear white pine or other soft wood, 24% by 3 by 14 in., which can be built up by glufng several pieces to- gether; wing (B) 1 pe. % by 3% by 23 in., pine or hard- wood (a scrap piece of pine siding is excellent); tail (C), 1 pe. % by 3 by 6 in. hardwood or three-ply wood (tin may be used instead); rudder (D), 1 pe. heavy tin, sheet brass or copper, 3 by 3 in.; shock absorbers (E), 2 pes. 4% by % by 2% in. hardwood; struts (F) % by 44 by 28 in. hard- wood (or brass or aluminum, 34 by % in.); struts (G), %-in. birch dowel 12 in. long; pro- peller (H), % by % by 5% in., and motor (I), 4% by 24% by 2% in., white pine; wheels (J), % in. thick, 13g in. in diameter, hardwood; _ glue, assorted small nails, screws and washers, sandpaper; scrap of thin tin for fittings; light gray brushing lacquer or enamel, Lindbergh POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY of the “Spirit of St. Louis’ aluminum paint, and _ blag lacquer or paint. “Yes, Dad, it looks just the same as the real plane did when we saw it flying in the movies” How the parts of the plane are shaped and assembled. All are shown full size on our Blueprint No, 67, which you will find helpful (see page 87) ’s Plane, Toy Size How you can easily buil a realistic wooden mode August, 197 Either transfer the outlin of the fuselage to block A froq Blueprint No. 67, or lay it oy from the accompanying dray. ings and saw, plane and whitth it to shape. Now measure back from th nose 34 in. and cut off the cone. shaped point. Save this to fi over the hub of the propelle later on. Measure % in, fap ther back and cut off anothe section, which is discarded, In its place, glue and nail the motor (I)—a piece \% in, thick and 21% in. in diameter, with nine equidistant slots ty indicate the separation of the cylinders. The wing and tail member are next cut out. The wing is glued and screwed to the fuselage 144 in. back of the motor. The tail (C), if made of wood, is glued and nailed in a recess cut in the upper surface of the fuselage. Ifit is of tin, no recess is needed, The rudder (D) is inserted in slots and nailed, as shown Ww wings and tail members are in place, cut out the shock absorber, Round the corners, as i they were streamlined... Then fasten them to the fuselage and wing by means of the various struts shown, using small tin fittings and thread or wire bindings to reinfore the joints where necessary. Each wheel is mounted by means of a round-headed screw 7% in. long, witha washer between the whed and the shock absorber. The propeller is whittled and attached to the cente of the engine block (I) with a nail and washer in sucha§. way that it will spin freely The nose, previously cut from block A, is then notched ant glued to the propeller. Apply two coats of light gray brushing lacquer @ enamel to all except the cone shaped front end and pi peller, which should receité two coats of aluminum. Pail the engine, windows, tires, lettering and marking black. Note that N-X-# appears on top of right wilf and on under side of left wing stained al side varni

Page 79

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 77 bust, 197 yst, 1927 Aug! Fi J Timesaving Mail Box Le Has Hinged Bottom By R. K. BalLey utd AIL placed ode] in the letter box ow yeu he )L| removed simply AS) emailing open the hinged bot- | tom, Which is then - Dlack F | closed automati- ‘cally by _a_ small spring. This fea- A irom } | ture allows the rit out} | mail to be with- 3 draw. § | drawn very quick- whittle ly and easily > it How letters are re- also permits the | moved from the box om the} | pox to be placed le cone. | | high out of the reach of small children. Ss to fit The top, bottom and back are % in. ropeller § | thick, the front and ends 34 in. In as- In. far § | sembling the box the ends are set back another § | 14 in. Note that the end grain of the top carded, } | and bottom covers is reinforced with a nail the | | hard wood spline, 14 by 14 in. A suitable % in. } | spring may be obtained at the curtain- ameter, § | rod counter of any ten-cent store. If slots to f | desired, a square opening may be cut in n Of the } | the front of the box and the edges rab- beted to receive a piece of glass. embers The box may be painted, or it may be e Wing § | stained and finished with a coat of out- to the F | side varnish. oft Doing an “Impossible” Job Suppose this man had only an ordinary tap wrench’ — —"\ ° 66 9 Ti 2 h “YANKEE” N th eliza) wit O. 250 needed, Ad a {HAM HY HHH In close quarters where a complete turn can- a H HET Hh not be made, there is no need to tear down con- y HH Hh {/ ° ‘“ ” 1d. tal! NH H(t I) * struction when you have a “Yankee” Ratchet “place | | \ 1) Tap Wrench. AW hu 4) WT se *4e orbers \\) Hi Wi] Mt Simply pull the sliding cross-bar out to end “3 \ aS Hx position where the hand can move freely, set the iselage h NSA N | ratchet shifter, and tap the hole quickly and of the SS Grtsscees easily. using PEEPHOLES/—— ~~ ~~~ y | Awkward jobs are found everywhere. Save time thread VERTICAL SECTION [> —34 and trouble by using this handy “Yankee” Tool. inforce soot end end views of the mail bon. a Three adjustments: Right-hand ratchet, left- oii ee ee ee hand ratchet, and rigid. Knurled finger-turn at top eer quickly starts or backs out taps. } No. 250—Length, 34 in. Chuck diam., % in. Holds up to 3% in. taps. No. 251—Length, 5 in. Chuck diam., % in. Holds up to % in. taps. vithaf? | A Plug That Fits Three Holes 2 | oF center No. 1251—Length, 13 in. For jobs needing long ) with This plug will fit a triangular, a reach. Otherwise same as No. 251. na al square, and a T-shaped opening 7 Some — “Yankee” Pee Plain Senate y a . Ratchet Screw-drivers, Ratchet Breast, Hand, Chain an t from anal — an beng ye J July sais Bench pe. —— Braces, Automatic Push Drills, ed and § | « ? : Tool Book Vises with removable base, etc. issue, @ puzzle was shown which called This interesting little book is a 7 _ for the whittling of a single plug to fill for all lovers of fine tools. It Dealers Everywhere Sell “Yankee” Tools _Tight three holes of unlike shapes, the first — ee aS Vinhes” on the tool vou bay manne the * > a 3 “se es triangular, the second square, and the “Yankee” Tools for making “9 A . yo y bili COME | thind T-sha ood. A phic that will accom. wath soalen cull anhdies. utmost in quality, efficiency and durability. me RtRSs ts illustrated above. Nortn Bros. Mre. Co., Philadelphia, U. S. A. Pais If you are interested in puzzles, don’t hed fail to obtain our Blueprint No. 65 (see oe 99 - 8 | Page87). It contains a variety of puzzles, rkings ° A ; X.3il including 19 of the Chinese cross variety, 4 movable letter puzzle and several puz- fe tles like that mentioned above. Make Beller gnechanics © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 80

Furniture Hall Rack for illustrated has a flexible leather seat that instantly adapts itself to the slightest change in position. It may be used in any room not entirely devoted to one style or period. Oak, ash or some other tough wood should be used. The top or seat rails are halved at the corners and fastened with screws (C). The lower rails (E), which are 1 in. in diameter, are held with 4-in. pins (D). Fit all joints carefully and assemble with a good grade of hot glue. I itestentea in type, the unique stool POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY You Can Build Easily Distinctive Stool or Low Bench in Egyptian Style— Mail—Tea Tray Stand or Table Since the uncovering of marvelous objects of art in Tut-ankh- Amen’s tomb, Egyp- tian motifs are being used more in furni- | ture. This stool is a charming example The mail rack illus- trated at the right may be varnished or gaily lacquered and decorated with _--SHELVES: August, ig7 the grooving and rabbeting may omitted and the parts assembled with plain butt joints. In that case th shelves are 15 in. long. Perhaps the easiest way of finish; the case is with brushing lacquer in gray buff, jade, Chi- nese red, or any of the brilliant colors now so popular. If de- sired, art trans- fers may be ap- pliedinthe center of the front rail and on both ends. 3! 135 PARTITION ghepaphy N i) ra e3\\ bill, —es—I “| brilliant transfers = The chamfered decorations may be cut with knife, spokeshave, drawknife or chisel and finished with file and sand- paper. The triangles (F) are incised about 4% in. and stamped with the point of a nail. The stain should harmonize with or match the color of the leather. The finish may be two or three coats of thin shellac rubbed with No. 4/0 sandpaper and polished with wax, or two or three coats of clear brushing lacquer. The stout but soft and flexible leather for the seat should be soaked until pli- able enough to bend around the corners. After the leather has dried thoroughly, it may be pol- ished with wax. F THE mail rack shown above, with compartments for letters the partition. In each case stop the groove % in. back from the front edge (section A-A). Note that this makes it necessary to notch both shelves and partition 3 by 4 in. at the front corners. Rabbets are cut in the ends to receive both the back pieces. The base is cut in square. Assemble with glue and 114 and 1% in. No. 16 brads. To simplify the construction, anda shelf for magazines, is placed conveniently in the hall of any house that shelters a large family or many guests, it will simplify the handling of the mail. The piece may be made of red gum, whitewood, mahogany, or, if itis to be enameled or lacquered, almost any inexpensive close- grained wood. The ends and shelves are % in. thick; the back and front pieces and partition, % in. After the ends have been sawed, cut 3 in. deep grooves in them to receive the shelves, one of which is 7% by 15% in. and the other 7 by 15% in. Cut a groove of the same depth in the upper shelf to receive 2-0" ——$>$>$_$_$—$— “y WEEE ec — \— =" == = | —————— 7 351 soit FoR TOP RAILS AND LEGS LEG 1hxi x20" MORTISE AND TENON BOTTOM RAILS An attractive tea tray table, the original of which was con- structed in teakwood and ornamented with hand carving The case may also be finished with stain and varnish to match the woodwork in the hall, in which case lettering suchas is shown, or other suitable ornaments tion, may be applied with a wood carvers \¢-in. veining gouge, the space between being stamped with the point of a sharp. ened tenpenny nail. P. K. DE WEH of New. ecastle, Natal, South et Africa, who is a subscriberto . Porutar Science Monta, designed and built the beaut- ful tea tray stand illustrated. He used teakwood and embe- lished the top with a bandd hand-carved ornamentation. The construction of th table is clearly shown in the assembly drawing and details. Itis obvious that the diameter of the central recess depends upon the siz of the tea tray to be used. If itis not desired to have a tray, th design may be modified by keeping the top perfectly flat, in which event the piece would make a charming coffee stand or a table for sup porting a large cone loudspeaket, a ship model, or the like. For ut as a breakfast table, the pict could be built on a larger scale. — Not many amateur mechanit are in a position to obtain teak, k mahogany and walnut are available. In view of the presé vogue for colored furniture, @ How to 1 are insert Arrer TR “Sovereig: CE | 52 and 53) is excellen Mark tl pencil or t i. Th eand that they coping sa fore paint table would be attractive if built@ inexpensive wvod painted.

Page 81

Ust, 197 nay |p d with Toy Glider Made with Feathers By F. Crarxe Hucues A feather glider, shot into the air with a rubber band, will fly surprising distances HE toy glider illustrated consists of a few large feathers, a piece of tin, a ¥ by % in. wooden rod and a scrap of 4% in. thick wood. The proportions depend upon the length of the wing feathers; in the example shown these are 7 14 in. long. By pressing the feathers with a warm jron, they may be straightened. The wooden members and tin mounting should be painted some bright color. The exact position of the parts is determined by trial ights. When properly balanced, the glider takes the air smoothly and flies steadily. Arubber band is used as shown to shoot it forward. BEND TO ’ TUBE / Ee THIN WOOD KEEL Cc EQUAL TO REACH OF 32 = = : ae ; oR: ¢ BENT TO FIT FEATHERS How to make and fly the toy. The feathers are inserted in a clip bent out of thin tin AFTeR TRYING various materials for the crosstrees of ship models, such as the “Sovereign of the Seas” (PopuLaR ‘ce Montuiy Blueprints Nos. 51, 52 and 53), I find that 4%-in. hard rubber is excellent. Mark the outline on the rubber with a pencil or trace the shape by using carbon i. Then score the lines with a sharp e and fill the cuts with white chalk so that they can be followed easily with a coping saw. Sandpaper the rubber be- fore painting it.—J. E. T. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY We Amaze Men With this shaving cream, whatever they expect GENTLEMEN: It’s hard to make you realize that the five superiorities of Palmolive Shaving Cream aren't just “‘selling talk."’ They sound too good to be true. Yet they've tempted mil- lions to ask for samples. On that sample our whole case rests. We let you prove to yourself that our claims are justified. And we do make good. Even the most skeptical are amazed. And they are greater advertisements for Palmolive Shaving Cream than anything we know. It took years Palmolive Shaving Cream is a sensational success. Few creations ever won so quickly such multitudes of boosting friends. We knew that any shaving cream to win today must excel all others. First we learned the 5 things that men wanted. Then we worked for years, experimenting. 129 for- mulas failed—the 130th is the Palmolive Shaving Cream you get when you send for the sample. All our knowledge of soap, gained in a lifetime of study, has gone into this shaving delight. 5 exclusive features 1. Multiplies itself in lather 250 times. . Softens the beard in one minute. . Maintains its creamy. fullness for 10 minutes on the face. 4. Strong bubbles hold the hairs erect for cutting. 5. Fine after-effects due to palm and olive oil content. All we ask is a chance While your present method may suit you well, still there may be a better one. This test may mean much to you in comfort. Send the coupon before you forget. pv Ww THE PALMOLIVE-PEET COMPANY, CHICAGO, ILL. oe oes PALMOLIVE Shaving Crea To add the final touch to shaving luxury, we have created Palmolive After Shaving Talc—especially for men. Doesn't show. Leaves the skin smooth and fresh, and gives that well-groomed look. Try the sample we are sending free with the tube of Shaving Cream. Here are new de- lights for every man. Please let us OER 6g Nig SHAVES FREE E and a can of Palmolive After Shaving Talc Simply insert your name and address and mail to Dept. B-1370, Palmolive, 3702 Iron Street, Chicago, Ill. Residents of Wisconsin should address Palmolive, Milwaukee, Wis. eves * Riiactineeaeseeaes seas cece cccccccceces 3698 prove them to you. Clip coupon now. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 6.

Page 82

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY utting Ihreads Accurately How to Simplify a Task Machinists Find Tedious OST machinists at times have to cut a really accurate thread, per- haps for a thread gage, a tap, ora precision adjusting screw. Yet to make precision threads is one of the most tedious jobs in the art of tool making. It is not alone a question of ade- quate tools, but of the most painstaking patience. Cutting threads is usu- ally such a simple opera- tion with taps and dies that we lose sight of the accurate workmanship which must be put into those taps and dies to en- able them to produce ac- curate threads. The methods suggested here are such that any me- chanic with the necessary patience can make com- merciallyaccuratethreads. In the first place, the lathe should be one that will turn straight and true. Its lead screw should not be taken on faith, for even though it is new, there may be an error. le FIG- 1 is shown a set-up for testing the accuracy of a lead screw for pitch of thread. A block, B, is clamped to the faceplate of the lathe in such a position that the indicator, A, will allow the spindle to be stopped at precisely the same point at each revolution. The in- dicator should be on a surface gage placed on the V’s of the lathe so that it — be moved along the V’s in a straight ine. Another block. C, is clamped to the carriage, and an indicator, D, is attached to a block, E, which is clamped to the TESTING THE LEAD SCREW WITH TEST /ND/CATORS END MEASURE INDICATOR E The faceplate is turned several times and the movement of the carriage measured exactly By CHARLES KUGLER By setting up a lathe as shown above and diagrammatically in Fig. 1 below, a machinist can test the accuracy of the lead screw PLATE 44” THICK GRINDING 0 F-* "WHEEL Ot FIG.2 MALE GAGE FOR TESTING NHREAD GAG | O= DOWELS——5] O resem HARDENED STEEL D*=RX.866025 5 F =x PITCH €:48"D \ | L. 8 PLATE GLASS EANDF at, TOOL = : " FIG.3 A fixture for grinding thread tools, a special gage, and a way to obtain the correct “ flat”’ bed of the lathe. Gear up th lathe to cut any desired thread, say three to the inch. Then ge both the indicators to read zero, Move indicator A out of the Way and turn the lathe spindle a cer. tain number of revolutions, say eighteen, stopping the spindle the indicator at the zero reading. Now; if a 6-in. end measure, f, is put between block C and ip. dicator D, the indicate, will read zero, provide the lead screw is accurate, If it is not, the indicator will show the amount of error. It is clear that any inter. mediate points on the lead screw can be checked by using shorter distance pieces, or an inside micrometer, and that the method can be used to test with precision any portion of the length of the lead screw. Having determined that the lathe and its lead screw are _ satisfactory, the grinding of the tool should be given attention. It is obvious that the formd the finished thread will depend entirely upon the shape of the tool, and to insur that the tool will be correct, an accurate gage must be provided. The ordinary gages cannot always be relied upon for highly precise work, and the writer has found that better results will be obtainel if a gage is made up as shown in Fig. 3. This gage is made in three parts screwed and _ (Continued on page 10) ANY time-saving shop ideas aft contained in the continuation d the Better Shop Methods Department, to be found on pages 102 to 107. SECTION ~ A gage held between lathe centers for setting threading tools level and at correct height sgh August, | Stai Tap Starr Stainl Rule . Step ir a Star Notice and « gradu See ho tive weigh lines ¢ moreg easier.

Page 83

bust, 197 yrovided curate, ndicator ount of ny inter. on the checked distance inside that the used to ion ally d screw, e lathe factory, ye given form of entirely © insure accurate yrdinary pon for iter has yb tained ‘ig. 3. page 106) eas are ation of ‘tment, August, 1927 Starrett Stainless Steel Tape No. 520 Starrett ) "ig Stainless Steel Rule No. 1000 Step into your favorite store and examine a Starrett Steel Rule. Notice how distinctly and accurately the graduations are cut deep into the steel. See how the compara- tive lengths and weights of the various lines assist in making moregiccurate reading easier. Starrett Flexible Steel Rule with Klip No. 320K POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Starrett Pocket Steel Tape No. 500 81 Here’s easy reading for you — One glance is all you need if you’re taking measurements with a Starrett Steel Tape. The bright steel lines and figures stand right out against the jet-black background. And for even faster and more accurate read- ing the small foot figures placed between each inch mark give the correct reading in feet and inches at once. There are Starrett Steel Tapes for every man’s needs, including the Starrett No. 520 Stainless Steel Tape for use in mud or wet. Our Starrett Catalog 23‘W’ will help you to select the tape or rule you want, and it shows over 2500 other fine Starrett Tools. Write us for your free copy. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled © Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS. Starrett Steel Tape No. 530 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See Page 6.

Page 84

82 CREO-DIPT MAIL THIS Send for facts about this new way to save money ANY way to reduce paint-bills! Lay Creo-Dipt Stained Shingles right over the old side-walls. Costs only a third more than re-painting; saves its entire cost in paint-bills alone in the first 5 to 7 years. Creo-Dipts over side-walls save fuel, too— many owners estimate as much as 15% to 25% per year. And they make your house cooler in sum- mer, because they add a coating of insulation which keeps out summer- heat as well as winter-cold. Send for helpful photographs All over the country, thousands of home owners are re-beautifying their old homes with Creo-Dipts over side- walls —re-roofing with them, too! Send for photographs of these old homes made new. See how Creo-Dipts could re-value your old home, too. Mail the coupon below—now— before you turn the page. Color suggestions, too Find out about the wide range of Creo-Dipt colors. The coupon will bring you color chart; photographs of Creo-Dipt houses in actual colors. Get the facts now—before you paint or remodel... or build new. Genuine Creo-Dipts are carried in stock by leading lumber-dealers everywhere. Stained Shingles COUPON Creo-Dipt Co., Inc.,1233 Oliver St., No. Tona- wanda, N. Y. (In Canada: Creo-Dipt Co., Ltd., 1610 Royal Bank Bidg., Toronto.) Sales offices in principal cities. Enclosed find 25¢ for pate of large-size photo- graphs of Creo-Dipt homes, booklet of color sug- gestions, and name of local Creo-Dipt dealer. Check the use that interests you Covering old side-walls [] New roof oO Building new C) Re-roofing C) SE inasienbesidicaneininstnssiucnbtiinomeess sihehakia sonbenniee NE ielanihstcaiinsinercunsericcssse. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 197 Archers Can Save Money by Making Their Own ‘Targets HOSE who have taken up the sport of archery, which is now so popular, realize the necessity for having a straw target. Yet a regulation tournament target, if purchased at a sporting goods store, costs at least $15, and the stand usual- ly $5 or more extra. One can buy a serviceable bow and half a dozen arrows for less than that. To make a target, however, is relatively inexpensive. Rye straw is better than wheat or oat straw, but you must be gov- erned by the straw that you can get. You will need, also, two large balls of strong wrapping twine and oil- cloth for the front covering. The standard tournament size is 4 ft. in diameter. The bull’s-eye is 9% in. in diameter, and each of the concentric rings measures “434 in. across. You can make a smaller target, if you wish, reducing the bull’s-eye and width of rings proportionately. Oil- cloth can be obtained 54 in. wide, which is just right for a 4-ft. target. The first thing is to form a rope of straw 4 in. - in diameter. Press the straw together compactly, and bind it every 6 in. or so with twine (Fig. 3). In splicing ends of straw, overlap them and bind with twine. Having made a rope 8 or 10 ft. long, roll it up into a flat spiral mat, as The straw rope is sewn to form a large flat coil and then covered with painted oilcloth J By A. Neety Hau shown in Fig. 4. Each tun must be stitched securely to the preceding turn, and the stitching should be done with a large upholstering nee. dle threaded with the wrapping twine. When the first length of Tope has been fastened jp place, make a second rope and add it to the first; then add a third and continue until the diameter measures a tri. fle more than 48 in, Go over the surface and reinforce the stitching at every point where there is an indication of its not being firm. The out- side turn of rope should be stitched to the pre. A homemade archery target made of rye straw sewn together in a coil How to make a quiver for target practice from a mailing tube and how to protect the left forearm with a wrapping of friction tape ceding turn with stitches not farther apart than 2 in. The target bull’s-eye, or gold, and the four rings, are drawn most easily upon the oilcloth with a strip of cardboard having a pin near one end for a center, and holes punched at the correct dis tances from it for a pencil to stick through. Outside of the outer target ring is 4 narrow border (Fig. 5), known as the petticoat. It may be omitted. Paint the gold with bron radiator paint, or yellow paint. Use oil paint for the other rings. Fig. 5 indicates the colors to use and thei correct order. To avoid runs, paint alternate rings one day, and the intermediate rings the next day. An old glove will pro- tect your fingers Instead of trimming off the edge of the oilcloth on the outer line of the petticoat, leave a margin of 2m or so, slash this as indicated in Fig. 5, turn it under to reinforce the Spread the painted oilcloth over the mat} and punch arow = (Continued on page 83)| © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. august, 197 —~ _Arcl of ‘holes inside 0 upholste ping twl Figure made of by 7 ft. gether 1 legs can This is 1 the oute long eno the legs; The ce 4 ft. abc brackets target 0 stitch th of the ti rope ove photogra A qui can be 1 with on cover. friction the qui’ suspende Fasten tape ar mailing the ends loops in ends, af the tap right lens the qui position Fig. 1. The si tection f forearm which the strikes Wrapping the right a a gi nger ret finger tip ——

Page 85

an. we POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 83 ae August, ___———_ b Archers Can Save Money y (Continued from page 8&2) of holes 2 in. apart around the edge, = inside of the petticoat band. W ith the ” ipholstering needle threaded with wrap- aa twine, stitch the oilcloth to the mat. P Figure 6 shows a good target tripod made of three pieces of wood 1 by 2 in. +h tum|| | by 7 ft. Its upper ends are bolted to- rely to| | | gether in such a manner that the three nd. the legs can be folded as shown in Fig. 7. ne with jie ng Nee. an bane ith the a 7-foot high =x Nhes wooden tripod il of ro SS ned * oe second to the a third © ; a C Fine work needs 2S a tri- In. Go e and x keen edged tools e there of its he out- should he pre Howe-work CRAFTSMEN need no longer handicap themselves with dull tools. The Carborundum Combination Stone keeps every edge tool keen. Always gives a smoother, —— cutting edge in shorter time and with less effort. Carpenters, craftsmen, the man who has his oa ee eee eae a set of tools at home—all users of edge a mands postive by Se pyr mag tools should complete their tool kits with the outer legs (Fig. 8). Use a 3-in. bolt Carb d bination S long enough to allow for the spreading of a Uarborundum Combination Stone. the legs; also two washers (Fig. 9). Carborundum is the Registered Trade Name Made of Carborundum. the hardest and The center of the target gold should be eon Carbide, This Trade Mark Ta the exclu: h poy weer : 4 ft. above the ground. You can fasten ee SReAPOs 6 s ema iz brackets to the target legs to rest the Double duty—that’s where it gets its at target on, but a better scheme is to name “combination”; you use the coarse- _ stitch the two ends of a rope to the back grit side to take out ‘cae aaah. ba: deh of the target, and hang the loop of the ; ‘ | rope over the tripod top as shown in the the tool to a quick edge—then finish oO! tarther|| | Photograph above. and perfect your edge with the fine-grit a A quiver for holding arrows (Fig. 1) side. Every stone is uniform in grit and nd the|} | Can be made of a mailing tube (Fig. 2) grade. It does not readily fill or glaze y upon with one end capped with a tin can over but keepsa free cutting action longer. dboard|| | cover. The cover can be fastened with Wears evenly. Lasts a lifetime. center, friction tape. The best way to carry Carried by Hardware . ; ct dis || | the quiver is to hang it from one’s Dealers Everywhere You can use this stone dry or you get rough. suspenders buttons. We SuccEst a smoother edge by the use of oil. * Fasten pieces of ir @—m No. 108—8 x 2x 1 inches ig 18 3 | No. 109—6 x 2 x 1 inches Fig. 5), tape around the No. 110—7 x 2x 1 inches at age per near 9 Send for Catalog P1 for Complete e ends, and make . romel{ | l00ps in the tape ‘) List of Carborundum Products yellow ends, after cutting for the the tapes of the io tal | rightlengths to hold THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY, NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. | therlf | tte quiver in the CANADIAN CARBORUNDUM CO., LTD., NIAGARA FALLS, ONT. position shown in Sales Offices and Warehouses in New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit, Cincinnati, d runs, . Pittsburgh, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee ne day, | F ig. 1. ? The Carborundum Co., Ltd., Manchester, Eng. Deutsche Carborundum Werke, Dusseldorf, Germany rings The simplest pro- ° oo for the left jj} orearm, against - Z which the bowstring ene a SD) f 2 in| | tikes is a loose CI } ( (| | | ( | 5, and) | **@pping of friction tape. The fingers of 6 the right hand also should be protected, he mat] | *"4 a glove with the thumb and little re gate mes nage 83) — removed, and the three remaining AB RAS IVE PRO D U CTS nger tips cut off, serves excellently. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 86

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, iy A Real Home for Your Dog By Witson G. WaLrTERs ANY a dog is left to his own initia- tive to find a comfortable spot in which to eat and sleep, either in the ga- rage, on the back porch, or in some open place. Yet he imagines, no doubt, he is a member of the family, and often we think so, too. Then why shouldn’t he You owe yourself the finest hammer you can buy, for it’s The three main features of this dog house are a soft bed, a ventilator, and a dish rack shown. For the ventilator opening, J cut a piece from the main roof beam and fastened two small strips in suitable notches, as shown. The ventilator p have a comfortable place of his own? tations t When I designed a house for my dog, purposes I took these ideas into consideration and A vari , included three features, a soft bed sup- a photog ported well above the ground on wires, spoon of _ a ventilator, and a dish rack. of gum | The framework was constructed as glass eth Becau the solve of the g remainir the glass the tool you use most. Ask | er was made from thin wood with a tin your dealer to show you the roof supported by four nails, the heads genuine Maydole. Heft it. perspire Aare p Sidings Swing it once or twice. It'll e tin, as indicated in one of the details, : A heavy wire is wound in and out make you itch to come down SOLDERED through a row of holes near the bottom Paintir hard on a nail and drive it TIN ROOF } in each side wall and pulled taut so that of shell home. it will stand considerable weight with- turpent out sagging. On top of this I laid several , layers of canvas from an old awning to|} | in chara . ex- . Eighty four years devoted m keep out any dampness and then added ||} | of groun clusively to fashioning fine g y 8 old rugs and blankets to make a soft Variot hammers are back of the May- bed, extending from wall to wall. The added t dole. Everyheadispress-forged | bedding is removed at intervals for clean-|| | are to be of selected tool steel. Handles ing and a hose is turned on the house, are used 2 The dish rack is simply a board with{} | of the d: one of clear, = th holes to receive the dishes. It is attached added te ae ae — years, by means of brackets to the wall ata A wo1 and put on “for Keeps. convenient height. dyes at In the winter a door that swings in-|} | making The Maydole is a hammer ward and outward can be attached, or,|| | obtain | you'll be proud of for a lifetime if the dog a most of his time in-|} | stamps i . See he bee fs Oat teeth no doors during cold weather, the house|j | An alco od hard i sok It oo denned aunties ouliae te ‘the pany pales may be placed in the cellar. these wil mmer in a class with your For cc finest, most prized tools. Be - type of sure the name “D. Maydole” Adapting a Carpenter’s Level work of any kind. This is especially use|] | Ve $0" is stamped on the head of every for Testing Inclines ful in connection with laying pipe. : sry nail hammer, machinists’ ball Another type, in which the scale itself |} | . wre ; Y ADDING a slotted brass plate slides up and down, is sometimes used|} | % in or any other type of ham- | P . dized) t pe and a short scale to one end of a and can be obtained at many of the al : mer you buy. carpenter’s level, as shown, it is possible larger hardware stores.—J. D. G. cohol. to use the level for laying out inclined = hal Send us your name and address | Hiding Defects in Woodwork hy and we'll mail you free a copy MALL defects in furniture and other|| | heaped t of interesting and useful Pocket finished woodwork can be filled and} | reverse Handbook 23“B.” concealed with sealing wax. Stationers} | darac. ‘ ane and art stores carry sealing wax in & dye to c BRASS PLATE great many different colors and it is On th ae usually possible to find one that will the varr YOUR HAMMER, SIN coniieen match the woodwork to be repaired.|j | needs to e | SCALE AND GUIDE Better still are the regular furniture fim |} | and bul ishers’ shellac sticks, which are sold in the|f | dipped | TIGHTENING larger paint stores. There is also now|f | Up to dr H ainie Ts SCREW on the market an especially useful type Te ~ Co. Norwich NY — a a —. of uncolored plastic wood filler that re A blac The David Maydole Hammer | level aa Saat eae we be laid we sembles wood itself when hard. vin 866 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 87

‘Bust, 197 ly use- > itself s used of the Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that Will Save Time and Money ARIOUS varnishes may be used for V jun, but each one has certain limi- tations that restrict it to certain definite S. Pe cesish to imitate the ground glass of a photographic camera consists of 4 tea- spoon of gum sandarac and 4 teaspoon of mastic in a mixed solution of 4 glass ether and 14 glass benzol. ; Because of the unequal evaporation of the solvents of this peculiar mixture, one of the gums, which is less soluble in the remaining mixed solution, is deposited on the glass as a precipitate perfectly white Painting an electric lamp with a varnish of shellac, sandatac, alcohol and ozonized turpentine, tinted with alcohol soluble dye in character and having the appearance of ground glass. Various alcohol soluble dyes may be added to this varnish if colored effects are to be obtained. A few drops of alcohol are used to make a concentrated solution of the dye and these drops may then be added to the varnish. A word about dyes: If you have no dyes at hand and have no facilities for making them in your own laboratory, obtain some transparent water color stamps in any photographic supply store. An alcoholic dye solution made with these will result in brilliant tints. For coloring electric lamps a different type of varnish must be used, but the dye solutions just described can be em- ployed for coloring the varnish. The varnish consists of 2 oz. alcohol, to which is added 144 teaspoon ozonized (or oxi- dized) turpentine, which is soluble in the alcohol. In place of the ozonized turpen- tine, half the quantity of Venice turpen- tine may be used. In this solution dis- solve 44 teaspoon flake shellac and 1 heaped teaspoon sandarac. It is possible to reverse the quantities of shellac and san- darac. This gives a clear varnish. Add dye to color to the desired shade. On the larger bulbs it is best to apply the varnish with a brush, as less varnish needs to be prepared. Smaller toy bulbs and bulbs for the Christmas tree are dipped bodily into the varnish and hung up todry. This can be done by winding Wire around the base of each lamp. Ablack varnish for glass is obtained by dissolving asphaltum in benzol. a i POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How far does the Large Hand of Your Watch Move ina Seconds Time? Take out your watch and look at it closely. Can you see how far the minute hand moves in one second? If your watch is the size of the one shown above, the large hand movesabout one thou- sandth of an inch in a second’s time. This slight movement of the minute hand— one thou- sandth of an inch—is a common working measure- ment for mechanics. Every day, mechanics working with Brown & Sharpe pre- cision tools measure thou- sandths and often to ten thousandths of an inch. The performance of Brown & Sharpe tools sets a standard of accu- racy for the mechani- cal world. Obtain a #30 Catalog from your hardware dealer, or write us direct. BROWN & SHARPE MEFG. CO. Providence, R. I., U.S. A, DEPT. PS BROWN & SHARPE TOOLS “‘World’s Standard of Accuracy’ s © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 88

ay - Order f » Meat and Potatoes A man who ordered his meals that way would certainly give the impression that he knew mighty little about food—or that he didn’t care what he got. \ How about the man who walks into his hardware dealer’s and orders “a pipe wrench’’? Seems to us he is showing that he doesn’t know much about tools —or that he doesn’t care. A man who knows pipe wrenches is pretty likely to specify TRI- MO. Heknows the strength of the carefully tested, pressed steel TRIMO frame. He knows about TRIMO’S re- placeable parts; if the jaws be- come worn, he can insert new ones at trivial cost. He appreciates the time saving nut-guard that keeps TRIMO from being knocked out of adjustment. Ask your dealer for a TRIMO pipe wrench and show that you know good tools. The name of TRIMO has won the respect of dealers and users alike. TRIMO TRIMONT MFG. CO. Roxbury (Boston), Mass. America’s Leading Wrench Makers for Nearly Forty Years POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How to Do Wrought lronwork With Very Few Tools, You Can Make Decorative Hardware and: Furniture from Cold Metal By T. M. BrincEs | O THE average person who boasts a home workshop, the expression “wrought iron” conjures up visions of a huge anvil, hammers, a forge, tongs — in short, a blacksmith’s shop. However, a large num- ber of really useful and artistic things can be made of iron worked cold. With a good vise, ball peen hammer, files, hack saw, cold chisel, center punch, drill, rivets, a few lengths of iron of various widths and thicknesses, and ordinary intelligence, one can work wonders. What is known to the trade as “Swed- ish iron’’ may be readily worked cold. It can be bent, twisted and shaped almost as easily as copper. Wherever pieces are to be fastened together rivets are used, as no heating or welding is done. A few of the things that can be made at very little expense this way are hinges. drawer pulls, straps and escutcheons for treasure chests, fireplace sets, foot scrap- ers, knockers, magazine racks, wall brackets, stands for bird cages, smoking stands, and bridge and table lamps. The hinge il- Hammered hinges like this one are not hard to make —— marks or outline to be cut about 1/64 in. beloy the top of the jaws, Us chisel and hammer as shown, so that the chisd will act as a powerfyl shear. The cleanness of the cutting depends largely upon the sharp. ness,of the chisel and the| condition of the vise jaws. You will not, of course, be able to fol. low the entire outline of an intricate | design with the chisel, but by practicing | a bit and shifting the position of the! metal in the vise, you will find you ¢ap| cut around so as to leave very little work! for the files. In cutting around the knuckles, use the hack saw and chisel for the rough work and true up with the files. When you have done your best to make the outlines smooth and perfect, hammer the entire surface with. the ex. ception of the knuckles, using the ball end of the hammer. Then, with the flat face, go around the outside edge to give a slight beveled effect. Any smooth, flat metal object will serve for an anvil. After the hammering, the hinge will be curled out of shape. To lustrated is one of a set of six made for a high- boy of antique design. To make a set of similar hinges, buy a piece of soft sheet iron of the right thickness, which is deter- straighten, turn it face down on a smooth piece of wood and use the flat face of the hammer. mined largely by the size of the hinge and its re- quired strength. Stock 3/32 in. thick was used for the 8 in. long hinges described here. After having made a full size drawing of the hinge, transfer the design of the butt and strap to the iron separately, us- ing for this purpose yellow carbon paper. Next lay out the knuckles or joints, allowing for the length of the knuckles about two and a half times the diameter you wish to make the joint. To insure maximum strength, the total width of the knuckles of the strap should be ap- proximately 2qual to the total width of those of the butt. Before starting to cut out the hinge, go over the design carefully with a hard- ened steel scribe, making marks that will not rub off in handling. The scribe can be hardened by heating about 1 in. of the point and sticking it in sealing wax. Fasten the metal in the vise with the Cutting the outline of a hinge . strap with cold chisel (above), and the first step in bending over the knuckles (at right) You are now ready to make the joint Take a rod of the correct size for the pin, place it across the knuckles at the position it will occupy in the finished hinge, clamp in the vise with knuckles up and then bend the knuckles around th rod as far as you can with the hammen Remove from the vise and, keeping the rod in the same position, use the vise pinch the metal snugly around the pi, and round up with the hammer. When the knuckles have all been beat into the proper shape, remove the pill) and assemble the strap, butt and pin) Drill holes for the screws and the hinge #} finished. Round head iron screws look best on work of this kind. (Continued on page 8) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. e august, 192 ———— BI ny bl listed be obtain cents. prints ar in them: if you W! respondi: issue of zine, 1n ' in detail. tional s¢ The edit specific | terial, or PopuULAR 250 GENTLE) Send 1 [have u close... Sewing Smokii End T

Page 89

Ugust, Igy august, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87 —~ag / ints for Your | Bluepri | Or | Home Workshop NY ONE of the 1Ve blueprints listed below can be obtained for 25 '} | cents. The blue- '} | prints are complete in themselves, but if you wish the cor- | . . b ac k © to be! responding wi n. beloy|} | issue of the maga- ; ma U | | sine, in which the project was described vr © | in detail, it can be had for 25 cents addi- er as ‘onal so long as copies are available. N€ Chisel tiona! © sf owe The editor will be glad to answer any all specific questions relative to tools, ma- > nai terial, or equipment. > sharp. | and the} | Poputar Science Monruty 250 Fourth Avenue, New York ® to fol.) | GeyTLEMEN: ntricate | Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, acticing|} | | have underlined below, for which I in- Of the}] | dlose......---++6. dollars........ cents: Ane can Described You can own € work No. Title inIssuesof Price * sewing Table Feb., 122 28c this latest model 9. Smoking Cabinet ar., °’22 25c ; use the|} | 3; End Table Apr., '22 25c CORONA e . Kitchen Cabinet ey, *32 25 _ : th work : Shaving Cabinet June, 22 25e It’s the finest Corona ever built S are time can be ee 9. oom, ate and Seats july, Ko -_ { —made by the world’s pioneer . Fore wing ug., i valid » a. and Tite Table Sept 999 ase | — of portable type- ‘ 12. Electric Washer ct., 25 25c | writers, the ex. | 1: Tea Wagon Nov., "22 25¢ | A sturdy, dependable writing | CUYrNe d into mone 14. Christmas Toys Dec., 722 25c machi iH h full width the ball|f | 15; Workshop Bench Jen., 23 25¢ machine with full width (10 the flat! | 16 Inlaid Radio Cabinet Feb., °23 25¢c inch) carriage, twelve yard, two . to ae 17. Cedar Chest Mar., ’23 25c color, self-reversing ribbon, vari- ‘ , 7 © givé)} | 18, Phone Table and Stool Mar., ’23 25c able line s thi ee oth, flat 19, peegeter's Clock ae. 23 25c * ~ Pdi : 20. Flat op es. pr., "23 25 expect in an office machine. et il. 21. Colonial Desk Apr., 23 25¢ it is compact, portable, easy to , . will be|| | 22: Cabinet and Desk Apr., 723 25c ion ai ri Lo ee pa yf yoremes ps of people have an unsuspected 4 a a . ae ° *-* . . pe. To SS Gunles Table. fom @ ‘he s talent for writing short stories and articles. A k. face * Baby's Crib an ya — K om tandard keyboard Corona and our free book of instructions for writers ea Hi Kitchen-Cebinct able Oct, "33 ie — oe will help develop this gift in your spare time. 29, Toy Tea Cart, etc. Dec., 23 25c ard keyboard used in all offices If in busi te h er. 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. Jan. °24 8c ent nthe ta tudeenetheds. 18 you are in business, a Corona at home can al. Sewing Cabinets Feb., {24 5c you are accustomed to using a be used in other profitable ways—finishing up odds 33. Dining Alcove Apr., '24 25¢c large machine, you will be at and ends of work, writing advertisements, sales 34, Garden Trellises _ May, °24 25c home on Corona. If you have l | I ; 3 Simple Radio Cabinet Oct 124 5c sasen sath » tinnnilies tulle, etters, plans. In the quiet of your study at home - om air — 2 ee ° ° . M1 Simplified Bookcase — =. = you'll find that it is easy to learn you will find it easier to concentrate than at any - to: * , 4 . . ° ». Selem Chest ° om Feb. 23 ae | with Corona. other time during the day. And you will be glad Desk in Sheraton Style se, ° 25 i i fi. One‘Tube Radio Set May. - ol Buy a Corona on to have a ay at hand to put your ideas in Three ge Amplifier une, ’25 25c t m Sa pals BE POT i ip Model—Hu eb, °26 25¢ ail the coupon now— it does not obligate you 2 A ar aa mag K + A small deposit puts Corona in . F P at il 4t, Galleon Model — Details June, °26 — 23¢ your home and then you con Sparen Sailing Yacht Model july, "26 25 ay on easy, monthly terms just > ° @. Broom Cabinet Aug, 726 - re meee eee L C Smith & Corona Typewriters Inc . lane le ying) pt., 26 25¢ : ’ $1, Clipper Ship Model—Hull Oct., °26 2 will gladly accept a used type- Sales offices in principal cities of the world 52. Clipper Model—Details Oct., 26 pad writer, any standard make, as bat ponies. Pe agra ae $5, Five-Tube Set—Details Oct > 196 9d wait another day. Just look up . Bird and Animal Toys Dec., 26 25c Corona in your phone book and Also manufacturers of the L C Smith 58. nee ag - ton 27 aoc the dealer will send you one for Typewriter, the ball-bearing office machine 59. Constit ution—Rigging Mar., °27 23¢ free examirfation. 60. Welsh Dresser Mar., °27 25c 61. Viking Ship Model—Hull Apr., 27 25c 62. Viking Ship —Details Apr., ’27 25c 63. Toy Motor Boat—Hull May, ’27 25c P F a 4. ener Dost —Details May, ’27 25¢ LC Smith & Corona Typewriters Inc in . Six Simple Block Puzzles June, ’°27 25c Jashi rracus om 6 g F 6. Ship-Model Weather Vane Aue. °27 a 813 E. Washington St., Syracuse, N. Y. VISE | 67. Toy Model of Lindbergh’s 5 he pia, New York-to-Paris Plane Aug., ’27 25c Without obligation to me, please send me a free copy of The Writer’s Guide—and complete information about Corona. en bent x the pia Ee RP er ee eR RE SR TE | eS: See. 5 ‘ ad pit. (Please print name and address very clearly) hinge is ‘i I ok peste | ccc creer cece rete eee eee eens ween , ny a a ae ener typewriter page 8 I ci wictas-sudencdduasaanncianiala Ratan Tha thiaet Be tendesn wales © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 90

N ow that Nokol has perfected oil heat~ will you put off its enjoyment another day? OU know the joys of automatic oil heat too well to need them pictured here. It doesn’t require any imagination to realize it’snicertostay in. bed on a cold winter morn than to get up and start the furnace; that it’s easier to set a thermostat than to shovel tons of coal; that the clean- liness of oil heat is preferable to the dust and dirt of coal. Someday you're going to modernize your home with oil heat—put your family on the right side of “The Divid- ing Line.” Someday you're going to put in automatic oil heat, just as surely as you put in modern plumb- ing, electric lights, the telephone. So why put it off any longer? Why deny your family the comfort and pleasure that are rightfully theirs? A small payment will put in your basement the new silent Nokol—the final perfection of the pioneer, ac- knowledged by practically all auto- motive experts and mechanical en- gineers to be the most successful, most efficient, most economical oil heater made. Mail thecoupon fordetailsof our new budget plan and our booklet, “A New Guide to Oil Heat for Homes.” It contains information that every home owner ought to have. © NEW Silent NO ( COAL REG.U.S._PAT. OFF. AUTOMATIC OIL HEATING FOR HOMES FREE—NEW BOOK AMERICAN NOKOL COMPANY 4178 Shubert Ave., Chicago Please send me your new book on OIL HEAT FOR HOMES. AN iis licens deh dabevadinaninibihiaiinahinmiasseubiasesentendese Add: FRAGT EES ..--.- 22220 2ne nnn cnnneneenccnesecesenncnnneenceececencneetere rene seeceeee POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1 Building a Sand-Box Play Shelter By JOSEPH FALK LAYING in the sand never loses its fascination for small children. Give them a roomy sand box in a shady spot and they will amuse themselves endlessly. To build a combination sand box and play shelter is a very simple task. A few two-py-fours and odds and ends of boards, and an old tent fly, tarpaulin or awning are the only materials needed. As no fixed dimensions or methods of construction have to be followed. the builder can easily adapt the design to suit whatever materials are at hand. Two types of play shelters are illustrated and either can be modified or elaborated in many ways. The shelter shown above consists of a large sand box with two posts, which sup- - port a framework of 1 by 2 in. strips cov- ered with canvas. Two removable standards, which fit over the sides of the box, support a length of pipe. This will serve as a safe horizon tal bar, but its main purpose is to carry a simply made swinging seat. The stand- ards and seat can be lifted up bodily and placed outside the sand box, when desired. Another low seat, a trifle wider than the box, is made with cleats under each end, so that it can slide back and forth on the edges of the box. This is for the children Curpren have endless fun playi in this awning-coy. ered box with its two removable seats to sit on, if they wish, while playing with the sand. The other shelter illustrated is mop like a miniature arbor, half of which js occupied by a sand box and the other half by a seat. No matter what construction is used jp building a sand box, it should be given two coats of paint, either dark green or a color to harmonize with the near-by house, It is important to have clean white beach sand for the boxes. When this can. not be obtained locally, a few bags can he bought from a dealer in masons’ supplies, A play shelter that can be made quickly and cheaply from odds and ends of lumber How to Do Wrought Ironwork (Continued from page 86) How the hinge members are laid out. The texture is obtained with a ball peen hammer A Il & é Where iron is given a hammered finish, a good effect may be obtained by going over the surface with a piece of emery cloth to bring out the high lights. If the natural iron color is desired, the finished article should be either waxed or oiled to prevent rusting. Bronzes can be used to advantage in giving finishes of various colors and combinations. WHEN sTIcK shellac, such as is used by furniture makers, cannot be ob- tained for filling cracks and holes in woot work, a cement may be prepared by melting equal parts of crushed rosin and beeswax and adding a small quantity d flake shellac. This is poured into a waxed cardboard form and allowed to harden} It is melted into holes and blemishes with] a hot knife. A sufficient quantity must] be used to allow for shrinkage in cooling; | then any surplus is cut off with a knife of} chisel that has been dipped in water. Ia} its natural state, this cement matches pine, birch and other light woods. For dark woods, it should be colored while hot with Venetian red (powder) for m hogany and Vandyke brown for walnut > This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. august; 1927 The! e Pate Shing roofing. from the first TOW ¢ far enoug place. sufficient nails are | When : the roofir and brus broom t they will of compa. scratch ¢ patch an and ther appearan other ha Joun R. Stor Wat be stopp. a |} rubber about 2 long, slit down tl ter, and it over tl Fasten it over th with a « screw ¢ other Ing de: E.C. Bo To mak a seven pa pumi

Page 91

August, N have playing Ng-coy- ith its le seats ter ing with is mor which is ther half S used in lven two T & Color Ouse, n white this can. 'S can he supplies, uickly umber used to various s used be ob 1 wood sin and tity of es with | y must ooling; nife or er. In} atches | 3. For while or me alnut. augost; 1927 aa TheShipshape Home To REPAIR wooden Patching @ | shingled roofs, I Shingled Roof | use slips cut from single-ply asphalt roofing. These are long enough to reach from the butt of the shingle up to the frst row of nails. I lift the shingle up just far enough to allow a slip to be pushed in place. The sun melts the asphaltum sufficiently to stick the slip in place. No nails are needed. When a roof has to be patched, I unroll the roofing on a floor or other level place and brush it well on both sides with a 'proom to prepare the surfaces so that | they will stick readily. Then, with a pair | of compasses, a straightedge, and a sharp ‘scratch awl, I divide the roofing into | PUTTY KNIFE 1-PLY ASPHALT j JROOFING eae zr , 2"x5* e Visi Py 4 ij +1 fj Wf Yi “iy XK WU; / Vy WLS 2): j, Uf * ~ Dypyprmm 04 ic oe / s 27//) ‘f 4 Uf y Leaks are stopped by slipping patches cut from asphalt roofing beneath the shingles rectangles $3 by 5 or 3 by 6 in. These practically fall apart after being scratched, but, of course, tinner’s snips could be used to cut them apart, if preferred. As an example of the saving which can be made by this method of patching, I put 2500 of these slip shingles last fall ona farmhouse with 15 squares of old shingle roofing. This cost $3.75 for three rolls of one-ply roofing and six hours’ time, whereas to have had the roof shingled would have cost more than $200. There is one further advantage: To patch an old roof with new shingles here and there gives it a spotted, unsightly appearance. ‘The slip shingles, on the other hand, cannot be seen at all.— Joun R. Dopce. : WHEN a water Stopping a pipe is leaking and it is impossible to Water Leak make a permanent repair immediately, the flow of water may be stopped by cutting from an ordinary hose a piece of rubber tubing about 2% in. long, slitting it down the cen- ter, and slipping it over the pipe. Fasten it in place RUBBER TUBING over the leak with a common C-clamp, a hand screw or any other clamp- ing device.— E. C. Bonner. A temporary repair To MAKE an inexpensive liquid metal » Mix one part melted paraffin and seven parts gasoline, and add two parts pumice stone or whiting. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Pore-Dirt hides from surface washing but this cream fetches it from a twiece-washed face T seems queer to say that a twice- washed face is still dirty. But you can easily prove that this is true. The skin of your face, for instance, seems a solid layer. It is really porous — like a sponge — filled with thou- sands of open pores. In them dirt lodges, gets ground in tight. When you wash, the surface dirt is removed. The pore-dirt, however, is left in the pores, causing what cosmeticians term “grey skin.”’ If pore-dirt is allowed to remain too long, blackheads result. Washing can’t dislodge pore-dirt. Pompeian Massage Cream can. This ry ye Highly magnified cross- section of the skin show- ing how pore-dirt be- comes imbedded in the pores. Surface washing cannot remove it. The pores after Pom- ian Massage Cream s cleansed them. The cream first loosens pore- dirt and then rolls the dirt out on the face. remarkable cream goes into pores and brings out hiding dirt. It lets your pores breathe freely; it helps them function normally. Goes in PINK . . rolls out a DINGY GREY! Try it!! Prove to yourself that Pompeian Massage Cream begins to clean where ordinary cleansing stops. First wash your face and hands as clean as you can. Then scoop a little cream from the jar and massage it into your face. Keep on rubbing until the cream rolls out of your skin in tiny pellets. Note this amazing thing—the cream that went into the skin a clean pink rolls out a dingy grey. The grimed-in dirt is now removed. Your pores can once more fully breathe. Your skin quickly responds to the invigorating massage. Your face looks, feels, and és really clean! FREE test convinces thousands. ‘Test the benefits of Pompeian Massage Cream on your face—FREE. Fill in the coupon and mail it to us—right now ’ while you are reading this magazine. PoMPEIAN MASSAGE CREAM Pompeian Laboratories, Dept. 301 H 595 Fifth Avenue, New York City Gentlemen: Please send me a generous trial tube of Pompeian Massage Cream—enough for three facial massages. Name Address. City. State. IS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6,

Page 92

Pipe Smoker Finds Price Does Not Determine Tobacco Satisfaction Apparently, in selecting a certain tobacco, smokers suspend the rule: “‘The more you pay, the better you'll like it.” Read of this young man’s experience. Chicago, III. February 17, 1927 Larus & Bro. Co. Richmond, Va. Gentlemen: I’m just a young man—less than thirty. About five years ago I switched from cigarettes to a pipe. Why? Because I found that a pipe required the least at- tention and also interrupted me in my work the least. At first I only smoked the more expen- sive brands of tobacco. Then I tried the less expensive blends. I guess I tried them all. Finally I tried Edgeworth. I liked it at the start—and repeated, and repeated. For the last four years I have smoked nothing but Edgeworth—except When I was unable to obtain it. And, whenever I eouldn’t get it and had to substitute, I was glad to return to Edgeworth as soon as sible. Now I smoke about two cans of eworth every four days. No other tobacco can take the place of Edgeworth in my pipe. Sincerely, Paul A. Johnston To those who have never tried Edgeworth we make this offer: Let us send you free samples of Edge- worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the sam- ples, you'll like Edge- worth wherever and _ whenever you buy it, for it never changes in quality. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother : Company, 10 S, 21st Street, Richmond, Va. We'll be grateful for the name and ad- dress of your tobacco dealer, too, if you care to add them. Edgeworth is sold in various ‘sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket- size packages, in handsome humidors hold- ing a pound, and also in several handy in- between sizes. To Retail Tobacco Merchants: If your jobber cannot supply you with Edgeworth, Larus & Brother Company will gladly send you prepaid by parcel post a one- or two- dozen carton of any size of Edgeworth Plug Slice or Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed for the same price you would pay the jobber. 4 On og 2 radio—tune inon WRV A, Richmond, Va. —the Edgeworth Station. Wave length 256 meters. ' POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The SHIPSHAPE Home How to Prevent or Overcome Difficulties That May Arise When You Paint Your House Elliot’s recent articles on painting troubles and their remedies in PopuLaR Science Monta cy, many let- ters were received from read- ers who had experienced diffi- culties other than those men- tioned. These letters indicate that keener interest is felt in how to remedy unsatisfactory conditions when repainting a house than, perhaps, in any other phase of painting. Mr. Elliot’s answers to some of the questions that were asked repeatedly should be of value to all who undertake their own home painting and dec- orating. Among the _ troublesome conditions in exterior paint- ing mentioned by readers were the following: Printioes recent’ Berton The paint on my _ house washes off like milk in a good rain. Will you please tell me what to do when I repaint? ROBABLY some surface ETTERS from readers indicate that house painting difficulties ard quite common. As a last resort, it is always possible to have a painter burn off any paint that has blistered and peeled badly. This drastic but effective cure is one the amateur rarely undertakes himself because i condition was not suitable to paint over, or else mois- ture gets under the paint and keeps it soft. If the condition is prevalent only in certain places, or on one side of the house, it may be that a leaking or overflowing eaves trough or down spout has kept the paint soft. As to the remedy, the house should be thoroughly scraped to remove all loose paint or scales. You must be sure that the surface is thoroughly dry, not only on the surface, but all the way through, at the time of repainting. The first coat of paint should be one part raw linseed oil, one part turpentine, one part paint. The second and third coats should also carry a liberal amount of oil and turpentine, in the proportion of about one part oil, one part turpentine and six parts paint. All the coats should be brushed out thin and brushed in well. This is important. The last coat of paint on our house has chalked so badly that it is unfit for repaint- ing. You can blow the chalky powder off, and when you draw your hand across i, i is covered with powder. What is the best thing to do? ¥o must get the chalky deposits off before repainting. There is no better way than to scrub the surface with warm waterand a good gritty cleansing prepara- tion. It is really not so big a job as it seems. One can start in on a Saturday morning and be pretty well around an average sized house before night. After of the experience it requires and the great fire hazard. HE né Other methods often will serve as well, and these are it ver outlined by Berton Elliot in the accompanying article imegular P . very oily, scrubbing, turn the hose on the surfagf in the res Another method often used is to goow! when app! the surface with a wire brush. Thisif yarious of usually satisfactory, but not so thorougll greasy nat as the other way. Wipe o The chalking may have been due total coatings h little oil in the paint to satisfy the absopf through v tion demands of the surface, so be si} liberal que to have a generous amount of oil aiff tend to cu some turpentine in the paint the naj jsone of th time you paint. ~f paint crav After tl The east side of our house, fully « coat over to sun and weather, stood up very well ditt been show painting last time, but on the south sii the propo especially in the shadow of the eaves,# turpentine peeled and blistered badly. I would ™ Allow to « pleased to receive any suggestions as toll longer if t) method of dealing with this problem. | one or twe or lead an S YOUR house was painted witht ner. It i same paint on all sides, and m trouble of doubt by the same painter, the resillll to be sure should have been the same on all side dry and th providing the condition of the suri was the same. So it seems that the face under the eaves must have been through when painted, or painted é in the morning before the dew or moistii Please tell paint remo tal had a chance to evaporate, or else mi T has gotten in under the paint in some outside possibly from the eaves. This is liable¥§ afterthe vy cause blistering and peeling, especilll off the ps if the sun strikes the surface during PM any degree of the day, drawing out the moist] expense. and causing the paint film to break 10% entirely re from the surface (Continued on page™ paint and © This seal on a radio, tool or oil »surner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 93

_ ——_— VIF. |The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 90) nd puff up into blisters. In some hat “ eure keeps the paint soft in- , tead of blistering ,it, this being more e r nerally the case where the hot sun does not strike the surface and the wet condi- tion keeps up continuously. ; When you repaint, the following pro- cedure should insure good results, provid- ing the surface is absolutely dry at the time of painting: Scrape off all loose scales and peelings. Tap the surface with a wood mallet to jar loose any peelings that are ready to let go. Break any blisters that have not opened up with a putty knife and scrape off the loose film as far back as it will go. Do this work carefully and thoroughly. Coat over all the scaled surfaces with equal parts high grade outside house int or white lead and oil, reduced with an equal part of raw linseed oil. Allow this paint to dry for three or four days at east; longer if the weather is very damp. Then apply one or more coats of high grade house paint or lead and oil, properly mixed. Our house was painted a good many years ago with Indian red, which turned dark, almost black, in spots. We then re- painted with white paint, but this crawls ainting | when applied and blisters, showing much rt, it is Fof the red paint—and does this every time nt that ) >. Sects we paint. be _ ‘ nasasdt HE nature of Indian red is such that ese afe it very generally turns dark in an article Jimegular and unsightly manner. Being very oily, paint coatings applied over it he surlagl in the regular way are liable to crawl to goons when applied. This is also the case with . Thisif yarious other painting materials of a » thorowl greasy nature. Wipe over all places where the last due totuf coatings have crawled and the red shows he absopf through with a cloth saturated with a 30 be sit] liberal quantity of turpentine. This will of oil all tend to cut the glossiness of the surface; it the naif isone of the best remedies to try wherever } paint crawls from any cause. | After the turpentine has evaporated, ly expo coat over the places where the red has / wek Git been showing through with a mixture in ‘outh ski the proportion of 14 gal. paint, 3 pts. > eaves, turpentine and 1 pt. raw linseed oil. would W§ Allow to dry for three or four days, or 8 as loll longer if the weather is damp; then apply ‘oblem. § one or two coats of prepared house paint __ forlead and oil paint in the regular man- | witht ner. It is especially necessary where , and # trouble of this sort has been encountered he resili tobe sure that the surface is thoroughly all sida dry and the weather dry and bright. § Please tell me if it is advisable to use a iB Paint remover on the outside of buildings to take off old paint coatings. T removers are not practical for outside work. The objection is that ei iter the work is done it is difficult to clean cell Of the paint remover thoroughly with 3 *2y degree of rapidity and at a reasonable expense. If the paint remover is not tatirely removed, it will act on the new paint and prevent it from drying. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | Motorists & Vulcanized First to make it Last! —the Easiest Way is also the Quickest and the most Permanent VERY year motorists by the hun- dreds of thousands swing over to the Shaler way of fixing punctures. Last year more than 65,000,000 re- pairs were made this simpler, easier, better way. The Shaler 5-Minute Vulcanizer repairs punctures by welding rubber to rubber— vulcanizing. It makes this laboratory proc- ess (used by tire manufacturers in making tires) so simple and safe that even a child can do it. If you haven’t used a Shaler 5-Minute Vulcanizer, get one today and see how simply and well it does the job. If you have a Shaler in your car now, be sure you have a supply of the improved Shaler Patches especially designed for Balloon tires. The Shaler 5-Minute Vulcanizer comes complete with one dozen improved Patch- &-Heat Units, $1.50, wherever automotive accessories are sold. Extra Patch-&-Heat Units are 75c per box of twelve. (Prices are slightly higher in Canada and far West). The SHALER Company World’s Headquarters for Tire Repair Equipment 2105 Fourth St. - Waupun, Wisconsin Branch Factories: Beeston, Eng., and Montreal, Can. REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. The Improved Patch The New Shaler Patch espe- cially designed for Balloon tires is the result of months of study by Shaler chemists in collaboration with the experi- mental departments of two of the largest tire companies. It stands the constant flexing of low pressure tires wi effect, and, of course, provides a new margin of performance on high pressure tires where the service is less severe. *1.50 Anywhere! 5 MINUTE VULCANIZER © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 94

Rebuildin Look After Many Small Details a Garage Man Might Ignore AR owners who take pleas- ure and pride in doing their own repairing will find that the rebuilding of a transmission is a job they can undertake success- fully without assistance. If the propeller shaft is of the type that can be dropped down and the transmission then dropped from the flywheel housing, the task is not a hard one. On the other hand, if the propeller shaft is inclosed, it will be necessary to re- lease the springs at the rear axle and move it back to get at the transmission. After the transmission has been dropped down and pulled from the car, it must be cleaned thor- oughly. Start with hot water and finish with a putty knife, kerosene, and a stiff bristle brush of the paint brush type. Half the joy of doing your own repair work is knowing that a thing is clean. Ja ptt start the real operation by draining the oil from the transmission. Remove the cover plate and gear shift lever as shown in Fig. 1. Next remove the cotter key and nut A and pull the flange. Take out the screws B, which hold the main _ transmission-bearing mounting flange. The transmission shaft will come out of the transmis- sion through the hole ieft by the ball bearing, leaving the sliding gears to be lifted out at the top of the transmission case. Now start work on the other end of the ease and remove the screws which hold the mounting flange and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1927 ga Transmissiog x It Isn’t Such a Big Job—If You Do It Yourself, You Can\ * By Ray F. Kuns Author of “Automotive Trade Training”’ and “Automotive Electrical Practice’’ The idle to be dams although it bearing that su however, clutch shaft. Then nl gears ty marked A in Fig, 3. ; next step is tor pull thy eee to plate C, Fig. 1; alg should be move the idler gear coy brok shown at B, Fig. 8. Na ried pull the pin marked( fF, et 8. The short ideal «omen shaft then may be remoysl will need t and the idler gear pull pressed on reasse 6 own countershat ‘rok all b + bearing A, Fig, 47 clean cup ¢ lifted out and the countel are used. shaft front bearing also; taken up | removed. Finally, an countershaft marked 3} when the j Fig. 4, is moved endway) and everyt to free it and turned anf or assembl; Fig. 1 (at left). First remove the cover plate and gear shift lever, then nut A and screws B, holding the bear- ing mounting flange. Fig. 2 (above). After the flange is off, the transmission main shaft itself is pulled Fig. 3. Remove the flange and bearing supporting the clutch shaft A, and the idJer gear cover B, and pull pin C lifted upward and out; the top of the case, ic All the parts should cleaned ar cleaned carefully and ia} jarge as tl spected. Examine tha moved wh clutch shaft A, Fig. 5, with the learn what condition it is in, Ty garage mai point most likely to suffer damagl ai! these w is the gear end, which must tal the time re the bearing marked F, on th would thin forward end of the transmistiod you do thi shaft C. A roller bearing is uf gan look af in this case. Sometimes the rolle are worn or crushed and the rac worn. If that is the case, ti should be replaced. Plain br bushings are used for bearings this point very frequently. T are subject to great wear ail should be replaced when the} mission is down. When this bearing is worn, the transi gears separate and make mu¢ on a pull because they. properly meshed and also the shafts are out of line. ~ (Continued on page 93) Bench Awkv Fig. 4. The disassembling is continued by pulling the countershaft bearing A, moving the countershaft B endways to free it, and lifting it out from above Fig. 5. The transmission completely disassembled. Examine for clutch shaft A, bearing F, sliding gears G and H, and countershaft geaft®

Page 95

\ugust, , 1927 ee O) f Rebuilding a . Transmission an (Continued from page 92) OFC | he idler gear D, Fig. 5, is not likely to be damaged. It is used only in reverse, although it turns at all times; the bushing, however, may be worn. The sliding Pports th gears G and H-are more apt to be dam- his shaft, ved, If the teeth are worn tapered or 8. 3. Th Fhe are a loose fit on the shaft, it may > pull thd) pe best to replace them. Certainly they L$ also np replaced if they have nicks or Zear cove a eg out, or if they are badly - 3. Nex pitted. ked C, Fi Sometimes the gears on the counter- idler geal) shaft B are badly worn. If they are, they e remove) wil] need to be pressed off and new ones Par pulley on. In reassembling, the process is reversed. Lershati'-pack all bearings (E and F, Fig. 5) with Fig. 4, clean cup grease and see that new gaskets le Countes) are used.. End play of the shafts is usually ing also taken up by means of shims. Add the ally, amount of transmission grease arked 3} when the job is finally replaced in the car 1 endway) and everything has been checked for prop- urned an er assembly. ind out =The owner will usually take time to see ase, that all parts he has removed are carefully should gleaned and lubricated. In any job as y and j as this, many parts must be re- nine th@ moved which have no real connection Fig. 5, with the transmission overhaul. The s in, e man ordinarily could not see that er damagi all these were given the greatest care as must tai the time required might be more than you » On th would think the job ought to cost. When Ansmiss do this work yourself, however, you nd 18 uxt can look after these little details. ie roller | the Ce case, t Bench Vise Aids in Clamping Awkward Glued-up Work in brow earings ly. T wall er i an nue . 0 b is) The hull of the Poputar Science Montuty galleon clamped by vise while glue is drying WHEN hand screws or clamps are Y not available for gluing up sueh objects as ship hulls and small frames, a vise can be made use of, as illus- | Bf tated. Various sizes can be taken care of Sey Py using blocks between the work and the toolrack at the back of the bench.—R. W. mB amateur mechanic often finds him- wi at a loss when he wishes to make a wee through a, flat steel spring. Make a mit in the spring with a punch and Grefully grind off the projection on an = cmery wheel. This wil] leave a smooth fy e.—Arruur ALLEN. t gears > POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 93 The Traveler’s Telephone An Advertisement of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company Oe AMERICANS are the great- est travelers in the world. They have knit the coun- try together by steel rails and made it the largest and most prosperous business community the world has ever seen. Busi- ness, friendship and _ political solidarity are maintained by personal touch, by travel and the telephone. Wherever the business man goes in this country, be it thirty miles or three thousand, he is still within earshot of his office, his family and his friends. He can get them and they can get him, and for the longest call in the United States the day rate is only $12 and the night rate is only $8. x For the Bell Telephone System is an idea in force nationally. All the instruments are designed in the largest industrial laboratory in the world and made in the same factories to the one standard of fitness. All of the telephone builders, repairers and operators are trained to the same ideal and aim; stated by President Walter S. Gifford as: “A telephone service for the nation, so far as humanly pos- sible free from imperfections, errors or delays, and enabling at all times anyone anywhere to pick up a telephone and talk to anyone else anywhere else, clearly, quickly and at a reason- able cost.” Make More Money Read the Money Making Opportunities on pages 114 to 135 of this issue. You Can Build It Better | with a Boice bench machine. For instance ripping, mitering, grooving, etc., can easily be done on the iw Made in two sizes. Swings saws as large as 8” to cut 2%” stock. Attachments for grinding, dadoing, sanding. Driven by any % to \&% h. p. motor. Attaches to light sock- et. Sold with or without motor. Send 10c for de- scriptive catalog of. bench saws, drills, jointers band saws, and lathes. © W.B. & J.E.Boice Dept. P.S.3-C Teledo, Chie [ PLUMBING-HEATING n~Save Half 4-’ Lowest wholesale prices 7; on ——— quality Grade A goods. Any Handy Mar can install his own Plumb- ing and igh ws OUR NEW EASY METHOD. Get the best and pay only a little each month, Send for FREE Book. | New bargain catalog just issued. With our cut-to-fit systems you save waste ‘ material and high labor cost. 50 ycars Pig O service to home owners, farmers, E | builders mechanics. Million Dollar Plants ou as H Back “up ur Honded Guarantee. FREE book Ko y — the whole story. r= 42 os for your copy ove’ HARDIN-LAVIN Co. £s* YRS. 106-16 West Pershing Road, Chicago, lll. 1876 © This seal pn’a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 96

—“—— to M make as much use as they might of the many varieties of molding to be obtained at lumber yards and mills. It is true that the moldings generally are of woods such as pine, cypress, white- wood and chestnut, rather than the finer A" ATEUR woodworkers rarely cabinet woods, but they will serve the home worker if he is in the habit of using inexpensive woods and staining them mahogany or walnut, or if, as is more frequently the case, he is making furniture that is to be painted. When it is essential to have mold- ings in a fine cabinet wood, a good plan is to select some suitable patterns from the lumber company’s stock and ask that a few feet of the molding be cut from the desired lumber some time when the molding machine knives are and sides (see Fig. 6) or by a miter joint “set up” for the purpose. Any amateur as shown in the plan view, Fig. 2. = Milting around base (-——— 74 ———~} : === =

) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY By Herman Hyjortu Author of “Reproduction of Antique Furniture” Fig. 1. An easy chest to make, yet one good enough to become an heirloom

The latter method is the neater, but is not quite as strong. The

miter joint should be reinforced by

| wate PLAN |. VERTICAL dowels or a spline, and a triangular ee a7 secrion | block glued to the inside. Y | 4, _. The feet consist of four pairs of NK Rentorong duck | | - 2% blocks shaped as shown and mitered ear - esr SB 4 — 1 ; 4g” ~=aat the corners. They may be fastened 4d Fm 1 — ‘-—/o—~ 3" to the underside of the chest with

—— Ss -

glue and screws. After the chest is smoothed and

Cole

sanded, the panel and base moldings are cut to size in a miter box and

KRY Q = — te | 3 _—s glued in place. Fine brads may be

as | N Ss yt “Stl “2! used to hold the molding in place CHEST “#" until the glue has set. Any surplus Fig. 2. Front, end, plan and sectional views. The glue should be washed off immediate- craftsman, too, can make his own mold- can be removed easily whenthe glueisdry. the lock. Hand-wrought iron hi ings if he invests in a universal plane or The lid or cover is glted up of across the lid also may be a dest buys suitable wooden molding planes. plain boards, and, after it has been feature of decoration. A tray, The chest, Figs. 1 and 2, is anexample squared to dimensions, a simple molding thing on the style. of a trunk tray, be driven in in such a way that they

ake a Paneled Che A Finely Proportioned and Decorative Storage Box, Enriched with Stock-Moldings—May Be of Cedar, Birch, Walnut or Other Woods is planed on its edges. If a molding p is not available, a shallow rabbet C planed with a rabbet plane and Tp. VERYBC then rounded with chisel, spokeshggnous Pop scraper and sandpaper. A f shown in the detail drawing, Fig, 5 gyhi the

August, 1927 1 he st

‘ the pan made and screwed to the underside ow many the lid. This gives it stiffness andy vents warping. A cove molding is gh These qt around the outside edges of the fragt t4* dea (see Fig. 2). pminent sc The lid may be hinged with a piggome famc or continuous hinge, chest hinges sthe Pop plain butt hinges. A rather . pierced brass or wrought iron key pla Like < may be used around the keyhole I FILLET a” May we SUNK BEADOR | refully, r RAISED nd giving '

FILLET mou canno , ou ‘0 yourself OVOLO OR torus og} On the QUARTER HALF boadit of f ROUND ROUND f°” a“ / poswer. ee how ne: THREE QUARTER : CYMA RECTA po mark of CYMA This is li REVERMA bation, but ined esti yvonders of rani begive ers by All of tk Popular S many hunc peen answe book=-T HE

Z) Z* Dax Al MODERN PANEL MOLDINGS GLASS BEADS Fig. 3. Basic architectural molding and several of the modern variations stocked by lumber dealers everywhert

of the use of stock moldings. It need not , be added, if desired. necessarily be made of cedar; £ t The materials needed are as fol any = cabinet wood Uy, yp, ro ee 7 For front, 1 pe. 1 bys may be used. in., 1 pe. 1 by 34 by The method of construc- , e | | P ii. 1 pec. pert . tion recommended is as fol- ‘| y 4 1 by Sby 134 in; ft r wi lows: — the — and ‘ | | $ . i — panels, 2 pes. 4 by ends as shown in Fig. 7, be = _, 12in.;for sides, 4pesl with panels inserted either 5 “ ra Cee odacacee” by 13% in., @ pels as at A or B, Fig. 4. The tig —~|2 -—6f —~j2 +- af —2z- ing EA by 12 in., 2 pes. 1 by first requires more accur- serting panels Fig. 5. Detail of frame which is striction for the PY 12 in.; for sidey ate fitting, but has the ad- screwed to the underside of the lid joints at corners 2 pes. % by 7% by vantage of forming a smooth inside surface. The bottom and back may be made of some cheaper lumber. The bottom is grooved as shown in Fig. 2, or merely into the front and sides, in which case it can be slipped in from the rear, under the back. See alternative figures in list of materials. The front and sides may be joined in the same way as the back

Fig. 7. How the front and ends are assembled. Dowel joints may be used, if preferred, in place of mortises and tenons shown

in.; for back, 1 pe far 13% (or 1214) by 32 in.; for iaggatbook tom, 1 pe. 1 by 15 (or 1544) 0 in.; for lid, 1 pe. 34 by (athe about we

341% in., 2 pes. 34 by 2 by 2 pes. 34 by 2 by 14 in., 2 pas by 2 by 16 in.; for feet, 8 pejvein, by 2 by 4% in.; cove moldi ft. of 34-in.; panel molding, of 1 in. wide and 16 ft. of wide; 3 butt hinges % by ? wide; chest lock and key f

Page 97

Ava, «at, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Are You Really Well Informed? Test Yourself with this Famous Questionnaire! Iding 5 - may” yERYBODY is talking about the fa- All that you probably ever will | Gum: To Science because it has been 1d the “Popular Science Questionnaire.” | want to know about science is edited by Dr. E. E. Free, who has re- ae mol ° ° ° ° " YG, the panel is the list of questions of _ told inthis one284pagebookthat markable genius for condensing the | Fig. 5 gwhich the Questionnaire is composed. __ will fit in your pocket or gracea known facts about scientific questions ndersidefeow Many of them can you answer? nama + — a into easily remembered paragraphs. 88 and pp stions were prepared, after acts about the world we iveinare ing is gh Se of y wolln oy . group of made instantly available to you in SPECIAL OFFER f the fragt 8° simple question-and-answer form THE Pocket GuIDETOo SCIENCE is not ‘nent scientists. Their test has be- Pili sme famous throughout the country ™ Tue Pocket Gurpe ro Science. _ forsale. It is offered to you without one ‘ith & Di p , ‘ p " i h 1 h , lar Science Questionnaire.” You areassured oftheaccuracy | Penny-extra cost, with a 14 months Fey: sthe Popula . Qu . ” of the answers in THE PocKET subscription to PorpuLAR SCIENCE n key pla Like an Old-fashioned gy Mo “carri keyhole Ex Snatinn ULAR NTHLY “carries aml on” from where Tue Pocket Gu1bE To | May we ask you to make this test The Science leaves off. THE Pocxer GumpE BEAD OR | orefully, reading the questions slowly POPULAR SCIENCE gives you all that the scientists have discovered up to right now—PopruLaR SciENcE Monrtu_y will give you all the important, interesting and new discov- nd giving thought to each one? When | you Saect answer one satisfactorily QUESTIONNAIRE | 10 yourself, put a zero (0) beside it. . T . . wR ML ake other hand, give yourself est Yourself Now eries of science for the next 14 months. HALF beodit of four (4) for each satisfactory 1. Why does radium continue to It takes over 300 articles and pictures u eat for oO yp. 7 wer. Then when you are through, saenal ere every month to tell the readers of se how near you have come to making 2. Are the stars solid like the Popular SciENCE Montuty all that has ea $ sossanue . . . ° partes b mark of 100. 3. How was the car formed. J happened in. the scientific, radio, me- YMA This is like an old-fashioned exami- : — — oy ea . 1" —s v7, nation, but you will find it fascinating. " niedenedeine Y N ¢ G Id Yy The questions all have to do with the 6. What is an electric current?.............- our ame in oO vonders of the world we live in. All 7. How was petroleum formed?............ Tue Pocxer Gume To Science is bound in an be given quick and straightforward 8.Do electrons really move beautiful flexible fabrikoid. We will stamp your ; through wire when an electric in 22 ld h (Ty, / swers by any person of education. current is flowing through it?...........- | — “ —T go foes t 4 px ad ° if HE : f 9. What physical ch i OCKET UIDE at no extra cost to you you LASS SEAS} All of the questions in the famous bedy que goedueed ty eat. a use the coupon below immediately. nolding T'Popular Science Questionnaire” and 10. How do muscles exert power? ............ We extend to you the Special Offer of a 14 riations |, y hundreds of others, have now 11. What are X-rays? ie en » ce power . been answer d.for the fir . . 12. Can we see atoms with a micro- ONTHLY (regular price by the mont would ma pegs forchersimeinone |S ggcrccmmccaci.. | Eakin Rope Gooey Soe a desirall ' phew ten oo a —all for $2.95, plus the few cents’ postage. ray, 80 on Sadniiiaanaehimiie If you are already a subscriber to Porutar “tray, ’ deka Uadlaes Beek dante Science we will extend your subscription 14 time? months if you accept this offer. asa 15. What is the brain made of?....-....------- 16. Why is it possible that the in- Send No Money side of the earth is growing hotter instead of colder?...................... Send no money, just the coupon. If within 10 17. Why is frost more likely on a days after you receive the book and magazine clear night than on a cloudy you decide that you are not satisfied in every one? ae particular, you me return yw ene your om , ili tire payment refun prom 18. Does thinking use “— without question. Could any offer be fairer? thinker’s energy? -.....-.. 19. Which travels faster, electri- city or light? S. 1 by 20. What simple test will distin- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY P. S. M, &27 ide pane guish wool from cotton?...................... 1 h Ra tent 250 Fourth Avenue, New York 4 by oe nivmenmtenumed I accept your offer of THE Pocket GurpE To ScrENcE and 2 14 months" | pe 1 22. Whi ld m id : — $2.95, niu the few pm = ten chon be keliouss the Poste GuIpe " ° y wou en ultimately ry: x: Ss .: ford suffocate if all the green plants por any = Ah eo mea bop within 10 dase y Sn |: | EN monnens esas _ ny are to promptly refund my full payment. Please stamp my name nm gold. . Does the boiling of water re- 24. How do the living cells of the body get the energy with which Abbr ee | ERE 25. How is the speed of light mea- City 5: hee ES | EE Ae. ToTAL PERCENTAGE ....----:--:2----:-c0-s0e00-0 In using Coupon please PRINT Your Name. ey pl © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 98

/ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, The New Model PocketGern $150 You will like this new model Pocket Ben. The service it will give is equaled only by its good looks. You will especially like its attractive, easy-to- read dial. It’s a sturdy, steady, faith- ful friend — just the watch you'll want to carry every day. The New Model Pocket Ben is sold everywhere. Price $1.50. With luminous night-and-day dial $2.25. WESTERN CLOCK COMPANY La Salle, Illinois rs A Ship-Model Weather Vane (Continued from page 73) bowsprit enters it is curved in one direc- tion only; it is straight from side to side. Scratch in the horizontal and vertical lines of the gun ports and in the middle of each port bore a -in. hole. Those in the middle may go right through, but the end ones, two forward and two aft on either side, should be bored to point forward and aft respectively. The guns, made from 4-in. dowel stick, project 5 in. HE catheads are hardwood, a full 14 in. square by 1% in. long, the inner ends cut to a-bevel to meet on the hull, to which they are firmly nailed to project forward and slightly upward. Across the stern nail a piece rather smaller and 21% in. long, for the bumpkins. The headboards may be wood, steamed so that it can be bent, but are more easily made from thin sheet copper, or they may be omitted entirely. Find the center of balance of the hull and \% in. abaft this bore a hole vertically through it of a size to take a piece of your larger tube, as described later, and insert the tube to project barely above and be- low the hull. Regarding the nails and other ma- terials, it is advisable to use brass and copper only. You will need a dozen or so light, and thirty heavy 5-in. escutcheon pins, or brass nails. In the description of the rigging to follow it is impossible to avoid the use of a few common nautical names. If you are in any doubt as to their meaning, you will find them explained in any una- bridged dictionary or encyclopedia, usu- ally with diagrams. Bore 3%-in. holes for bowsprit and masts at the positions and angles shown. Just abaft the mast positions, glue and nail on the channels for the rigging. They are strips of wood % by 4 by 2% in. with seven notches 3 in. apart. The foremast is a %%-in. dowel stick BUMPKIN GUNS ys ‘ c rv. DECK AT STERN \Zot SAIL AND FLAG SHEET COPPER (IN ONE PI q 17 in. long, tapered to about one hil that diameter at the top. The maj is similar, but 1834 in. long, and the boy. sprit is the same thickness and ]j long. These lengths do not include th part to be inserted in the hull, whic) should be about 1% in. The fore yards are 4%, 6, 7% and y in. long and 36, 14, % and 5% in, diameter respectively at their centers, They taper to about one half at the eng The main yards are 54, 74, 8% ani 11 in. long, of the same diameters as thy foremast yards. The driver boom is 9 iy long, the gaff, 814 in., and the upper gaff 3 in. long. They are about the Same thickness as the yards, but taper fry the mast to the ends. The spritsail yard is 7 in. long and th dolphin striker, 21% in. The spars should be stained a dat brown and given a coat of good quality spar varnish. —_ —- tops, if desired, are cut fron sheet copper as shown on Blueprij No. 66. The masts go through the cen! holes and are retained in position by nails through the mast underneath. Thy long slots are for the lower rigging to pay through and the holes are for the mast rigging. Step the masts and set up the and backstays, which are No. 18 co wire. Make a loop in one end, nail it the hull just above the gun port line, the other end through the slot in the (if used), carry around the mast and again, fastening off in the same way The topmast shrouds, if any, are twi together at the masthead, pass t the holes at the edges of the tops, through a hole in the mast at the level the lower yards. The other backsta are twisted together abaft the mast have their ends fastened off in same manner. (Continued on page Si) FORWARD DECK CATHEADS ~~ L- BowsPRIT AND SPRITSAIL YARD om a Ce EZs. y, IN. SCALE Side view of the vane, a section through the hull, and details of bowsprit and guns. The yards are shown diagrammatically fore and aft; in the model they should be braced across the ship © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6- August

Page 99

Avene August, 1927 —_| GING RIT AND AIL YARD _ Ship-Model Weather Vane (Continued from page 96) The topgallant and royal backstays should be of No. 22 wire. With a long nail or thin screw, fasten the dolphin striker to the bowsprit, insert the latter in its hole, and bind it down firmly with wire to a hole in the cutwater. From where the former spar goes, set up a bobstay to a hole low down in the stem. The bowsprit shrouds come from the position of the royal and topgallant stays, Where they pass through the spar to the ends and halfway out on the spritsail boom and back to the catheads. Next set up the mainstays, as shown in the plan, and the forestays, the three outer ones of which pass through holes in the bowsprit. The two outer forestays The hull is a single block of wood, the masts are dowels, and sail and flags, sheet copper are fastened to the end of the dolphin striker and from there go back to the cat- heads; the next one goes through it and back to a nail in the bowsprit. The yards are bound to the masts and bowsprit with copper wire. The lifts and braces may be in one piece. Twist the middle of the wire to one masthead, then carry it through the yardarms with a twist, and back to the positions shown. The sail (driver or spanker) and flag are cut from a piece of thin sheet copper, along the edges of which small holes are punched. It is bound with thin copper wire to the gaff, mast and boom. These spars can then be fastened to the mast with thick copper wire. Pass it through the spar and around the mast and clinch it at the ends. From the topgallant masthead through the upper gaff and to the lower gaff there is a wire span, and from near the end of the boom there is a sheet (wire) to a screw eye or staple in the hull. From the gaff end to the bumpkin ends there should be vangs. All this part must be fixed quite firmly. The copper sail may be enameled white or left to turn green with the weather. I prefer the latter. This green effect may be obtained at once by soaking a cloth in ammonia and salt and leaving it on the copper for a few hours. The flag may be painted in natural colors, with thirteen stars and stripes. The house flag is also of thin copper, bound on with wire. The trucks at the mastheads may be buttonmolds or cut from wood and gold-leafed. Gold paint will not stand the weather. The whole hull should be given three coats of black enamel, with the exception of gun port stripes, which are white be- tween the ports. (Continued on page 99) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY WODACK etme: 97 Any electric hand saw or portable rig works better with a “The Saw Makers” When ordering specify that the blade shall be SIMONDS SIMONDS SAW AND STEEL COMPANY ® FITCHBURG, MASS, Branch stores and service shops in principal cities Established 1832 Does work of 2 tools! i At all lead- ing hardware dealers. ce Or write us. A \ 4 This perfectly balanced 1-pound hammer is made of tool steel. It has chisel-edged claws, without al- tering the claw feature. It hastwo small claws right and left to reach close corners next to wall. The head is correctly balanced making it possible to remove 10’s at one pull. Write for fully illustrated folder. Chisel-Edge Claw Hammer Co. H. A. Ayvad, Hoboken, N. J., Dept. E CHISEL - EDGE-, CLAW HAMMER / you begin to Most Smiles Per Dollar Your happy face will smile right back at you when shave with Bar- basol. Nobrush. No rub-in. No after-smart. Try Barbasol—three times—accord- ing to directions. “Mister, you’re next!”’ Barbasol For Modern Shaving The Barbasol Company Indianapolis, Ind. I enclose 10c. Please send trial tube. P-S-M-8-27 ee © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 100

Ben Dale received $200 for this drawing You might have made it Ben Date is one of the best known commercial artists in New York. You see his work in all the lead- ing magazines. You perhaps know many of the ad- vertisers who pay him large sums for his drawings. Ben Dale always had a natural talent for drawing, yet he has not always been the great artist that he is today. Time was when he scarcely could draw a straight line—when he knew less about the correct handling of line and wash and color than you do right now. But he worked and studied, and “drew and drew” as he puts it, until he trained his hand to put down on paper the dream pictures that he saw so clearly in his mind. All of his great creative ability might have been wasted without the right kind of training—without hard work. If you have a natural talent fo. drawing, you have a priceless gift that is given to but few men and women. By all means take steps to develop it before the years fly by and it is too late. Write today for the new illustrated catalog describing the art courses of the International Correspondence Schools. You will find the booklet interesting and helpful. It may, perhaps, be the means of changing your whole life. Internationa! Correspondence Schools Bex 7636-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me your new illustrated Art Catalog. I am checking the subject in which I am most interested: : j Mogasine and Book Illustrating Art Letterin, Cartooning and Caricature andicrafts Designing ndustrial Designing r Newspaper Illustrating \a0/to Play Like music? Learn to playa Sax teach scales in an hour. I BuescherSaxophone. Easy. Play tunes first week. Many Sweetest music. Only the join Band or Orchestra in er ( original Ameri- ys. Make real money. can Saxophone)has simpli- Travel. Work is all play. 6 eys, perfecttone, easy days’ trial. Easy terms.Send blowing. 3 lessons given stal for Beautiful Free on request with each new k. Explains everything. Buescher Band Instrument Co. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, ign 2020 Buescher Block, Elkhart,Ind. (16) How to Fix a Noisy Motor By Georce A. Wi.L.Loucusy, E.E. Supervisor of Electric Work, Arthur Hill Trade School, Saginaw, Mich. ————___ F A small electric motor makes undue noise when it is run- ning, the cause should be discovered and rem- edied before serious damage results. Among the causes of noise are poor mount- ing, worn bearings, and unbalanced rotor or armature. If one is not sure whether the noise is due to the mounting or to the motor itself, he can find out by tak- ing the motor from its mounting and placing it on a concrete floor, a solid bench, or a heavy block of wood. If the noise disappears when the motor is on a firm foundation, there is no need of trying to over- Fig. 2. An arma- ture core, with holes drilled to lighten the heavy side jaws of a machin. ist’s vise. If one side is heavier than the other, the ro. tor will revolve to a position where the heavy side is down. Mark this side and then test again. If the rotor come trouble except by Fig. 1. taking pains to mount the motor properly. If the motor continues to be noisy, or perhaps jumps around, when running on a solid floor, bench, or block of wood, the bearings may be worn excessively, or the rotor or armature may be unbalanced. The bearings can be checked easily by taking hold of the shaft and “feeling” the amount of play. If they are worn, they should be replaced. The way to test for an unbalanced rotor or armature is to take the rotor or arma- ture out and roll it on two sharp, level edges. Two steel straightedges or pieces | of plate glass may be used, or, in the absence of anything better, the Drilling the rotor of an electric motor to bring it into perfect balance comes to rest with this side down again, it is evident that it is considerably out of balance. To balance the rotor, remove a little metal by drilling as in Fig. 1. Then test again. Continue drilling until the rotor rolls evenly and takes no definite position when left free to do so. Figure 2 illustrates an armature core which has been similarly tested and drilled along the teeth to balance it. If the part is much out of balance, do not remove all the metal from one place; drill out a little from each side, or drill a number of small holes distributed lengthwise, as in the case of the arma- ture illustrated above. Pine Cone and Feathers Make Tiny Peacock By F. CLrarxeé HucGues PEACOCK “comicull” is another of the bright little novelties you can make from the humble brown pine cone. Select a cone about 1 in. in diameter, and two straight feathers about 3-in. long. About 12 in. of very fine wire also will be needed. The two feathers are glued together so that they look like one; then the quill ends are glued into the small end of the cone. The head and neck piece is cut from thin wood. Draw squares on the wood to aid in transferring the pattern. The length of the neck should be 1% times the length of the body, so that for a l-in. cone, the squares would be 3% in. Glue the neck in place and put the cone aside to dry. The feet and legs, which are made by twisting wire together as shown, are fas- tened to the cone with glue or beeswax. \ FOUR FINE WIRES 7 = cr, TWISTED TOGETHER TOES UNDER WIRE Mounted on a black base about 114 by 54% in., the peacock forms a brilliant ornament When the neck and tail feathers have been painted a “peacock blue,” a few dark blue spots are added to the tail and relieved with touches of yellow and lighter blue. The cone is left the natural color. The beak is yellow, the plume white, and the legs orange. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. August, takes Additi necess: braces positio the ph somet} Poli: of lacc Turk” I am swing gales, : spent a

Page 101

Gust, 197 yr the ro- olve to where side is rk this en test e rotor st with down vident ce. » little on test > rotor osition € core 1 and t. lance, m one ide, or ibuted 5% rent _ have a, few il and ighter color. >, and August, 1927 Ship-Model Weather Vane (Continued from page 97) The guns may be black or gold. The rigging (all of it copper wire) may be left to turn black and green with the weather, or enameled black. ; The rod and arms may be of iron or prass. 1 used the latter because it is smarter in appearance, does not rust, and is easier to work. The total cost for brass and copper was $1.60. HE length of the rod will be deter- "Peed by the position the vane is to occupy. The lower part of mine is 24 in., and the upper part, 9 in. I found a %-in. tube that fitted snugly into one %-in., so chose those two sizes. From the larger tube I cut 314 in, to form a sleeve through the hull, as previously described. Four inches from the end of the long, large tube, I drilled a 4-in. hole right through, and immediately below, at ex- actly a right angle to this, a similar hole. I drove a wooden plug down the tube until it was 14 in. or more below the holes. Next, I slit the ends of two pieces of yin. tube 24 in. long for a distance of ¥% in. These tubes were passed through the holes in the large tube, with their end slits vertical. Melted lead was poured down the tube to strengthen the bored part and fix the arms. The N.S.E.W. letters were cut from thick sheet copper about 3 in. square. Press them into the slots in the arms and solder them. With black iron arms, the letters are best gilded, but with brass arms they may be enameled black. The upper part of the staff—the %-in. tube—was 11 in. long, of which 2 in. were inserted in the %-in. tube and soldered in position. At 4 in. from the end, a small hole was drilled and a % by 1% in. brass rod soldered in it. On this was placed a brass washer to support the ship; then another washer, retained as before by another brass pin. The latter keeps the ship from being lifted off the rod in a gale. The ship should balance nicely on the rod. HE ball, which is the conventional finish below the arms, may be one intended for use on a flagstaff or it can be made of wood. It would be possible to get a copper float from a plumber or junkman and cover it with gold leaf. At the lower end of the staff there should be a substantial flange drilled for wood screws, lag screws or bolts, as the case may be. This may be screwed onto the end, but it is better if set a few inches from it, so that a hole may be bored into whatever the vane is to be placed upon and the end inserted firmly into it. This takes the heavy strain off the flange. Additional support can be obtained, if necessary, by adding three small brass braces arranged in tripod fashion. Special positions may require special fittings, but the plumber or junkman usually can find something that will serve. Polish the brass work and give it a coat of lacquer or varnish, and your “Grand Turk” weather vane will be complete. Iam quite sure that as you watch it swing to the summer breezes or winter gales, you will never regret the time you spent making it. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 99 100 Home Plans Write for Book of Gordon - Van TineHome No. 633, & rooms; bath, Materials, Pian-Cut. $1860 iiasananmnnay Down Comes Building Cost Through the Savings of Machine Sawing! By the Gordon - Van Tine Plan-Cut system we saw, cut and notch the lumber according to specially drawn plans, by power-driven saws at the mill. Carpenters start framing and nailing at once. You save as much as 30% on labor, the costliest item in home-building. And machine-accuracy insures the tightest, staunchest type of construction! ates sues We supply complete plone. drawn by oiled erchitests, nero ore over ag . Write or Mail Coupon for Book charming designs. Many built-in convenience features to lig! sework. 4 One guaranteed price covers all materials according to specifications. No Gordon bi AE yo extras. No waste lumber. Plans conform to all city building codes. : —— t, lowa uy Direct-From-Mill— Highest Quali ‘ @ ‘ , nee See Mees Qale chest This 140- 5, Satisfaction Guaranteed or Money Back Big volume, the use of pow- quality material kedby Page Book = 5 Pease send me Catalogs. er-driven machines, operat- our twenty year satisfaction h hot ” ing on one small profit, give guarantee. 200,000 pleased S20Ws PO OUOS: & tam interested in... .scssscseee eee cess you benefit of wholesale prices. customers. flontion ans, Poet ; from -mill prices = Name ; Gordon-Vanline since: TOMB, BUG O. © a6 nsees. .. ....0ceieccondtonesiveeouse ° ee Ce eu = Garages, Summer 5“ * (Established 1865) Cottages, Poultry PLAN-CUT Homes ouses. B ccccce sesees cesses seesssese sees ee cctese READ MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES ON PAGES 114 TO 135 OF THIS ISSUE MAKE MORE MONEY SEAVER-WILLIAMS &) WSANRSANSANSANZ. BOSTON-MASS. (ZANT ANPANDANPAS Lend Wings to Your Eyes! BINOCULARS 8 Power IMPORTED, French and German makes} 8-POWER magnifi- cation, genuine risms, fai RE- MIERE QUALITE um. 108 N. |BROS.& Dept. C871 area of field glasses. Individual eye- stre i and wi adjustments. Leath- . neck and er case GOVERNMENT shoulder straps TESTED by Bureauof Standards at Washington. See miles away! Keep a pair in your car! Bring people, me, scenes— right to your Feet! Explorevistasof nature! ships, ga: Triple the thrill of dashing sports! You'll find these Binocu- ae ee lars a never-ending pleasure—a life-time treasure sually first sell from $40.00 to $50.00. As leading Importers, selling Bvesed on pened **Direct-by-Mail,” our price is ONLY $23.50. We are selling Railroad Watches—Guaran- 129-Jewel Ad- Senna to tony, ay Giiean, Explorers, Motorists, . Js od te Dass ins ,# eotes eaten Tourists, Yachtsmen, Big Game Hunters, * . + gold Globe-Trotters, Naturalists, Men and Wo- $23 50 gowele, (dinates © — b+ ne oe 45 men all over the World at this Special Price. be lig gel a 55 paterge. 842.50 ELGIN’S LATEST RAYMOND -25 down 10 Days’ Trial ABSOLUTELY FREE! 21 Jewels, 8adjustments. Runs $400 a . p . . 40 hours. one winding. SEE week It is arousing nation-wide com- Gold filled 20-Yr. Case . Our aot for, ge money én ILLINOIS “BUNN SPECIAL” | We carry all $5.00 MONTHLY or if you prefer to pay cash at end of 10 DAYS, wise return them. Order NOW at this Special Price! ment. We | advance! NOT. very. 21 Jewels, Adjusted to 6 Posi- ° : o Set, Try, Test, ENJOY Bin- tions. Gold filled 25-Year SEA » ABSOLUTELY FREE Ketdroad ratehes colt on our If pleased you may pay on Budget Plan: 75 deduct $1.75 and send Check or Money Order 21 for $21.75 in FULL SETTLEMENT. Other- : re ee ee . , y ron = TSEAVER-WILLIAMS CO. | | |wrict woton no. 10-144 write £87 Importers, Exporters, International Mail-Order House " 1 | |£0ld; High tere tt ae ** 2 Generations of Honorable Dealings ’’ | Rowe ent ee es = s ~ 365 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON, MASS. Largest Retailers of B la: the ld. nickel, 6 mn RSET Sora a Sequin ere tag Sg eee eee d me the 8-POWER BINOCULARS for 10 Wedding Rings Gentlemen mn Days’ FREE TRIAL. qn your ““NO Money in Advance—NO 3:—Se “ ” | Money on Delivery’’ Plan. | a apne . $750 Name with sp - $ a Address I ne a Cee | Clip and mail this Adv. NOW. ie new customer, please | . ee 12 nie, SS tell us something about yourself, e will appreciate and } is, $50!" % a_respect theinformation. THANK YOU. Pop. S. 8-27 TBiamionde, “n) ; 100 ; circle SyPiamo : Px) SY ZS ANSON See eS INVINVIN IY L « © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 102

FLS CARPENTERS & BUILDERS GUIDES Every Carpenter, Builder “ty Mechanic and ap prentice should own apse guiéen ks answer ues- tions and explain easy methods of doin er work, Eas and unde to . Fully illustrated with 3700 diagramsandpictures show- ing modern working methods and plans. A complete home-study course for the apprentice; a quick, sooty gecrence or the journey- f man, (1600 . 4 volumes, flex- ible binding, Mi pocketsize.) TRADE INFORMATION Every job covered —valuable,up-to-date informa- tion on: — How to Use Steel Square, Care of Tools, Saw Filing, Joinery Work, How to ulate and Draw, House Fram- ing, Stairs, How to Make Furniture. Lay qulwamend pomndesone, interior Trim, Outside Work, Roofing, How to Paint— “SHIPPED FREE itoce por mesroncreseccier fi t ess you are sa’ a fo conpon in pone L Send nc —today—get this in in great Relp librarv for carpenters and builders. : = om ae aan = oe & Theo. Audel & Co.,65W.23St.NewVYork Send me AUDELS CARPENTERS ERS GUIDES. 4 num- examination. If tisfactory, I will send you $1 in 7 days, then $1 monthly until $6 is paid. | Here is Wood That You Can Mould! It’s as soft and workable as clay or putty and it hardens to the toughest kind of solid wood. IC WOOD corrects mistakes in wood working; re- pairs bicycle grips; fixes up toy boats or big boats; fills screw or nail holes to use again; holds loose casters, tiles, or han- dles; repairs broken furniture, fills up cracks; takes paint, varnish or lacquer—yes, it’s mighty useful as well as lots of fun. 14 lb., 35c.; one pound $1.00 Sold by Hardware and Paint Stores. Send coupon if cannot supply you ADDISON-LESLIE COMPANY 35 Bolivar Street, Canton, Mass. Please send me % Ib. can of PLASTIC WOOD for which I enclose 35c. | =) (Dy POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 199 SS SS ss SS ns Running Your Outboard Motor (Continued from page 74) most cases it is injected into the gear housing by means of a grease gun. Don’t neglect this important point. The motor will keep on running for hours after the grease supply has run short, but the wear will be greater than in several years of normal use. To get good service from any type of gasoline motor, you must have good ignition. Outboard motors are no excep- tion to this rule. And because they are located so near the water where spray is likely to strike any portion of the motor, special precautions have to be taken. It is general practice to provide rubber covers for the spark plugs, and these should be kept in place at all times when the motor is in use. They will, however, sweat and become wet inside, so they should be wiped out each morning if the weather is damp. Two systems of ignition are in common use on outboard motors: battery ignition and magneto ignition. Either system gives perfect satisfaction. If you get a motor with —————., How to arrange tiller lines so that an out. board motor boat may be kept “trimmed” motor slows down suddenly, let it run for a minute that way until the flow of cool. ing water has a chance to cool off the cylinder that is not firing. The high temperature of the explodi gasoline mixture in the cylinders wing heat the cylinders up to the sticking point in short order if it were not for the con. stant circulation of water in the cylinder jackets. Some types of motors uge mechanically battery ignition, don’t try to oper- ate it on a battery that has become so weak that the motor misses oc- casionally. Geta new battery and play safe. Also be careful that the battery is stored in a cool, dry place when not in use. driven pumps to} circulate a water. Others are built so that a por. tion of the water forced backward by the propeller is directed through passages in the rudder up through pipes into the jack. ets of the cyl inders. In either If kept near a stove or furnace, it w il] deteriorate rapidly and soon be unfit to use. No matter what system of ignition you have, there always is a possible chance for trouble with fouled spark plugs. Put- ting more than the specified amount of oil in the gasoline is sure to cause trouble. The use of inferior oil or oil of the wrong grade also will foul the spark plugs and cause excessive carbon deposits as well. Because both cylinders of an outboard motor fire at the sathe time, a fouled plug does not show up in an audible ir- regularity in the operation of the motor. The simplest way to determine which plug has quit working is to place your hand on first one cylinder and then the other. If one of them is not firing, it will be much cooler than the other. So, if the IMPROPER ATTACHMENT PROPER ATTACHMENT The propeller must be mounted so that it is below the keel and runs in undisturbed water Setting the needle valve on the carburetor, which must be adjusted with the utmost care case no_ trouble will be experienced provided nothing is allowed to cover up or obstruct the water intake. Check up on the flow of cooling water by noting whether it is flowing out of the pipes provided for that purpose, At night, if you cannot see the water coming out, place your hand on the cylinders occasionally to make sure that they are staying. cool. Pay particular attention to the cooling system if you are run ning through water that is full of weedsor in shallows where there is « chance that mud or sand may get in the intake pipe. ° Whenever you take your out motor off the boat, be sure to drain out the water in the circulating system. correct way to do this depends on the particular type of motor you have, but in any case if you have been running the motor in salt water and you intend put it away for more than a few hours, flush out the salt water with fresh water to avoid the corrosion that is bound t# occur if the salt water is left in the cir culating system and the water jackets of the cylinders. The best way to do this is to stick the propeller into a large barrel filled with fresh water and run motor for a minute or two so that the fresh water will rinse out the pump the piping. | If the motor has been out of commit sion for several (Continued on page 101) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6,

Page 103

ust, 1997 Or August, 1927 senpapas tp rises tLTPOBCCITLLLELIPLEISILLLILLLILLLLLDLLLIILLLLILLLEILLLLILT LLU, Wales you buy a home movie camera see ¢ AUTOMATIC CAMERA ano PROJECTOR MADE ‘BY PATHE CALA ed Os YL Lc oceeddddddddddddddadddddda fy VL pits hy SSS RSCSGMNR’VHGGGGGGV_A-VAA.-.M-_@-|wOG@§\§|{¥g{¥jySqaso8s SSSA AS-_ SSSI SSS = /, Z/ YY a) 4% e/ Ups biy YUL POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ——- jay—for NEW Witte oJ now buy a WITTE down, balance small EAS itely thi test “€ Eurine BUILDING, PITTSBURGH, PA; TASOLINE NOW 1K ae ere Public Welcomes News wetii NEW INVENTION “Possiste® POSSIBLE A mysterious whirlwind device that can be in- stalled in a few minutes on any car makes it possible for cars to run on 7% gas. Already thousands of cars have been equipped and are showing amazing mileage tests on gas, Bona fide reports show up to 60 Miles On a Gallon of Gas This device not only saves gas but increases power, prevents carbon forming, produces flashy pick-up and quick starting. $100 a Week Territory Open i The demand for the Whirlwind is spreading like wildfire. Men are needed everywhere to take care of local business. $100 a Free week is easily possible. Sample Part time workers can Is supplied to earn $5 an hour. Write our workers today for this splendid un ct2 «opportunity and free own cars. sample offer. Whirlwind Carburetor Company 1041-447 Winnebago St. , Milwaukee, Wis. | boat can be steered from any position is AZORS, Sharpening Stones, Hunting Knives, Scissors & Carving Tools for professionals +—————THE BEST—————_> C.M. FELT - - Huntington, N. Y. Your Outboard Motor (Continued from page 109) weeks, moisture may have worked back through the exhaust ports into the cylin- ders and caused rusting and sticking. To test for this trouble, remove the spark plugs and turn the flywheel by hand. It should revolve freely. If it appears to be stiff and you hear a slight grating or squeaking noise, squirt some cylinder oil into each cylinder and rotate the flywheel until it turns freely. Of course, this trouble is not likely to occur if you are careful to get all of the water out of the cooling system and the motor is stored where it will be pro- tected from the weather. In aggravated cases, the water that gets into the cylinders will cause the rings to rust tight in their grooves. Some- times treatment with cylinder oil and hand cranking will free the stuck rings, but if it does not, a little kerosene squirted in each cylinder and allowed to remain for several hours may free them. Your outboard motor is bound to run if the spark is good, the lubrication is ad- equate, the cooling system working prop- erly, and the mixture that is being fed to the cylinders contains air and gasoline in the right proportions. VERY rich mixture, that is, one that contains plenty of gasoline, is needed to start the motor and consequently all types of outboard motors are provided with some means of choking off the air supply while you are cranking the motor. The proper time to adjust the carburetor or mixing valve is after the motor has run long enough to warm up. And the proper mixture is the smallest amount of gasoline that will-run the motor steadily at full power. If you get the mixture too rich, the motor will begin to hit only on every other revolution of the crank shaft. If you get it too thin, that is, shut the needle valve too far, the motor will slow down and sometimes it will backfire and stop. Two-cycle motors are more sensitive to changes in the carburetor adjustments than are the four-cycle motors used in automobiles. It will pay you to watch the needle valve setting. Striking exactly the right adjustment means speed, econ- omy in the use of gasoline, and freedom from fouled spark plugs. Speed also depends to a large extent on the type of boat you use and the num- ber of people you take with you. In any type of boat, mounting the motor prop- erly, as previously mentioned, is vitally | necessary. Another point to watch is the distribution of weight in the boat. Never allow the stern to squat down in the water with the bow sticking up in the air. When you are boating alone, be sure that you sit far enough toward the bow so that the boat rides on an even keel. The installation of tiller ropes so that the necessary to attain this result. The perfection of the outboard motor certainly has revolutionized motor boat- ing. It has put it within reach of every- body. No other piece of modern gaso- line machinery, perhaps, can give so many hours of pleasure for each dollar expended. 101 ATKINS TEEL SDS ATKINS 401 Ship Point Saw Makes Easy Sawing and Saving! Neasy push—an easy pull —and it cuts fast,free and quick! Let YOUR ATKINS Saw do most of the work. Save time, labor and money. Only genuine ATKINS Saws are made of ‘‘silver steel’’ to outlast many ‘‘ordinary”’ saws—two-way Taper Ground to cut faster and 1 casier—with the famous” Petfec- tion handle. Look for the ATKINS name on the blade. YOUR Hardware Dealer can show you a better ATKINS Saw for every use. Ask for interesting booklets showing savings on any kind of Sawing. E. C. ATKINS & CO. Established 1857 Leading Manufacturers of High- est Grade Saws for Every Use; Saw Tools, Saw Specialties, Plastering Trowels, Machine Knives, Grinding Wheels and Files 428 So. Illinois St. INDIANAPOLIS, © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 104

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, Isy zt ess = cae After using Rutland Patching Plaster Be re using Rutland tching Plaster so easy now for you to make cracked walls or ceilings as good as new! You just mix Rutland Patching Plaster with a little water, and fill the crack or hole. The patch will be as lasting as the wall itself. Rutland Patching Plaster will not crack, crumble or fall out. It will not shrink as plaster of paris shrinks. It’s easier to use than plaster of paris because it does not get hard or “set” instantly. Paint, wall-paper and hardware stores sell it. If § your dealer hasn’t Rutland, we will mail a package direct and you can pay the postman 30c plus postage. Rutland Fire Clay Co., Dept. R-11, Rutland, Ver- RRP", ies mont. ays Rutlan NEW MODEL 9-in. f South Bend Jr. Back Geared, Screw Cut | ting BENCH LATHE ~ with Plain Rest, Counter shaft and Equipment..... $160 [ . e * Has All These Practical Features Back Geared, Six Spindle Speeds; Power Feed. %-inch Hole in Spindle, Plain or Graduated Compound Rest; Cuts threads 4 to Ao per inch. Built in 2%, 3, 3%, 4 and 4% foot bed lengths. A precision lathe, weight complete, 375 Ibs. Lathe can be equipped with Motor Drive, operated by % H. P Reversing Motor that plugs into "| * ordinary lamp socket.’ j / FREE—New Booklet / 24-page booklet, No. 22-K, deal-- / ing exclusively with the 9-inch JuniorLathe. 150 photographs ; ,Mailed free to any address Write for your copy today South Bend Lathe W orks 837 East Madison Street South Bend, Indiana {Time Payments if Desired New Machines One Automatically T aps or Drills—Another W elds Long Tank Seams By James E Luis ————__ Aid Mechanics +i nnn hilly miei Fig. 1. Tapping % in. deep holes in cast iron with No. 10-32 taps at speed of 1500 pieces (four holes in each) an hour Fig. 2 (Left) Auto- matic seam welder ICK GOODWIN shut off the motor of his machine just after the noon whistle blew. It was his first half day on a new job, and he had been given the privilege of running a brand-new radial. He paused a moment to survey the ma- chine approvingly, and while he was do- ing so, his old-time buddy, Henry Grady, who was an older employee, came along. “Let’s go out and get something to eat,” Henry said. “This is certainly a fine machine!” Dick ejaculated. “Runs as pretty as a sewing machine. I don’t think I ever saw anything that was easier to handle.” ** Well, that’s not unusual at this plant,” Henry snorted. “Maybe not,” Dick replied. “But there is a thrill to taking hold of a machine that runs as nicely as this one. It has so many modern conveniences. All I do to start it is to push the button. The gear box has ball bearings, new machines,” Henry began just befor the beef stew was put before _ them, “there is a machine (see Fig. 1) in the plant that automatically drills and holes in small castings. It is an odd-look- ing thing. From a distance you would think that part of a caterpillar tractor had been borrowed, but that is only the chain that carries the work. There ar several spindles, each of which can carry a tap or a drill. The man running the machine puts the castings on the chain, then the chain moves and the machin goes into action. If it is tapping only, as in the machine in our plant, they use fou taps to tap four holes in one casting, Each of the taps works on a hole ina corner of the casting. Then, when the taps have finished the holes, the friction drive backs them out again, and the chain moves up a notch. It is a wonder.” Dick looked over his coffee cup and nodded, although he too. All the gears are inclosed, and some of them are made of al- loy steel, and hard- ened. Then, there is an oil reservoir at the top of the head that keeps all that part ~ oiled. The controls are convenient as well.” ** Aw, don’t rave so much about this one machine,” Henry ex- postulated impatient- ly. “Wait until we have eaten, and I will show you about the plant and let you see some real machines!” That was a suffi- cient rebuke for Dick, so the two went to the lunch room across the had not seen any- thing like that. hh fact, he was not very familiar with the more modern m- chines, and was ant ious to learn more d them. “* What else is there new in this plant?” he inquired. “It would take quite a long time to tell about all that there is,” Heny laughed, “‘so suppost we go for @ through the plant?) It happened thal] just inside the dow) they used in entering) was an automalt electric welder (Fig 2). This was a mF street for a bite to eat. “Talking about Fig. 3. Semiautomatic control on plain milling machine for production work chine to weld (Continued on page 10) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. August, | siderab PLU A plu; the le a hole, outside Pic N OF mac in steel breakin of strin connect and hu foot. A tap wa stick, h verse tl by pre foot. forema: manent and co rod al the ley GAN. ee

Page 105

bust, 1977

aca, nd

em Diamond Holder for Surface Grinder

+ The use of this adjustable holder makes it unnecessary to raise and lower the wheel HE diamond holder shown in the Wilcempanying illustrations is pro- yided with five holes for the diamond, so that there are several positions for it at diferent heights. A surface grinding wheel can be dressed when it is almost touching the magnetic chuck or when it MAGNETIC CHUCK

How the holder is used when dressing a surface grinding wheel set close to the chuck is raised as much as 44% in. In the latter case the removable extension shown in the view above is utilized. This saves adjust- ing the head up and down when dressing the wheel.—H.J.C. Installing Leather Packing HEN confronted with the task of installing some leather packing in a hydraulic pump, a machinist of con- siderable ingenuity used a plug gage from the tool room to expand the pack- ing so that it would slip easily over the rod, as illustrated. oP NTE PACKING Similarly, if A e expands = gp ot gathing the packing had to be entered in a hole, a ring gage could be put over the outside of the packing.—G. A. Lurrs. PLUG GAGE USED AS EXP,

Piece of String Solves a Tapping Problem = OPERATING an automatic tapping machine for tapping 4-in. blind holes in steel, difficulty arose because of the breaking of too many taps. A little piece of string is what saved the day. This was connected to the trip lever-of the machine and hung with a loop for the operator’s foot. At the slightest indication that the tap was about to stick, he could re- TAPPING SPINDLE verse the machine by pressing his foot. Later the foreman had a per- manent foot pedal and connecting rod attached to the lever.— Joun

How string was used GAN. to reverse the spindle

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 103 Modernize your trickle charger!

Makes any

standard Price complete h charger $4.50 dry,

trouble-proof,

from any much more radio dealer efficient!

Replaces acids, liquids, bulbs— Doubles former charging rate! Throw away the acid in your trickle charger —replace the messy jar with the new KUPROX ail metal Replacement Unit. KUPROX eliminates acids, liquids, bulbs, in trickle chargers and power units—makes any charger dry, noiseless, gives twice its former < charging rate. KUPROX equipped, your The KUPROX Unit trickle charger requires no watching, no wa- can be — wee tering—no attention of any kind. You install any trickle charger = KUPROX and forget it. See your dealer, or power unit in two

minutes. Disconnect or write to us for further information. the jar and throw it ey Install Dealers-Jobbers—mpicee KUPROX and for- trade details and discounts. get it. THE KODEL RADIO CORP. yey Be

KUPROX- [{ No Bulbs « No Liquids + No Noise } DRY METALLIC REPLACEMENT. UNIT

OQ Days Free Trial . A Tool 3 1927 Medel 4 fort ry dl. Somenan —y ew is ye or ve convenience— and ae Ny ye not Ff; until womtehing get tthe. ong that fo tho Laken RIDER AGENTS WANTED to ride and exhibit get when you geta sample. Make big money. Many models $21.50 up. $e Lert ore, steamer st Gerstner qrneder carsunred rvelous prices and Catalog free 5, Gaerne & P Rane: Mead So camary 250 CHICAGO 544 Colambia St

Tools F

romTheft. Write with elec- e hard- reeBoaks

tricity any name or d est ond finest tools and Xj any metal, lik ieee eres wal’ S3.so i anywhere. “interest- * Breed squabs and make money. Sold by millions at higher ing illustrated cir free. Write to- prices than chickens. | be} at once for two free books a day. PEN CO a= ED how to doit. One is 40 printed in colors, other 32 1171-A East Stark St., Portiand, Oregon Ask for Books 3 and 4. You will be surprised, Piymes® 6 h Rock

Squab Company, 616 H Street, Melrose Highlands, Massachusett:

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 6.

Page 106

lerling’ @ 4 Unit/ TERLING’S new “A” Power Unit is the headliner of the light-socket field. Thoroughly tested for mechanical excellence, it has been proved out ior power and tone quality in use. Compact for the console, at- tractive to the eye, this Sterling Power Unit combines every- thing that you look for in an “A” Power Unit. Meter equipped to insure adjustment to exactly the power needed —economical— permanent. Its Raytheon “A” Rectifier, the metal-inclosed, tubeless rectifier that never heats up and cannot break, requires no attention at all. In short, this is the light socket power unit that all Radiodom has been waiting for. ‘47 complete terling F “A”? POWER UNIT THE STERLING MEG. CO. 2831 Prospect Avenue - Cleveland, Ohio POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY August, 1977 New Machines Aid Mechanics| (Continued from page 102) seams on tank shells. It had a long horn to support the rolled shell and there was an arc welding unit that automatically fed the welding wire into the weld as it was moved by power along the seam. The operator had only to watch the work after the shell was clamped in place. There was no tiresome feeding of the wire, so the weld was much more uniform than if it were done by hand. Not far from this machine was a small bench tool (Fig. 4) to take the insulation off the ends of wire. “The boys out here like this little device,” Henry said. “Jt saves them much hard work, for you know how difficult it is to get the insulation off the larger wires. You put the wire into the notches there, put your foot on the pedal Fig. 4. Bench type of pedal operated stripping machine for removing insulation which cuts the insulation, then pull the wire out of the blades. It will handle any size wire up to No. 6.” “Looks like it would help a lot,’ Dick commented. Returning to the machine shop, Henry paused in front of what appeared to be a small milling machine. It was. “Here is a machine that is about half automatic,” he said. “There is a girl who runs this machine (see Fig. 3). You will notice that there is a foot pedal arrange- ment. That starts the feed, and the table moves rapidly to a point just before the work reaches the cutters, where a dog changes the feed to a suitable rate for cutting; then, at the end of, the cut, the table is automatically reversed and run back to the starting point, ready for another piece. There is a pump in the base for cutting compound.” “It ought to be fast in operation,” Dick said. “Looks as if the work is clamped rather far from the cutter.” “That is one of the features of the ma- chine,” Henry continued. “There is little chance of getting caught in the ma- chine, and there is no danger of damaging the cutters, for the trip changes the fast traverse to a proper feed at just the right time. This is really a standard milling machine with an attachment to give these automatic changes of feed.” “Looking about -the plant, I can see why you have liked it so much, and haye kept urging me to come here too,” Dick commented. “Here you have all thing. modern and convenient. You do not to worry about whether the belt is tight with all these motor drives.” “True, most of the machines are moto: driven,” Henry replied. “I suppose that this plant is like most of the other hip ones; wants to have the best. A little | thought about the features on the ma.jd- chines we have looked at will show thr trend in modern tool design. Mg drives, hardened gears, pumps to ef culate oil, are a few of the changes” “The one that impressed me most ig} the manner in which the control levers are arranged,” Dick pointed out. “Now on} that drill press of mine, there is one lever | that locks the arm in place. I remember} an old drili I used to run that had three nuts on the back of the machine to de the same work.” “And look at the electric welder for} tanks,” his friend added. ‘‘A few years} ago we would have driven two rows of rivets to make that shell; a year ago we might have had a welder to weld the seam, but now there is a machine that does the work automatically.” “You know, I used to listen to some of the old boys who seemed to think that}}' ye things were going to the dogs because their hallowed traditions were being cast |) aside,” Dick said, “but I believe these same old boys would enjoy working with these machines if they had the chance.” “You bet they would!” replied Henry, as they parted to take up their after- noon’s work. Nonremovable ‘‘Rivets”’ for Small Plates ’ \ rivet is illustrated. It is intended to take the place of screws under special circumstances when a _ nonremovable} fastening is desired, as for holding small} cover plates or name plates. This rivet has been used ex- tensively in one shop because of its simplicity and cer- tainty. It will not loosen from vibra- tion. The rivet is a small rod with a hole drilled in one end slightly smaller than a _ hardened steel ball. With the ball in place, the rivet is driven into a plain hole. “DRILLED HOLE rivet in blind hole | When | the ball strikes the bottom, it swells the /feqes hollow end of the rivet in the manmery® shown exaggerated in the _ illustratiom )i The walls of the hole, usually cast irom, expand to a certain extent and allow’ slight head to be formed, which is stiff cient to prevent the rivet from loosenill © This seal on a radio, toa! or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6 A steel ball expands 1 7 ou can cut cence Instit 8 from instructic m pages of | ite and ca your radio ii Pi 50 Fourth Av

Page 107

(fARTER Fixed Condensers A complete line of fixed condens- ers. Moisture- roof. Positive- i k y guaranteed to : pes | "10% oF ; within 10% of t have ' Half Size) rated capacity. “7 Any dealer can supply. 4 s s . ‘ is i LJ f i: 4 an | dehenesteieanetediededdeedseetalededecherles lated abled Nothing else will do—to insure self-adjust- ing filament control, utmost tube perform- ance, longest tube life. Insist on Amperite. Bliminates hand rheostats. Simplifies wiring. Price $1.10 complete. Sold everywhere. Write for Free Radiall Book giving season’s popular hook-ups and con- struction data to Dept. PS8. RADIALL CO. 50 Franklin St., New York ERITE REG. U.S PAT OFF. Qo "SELF-ADJUSTING” Rhcastat aN “Build your own with ““RASCO”’ Parts’’ RadioSpecialty Co.,96-P Park Place, New York, N.Y. RIC MGTORATTACHMENT $= small Motor in 2 fizy. y trcular Saws, Drilis,ltc leg) Wheres ee urens Dritis We upply loTO Prices RIC EOE werteu \e ; 3) Erect + ee ao. YY UNITED ELECTRIC MOTOR CO., 178 Center St., New York You Asked For It---Here It Is! What the Radio iBuyer Should Know atadio booklet that tells How to Buy, Install and Operate for Best Results do you know just what you can expect in the way ' reception, how much you must pay, how ou can y down this cost, and what equipment are some of the questions answered in the ECW tadio booklet just published by the Popular uence Institute of Standards after numerous quests from readers. mstructions on installation are included and m pages of hints on operation tell you how to erate and care for your set so as to get utmost out your radio investment. Price 25 Cents i * $ bes oh : Bid Popular Science Institute 50 Fourth Ave., New York City POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY WHEN working cast iron on the lathe, take out the chuck jaws and screws and wipe off all oil; this will save you lots of trouble. Do you know that a finishing reamer, when used with a little oil or com- pound, will cut a trifle smaller in diam- eter than when it is used dry? A little white lead mixed with lard oil makes a good compound for chasing threads; put it on the work with a brush, just ahead of the cut. Oil should be figured in terms of quality, not quantity. It’s much better to oil your machine every morning, than to bathe it in oil once a week. A good planer hand will wipe off the ways every morning (as dust will accu- mulate overnight), then apply a little fresh oil. Change the oil frequently in the cavity and roller oilers of the bed. For this purpose a good syphon can be made from an old rubber bulb and a glass tube. A bar of ordinary washing soap dis- solved in hot water, with enough water added to cool it, will make a cutting compound in a pinch, when nothing better is at hand. Never use water to cool a bearing that has become very hot. As oil will run off and do little good, use a bar of common soap. This expedient sometimes will prevent a tieup in such an emergency as when a heat is being run from the cupola in the foundry and any shutting down would mean a loss. Pliers Adapted for Knurling N OLD pair of pliers was converted into the handy knurling tool for small work illustrated. The pliers were annealed, slotted and drilled for the knurls and holes were drilled for the clamp- ing bolt. No lathe is needed to use this tool. The job may be done on a drill press, or even by hand with & theworkina@ 4 handy knurling tool for vise.—C. K. small work, made from pliers For MILLING a narrow slot of a special width, it is more economical to use a screw-slotting cutter, concaved .005 in. on each side, than to grind down a stand- ard slitting saw, provided the depth of the cut is within the range of the cutter. The concaving is done by mounting the screw slotter on a gang arbor and using the cylindrical grinder.—H. C. 105 ASK .. ANY .. RADIO . . ENGINEER | BURGESS RADIO’ A’ j (BATTERY) | This is the Burgess Radio “A” Battery CA sPECIALLY designed “A” battery for radio service. There is nothing like it in its field. Proportioned to permit ease of handling and convenience of cab- inet assembly and storage, you may expect this new Burgess cre- ation to give you the length of service and dependability under all conditions for which all prod- ucts of Burgess are noted. If you are using the ordinary type of No. 6 “A” battery, we suggest that you learn for your- self from the Burgess Radio “A” the measure of service you have a right to expect. Ask Any Radio Engineer Burcess BATTERY COMPANY GENERAL SALEs Orrice: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg ee Te ADIO“A 4 1] 3 i) Pi , © This seal on a radio, tool or oi] burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6

Page 108

106 PIS) Model A. C. 20 Height, including base,21% in. Far ahead of to- day’s accepted standards — the new Amplion Cone with M.A.1 type unit In quality of reproduction it sets a new high mark for others to strive for IS remarkable reproducer has an unusually wide musical range due to the striking developments embodied in the new Cone Unit. One important feature of this unit is the felt-lined stylus protection bar which serves a double purpose. First, it pro- tects the stylus itself against any pos- sible injury. The felt lining, or stylus anchor, neutralizes the harmonics of the stylus itself. This model employs a new principle in Cont construction—a 14" cone being mounted on an 18" sound board which extends toward the center in back of the cone to form a resonating chamber. The unit, cone and sound board are assembled on ‘a rigid bronze bracket with a handsome bronze base. The sound board is finished in dark walnut, which, with the gold-finished cone in the center, gives this instrument both graceful beauty and dignity. Write to us for price list and literature illustrating and de- scribing the new Amplion line. THE AMPLION CORPORATION OF AMERICA 280 Madison Ave., New York City The Amplion Co of Canada Ltd., ration oronto CIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Augus, P —_j Cutting Threads Accurately (Continued from page 80) rest on ; ; ject ab square with the axis of the lathe. Toad | work be this accurately a gage such as js shown | expand SPRING Fig. 4 is useful. This is held between Man; ters. It has grooves turned in jt cutting setting tools for the three eg to inte used threads, and also a flat at B fo, jmporte ting the tool at the correct’ height js to ha with the surface level. The flat jg that do ; - justed with an indicator so that jf; S Sapam — ae tool for a parallel with the ways of the cross Ez ishing cuts, which aids in accurate wor Then the tool is set with its top in t doweled together. This construction aan accurate ogy permits the parts to be hardened and ai6 best taken with some type of shown | ground. In use, the gage is put on a piece of plate glass and if there is no light visible between the tool and the gage, the tool is correct. To check the tool gage, a male gage is required, as shown in Fig. 3. This is of thin sheet steel, roughed out, hardened, and ground for accuracy. One method of grinding it is to hold it on a small arbor in an indexing head placed on the surface grinder. The head is set for three divi- sions, which results in making the angles 60 deg. each. The gage could also be ground with the aid of a sine bar. The width of the flat on a USS thread- ing tool should be measured carefully for accurate work. This is hard to do unless there is available an expensive vernier thread gage tool. In Fig. 3 is shown a method by which this flat can be meas- ured with a micrometer. The tool is first ground sharp and length B is measured. Distance D, corresponding to width F, is computed from the formula given. This is sub- tracted from length B, giving length C, to which the tool should be ground. The grinding is best done on a surface grinder, as hand grinding is apt to be inaccurate. A fixture for grinding the tool to shape is shown in Fig. 2, This is made of ma- FIG.7 Set-up for roughing cut (Fig. 6) and an in- dicator used in making finishing cuts (Fig. 7) chine steel, pack hardened. With it anyone can grind a threading tool accu- rately on a surface grinder. It insures that all tools will be of the proper contour. It is essential that a threading tool be set at the exact height of the lathe cen- ters, level on top, and at the same time threading tool. That shown in Fig. 5 has several advantages, and is to be recommend- ed if a tool is to be specially made. The “springiness” of the tool may be varied by chang- ing the bushings roruss TH probabl in the hole. The jy.p-rsiss p sal finishing tool is held from P= PITCH lead mu being deflected = d = DIA.oF wires we _ sidewise by plate , . || while th B, which holds the method of meanag | OF some parts in line and cant. K yet allows the tool to “give” verticghg | best for The foregoing comments have beg | ' use @ chiefly on how to finish the thread curately. If a carefully ground andy tool were broken during the roughi Two operation, much time and effort have been wasted; therefore it is bet policy to use a separate tool for roughi out the work. F In Fig. 6 is shown a good set-up roughing out a thread. The toolj on the end only, the chips coming long curls. The side of the tool dog cut at all. The tool is ground at an of about 57 deg. so that it will cut to the full depth, leaving little for the point of the finishing remove. The compound rest is around to slightly less than 30 deg, the tool is fed forward with the cam) How tw: pound rest screw. _* When finishing the thread, the important part is, of course, the# R h few thousandths. Here should be a) ~ drillin, played the patience that makes # with succ success. The last few cuts should notl In the fi of more than about a thousandth @ tightened, side. | ther an ‘ Position. For determining the position of : tool when making these cuts, the arrangll oe pin is ment of a dial indicator as show! ma Fig. 7 has been found much more sf factory than using the micrometer} on the cross-feed screw, as it shows Wily the cross slide actually is, merely where it ought to be. If thread micrometers are av they will be used to find the pitch ¢ eter of the thread. In their absen¢ well-known three-wire method ¢ used for measuring the pitch dial This is shown in Fig. 8, where th mula is also given. The wires may any size that will (Continued on pagel ) Wrench g

Page 109

it is Det or roughin i set-up) > tool ming ol doe at ana cuta little ng too t is § 0 deg, a 1 the com , the e, the i ild be @ makes ould not undth of ion of he arra | shown more ymeter hows od ca 1 diam re the ; may ) on page August, 1927 Cutting Threads (Continued from page 106) rest on the sides of the thread and pro- ‘ct above the top. It is best to cool the work before measuring it, as it might have expanded a thousandth. — Many of the suggestions given for cutting male threads are also applicable to internal threads. One of the most important things about internal threads is to have a rigid tool holder and a lathe that does not chatter. EASUREMENTS of ‘internal threads are usually obtained by screwing 2 plug of known diameter into them. How close they are to size is shown by how easily the plug can be inserted. ; , One method of measuring the size of threaded holes is to pour a molten mix- ture of sulphur and graphite into the hole. When cool, it can be screwed out and measured with a micrometer. Sul- ur shrinks very little in changing from a molten to a solid form; that is why it can be used for this purpose. For cutting threads in steel, lard oil is probably the best cutting fluid. For fnishing very accurate threads, white lead mixed with the lard oil improves the finish. Cast iron is threaded dry, while the bronzes may be threaded dry, or some of them with lard oil as a lubri- cant. Kerosene is usually found to be best for aluminum where it is desirable to use a lubricant. Two Methods of Holding Short Pins Vertically How two pins may be held at once by means of a collar and a toolmaker’s vise clamp R holding short pins upright while drilling holes in the ends, I have used with success the two methods illustrated. In the first, when the clamp screw is | tightened, the collar jams two pins to- | gether and holds them in a true vertical | position. In the second method shown, | the pin is held in a tap wrench, which is | ixed in a clamp.—ArtTHuR KENDALL. Holding a pin upright by means of a tap Wrench gripped between the jaws of a clamp POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY A TEST EVERY MAN PAST 40 SHOULD MAKE Medical authorities agree that 65% of all men past middle age (many much younger) are afflicted with a disorder of the prostate gland. Aches in feet, legs and back, frequent nightly risings, sciatic pains are some of the signs—and now, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science has written a remarkably interesting Free Book that-tells of other symptoms and just what they mean. No longer should a man approaching or past the prime of life be content to regard these pains and conditions as inevitable signs of approaching age. Already more than 40,000 men have used the amazing method described in this book to restore their youthful health and vigor—and to restore the prostate gland to its proper functioning. Send immediately for this book. If you will mail your request to the Electro Thermal Company, 4072 Main Street, Steuben- ville, Ohio—the concern that is distributing this book for the author— it will be sent to you free, without obligation. Simply send name and address. Don’t delay; the edition of this book is limited. Western Office, Suite 4072, 803 Van Nuys Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. SA LIP-Z1P SHOOTER ’ CAMPERS AND TOURISTS: y) y —) Here is the very thing for you; ZipiW/ campers tell us that this is the \ 7 greatest weapon to be had where fire arms Ay are prohibited. Zip-Zip Shooter is noiseless powerful and effective and is used by a great number of*tourists and mee, Thousands of sere are made happy with this wonderful Zip-Zip Shooter. te our dealer happens not to have them order from us. Zip- Zip Shooter 35c or three for $1. coin or money order tomatic Rubber Co., Zam, we Dept. B.B., Columbia,$.C. TL — Licensed_ by Rider Radio Corporation Pats. Pending Pat's §-2-'16; 7-27-'26 Improve Reception with PHASATROLS An Effective Stabilizing Device for Radio Frequency Amplifiers Price $2.75 Imagine your set without the squeals caused by radio fre- quency oscillations! You can control these oscillations and assure better reception by in- stalling Phasatrols. Phasatrols can be used in most radio frequency circuits. Very easy to install and adjust. Send for special pamphlet listing various circus. ELECTRAD, Inc. Dept. 64 IS) 175 Varick Street, New York, N. Y. ELECTRADI 100 SCALE PLANS OF OLD and MODERN SHIPS | Easy to build and sell ship models. Send 6 cents for c#talog of over 100 plans, books, prints, maps and other things that smack of the sea. SEA ARTS GUILD MILWAUKEE, WIS. . ay } et Building made Easy~ IMPLIFIED wiring of the Victoreen Universal Cir- cuit,accordingtopreciseplans and definite instructions, assures the success of your Victoreen-Super, even for the most amateur of amateurs. Victoreen Transformers Are Precision Instruments These wonderful transformers—the heart of the circuit—are actually tuned to a precision within 4% of 1%! Other Victoreen products are built with thesame careand accuracy. They guarantee fine quality, selectivity, range and volume of your Victoreen. Ask your dealer or write for folder. THE GEO. W. WALKER Co. 6528 Carnegie Ave. > Cleveland, Ohio VICTOREEN © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 110

Keep Your Copies of “POPULAR SCIENCE” in the New Big-6 Binder There is so much useful information in Popular Science Monthly that many readers have asked us to supply them with a binder in which they can keep a permanent file. To meet this demand we have had de- signed the binder pictured above. Bound in two-tone Artcraft (looks like leather— lasts forever) with the name of the magazine stamped in 24 Carat Gold on the cover, this binder will securely hold 6 copies of Popular Science Monthly. New copies can be slipped into the Big-6 Binder as easy as inserting a letter in an envelope. There is nothing to get out of order —no screws to work loose, no keys to get lost. This binder will last a lifetime. The binder is as beautiful as it is useful— it will be an ornament to any library table. Only $2.00--Postage Prepaid Bought in a store this binder would cost you $3.00 or more. Because we are having them made in quantity for our readers we can make you the special price of $2.00 including all delivery charges. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Please send me your Big-6 Binder bound in two- tone Artcraft with “Popular Science Monthly” stamped on the cover in 24 Carat Gold. I am enclosing $2.00 and it is understood that there is to be no further charge of any kind. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Fastening a Table To How to Apply Wooden Cleats Which Allow the Surface to Expand and Contract 1 Before the frame is glued together, chisel mortises 4 by 4 by 3 in. at intervals of from 12 to 18 in. in ons rail. The inside edge ofeach mortise should be % in. from the up- per edge of therail. If you prefer, cut acontin- uous groove with a plow plane or on a dadosaw Cut cleats 4% by 2% by 3 or 4in. Se marking gage to 7% ‘in. and gage al one end with gage against side which will he placed against table top. On the same sig draw a line 14 in. from end. You can lay out several in ome piece and sever late Saw out the waste wood, or saw across the grain and chisel away the waste with the grain, if you prefer that method 5 Lay top upside down on flat surface, adjust frame by measuring all around, and mark each corner so that frame may be replaced quickly if it is accidentally moved Bore and countersink two holes in each block, placing them diagonally. Use a bit of the same size as shank of screws aan August, 19 but the top Gil was fr onto a kind of the floo1 smoke belc! smoking lar of an engin the buggy came out ar back wheel: headed it ¢ going, too, corner, it st Place blocks close to corners and intervals of 12 to 18 in. Leave atk l{ in. between end of each block and t rail to allow for expansion of top. If is hard, bore small holes in top for s¢ © This seal on a radio, tool or oi! bucner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 111

gust, ly August, 1927 > r. Use a = Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 21) That was in September, just before the County Fair opened at Elmont, and it supplied absorbing topic with which to while away att wenty-mile train ride. If she hadn't dashed , t and handed over a prize, would Jim have a loser? Certainly he had worn - kind of a grin on his face when he had toward Gil at a of the —_ - had run past him to give Gil the ag grin a, disappeared like a rabbit of a dog. He had kept on going, but, with a black frown on his sweat-covered face, had looked down at Gil, still panting, and had said: “You do know something—about bikes, ee had turned on his heel and left. It had looked for a minute as though he were ing to forget the difference in their size. A little matter of rivalry was turning into a serious business. IL didn’t go to the Fair, even though Zach invited him to go and offered to pay all . Zach took the trouble to do it in the post office, too, where everyone could read the message of the invitation. It pleased Gil. “Why, thanks, Mr. Wenden,” he said, a look in his eyes. “‘But—there’s going to be a motor wagon race in Chicago in No- vember, and I figured that if I stayed home while everyone went away I could work all day in the barn instead of the shop. They're offer- inga two-thousand-dollar prize for that race— So he stayed home and worked like sin, while Jim triumphantly escorted Abby and her mother to a three-day session at the Fair. And Gil missed the race. It was to be held on the second of November, and up to that day noth- ing but noise had come out of the barn. the news came, by way of Gil, that the race had not been run, after all. There hadn't been enough entries. - It had been post- poned until Thanksgiving Day. Gil went to work again, harder than ever, and the week Sie Thankegiving asked Zach if he wanted totake a ride. Zach did, and the whole town was there to watch, everybody grinning ex- dtedly. Everybody but Jim. barn doors opened and let out such a racket as was never heard in Wendenville, followed by the funniest looking sight they had ever seen—a buggy, dashboard and everything but the top, with big Zach and little Gil in it. Gil was frowning abstractedly and hanging onto a kind of a handlebar that stuck up out of the floor. Steering it. A cloud of black smoke belched out behind. It smelled like a smoking lamp wick and came from some kind of an engine that was hung onto the frame of the buggy under the seat. A couple of belts came out and went around pulleys on the two back wheels. It seemed to steer all right. Gil headed it down toward Main Street. Kept going, too, until, just after he had turned the comer, it stopped. Gil grinned foolishly and climbed down; pad fold of a crank that was sticking out one side under the seat and turned it. 38-8, hoosh ! S-s-s, hoosh! and that was all. It didn’t start again. “Hey! Get a horse!” yelled a ribald voice sounded much like Jim’s, and that started the crowd to snickering, then laughing. After awhile Gil gave it up. Zach climbed down from his seat and called “Give us a hand,” and Maneuvered it back into the barn. It wasn t much heavier than a Studebaker wagon. Gil closed the doors and that was the end of the day's performance. y don’t you save your money an’ buy # horse?” Jim wanted to know in a jeering Voie at the post office that evening. “That's © easiest way o’ takin’ folks buggy ridin’,” & wink at the crowd. looked up from (Continued on page 110) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 109 T IT’S WHAT THE YOUNGER CROWD THINKS ABOUT IT! z OW the whole world talks the language of this younger generation, follows their fashions, plays their flashing games—and obviously takes their opinion on tobacco matters very seriously, for the younger set’s most favored brand is the largest selling quality cigarette in the world! oe” i. What a whale of a difference justa few cents make! SPECIAL | Sport Bodies for Fords bS5 Porcelain $9 8.25 at FACTORY PRICES! Enameled (—~_—= SINK Model 39 50 One of many bargains inGrey e | v Prime Write for Plumbing Write for Booklet Catalog. Save 40% £0 ee tage Other B. KAROL & SONS CO. Dept. 36, 800 So. Kedzie Chicago | SPORT FACTORIES, Aurora, Illinois L FL moe YOUR —- of Aviation OWN “plane. ideal Seale Drawings ond ees § Cards, Station- ngs Building-Flying Instructions sh: how. Drawi nd Instruc- circulars. ». menus, book, ete. 3uilding-Flying Instruction ow you how wings a ins ery, labels, paper, circa > rs ATR Sela ai ney and time, cut cos ne be Ag bod feselt in short ee. plete = Others. & ig Profits. Easy rules sent, Write for catalog of Others, EXxce.sion Presses, type, paper, carda, inks, paper catters otc. THE KELSEY Company, €-33, Mi Conn. WANTED .8087Rs AND WOMEN With ambition and industry, to distribute Rawleigh’s Household Products to steady users. Boog mente: near you. We train and -— you so you can sell up to $200 a week or more. No experience necessary. easant, 7 profitable, dignified work. Write today W. T. RAWLEIGH CO., Dept. NY9967, Freeport, III. ) \ land Pl :;_NC-4 Seaplane, Bleriot, Ni rtorasbe Mot lane} or Cecil Peoli Racer. 48-pp. Catalog of Parts and Supplies Sc p. p. IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY CO. 163-165 Spring Street New York City © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Page 112

; L veer ; Roofs that leak now easily fixed O TROUBLE at all to make roofs watertight with Rutland No-Tar-In Roof Coating. You can apply it easily and quickly. And there is no maintenance expense. Rutland No-Tar-In provides a perfect coat of asphalt and asbestos—a tough mineral covering. Not a drop of tar in it. It will not crawl, sag, harden, peel or blister. For any roof or surface. Insist on Rutland at your hardware or paint store. Save money by mailing the coupon to-day. Rutland Fire Clay Co., Dept. R-12, Rutland, Vermont. Rutland No-Tar-In ROOF COATING RUTLAND FIRE CLAY CO., Dept. R-12, Rutland, Vermont. Send me more information about No-Tar-In. FREE TO BOYS “THE SHOOTER’S ART” ae to hold, aim and handle rifles; helps Send safety and common sense instruction every SS have. Helps to make leaders. Your copy Free. Write at once. The NEW BENJAMIN 4! RIFLE RiSesecs ae America’s Original AirRifle at your dealer’ Alr Rifle & Mig. Co., 629 Hi. Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. BUILD YOUR OWN GRANDFATHER’S CLOCK ™ We furnish blue prints and instructions. ha Buy the works and dial from us at surpris- 4 ingly low prices. Make fine profit building artistic clocks for your friends. Plain “| works as low as 35.00. Others with Chimes at ali prices. Ask for attrac- fj tive free offer. AMERICAN CHIME CLOCK CO. 691 ET _— PHILADELPHIA © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 109) a letter he was reading. “I’m not interested in horses,” said he. “Might pay you. Stick some shafts on the back end an’ let him push if you don’t want to look at a horse,” and the crowd cackled. **Maybe he knows bikes,”’ Jim went on, “but it strikes me they’s a lot of fools loose ’at—” “Yeah, lots of fools,” a hee vy voice inter- rupted. It was Zach’s, booming from a place near the door. ‘Lots o’ fools. There's fools, there’s big fools—an’ then you come,” said Jim’s father, then he walked past his son and looked down at Gil. *Goin’ to get it runnin’?”’ he asked. **Not good enough to race,” said Gil. “But I’m going to Chicago just the same.” Yes, there were lots of fools. Gil met a good . many of them in Chicago—and Jim was there watching them. He brought back a copy of the Chicago Times-Herald, the paper that spon- sored the first race of its kind in America, and Wendenville wore it out reading it. HERE were six entries, two driven by electricity and four with hydrocarbon en- gines. Two of these were Benzes, entered by different men, one a Duryea and one a Roger Wagon, entered by Macy’s department store in New York. They raced from Jackson Park out to Evanston and back, but only two of them really raced. There were several inches of snow on the ground with a crust of ice on top; the electrics were stalled by it, and two others failed to get traction in the snow. The Roger Wagon made it a race, but dropped out before the finish, one Benz completed the course several hours late, and the winner was Charles E. Duryea—“ An’ Gil was hobnobbin’ with him an’ his brother Frank like he was one o’ the family,” said Jim. The fifty-four-mile course was covered in an elapsed time of ten hours and twenty-eight minutes, a running time of seven and one half hours. Average speed was better than seven miles an hour! There “might be something in them things,” after all. “There is,” said Gil in his quiet way, and even Jim listened—with a twinkle in his eye. **T was on the wrong track, that was all. I’ve got a Brayton type engine and I hung it on the frame; what I’m going to do is get an Otto type and hang it above the springs.” e went on to explain that the Brayton was a two-cycle engine, and had just been patented . in its application to wheeled vehicles by a man named Selden. But his friend Duryea claimed that Selden was wrong, and since Duryea had proved the other engine, Gil was changing. HEN it was that Jim said his say. “Yeah,” he jeered, “if you’re mechanic enough to put ’em together.” “I don’t see you doing anything to brag about,” snapped Gil, and his blue-gray eyes flashed for the first time. **Naw, why should I?” drawled Jim. “But T’ll be racin’ you an’ your imitation threshin’ machine one o’ these days—if you ever make one that'll run.” It was Gil who pressed on this time, and big Zach Wenden had a little chuckle to himself. There are times when ridicule, properly ap- plied, has its uses. “Race?” Gil laughed. ‘‘ What with, a high- geared bike?”’ “Huh?” said Jim, assuming an off-hand manner. “No, not a bike; a Benz Motor Wagon. I bought one... .” It was several months before that race was run, but not a day of the winter passed that there was not some discussion of it in the region of the post office. Gil had to wait for his new engine to come, and after that rebuild his wagon completely; Jim’s wagon did not appear until after the first of the year, but in those months Gil worked with a sober intensity thy, 1) he had not shown before, even in Preparing fg the Chicago race. ~ || The racket from the Caswell barn got ,] a nuisance. The neighbors complained kept them awake far beyond their bedtime, and Mrs. Caswell’s patience became exhausted, She would have requested Gil to find home except for the fact that she had found his money better than none, as Abigail had | said. Recent advices had promised Some || money from her husband's estate, but in th meantime—she compromised by maki pay rent for the use of the barn and sti that all noise must cease at eight 0 clock. Backed up by the neighbors as she was, ther was nothing for Gil to do but agree, though he. ccntinued to work, quietly, until late. | ““Won’t you take me for a ride the next ting you make a test?” This from Abigail across the supper tabk one evening when the frost was leaving th ground. Time was when Mrs. Caswell would have changed the subject then and there, byt | she had learned that Gil’s consuming interes lay in affairs of mechanics, not of the so she was watchfully silent. Gil was safe, He | | | treated Abigail with the same courtesy that | he had for everyone else. “T don’t think I'd better,” he was replying | “You see, when I go out I’m not sure when | Tl get back. When I am, you'll be the firg one to have a ride.” “But why not now?” insisted Abigail. “T'ye —_ out with Jim when he’s broken down, end— “Abigail, Mr. Herrick is ready for his pie.” HE got no ride until after the race, which was run on a Saturday late in May. Zach, who had been watching the affair with an alter. ing opinion as to the quality of a jaw, wa again selected as the referee. The course was to extend north on the turnpike to Elmont, around the county court house, thence bac the same way to the corners at the center Wendenville, a distance of some forty-five miles. Each driver was to take along a idg, and the race was to be run to its end without help from any outsider. The start was tobe made at nine o’clock, one wagon to leave ahead of the other and the winner to be the one wh made the trip in the shortest elapged time That was because the condition ofthe roads made parallel racing impossible. The two wagons were oddly characteris of their owners, though both were steered by the same handlebar arrangement and driver by Otto engines. Gil's was light like a buggy, | with its mechanism visible beneath; Jim’s wa | heavier, more solid-looking, with its engin concealed by the body. It had lower, heavit wheels, and could carry four people, two facing backward as in the smart traps that were being used with horses in the city. Such dissimilarity in appearance, backed by the fact that Jims was a manufactured product while Gil’s was home made, created a sharp division of opinion that was being backed by money. The me promised to be a great event, whether Wender ville could see it all or not. HEY drew lots for the start and Jia won, leaving at nine o'clock sharp. He took Lem Carson with him. Gil followed # nine-fifteen with Zach as his companion. Tht fact that such an arrangement caused no col ment was a tribute to Zach. Gil and Zach had covered about three mile at a rapid clip—almost fifteen miles an ae Gil said—when they had their first news, Jim. The something they first saw at one of the road ahead proved to be a wagon and team with an exceedingly irate farmer up a warning hand. (Continued on page til) The E mo Sop emul c and p inter BO. M President, M

Page 113

- oak 3 Es Hi oS ESBS ES Hined e F & x and 7 | Prien harp. slowed at ion. d no com hree miles ; an hou, t news t one side yagon mn page 11t) STUDEBAKER I. The \ r(insunee Thy 4 ja Watch &Z > fo Just $1.00! The balance J monthly payments. You famous Studebaker 21 Jewel Watch gizoct from factory at a saving of ie, of 80 new Ast Beauty white gt ~ ys mare cee Recis om DOWN; giuding, Theat, cold in’ in easy et the Jewelry ao, Watch Chain PREE! For a limited time we are offering a beautiful sees tres. This s) fal offer will be sent _ to eve writes at pose. delay! Get this free chala Sher today—while je it lasts. STUDEBAKER WATCH COMPANY Directed by the Studebaker F. three-quar: riers of a century on as —” Dept. T £0: T.205 - South th Bend, Indiana PARKS Manual Trainer For your home shop! Combination 11-inch band saw and ll-inch wood-lathe. If you have a knack for woodwork- ing you can turn out first-class bridge lamps, cabinets, furniture, a mnodete, etc.,in fast time. Get one! rite for Wom un circulai THE PARKS. hy ot ee KING MACHINE co. 1547 Knewlton Stree Cincinnati, 0. Canadian Factory: 208 toere Dame East, Montreal, Can. A Motor Boat = -for half the cos’ oral ce clamps on any open boat — motor boating pleasures at amaz- Sivamel aves. Powerful, speedy, reliable. and portable. Write today for in- BOARD MOTOR CO., ELTO OUT- R CO., Ole Evinrude, it, Mason St. , Dept. W, Milwaukee. PLC’ A 2c Stamp ai} —will start you on the road to holding} Success. See Money Making Op- Portunities on pages 114 to 135. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ill Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 110) Gil stopped his wagon at a safe distance and asked Zach to go forward and help calm the horses, and Zach met a tirade. Jim, it seemed, had come tearing down the road; the horses had begun to act up, and before the farmer knew what was happening, Jim had whizzed past, yelling something, and he and his team were piled into the fence. “—and if that:dim.o’ yours don’t quit hellin’ around the country with that contraption o’ his, P'll take a shotgun to him, Zach Wenden!” Zach managed to pacify him, and held the team until Gil had inched by, and they were speeding again, with Zach’s beard blowing back over his shoulders. Not for long, though, be- cause the road got worse and worse. Rattle, bump, bounce; mud flying until they were covered, wheels spinning, slewing from side to side. Wherever they struck a smooth place that permitted high speed, there, it always seemed, was a team for which they had to slow down. For Gil insisted upon it. OULDN’T have to,” he said, “‘if they watched their horses. But they get so interested in this they forget. Then everybody gets scared.” It was easy to tell which of the farmers had met Jim and which had turned into the road after he had passed. Some were calm and some were not. It was apparent that Jim was not so far ahead. Gil and Zach might have overhauled him if it hadn’t been for break- downs. Twice during the trip they were de- layed. Once the trouble was with the belts that drove the rear wheels. They got caked with mud and refused to work, one of them slipping off. It took Gil nearly an hour to fix them. The other time the steering gear broke and they almost went into the ditch; would have if Gil hadn’t pushed down quickly on a rod that extended up out of the floor close in front of the seat and brought the wagon to a stop. Gil patched the break with a wire and a nail from his tool kit—another thirty min- utes lost—and they went on. No sign of Jim after that. What with breakdowns and the slowing down for bad roads and uncomprehending horses, it was afternoon before they reached the outskirts of Elmont. There progress was very slow; a walk, in fact, for Gil asked Zach to walk ahead, like a circus man before his elephants, and calm the horses they met.. It was Saturday, and there were plenty of horses to watch, too. The cautious proceeding proved to be a fortunate one, though, for when they were looping around the square on which the court house stood they saw Lem Carson. He was sitting alone in the wagon surrounded by. a crowd, and when they asked where Jim was, he said:. “Locked up.” T DEVELOPED that Jim had pursued his customary tactics in going through Elmont. One rur>way had resulted, fortunately with- out harm except to a brand-new buggy, and the local constable had ordered Jim to stop. “I’m runnin’ a race,” Jim had cried. “I can’t stop. I'll come back an’ fix it up.” “Stop, I tell ye!” bawled the constable, who was loping along beside them. Lem had seen signs of rage and warned Jim to obey, but that was not for Jim. “Don’t you know who I am?” he called back. “I’m Jim Wenden, Zach’s son; I’ll—”’ “Don’t care if ye’re Grover Cleveland, Presi- dent o’ the United States! I order ye to stop in the name o’ the law!” panted the officer. Then Jim stopped, but left his engine run- ning, and the rows of horses at the hitching racks around the square continued to snort and prance. “Stop that injine!”’ ordered the constable, and Jim changed his tone. “Now look here, (Continued on page 112) Making a “GO” of New Developments Give a machine every benefit of latest developments, and when you are through you have everything but “GO.” The man who runs the machine supplies “Go.” The mechanic who keeps it in shape supplies Go. The production manager who checks up the output supplies Go/ And these men go by actual count of what your machine can do—and does. They make a practical GO of machines by developing high-mark records on COUNTERS The large Re-Set Revolution Counter below records the output of any machine where a shaft-revolution indi- cates an operation. Sets back to zero from any ps by turn- ing knob once round. Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as required. Price with four figure-wheels, as illustrated, $10.00—subject to discount. Cut less than one-half size. Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Counter, to record reciprocating movements as to presses, $11.50 (list). Smaller counters from $2 up. Speed Counter Here’s the handiest instrument for finding revolutions-per-minute of a shaft or flywheel. You hold the tip of the counter against end of revolving shaft; press lightly when the second hand of your watch comes to 0; release pressure when minute is up. A spring clutch controls the recording mechanism. od ead weno ll (Cut less than }% size) For keeping motors, generators, and ma- chines running at efficient speeds. Price, with two rubber tips (as illustrated), $3.50. FREE—We’ll send you the big Veeder booklet. Shows count- ers for all machines and de- velopment-work. Write— The Veeder Mfg. Co. 44 Sargeant St. Hartford, Conn.

Page 114

112 ee <A Cae meres Your “Musical Pal” HETHER you’re a Scout or not, ou’ ll find a Hohner Harmonica a mighty fine pal wherever you are and wherever go. Toget full value out of this “musical ” just spend a few minutes with re free instruction book which gives you the real “‘secrets” of making a harmonica “talk.” To be “‘in the swim” nowadays, you must play the harmonica—and play every new thing that comes along! A million boys last year received free instruction books and learned to ane world-famous “Marine Band” onica. Then thousands more bought the fascinating new “Chromonica”—a harmonica which supplies every sharp and flat, so that you can play any se- lection in any key. you master this instrument, you are in a class with the harmonica professionals. i are earning large salaries —harmonica contests bring fame and prizes to thousands of contestants. Get started on the “Marine Band” Har- monica NOW. Or, if you have already be- gun, perfect your technique on the “Chrom- onica.” Ask your dealer to show you them. The NEW Way to Learn

Anyone can learn to play the harmonica by following the clear, ed illustrated ions given in our booklet ““How to Play the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

Whirling Wheels (Continued from page 111) constable: I ain’t hurtin’ nobody. I'm just runnin’ a race. If I stop that engine—’’ “Stop it, I tell ye!” —*maybe I can’t get it started again.” ““Ye’re disturbin’ the peace o’ the sovereign city o’ Elmont,” bawled the constable, “an’ I arrest ye in the name o’ the law!” Jim reached down and stopped his engine. “There,” he said, very softly for Jim Wenden. ** Now let’s fix this thing up.” “Too late,” snapped the Law. “ Ye’re under arrest,”’ and that was as much as he would say. Gil had to laugh; Zach too. “‘ What’ll we do, go on?” asked Zach. “You can get him out, can’t you?” said Gil. “That'd be outside help.” “Oh, well, this is different.” Another hour was lost getting Jim out of jail. It was three o’clock before Zach’s influ- ence and a bond to assure payment for the damage to a buggy got Jim released and they had crawled to the edge of town. | getsa half hour start,” ruled Zach then. “You'd be in jail yet if he hadn’t stood up for you.” His eyes were twinkling. “Hold him to it, Lem,” and they were off. Homeward bound, things seemed to go bet- ter, for Gil -had learned a few tricks. He ob- served, for instance, that it was always one belt that jumped off its sprocket, and always on a curve. So he removed the offending belt and used the other—and his troubles ceased. Furthermore, he had learned to gage the road and to steer more carefully on this, his first long trip. They must have been going a good fifteen miles an hour and Zach said they were halfway home, when the steady pushing sensa- tion of a smoothly running engine vanished. They were coasting. Gil found a wide place on the road, pulled over to one side, and stopped. This time it was bad. After investigating— on his back under the wagon—Gil reported that the sparking lever on one cylinder was bent and would not make a contact. It was useless to try to run with the remaining one, and the only thing to do was build a fire be- side the road and try to straighten it. That took more than an hour, this time with Zach waxing impatient and casting anxious glances back along the road. Long before they could start again Jim passed them triumphantly, but Zach figured that there was still a chance of beating his time. He must have had some trouble, too, or he would have passed them sooner. “Or been careful to slow down for teams,” he added with a chuckle. NCE on the road again, everything went nicely, the wagon having decided not to misbehave further. They pulled up at the cross- roads in the center of Wendenville just before six, and found that the entire population had gathered there. Jim, it seemed, had finished the race by pushing his wagon the last three blocks. It would have taken longer to fix it than push it, and since there was no rule to the contrary, Lem had allowed it. Then Lem and Zach got together to compare the times, while the crowd waited silently. Those who had made themselves unofficial timekeepers knew that it was close, but Zach’s word was necessary before money could change hands. “The winner,” his big voice announced, “‘is Jim. That counts time in jail an’ everything,” he added with a laugh. But no one heard the last; they were yelling. Gil jumped down from his wagon and hurried across to Jim’s, ready with a smile and ex- tended hand to offer congratulations. He felt no anger and showed none. He knew that the Benz had come from Europe, where already

there were a number of producin factories; knew that this race had tonal him he things about his wagon. He was going Pow so, but Jim was otherwise engaged. He standing erect in his wagon and through the crowd. “Here’s the winner,” he yelled, *‘where’s them flowers?” ; Silence. There she was, not far from edge of the crowd. They pushed her out inty the cleared space about the wagons. She diy played empty hands and began to speak, bat Jim gave her no chance. ; “All right,” he cried, “I'll take g anyway.” ‘$: He leaped to the ground—the side op where Gil was standing—and made to » her in his arms. He was going to kiss her, was plain; in fun, though he had never a move like that before—in her direction, | she was not willing to play. Her blue flashed; she snatched herself free and a stinging palm, but what chance had ; against those mighty arms? They tighte again, and Jim’s head bent down—just ag arrived. ; O ONE had seen him rush around Jy wagon, but they saw him arrive. They him demonstrate that one may pass off with the patience of Job, but may not li a year beneath the same roof with a girl ii Abby Caswell and not fall victim to her you charm. Suppose the cold eye of a watehit mother had been constantly present; supp their talk had been in commonplaces, with Gj} an increasingly preoccupied planner of som | thing new and strange? There she had } every day. Now she was being publicly mm

Everyth aced by a strong-arm bully. He flung himsf viciously upon big Jim Wenden. peseeaceene And Jim—he knew all this, too, and laug oe ; Here was what he had been waiting for; he tod Maniag a blow from Gil without attempting to protedg § $oaut tt himself, then reached out a mighty hand . gripped him by the shoulder. “Look out, little man,” he growled. “Yap }A@4ess- might hurt yourself.” Gil made a violent effort to hit him agai, but his reach was too short; his fist swuy wildly. What fools we are when rage consums us! He twisted violently, swung again, an struck. Then Jim shifted his grip, seized Gil left wrist, and laughed loudly. -He had G helpless in the painful grip of the hammer lod

ae, = AD enough? Better take your go-wagi] Bearings, an’ run along home, son.” 1 Mechanic But he forgot that Gil was mad, and inde ings, ferent to the threat of pain. Gil jerked, som} tors, Saw thing snapped—the bystanders heard it—aml} kind for } he planted one last futile blow before va fainted. Complete It did not the slightest damage, that bl No physical damage, that is. But the punis AMALG. ment Gil took in order to deliver it, th 321-F Sout foolhardiness of it, swept him on, past f place where fool’s deeds take them, into & realm of a man’s estate. Jim Wenden, ¢ queror, was defeated then and there; defea by a crowd that shouldered him roughly and by the girl who rushed to give aid to unconscious loser.

The feud is on—two youths in biti . sae rivalry for speed supremacy and for tg ™ Under: favor of a blue-eyed girl. Even in@ c—a feat, Gil Herrick has won the hess man- round. But what of the next? e peace Next month’s installment is le Oestersy with dramatic situations, unfe 360 e doc the romantic story of the beginnin Pp. motordom. “wt

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the -approval<of:the«INSTITUTE’OF- STANDARDS. “See page 6.

Page 115

August, 97) august, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

a yer The New Red Jacket Craftsman’s Lathe

Easy Now it’s fun to make furniture, garden trellis, toys, improvements and repairs with a set of tools like this carefully designed by a

master workman. The complete equipment con- sists of the powerful Red Jacket Motor, with direct drive to an accurate wood . turning lathe (capacity 9 in. x 34 in.); a bench saw, that has depth and side gauges; scroll and iig saw; and all accessories for both por- table and stationary power drilling, buffing. grinding and cleaning. Attaches to. any light socket and converts your work bench into a complete private tool and machine shop. A Special Crafts Course And Blueprint Service is free to Red Jacket Shop owners—all that there is to know about handicraft methods, raw materials, woods, carving, sawing, turn- ing, designing, carpentering, decorating, is taught by special correspondence. TTS es \ r 4

» 34 <1 (GC CS = (- Buy on Your Own Terms Only $10.00 down. Liberal discounts for cash. Easy monthly payment plans. ms It is no hardship to own a Red Jacket. Interesting Literature Free Just send the coupon. You will be sur- rised with all it contains. Beautiful, nstructive, Fascinating, Interesting. Everything Explained in Our Literature. © MAIL COUPON NOWiesssssssnsscese WACO TOOL WORKS, 542 N. Parkside Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. M. er, Dept. 8. Please send me particulars ay free trial, free blueprints, and $10

ur go-Wagit} Bearings, Belting, Blue Prints, Books on ..,| Mechanical and Scientific Subjects, Brass, i, and indé} Castings, Compressors, Gears, Lathes, Mo- rked, som} tors, Saws, Shafting, and Supplies of every ard ital kind for Model Makers and Handy Men. ’ before Complete Catalogue 25 cents, which is allowed on first $2.00 order. , that blor the punt} AMALGAMATED SALES AND SERVICE CORPORATION

My be 4) 327-F South LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. m, into i a The re; cat cis] VEST POCKET s in bitty . Acomplete law course-—clearly analyzed nd forty ™ understandable English. It is a daily ven in e¢—a manual of reference for the busi- the fimg "°S man—the law student—the justice of +? ‘] the peace—the notary public—the farmer— - is lo the clergyman—the merchant—the banker : —the doctor. Pp. Price $1.50, postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY unfe Sinn ni

250 Fourth Avenue, New York City Commander Byrd’s Story of Lindbergh’s Flight (Continued from page 11) on our Polar flight because it is not reliable in high latitudes. Conversely, neither Lindbergh nor Chamberlin could have used my sun com- pass during the night over the Atlantic. Engi- neers knew well that the earth inductor com- pass was a practical and accurate instrument under ordinary conditions. But it took the flights to Paris and Germany to win for it the full confidence of the great body of laymen. In like fashion did Lindbergh and Chamber- lin prove the reliability of their other instru- ments. Had their altimeters been sluggish or inaccurate at night or in fog they might well have crashed to the surface of the sea before they could have caught themselves. True, we have been using altimeters for a long time now. But it is profoundly reassuring to know that many unbroken hours of high speed fly- ing does not put them out of kilter. EXT to the compass I think we should take off our hats to the motors which made both flights possible. It is of the air- cooled type which I have been favoring for a long time. There are no water pumps, feed pipes, drains and strainers to become stopped up on such motors. As the cylinders are de- signed for automatic radiation they do not suffer the risk of overheating from water fail- ure that the water-cooled motor faces. Of course, every airplane motor is tested “on the block” before it is installed. This gives data on its fuel consumption and shows up any inherent defects in design or assemblage. But conditions in a testing room are far from what they are in the varying air strata encountered in a flight over the ocean. Temperature, pres- sure and humidity vary widely almost from minute to minute on such a flight. Both car- buretor and engine are put to tests that are impossible in the laboratory. Airplane industry is still in its infancy. So few are our manufacturing plants that one nearly always thinks of the stunt plane as built essentially for the trick it is to play. Lindbergh actually tried to order such a plane, but failed. When he bid on the monoplane that finally took him to Paris he had to accept a type that the company he approached could regularly build, and was able only to add somewhat in the way of dimensions to make it fit for the great venture. In other words, planes similar to his could be turned out in quantity with perfect ease. Is not this a true step forward? ,ow-ry aviators are primarily inter- ested in the technical aspects of the trans-Atlantic flights, we cannot blind our- selves to the more imponderable things which they accomplished for the good name of avia- tion. They showed unmistakably that the airplane has become a factor to be reckoned with in international relations. Before Lindbergh arrived in France the people were aggrieved at our position on the: debt settlement and disappointed at our seem- ingly selfish attitude toward their other troubles. The handsome and heroic, though quiet and retiring, young aviator they found within their midst instantly struck a human note of responsive friendliness that months of diplomacy could never have attained. In like manner, Chamberlin’s magnificent “On to Berlin” flight served immeasurably to bring a new understanding between the people of America and Germany. . The New York-Europe flights suggest tha’ a tense international situation may well lend itself to mitigation by the exchange of envoys by air. I predict that once trans-Atlantic serv- ice is established, say twenty years from now, there will be life-size statues of Lindbergh and Chamberlin in the home office. They will certainly have deserved it, too.

113 aS 4 4A \i g x aA " 4 a

When Commandant De Pinedo left Italy on his recent record-breaking flights he insisted on carrying a 5-lb. can of SMOOTH-ON NO. 1 and in the last minute personally sent out a rush order for this Smooth-On to be billed to himself. This insistence on Smooth-On for possible engine repairs, where every ounce of surplus weight had to be avoided, is good evidence that Smooth-On No. 1 makes dependable repairs. Get the Smooth habit and you will quickly find that it keeps many dollars in your own pock- et. Try it on the following and see for yourself: Stopping leaks in steam, water, gas, oil or stove pipes, mending cracks, breaks or leaks in furnaces and boil- ers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots and pails, making loose handles tight on umbrellas, knives, hammers, brushes, drawers, etc., tightening loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc. ON THE AUTOMOBILE Making bursted water jackets and pumps good as new, stopping leaks in radiator, hose connections, gas tank and gas, oil and exhaust lines, making a fume-proof joint between exhaust pipe and tonneau eater, tighten- ing loose headlight posts, keeping grease cups, hub caps and nuts from loosening and falling off, etc. To get perfect re- sults, write to us for and use the Smooth- On Repair Book. Free if you return the coupon. Get Smooth-On No. r in 7-0%., I-lb. or §5-lb. tins at any hardware store, or if necessary, direct from

Write for

SMOOTH-ON MEG. CO., Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book. Return this coupon for a FREE copy of Booklet

6. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of*the-INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. j 4] 4 : i ; FU shin Oe

Page 116

114 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Rates 30 Cents a Word. A 10% discount is allowed on all contracts for six consecutive inser- tions. Advertisements intended for the October, 1927, issue should be received by August Sth. Advertising Services ADVERTISE in 24 metropolitan dailies, 24 words, $15.00. Helpful Guide list ug 1000 publications, 4c stamps. Wade Company, Baltimore Bldg., Chicago. 24 wORDS,-151 rural weeklies, $3.04. Ad-Meyer, 4112P Hartford, St. Louis, Mo. ¢ portant Advertisers should not be without the im- t facts on Money Making. Write today for the Puck: -Action “Aavertinnng Rate Yolder” which contains ormation of value to you. If you are anxious for quick Address your inquiry to: Popular Science in rofit returns, do it now! anager, Classified Advertising, Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York. EFFECTIVE letters and advertisements for honest propositions. Edwin Brown, Box 95, Oak Park, Sacra- mento, Calif. FOUR Hundred Rural News $12.65. Thompson Service, 818 Oa 40 WORDS insert 60 magazines Agency, Shawano, 7 pers, 30 Words, St., Cincinnati, O. $2.00. Empire Authors, Song Poem Writers, Manuscripts Ray S°NG Poem Writers—Send for proposition. Hibbeler, D10, 2101 N. Keystone Ave., Chicago. SHORT stories, articles, etc., revised, typewritten, marketed. Hursh Service, Dept. 3, Box 1013, Harris- burg, Pa. SONG POEM Writers. Address Monarch, 1472 Broad- way,’'Dept. 126, New York. I WANT song poems. Racine, Chicago. “MUSIC Composed” to words. erly of Sousa’s Band), Oshkosh, WRITE Photoplays! Big 5 Good pay. Inter- esting. Educational. Complete twelve lesson course, $1.00 postpaid. Satisfaction guaranteed. Claude Lisman, Hooker, Oklahoma. Casper Nathan, J-3544 No. — Bros. (form- cAutomobiles and cAccessories DELIVERY bollies for Ford Model T. Chassis with inclosed cab, suitable for Contractors, Grocerymen and Farmers. ‘Three styles. Price $49.50. Write Daniel Zimmerman, Craigville, Indiana. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which wil! prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “‘How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” You'd like to know, wouldn't you? Address your inquiry to: Man- ager. Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, Fourth Avenue, New York. JUST patented—Most beautiful spinning red, white and blue automobile light—turns with wind—used anywhere on car. Installed 2 minutes. Beats flags. Get one—be first—mail, $2.00. Money back 5 fame Agents wanted. Box 202, Midland Park, “THE 1927 New Air Friction Carbareioe will develop far greater s in your motor than any other car- buretor, and wil! also retain slow idle speed and high mileage. We fit all motors. The New Air Friction Co., 11 Israel Bldg., Dayton, Ohio.” é cAviation THE American School of Aviation announces a new correspondence course in mechanics of aviation. A thorough traloing in practical aeronautics. American School of Aviation, Dept. 6741, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago. IHinois. BIGGEST, Best Catalog Model Airplanes, Parts, Supplies; 5c tpaid. Ideal Company, 163% Spring Street, New York. —— to fly, courses from ae ogg to $200.00. New Standards OX5 Motor $900.00 $1,200.00. Less Motor $700.00. Ready for delivery. OXS Motors $100.00 up. Write for catalogue. Nicholas Beazley Airplane . Marshall, Mo. SEND dime for 12 inch mounted propeller and circu- lars on free three foot model aeroplane. No selling. Aero Shop, 3050 Hurlbut Ave., Detroit, Mich. PR ce pt to advertisers! Are you deriving profit our advertising? Write today for a copy of the *Quicke Action Advertising Rate Folder’’ showing ‘“‘How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.” Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis Napanee Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New Yor Batteries BATTERIES. How to make. Complete Instructions and formulas, $1.00. Information Bureau, Faris, Texas. st Siching | Famous ossfeld ‘“‘Wrenchicss” Universal | Irowt Iron Bender is the unt word in bending 2 machines. Bends or hot into most any conceivable shape including Eye Bolts and “Automobile cha. ised ys Bends up to 1-inch Bars or 14-inch Pipe, co talway ~ayetems. | Write for ibd te the tems. Write for Cireular and noes ‘ossteld Mig. Co., Winona, Minn. “TOP OF THE LIST” says the CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC COLLEGE That POPULAR SCIENCE MONTH- Ly is a wonderful producer for classi- fied as well as display ads is best evi- denced by the letters we get from the advertisers using this Money Making Opportunities Section. Read what the Central Scientific College of Fargo, No. Dak., says— Classified Manager Popular Science Monthly New York, N. Dear Sir: It is a very small advertise- ment to be sure, but the returns have been far superior to any other magazine that we use. It puts us in contact with a high grade of worthy students, who desire to continue with their studies. As we seek only a high grade of older students, we do not know of any other magazine that will do better work than the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTH- LY. Itis “‘top of the list’’ with us. Very truly yours, CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC COLLEGE It is paying 250 classified adver- tisers to use POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY—it will pay you. Let us send you further proofs of the pulling power of this section and closing dates. Address your inquiry to— Manager, Classified Department, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue, New York Prize Winners in the JUNE Contest FIRST PRIZE $10.00 R. J. Hubbard, Little Rock, Ark. (American School of Aviation) SECOND PRIZE $5.00 Levi L. Misener, Niagara Fails, Canada (Coyne Electrical School) THIRD PRIZE $3.00 Henry A. Weldon, Milford, Mich. (International Correspondence Schools) PRIZE WINNERS who receive $1.00 each for their letters: Henry E. Rawson, Auburn, Maine (The American School) Anna Grimes, Indianapolis, Ind. (Albert E. Dieterich) Lewis Riling, North Terre Haute, Ind. (Press Syndicate) M. C. Brown, San Jose, Calif. (International Correspondence School) J. G. Van Hook, Burnside, Ky. (Bureau of Inventive Science) R. Simpson, San Francisco, Calif. (Page-Davis School) Fred C. Morris, Elkton, Va. (Coyne Electrical School) + Blue Prints TO THE man who has a Home Workshop and} work with tools, Popular Science Monthly 0 opportunity to purchase blue prinis giv d construction of useful articles for the home. : ing are a few of the blue prints available: No. shop Bench, No. 17, Cedar and ahoganm No. 41, One-tube Radio Set, No. 3 with three stages of amplification, . 43, F Radio Receiver, 44 and 45, Model Pirate Ship Spanish Galleon, 48, Model Sailing Yacht, plane model, 51, 52 and 53, C ‘ipper & Five-tube Radio set. Send '25c for each heat wish to Ne a 9 Science Monthly, 242 Four¢ New York, N. Boats and Launches HUBBELL Marine Coolers convert Ford e marine motors. Booklet free. Ford speedbe built, blue print and directions, sixty cents. G.€ bell, 14C Cottage St., East Norwalk, Conn. BUILD your own boat. Outboard motor runabout, cruiser, row or sail using our materials. 55 Models. Send 25c for catal . * Boat Co., Inc., Salt Street, Saginaw W.S., Mich —e Business Opportunities 7a LEARN the collection business. ood in =. , tereatns —_ ae , "Sine ea, neome ational! ector’s Association, Science Building, ark, Ohio. Sen BECOME a Foot Correctionist. A New P not medical nor ropoey: All the trade you can to; many are making $3,000 to $10,000 yearly, easy term for training by mail, no further capital needed or ta buy, no agency or soliciting. a Stephenson tory, 10 Back Bay, Boston, Mass PATENTS procured; ‘Trade ‘Marks tvlee Tor te pe comprehensive, experienced, prompt nde ; the pro tection and development of your advice gladly furnie ed without , a. Bookler of in ries a § and form for disclosing idea free on Richard B. Owen, 44 Owen Bldg., Washington, or 41-Z Park Row, New York. MINIATURE die-casting machines, $50.00. 318 Reed, Erie, Pa. ADVERTISE—In 275 country newspapers; $10.00. Keator, Hartford Bldg., Chicago. USED correspondence school courses sold —— basis. Also rented and a ack guarantee. Catalog free. (Courses Mountain, Pisgah, Alabama. INVENTIONS commercialized. patented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. St. Louis, Mo. neg or , 183 MIRRORS resilvere: at home cost less. 5 cents square foot; you charge 75 cents. Immense pred plating auto parts, reflectors, tableware, stoves. Ref: ishing metalware, etc. Outfits furnished. Details FREE Write Sprinkle, Plater, 94, Marion, Indiana. offers, magazines, from wholesale supply houses ever where. Kentucky Agency, Covington, Kentucky. 15¢c PUTS your name on mailing list year. ia “SCHEMER,” Alliance, Ohio, 36p oeete we Schemes, Tips, Formulas; subscriber reports from three; another $10,000 from one. Try it! Ya, $1.00: 3 months, 30c. IF YOU are tired of working for others, and are lob ing for something to do during your spare time, writew) Service Box 531, Lake Forest, Illinois. BIG business producer. A dollar bottle of @ famous Vanilla and one dollar set of LaBohme Peal both for One Dollar. You make 50c on every combinatia Big flash, best quality goods, ng * everybody byt Mystol Co., Dept. A5, Glens F alls, N N. Y. OPERATE Chewing Gum Machines. Large profit Small Capital. Particulars free. Robbins Compa 23 Dodworth St., Brooklyn, N. Y. n SELL: by Mail!—Books, Novelties, Bargain! Profits! articulars FREE! C—Elfco, Dearborn, Chicago. $50.00 WEEKLY mailing form letters. We everything. Samples and particulars 10c. Whitney Station C, Cincinnati, Ohio. YOU Are Now Reading an Advertisement make you Thousands of Dollars if you'll send for “Eye-opening” Literature and Lists of G Formulas for making the World's B Specialties in all lines, right in your own Home Office, etc. Write today for this Free Moi — Dr. Liscomb Miller, Chemist, F WE START you in business, furnishing Men and women, Soper tunity to earn $35 to $1 ly operating Ragsda’ original ‘“‘New System Candy Factories’’ anywhere; wholesale or yi commercial candy book free. W. Hillyer Drawer 19, East Orange, N. J. INCOME Increaser—Ne vly enlarged 36-page magazine of best, latest ideas, plans, schemes, inters, starters. One year, $1.00. Three m ncome increaser, 63S Court, Boston, Mass. THAXLY Formulas, Processes, Trade- duce perfect products. Make them yeret Send for catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Co, ington, D. q ST AZING discovery, protects tires from cheap, clean, rmanen Write for free Agents want Emmett’s Products, 1026 N. Court, Miami, Fla. SHERIDAN’S Trade Directory, latest, la’ complete buyer’s guide. a exclusively canvassers and mail de Tells where to million articles at wholesale. Write for free N. H. Wilson, 100 East Ave. 26, Los Angeles,

Page 117

bust, 1927

Booklet of in Pe ON request, ngton, D. C, .00. Byrn

onthly, ports Co Try it! Ye.

3, and are lok time, write bottle of @

_ Ninety days—a mighty short time! But in those brief 12 weeks, Coyne training can make you a master of electricity. We couldn’t begin to do it with books, or ted lessons. We couldn’t hope to do it correspondence. Come to Chicago. I’ll allow you railroad _§ fare, and if you need part time work to ing qe help pay your expenses, my employment vatem 8} department will help you find it, and we train you... or iM inthegreat shops of Coyne . . . on real dynamos, gen- liyer F erators, power plants, autos, engines, batteries, house- wiring, etc.—the » greatest outlay of electrical appara- tus ever assembled. NOT By Correspondence Je- Secrets ~and nowhere else in the world—can you get rself, Alli@m ‘Such training. Here, we give you years of actual ex- uxly Co., perience in 90 days. Here, we can teach you far more § than an ordinary electrician ever knows. from p + ’ ; i * Don’t worry abouta job. Coyne training 1026 x a A Job * settles the job question forever. 60,000 a tional electricians are needed every year. Our t, largest t bureau secures dozens of positions every emist, ing

week! We gi f I ively for a give you free employment service for lif re to Dl “ oe pack you ue life thru our well organized gradu- or v

geles, C B t old h to vote And Pay? 22 not old, gouge, to vote $45 and $60 a week. And Future? 67. a $5,000 to $10,000 a year. Free R. R. Fare—Free Radio and Auto Electrical Courses —I£f You Enroll Now Coyne is your one great chance to get into elec- tricity. You don’t need a speck of experience. You don’t need high school education. R. R. fare to Chicago is free when you enroll. And we help you to part-time work while training. We have removed every obstacle. And right now I am including FREE Automotive Electricity and Radio courses. H. C. LEWIS, Pres. COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL Dept. C7-73 age w. mote Se Chicago § <j; MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION I Learned ELECTRICITY Without Books or Lessons In 9O Days “Today I am making more money than ever before in my life. Many days I have made as high as $25 clear.” That’s what Clarence Ackland, farmer’s son, does in Wt. Brooklyn, Ill.,in just evenings and spare time. Coyne electrical training has brought steady jobs, big money, and spectacular success to thousands. No matter what your age, schooling, experience or job is now, investigate the amazing opportunities open to you. SEE HOW QUICK YOU CAN EARN $60 to $200 A WEEK If you really want more money... . sly, Gis to pow real future for yourself or your family, is your hour of opportunity. You can find out ev: absolutely free. Simply mail — for the big, free

Coyne Book of 150 Photo- graphs ... facts. . . jobs -- + Salaries .. . opportuni- ties. This step does not obli- gate you. So act at once. Send for this Free Book Amazing Opportunities SSSSSSSESSEEEESSSSSeeseseee Mr. H. C. Lewis, President, COYNE ELECTRICAL SCHOOL, Dept. ©7-73 1300 W. Harrison St., Chicago Dear Mr. Lewis: Without obligation, send me your big free catal and all details. I understand I will not be bothered by any salesman. DS odindbebsda% eo ccccccececescccesecs SII <-o0ccidcatie ccbdete actaeanddinainee ceccese oe es.0, eee eee eee eee eee eee ee eee

acre swasmannreres oomece scars

Page 118

116 Business Opportunities JUST $1 started one man awe hn $18 daily, particulars free. Delhenty, Webbwood, O SIGNS and showcards easily painted witn letter tterns. in ae variety of styles and sizes. Samples or stamp. B2120 Neva Ave., Chicago. MR, oS TISER: Ask today for & copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts whicn will aig interesting and valuable to you. It also tells ““How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Lite = 5 You'd like to know, wouldn't you? Address your inquiry to: Man- er, * Clasaified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York.

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION For Inventors

INVENTORS’ Universal Educator—contains 900 mechanical movements; 50 perpetual motions. Tells how to obtain and sell patents. Suggests new ideas. Explains how to omg your attorney and avoid patent sharks. Special Price, $1.00 postpaid. en E. Dieter- ich, 681 Ouray Bldg. ‘Washington, D. GET your own patents. Forms, samplers instruc- tions, $1. Cooperson, Campbell, Calif. INVENTIONS helped along, we help perfect them if necessary, promote, patent, and market them, send us ros ideas and problems, you pay us nothing if patent ils to make money. The Iler Electric Service Co., 917 Hillman St., Youngstown, Ohio

Chalk Talks

INVENTORS assisted financially to securé patents. Write for particulars. Inventors Service Bureau, Box 1648, Washington, D. C INVENTORS. Problems solved.

Information any

LAUGH producing program, $1.00. Catalog free. subject, $1.00 up. Strictly confidential. Information Cartoonist Balda, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Bureau, Paris, Texas. ' Chemists For Men and Women OUR, new catalog listing 5000 chemicals, 2500 llus- DETECTIVES—Work home ‘or travel. Experience trations, Laboratory apparatus and 1000 books. Sent f Radio catalog (100 pages) liberal discounts, 10c. Laboratory Materials Company, 641 East 7ist Street, Chicago, U. 8S. A. Clocks WORLDS most beautiful P. V. Grasberger, Bumpass, Va. Dogs, Birds, Fish BEAUTIFUL he bull pups, $15. Bulldogs, 501 Rockwood, Dallas, Texas.

mantecl-clocks. $5.

unnecessary. Particulars free. Write, George Wagner, 2190-P Broadway, N. Y. WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in every factory in the United States to act as subscription representative for the most pular magazine in the world. Address Manager of epeegontenves, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York.

August, 1977 Help Wanted Instruction FIREMEN, Brakemen, Baggagemen (white 27> — a —. train porters (colored) se Or eo}. CG monthly. Experience unnecessary. 838 East St. Louis, Ill. Hallvay Bureau, (

DETECTIVES Earn Big Money. Excellent 2 tunity. Travel. Fascinating work. ——~ OPDor. pooqgeney. Write, George Wagner, 2190-P B a MEN—WOMEN, 18 up. U. S._ Government Um Jobs. $95.00 to $250.00 month. Steady work hours. Paid vacation. Experience unn Short mon education sufficient. Sample coaching, list ot of oe tions and full particulars—Free. Write Dosh. Franklin Institute, Dept. M 30, Rochester dae

ib

‘ mney tong 4 peed ae reg ere bgt 2 _Fees Smalt ‘orms. “has uyer, 901 uitable Bh ton, Delaware. ds. Walmig Incorporations €

nd Information

INFORMATION about any German ‘merchandise Keiser, Pelzerstr. 17/15; Hamburg, Germany. GET the most from your radio investment by follow. R— ing = oe = buying. ast . pf ng in new 20-page booklet publis Popular Sega, Institute, 248 Fourth Ave., New York City.

INVENTORS: Get this pamphlet—‘*What to In- ALL Agvertatss = not be without the important ‘ vent.” No theory or guess work, but things pre 4 facts on vo B... aking. Write — for the “Quick. « asked for by manufacturers. Sent prepaid for only $1. Action Advertising Rate Folder” ch conta i i Inventors’ Syndicate, 23 Paladium Pidg., St. Louis, Mo. MAKE or Refinish your own pearl beads or cover other objects to produce pearly effect. We furnish pearl lacquer in qo pak, blue, cream, green, brown or gold colors, wi simple instructions ‘for using. Generous size bottle $1.00 postpaid. State color desired. Dallas Pearl Essence Co., Terminal Island, Calif.

Education and Instruction DON’T prepare for any Civil Service examination without our free catalogue. Columbian Corre- spondence Co! . Washington, D. C CGARTOONING and Commercial Art. 25 lessons, 300 Illustrations a, clothbound volumes and draw outfit $5 postpaid. Catalog Free. Nu-Way Art Schoo 220 Graham Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. ge Study Courses al schools on all sub- sold complete in fine condition, at bargain prices, Sensational reductions on all oneinens automobile, radio, chemistry, electrical courses. oney Back Guarantee. Easy Terms. Courses bought. Write for FREE catalog. Economy Educator Service (Dept. N), 202 W. 49th St., New York. “DOUBLE entry bookkeeping ,mastered in 60 hours with 8 keys; guaranteed; diploma.”"" International Book- keeping Institute, Desk 10, Springfield, Mo. SWIFTHAND, the New Writing System, revolution- izes handwriting, combining shorthand speed with the accuracy and legibilit Lo print. New principle elimi- nates guesswork despite speed. No abbreviations need be memorized. Sereatiniesiiy based on the alphabet but even easier to learn. Uses only longhand strokes. Particulars FREE. Economy Educator Service (Dept. N), 202 W. 49th St., New York. High School, Normal, Business, Law, and Engineering courses. Tuition —_ $3.00 per month. Address, Carnegie College, Rogers, Ohio. 1,001,001,001 :001) BRIEF Numerals one dollar for the system with its interestin history until Nov. 1 7. Enclose self addressed stam envelope for samples = . ew Hyrum Alpha Thomas, Box 69, Glenwood, 10

rafting,

HOME Study:

Electrical THE Electrician's Wiring Manual, By F. E. Seng- stock, E. E. Contains all the information needed for the roper installation of lighting and power systems in ouses and other buildings. It completely covers inside electrical wiri and construction in accordance with the wo Electric Code. poe size—filexible bind- 48 p ce $2.50. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave. New York City. Farm Wanted WANTED—Hear from owner good farm for sale. os price, particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, inn.

Financing and Investments

ASSURANCE—Trading in the Stock Market. How

Formulas

DON’T Buy Formulas till you’ve read my Valuable, _— ans. Literature for producing Guaranteed oney-. king Specialties in all lines. Mailed Free. Address Miller, Manufacturer's Chemist, Tampa,

For the Home

scribers. Subscription $1.00 year. T HOT water on tap, $6. Make your own Automatic. 30c. Department D, ecdueeen N. r “= Write John Kirkeby, San Luis Obispo, Calif. formation of value to you. If you are anxious rofit returns, do it now! Address = anager, Classified ag me Keouter rn ork. Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New

—————

Inventions Wanted

patented. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183 St. Louis, Mo. ‘ Laboratory and Chemical Services YOUR chemical robles Ae and working formula or process fu rnished for 0. Write me. Wo Richards, Industrial ry bey Box 2402, Boston, Mass, FREE chemical service: Any formula or process printed free in “Popular Chemistry” for INVENTIONS commercialized. Patented or up Enright,

GRANDFATHER clock works, $5.00. Build your own case, instructions free; make good profits selling your friends. Clock works with chimes for old or new cases. Write for full particulars. Clock Co., Nicetown, Penn. TO THE man who likes to work with tools, Popular Science Monthly offers the opportunity to purchase blue- rints giving details of the construction of useful articie;s ‘or the home. The following are a = of the blueprints available: No. 1, Sewing Table, No. 5, Kitchen Cabinet, No. 13, Tea Wagon, No. 15, Workshop Bench, No. 17, Cedar and Mahogany Chest, No. 43, Four Tube Radio Receiver, 44 and 45, Model Pirate Ship, 46 and 47, Spanish "Galleon, 48, Model Salling Yacht. Send 25¢ for each blueprint that you wish to * & A Science Monthly, 242 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. CEDAR chests only $11. 5 Re KEE comnasete with rich copper trim—you assemble and save half— send for pictures. ‘*Red-i-Kut’’ Kuempel, Guttenberg, Iowa.

Machines CONCRETE Building Block Machines and Catalog free. Concrete Manufacturing Co., 5 N. St. Louis, Mo.

|

Magic Tricks NEW 1927 ‘Fun-Magic-Mystery” now r pages, profusely illustrated. aon 750 tricks —jokes— puzzles—books—Eu n novelties at re duced prices. Postpaid, “100. Lyle Douglas, Station A-4, Dallas, Texas.

i

Mailing Lists Drafting has Hel, W, d TIAL profe elp W ante 99% GUARANTEED Mailing Lists. Agents, Buse 9] underlying « ness Firms, Individuals, Professions, for every need neering, all : * ae : Guaranteed reliable and accurately compiled. Nomancan EARN = pel a Hg | wine for neve and price list on request. National Mailing List shhout kn apers, magaz =xper n ssary. Details 45 Broad St., Newark, N. ree. Press Syndicate, 971, St. Louis, Mo. ad |] PLANS. De STEAMSHIP positions—Burope. Orient. Good pay. j| throw thirt; Experience unnecessary. List of positions free. Box Manufacturin stop all the 122-Z. Mount Vernon, N. Y. ig portation—u SILVERING Mirrors, +7 piste. easily learned WIRE: Steel, q immense rofits. Plans free. Wear Mirror Works. teel, Aluminum Copper and Brass. Excelsior Springs, No go anuinctirea to order Cosiey Manuner |] 5 TSC, MEN, get Forest Ranger job; $125—$200 mo. and home te ui an at “e furnished; permanent; hunt, fish, trap. For details, ng, a write Norton, 224 McMann Bldg., Denver, Colo. Miscella Hyears, Six IF YOU Are A Man Worthy of the name and not scellaneous eta have afraid to work I'll bet you $50.00 you can’t work for us t starts you thirty days and earn less than $200.00. Think I’m FORMS to cast Lead Soldiers, Indians, Marines, Tra» #f in the big a bluffing? Then answer this ad and show me up. Open- pete. Animals, 151 kinds. Send 10c for Ilust rates Sam and it leads ings for managers. Wonder Box sells on sight. The best eG Henry C. Schiercke, 1034 72nd St., Brooklyn, N.Y. you get ever elling proposition in America today. Write Tom Walk- ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of is of the Every job y< er, Dept. 111, Pittsburgh, Pa. “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” has been bu WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in some really important facts which will prow ve interes can underst: every factory in the United States to act as subscri and valuable to you. It also tells “H Th Popular Science Monthly Profitable ° ¥ youd like to y Buil tion representative for the most popular magazine

know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Mi is |

this is best obtained and how you can trade in 100 the world. Address Manager of Representatives, shares of stock for $150 t to $225 is ex plained in our free | Popular Science Monthly, 2501 Fourth Ave., New York. Classified Advertising, Popular Science Monthly, | architectura Booklet. Paul Kaye, 149 Broadway, New York. HOW to obtain positions in South America, $1.00. | Fourth Avenue, New York. others are h¢ Box 342, South Bend, Ind. JeCASH jPald for dental gold, “false, teeth a dlecardd at BIG SAL, WANTED: Ambitious, reliable man with selling ex- onde, platinum. Mail to er that For Boys perience to start business of his own in his home town. | 425 Sterling St., Brooklyn, N. Y. us or ar Right man will be fi $5000. year. Write fully, TATTOOING—Learn how with my outfits. D Then INTERESTED in Science? Form Science Club In stating references. ‘imperial Stationery Company, Desk tive cireulare sent anywhere. Sergt. Bonzey, 367 We 2 your town. Conduct experiments, field trins, etc. In- H-110. Greenfield, a ere Don’t worry crressise booklet, club plans, ‘membership blanks, SECRET Service aaa e Free. Be a Detective. hiring-boss v ample magazine, 25¢ coin. Selentifie Clubs America, Travel, Big Pay, Send $2 for year’s membership to s ing and prac MeComb, ‘Mississippi. c Jontinental Secret Service System, Box 81K, Waukegan, Models and Model Supplies and finger ti WANTED Man with Car. Make fortune as Real 7" ORWE WIL ent Estate Specialist. I made $100,000. Cooperate with me. SPECIAL Machinery or parts, Dies, Tools, ae For Inventors Learn the secret of my success. Use my remarkable Specteeien, ee Ww 5 xe oose. stock genre sae ‘servic — system. Start at home in spare time. Build wonderful | pyPhtes.. ven’ 5e for Catalogue. . UNPATENTED Ideas Can be Sold. I tell you how business without capital or experience. Write at once orks, Tintey Park, Ill . et and help you make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- for a rary | money-making offer. Address Ostrander, WOODS for Models, Scroll Work and inlaying. ed. ° righted). rite W. T. Greene, 805 Jenifer Building, Room 34-2, 18 East 18th St., New York. Wild, 510 East 11th St., New York. a8 well < Washington, D. C MEN wanting Forest Ranger or U. S. Mail positions, HIP Model Fittings and readycut hulls. ft the job INVENTIONS _Commercialized. Patented or un- p en ea mene ; Steady; experience unnecessary. For wy for list. Roy Hancock, 323 Douglas, Po has ir ented. Write Adam Fisher Mfz. Co., 183 Enright St. jradford, 31 South 52nd St., Phila- tional emplo 8. Mo. delphia, Pa “SPECIAT. machine builders, tool and die ie training inventor’s models, production work of all kinds. I AM in touch with hundreds of moneyed men and manufacturers who wish to buy good inventions. Hart- ley, 38 Court St., Bangor, Maine.

ARE you old at fort See our advertisement on e 107 of this issue. ne og I Thermal Company, 4072 Main Street, Steubenville, O

Co., Ravensw TOR. son uality Hardware & Machine orndale Avenues, Chicago, Ill

Page 119

Terror! rele) trained, “makers ff ite August, Beware of the ‘Diploma A Dé as “GO INTO ¢ DRAFTING « Drafting has become a fundamental, ESSEN- TIAL profession. It is the motive-power underlying all building construction, all engi- neering, all manufacturing, all public works. No mancan get very farin any of these fields without knowing how to make and read PLANS. Destroy all prints, and you will throw thirty million men out of work and stop all the wheels of commerce and trans- portation—until new plans could be made. First, We Prepare You The American School has been teaching men Drafting, at home, in their sparetime, for over Hyears. Sixteen of America’s most noted En- gineers have built this Drafting instruction. It starts you off Drafting—the way they do it in the big architects’ and engineers’ offices, and it leads you along by easy stages until youget every branch of the advanced work. Every job you practice, every lesson you do has been built so men with little education can understand them. One of our graduates is y Building Commissioner of Chicago. Another is Chief Draftsman of the oldest architectural firm on the coast. Thousands of others are holding down important positions a&t BIG SALARIES. If you are wise, you will after that kind of training with no urging us or anyone else. Then we help you get a JOB! *t worry about “selling” yourself to the hiring-boss when you have that kind of train- and practice tucked away in your head and finger tips. Your “Samples” will sell you, ORWE WILL HELP YOU TO! Forit’s part of our course, part the-service you pay for, to you get placed, as wellas © help you get a oe O. C. MILLER, Director Extension Work HERE’S trouble ahead for men withlittle education. Big changes have come over condi- tions around you, and unless you un- derstand and FACE them, you haven’t a chance ina thousand. Millions of men armed with DIPLO- MAS are marching into the battle- groundsofindustry. Thesehighschool and college graduates are elbowing older fellows with less education out of the way. They are grabbing off the best jobs and promotions. What chance have you in competition with them? A New Danger! It’s true that up to ten years ago men with only common schooling could make some sort of a living. But remember then they were competing with uneducated men like themselves. Today, you see the youngsters of your own family, of neighbors, relatives and friends, all going to high school. Three out of five go on to university. 565,000 graduated this year, and the number is increasing. Employers know this. And you will find it harder and harder to get a good job or to ad- vance against the rivalry of men with MORE SCHOOLING. You are up against a real danger. The cards are stacked thing about it, you are headed for the bread-line of employment—or hard, physical labor. a8 well asthe preparation 4 tthe job. The American l has included a real, na- al employment service in training contract for {the Tit # Without cost or obligation send me free booklet, “ The Diploma Terror,” and your agreement to prepare me fora drafting job and a raise in pay, or to refund my money. Name 1927 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Only One Way OUT! It may be impossible for you to go back to school—and you don’t need to. We have studied this problem, and have found the solution. We have found there’s one thing that employers prefer toa DIPLOMA. That's expert knowledge, specialized training. Get that and you’re safe. With schooling alone you have a fighting chance for success. But wrap your head and fingers around an expert training in, say, Drafting, and you can laugh at the man who has only a diplo- ma to fight you with. You can get that SPECIALIZED TRAIN- ING at home, in your spare time. You don’t have to quit your job or leave home. And you don’t have to risk a dime either. For the American School, established over 30 years, with assets of a million-and-a-half dollars, will undertake to train you and place Given;""': Bay 7 drafting instruments, you for one small fee and on easy board, T square, triangles terms, ANDON A snd eipnlicaiacaded se MONEY-BACK 2 isl GUARANTEE. out extra charge. Better look into this QUICK! Send for my free book, “The Diploma Terror” and with it Ill send my agree- ment to train you for a better job and a raise in pay, under money-back penalty. Mail coupon today! SE SB SS SSS SSS SSS eee eee . 4 1 a § O.C. MILLER, Director Extension Work against you an unless you do some- : American School, Dept. DC-75 Drexel Avenue and 58th Street, Chicago Past 3 years, UNDER PENAL- TYOF MONEY REFUNDED. Dept. DC-75, Drexel Avenue, and 58th St., Chicago | Address__ Occupation sige ————— — ST TRIN RENT OS cs

Page 120

118 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION August, 197 Models and Model Supplies Patent Attorneys

Salesmen and Agents Wanted

MODEL steam engines Company, e models, (qneinnatl U. 8. A. nd ag talogue fiiwsteoting 2 "Anest vi A, sete Het ca com] ete line su oa or 10 cents. U. 8. Model ‘Air iP Monroe 8t., Brooklyn, N CARL MILLER, Registered Patent Attorney, McGill Building, Washington, D. C. Write for Instructions.

Patents for Sale INVENTORS: an wd — service for presenting your invention or ee Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 18324, Rnright, St. Louis,

Motorcycles MOTORCYCLE bargains. Used, rebuilt. Guaran- tec? rs on asyrevel. Catalog free. Floyd Clymer, 812 Broadway, Denver, Colo. Motors MOTORS—New GE 110 or 220 =. 60 cycle —_ Phase, 4% HP $11.90, % HP $28.53 P $38.50 Mail $3 Check or Money Order. We will anip C.O.D. any- where. Motor Specialties Co., Orafven, Penna.

GUARANTEED H. P. A. C. 110-v. motors, $6.00. Ame he bargains. C. Elle & Co., 1018 Lake ‘0, :

Music and Musical Instruments

SAXOPHONISTS — Clarinetists — Cornetists — Been ese butels eT Pointers.” Virtuoso Music School, 36, Buffalo, N

Office Devices ADDRESSING machines, multigraph, duplicators, folders, check writers, sealers, dictating machines, at about half new cost. Pruitt, 117 N. Market St., Chicago. ALL ADVERTISERS should not be without the im- portant facts on Money Making. Write today for the ick-Action Advertis' Rate e Polder™ which contains information of value to _ If you are anxious for quick rofit returns, do it w! Address your inquiry to: anager, Classified wAdvertising. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New York.

Patent Attorneys

PATENTS—tTime counts in "leas. for patents. Don't risk delay in protecting your pene 8 etch or model for instructions or write for FRE “How to Obtain a Patent” and “‘Record of Srenteen om No charge for information on how to proceed. Communica- tions strictly confidential. Prompt, careful, efficient service. Clarence A. O'Brien, Registered Patent Attorney, Security Bank Building Mg Dayo across street from Patent Ome), Washington, D. C. (See page 123) PATENTS. Booklet free. Highest references. Best results. Promptness assured. Watson E. puman, Patent Lawyer, 724 9th Street, Washington, D INVENTORS’ Guide free on request; gives valuable information and advice for all who have original ideas or improvements. Frank Lederman, Registered Attorney Engineer, Woolworth Blidg., 1714, New York. UNPATENTED Ideas Can Be Sold. I tell you how and help ren make the sale. Free particulars (Copy- hted). te W. T. Greene, 811 Jenifer Building, pahtngton. D yc. MILLIONS spent annually for ideas! Hundreds now wanted! Patent yours and profit! Write today for free book—tells how to protect yourself, how to invent, ideas wanted! How we help you sell, ett. American Indus- tries, Inc., 50] Victor Bidg., Washington, D. C. PATENTS, Trade-Marks, all countries. Ten years’ experience examining Fm wor in Patent Office. Consultation invited. rge Beeler, Patent Attorney, 11 Park Place, New You’ MONROE E. MILLER, Ourep Bld ig. Washington, D. C., Patent Lawyer, Mechanical, Electrical Expert. Book- let and Priority Record blank ‘gratis. PATENTS Procured: Trade Marks Registered.—A com om ie > rienced, opromat service for the pro- tect — of your ideas. Preliminary advice indy farts without charge.. Booklet of in- hee and corms for Suloens idea free on ees. Richard B. Owen, 44 Owen Bidg., Washington, D. C., 41-Z Park "Row. “New York.

PATENTS _ listed for sale. re Service Bureau, Box 1648, Washington, D. C OUTRIGHT or royalty. Patent No. 1,575,332. Paring Knife. Just the article for aluminum manu- facturer. F. E. Hall, Morris, Minn.

Photographs and Supplies HAVE you acamera? Write for free sample of our big magazine, showing how to make better pictures and earn money. American Photography, 117 Camera House, Boston, 17, Massachusetts. MAKE money in Photography. Learn quickly at home. Spare or full time. New Plan. Nothing like it. Experience unnecessary. American Schodl of Photog- raphy, Dept. 1743, 3601 Michigan Avenue, Chicago.

Name and Number Plates, Checkerboar Book and Sample free. E. Palmer, 513, Wooster Oh AGENTS—Make a dollar an hour. Sell aa = A BUSINESS of your own— Making rus, Si Os

potens patch for instantly mending leaks in all w ample package free. Collette Mf, Dept Amsterdam, N. s EARN $10 daily silvering mirrors, pl - finishing metal ware. headlig its jpchandel lers, Beda utfits furnis ecie Laboratorie way, New York. a oo POLMET Polishing 2 cleans all metal. fast at 25c. Sample free. C. Gale, 15 St., Boston. ANY salesman can sell them! Merchants every y

use punchboards. Someone sells —. wh Collect big commissions daily. Newest, 1 zest catalog sent upon ‘a Lincoln Sales 0., 9 8. Clin ton, Chicago, Dept. AGENTS: Make $500.00 Monthly. Pay daily. Now Nob. vestment. meng ma Ne ce ete and | novelties, Sey easy everywhere. xclusive territory. C Co., 606 Blue Island, Chicago. ry. Chaton Hemgy DON’T sell for others. Employ agents yourselt Make your own products. Toilet articles, specialties, Lang an t fit. We furnish’ ev and show you h uable booklet free. W; once. National Scientific Laboratories, 1986 W, Broad, Richmond, Va.

AGENTS, both sexes, we manufacture and control new household article. Fast seller. Big profits, Ey. clusive | Write now, Connolly, 123 Liberty St.,

Photoplays Wanted $1250.00 FOR a Photoplay story by an unknown writer and sold through our Sales Department. We re- vise copyright and market. Locat in the heart of Motion Picture Industry. We know the demand. Established 1917. Send Manuscript for free criticism. Booklet mailed on request. Universal Scenario Company, 214 Western & Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, Calif. Pipe and Boiler Tubes PIPE second hand, guaranteed suitable for all prac- tical purposes with al threads and couplings, sixteen feet and over; cut to your requirements, also Boiler Tubes. New Fittings. Pfaff & Kendall, 100 Waydell St., Newark, N. J.

Printing and Engraving BETTER Printing for Less Money. Write us about your printing needs, and you will save money. Ernest Fantus Company, 525 South Dearborn Street, Chicago. SUPERIOR quality printing. Attractive samples free. Kay Press, 5406 Thurston, Rochester, N. Y. 200 SHEETS and 100 Envelopes printed, $1.00. Write for samples. J. Brooks, Printer, Glasgow,

AGENTS, Salesmen, Crewmen—You'll have th Devil’s own time finding a better seller than “ ” Splendid profit on snappy 50c **Go-Getter” t that sells on a ten-second demonstration. Works whik you watch it. Demonstrates value while others wasty time making claims. New development. Greates scientific triumph of the age. It’s the berries. Writs immediately for complete proposition. Company, 908 Bozan Street, Fort Wayne, Indiana, AMAZING Gas Saver. Every Auto. 1 free to to intro. duce. Vapor moisture. Doubles Mileage, Critchlow, G-142, Wheaton, Ill. NEW Camera. Regular black and white photo finished quickly inside camera. Make mo selling cameras, taking photos or doing both. Crown Dept. 485, Norwalk, Conn. $50.00 WEEKLY easy, Applying Gold Initials o Sngomopiles. No Ce a peeet, Fe 45 5 profi ey ob. Free samples. ‘‘Ralco Monograms,” Washington, Boston, Mass. 35% COMMISSION selling $1.50 boxes M Stationery. New. Write. Wolfeprint, Lawndale, delphia. CALIFORNIA perfumed beads selling like hot cakes, Agents coining money. Big profits. hp free. Mission Factory, R2328 W. Pico, Los Angeles, Calif, ~ SIMPLEX Vaporizer. 25 to 60% increased guaranteed. Retails $1. Thirty days free trial, clusive territory. American Fixture Co., 232 West Water, Milwaukee, Wis.

b MULTIGRAPH Letters, $2.50 Thousand. Lettcr-_ eads, $3.50. Printcrafters, 1390 Temple, Detroit. 200 LETTERHEADS, 7x10, $2.00 and 100 En- velopes, ppene. Fine quality Bond Paper. Your name and address printed on each sheet and envelope. Enclose price with order. Eimer Legg, Printing Co., 5th Floor Graphic Arts Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

Printing Outfits and Supplies PRINT your own cards, stationery, circulars, paps. 3 etc. Complete outfits $8.85; Job Presses $11, $29: Rotary $149. Print for others, big profit. All easy, rules sent. Write for catalog presses, type, paper, etc. kK Isey Company, F-3, Meriden, Conn.

$15.00 DAILY (In Advance) introducing latest guar anteed hosiery for men—women—children. Just write orders. We deliver and collect. Cort unnecessary. Samples furnished. Milton Mathews, Road 1528, Cincinnati, Ohio. MISTER Agent let me tell you how to ie world s Biggest-selling Specialties as, ture-proofing liquid for tires; Solvit Hand Cleaner Mendit, Fabric Patching ne ry Automobile Finish—all colors; Bugacide, Fly-killing S ~~. Thermic Ice Saving Cloth; Tufnit, for q of Silk Hosiery; Ducopol Guaranteed Most Automobile Polish. Fifty other equally Sue Makers, Investment Small. Profits Great! me tel you how to get the profit you’re entitled to. Miller, ~~ Chemist, Ailler Chemical Building, Tamp, orida.

Radio HOW to Buy, Install and Operate for best results. A new 20-page ooklet published a J the Popular Science Institute gives full details that will help you get the most out of your radio investment. Price 25 = Bru Science Institute, 242 Fourtif Ave., N. Y. Ci Real Estate—Orchards—Farm Lands PECAN—Orange—Fig Groves “On the Gulf.” Monthiy payments. Guaranteed care Big, quick returns. Suburban Orchards, Dept. ‘‘S, & Biloxi, Miss.

Salesmen and Agents Wanted

Lp gq aod E. ge Lamyer, » washington

Loan & Trust Bidg., Washington. D. PATENT, trade-marks, copyrights. Rallabie services by an experienced practitioner devoting personal at- tention to e4. case. Inquiries invited. References furnished. Fishburne, Patent Lawyer. 525-C MeGill Building. ‘Washington, D. C. AGENTS —Clever iaventiou! Iinkspoon makes every pen a fountain pen. Fast office seller, big profit, demand increasing everywhere. Exclusive territory offered. Sample free. H. Hi. Marul Company,Tribune Bldg., New York. GET our free sample case, toilet articles, perfumes ane specialities. Wonderfully profitable. La Derma Co Dept. F., St. Louis, Missouri.

ed AND en 232 Ouray Building, Washington, D. C. “Originators of the Form Evidence of Conception. ** Before disclos your invention to anyone send for blank form to be s and witnessed. Form and patent information bulletin free. EDWARD C. SASNETT, Formerly a <r Exam- iner U. S. Patent Office, "Attorney-at-La Strictly rsonal service. Correspondence invited. “516 McGill uilding, Washington, D. C. MR. ADVERTISER: Ask today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder.” It contains some really important facts which will prove interesting and valuable to you. It also tells “‘How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly Profitably.”” You'd like to know, wouldn’t you? Address your inquiry to: Man- aes" Classified ey 4 Popular Science Monthly, Fourth Avenue, New York one "8 Advisor, valuable tent book, sent Lebiner, Three Parkrow, New York.

AGENTS. $60—$200 a week. Genuine gold letters for store windows easily applied. Free samples. —- offer to general agents. Metallic Letter Co., 434-A Clark, Chicago. BANKRUPT and Rummage Sales. Make $50.00 daily. We start you, furnishing everything. Distributors Dept. 34, 609 Division, Chicago. $10 DAILY silvering mirrors, plating and refinish‘ng lamps, reflectors, antes, beds, chandeliers by new method. Outfits furnished. Vrite Gunmetal Co., Ave. F, Decatur, Illinois. AGENTS—Best seller; Jem Rubber meee for tires and tubes; supersedes vulcanization at a savi Le over 800 per cent; put it on cold, it vulcanizes itse f in two minutes, and is guaranteed to last the life of the tire or tube; sells to every auto owner and accessory dealer. rod particulars now, to make big money and free sample, ad ress Amazon Rubber Co., 504 Amazon Building, Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania.

AT LAST! Reasonable priced Auto Emblems for evey Li ace. Sells for only $1.25. Write for attractive roposition and FREE sample case offer. North Distributors, Department 10, Ashland, Ohio. AGENTS. We have a whirlwind seller. Get details Webster, 608 Wrightwood, Chicago, Ill AGENTS make $3.00 an hour taking orders for or 40 fascinating Kitchen Specialties. No Com Write quick. General Products Co., Dept. Newark, N. J. TOOL salesman for complete line of automotive tools sold direct to mechanics and repair shops territory; 30% commission. Automotive Tool Mig. Co, Milwaukee, Wis.

INVES hold favorite ness. E. M. | WE PAY introduce ou Company, D AMAZIN‘ 70% commi Titoual, 12’ AGENTS: Automatieali ures. G stration clos fit for you. gearenten. ray Seal Pr -AGENT: Dp! on New Orleans

pe a eq e! sale aly G

WALKER made $165 first day selling Collection Sy tem to doctors and merchants. Retails $6.50. $65.00, costs $1.50. Adjustment Assn., Mobile, Alabama AGENTS $240 month. Bonus besides. Sell finest line silk hosiery. Guaranteed 7 months or new hose fre New selling plan. Auto furnished. Write quick. Bette knit Textile Co., Silk 432, "Greenfield, Ohio. i

AGENTS Wanted to advertise our goods and tribute to consumer; 90c an hour; write for American Products Co., 9217 Monmouth, WRITE for Free Samples. Introduce “ Cuenta Shirts 3 for $4.95. No capital or Your pay daily. Monthly bonus extra. cinnat! Shirt Company, Lane 1608, Cincinnati, Ohio. AGENTS: Sensational profits taking orders for Taykt made-to-measure caps for men, and women’s hats with purse to match. $75 ‘to $150 ones va in advance. We deliver. Outfit 7. Taylor Cap Manufacturers, Desk S-7, Cincinnatl, Ole JUST ont; New Patented Apron. No strings # straps— 00 a day every day; over R BP Co. Dm

missions daily. Write for free offer. Sta- 8, St. Louis, Mo. os HOLLYWOOD California Hat. Latest ve Star Sensation. Men and women wanted in county. Free Sample. Enclose gears 5621 Sunset Blvd. Hollywood, Calif. FROM the Argentine, South America. Novelty: marvelous sales possibility, most un for full’ rticulars. Write Don Francis X. © Dept. 117, 23 Washington St., New York City.

Page 121

P Fil Fiettaiial Fe as 5 | i i sal ik E 832 eat ot & = g fl HE i

<= = es a

:

bil SH Hite 5 i ofaFoteede a i %

bull fan August, 1927 Salesmen and Agents Wanted

J se cen, Formulas, Processes, Trade-Secrets pro- AXLY products. Make them yourself. All lines. duce or catalog, circulars free. C. Thaxly Company, Send ington, D.C. GENTS—Sensational new adjustable cap fits AGENTS <olls at sight. Make $50 to $75 weekly on ing orders. Commissions _in advance. Complete writtMiree. Fits-U Cap Co., Dept. CH-80, Cincinnati,

S sell our line high class printing at half ay peal to every one in Business. Liberal commis- wie wie order. Samples free. Free cut service. R. Williams Co., Aurora, Indiana. RAND new plan. Make $45 and up weekly. Profits B advance. Free suit to each agent. Just show our

paid in w style outfit and take orders for our wonderful, ne Handsome carryi case outfit of loring. nigh-sradP Hoth samples—everything “furnished Free. = r Mead Company, Sherman and Harrison, Dept. -821, Chicago. MAKE $12 a day from start and liberal bonus selling Pioneer $23.50 all-wool tailoring. Commissions paid in vance. Striking leather brief case and 100 large cloth ples furnish We train the inexperienced. Write a Pioneer Tailoring Co., 159 West Harrison, Dept: H-1121, Chicago. NTS sell gas 3c gallon. 300% Your ad- nn cn cae. No fake. Guaranteed product. Free rticulars and proof. Lefebvre Company, Alexandria, nt., Ca : REPLATE brassy worn-off automobile parts, re- fectors, bath room fixtures, worn spoons, forks, etc., with pure silver. Looks like new. Use U-Kan-Plate Positively no mercury. $1.00 half pint. Post- Agents wanted. Dept 8.

rofit.

tisfaction guaranteed. at eriate Co., Philadelphis. SCARY women buy my new “Lookout” invention on sight. The Lookout permits women to see who is out- side their door without the caller knowing it. A $1.50 seller that pays you 85c profit! Sells quickly to ever home, private clubs and hardware stores. Easy to sell 20a day and earn $17 daily. Send one dollar for sample particulars about free kit and special sales plan. Write today! New Invention Factories, 26 Governor Place, Long Island City, New York. TEST big money-maker at our risk. Will send sample tented wringer mop on approval. Many eager buyers. Kleanesy Mop Co., Dept. L-8, Delphos, Ohio. RE it is! something different: a new adjustable, siterprost apron everybody wants, over one hundred r cent profit. B & G Rubber Co., Dept. 241, Pitts- bargh, Pa. SMEN—Make $44 weekly and expenses; $1 dad pect time; sell ‘Mason Shoes;”’ 91 styles; easy sales; big regent business; free selling outfit. Write Mason Co., Box 1223, Philadelphia, Pa. ESTIGATE our unique sales plans—250 House- hold favorites—quick sales—100% profit—steady busi- ness. E. M. Davis Co., Dept. 57, 451 E. Ohio, Chicago. PAY $48 a week, furnish auto and expenses to uladese our Soap and Washing Powder. Buss-Beach Company, Dept. A-48, Chippewa Falls, Wis. AMAZING advertising service, sells every merchant. 70% commission! $150.00 weekly easy! rite today! National, 1271 California St., San Francisco, California. AGENTS: Make $100 Weekly selling ‘“‘“Gray Seal’’— Automatically, instantly and permanently seals all tire ures. Gives longer life to tires and tubes. Demon- stration closes sale every time, with $1.50 to $3.00 pro- fit for you. Exclusive territory given. Money-back rantee. Write today for our very liberal offer. ray Seal Products Corp., 206 Rutger St., St. Louis, Mo. -AGENT: Be a thousand miles ahead of competition. Patented product housewives want. 100% _ profit. Commission in advance if wanted. Manager, Box 929, New Orleans, La. ARE you old at forty? See our advertisement on 107 of this issue. The Electro Thermal Company, 2 Main Street, Steubenville, Ohio. A PAYING position open to representative of char- acter. Take orders shoes-hosiery direct to wearer. G income. Permanent. Write now. Tanners Shoe Mfg. Co., §-95 C. St., Boston, Mass.

Sales Promotion

EXPERIENCED promoter new products personally writes folders, letters, sp ed campaigns. Reason- able. Box 56, S. Orange, N. J.

Shop Equipment

BUILD a business by repairing tires and batteries. The equipment costs little to own and operate. Whole- - only. Get free catalog. Adams-Barr, Columbus, 0.

Stamps and Coins

STAMPS, 100. All different, 3 cents. P. 8. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo, Ohio. STAMP Collectors—Phillips Monthly Bulletin (illus- trated) offers over 2000 special bargains, sets, packets, ete. each issue. Free. Phillips, Box 1012, Hartford, Lists free.

OLD coins, large Fall selling catalogue of coins for sale free. Catalogue quoting prices paid for coins, ten cents. Hesslein, 101B Tremont Street, Boston,

ae a CALIFORNIA gold $% size, 27c.; $¥% size, 53c. White cent and catalogue, 10c. Norman Schultz, Box 746, Salt Lake City, Utah. 150 GOOD mixed fore stamps, 3c. Stanton (144), Niantie, Conn. a es

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

—AND STILL THE AIR CANT COME OUT!

——— Goodbye, Tire Troubles! Investigate Details Today! leak! it away! Self-Acting AIR-STOP—the amazing new tire fluid—seals punctures auto- matically while you drive. No matter how many nails you run over, it doesn’t make a bit of dif- ference. You just keep spinning along as if nothing had happened. And that isn’t all! AIR-STOP not only seals punctures, but slow leaks, valve leaks and porous tubes as well. It even prevents cracked side-walls and rim cuts and triples tire mileage because it eliminates driving with semi- flat tires, which is ruinous to any casing! : AIR-STOP is a simple, harm- less fluid you just inject into the tire with a common grease gun. Non-injurious to tube or casing. Actually helps PRESERVE rub- ber. Never hardens in tire or becomes thick. Does its work the lifetime of any tube! patching tubes. of the economy! OED Generous Sample Offer to Motorists— Imagine getting 2,100 miles out of a porous tube that was so bad the owner was goin No wonder experts say that AIR-STOP is the most surprising auto discovery of recent times! to throw Punctures Amazing Fluid Makes Tires Immune No More Worries About Punctures, Slow Leaks and Valve Leaks! Seals Them the Minute They a While You Drive! No Fuss—No Bother—No Changing of Tires! onderful Big Money Proposition for Demonstrators and Agents?

Ohio.

SURPRISING reports on AIR-STOP are pouring in from users and agents all over the country. The users tell us how marvelously this new discovery ends tire troubles—and the agents tell us what a wonderful money-maker it is at the same time! 54 Punctures—No Leaks! “Received AIR-STOP samples and gave same a thorough test to- day! We used a 35x5 tire, driving 54 spikes into the same—and find- ing AIR-STOP entirely satis- factory!”’—Ralph Gates, Pa. Profit $122.00 “‘Have disposed of 56-set order (profit = 't Will send order for 200 sets by mail.”—Peebles, .

equally well in summer or winter—whether the ther- mometer registers 10 below zero or 100 in the shade! AIR-STOP never fails and a single application lasts Just think what this marvelous discovery means! No more changing tires on hot, dusty roads—in driving rain—or on pitch dark nights. i No more vulcanizing. And think AIR-STOP MFG. CO. .

/ AIR-STOP Demonstrator Makes $50 a Day! MAGINE being able to drive as many as 987 nails I into_an ordinary, air-filled tire without a single Wonderful Money Maker i i So astonishing is the effectiveness of this new inven- tion that agents and dew »nstrators everywhere are simply coining money for a few hours’ work. Some of their profits are really astonishing. L. B. Watson made $337.00 in two weeks. J. H. Roser made $22.95 in 1% hours. Hundreds of others are doing as well or better—in full or spare time. All you have to do is hammer nails into an old tire in front of auto owners, crowds on main streets, etc. They simply can’t believe their eyes when you pull the nails out and the tire doesn’t leak a bit! But you don’t have to have a car to inake money with AIR-STOP. Just an old casing mounted on a rim for demonstra- tion is all you need to take in $10—- $18 an hour. And think of the prospects! EVERY auto owner is intensely interested—whether he drives a Chevrolet or a Rolls- Royce—because he hates thedelay and inconvenience of changing tires. FREE SAMPLE OFFER And now to_ introduce this amazing invention, the discoverer—Mr. W. S. Hill— offers to send you a full size sample FREE! And more than that, he actually offers to PAY you for your cooperation in testing it, if you are not su ano cont No more only. really is! and delighted with results. Did you ever hear of such n-handed offer? ue it indefinitely—and are limiting it to 30 days So act at once. tunity to see for yourself how astonishing AIR. Clip the coupon now! L-535 Hewitt Bidg., Des Moines, Iowa course, we can’t afford to Take advantage of this @ - ‘OP Mz] it today!

50 DIFFERENT Portugal Colonies, 10c; 200 different »10c. Louis Morrison, Glenolden, Pa. VARIETIES unused free. Postage 2c. Miami Stamp Co., Toledo, O. GOOD mixed stamps, bargain lists, magazine, catalog, packet hinges, all 25c. Approvals for beginners. Harvey Teevle, Decatur, Indiana. F MINT—$5 revenue free to applicants with references. oreign revenues, telegraphs, locals, ete. Intriguing, ¢dueational, different, cheap.’ E. R. Vanderhoof, 1114 Logan Street, Denver, Colorado. P. 8.

AIR-STOP Mfg. Co., L-535 Hewitt Bidg., Des Moines, Iowa. Please send me full details of your offer of samples of AIR-STOP and your agreement to pay me for testing them if I am not astonished and enthusiastic over results. Also give me details of generous commissions to demonstrators.

Page 122

ee farn Only QaWeek t its 50 10°75 Now 5. eae starting your course,” writes Mr. J. T. Summers of Statesville, N.C., “I knew nothing about Auto Repair work. I have only common school education but find your training so clear and easy that a child could understand it. I now own a good, aying Business. Before taking your as made only $25 a week. Now I make $50 to $75 a week and have good prospects.” She Worlds Biggest Business NEEDS you? ¥ Get into this gigan- tic Auto Business! It needs you! Think of it—5 Thousand Million Dollars paid to Auto Men every year for up- keep alone! That’s why there are so many oppor- tunities for the Trained Electrical and Me- chanical Auto Experts—opportunities waiting for you! If you want to boost your pay quick, clip coupon now. Common Schooling all you need. I a you do it. I give you Employment Service—Lifetime Consultation Service, too! Get All the Facts / If you’re earning a cent less than $60 a week, get my Free Book now! See the amazing oppor- tunities for Quick Sussese in the Automotive Field! See why men like W. S. Yancy, Ark., jump from $30 a week to $90 a week—QU ented AT HOME TRAIN YOU Stay Home. You %» Furie, Keep your present Job. don't have to leave your doorstep. Master every branch a * Auto Work right in your own home. ee how I train you Quickly and Eaetly to soge the Job, or go into BUSI- ESS = pis Pay Comes *"Quick—and up to $10,- Taras e made! Clipt Coupon Now Send for this amazing Free Book right now! See how hundreds of men with and without Auto Experience—are boosting their salaries, making Big ex- tra spare time money, and cetting into money-making businesses of their own Pe Get : ail the facts! Send Coupon MAILTHIS VA, COUPOR: _ _ e r 4 Working FR E E Outfits Include Tools, Tool AUTO BOOK! 22%, Ai; | sevsesat Fea 80 Full [| Bench, Electric Ww, Trai motte Um [hee Also 360 Auto lars of “Job-Wa: rain! ere 4" is to be no ob 2 hen my sae Gaahenen. anne Diagram B. W. Cooke, Directing Engineer, c Motor Traini Corporation, Dept. C-25, 1916 side Ave., Chicago, Ill. a ate cece h Ob ebicscedecdecsont IG Md et aes the PEidin lce oh 06.sisc0 paprneceaee dies € 0s 6 5 oa Os} w 0 Sie eC ee ere Wanted ).02) Agr Insured TIRES— \, the only tires in America Insured for One Year against all road -haz- ards regardless of mileage. Insur- ance Policy with every tire. Made by the only tire factory in America selling its product through author- ized Salesmen-Agents. We offer opportunity of life-time to establish profitable tire business of your own. No capital required. Sales Kit and advertising helps furnished. Exclusive catalog com- plete information about the Hydro Agency Plan. ADDRESS NEAREST BRANCH. Tie tn America” Dep't 16. HYDRO-UNITED TIRE CORPORATION POTTSTOWN, PA. CHICAGO, ILL. our graduates. Stamps and Coins 509_DIFFERENT 40c; 1000, 80c; 2000, $3.50. Fred Onken, 630 79th Street, Brooklyn. $10.00 FOR 25c. A choice assortment of 500 all differ- ent stamps guaranteed to catalogue over $10.00, offered te —— applicants for only 25c. Edgewood Stamp +0., Dept. 8, Milford, Conn. si NITED STATES and Foreign Coins. Military Decorations. Catalogue and 500,000 mark bill, 10 cents. Alexis Mengelle, Colorado Springs, Colorado. FREE! Beautiful unused set 10 Jugo-Slavia 1920, cataloging $1.81, to approval applicants. Pennsylvania Stamp Co., Greensburg, Pa. STAMPS Free—Ask for money-saving approvals. John K. Borresen, Cedar Falls, Iowa. Stories Wanted STORY Ideas Wantei for photoplays, magazines. Big demand. Accepted any form for revision, de- velopment and submission to markets. Estab. 1917. Send manuscripts for free _ criticism. Booklet mailed on request. Universal Scenario Company, 402 Western & Santa Monica Bldg., Hollywood, Calif. Technical Schools CHICAGO Technical College offers short, intensely practical courses in Drafting and Enzineering—civil, mechanical, Comision. structural—Architecture, Build- ing om gy R ing, ete. Courses fitted to your needs. No Fo. wasted. Instructors are experts. Graduates .r demand at big salaries. Opportunities for po -time work while studying. Day and evening classes. 4th year. Enter any time. No special preliminary train- ing required. Low tuition—easy terms. Write for 84 page illustrated Blue Book, describing opportunities open to Chieago Technical College, 23 Chicago Tech. Building, Chicago. Tobacco 5, $1.00; 10, $1.75. Chewing, 3 Ibs., 75c; LEAF Tobacco—Good, sweet. 5, 75e; 10, $1.25. Smoking, 3 Ibs., 50c; United Farmers, Mayfield, Ky. IMPORTANT to advertisers! Are you deriving profit from your advertising? Write today for a copy of the “Quick-Action Advertising Rate Folder’’ showing “How You Can Use Popular Science Monthly PROFITABLY.’ Address your inquiry to: Manager, Classified Advertis- ing, Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New ork. Typewriters and Supplies price in rent, we give ae. free. Catalog free. If you pay its Pgh. Suite 543, 339 Fifth Ave., Pitts- “RENT a typewriter.””. Any make. Typewriter Supply, burgh, Wanted DETECTIVES needed everywhere. Experience un- necessary. Particulars free. Write, American Detective System, 2190-P Broadway, N. Y. WANTED—Live foreman or mechanic or clerk in every factory in the United States to act as subscrip- tion representative for the most popular magazine the world. Popular Science Monthly, 250 Fourth Ave., New Yo n Address Manager of yt Ww Pe = ee motors. Elle & Co., laid . Lake, Chicago, LEARN ee LAR NO. 5 TION PLUS SERVICE policy. patevetase ee Scheel, Roosevelt Boulevard, Vineland, Be 8. y (OU NEEDED IN =./RAFFIC INSPECTION permo.salary andexpenses You can get on the payroll of a great railway company— in a profitable and permanent profession where hours are regular, and work pleasant. You will be away from desk or shop, seeing new sights and faces each minute and prac- tically your own boss. Promotions are rapid in this healthful, dignified position. I Train You for Traffic Inspection and on completion of 3 months’ spare time home study, offer you a position that will pay you at least $120 per month alary and expenses to start, or refund your tuition. For eight ears I have been training ‘and placing men in this lucrative profession. See what they say about it. Mail coupon today for full information. James T. Jarrell, Pres. Standard Business Training inst., Buffalo, N. Y. You may send me entirely free, your booklet No. Div. 3 showing how I can earn $250 a month salary. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION pci FREE! August, 197 197 Ve American Technical Society EN rege) Cine a 3 FREE FEATURES See ot Ame an Techni = nical f "E20 Chicago. the 1 want to borrow F for 15 ys new set of ** ING,’’ the latest 5 volume e ot boo! ived, but 2 Membership in cane — 7 for the use of the * library atta ae of for this, I Fours coueultar He ai eine ae Lil . 3 FREE Empioyment vou Seat ae Je oar tent je i ri . Tf return collect and detoot: nothing. Name Address Attach & letter stating reference’s and e { pdcvessec: or write same piainly in adatom STICK-A-LITE Hont, I'll tell y: in 4 mon‘ agents ne carne : from os $270 cash = how he did it. 8 last summ: 12 tee you BI imieweverqae eee TRIC Co, Ravenswood, | TECHNI CA 24th Year Engineering Architecture Electricity Drafting — copy of 84-page pt. K-80 1181 bast 2 2em St. Chicago Technical Cal COLLEGE | Intensely practical training. 2 year Diploma; 3 year B. S. special 3and4 months’ short courses, Courses ategtee to yous, needs, No time wastec — in Graduates in c portunities for sell-suppo studying. Day and even’ ee Athletics. Enter an rite today tuition—easy terms. = We liustrated ‘Blue Beook,’’ rea “Glenn Tust om Minutes of Your Time Each Ford Means $1.75 Profit © on a $2.50 Sale To a man with vision—an one who will say—"T'll make your car ride 100% smoother, without spring rattles or spring squeaks, or give you a set of RIDE AIR Cushions free!”— that chap can easily earn $8.75 in less than an hour! And I'll prove it to you absolutely if you'll write Sample Free. C. F. Hamilton, ey 530 W. 27th St., Los Angeles, Calif. me NOW! ager Desk PS-8, “up and at ’em” fellow= Getting Ahead? f=. Read the advertisements on Pages 114 to 135 this issue if you want to get a wil pa

Page 123

post, 1927 EE First Plane to Germany (Continued from page 14) geld” for this purpose. “T believe that my ex- ental development of a seadrome un- en by waves, large enough for an ing field, has pa adequately a and a practical and tested an- demonstrated 9 evolved so that commercial, ae duplication of Lindbergh's and i perlin’s feats is a matter only of finance Fad the relatively short time necessary to am and Levine flew at all levels from seven to seventeen thousand feet in an dort to dodge storms. At one time Cham- herlin even threw overboard some tanks of gasoline, sacrificing the precious fuel to lighten )WNERS.. | Be = prove its wis amet his ship and weather the storm. Before ocean J mmm, Mfying can become practical, the authorities giety Be oi adequate weather data must be avail- Ob ' i ] h , aoa “Weather stations along the ocean,” says d, Grover Loening, noted aircraft designer, brary tel “eupled with development of the seaplane to mine format Bhave an equally long range, would result in hen $3 a regular ocean flights within a period of ten years. “ flight has not added anything of moment to the science of aviation,”’ was rising comment of Giuseppe M. mllanca, designer of Chamberlin’s plane. “I the plane. I knew that its motor would wel it for approximately forty-eight hours withits supply of gas. All that had to be done sto get in and pilot it. It took courage to pit, naturally, but simple figures told me the would get there.” One reason for Bellanca’s confidence, of was the fact that the plane, only a few seks before, had established a new world’s mdurance record, flying for more than fifty- hours without stop. Moreover, the design the ship embodied an unusual departure monoplane construction. Though classed as monoplane, it is technically known as a ‘esqui’ plane, or “plane and a half.” It isa between a monoplane and a biplane; besides the wings, almost every part of heplane helps to lift some of the weight. Even wing struts are built with a wing curve, so ! they lift a few hundred pounds of the ing. rors) Future trans-Atlantic planes, Bellanca pre- will be multi-motored craft rather than gle-engine planes such as Chamberlin and nit be gh used. In case one motor fails, there ull be enough reserve power to fly the ma- =GE #aine with full load. There will be spacious ial abins, comfortable berths and chairs in these nes; and passengers will buy their tickets, pt their passports and board the planes just they board ships now. pport ILL his prophecy come true? Tem- time, lee 9 porary obstacles, chiefly the difficulty rite carrying heavy fuel loads, are pointed out Glenn Curtiss, pioneer airman. “Trans- flights will take place with the ne @ettablishment of filling stations,’ Curtiss [ flegraphs, “but will not be commonplace Fanti! a revolutionary invention in motive wer is accomplished. I do not like to ophesy when such an invention may occur, t it is already in the minds of practical mventors.”” po a E.V. Rickenbacker, famous American flying ng squeaks, $f" predicts that within five years “Americans »s free!"— §vll demand and have available a regular an an houtl service of forty hours, with greater "Ll write to) lety and comfort than that available today our ocean liners.’’ Second Assistant master-General W. Irving Glover, in rge of the U. S. Air Mail, is even more ppumistic. “My prediction,’’ says Glover, 's that within two years Leviathans of the will span the ocean between America and iy LUTON juild the structures. It may be a reality by | MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 121 RE you a red-blooded, daring he-man? Are you eager for a life of constant thrills, constant ex- - citement and fascinating events? Do you crave adventure, popularity, ad- miration, and the applause of great crowds? Then why not get into the Aviation Industry—the greatest ad- venture since time began—the great- est thrill ever offered to man? Think what Aviation offers you. Thrills such as you never had before! The praise and plaudits of the multi- tude. And a chance to get in on the ground floor where re- THEN CHOOSE AVIATION! Easy to Become An Aviation Expert Get into this thrilling profession at once while the field is new and uncrowded. Now—by a unique new plan—you can quickly secure the basic training for one of these won- derful high-salaried jobs, at home, in spare time. Experts will teach you the secrets—give you all the inside facts that are essential to your success. And, the study of Aviation is almost as fascinating as the actual work itself. Every Lesson is chock-full of interest wards will be unlimited! Aviation is growing so swiftly that one can hardly keep track of all the astonishing new de- velopments. Air-mail routes have just been extended to form a vast aerial network over the entire U.S. Airlines and airplane factories are PICK YOUR JOB! Airplane Instructor Airplane Engineer Airplane Repairman Airplane Assembler Airplane Mechanician Airplane Inspector Airplane Builder Airplane Salesman Exhibition Manager Airplane Contractor Airplane Motor Expert Airplane Designer —and so absorbing that you actually forget you are studying. But best of all are the ultimate re- wards you are fitting yourself to gain! Send for FREE Book Send the coupon for our new, free book, just out—*“ rtunities in the Airplane springing up all over the country. Men like Henry Ford are investing millions in the future of commercial Aeronautics in America! The possibilities are so tremendous that they stagger imagination. Everything is set for the greatest boom in history. The fortunes that came out of the automobile industry and out of motion pictures will be nothing compared to the fortunes that will come out of Aviation! There is just one thing holding it up: —lack of trained men! Even in the beginning thousands will be needed —and generously paid. The oppor- tunities open to them cannot be over-estimated. Those who qualify quickly will find themselves on the road to undreamed of money— success — popularity — and promi- nence! ndustry.”’ It is vitally inter- esting, reads like a romance and tells you things about this astonishing profession you never even dreamed of. This book is so fas- cinating it could easily sell for a dollar. We offer a limited fumber FREE. Write for yours today. f American School of Aviation 136-C, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. AMER SE ¢ AVIATION SSSSSRRRBRBBBEBRHReneeaeenenaeesanecanenes s AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION, : Dept. 136-C, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. * Without any obligation please send me FREE 8 o s . s . a « book “Opportunities in the Airplane Industry.” § s Also information about your course in practical . « Aeronautics. . _ . . = Nb acini sneha cee M6 5s serie - . . on . - MOE. ....s.5:04.5. krtnddowadusdeapemesaennneeamae « - s 7 _ . an ale ce Se Se 7 J TITTIIIITITT ITI Titi

Page 124

122 AMILLION DOLLAR CAN OPENER BRINGS FORTUNES TO AGENTS N AMAZING story of big earnings is being written today by hundreds of men as the result of a revolutionary invention in can openers. It seems almost incredible that a simple household device selling for such a remarkably low price could sell so fast that men could double and triple their incomes in only a na weeks. Yet the cold, hard- boiled facts bear convincing proof. And now the story is ready for ambitious men who mail the coupon below. Nothing Like It) [rnat's wnat Frank Willis, Oregon, took in It is more than just a can opener. It banishes all the old | one day’s work. hard labor of ordinary can | The article sells openers. It’s badly needed in - ak ak every kitchen. hat’s why | how fast it sells o representatives often sell every house on the block ——- $15 every hour they work, + Write for Demonstration Offer Follow that hunch and mail the cou- m below. It will bring you full E tails of our free demonstration offer. It will also tell you about Speedo Sharpener, the equally revolutionary knife sharpener. It will show you a new, Cor | way to make $20 a day and more. Simply mail this coupon. CENTRAL STATES MFG. CO. 4500 Mary Ave., Dept. K-840 St. Louis, Mo. Established Over 20 Years — to run up profit figures like these | Central States Mfg. Co., 4500 Mary Ave., Dept. K-840, St. Louis, Missouri. Yes, send me full details without obli- gating me. | Reed et a i Nie ag 06 ee oy MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION AMG gat, 1 a —————— Bare Hands Lin (Continued from page 42) wind, and lay drifting as the sun rose above _ turned me loose there, after setting ey “I ofier th the glassy water. Kiska Joe had disappeared __ the task of watching me. I was there unt fastene* utterly in the trackless sea. a week ago, and then a Coast Guard cy Forwar “We'd better catch the schooner again,” denly appeared, and they barely with oe advised Thornton. “Gee, I’m responsible for me away in a canoe. We were in that Pik that. I wouldn’t have done it for the world.” thing for two nights and a day, and A “You're crazy,” replied Williams. “You they got me to the schooner. I’ve : stretche didn’t do it. It was his conscience, and you _ hold ever since. Frightful, isn’t it? §q ony know it. He was as guilty as hell, and he de- _haven’t a cigarette, have you? Oh, iy and t served something even worse.” not. It seems to me almost as if yoy of A They made their way to the schooner and have come direct from home.” the rads climbed aboard. The wind had died, and the For half an hour they talked, and g fabric. vessel lay becalmed upon a glassy sea. Nota __ they called the Aleut mate to learn wher strearnl soul save Tuginana was on deck, and she sat were. Thornton began to question the _ cross-legged by the wheel chanting a wild song. while Williams, who had found a par mine CY binoculars on deck—Kiska Joe’s P ps HAT Kiska Joe was drowned they knew, was sweeping the horizon with them, oa but they knew also that his crew could tell was glassy smooth, and not a breath of them what had happened to Parker, and so _ stirred. The schooner’s sails sagged j angles they went forward to the forecastle hatch, de- _as the vessel lay becalmed. oo. termined on routing some of the fellows out. preven “If they killed him,” threatened Thornton, ‘* HERE are we?” demanded ae ‘we'll take the whole bunch of them to Kiska of the mate. slende Island and turn them over to the authorities. “Fifty mile from Kiska Island,” replied . tes They're scared stiff, and Tuginana could keep _ frightened fellow. actua ma them all below for a week.” “Which direction?” em They peered into the dark and evil- “South.” Sian $4 smelling forecastle and shouted for the “South? How can that be?” a iall men to come on deck. There was no answer. The mate was obviously frightened but} The crew were quivering with fright in their insisted that he was right. HIS bunks, sure that still more devils had joined “Well,” remarked Parker, “your steame mec Tuginana’s spirit. better than this schooner. Let’s get ini} ghich w “Rout some of them out, Oomak,” ordered and head north. By George, Thornton, e Thornton. “Bring ‘em on deck!” you did it I don’t know. I would vend Oomak unhesitatingly went below, and sworn it was impossible.” more, g appeared, presently, with the mate, whom he held by the coat collar and pushed up the ladder before him. “Want more man?” asked Oomak. “*Who is this?” questioned Thornton. “He mate,” replied Oomak. “Then he'll do. Do you speak English?” asked Thornton fiercely. The man grunted and nodded his head with a jerk. “What did you do with the white man you took away from Devil Island?” demanded Thornton. “Not nothing,” quavered the mate. “Where is he?”’ thundered Thornton. “He below. He in hold. I get.” HE fellow started aft, Oomak still holding to his collar, the others following. “Is he lying?” asked Williams. “I’m hanged if I know,” replied Thornton. “But if he is I'll wring his neck.” The mate stopped beside a hatch, and started to take the tarpaulin from it. “Ts he in there?’ roared Thornton, furious at the thought. The mate jerked his head up and down in a frightened nod. Thornton threw him aside, seized the tarpaulin, and tore it loose. He lifted the hatch cover with the aid of the others. “Parker!” there?” “Yes,” came a.weak voice. “Who are you?” But Thornton did not reply. Instead, he leaped into the foul-smelling hold, and seized his friend. For a moment he could say nothing and tears of joy filled his eyes. “How did you come here?” asked Parker weakly. “In our boat,” thundered Thornton, in an effort to cover up his feelings. “Come on deck, old fellow. Here, I'll boost you up.” A hundred questions were rained on Parker as soon as he reached the deck, and he did his best to answer them. “Have they kept you in that filthy place all summer?” asked Thornton. “No,” replied Parker. “They took me to the island where they cache their skins, and he roared. “Are you down “Hop in,” suggested Thornton, “and dynamo show you how she works.” The | Williams was staring through the bi landing toward the west. as are t “I think,” he said, “‘that there’s a place. way. A ship is coming.” depth, t “Where?” cried Thornton. indepen Williams pointed. act on © “TI don’t know where she’s bound,” #) and the replied, “but she’s headed east, and so arem} get at Let’s leave Oomak and Tuginana here, a} vertical, take our boat out to meet her.” alightins So mt T WAS an hour later that the City of § useless Yokohama to Seattle, clanged her engi} Lindber; room telegraph, and slid to a stop neari#} In tw crazy looking little steamer that had so Whirlwi waved to her. Her rail was crowded with qug }over any tioning passengers, and a Jacob’s laddermp) the war dropped over her side. Williams was the fig} cylinder: to reach the deck. central « “It is mighty kind of you to pick usm) and wei he said to the officer who met him at them} type of “I wonder if you will be good enough to) tionary, me where you are bound.” Const “Seattle,” replied the officer, staring #) Wright the bearded, charcoal-stained, rabbit-skind) aviation scarecrow who spoke so perfectly. equipme The others climbed one by one over the ialies and the engine room telegraph ‘Commar more. Pole, an “Well, by George,” remarked Thorntomg) in the B he sorrowfully watched their handiwork m slowly astern. “We made it at last.” in “Indeed you did, old man,” replied F As the “And I didn’t believe it possible. By housing can get a cigarette now.” . IN 4 y THE END containe ; freezing Explosions Caused by Machin}: In li ON A dry day, if the air is heavily 8) 185 mile with dust or any kind of finely p | Which is matter, the sparks of static electricity H™§) propeller out by the moving parts of machinery 9%} erated b times cause an explosion. Flour mil a cleaning establishments, coal mines ald} vicinity of threshing machines are where fires may result from these explt An i

Page 125

Augunt & gust, 1927 a 9 ghtened but j your steamer et’s get in Thornton, I would ton, “and 1 the binog here’s a bé | ’s bound,” and so are nana here, ” City of Sp ged her engi stop near ii t had so —— tindbergh’s Great Partner (Continued from page 13) r the least resistance to the wind, and ened with steel connections at all joints. Forward of the wings the fuselage is covered 44 a metal cowl, to protect the working of the engine. The fuselage itself is Beit of seamless steel tubing, covered with fabric similar to that used on the teen, The horizontal rudders, or elevators, the vertical rudder, at the extreme rear the fuselage, which operates precisely like the rudder of a boat, are of wood covered with fabric. Everything about the fuselage is streamlined, to give the least possible resist- in flight. The only exceptions are the nine cylinders of the engine, which require air resistance for cooling, the landing wheels, and five projecting tubes. ; Three of these projecting tubes, bent at right angles and projecting above the center of the wings, are vents for the gasoline tanks, to vent accumulation of vapor which might Projecting more than two feet for- ward from the lower surface of the left wing is a slender, forked tube, the Pitot tube which actuates the speed indicator on the aviator's instrument board. And from the top of the fuselage, about a third of the way from the wings to the tail, a four-inch cylinder projects vertically into the air about a foot. See cylinder is the housing of the driving mechanism of the earth inductor compass, which will be described later. It carries at its end a tiny windmill which, at a speed through the air of seventy miles an hour or more, generates enough power to run a small dynamo concealed inside the fuselage. The heavy wooden “legs” to which the landing wheels are attached are streamlined, as are the bracing struts which hold them in . They are hollow for part of their depth, to receive the plungers attached to the independent axles of the wheels. These plungers act on concealed springs when the plane lands; and the wheels themselves are cambered, or get at an angle inclined inward from the vertical, to prevent undue spreading when alighting or “taxiing’ over rough ground. So much for the plane itself; but a plane is weless without an engine, and the engine of lindbergh’s plane is as up to date as the plane. In two important particulars this Wright Whirlwind J-5 motor represents an advance vded with qu }over anything which was in general use when b’s ladder 1s was the o pick us him at the enough to er, staring abbit-ski ly. e over the ic d Thornt andiwork last.” replied Pat le. By Machi heavily ba the war ended. It is air-cooled, and its nine tylinders are arranged in a circle around a entral crank shaft, thus reducing the length and weight of the shaft and crank case. This type of design, in which the cylinders are sta- tionary, is known as a radial engine. Constant improvements have made this Wright Whirlwind the most dependable aviation motor now in use. It is standard equipment on twenty-five or more makes of es. It supplied the motive power for Commander Byrd's flight across the North Pole, and for Chamber'in’s flight to Germany inthe Bellanca monoplane. And it took Lind- bergh more than 3600 miles without missing a stroke in any of its nine cylinders. As the shortening of the crank shaft and its housing reduces the weight of the engine itself, at-cooling reduces the plane's load still fur- ther, by doing away with the radiator and its contained water. Moreover, all danger of As eliminated. In Lindbergh's engine the rush of the machine through the air, at from seventy to nely pulvet tricity ichin our : nines es are se expi0 il 185 miles an hour, produces a current of air Which is intensified by the back-wash of the Propellers, and which carries off the heat gen- trated by the explosions in the cylinders. The themselves are machined from steel with external annular or ringlike fins | at tarefully-determined distances, to give the possible radiation (Continued on page 124) ENT) Ww Write for these (it, - = L \ FREE BOOKS/ OPPOSITE .S- T ‘ ‘ Y At the left is a view of ny U.S. PATEN pis drafting and specification . offices where a large staff of experienced experts is in my constant employ. All drawings and specifications are prepared under my fere sonal super- (== vision. : Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with a competent Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applications for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no time. Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. TO wuiom iv AY Concern Strict Secrecy Pre- Prompt—Careful —— served—Write Me in Efficient Service This large, experienced organization devotes Confidence its entire time and attention to patent and trademark cases. Our offices are directly All communications, sketches, drawings, cross the street from the U. S. Patent etc., are held in strictest confidence in Office. fa ag the technicalities of strong, steel, fireproof files, which are Patent Jaw. e know the rules and re- 4 quirements of the Patent Office. We can accessible only to authorized members of proceed in the quickest, safest and best my staff. Feel free to write me fully and _ ways in preparing an application for a patent frankly. Your case will have my personal _ covering your idea. Ser success has been attention. It is probable that I can help built on the strength of careful, efficient, you. Highest references. But FIRST— satisfactory service to inventors and trade- clip the coupon and get my free book. raark owners located in every state in the Do THAT right now. Union. No Charge for Information on How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent procedure that every inventor should have. And with it I will also send you my “Record of Invention”’ form, on which you can sketch your idea and establish its date before a witness. Such evi- dence may later prove valuable to you. Simply mail the coupon and I will send you the booklet and the ‘Record of Invention” form, to- gether with detailed information on how to proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a minute’s time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely without charge or obligation. Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney Member of Bar of: Supreme Court of Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney 88-T Security Savings & Com. Bank Bi13., Washington, D. C. Please send me your free book, “‘How to Obtain a Patent,” and your “Record of Invention” form without any cost or obligation on my part. the United States; Court of Appeals, District of Columbia; Supreme Coane. BR 6 cccccccastdsbancccavasctcateeeeaernems District of Columbia; nited States Court of Claims. ABATOED. 2 icc cdi di cclecewcccccccdevesesesocce Practice confined exclusively to Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights (Important: Print or Write name clearly) | INVENTORS MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 123

Page 126

our terms, methods, etc. Send of your invention for Inspec- tion and Instructions Free. 1 Terms Reasonable. Best Ref- {| erences. & RANDOLPH & CO.: Dept.130, Washington, D.C. : NVENTORS your ‘ipeas Send for our Guide Book, HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT, and Evidence of Invention Blank, sent Free on request. model or sketch and description PROTECT Tells Untrep Srates Capiron PATENTS DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form “EVIDENCE OF CON- CEPTION” to be signed and witnessed. As registered patent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and Canada in the advancement of in- ventions. The form “‘Evidence of Conception,” sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent upon request. To the Man With an Idea I offer a most comprehensive, experi- enced, ‘efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Preliminary advice glad- ly furnished without charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately ad- vise clients as to probable patentability be- fore they go to any expense. Booklet of valuable information and form for properly disclosing your idea, free on re- quest. Write today. RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington, D. C. 41-D, Park Row New York City TRADE -MARKS REGISTERED LANCASTER & ALLWINE 274 Ouray Building WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms “Evidence of Conception.” 1000 NEEDED mmercialized #29) ON A CASH OR ROYALTY BASIS ~e PAIZNTED or UNPATENTED ‘n Business 2S Nears Complete Facilities-fei_rences. #re ADAM FISHER Me. Co.. 183-D Enright Ave. St. Louis.Mo. INVENTIONS: Here is the most remarkable book ever offered to inventors. One Thousand needed inventions listed and described. Arranged as follows: General Problems; Automotive; Mechanical; Electrical; Chemical; io; Marine. Separate chapter on the Ten Most Needed Inventions. This book may ive you one idea that will win you a fortune. othing else like it has ever been published. Com- iled at enormous expense. Edited by Raymond ncis Yates, formerly Managing Editor of a lead- ing scientific magazine. Over 100 pages, durably 681-A Ouray Bldg. PATENTS Trade-marks, Copyrights, Patent Litigation, Handbook with illustrations, 100 mechanical movements. Sent free on request. ALBERT E. DIETERICH Formerly member Examining Corp. U. S. Patent Office Patent Lawyer and Solicitor 27 years’ experience Washington, D. C. und. Send no money. Pay tman only $1.00 plus postage on arrival (Outside U.S. $1.20. Cash with Order). Money back after 10 days’ examination if desired. Limited edition. Write NOW. BUREAU OF INVENTIVE SCIENCE Dept. 28 Rochester, New York Make More Money Read the Money Making Opportunities on pages 114 to 135 of this issue. Patents of moe i 5 t-Sense Lacey & Lacey, o43 F Sts Washe'D.Oe Estab. i As one of the oldest je ent firms in pow de give inventors at lowest consistent charge, a results, evidenced by many well known Travel on “Uncle Sam’s” Payroll, RAILWAY POSTAL CLERKS COUPON=> ,¢° _ FRANKLIN INSTITUTE o . L-264, Rochester, N.Y. RRI o” ., soucfeot gern hee o F acongpinet, PR $1700 to $3000 Year 40° | div hing"how' eet em Many U. $. Government ‘Jobs Obtainabie - MEN. BOYS 17 SHOULD MAIL COUPON 6% ENO LE ’ IMMEDIATELY ? Steady Work. No Layofls. Paid Vacations. DORI 655 ckddsdcdinbindedciannseosece MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION August, 4 | have a bore of 4.5 inches and the Piston a Lindbergh’s Great Partng (Continued from page 123) area with the least air resistance. The cylin is 5.5 inches, the nine giving a dis 788 cubic inches, which produce: abseil horsepower at 1800 revolutions per minute sea level. At high altitudes the power is . Lindbergh's engine weighs approxi 508 pounds, equipped and ready for operat: or just over two and a half pounds per home power. Lighter engines have been built: li. erties have produced above 500 horses with an engine weight of 880 pounds, there was the additional weight of the cooling system to be added, so that in Practice Lindbergh's engine is about as light ag which have proved able to stand the stnind continuous flight. The outside diameter of the engine is f five inches; its length from the front of propeller hub to the point of attachment with the fuselage is only twenty-seven and one hal inches, though the housing of the crank egy projects six and one half inches farther back An ingenious triple-action carburetor, with three barrels supplied by a common float, feeds gasoline to the cylinders through three thre. way manifolds, each serving three cylindey, The exhaust manifold is circular and leah down to a point directly below the forway end of the fuselage. All of the working pars of the engine except the pistons are machine from special alloy steels; the pistons are gf cast iron. The crank shaft is mounted on hall bearings. Ignition is by a dual magneto system, Ta is the engine which pulled Lindbergh and his plane 3647 miles, from New Yok to Paris, in a single flight, in 3314 hours, average of 108.7 miles an hour, on 4382 gallons of gasoline and 11.8 gallons of oil. That figures out a gasoline consumption of 12.9 lons an hour, or about 8.4 miles to the a record which would rejoice the heart of many a driver of a high-powered automobile. And the oil consumption is even more remarkable, 309 miles to the gallon, or more than seventy. seven miles on a quart of oil. The averg speed of the engine, Lindbergh reported, wa 1600 revolutions per minute. To drive this engine, keep this plane i equilibrium in the air, and find his way acrs the trackless ocean, Lindbergh had at bis command a collection of controls and inst ments, most of them common to all airplang, but two, at least, as unfamiliar to the ordinay’ groundling as they are to most airmen. Thow two are the earth inductor compass and te periscope. Fixed in the little window over his head which gave him light and ventilation, Lint bergh had a magnetic compass; but the netic compass alone is of little use in the at Not only does its successful use require exact knowledge of the navigator’s positi and the variation of the needle from the tt north to he expected in that latitude longitude, but its needle, in flight, is nev constant to the pole. The earth inductor compass, invented will the last five years by Maurice M. Titteringt chief engineer of the Pioneer Instrument Com pany of Brooklyn, is the latest and most use of all the aids to aerial navigation. Its pm ciple is based upon the fact that the eartl revolutions in space generate electromag lines of force which flow in a north-and-solt direction, from pole to pole. The earths short, a huge electromagnet. As every student of electricity knows dynamo consists of a coil of wire, or arma rotated at right angles to the lines of force of electromagnet, or field. It follows, then, # if a coil of wire is rotated rapidly enough at proper angle to the earth's magnetic field will become a dynamo and generate This current will flow (Continued on page

Page 127

MF august, 1927 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 125 Sesiiare Lindbergh’s Great Partner (Continued from page 124) the coil in the same relation to its poles does the magnetic current in the field, and it * be taken off from the armature poles by of brushes and led through wires to perform whatever work it is capable of. An interesting fact not often remembered is that the angle at which the brushes make cone tact with the armature poles determines the tial of the transmitted current. And this is the fact on which the earth inductor is based. _ Below the little windmill sticking out of the already referred to, is a small arma- ure, revolving on a vertical axis and hung on imbals so that it is always at right angles to the earth’s magnetic field. The little wind- mill supplies the power to keep it rotating. The very faint current taken off from this tiny , of which the earth itself is the field, is carried to a galvanometer or indicator mounted on the instrument board in front of the pilot. When the brushes are set so that no current whatever is being taken off the generator, the vanometer needle points to zero. In Lindbergh’s machine the brushes are set so that the highest output of the generator is ined when the brushes are respectively porth and south of the armature poles, and the potential is zero when the brushes are east and west. OW, to find out the direction in which he was flying, Lindbergh had recourse to the thirdelement of the combination of devices which make up the inductor compass—the con- troller. This is a dial set horizontally near his right hand, with a little crank projecting from its center and an indicator needle fas- tened to the rim of the case. On the dial are marked the points of the compass, with fig- ures corresponding to those on the galvanom- eter, north being indicated by zero. This dial is mechanically connected with the gen- erator brushes, by a flexible shaft. The aviator turns the crank of the dial, rotating the brushes upon the poles of the armature. The little galvanometer needle qreeps back to zero as the brushes reach the east-and-west position. But the dial has moved, with the crank, precisely the same number of degrees and minutes as the brushes themselves have moved, and the indicator on the dial points to the exact point of the com- pass toward which the plane is heading. It sounds complicated, but is one of the simplest devices possible, and its accuracy is far greater than that of a magnetic compass. Its variation is seldom more than three or four minutes of circumference from accuracy. Small wonder that every time Lindbergh spoke of his he praised this compass which enabled atitude and it, is ne nted withia itteringt ment Com most useill . Its pre the earthi ‘romag) 1-and-soul earth is, - knows, r armau force of then, ¢ ough at tic field te on page 1 im to cross the coast of Ireland within three miles of the point at which he had aimed. The other innovation used by Lindbergh to aid him in his flight, and one which excited the ision of many airmen—before the flight— is the periscope. This is simplicity itself. ine two metal boxes, each about the size & common brick though somewhat longer, tach open at one end so they will telescope one over the other. Now set a mirror at an angle of forty-five degrees in the end of each part, cut a opening opposite the mirror, slide the two parts together so that one mirror faces forward and the other backward, and you have the essentials of Lindbergh's periscope. It is to the upper left corner of the instru- ment board of the Spirit of St. Louis, so that aviator can look at one mirror and see there the reflection of whatever is refiected upon the other mirror,when the outer end of the periscope extended beyond the side of the plane. That Wall there is to it. It was added to the plane 48 an afterthought, when it was realized that the cockpit would give the aviator no opportunity to see (Continued on page 126) Pe OUR OFFER: Your first step— The inventor should write for our blank form “RECORD OF INVENTION.” This should be signed, witnessed and returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention for INSPECTION and INSTRUCTIONS FREE. Our Four Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Move- ments illustrated and described. OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protec- tion. Information regarding Trade-Marks and unfair competition in trade. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in Foreign Countries, and secure Foreign Patents in shortest time and at lowest cost. Progress of Invention . Description of World’s Most Pressing Prob- WH lems by Leading Scientists and Inventors ALL COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL INTERFERENCE AND INFRINGEMENT SUITS PROSECUTED IMPORTANT TO MAKE YOUR CASE SPECIAL AND AVOID DELAY YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL IN OUR OFFICE to secure protection, save correspondence and obtain early filing date in Patent Office. To secure special preparation of your case send $25.00 on account with model or sketch and description of your invention. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms Private Office, Victor J. Evans, with View of Patent Office Through Window WRITE TODA Yencscneccccccccccecccccecccnscecassceces Free VICTOR J. EVANS & CO. Patent Attorneys Main Offices: 760 Ninth St., Washington, D.C. oupon {New York Offices Philadelphia Offices Pittsburgh Offices 1007 Woolworth Bldg. 518-519 Liberty Bldg. 514 Empire Bldg. Chicago Offices, 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Offices, Hobart Bldg. : Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books as described above. : ah sth i tat in ihn line lee Bn emo Feet wonctat ts dk 9

Page 128

oR 2S eT

"Why cant we have an automobile too?” “There go the Nealls again—starting out for a week-end trip in their new car. told me yesterday that they were oing down to see Bob’s mother in Cam- Bridge to tell her about his latest promo- © iy has gone ahead fast since he started studying with the Inter- national Corfespondence Schools. “Why don’t you take up the same kind of a course and show the firm that you’re really Ln | to learn more about the business know you can earn more money if you really try.” Thousands of men now know the joy of happy, pros- perous homes because they prepared themselves for ad- vancement and increased salaries through the home-study courses of the International Corresp nee School Can you afford to waste your time when it is so easy to get ahead? Can you afford to keep on putting in your days at the same old grind, getting the same pay envelope with the same insufficient sum, when a little grit and effort could be the means of changing your entire life? One hour after supper each night, spent with the I. C. S. in the quiet of your home, will prepare you for success in the work you like best. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet ene a em ce omc cee ee ee ee ee eee = INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7637-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me a copy of your booklet, “Whe Wins and Why,” and full particulars the before which I have marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Salesmanship dvertising Better Letters

— — oa b Lettering w enogra an ping and Finance —- Service Accountancy (including C.P.A.)(] Railway Mail Clerk Cost Accounting Common School Subjects

Cos! ay High School Subjects Private retary Illustrating Spanish (J French Car tooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Architect Architects’ Blueprints Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer Chemistry Pharmacy Automobile Work Airplane Engines and Mapping Agriculture and Poultry 0 Mining Steam Engineering [ Radio Mathematics Name............. ee ae Street AGA. .................iccccecceeeereeeeceeseneecereesenenseenenrenscanenses CIA. cccccssscescccseccossccocccccsccccceececosscore coed State Occupation............... At Home |

By Mail 8 music lessons =F t Ameri- Master teachers and coach you. Lessons 3 marvel of sim y —— pleteness. ite telling us course Any terested in~-Plano, Harmony, Soics. School Music, Violin, 9 ’ tar, or Reed —and we willsend our Free details of course you want. Send now. UNIVERSITY EXTENSION CONSERVATOR 415 Siegel-Myers Bidg. Chicago, Illinois

little difference, but over land, and especially in landing, ability to look ahead was important. The rest of the apparatus in the cockpit of Lindbergh’s plane is part of every airman’s equipment. Chief of the controls is the “joy stick,” the lever which controls the ailerons and the elevators. Pull the joy stick back- ward and the elevators at the tail of the plane turn upward, the machine rises; push it forward and the descent begins. Move the joy stick to the right and it simul- taneously depresses the left aileron and lifts the right one, banking the plane to the riglit. A perfectly-balanced plane will fly in a straight horizontal line, except for wind drift, without the pilot’s hand upon the joy stick. Constant consumption of gasoline, reducing the head load and so changing the balance, made it necessary to equip the Spirit of St. Louis with a device whereby the elevators could be held in a slightly deflected position, which could be changed from time to time, in order to let Lindbergh take his hand off the joy stick long enough to set his compass control, eat a sandwich, mark his chart or make entries in his log. This device is a lever just under the instrument board, at the pilot’s left, which can be locked into any one of a dozen positions, much as the emergency brake of an automobile is locked. A third lever in the little cabin, close to Lindbergh’s left hand, is the gasoline throttle, controlling the engine speed. And under his feet is the rudder bar; a pressure of the right foot moves the rudder to the right and turns the plane horizontally in that direction, and vice versa. IX FRONT of the pilot, below the instru- ment board, are cocks for tapping the gaso- line tanks as required. On the instrument board, in addition to the periscope and com- pass indicator, the clock, engine primer, lever for controlling the gas mixture at the car- buretor, ignition switch and oil pressure gage, which are similar to those used in automo- biles, the essentially aviation indicating de- vices are a tachometer, an inelinometer, a bank and turn indicator, an air speed indicator and an altimeter. Lindbergh told the reporters in Paris that he rose to a height of ten thousand feet to get above a sleet storm, which threatened to bring him down because of the weight on his wings. How did he know he went up ten thousand feet? The altimeter is the instrument that tells the story of height. It is an aneroid barometer, the principle of which is that if you exhaust most of the air from a thin metal box with flexible and corrugated sides, then seal the box, every change in air pressure on the outside of the box will cause the sides to bulge outward, if the air pressure is reduced, or to bulge inward if it is increased. By connecting the sides of the box with a delicately adjusted needle indicator, the change of air pressure from one elevation to another may be indicated. The sealed barograph which Lindbergh took with him to provide indisputable proof that no landing was made between New York and Paris, is merely an aneroid barometer con- nected with a clockwork mechanism which records on a strip of paper every change in barometric pressure and therefore every change in altitude over a given period of time. An interesting application of a principle discovered more than two hundred years ago by the French philosopher Pitot is the air speed indicator. Pitot found that if one arm of an L-shaped tube was placed horizontally in a stream of water, the height of the water in the vertical part would increase in a certain ratio to the speed of the flow. The same is true in a current of air, the pressure in a tube around which an air current is flowing; increasing in MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION avgust, 1 __ Lindbergh’s Great Partner m (Continued from page 125) Se ahead of him. Crossing the ocean that made _ proportion to the speed of the air current, % re the straight end of the long Pitot tube wh: projects forward from under the Plane’s |e wing, far enough forward to be out of the peller’s blast, is exposed to a current la whose speed is precisely that of the Plane itself as it rushes through the air. Midway between this opening and the tube’s other eee i tt end is a flexible diaphragm which moves wih |} | Small pa the increase or decrease of pressure, and aot | trucks, ¢ tuates the dial in front of the aviator’ which | the brid indicates his speed through the air jn miles | | steam W per hour. report of The other device to aid the pilot in dete. # | flashes, j mining his speed is the tachometer, which} | g machit operates like the speedometer of a car, except f | turers ex that it shows engine revolutions ‘per mij from sul instead of miles per hour. Eighteen hundred 4 | utes—qu a minute was the maximum reached by Lind. §| former Y' bergh’s engine, when he was climbing out of the § | of this t1 sleet storm off Newfoundland. T: . I ‘HE remaining two instruments on the board

the inclinometer and the bank and tum} tion are: indicator, complete the pilot’s information. The | | Palisade: inclinometer tells whether he is ascending op} | in which descending; also whether he is tilting to the} churn the right or left. It is a highly necessary instry. | and dow ment for night flying, when no horizon jg} eighteen- visible; for it is a curious fact that airmen ar}! foot pool unable, under such conditions, to tell by their | site end. own senses whether they are right side up. The | ocean wa inclinometer works on the principle of a spirit | from nea level. A horizontal tube of an alcohol and gly. #} Surf Bat! cerine mixture contains a bubble that shows} its builc by its position whether the plane is tilting in sideways. Below it on the instrument boardis re visible one arm of a liquid filled U-tube. The #} strangely liquid level, changing with each dip or upward j dates bef tilt of the plane, shows the fore-and-aft incling- }} mer holi FT

tion from the horizontal. The bank and tum} Day, an indicator, like the first of the inclinometers }} activity ‘ shows whether the plane is flying on an even keel by means of a spirit level—and it still registers zero, its central position, when the] work the pilot banks at the correct slant to distribute the} parks the combined strain of centrifugal force and gravity evenly over the plane’s wings. Its turnin indicator, an application of the gyroscope, tells Cont the airman flying over unmarked spaces, like| the prairie or the sea, whether his machine} is turning to right or left without tilting. | how muc The sensitive element of the turn indicating |}} tion, the ¢ mechanism is a small air-driven gyroscope|)j onal str operated by the pressure obtained from a ver|}} Turnin turi tube. A venturi tube is one constricted ati]} a theosta some point in its length and tapering or flaring jf} situation outward in both directions. It serves to inten {jj quency t sify a low pressure of any fluid passing through | heavier c it to a much higher pressure at the point off} and when constriction. dimm Through the venturi tube a powerful stream sys of air sets the little gyroscope revolving | quality is Once it is set spinning, it will continue @ — rotate in a given plane so long as the m9) Connec tive power persists and rezardless of anyf) theprima change in position of its supporting structure} first or sec So the little gyroscope inside of the tum] god voh indicator keeps merrily on its straight-ahesd) more thar way, no matter how much the plane may ver fieation. to the right or the left, and the indicator on theg) resistance turn dial stays right along with its parent gyrmj}| the first s telling the aviator instantly whether he ij Gand steering a straight course or not. Is it any wonder that Lindbergh said “We? Almost as complex as his own human strit ture, many times more sensitive in maly respects, as delicate as a woman yet stro’

load acros in a

than the strongest man, with powers of endit it ance and resistance which humanity has 1 even approached, the Spirit of St. Lows cat a

ried him through space with uncanny pre® necting S sion and terrific speed. How can he skeleton feeling that his plane is a friend, a co lived thre personality?

Page 129

August, pf august, 1927 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION ———— —— Thrillers Defy Gravity (Continued from page 39) are equipped reduce the shock of collisions. With war in progress in several parts of the current. § | world, this season has brought a revival at the tube whi parks of the “cyclorama.”’ An elaborate me- plane’s je # | chanical rtrayal, on a 315-by-50-foot screen, t of the of the Battle of Chateau-Thierry has been this year by Jarvis, at Luna Park, y Island. The -yry of distance ane r. Midway perspective is obtained by using six painte 8 at various distances from the observer. Moves with || | Small parts in the cyclorama, such as the motor Ire, and gq {f | trucks, tanks, and a bridge are movable and riator’ whic || the bridge drops out of sight in a cloud of air in tiles | | steam when “blown up,” accompanied by the of a shot gun fired in a barrel. ape ot in flashes, jets of steam, a set of drums, rifles and eter, “ corlag gun make the battle realistic. Lec- Car, except | turers explain the engagement, as it progresses Per minute} | from sunrise to sunset, in about thirty min- zen hundre| 4 | gtes—quite like the “Johnstown Flood” of ed by Lind. # | former years, probably the best known example Ng Out of the || of this type of entertainment. HE extremes to which amusement park on the board promoters will go to attract public atten- k and tum'}| tion are exemplified in the “Surf Bath” at the mation. The} | Palisades Amusement Park, Palisade, N. J., scending or|}| in which plungers at one end of a large pool Iting to the }| churn the salt water by lifting heavy blocks up sary instre || and down, behind a guard screen, producing horizon jg | eighteen-inch “breakers,” that sweep the 300- airmen ane}! foot pool, and wash a sandy shore at the oppo- tell by their #} siteend. The pool is refilled daily with filtered ide up. The }} ocean water, pumped ten miles through a pipe, e of a spirit | from near the Battery, New York City. The hol and gly. f] Surf Bath, according to Nicholas M. Schenck, that shows || its builder, has accommodated 11,000,000 e is tilting in eighteen years. ent board is red letter days for the concession parks, J-tube. The #] strangely enough, are not the holidays, but the > or upward |] dates before the holidays. The three big sum- -aft inclina- jj mer holidays—Memorial Day, Independence 1k and tum , and Labor Day—provide variety of clinometers, #j activity in themselves, but the nights before on an even |}! those days, when people are relaxed in the and it stil} realization that they do not have to report for , when the/}] work the next day, bring to the amusement stribute the | parks the biggest throngs of the year. and gravity Its turning s A rscope, tels || Controlling Radio Volume Spaces, like (Continued from page 64) 1is_machine ’ ‘ilting. ]| how much you cut down the audio amplifica- 1 indicating |} tion, the detector tube is bound to be overloaded gyroscope, |}} on all strong signals, resulting in distortion. from a ver|j} Turning down the audio amplifier tubes by nstricted at || & rheostat will decrease the volume, but the .g or flaring fj situation is not the same as for the radio-fre- es to inten} quency tubes. The audio tubes carry much ing through | heavier currents, particularly the power tube, he point oj and when you cut down the filament emission dimming the filaments you unbalance the rful stream system with disastrous results as far as revolving.) quality is concerned. Controlling the volume ontinue to¥) bydimming the detector tube is equally bad. as the mo Connecting a variable high resistance across ss of any) theprimary or secondary winding of either the z structure §] fist or second stage audio transformer will give f the tum@} good volume control on small sets using not ight-ahead more than one stage of radio-frequency ampli- e may verll fiation. The best place for the variable ator on theg) sistance is across the secondary winding of arent gytj| the first stage audio transformer, between the ther he #§/Gand F terminals of the instrument. With Many types of audio transformers, the extra aid “ We’? load across the secondary changes the amplify- man strut MiGarcteristics and so causes distortion. in many ith cheap, old style transformers, the et strongtg Tsult may be an improvement, but with s of endurg modern instruments the effect is likely to be y has Louis ¢ nny prec ExcINEERs SURVEYING for a new railroad con- n he hegg Mtting Siberia with Turkestan have dug up the comrade, fi ae of a gigantic quadruped said to have million years ago. PATENTS TRADE-MARKS -- DESIGNS FOREIGN PATENTS MUNN & CO. PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American 1583 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING 24 WEST 4oth STREET New York City 522 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BUILDING Washington, D. C. 1311 TOWER BUILDING Chicago, Ill. 664 HOBART BUILDING San Francisco, Cal. 5i9 VAN NUYS BUILDING Los Angeles, Cal. ok Books and Information on Patents and Trade-Marks By Request. Associates in all Foreign Countries. “Patents of commercial value financed on i A } E fe i S royalty basis without expense to inventor. Mail BOOKLET FREE HIGHEST REFERENCES models and copies of patents or full details to Kamstone Holding Corp., 41 East 42nd Street, | | PROMPTNESS ASSURED Seer RESULTS N. ¥. GC.” Send drawing or model for examination and advice WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer 724 Ninth Street Washington, D: C. I ravel F or ¥: Uncle Sam ‘ Rathenss $158 TO $225 MONTH MAIL COUPON BEFORE YOU LOSE IT ’ ff _~ Franklin Institute, Dept. L266, ATI ys Ur lw yee a a Rochester, = o oma ie —__J e Sirs: Rush to me without charge—(1) Specim pecimen Railway Mail Clerk om ge (2) tell me how a to get a U.S. Government job; (3) send cop: of Steady Work—No Layoffs—Paid Vacations ¢ with is oP NoaitiOmet Oeghoabis, COveTameRt Jobs, See Your Country with Big Pay F Name 4 Common Education Sufficient MEN—BOYS 18 UP a Address...........

Page 130

N DRAWING is a Way to ALI HAFED, a Persian farmer, sold his acres to go out and seek his fortune. He who bought the farm found it contained a diamond mine which made him fabulously rich. Ali Hafed overlooked the great oppor- tunity at his door to go far afield in search of wealth— which illustrates a great truth. Do You Like to Draw? If you do, it is almost certain that you have talent a talent which few possess. Then don’t follow Ali Hafed’s example and look farther for fortune. Develop your talent—your fortune lies in your hand. Many Earn $200 to $500 a Month and More Present splendid opportunitieg in the field of illus- trating never excelled. Publishers buy millions of dol- lars’ worth of illustrations every year. Illustrating is the highest type of art and it is fascinating as well as profitable. The Federal Course includes illustrating, cartooning, lettering, poster designing, window card illustrating, etc. No one artist is competent to give instruction in all these branches. That’s why the Federal School has established its ‘“‘Master Course,”’ in which every sub- ject is written by a specialist. No other school can offer a course nearly comparable. No other institution in the country has such an array of artists as are on the Federal Staff. Federal Course Gets Results Its authors inelude such nationally known artists as Sid Smith, Neysa MecMein, Fontaine Fox, Charles Livingston Bull, Clare Briggs, Norman Rockwell and over fifty others. Exclusive lessons and drawings es- a prepared by them are included in the Federal ome Stu Course. ey de you from simple — to complex illustrations having a high market value. Mail in the coupon below today and we will send you our free il- lustrated booklet, “A Road to Bigger Things.”’

FEDERAL SCHOOL OF ILLUSTRATING, 8147 Federal School Bidg., Minneapolis, Minn.

Must be automotive accessory or replacement parts, by well known, established manufac- turer of automobile springs. Will buy outright or work on royalty basis. Write full details, Dept. 45 Suite 416, Wrigley Bldg., Chicago

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

the answers. This disposed of the telepathy hypothesis. Finally came the true solution. As soon as the experimenter gave a problem, he involuntarily bent forward slightly to see what the horse would do. Then, when the right num- ber of taps had been given, he straightened up the least bit. The horse, on the lookout for this movement, responded by ceasing to tap. In other words, while the trainer thought he was teaching the horse arithmetic and lan- guage, he was really teaching him merely a simple code of when to start tapping and when to stop! So far as is known, all “problem solving” of a complicated type by the lower animals is explainable in similar terms. The great body of experimental evidence shows that the mentality of animals is of very primitive order. That animals do solve some simpler | problems, however, has been demonstrated

frequently. 4% <5 the matter of opening a door latch. This task is easy for the monkey, and is well within the scope of the raccoon, por- cupine, cat, dog, rat and even birds, provided the latch is operated by a string. The animal may be placed either inside a box, usually with food outside, or outside the box with food inside. He does not find the latch and solve the problem at once, of course. Instead, the first success is somewhat of an accident. The animal attacks the barrier with claws and teeth and unfastens the latch by chance. This tells him where to concentrate his efforts, and so each successive attempt becomes easier. After learning this trick do you suppose the animal understands about latches? Does he know how they work? If we move the latch to another part of the door we find that he goes to the same spot as before, scratching, not at the latch, but at the place where the latch used to be. New types of problem boxes are constantly being devised. One of these, a product of the laboratory at Columbia, is illustrated on page 33. This box, so perfect mechanically that it operates without sound, has an outer cage to keep the animal on the table and an inner cage containing food. The door of the food cage, held shut by a magnet, opens when the rat steps on a trigger set in the floor to the rear. Even when he does this, however, he has no way of knowing that the door is open until he happens to approach it again. This problem, a difficult one, is “learned” when the animal rushes directly to the trigger and thence into the food cage full speed. White rats on the average require about sixty trials to learn this act. Some of the brightest require less than half that many, while the dullest require more than a hundred. Animals vary in intelligence just as we do. UPPOSE we make a box so complicated that the animal is called on (1) to push in a plug, (2) to pull a string, (3) to shove down on a cross bar, and (4) to lift a latch. If he mixes up the order the door will not open. This is a neat problem for anyone, but the monkey and raccoon can do it. Monkeys especially, because of their great manual dexterity, show much skill at this sort of problera. From the moment of birth, and long before its eyes are open, even a baby white rat is a going concern, crawling about, washing its face and pushing objects out of the way with its feet. Why? If it cannot see nor hear, where does the stimulus come from? The answer is that it must come from inside, and it is this inner compulsion that scientists call a drive. Put instead of being mystical, it is more likely the result of an internal physical condition, such as an empty stomach. Psychologists often have wondered which Even Worms Solve Puzzles (Continued from page 34) - The question is, then, which drives wil}

of the various drives—hunger, sex, fatigue, so forth—play the greatest part in conty the animal’s life. Which is hardest to om come? Which produces the greatest activity? To test this question at Columbia ap tric grid is placed between the animal and th object of its search—either its food, its its mate, or its young. The electric shock, mij but always the same, serves as an obstrugia. a - come the obstruction most frequently? 7 Results thus far are in favor of hun within certain limits. Rats starved for ¢ hours, for instance, will cross the grid than those starved only six hours, and up to four days. After that, for some st reason, the desire for food seems to The rat will cross less often on the fifth than on the fourth. In fasting experimes on humans, physiologists have shown that also suffer more during the first few days, anf gradually lose appetite the longer the fag, The maternal drive in the rat is weak. Te mother refuses to cross to her young, but go over immediately to satisfy her hunpe! Preliminary results on the sex drive at tp Columbia laboratory indicate that it fw much nearer to hunger than to the mater impulses. Similar tests are planned fy monkeys. gy rails of a car track are parallel, by to the human eye they seem to conve —which is just one of a hundred examples} show that human sense organs are subje illusions. A vertical line looks shorter th horizontal line of the same length en its center. If two equal arcs of a cird placed one above the other, the lower seems larger. Philosophers question } we can ever know the world as it re vis 47 eeeRS = Sé&s & :

since our sense organs themselves are trustworthy. Animal psychologists have begun to wonde whether the eyes of other species are subjecij this deception. Does the bird, for exampl whose eyes are much like our own, haved} Gor and similar defect of vision? Already enough have been gathered to show that the de hen and the dove, at least, have many of tk same illusions that we have. ‘ In an investigation by Prof. Geza 3 of Goettingen University, Germany, twoa shaped areas of cardboard of different sim were cut out. On the smaller piece free was sprinkled but on the larger piece the gn was glued down. A hen was then aduittt and after several hundred tests learned! peck at the smaller area only. 4 HEN the illusion test was made. » arc-shaped cardboards, this time o @ actly equal size, were placed one above ® other so that to the human eye the up one seemed smaller. Free grain was placed) both. Unless the hen was subject to arc illusion the ares would look exact Now, did the approaching hen peck grain she came to? She did not! She re over, neglecting the grain beneath her and pecked from the top arc of the pair wil Jooked smaller, though the two arcs were y same size exactly! Tests on the ring dove now in progre Columbia center about the familiar M Lyer illusion which causes two lines of € length to appear of different lengths angles opening in opposite directions are ah at their extremities. In this experiment® animal is confronted with a choice lines, one longer than the other. If he resp correctly he is fed; if wrongly, he steps charged grid and receives a light shock. After long training, the bird is select the shorter (Continued on page ®

Page 131

X, fatigue ay in contig rdest to ¢ atest exter mae an thes nima food, nal ric — n obs ives will g ently? r of h ved for e “ee pode. tr as to Weak be fifth day experim Lous that few days, anf er the fast, is weak, Th ung, but » - her hun drive at th that it I the mater planned > parallel, but n to conver 1 example) ire sub horter th ogth CI f a ci cle he lower oie tion 3 it Ives are un to wo are subject by for e ath her 1e pair wil rcs were 1 progress) liar M ines of engths ns arec periment \oice f he respé e steps @ ight ele ird is on page t Ss] MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 129 ‘Learned Drafting At Home — Makes $350% “ft am now making $350.00 a month plus a goed bonus on the completion of each job. I have never regretted my Oa ed with you because without course and individual training “+ | could not have advan ‘rom an ordinary day worker making $23.00 per week to peneral super- intendent on big buildings cost- ing $750,000 Ard bho Ask For FREE Book After taking my simple eas- tly learned course in draft- ing at home —_ ce: "pond stepped 7 and Lys Dobe Easy Drafting 1951 Lawrence pede Even Worms Solve Puzzles (Continued from page 128) of two lines quite accurately. The lines are | then removed, the Muller-Lyer figures substi- | tuted, and we watch to see whether he chooses the line that seems to be shorter to us. So | far results indicate that he sees the illusion | as we do, but a final answer must wait until } Youcan waz qualify for big-paying positionsin Motion Picture, Commercial or News Pho! start your own business. No experience need 1 CAMERA FREE £2272 ,2t home or in our great New York Studios. raphy, or = Earn while learning. Write today for Free Book, Job and Free Camera offer. -+{ YORK INSTITUTE OF tates 10 West 33rd St. York If You Are A MAN the name and not afraid to ey Abet you $50 that you can’t work for us 30 days and earn less than $200. Think I’m bluffing? ” Then answer this ad and show me up. ings for Managers. The ‘‘Won- der Box”’ sells on sight. TOM WALKER DEPT. « PITTSBURGH, PA. Vulcanizer and Tire Man is easily so i. r. Pim writes: ‘‘Sold 26 out of 30 dem MENTS 500% PROFIT GENUINE GOLD LEAF LETTERS Guaranteed to never tarnish. Anyone can Rt them on stores and office windows. ormous demand, large profits, Paul Clark says: smallest day $28. 70. R.L. Reel made $920 intwo months. Write today for free sample and liberal offer to general agents. METALLIC LETTER CO., 433A N. Clark Street, Chicago. the research is completed. This apparatus is also used to determine whether birds can distinguish between circles, squares, and triangles of about equal area. For the crow the answer is yes—but the crow has unusually sharp eyesight. Other birds, such as the ring dove and lien, do not dis- criminate between forms so well, unless there is also a difference in size. The color vision of birds is so good that they seem able to distinguish about the same range of colors as man himself. Evidently the gaudy plumage of the male peacock and bird of paradise is therefore not wasted, after all; probably fine feathers help out in bird court- ships as well as in human! This is the more remarkable in view of the fact that most of our domestic animals, such as the dog, cat, cow and probably the horse, are color blind. With the exception of monkeys, in fact, it seems that very few of the mammals see color. The world to them, most likely, is plain black, | white or gray. Hook Your Phonograph to the Radio Set (Continued from page 63) operation will enable you to build the whole amplifier as a self-contained unit in a compart- ment of the phonograph cabinet, or if you have a small phonograph, the amplifier can be fitted into a box and placed in a near-by closet where it will be out of sight and out of the way. Those of you who have not yet brought the audio amplifiers in your radio receivers up to date will find that Fig. 2 will show you how todo this with the least possible trouble. Remember that in remodeling your present set you will need to install new binding posts only when similarly marked posts are not already in the set. Connecting the amplifier of Fig. 2 to any standard radio detector set presents no difficul- ties. Simply connect the two wires from the one tube set that ordinarily connect to the headphones to a plug, instead, and insert the latter in place of the plug from the phonograph pick-up device. Be sure to try reversing the two wires and choose the polarity that gives the best tone quality. Y SUBSTITUTING a double circuit jack with four connecting prongs instead of the open circuit jack shown at the input end of the amplifier circuit and connecting the center two prongs in place of the headphones of your radio set, you can eliminate one plug. With the pick-up device in place the amplifier will be connected to the phonograph. When it is pulled out the amplifier will automatically be connected to the radio detector circuit. Under no circumstances try to operate the amplifier of Fig. 2 with a radio set that includes any audio amplification. Such an attempt to obtain extraordinary volume will not be suc- cessful, for squeals and howls are sure to result. If you desire additional information on the circuit or the types of phonograph pick-up devices or other apparatus approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards, ad- dress your letters to: Radio Editor, PopuLar SctencE Monrazty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. AMERICAN sH1Ps plying the Great Lakes car- ried eight million more tons of freight last year than ever before. The net total for the year was 121,289,502 tons. Get in on the Ground Floor of ELECTRIC REFRIGERATION OU_ have seen the fortunes that have been made by the men who got in on [the ground floor of the automobile . - movies . . .radio. Electric Refrigeration is going to be another tre- mendous money maker for the men who get in on it early in the game. NOW is the Time! Electric Refrigeration Offers You a Brilliant Future In 3 months only—just 90 days LEARNED IN you can be one of the new group of MONTHS trained experts who will guide and 3 most lucrative and newest of America’s gigantic Rndustries. refrigeration and Experts Needed E132 tric #1, rettigeration men—with positions—big, responsible, well-paid posi- tions open—waiting for t Special Training Essential 7 7 ai2°2 cannot service these new machines—they need refrigera- tion experts of which there are but a pitiful few. A Complete, Practical, Electrical Education Learn by the thorough, approved scientific methods which our twenty-three years of s alizing enable us to gye you. In addition to Electrical Refrigeration, the llowing complete courses are given: A. C. and D. C. Armature in —— avidae and Testing, Electrical Eadio eering, Electrotechnics mmer- cial \— oy gy Electrical Engineering (B.S years), Automotive Electricity Radio pn AF Transmitters, Receivers and FREE BOOKLETS Don’t miss this fortune-making opportunity. Let us prove what we say. Let us send you our literature on the course you are most interested in. It’s free—no obligation—the coupon will bring it to you—no fuss—no trouble. Be sure to mention course interested in, age and education. New Class Organizing September Ist. - Act at Once GCHODL of f ENGINEERING Milwaukee . Founded 1905 163 East Wells Street sSSCeeeseseeseeaease Schect of Engineering of Milwaukee, SM-827, 163 East Wells St., Mil wi Send me FREE, with no obligations, more details on your course in Milwaukee, Wis. PRD, 0. s0ccsccsigbicecksoe amma RBs 00036 a¥G. Os «3 «:0.0'o.0:0'0'0'b'-0.0:50 ad bed aie eae a ane DAs 5094 30:00 608.646 954500 589 eerie ry | er POTEET PSY Sati eek ee

Page 132

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Ti Gain that magnetic popularity that makes you the center of any crowd. Business and social success is assured the man who can perform mystifying tricks. You can earn big money either Af yg ~y well as being most popular per- son in your crowd. Why envy others’ skill? You can learn Magic yourself, quick and easy Earn Up to $1000a Month Even sleight-of-hand, t See a epics ROW male teas learn. For Dr. e of the sealty Great Magicians, R. -. final apened up the secrets of his profession ina omnes illustrated course at a merely no onderful ful Tarbell S ‘System to mystify and entertain very js with simple tricks fone | in your v er that Dr rian Tarbell = a8 you ~-y Re. the entire maze of sleigh of-hand, card tricks and elaborate stage ne. tisements. The apparently superhuman doings of the accomplished magician becomes as simple as when you just know how. Special | Offer ! There is @ tremendous demand for magic ti FEB Charity and Social alfaireall fees to the man who knows M Tarbell f half hour’s = FP pe Ly Ay it = tremendous asset. vind cat 6 abet & =i pa AI Magic. The coupon without any obligation, Mail pon brings fal Tarbell § a Inc. 1926 Sunnyside Ave.,Studio.(-13¢ Chicago dragging anchors—-the pet aversion of cable men—must be guarded against. But the most thrilling task of all is beach- ing the cable at the end of the voyage. For the big ship cannot approach closer than {a mile from the beach at best—sometimes three miles is the limit. From that distance the heavy line, weighing fifteen to twenty tons to the mile, must be carried through the breakers. It is up to the chief engineer to decide how this is to be done. If the landing is near civi- lization, where modern machinery is available the task is comparatively simple. In landing the Azores cable at Rockaway Beach, N. Y., and again in landing the new high-speed North Atlantic cable from London to New York last year, the end of the cable was transferred to a light-draft auxiliary vessel which carried it to within a quarter of a mile of the beach and anchored. There a tow rope was attached to the cable, and a small boat carried the rope to shore. On the beach a winch mounted on a motor truck hauled in, and the cable, buoyed yd barrels at intervals of thirty feet, floated to shore. AT OTHER times, however, a landing must be made on some wild and rocky key in the South Seas, or on the edge of an African jungle inhabited by hostile savages. Then there is excitement aplenty. No aid here, per- haps, except the sleek backs of savages who must be cajoled and bribed, probably with bright cloth and beads, to wade out up to their necks and pull the cable ashore. More than once rockets have been employed to hurl a tow- line over the surf. At Fayal in the Azores oxen were hitched to the cable. And in one penal colony reformed cannibals and black murderers were drafted to do the tugging. Dangers are ever present. Just twenty years ago the chief engineer of the Colonia was devoured by cannibals near the town of Mombasa in East Africa. It takes a cool head and a stout heart to be a cable man. And when the cable is down at last, the task has only begun. There are a hundred ways in which a cable may be damaged or broken, despite its armor. Icebergs may grind it asunder. Hidden rocks may rasp and wear through it. Trawlers and the dragging anchors of rum ships and other craft frequently catch and break it. In one damaged cable a shark’s tooth was found imbedded. One break in the United States-Alaska cable was caused by a whale, whose huge carcass was found entangled in it. Worst of all is the little teredo boring worm that eats wharves and pilings. In tropical waters where these pests abound, the cable is so heavily insulated that it is thick as a python; yet the teredo gnaws through even this heavy covering. To defeat the teredo, the copper cores of cables in tropical waters often are surrounded by shielding walls cf brass. OF ALL the strange mishaps that have be- fallen cables, the classic example occurred a few days after the first international cable was laid, in 1850, between Dover, England and Calais, France. A French fisherman, by chance, hooked up the cable. Thinking it might be some strange species of eel, he hacked it with his knife. The shining copper looked to him like gold so he chopped off as much of the cable as he could and jubilantly sailed for home! The accuracy with which experts at a shore station can locate breaks in a cable and place a finger on the exact trouble spot is almost un- canny. It is done by means of the Wheatstone bridge, an instrument which measures elec- trical resistance of a conductor. Since the exact resistance for every mile of cable is definitely known, measurement of the total resistance of the cable to the point of breakage On the Sea in a Cable Ship (Continued from page 23) % ; tells how many miles from shore the lies. Thus, if the normal resistance of a is two ohms to the mile, and the ments show a total resistance of 2730 the cable men know that the break wil} found somewhere in the 1365th mile out, repair ship hurriedly steams for that spot, & HH - = wh be 4 MAGINE, this time, that you are a Western Union repair ship Lord Kelvin, g of the largest in service, at the mo; message flashes in that the North A cable is out of commission. Within a fey hours you are steaming from port, headed for a charted dot in the ocean. Arriving an 1800-pourd buoy, flagged and lighted, goes overboard and is anchored to mark the place. The work of “fishing”’ begins, If the water is not too deep, a grapnel resemblings five-pronged anchor is used as the “‘fis If the depth is a mile or more, a special is used which, once it hooks the cable, ¢ apart and at the same time clutches one of t} severed ends and brings it to the surface, - i On this job an ordinary grapnel is tg Back and forth, in a zigzag over the line of t cable, steams the repair ship, grapnel over the sea floor, while every pull the towline is recorded on the dynamon scale. All at once the pointer on the seal leaps upward. The cable is hooked. Then it’ ‘Stop her!” and heave in the towline. Powe. ful winches haul the cable up to the shi then two men, slung over the side in chairs, fasten it securely with stopper chaing each side of the grapnel. Between these pers the cable is cut. Electricians in the testing room begin the search for the flaw. The side nearest land is found to be sound, so it is buoyed and} dropped overboard. Then the ship steams ahead, hauling in the other end. Soom th ee ee 43 cable armor, as if bitten by some sea monster, | Constant chafing by a hidden rock has wom) through the covering penetrating to the core. Quickly the damaged part is cut outa a new section spliced in its place. R HIS done, your ship returns and pi the buoyed end. Carefully the two are soldered and spliced together, and at the cable, whole once more, is flung back the depths. # The advance of cable transmission is kee pace with the newer developments of & The cable has certain natural ad which make this possible. It affords s messages; it is free from static and othad ference encountered in the ether; and it] vides a permanent record of every mes sent. Moreover, amazingly little power required to operate a cable. Ordinarily § voltage needed for signals across the oceall: about fifty volts. , As for speed of transmission, the — achieved capacity of 2500 letters a muni is only the beginning, in the opinion of @ experts. “Permalloy cables may do even 3% letters a minute,” says one cable compa] executive. ° At that rate, should every one of the wot 500 submarine cables be permalloyed, 2,509) letters could flash their way under al oceans every minute, bearing messages. Hawaii’s New Quake Observat ARTHQUAKES in the Pacific Oceam be recorded more efficiently with earthquake observatory of the U. S. Coast Geodetic Survey at Honolulu, Hawala : struments are placed in one of the bui the University of Hawaii. ies F : course, personal dy Derek ¥ —_— ' ] Int Al _

Page 133

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION $10,000 Men at Home N eeded men are always in demand. They earn $5000 r year. You can easily master Derek ous 20 lesson course in advertising. Short easy to learn. Written so you can understand 15 mS advertising i as copy writer, manag and of two advertising Covers ail details of writing, adver- FULL and publicity. Full price of complete including consultation privileges and PRICE service, only $10. Send for circular or anaerty ‘at special temporary $10 price. Ful§ { re) gent at once. Derek White, 6428 San Fernando Bidg., Los Angeles,Cal. a

THOUSANDS of ambitious men are earniag more money today because they know Accounting. Send for our 80-page book, “How to Learn Accounting,” and the first lesson. Both will be sent free. International Accountants Society, Inc. A Division of the Alexander Hamilton Institute $411-GSouth Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois

You-and This New Machine CanEarn BIG PROFITS > m ni L.L.Cooke thousand other ‘ boys” who earn $12 to $30 every day in the same eight hours that pay you gnly a mere $4, $5 or $6. Youcandoit! It’s easy! I'll show you how— — ¥ ” show in a way you'll quickly grasp and never orget “Schooling” Not Necessary You don’t have to be a College Man. You don’t have to be a High School graduate. oer isn’t what you know but what you're willing to learn that counts with me! In fact, most of my “boys” never finished grade school, but that made no difference to me. And if you can just read and write, my q ety tearned. easily-grasped, right-up- to-the-minute Training will teach you lectricity 80 thoroughly you'll be surprised! Electrical Men in Demand Electricity, the world’s greatest Reetegeton, oa you countless opportunities. It wants YOU. u, will pay big to get you. Today even the ordinary electrician —the common “screw-driver” kind good money. But it’s the Trained Man— Bee man who knows the whys and wherefores of Electrieity—who is picked to “boss” the big jobs—the jobs that pay the Big oney. Train at Home get in line for one of these

SIX BIG ELECTRICAL OUTFITS NO EXTRA ' CHARGE You need tools, mate- rials and instruments to do the practical work I teach. These I give you at no ex- tra cost—Six Big Outfits— not toys, but the real thing. And they are yours to keep! MONEY BACK AGREEMENT When you enroll I Extra dollars rolling in while send you a signed you're still learning—real | Bond of Agreement money every _ ides to return every ‘our pay from your regular penny of your tuition hall $5 or a $101 Dill easily | if, when you have made any evening after sup- finished my Course you are not 100% satisfied. And a Two Million Dollar In- stitution backs me up in this ree- ment. Jobs. You can do it— easily! Just give me a little of your spare time, and I'll get you ready for Big Pay almost before you r . You learn by doing! With my now famous “Work Sheets” and “Job Tickets” ou train along work shop ines. You get theory—you get practice—you get thor- oughness—you learn Elec- tricity from A to Z—right in the quiet of your home. Earn Money While in spare-time work. You can, tool You can pay for my (Course this way and bank money b Get Started — In $ Mail Coupon—NO Right now—this very minute—make up your mind to say goodbye to poor pay forever! me en Get the Facts—the Proof that YOU can ig = Electricity! Mail coupon at once for my y- ing Boo Read =] oar letters “Cooke” Trained | Big-Pa en. See how yo! you, t can jump from a ‘ ‘possed” mm a “bossing”’ paying $70 376 to $200 a week! Get the Book at whe 7 sF mail coupon NOW! ; LL. goons, Chief Instruction E rae L."L] COOKE SCHOOL OF ELECTRICITY Dept. 3-C, 2150 Lawrence Ave., Chicago, lil.

‘om —

1. L. Goons. Chief Instruction Engineer, - COOKE SCHOOL OF ELECT Doge. 3-C, n150 Lawrence Ave., Chicago, mL Please send copy of your big FREE book— ‘Secrets of Success in Electricity’’—and full particulars about your home study Course in Electricity. Name Address City (Residents of Canada may send coupon to R. A. Far- row, Special Representative, 7 Medbury Lane, East, Windsor, Ont., Canada.)

State.

Page 134

9 school at Hom dT ee 7 77, 177, Yi aanroceeenw~ ne tteennamemnnannncreae ap ae ek POT re ERR EES HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if you tack HANDICAPPED HiehSchoo training. You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a@ successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of ically all worth-while itions demand High School train- . You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it, Let the American | School help you. ? FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- plete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all subjects given in a resident school and ‘meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- fully examined and coached, USE SPARE TIMEONLY Most people idle away fifty hours a week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin, American School Dept. HC-75, Drexel Ave. and 38th $t., Chicate American School

ots le Engineer ee oo. Automobile Repairman cal Perec ' paceeer Engineer «se. Shop Superintendent ences 1] Engineer +.-mployment Manager = yy 7 i > —aaa — ——y ) teal ‘and Designer Telephone Le neer enceee En; gaa “Bligh Schoo! Gradante <.. Vocational Guidance —Vodecided Name -__. co MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Av

Is Your Home Safe From Fire? — (Continued from page 67) protection is increased with the addition of metal lath. All the numerous varieties of vege- table fibers employed in insulation, from cork to flax, are subject to charring with sufficient heat, but they are not apt to flame or contrib- ute to a vigorous fire. If you surface these materials with plaster or stucco, you kill two birds with one stone. The exact degree of com- promise between insulation and fire security depends on circumstances, including the own- er's need or. preference for one thing rather than another. Among the factors to consider are climate, type of house and local hazards. Is there fire protection in your community? A neighbor’s roof may be a pertinent factor. ° What has a neighbor's roof to do with planning my house? F THE neighbor’s roof is covered with wood shingles, it may well decide you to take greater precautions in the make-up of your dwelling. Wood shingles are barred in many cities and towns as a general fire menace. They imperil not only the individual dwelling when ignited by chimney sparks, but may spread conflagration to all neighboring houses, espe- cially when a high wind scatters them as flying firebrands. An old neglected wood shingle roof of warped, split, fuzzy and decayed units is most dangerous because it is most likely to “catch” with a vagrant chimney spark. There is relative safety in having the best grade of quarter sawed shingles which do not warp and split, in laying them securely, and keeping them in good repair. Are asphalt shingles any more fireproof than wood? Probably not if subjected to a good hot blaze. The asphalt will melt and burn along with its felt base. However, the mineral sur- facing of these shingles does not encourage chimney sparks and in case of a real fire the units do not fly about like wood. Asphalt roofing may have an asbestos base, which is an improvement on felt. Perhaps the best use of asphalt is in strip shingles, which are sur- faced electrolytically with a coating of pure copper. These are entirely proof against fire from above, while they would resist for a long time, if not indefinitely, the outbreak of an interior fire. What roofing materials are completely fire- proof ? SBESTOS shingles, copper shingles, slate, burnt clay tile and concrete tile, sheet copper and zinc, not to mention tin. Among these there is a question of relative durability on long exposure to the elements. For example, unglazed clay tile will not stand a wet climate, tin rusts, and copper may be attacked by salt air and sulphurous gas. Thickness is also a factor in security. Asbestos shingles laid with the generous overlap of the rectangular or American style are obviously safer than when placed in the skimpy diagonal method. Heavy | slate will crack and fail less easily in a fire than thin slate. All these materials call for a sheathing of tongue-and-groove boards nailed to rafters and a layer of roofing felt or asphalt roll roofing, which makes the job air-tight and insulates against heat and cold. Insulation is needed for a surface of metal or mineral that readily transmits variations of temperature. Besides sheathing and felt, a base of wooden strips is required for certain kinds of tile. What about the chimney? It is the most vulnerable part of the average dwelling. Chimneys, along with heating and cooking apparatus connected to them, are re- sponsible for the greatest number of home fires in the United States. The chimney is a skeleton in our national closet. This article might logi- cally have started with a discourse on the chimney iniquity, but since this aspect of fire hazard has been heavily harped on in the “firstly” of every fire sermon, I thous etter to make it “lastly.” The & is indeed satanic in conduct. ruins of a burned-down house the oh usually continues to stand with an air bility and wronged innocence. People aug ceived and say, “Well, the chimney waggay anyway.” They blame the house ingtags the miscreant survivor. -And they k building the same kind of houses andl ch Where should we begin to build a gm! right? | T THE foundation. If that answer sum obviously silly, look at the sillier fact th not a few chimneys are seated on a couple ¢ wooden posts or perched on a wooden ghd with a brace or two beneath. There shouli! a first-class concrete foundation, below frost line if outside the house, and dow hard subsoil if within. Make the base j deep and a foot wider all- around th greatest dimensions of the superstructumi cluding open fireplace. However, it is not essary to have a solid mass of masonm base to ceiling of cellar. We may instead two substantial columns connected above! a brick arch or with a slab of reinforced a crete. Thus we obtain light and headnm while saving space and material. Make t two columns hollow, so as to serve fora dump for open fireplace and soot dumpie furnace flue. | Can a well-built chimney be used to mi floor beams? as Don’t permit it. That is a common old and dangerous practice. Aside from fire which is especially great when beams are} into the masonry, there is a question of unegul settlement when chimney and house are ta) together. The chimney should stand im pendently of the house structure all the my from top to bottom, free to settle by# if so inclined. No floor beams or wood} should be closer than two inches from th sonry in general, or four inches from fireplace, and the space between should) filled with loose incombustible material ie mortar waste, mineral wool or the like, resting on a metal strip nailed to bottom edge of beim}. Thus there is a fireproof and flexible joimt joint of similar effect but also water-ti obtained at the roof with copper flashing. Ty as flashing is perishable. Lead and zine enda but melt quickly in case of fire. Ts flue lining necessary? Y Yes, always. And it should be of fire diy not ordinary tile whether glazed or glazed. There should be a separate fluef furnace, another for a kitchen coal stove, al a third large one for open fireplace. It isha to separate linings from each other wit ' thickness of one brick, but if they meet? joints should at least be “‘staggered.” | How thick should the chimney walls be flue lining? T THE back of an open fireplace, the willl of two bricks laid flat, or eight inches. 9 brick wide, or four inches, will do above. 50 concrete or concrete block of the same tim ness is permissible only when it is well forced with metal. A chimney of cut si masonry should be twice as thick as brick@ reinforced concrete, while rubble or field st needs a thickness of one foot. Hollow ties allowed only when such a chimney is B® into an exterior hollow tile wall. = Are there other fire precautions? SS Keep flues clean to avoid soot fires. . smokepipe connection to flue air-tight wit bestos mixture. Renew furnace sm every two years or so. Fireproof ceiling furnace heater with metal sheet or other Keep a fire extinguisher handy in the ki for which detail you will be thankful some@

é r

a |

er

| ahd _ eG | ss: ~—— a) z 43 aie i ff im.

Pe

Page 135

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Show the Lookout to scary ves. They buy on ives sight. G gecpoctien * and » The Lookout gees outside thedoorbefore opened. Burras, St. Louis, sold five in one house — Etson, Pittsburgh, 12in an hour. greatest sel- fer in years. In thesedays of terrible crime the Look- out just fits in. Make 85c¢ on every one you sell at $1.50. $10.00 KIT FREE We give beautiful $10.00 working kit free, Send $1.00 today for sample and particularsabout uniqueselling plan and money guczra e NEW INVENTION FACTORIES A-17 GOVERNOR PLACE LONG ISLAND CITY NEW YORK tors. , rie og port while s y’ > ment Service. ‘Day r Ev Classes. Athletics. Enter so fh sive courses in Fagineering, ing. Write for free 84 -page ‘‘Biue Book’’ an to ovalify for a high-pay drafting job in 4 months. 8 feet 20m St. Chicago Technical College can't come to Chicago, study at home. ite for Free Trial Lesson in Drafting. h duri our spere time. We Hee nn eat ey at opmortanities now in savertising than Bact the highest paid men fn the world are advertising men. You before, Constant demand for our graduates at splendid pay. FREE Book. Giving ting rma’ id vital ees at you want whet bm y- Fe Write today. c-D VIS SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING 1 3601 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, U.S. A. Send Der. ‘J auStandard Makes ITYPEWRITER at new low prices your favorite machine at a = of 40% to 60%. Latest models Underwood: L. C. Smiths, Remingtons, remanufactu: lkenew from top to bottom, 5-year guarantee. 10 free trial. Sold direct on EZ monthly payments. wae for latest catalog—FREE Young Typewriter Company $35.."1428 Typewriter Headquarters Street ICAGO Course for men of ambi- Electrical ::= and limited time. ‘Over 5000 men trained. Condensed course in Theoretical and Practical Elec- trical including Engineering #3: ly related subjects of Mathematics and Mechanical Drawing. Students construct motors, install wiring, test elec- trical machinery. aoe designed to be completed one college year. ‘ BLISS ELECTRICAL SCHOOL Prepare for your profession in the most interesting city in the world. Catalog on req uest. 108 Takoma Ave., Washington, D.C. been Learn Cartooning At Home—in Your Spare Time from the school that has trained Scores of today’s successful cartoon- ists who earn from $50 to $ more a week. The Landon Picture Chart Method cf teaching Makes original drawing easy to karo. Send 6c in stamps for full information and chart to test your WW ity. Also state age. THE LANDON SCHGCOL National Bidg.,Cleveland.O. RS aR ACNE SN ASIONT TORE AL Se RE lfs Guse and Gire % You can be quickly cured if you stammer. Send 10 , coin or stamps, for 288-page cloth bound book 09 Stammering and Stuttering. It tells how I cured myself after Ctqmsseriog and Stuttering for 20 years. BENJAMIN N. BOGUE Answers to the Sam Loyd Puzzles on Page 65 The Diamond Cutting Test This diagram a shows how the five- by-five square can be constructed from four sections cut from the two smaller groups. If you reached a so- lution in fifteen minutes, you did unusually well. A Brain Teaser in Letters 1. Rock. 2. Crab. 3. Soil. 4. Crust. 5. Dell. 6. Easter. 7. Grill. 8. Heart. 9. Post. | 10. Trail. Fifteen minutes is excellent time. Counting the Children Before the twins arrived there were 12 in the household, including the farmer and his wife, and the barrel of flour lasted 21 days. When the family increased to 14, the barrel of flour lasted only 18 days. If they had four more “‘feeders” the barrel would last only 14 days. There are at present 12 children in the family. Twelve minutes is good time for the solution. The “Twenty-Five Up’’ Game Games of the character of “Twenty-Five Up,” wherein two players build up a common sum until a certain total is reached, are best analyzed by working backwards step by step until the most advantageous start is found. The novel feature of “Twenty-Five Up” is that at each play, after the first two, two of the six numbers (top and bottom of die) are unavailable for the following player. This opens up a field of nice calculation, for a player must not only aim to leave certain totals for his opponent, but also leave out of play the very numbersjwhich he could best employ. An analysis of the game reveals that winning totals to leave for one’s opponent are: 24, provided 1 or 6 is top number; 22 with 3 or 4 up; 21 with 3 or 4 up; 20 with 2 or 5 up; 17 with 3 or 4 up; 16 always wins; 13 with 3 or 4 up; 12 with 3 or 4 up; 11 with 2 or 5 up; 8 with 3 or 4 up; 7 always wins. Losing stages are: 23, 19, 18, 15, 14, 10, 9. Don’t ever leave these totals for your opponent to play on. The advantage is with the first player, who calls out the opening number, although the second player with a lucky throw of the die may gain a winning position and maintain it throughout the game. However, the chances are against him. If the first player selects 1, the second player can only win by throwing 3 or 6; so the chances are two to one against him, as he is just as likely to throw 1, 2, 4 or 5, as the 3 or 6. If the first player selects 2, the second player can only win by throwing 5, so in this instance the odds are 5 to 1 against him. If the first player selects 3, only the throw of 4 would beat him. If he selects 4, then 3 or 4 would beat him. If he selects 5, 2 or 3 would beat him. If he selects 6, 1 or 5 would beat him. So, in starting the game, the player who “sets the pace”’ has a decided advantage, since by selecting 2 or 3, he leaves for his opponent only a 5 to 1 chance in throwing the die for a winning second number. If you reasoned this out in 25 minutes, you did exceptionally well. The Letter Equation Substituting figures for letters the result is as follows: 38 times 38 equals 1,444. Words Made from Lines 1. Veterinarian; 2. Fermentative; 3. Im- penetrable; 4. Wearisome; 5. Misinterpret; 6. Nonsensical; 7. Indemnified. Twenty minutes is good time. 1544 e Bidg.. 1147 N. 111. St. Indi ls Would You Like To Earn More Money-in Work WW ots: Ubeelelye Romance? If you’re earning a pen- ny less than $50 a week, clip coupon below. Get my big Free Book telling about opportunities for big money in Hadio. Television, trans-At- lantic Radio telephony, many other wonderful inventions and perso «pa constantly cre- ne ? ating big new Radio opportu- nities. Here’s work that’s almost romance, a NEW, oe growing, live-wire profession. And Radio needs trained men! Salaries from $50 all the way up to $250 a week are not unusual. You can easily learn Radio for bigger pay 4? my tested, — geetiom. ——— of men have a one it. You learn quickly in your spare hours A HOME-— it’s all so interesting = peu tes it’s easy! Extra Dollars For You Almost At Once Think of making $15, $20, $30 extra every week “on the side,”’ without interfering with your pi job! I'll teach you to doit almost at once after you start your Radio training with me, by using spare time that you're wasting now. And the — Fay tet getti reaey r the er 0) ahead! " J. E. SMITH President Six Big Outfits of Practice Material _ Given Free of Extra Cost With your training you get free of extra cost 6 great outfits of real Radio practice material. With these 6 outfits you can build 100 real Radio circuits, This is the practical kind of home-training. You learn to hold a job— not on paper— ON THE PAY-ROLL. Send coupon below for details of this offer. 2: You can easily pay for your course and put money in the bank while learning, when you learn by my practical methods. And you don’t need to leave home, or inter- fere with the job you have Facts and Proo' 64-PAGE BOOK SENT FREE When I receive ty coupon I'll mail you my 64-page Book immediately. It's filled with photos and facts about the opportunities tells how , to an expert in this field. No previous Radio experi- vant 8 sch quired. Mail coupon now—address J. E. Smith, President. J. E. SMITH, President, National Radio Institute, Dept. H-87, Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. Smith: Kindly send me your nyt Free Book which tells about soarenng, Radio for bigger pay. Also send information on your offer of 6 outfits of mate- rial free of extra cost. understand this places me under no obligation.

Page 136

“There’s One Man We're Going to Keep” “Ep Witson, there, is one of the most ambitious men in the plant. I notice that he never fools away his spare time. He studies his International Correspondence Schools course every chance he gets. - “It’s been the making of him, too. He hasn’t been here nearly so long as Tom Downey, who was laid off yesterday, but he knows ten times as much about this business. : “I’m going to-give him Tom’s job at a raise in salary. He’s the kind of man we want around here.” How do you stand in your shop or office? Are you an Ed Wilson or a Tom Downey? Are you going up? Or down? No matter where you live, the International Correspondence Schools will come to you. No matter what your handicaps or how small your means, we havea plan to meet your circumstances. This is all we ask: Without cost, without obligating yourself in any way, put it up to us to prove how we can help you. Just mark and mail this coupon, INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS — Box 7638-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me a copy c” your booklet, “‘Whe Wins and Why,” and full particula:. about the course before which I have marked X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Business Management Salesmanship Industrial Management Advertising Personnel Organization Better Letters a a mad mab Lettering usiness Law tenography and Typing Banking and Finance English Management Civil Service Accountancy (including C.P.A.){] Railway Mail Clerk Cost Accounting Common School Subjects Bookkeeping Iligh School Subjects Private Secretary Tllustrating Spanish 0 French Cartooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Architect Architects’ Blueprints Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer . Chemistry [ Pharmacy Automobile Work Airplane Engines Agriculture and Poultry Mathematics Engineer Operating Mapping O Mining Steam Engineering [) Radio Name.............. gesttsees seeseneesensenensseecsnssssannnesossserseseerteres MtewOSs BBGIOEB soc ovccecccccccccccccecccccccsccccccscsccscoecsss-cocess-ce eee ide in Canada, send this coupon to the Internc ee Corr pond Schools Canadian, Limited, Montrec Don’t Envy The Plumber BE ONE! $11.00-$16.00 DAY = EVERY day, is the Poot off. WINTER and BUMMER the Plumber te busy at le om ever out ofa —coeppere + plus the your own shop. Waster PLUMBERS in one of the fncet equipped i AE = ork. lan read- LEARN IN 8 to 12 WEEKS sithoxt_ previous If you are less .00 a week you owe it to your- se ecrrpeeres, Sak as cnr gas rian ete UNIVERSAL PLUMBING SCHOOL 2031 Troost Ave. KANSAS CITY MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION hay fever case which came to a clinic super- vised by Dr. William Scheppegrell, president of the American Hay Fever Prevention Association, the doctors were at a loss to know why the patient should suffer in season and out, irrespective of the prevalence of pollen. Close study revealed that the sufferer belonged to a class especially affected by food proteins. A series of skin tests showed that his nostrils were irritated by dust from the coffee bean. Further inquiry disclosed that the man, in the course of business, made occa- sional visits to a coffee warehouse, and that the attacks followed such visits. He discontinued the calls, and the malady disappeared. Some people cannot eat fish without an attack of sneezing. Others must go without oysters, meats, wheat flour products, eggs or lettuce. In one case, according to Doctor Scheppegrell, an attack may be aggravated by a piece of watermelon. In another, the trouble may be caused by peaches. ‘= hay fever victims may be surprised to find that their symptoms are aggravated in theaters,” Doctor Scheppegrell told me. “Virtually all modern amusement halls op- erating in summer are supplied with powerful fans. These draw in pollen-laden air in enor- mous quantities. The safe rule here is to avoid such places of amusement.” ° A shower, following a warm bath, is recog- nized as an excellent means of toning the Hope for Hay Fever Victims (Continued from page 28) ‘rent catarrh, today are recognized as skin and stimulating the nervous system hay fever cases. The baths make the pg less sensitive to changes of temperature a air currents which would tend to increg, irritation of the nostrils. ™ NE of the best methods of p hay fever,” said Doctor Scheppeg to pass the season in some location where patient finds relief. In the fall season thousand patients sojourn at the so-called fever resorts. “Long journeys, however, are not necessary in spring attacks. The same regy in many cases, may be obtained by moving a more central portion of the home city, ‘Tijy has been found to give entire relief, for } number of hay fever pollens is greatly red in the more densely populated portions of , city.” The records of the American Hay Beye Association indicate that the number ¢ victims of the disease in the United Statesy steadily increasing. ‘The increase is both apparent and actual. The apparent growthis due to the fact that many attacks f classified as summer colds, rhinitis and req fever. The real growth is due to the increase travel facilities, particularly the auto bringing increased suburban settlement, consequent exposure to the pollen of { countryside. Strange Ants Grow Flowers (Continued fiom page 29) special, enormous honey sacs attached to their bodies. They are hung up alive by their hook- like feet, on the roof of the underground nest, where for the rest of their lives they serve as honey casks for the ant city and are “refilled” by their sisters when the supply runs low. The Harvester ants of Europe gather grain and actually bake bread with it by molding the moistened sprouts into reddish-brown loaves and placing them in the hot sun. Some of the Harvesters line the ceilings of their subterranean nests with pebbles, petrified bones or shells. Even bits of gold have been found, thereby making credible the tale of the ancient historian Pliny of a race of gold- gathering ants in India. Besides these curious ant tribes, described by Dr. Ewers in his recently published book, The Ant People, he tells how others keep small green plant lice as * cattle,” and “milk” them for their sweet honey. This was the “‘manna” of Biblical story. As found by the Israelites, “the taste of it was like wafers made with honey. When the sun was hot it melted.” But the manna fell on the leaves, not from heaven, but from the plant lice. The natives of Australia and other regions still prize it highly as food. CURIOUS sight, says Dr. Ewers, is an army of Nomad ants encamped for the night. Hundreds of thousands of them mass together in a living ball, sometimes a cubic yard in size, the queen and brood on the inside. Most surprising, passageways are left open, through which ants can run in and out of the ball over the bodies of their fellows. In case of flood, the strange ball will float. Like men, ants keep in physical condition by indulging in wrestling bouts and mimic battles on the surface of their nests. In these contests they never hurt each other, refraining from using their powerful jaws or the mysterious insect-killing poison that some species can hurl for several yards. Ants enjoy long life and startling vitality, Dr. Ewers says. Some queens have been | known to attain an age of sixteen years—an astonishing span of life in the insect world. An American investigator froze ants in ice and thawed them out again alive and healthy, Others, kept eight days under water, revived when taken out. Such lightweights are ants that one could fall from the top of the highest building in the world without even breaking leg. In some ways, their senses are sup to ours; for instance, an ant can perceive violet light, invisible to our eyes. RE they useful to men? Germany passed a law protecting ants—the ¢ one on record. Gathering their cocoons, “ant eggs,” is prohibited, for the mature rid German forests of injurious insects. ] southern China, bamboo rods are laid between the orange trees in mid-air so that ants, hungil bags from the limbs, may swarm freely from one tree to another and destroy the worms They protect Italian fruit trees from cal pillars, and in this country they are used fight the cotton-destroying boll weevil. Science Saves Incubator Babies) LL men created equal? Some @ undersize and not ready for this ¢ok world. For the baby weaklings that have) to be helped over the first rough spots and particularly for premature infants ultra-modern accommodations have beef provided at the Sarah Morris Hospital ii Chicago. In this clinic, quartz eo furnish artificial sunlight; dressing ta are electrically heated; and humidity registering apparatus and special ther mometers for various purposes are patt of the equipment. —— 32 | =3a59e 2352 °ESPegEEs ~ I e8

Page 137

a LEARN aaa BY DOING Rony eee of all anch > ELECTRICITY taught by Actual Practice In America’s foremost and oldest institution for tr training No Books Used Individual Instruction Start Any Day Write for FREE 64-page catalog THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL His Bank Account Is Growing! Heis one of the many men whohave sent fora remark- able book, “The Nestler 2 Plan.” It tells how you too © can establish a money- making business ‘all your own, servicing tires by the ted Nestler Rubber Process. You can learn this scientific, modern rebuilding and repairing nates in your sparetime. Big profits; protected territory; ii capital required; no experience necessary. Send for FREE illustrated book of facts, “‘The Nestler Plan.” Write TODAY to Dept. 48 NESTLER RUBBER FUSING CO., Inc. 245 West 55th St., New York, N. Y. [ELECTRICITY J J Practical- Technical Courses Great demand for practicai-technical electricians andengineers. A brilliant future awaits you. A high salaried position or a profitable business of rows own; these may be yours through our PRACTICAL- TECHNICAL courses. —— unlimited. condensed meth now in 25th successful year trains head and hand. Thousands of high salaried graduates throughout the world testify to the success of Finlay training. Extensively eguipped laboratories -— me. Faculty of recog- experts. One and Two-Year courses in Elec- trical Engineering open in September; 12-Week courses in Practical Electricity and Power Plant Operation open at any time. Degrees, diplomas and certificates of tt awarded. Students assisted topositions. SEND FOR PRONG SINREMIN FINLAY ¢& COLLEGE Fall term starts September 15th 57 Finlay Bidg. Kansas re ann Mo. f Jl PayYOU 1002 aWeek Make $100 00 a week and up, sell- “ll ing our fine made-to- measure, all-wool suits, ae to wearer. Biggest. ¥ ee pesitively sell iggest commission inadvance. We ho] to delivery and collections. 6x9 cloth samples—over 100 styles —furnished Ambitious men write at once. W.Z. GIBSON, Inc., 161 W. Harrison, Dept. H-521 Chicago —wili start A 2c STAMP you on the road to success. See Money Making Op- portunities on pages 114 to 135. qi] a Mh a MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION | were covered with solid gold. 40 West 17th St., New York City Here Are Correct Answers to Questions on Page 45 1. This Spanish name—which means “The Captain ’’—has been given to one of the spec- tacular mountain cliffs in the Yosemite Valley in central California. The great cliff stands out into the valley from the mountain wall, like a commander in front of his troops. 2. This still is more or less of a mystery. Scattered over the eastern United States are roundish hills and long mounds. It is prob- able that these mounds were built by the ancestors of the American Indians. 3. The real sealskins now on the market are obtained, in the main, from the Pribilof Islands, in the Bering Sea, southwest of Alaska. Seal- skins used to be obtained along the western coast, but the fur-bearing seal has been almost exterminated. It now is protected by strict governmental regulations. 4. In Spanish, “El Dorado” means “the gilded.” The legend about it is a tale the Spaniards heard of a great city somewhere in America, the very walls and roofs of which It is difficult now to reconstruct what may have been in the minds of the Indians or Aztecs who told the Spaniards this tale. They may have been thinking of the Inca palaces of Peru. The Spaniards found neither the place nor the gold. 5. Ambergris is not a perfume, but actually a fatty substance that accumulates inside the body of the sperm whale. It is thrown off by the whale and is found floating on the sea in huge masses. It is valuable for use in perfum- ery making because it absorbs other odors and gives them off slowly, and not because of any odor which it has itself. 6. More than three fourths of the world’s coffee supply comes from Brazil. 7. This comes from the ancient Roman name for Ireland, which was Hibernia, meaning “‘wintry.’’ Doubtless Ireland was so called be- cause of its stormy winter climate, which must have seemed very severe to the Romans com- pared with the warm climate of Italy. 8. In the Sudan, Africa, British enterprises have constructed a railway that runs, in the main, parallel to the Nile. The country is desert, very hot and subject to tremendous sandstorms which frequently cover the railway tracks with sand. On a few occasions they actually have blown away the roadbed from underneath the rails. 9. This form of writing on clay was invented by the Babylonians more than 5,000 years ago. The soft clay was formed into small tablets. While the clay was soft, the writing was inscribed on it with a sharp-pointed in- strument. The clay then was baked so that the writing was preserved permanently. 10. This description applies to the country of Tibet, lying north and northeast of the Himalaya Mountains. Tibet is the highest country in the world, and is sometimes called “the roof of the world.” 11. The famous Easter Island, in the Pa- cific. It is inhabited by a few natives and whites who have contact with civilization only at infrequent intervals. Notwithstanding its isolation, the island contains giant statues carved out of hard volcanic rock. Scientists have not been able to decide what mysterious prehistoric race erected them. 12. Although most of the vanilla flavoring extracts on the market nowadays are made artificially, the original vanilla bean still is used to some extent. This bean is grown especially in the island of Tahiti, in the South Seas. LOOK Read This Free Book A joyous cultural experience, scores of charming objects of art for her home and—bvest of all—an independent income for her spare hours. Now free to every woman. Read this wonderful offer. AT woman’s heart hasn't fairly yearned * o buy everything in ht in these wey iuttle Gift Shops? is this in- stant appeal of bright gaily c objects ot art that poe such big profits in satisfaction and money to Fireside Members. And now you, too, may join. NoSpecial Ability Needed Fireside Members are men and women without pre- vious experience who are] 7; Paris Exposition directs the instructions. New “3 Step” Method M. Petit hasdevisedameth- od of instruction so simple that anyone can master Ap- plied Arts. Theprofessional skill that quickly shows it- selfin your work will amaze you. our success is as- other text cs, toys, vases, lamps dignified brasses. Wholesale Buying Privileges Look at the fascinating ob- jects illustrated inthe e] at the right. These andhun- dreds of other exclusive creations ou can pure! ireside at unbe- according to the Fireside plan at astonishingly large profits. NOW FREE Costs nothing for you to get whole fascinating story of this wonderful Guild, complete details, how to join, privileges of membership, method of inatrestion, suc- cess stories of other men and women in page aft of text and beautifully colored No Obligation. See for yourse quickly Imported Ship Models er page ictures. No cost— how yoyi, too, can et an independent income and have all these lovely things for your home. Send coupon now for your copy of this Free Book, enclosing 2c stamp for postage. T sceside te lndustelon, De Depe.! 51- LK, ad eg Send me your book. I am under no obligation and it is sent entirely free. lenclose 2c stamp for postage. | DOMERD, . oc bbdceciccondeccarecocdsenssdsoucaseus | | BREED . 6c cicscccvescivecesccceedtaeaute deuatte | | SN 6 ciniketussi-ees 60404se004Ran Ee aT — ee | Write in pencil—Ink will blot] — — — =

Page 138

136 ~~words of praise | Ja 6lec tro People everywhere are talking about Electrol... . You hear it praised whenever oil burners are discussed. «+ The advanced engineering of this finer burner has led to ts ropia rise in public preference, Listed as standard by the Underwriters’ Labora- tories, and bears its label. — the New York Cit of Standards pon Pe Appeals—and by the Commonwealth of Massa- * chusetts Department of Public Safety, - : ‘Ge a. , \ . ids | f “a 7 ‘ mo Pot “a Ks vhs . | ‘Se on a _ e Fhe OIL BURNER with Fhe Master Control /’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY for Whenever Oil Burners are Discussed OU’VE ota noticed in your owncircleof friendshow frequently and favorably Electrol is men- tioned. It is the most talked about oil burner in America! Electrol represents an outstanding ad- vance in oil-burner engineering ... the choice of engineers and business men of national and international reputation. You will find Electrol heating the homes of such men as Mr. G. Faccioli, Chief Engineer of the General Electric Company, at Pittsfield, Mass. — Mr. Chas. J. Moore, former Vice-Presi- dent, in charge of manufacturing, Packard Motor Car Company—and Mr. E. H. Broadwell, Vice-President, Fisk Rubber Company. Quiet, all-electric, all-automatic—with ‘‘nerves of wire, blood of oil, muscles of steel’’—Electrol is known as The Master Furnace Man—the oil burner with The Master Control. Likeali hand always at your furnace door, Master Control watches over the biii er’s operation day and night. Electrol employs the two essential f tors of scientific oil combustion: At matic Electric Ignition and Mechg ical Fuel Atomization. d Call on your local Electrol dealer: see this wonderful burner in operatiq He will gladly analyze the heating . ditions of your home without oblig ing you in the least. Purchase can arranged on our attractive bud payment plan, if desired. ‘ Interesting Book Sent — ; on Request You will want to read ‘‘The Ma Furnace Man,” an enlightening be with many valuable pointers om selection of an oil burner. Just sé the Coupon for your copy, ELECTROL INC. of Missouri 180 Dorcas Street, St. Louis, Mo., U.S. A, ; - 4 BP OP Oe ‘Sibe SPs eX © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS CO., CHICAGO