Popular Science Monthly 1927-01: Vol 110 Iss 1

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| 1 @ RE THAN 100 WONDER STORIES, and Peds IDE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, PUBLISHED AT 250 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

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that Chris tmas HE equipment is as important as ris) the set. , The distance reach of a set depends a great deal on the tube in the detector socket. The over-all performance of a set depends very much on the tubes in every socket. Thevolume and tone quality you will get are dependent upon the tube in the last audio stage. In every point, the tubes are as important as the set. And everyone who realizes this in- sists on genuine RCA Radiotrons. a, Cn, OF The research laboratories of RCA, General Electric and Westinghouse ' have developed Radiotrons to new accomplishment, year by year. And the manufacturing skill of these same ~ companies keeps RCA Radiotrons i ye” far in the lead in accuraté making. ° « * Be sure, when you buy a Chsicieas radio set, that you are getting genuine RCA Radio- trons with it. You can tell by the RCA mark inside the glass at the top. Or take out the s 3 tube, and look at its base. MADE BY THE ‘MAKERS OF THE RADIOLA oo Set be t 3 & Y 4 cy Pe 6xtra Extra! Gift Ideas for Radio fans A“'spare” Radiotron— genuine RCA Radiotron, of course—of the type he uses. A power Radiotron UX-112, UX-171 or UX-210 for bigger volume and finer tone. A special detector Radiotron UX-200-A for storage battery sets—for longer distance reach. * Ask any dealer all about these Radiotrons—he'll tell you which to get. But be sure it’s a genuine RCA Radiotron, if it’s to be worthy of gift giving. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA New York Chicago San Francisco agar ene im i RACE ARETE Nan Nn A ON EA Pe OPA /RSAD eS) De

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a ed POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY SUMNER N. BLOSSOM, Editor January, 1927 Sir Alan Cobham, whose exploits rival in stirring romance any tole of a knight of old, from a draw- ing by S. J. Woolf for the New York Times S THIS is written there comes to America a knight who, in fear- less conquest and romantic ad- venture, can match the exploits of any hero who graced the Round Table of King Arthur of old. For coat of mail he has sheathed himself in the helmet and goggles of an aviator. For steaming charger, he rides a roaring winged steed which has carried him to the ends of the earth. For his quest, he seeks not to res- cue fair maiden from enchanted castle but to bridge the skies above the world, to chart new paths in the air. For enemies he has braved the bullets of savage tribes, the sky-blown sands of the desert, the rocky walls of mountain peaks, and the tempests of the sea. He has even met with gigantic dragons! For pure adventure he once risked his life to peer with glistening eyes into a voleano’s smoking crater. In all, the length of his travels, added to- gether, would reach more than halfway to the moon! : The name of this hero of modern romance is Sir Alan Cobham, recently knighted by King George of England for his latest and greatest exploit, a 28,000- mile air journey from London to Australia and back again. In this and two previous journeys, one to India and back, another to South Africa and back, he traveled some 60,000 miles—enough to circle the earth twice. Only seven years ago, Sir Alan was an unknown and all but penniless young “gypsy flier’; a war veteran, living a hand-to-mouth existence, picking up SKY © faximan A Story of Sir Alan Cobham, Who Rides Roaring Winged Steeds to Glorious Adventure By Rosert E. Martin ‘fares’? wherever he could find them. Today he is a Knight Commander of the British Empire, hailed as one of the great- est commercial aviators the world has yet seen; honored by kings, dictators, princes and presidents. Back in 1919, when Great Britain’s war-time air forces were demobilized, young Cobham found himself, with 20,- 000-odd other pilots, walking the streets for a job. A handful of civilian air jobs were to be filled, but none of these was for him. In London he was a stranger. What Cobham did at that crucial mo- ment was a direct portent of the triumphs of Melbourne and London seven years later. He was not one of the 20,000 who returned from cockpit to office desk with sighs of relief for the regained security. His head may have been in the clouds, as friends told him; but he replied that he felt more at home there! E BECAME a chauffeur of the air, a sky taxi driver. With such small funds as he had left, added to what he could borrow, Cobham bought a secondhand government ma- chine, patched it up, and went to work. Among his first fares were American tourists. He taxied them to Paris, Ber- lin, Venice and Constantinople; or drove them on short hops to Wales and Scotland. Two years passed, during which Cob- ham became known as England’s “air taximan.” Then followed the first of a series of romantic exploits. A wealthy American engaged him as chauffeur for a ten-thousand-mile aerial joy ride over the countries of Europe. This new patron was Lucian Sharpe, an adventure-loving tool manufacturer of Providence, R. I. On a flying field at Naples some weeks later, the two men were standing beside Cobham’s plane when Sharpe, pointing toward grim Vesuvius smoking menac- ingly in the distance, exclaimed: “Cobham, let’s fly over the crater!” 6 garse pilot glanced sharply at his em- ployer. “Do you really mean that? All right, let’s go!” He climbed into the cockpit. Sharpe scrambled in beside him. Soon they were soaring over the city toward the giant smokestack. The American could not have guessed that in the heart of the young pilot there had also lurked a desire to peer into the boiling pit; nor could he have been prepared for the thrill that fol- lowed. No sooner had the plane crossed the rim of the crater than a whirling breath of poisonous gas caught it and with ter- rific force shot it like a feather a thousand feet in the air. Choking and dizzy from the fumes, Cobham at first was helpless to control its crazy flight. Then, guided by instinct, a

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10 Thrills That Come to Few Triumphs reserved for the world’s greatest heroes have come to the ex-gipsy flier. Above: Cobham in his plane over Melbourne harbor at the end of his Australian flight. Right: Acclaimed by London after chart- ing a new air trail to Cape Town, Africa he managed to bring the ship to an even keel just in time to save himself and his passenger from frightful death. NCE, while carrying a British general on a 1600-mile flight across Europe to Constantinople, Cobham was en- veloped in a blanket of low-hanging clouds in the Alps. Forced down to a height of fifty feet above the Danube river, he wound his way for a hundred miles through the narrow passage between the sheer, jagged cliffs of the famous Iron Gate, which towered a thousand feet on either side. Below them boiled rapids and cataracts. One false move, a single in- stant of indecision or misjudgment, would have crushed them against the rocky walls. “We didn’t have room to turn around,” he said later of this close shave. “It was a bit uncomfortable for a time, but we catried on and finally got out.” In these and many other exploits, the young pilot was inspired not so much by love of adventure and personal gain— ‘although flying for hire was his daily bread—as by the hope of achieving a great ambition. That goal was to prove to the world that the airplane could be employed as safely and economically as a railway train or motor car for travel. His ambition was partly realized in the Con- stantinople trip mentioned above; for when he and his passenger reached Con- stantinople (in October, 1922) they had covered 1600 miles over some of the most treacherous country in Europe at an average height of less than 100 feet, and without a serious mishap. In shorter flights, likewise, he was able to demon- strate that an airplane could be relied upon to meet emergencies and every de- mand for speed. Whenever news photographs needed to be rushed from European cities and from outlying points in the British Isles to meet editions of London newspapers, Cobham was the man who did it. When an American missed his New York steamer at Southampton, Cobham flew him to Cherbourg to catch it. When Steve POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Donoghue, the famous English jockey, was in a hurry to get to France to ride in the Deauville races, it was Cobham who picked him up and flew him there. These, however, were more or less minor achievements. The big opportuni- ties to prove the worth of commercial flying were still to come. In the summer of 1924, Cobham won the King’s Cup race over the 950-mile course around Great Britain, defeating nine other planes and completing the course in a little more than nine hours. That same year he was awarded the Britannia Trophy for the greatest achievement of a British aviator during the year—a 12,000-mile flight to the Near East and return, which took him across Africa, Spain and France. HEN, in the spring of the following year, he completed the first of the three daring long-distance exploits which eventually lifted him to the rank of knight- hood. This was a flight from England to Rangoon, in Burmese India, and return— a total distance of 17,000 miles—carrying as passenger Gen. Sir Sefton Branker, Director of Civil Aviation in the Air Ministry. His course took him over northern Europe to Constantinople, then to Bagdad, Delhi and Calcutta and across India. It was in India, during this tour, that Cobham set out on a spectacular attempt to achieve what no man on earth has ever done—reach the top of Mount Everest, the world’s highest peak. He had arrived at Calcutta with his passenger when the idea occurred to him. “General,” said Cobham to his com- panion, “I’d like to have a good look at the Himalayas from the air. Perhaps I can’t get over the top of the big one, but I’m going to try.” So, leaving Sir Sefton in Calcutta, he and his mechanic ventured forth. While the attempt failed, the flight had one worth while result. What happened is best described in Cobham’s own words. “T reached an altitude of 17,000 feet,” he said, “and was prevented by clouds from rising any farther. But our attempt Hopping cf (| a Hemisphe ,/ spnere tonoda msi UR OPE ASIA | The earth has be- SS : come a survey map [| j} fy =. : j to Cobham, folding BAGDAD y\ : and unfolding under BASRA oe evt® vee his eager eyes. Right, ° ch aco 4 route of his latest, eee ree : greatest flight, from Seo : q England to Australie SINGAPORE Se SA t PORT DARWIN TNOIAWN AUSTRALIA MELBOURNE. was not in vain. Until the clouds started we had the loveliest view one could im- agine. We could see clearly for two hun- dred miles. The flight proved the feasi- bility of making a complete aerial photo- graphic survey of the Himalayas.” The success of the India trip, for which he was again awarded the Britannia trophy, led Cobham, in November of the same year (1925), to embark on another trail-blazing air voyage—this time from England to Cape Town, at the southern tip of Africa, and return—16,000 miles in all. Although a thousand miles shorter than the previous jaunt, this trip pre- sented far greater perils. Much of the 8,000-mile path was above lands never flown over before—forbidding mountain ranges and dense jungles inhabited by unknown tribes. Most dangerous of ali were the terrific heat and the dust storms of tropical Egypt. Anywhere along this route a forced landing might mean the cruelest form of death. Yet, when he set out in his powerful De Haviland bi- plane, Cobham carried only a couple of suiteases for baggage, as if going on a week’s pleasure jaunt. As he sped on, the fury of tropicai storms beat against him and drove him from his course. For 2,000 miles steaming jungles made the air so hot that even 5,000 feet up the heat was almost un- bearable. Once he had to climb to 7,000 feet to find a temperature as low as ninety degrees in the shade. Once, sandstorms drove him to a height of 15,000 feet. But, in the end, a sky trail to South Africa was marked on the map. ETURNING to England in March of last year, Cobham had barely rested from this journey, when, in June, he em- barked with his veteran mechanic, A. G. Elliott, on the latest and greatest of all his adventures—the 28,000-mile journey to Australia and back, girdling the Eastern Hemisphere. All England—in fact, most of the world —watched the progress of that amazing flight with tense interest. First Paris was passed, then Naples and Athens. Now the Jan flier acrc The the wan exp hon they Bel not win Sud shai Elli dea her cou the to | his Bas Sha tall to s hos bul pla wal or. sing hac bur fou “eé foo tri for the —t wit fley Ea str; ha’ an gal an pre Th ari the lar las wh Fr tel lea wi be th ca its

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January, 1927 fliers, bridging the Mediterranean, headed across the Arabian desert on the road to Basra, at the head of the Persian Gulf. Then came the shock of tragedy. Elliott, the mechanic, was slain, the victim of a wandering Arab’s rifle! It was a tragedy so amazing and un- expected that at first the English, back home, could hardly believe the news when they read it. OBHAM and Elliott were flying low over the desert, approaching Basra. Below them dwelt roving Arab tribes, notorious for their lawlessness. Desert winds flung up clouds of blinding sand. Suddenly Cobham was startled by a sharp report. He glanced quickly at Elliott. The face of his comrade was deathly white and distorted with agony; he pressed a hand against his breast. What could have happened? Had a bursting gas pipe inflicted the wound? Whatever the cause, Cobham saw there was no time to lose. He opened wide the throttle of his powerful motor and sped toward Basra. There he glided down to the river Shat-el-Arab. Swiftly lifting the mor- tally wounded man in his arms, he waded to shore, and from there rushed him to a hospital. A bullet in Elliott’s chest and a bullet hole through the fuselage of the plane told what had happened. Some wandering Arab, either through enmity or as a foolhardy prank, had fired a single shot at the plane from below, and by one chance in a thousand the bullet had struck home! His eyes wet with tears, Cobham buried his friend at Basra. “It is a foul and cruel blow,” he wired home, “probably done by some irresponsible fool who could not do it again if he tried a thousand times.” He waited for the arrival of another mechanic, then took up the trail once more. Delhi, Calcutta, Rangoon, Singapore —all were left behind, and at last, with pontoons attached to his ship, he flew out over the islands of the Dutch East Indies. Again he plunged into adventure so strange and romantic that it might have come straight out of some ancient legend. N THE little island of Komodo he saw three live dragons—gi- gantic lizards which, from all appear- ances, were direct descendants of the prehistoric monsters of mythology. They were ten to twenty feet long, and armed with great claws which enabled them to kill and devour animals as large as horses. They used their powerful tails as lashing weapons, one blow from which could break a man. In move- ments they were exceedingly swift. From natives, who lived in mortal terror of the monsters, Cobham learned that the creatures had been known to run down and kill half- wild island ponies, and that they had been seen fighting one another over the carcasses of wild boars. Two of the dragons, the only ones in captivity, were brought recently to America. One of them died soon after its arrival. Scientists say their dis- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY covery and capture constitute one of the most important additions ever made to zoological collections. Rarest of all reptiles, their ancestry dates back 4,000 years, to the time of the pyramids. Proceeding to Port Darwin, on the northern coast of Australia, Cobham turned his plane southward and flew over- land to Melbourne, his destination, where he arrived early in August. There he was greeted with a tremendous welcome. His journey had taken a little more than a month. The return voyage proved no less excit- ing. On the way from the island of Penang, off the Malay Peninsula, to Rangoon, Cobham and his plane mys- teriously disappeared. For three days the world waited anxiously, fearing dis- aster. Then, while rescue parties were being organized, there came a message from the pilot that he was safe. He had been trapped, he said, by the most ter- rific deluge of rain he had ever known. He described the experience: “O* FRIDAY morning we took off at six o’clock with a bad storm coming up behind, but we hoped to get ahead into fine weather before it arrived, and to reach Rangoon, 600 miles away. But after going forty miles we ran into the worst rainstorms I had ever experienced. They simply blanked out all visibility, 11 so we turned back. To my dismay, I found bad weather had closed im behind us, so we had to fight our way through the deluge. Often it was impossible to go ahead. But at last we reached Victoria Point again, where we landed and moored up just in time before an even greater deluge came down. It almost swamped the boat that came out to assist us. We moored up in a waterspout, and then jumped into a small rowboat and headed toward shore, 150 yards off. We had pulled only a few yards when the seaplane was obliterated from view by a tremen- dous downpour.” ys waiting for a break in the weath- er, Cobham continued the long voyage homeward. In London on the first day of October, just a month from the time he left Australia, and three months after his departure from England, a vast crowd awaited his arrival. As his ship appeared over the rooftops, then glided down to the waters of the Thames, he was met by a thundering roar of wel- come. The crowds, mad with enthusiasm, broke through police lines and over- whelmed him. A few days later he knelt before the King and received the honors of knighthood. He had completed the 28,000-mile air route in 320 hours of flight, at an average speed of 8714 miles an hour. pe & } _F MANSELL 8 i { j One Lash of Its Tail Will Kill a Man The days of romance are not past in a world that still holds gigantic dragons for its young heroes to siay. Above is a type of monster Cobham met with on the island of Komodo

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12 Atomic

The Man Who Did It Dr. W. D. Coolidge, assistant director of the research laboratories of the General Electric Company. With his new cathode ray tube, pictured here, he summons from the invisible uni- verse of atoms magical streams of power that hold untold possibilities POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January. i92% Bullets Open Magic New Mysterious Cathode Rays Make Rocks

NCE again an Aladdin of science rubs his magic lamp and holds the world in won- der. This time he is Dr. William David Coolidge, already famous for his invention of the modern high- powered and portable X-ray tubes, and now the creator of an amazing new instrument that may rank with the discovery of the X-ray in its importance to mankind—a new tube for the production and v use of power- ful cathode rays. With the throw of a switch he summons from the invisible world a mighty stream of mysterious energy which transforms, magically, every object which it touches and brings into being new forms and substances never before seen by man. At his word a pure crystal glows with cold light and flashes bluish sparks; the gray face of granite turns brilliant

with many colors; colorless gas

What Will Tomorrow Show? S IT stands now, Dr. Coolidge’s cathode ray tube, described on these pages, is nothing more nor less than a marvelous instrument of scientific research. But what of tomorrow? It has been the history of virtually every great development in the realm of pure science that no sooner is it completed than it passes immediately into the field of prac- tical usefulness. That such will be the case with Dr. Coolidge’s latest creation, there can be little question. Here is a mysterious stream of energy that performs miracles never before seen. Scientists observe in wonder. They cannot venture to prophesy. They only krow that within the grasp of man has been placed a tool of untold power. And they are confi- dent it will not be wasted.

changes into yellow powder; liquids change into solids; metal takes on a coat of “paint” applied by unseen hands; insects and germs perish instantly. A slight man, sensitive-faced and sensitive-fingered, wearing big, light- rimmed spectacles, Dr. Coolidge revealed some of these wonders a few weeks ago during the first public demonstration of his new tube before a group of scientists gathered at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia to honor him for his previous achievements. In the darkened room rested the strange apparatus—a glass tube about a yard long, bulging like a toy balloon at the center, and supported in a maze of wires, coils and insulation. An electric switch was touched. Instantly, with a crackling hum, a ball of purple light, two feet in diameter, hung in the air at one end of the tube. And in this unearthly glow the magic was performed. A clear crystal of calcite, or feldspar, placed in the path of the rays, shone with orange light. Removed, it continued to glow for hours, as if red-hot; yet those who touched it found it stone cold! A ‘tube of colorless acetylene gas, bathed by the rays, instantly changed into a yellowish powder—a new substance en- tirely unknown to science. It refused to melt even under the terrific heat of 4,000 degrees, and it withstood every attempt to dissolve it with chemicals. An aluminum disk contained in a tube filled with the same gas became coated with a hard, varnishlike film of brown which the most powerful chemicals could not remove. Castor oil turned into a solid substance. Potassium chloride,

Glow, Turn Gas to Yellow Powder, and Kill Germs and Insects A Spectacular Bombardment Remarkable effects of the rays on a crystal o' calcite. Bluish-white sparks, believed to be electrical explosions, appear beneath the sur- face. The crystal glows with cold) orange light long after removal from the path of the rays. Center: The Coolidge cathode ray tube

which ordinarily is white, turned purple. A disk of wax, exposed to the rays for an instant, became charged with electricity, much as a fountain pen becomes charged when you rub it with a cloth. The charge remained permanently. This seemingly miraculous force that can thus change the form and appearance of common substances of the earth—what is it? Scientists have been acquainted with cathode rays for nearly half a century. Never before, however, have the rays been available to experimenters in any but small and weak quantities. Their production has been confined largely to the inside of a vacuum tube; for that reason the extent of their power and their useful possibilities have remained, for the most part, an alluring and tantalizing secret. HE importance of Dr. Coolidge’s achievement lies in the fact that he has succeeded, at last, in bringing the rays out into the open air with greater intensity than ever before, and putting them to work. In so doing he has opened new opportunities for understanding and tapping the atom’s hidden power that may lead to untold value. No one, not even Dr. Coolidge himself, can tell today how far the invention may take us, or what new things it may give to the world. All we can say is that he has brought forth a rich stream of energy, with power to perform unheard-of things. Cathode rays are the same kind of rays

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January, 1927 Worlds t By Hyatt E. Gipson as the so-called beta rays which con- stitute one of the three important emana- tions from the element radium. The difference between them is that whereas beta rays are produced by nature, the cathode rays are produced by man with the aid of high-voltage electric current. or cathode and beta rays consist of minute negative charges of elec- tricity, or electrons, moving with incred- ible speed. The velocity of the beta rays is approximately that of light, or about 186,000 miles a second, while that of the cathode rays produced by Dr. Coolidge with an electrical charge of 350,000 volts is about 150,000 miles a second. Radium, you will recall, is constantly disintegrating; that is, the atoms of which it is composed are constantly breaking down. Every atom of matter, according to the accepted theory, is a tiny solar system, infinitely small, made up of a central nucleus and electrons which swing in orbits about the nucleus like planets about a sun. The nucleus is positively charged, while the electrons are negative charges. In most elements of matter these opposing charges are so arranged and so nicely balanced as to preserve the atom as an intact unit and keep it from flying apart. It is a characteristic of radium atoms, however, that this balance is easily upset by outside influences, such as sunlight. Its electrons are constantly being driven out of their regular course, and they fly off into the air. These streams of wayward elec- trons are the beta rays. The dis- turbance they produce results in a second form of rays, called the gamma rays, which are really light waves of extremely short length and tremendous penetrating power. These gamma rays, because of their powers of penetration, are the ones that give radium its value for the treatment of diseased tissues. Turned ona rabbit’s ear, the cathode rays caused small round scabs (above) which fell off. Two weeks later a thick new growth of snow-white hair (below) replaced the original gray hair POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 13 o Us The X-rays, which have proved of such tremendous value to men, correspond to the gamma rays of radium. Cathode rays correspond to the beta rays of ra- dium. X-rays and cathode rays both are produced in vacuum tubes which are very similar in design. The source of each is a heated tungsten filament much like the filaments of your radio tubes, which is continually releasing electrons. This fil- ament serves as one of two metal elec- trodes contained within the tube. The rays, in each case, are produced by passing a high-voltage electric current between the filament, or negative electrode, and the positive electrode, called the anode. In the X-ray tube the anode is a tung- sten plate or shield. When the electrons are hurled against this shield they are reflected through the glass walls of the tube in the form of the extremely short a BOMBARDMENT OF ELECTRONS CATHODE COPPER “FUNNEL” PREVENTS ELECTRONS FROM STRIKING GLASS TUBE The Cathode Ray Apparatus An electric current of 350,000 volts, sent through the glass tube at the top, shoots electrons into the air at a speed of 150,000 miles a second man scientist, P. E. A. Lenard, succeeded in getting small quantities of cathode rays outside the tube through a thin aluminum window. What the Coolidge tube now achieves is to shoot terrific bombardments of electrons out of the tube, like bullets out of a machine gun, and to toss them into space in great quantities and at tremendous ve- locity. In fact, Dr. Coolidge estimates that his tube throws off as many electrons each second as would emanate from a ton of radium, which, if it could be obtained, would be worth at least a hundred billion dol- lars! Since there is only about a pound of radium in existence, this STREAM OF ELECTRONS ANODE WINDOW (NICKEL FOIL) MOLYBDENUM GRID The X-Ray and the Cathode Ray In the X-ray tube (upper diagram), electrons from a heated cathode filament are hurled against a tungsten plate at the center of the tube. The bombardment is reflected through the glass tube in the form of extremely short light waves, known as X-rays. In the cathode ray tube, the stream of electrons passes, unobstructed, through a copper tube and out into the air through a nickel window and penetrating light waves. In the new cathode ray tube, on the other hand, the anode is in the form of a “window” at the opposite end of the tube, and through this window the stream of electrons is allowed to pass out into the air at terrific speed, The cathode rays derive their name from the fact that they are discharged from the cathode, or negative electrode. In the earliest experiments they were produced only in the walls of the tube. About thirty years ago, however, a Ger- means that the tube will produce two thousand times as many elec- trons as all the available radium in the world! O PROVIDE an exit for the electron bullets, the Coolidge tube employs a window consisting of a circular film of nickel only five ten- thousandths of an inch thick and three inches in diameter. This window is braced by a grid of molybdenum, a very strong metal, to withstand the air pres- sure from without. The manner in which the electron bul- lets travel through the tube is in itself amazing. From the heated filament the electrons are released at comparatively low speed—about a mile or two a second. But the instant that the high-voltage current—350,000 volts—is applied, they are literally electrified into action. With- in the space of an inch, they increase their speed to 150,000 miles a second or more. Maintaining this speed, they shoot across the tube, guided by a copper shield that keeps them from plunging through the glass bulb, and leap through the nickel window. But how, you may (Continued on page 128)

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| 14 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Water or Dust May Run Our Cars The furnace or “‘ gasogine’’ of the wood-burning truck, located be- side the driver’s seat, burns wood or coal to generate inflammable gas for fuel in place of gasoline By Joun E. Lopce N AUTOMOBILE that burns Avs instead of gasoline, one of the strange type recently designed by the French inventor Imbert, has just been purchased by the U. S. Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C. This re- markable car, which runs on the coal-gas produced in its own wood- or coal-burning furnace, represents one of many attempts that engineers and chemists are making to provide new motor fuels against a pre- dicted future shortage of gasoline. Already French scientists have pro- duced an electric car that runs more than 900 miles without recharging; but though electric and steam power may remain to fall back on in case of need, many scien- tists declare this will not be necessary, and that natural or synthetic fuels will make man independent of the gasoline supply. Wood, coal, vegetable oils, ether, and even corn, water, molasses, and grain dust are possible sources for substitute automobile fuels. CIENCE, in attacking the problem, is following three separate lines, of research, First, to produce directly an inflammable gas to be mixed with air and exploded in the cylinders. Second, to manufacture a cheap liquid fuel that, like gasoline, can be gasified to form with air an explosive mixture. Third, to use a fine, inflammable, solid dust suspended in _air to form an explosive mixture. Inflammable gas as a fuel for internal combustion engines is not new. Station- ary motors have been run on gas. In fact, during the war, when gasoline had to be conserved for airplane use, London omnibuses were run on illuminating gas, carried in huge rubber bags on the tops of the vehicles. Only lately has it been thought feasible for a moving automobile to carry its own coal-gas generating plant. One of the new wood-burning cars, car- rying fourteen persons, not long ago took Wood, Coal, and Corn Are Other New and Strange Gasoline Substitutes Right: The British truck that runs on “producer” gas, formed by blowing steam over a bed of burning coal, corn, or any other material rich in carbon. Below: The French wood-burning truck pur- chased by the U. S. Bureau of Standards for experiments . CLEAN GASSTO — "ENGINE INTAKE ~ ~ @ its passengers for a 3200 mile tour of France at a fuel cost of $14.50, against $120 for the same mileage on gasoline. Blue water gas, a form of “producer gas” made by blowing steam over the incandescent bed of a coal fire, also has been tried. Interesting experiments have been made by a British manufacturer with a truck burning coal, charcoal, corn, or, in fact, any material rich in carbon. Chemists tell us that this blue water gas consists of a mixture of hydrogen and the inflammable and poisonous gas, carbon monoxide. Coal gas is mostly hydrogen. Now another French scientist, Prof. Charles Henry, announces that he has made hydrogen for fuel from water vapor with the aid of a secret catalyst—one of those strange chemicals that make a reaction take place without itself taking part in it or being used up. The tem- perature he uses is that of the gas range or coal furnace in your home. It is pos- OPENING FOR CHARGING FUEL CHAMBER AIR eo GENERATOR ; POU AIR Rt yin, INDUCTION GAS PIPES? ] VALVE Jt Sheet mae TO MOTOR ss cai FURNACE RECEIVER ASH RECEIVER This diagram shows how the furnace of the French wood-burning truck is designed to generate inflammable gas which, mixed with air, is exploded in the cylinders of the motor “2msible that this process will make it prac- ticable for you to stop your car at the filling station of the future and call for “five gallons of water” instead of gas. But even if all these discoveries should come to naught, scientists have liquid fuels to fall back on. Alcohol-burning engines have been made. While alcohol from wood is at present expensive, other sources may reduce its price. Methanol, a recently developed German fuel substi- tute, is a “wood alcohol” produced from coal and water. In France, ethyl alcohol, the potable variety, has been synthesized for fuel. _ Molasses is another possible source. A Russian, M. Makhonine, reports a fuel from electrically heated vegetable oil, Use of ether as a motor fuel has been advocated. This compound has the ad- vantage of not carbonizing the cylinders. All of its combustion products are gases, blown away through the exhaust. Dust has been tried as fuel in a fas- cinating series of experiments. In the last issue of PopULAR ScteNcE Monru ty, the Department of Agriculture’s experi- mental cornstarch motor was described. Grain dust is exploded as fuel in this strange machine. Coal dust has also been employed with some success in Germany, using the Diesel engine. It seems to be only a question of time before one of these many processes will succeed on a commercial scale. ~ ASOLINE, which is chemically a carbon-hydrogen compound, has been synthesized some time since by Prof. Franz Fischer, director of the In- stitute of Coal Research in Germany, who combined the hydrogen and carbon of coal-derived water gas under tremendous heat and pressure. Now he announces a startling improvement in which these factors are no longer necessary. A new catalyst obtains the same results. A pleasant-smelling gasoline, clear as water and possessing valuable antiknock prop- erties, is obtained. Another German, Dr. Bergius of Heidelberg, has combined compressed hydrogen directly with coal paste to make gasoline. Janu

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January, 1927 HORIZON LUNE GNVISIBLE) WITH REFERENCE TO _ | PICTURE PLANE | |) How the M a — CONE OF RAYS TO CAME POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY RA SO THAT PICTURE ON GLASS COINCIDES WITH CONTOUR. OF GATE BUSHES ARRANGED To APPEAR IN FORE- GROUND 15 “ What the Cameraman Sees Movie producers save money by building a central set and painting on glass other details to be shown on the screen, orate scene shown below was prepared for the camera ovie Camera LJES This drawing shows how the elab- Why You Can’t Trust Your Eyes While You Watch Spectacular Effects on the Screen To camera never lies, they say. And yet— You see the cowboy hero of a Western movie thriller, pursued by a bandit band, spur his spirited steed to a canyon’s lip. Horse and rider seem cer- tain to plunge a thousand feet to destruc- tion. And then, just when you gasp in horror, the horse gathers his legs together, leaps high in the air and clears the abyss. A fifty-foot jump, you calculate quickly. What a marvelous animal! What courage that actor has! Or, in a drama, you see the action begin in New York, then move to London, Paris, Cairo perhaps and back again to New York. Twenty players traveling halfway around the world to supply an hour’s entertainment! Transportation alone must have cost in the thousands! Perhaps it is one of those swashbuckling hair-raisers, set in the period when knights were bold, that you are witnessing. Brave men and fair ladies move about in a medieval atmosphere. Huge castles and palaces lend realism to the scene. Once again you are awed by the mag- nitude of the cash outlay that is required for backgrounds such as these. However, in the movies, things are not always what they seem. The cowboy may never have set foot within a hundred miles of the canyon he leaped. That “ globe-trotting’”’ company of players possibly never left Hollywood or Long Island. Those castles whose size and magnificence gave you a thrill probably could be carried around on the running board of a flivver. By Sumner SMITH They were just clever paintings on glass. More and more, as motion pictures de- velop, producers utilize clever illusions— tricks of photography, lighting and what may be loosely called scene painting—to make the action of photoplays more con- vincing. No industry—or art, if you pre- fer—probably has made wider use of the gifts of science or of the inventive powers of ingenious minds. Take the glass backgrounds, for ex- ample. Not so many years ago, no director or continuity writer in an Amer- ican moving picture company would have dared call for a scene showing the exterior of the British Houses of Parliament, say. Nobody knew any way to get such a scene other than by the expensive and time-consuming expedient of sending a producing company to London. Now, a This is the scene depicted in the drawing above as it appeared in the film as completed for showing to movie theater audiences photopiay script may specify a scene in almost any location in the world and it can be made easily without transporting actors and cameramen off their own “‘lot.” HE process is described in pictures on these pages. A scene representing the lower part oi the desired location is constructed in the studio. Then, work- ing from photographs, a clever artist copies the upper part of the building on glass. The glass painting of the upper stories begins at the place where the con- structed first story stops, so that, when the time arrives to “shoot” the scene, the two may be matched together with- out disclosing the line of junction in the completed film. The glass part of this composite scene is smaller than the portion that has been built, but it is smaller in a cer tain definite proportion, in ac- cordance with careful calculation of perspective, camera focus, and similar details. When the scene is photographed, the glass part is hung in a.frame close to the camera. Then, if the calcu- lations are right—and they al- ways are these days—the film will show the composite building as a unit, with the actors per- forming in the lower part and the upper part stretching con- vincingly toward the sky. The huge cathedral shown in the production of “The Hunch- back of Notre Dame” was an excellent early example of this method of working with minia- ture glass backgrounds. In fact, so realistic was this set, that a publicity man, unaware of the details of the trick, wrote an

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16 article telling of the tremendous expense involved in duplicating the cathedral after he saw the first print of the picture. But why go to the trouble of building a two-section set of the House of Com- mons, say, if that’s wanted in a picture? Can’t an actual moving picture of the House of Commons be made, and then the studio action placed on that picture by double exposure? Yes, that can be done, but it’s no such simple process as double exposure. In fact, the method by which a scene taken in a studio in Holly- wood, for example, can be transferred to an actual motion picture of, say, St. Mark’s Square in Venice, is one of the most ingenious processes ever developed for the screen. Frank Williams is respon- sible for this amazing trick of photog- raphy, and he worked on his idea seven- teen years before he used it successfully. A pictorial outline of this method illus- trates this article. Sopa that a picture story requires the hero fight a duel in the shadows of the pyramids of Egypt. The duel is fought in the studio and photographed against a black velvet background. Then a motion picture of the pyramids is ob- tained, either actually made in Egypt or in the studio from a still photograph. The print of the duel scene is intensified with a silver nitrate solution until the duelists are shown as black silhouettes on other- wise transparent film. This film is super- imposed on the negative of the actual scene of the pyramids and both are run concurrently through a printing machine. The resultant print is a positive of the pyramids containing transparent figures corresponding to the silhouettes of the duelists which blocked off the light in the process of printing. This positive and an unintensified positive of the original duel scene are then superimposed and run through the printer. The movements of the actors in the duel scene coincide exactly, of course, with the transparent figures in the pyra- mids scene and the result is a negative, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Movie Globe-Trotting By means of the in- genious process illus- trated at the left a scene photographed in a studio can be placed on a background made anywhere in the world. The drawings show: (A) an intensified posi- tive print of an actor photographed ina studio, (B) a negative of the pyramids, (C) the printing of (A) and (B) concurrently to produce (D), a posi- tive of the pyramids with a transparent fig- ure of the actor; (E) the printing of (D) and an unintensified posi- tive of (A) to produce the master negative from which the posi- tive (F), to be used in thephotoplay shown to the public, is printed Flames of Steam The upper picture shows a striking effect in “The Sorrows of Satan’”’—a shadowy figure of Satan surrounded by flames. The lower drawing illustrates how this effect was pro- duced in the studio with a “curtain of steam” . having the pyramids in the background and a duel in the foreground. From this negative the duel scene that is used in the photoplay is printed. By this method the cowboy hero can leap a fifty-foot chasm on his horse without ever leaving the studio, and hero and villain may stage an entirely convincing death struggle on the edge of a cliff without ever going near the cliff. Few, probably, among the millions who attend the 20,233 American moving pic- ture theatres every week are aware of the extent to which this legitimate and in- genious trickery is practiced. The secrets of their tricks are jealously guarded by film companies. Will Hays, “movie czar,” has told producers that widespread under- standing of film artifices would cause the pictures to lose in realism. The principal fear, of course, is that daring heroes may lose prestige. Once let it be known that January, 1927 a “stunt” had been “faked” by a particular actor, and movie audiences thereafter would look with suspicion even upon his most courageous exploits. One of the most useful devices in the cameraman’s bag of tricks is the practice of turning the crank of a camera back- ward. When the camera action is re- versed and the film run through the projector normally, the action that was pictured is reversed on the screen. Thus, if a man walking is photographed with re- verse camera motion, when the picture is shown on the screen the man is seen walking backward. OU’VE seen a film hero rush to- ward a high wall, leap upward, catch the top and then draw himself up and over the wall? Reverse motion— nine times out of ten! What the actor really did was crawl over the top of the wall from the opposite side, drop to the ground and then run away—backwards. You’ve seen—especially in comedies—an actor run into the path of a rapidly mov- FLATTENED puMmMyY j MAN TAKES PLACE @) OF DUMMY, RISES— yw ’ Ai ~ =I, @ —TO cuURB How a comedian can be apparently flattened by asteam roller. The action is made in reverse, actor and roller backing while the film is run backward, as shown in the pictures above, from top to bottom. Then, on the screen, the action is shown as indicated by the numerals tun the see sha aws was can was diat the cra con tric new Gre an swil ing to s The scer awe on t war dup trai

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January, 1927 ing automobile, get knocked down and run over, and immediately arise and walk away unhurt? Reverse mo- tion again! As the cameraman began grinding, the automobile started backing away and the actor started walking backward toward the side- walk. When the resulting film was run in correct se- quence, the automobile was shown dashing down upon and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY |[Lesc: Cetin OVER DOOR. SO MAN APPEARS running into the man who seemed to stroll nonchalantly into its path. In this case, an- other ingenious but simple camera trick doubtlessly also was employed—slow crank- ing. To reproduce the effect of a swiftly moving auto, the cameraman turned his crank with leisurely deliberation. When this ‘slowly taken film was later projected at normal speed, the thrilled audience saw action of some duration compressed into a few mo- ments with the resulting illu- sion that the oncoming car GROUND PLAN OF CORRIDOR CAMERA was traveling at high speed. HEN a steam roller passes over the body of an unfor- tunate comedian, no one believes that the flattened strip left on the road is the actor. Yet it may be puzzling to see the body rise, assume the normal shape of the comedy hero, and walk away. Here again reverse cranking was employed. At the proper time the camera was stopped, and as the machine was about to run over the luckless come- dian, a cloth strip was substituted. Then the same process was reversed. Slow cranking helped speed up the action and conceal the substitution, passing over the trickery too rapidly to disclose it. Once, when photographic trickery was new, a tragedy of the films occurred in Great Britain. An English producer saw an American film in which the hero, swinging from the cowcatcher of a speed- ing express train, pulled from the tracks to safety the limp body of the heroine. The Englishman didn’t know that the scene was faked, that the engine backed away after the hero had dropped the lady on the ties while the camera ground back- ward. And when his cast attempted to duplicate the feat, from a real express train, the actress was killed. Dashing bravely through the roaring flames, the hero risks almost certain death to rescue the child at the head of the fire-swept stairway—a feat ac- complished without even singeing his wavy hair! Stage flames from burning clouds of lycopodium powder, highly spectacular but not even very hot, were blown across the set between the actor and the camera. So it was that many of the effects in recent war pictures were IN COMBINING THE TWO IMAGES THE MOTION OF THE WATER 1S SHOWN IN REVERSE SO THAT IT SEEMS TO BE GOING “UPHILL” = ~. aes — t a \ Le am WAS ‘ San a = y FILM MASKED WHILE brn WATER OVERFLOWS .« FROM TANKS (fl PART OF FILM SHOWING WATER MASKED WHILE PEOPLE ARE MOVING FORWARD All Done on Dry Land In ‘The Ten Commandments” the Red Sea parted to permit the passage of the Children of Israel and then closed upon the pursuing army of Pharaoh. This amazing effect was produced by double exposure and reverse motion as shown above, the waters being photographed in a small trough Tricking the Eye The lower picture at the left, a real photoplay scene, shows a long, vaulted cor- ridor. Actually this cor- ridor was only half as long as it appeared to be on the screen, but the effect of length was obtained, as shown in the upper pic- tures, by employing false perspective in constructing the set and using actors and objects of dispropor- tionate sizes in the rear obtained. Here, by the way, is an inter- esting illusion. The camera has only one eye—and it takes two to judge distance. If you shut one eye and, watched them taking that picture, you would swear the man was in the midst of the flames. And so it appears on the screen. HROUGH the camera’s single eye, a small model of a scene at close quarters looks the same as the real thing some distance away. Albert E. Smith of the old Vitagraph Company, during the Spanish-American War, used a variation of this stunt’ to put over what is probably the first bit of movie trickery on record. The battleship Maine had just been sunk, and vivid headlines in every newspaper carried fresh mes- sages of conflict and turmoil. People de- manded pictures of the battle scenes, pic- tures there was no way of getting. So in his Brooklyn back yard Smith set up a tank and filled it with water. His men whittled miniature blocks of wood to re- semble battleships, and ‘Smith pasted newspaper photographs of the ships to their sides. Smith with red-hot wire set off tiny charges of powder behind the miniature battleships. What the camera, stead- ily grinding afew (Continued on page 125)

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18 Sy + ’ THY. when I was in college... .” Wx oneed to gofurther. You know the words and music of the song that the old grad loves to sing. Its burden is ever the same—that in these soft and effeminate days we don’t grow the sort of men who used to wear the dear old Black and Blue. Your dad sings it to you; his dad sang it to him; and you'll sing it to your son when he has the impudence to try to tell you that Biff Brown, 1942, is the niftiest and shiftiest back who ever twisted a pair of snaky hips out of reach of the itching fingers of a would-be tackler. “Why,” you'll say scornfully, “back in ’26 we had a fellow named. . .” Oh, well, what’s the use? There are few really new things in this old world, and most of those few are neither ideas nor arguments. But facts always are valuable and sometimes are interesting. I decided that I would try to get the facts in this case; that I would try to learn whether the athletes—especially the college athletes—of a quarter of a century ago really were better than are the athletes of today. N QUEST of this information, I called on Dr. William Gilbert Anderson, director of the Yale University gymna- sium. Dr. Anderson has devoted his life to physical education. He has traveled, and studied mankind, in many parts of the world, and holds degrees from several universities. For more than thirty years he has been a member of the Yale faculty, and for most of that time has been director of the gymnasium. During his career he has seen many college genera- tions come and go. Few men have had equal professional training, and as few have had equal opportunity for studying the college student, both the athlete and the nonathlete, at close range. I found Dr. Anderson in his pleasant office in the gymnasium building. He is a man who has practiced what he has preached and _ still preaches—sensible living; a tall, erect, white-haired, dignified gentleman who isn’t afraid to smile. He smiled when I asked him my question about athletes. * A really great athlete,” he said, “is an POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY exceptional man. There were great athletes at Yale twenty-five years ago, there are great athletes at Yale today, and there is no reason for thinking that there will not be great athletes at Yale twenty-five years from now. - WENTY-FIVE years ago—that would be 1902. Two of the great- est football players who ever lived played for Yale in 1902—Tom Shevlin and Jim Hogan. But there have been great Yale football players since their time— Bomeisler, Kilpatrick and Ted Coy, among others. And there have been other fine Yale athletes. There was Al Sharpe, who won his letter in football, baseball, track and basketball. There was A. C. Gilbert, who held the pole- vault record, was the champion gymnast of the university, an expert boxer and wrestler, and the most skilled sleight-of- hand man that I’ve ever watched. And there have been many others. The only difference that I’ve noticed between the athletic star of twenty-five years ago and the athletic star of more recent years is that the outstanding athlete of today seems to be more versatile. But that probably is accounted for by the fact that now there are more sports in which an athlete may participate, rather than by any change in the men them- selves. The great athlete of today has ex- actly the same qualities as had the great athlete of any other pe- riod. He is an exceptional man, and you can’t draw any very illuminat- ing general con- clusions from ee oe Could They Win on t The Chicago University football team of 1892. Then players were men in appearance as well as in fact. Is the smooth-faced college football player of today superior to his bearded and mustached predecessor? A careful study of the two has shown interesting and surprising results January, 1927 Do Our Athletes It’s a Toss-Up Between the Better--How Do You By ARTHUR GRAHAME They All Turn Out In the olden days only the star athletes engaged in college sports contests. Today virtu- ally all students take part in competitive athletics of some kind as part of the curriculum. Here is a typical gymnasium scene at Columbia University the study of exceptional men in any line. “But it is possible to draw valuable conclusions from the careful observation of large numbers of men. A careful study of the college freshman of today shows that he is a better man physically than was his father when he entered college. The change, of course, has been small, but it has been in the right direction. I think that this improvement has been brought about by supervised athletics and physical training in the preparatory schools. arg Yale freshman, shortly after he enters college, receives a thor- ough physical examination. The data obtained from these examinations has been tabulated and studied, and it proves these things about the average freshman of today, as compared with the | average freshman of twenty-five years ago: “The freshman of the present is taller. He has gained, according to the figures, a fullinch in height. This increase in height perhaps is more apparent than real, for very possibly it is a result of better aa Se Te kt cae oe he Gridiron Now? Janu: G Co postt toda; aver% ago. more in he ss bette chest partl man than breat “ee 7T mont light i ‘ is, 4 figure years his c weig! “ y cours does men physi class 162 \ or st had |. a hu had were with In m: condi reme exerc build carrie the d broth and Gym pulso unles inter for sc serjot recte To | Yale, to sw one 0 the ix bask squas are [ come you ing.” H'! open well forty stripy

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY qual Stars of Old? Great Ones, But the Average Today Is Compare with Modern College Men? posture. The average young man of today stands up straighter than did the average young man of twenty-five years ago. That is an improvement much more important than an actual increase in height. “The freshman of the present has a better chest. He has gained an inch in chest measurement. This also, I think, is partly the result of better posture. The man who stands straight breathes deeper than the man who stoops, and deep breathing increases chest capacity. “The freshman of the present is a few months younger, and about a pound lighter. “WN PASSING, I might say that the average young man who enters Yale is, according to the latest available figures, a few months under nineteen years old. His height is 5 feet 9.9 inches; his chest measures 36.7 inches; and he weighs 144.2 pounds. “While this improvement is_ en- couraging,” continued Dr. Anderson, “it does not mean that most of the young men who come to Yale are free from physical defects. In a recent freshman class 339 men were round-shouldered, 162 were flat-chested, 285 had kyphosis, or stooped shoulders, and most of them had lateral curvature of the spine. Nearly a hundred of them had flat feet, or were threatened with fallen arches. In many cases these conditions can be remedied by proper exercise. This body- building work is carried on under the direction of my brother, H. S. Anderson, and Robert Kiphuth. Gymnasium work is com- pulsory for the freshman, unless he shows special interest in and aptitude for some sport and has no serious defects to be cor- rected by special exercise. To be graduated from Yale, a man must be able to swim, and swimming is one of the most popular of the indoor sports. Boxing, basketball, wrestling, squash and fencing also are popular. If you will come with me, I will show you something interest- ing.” E LED the way down a corridor to an open door. In a large, well-ventilated room forty or fifty young men, stripped to the waist and sweating freely, were cheerfully going through a series of calisthenics whose severity would have brought growls of protest even from well-disciplined sol- diers. “That,” said Dr. Anderson, “is Bob Kiphuth’s swimming squad going through some of its preliminary training. As you know, he is one of the most successful of the college swimming coaches. Almost every young man who comes to college wants to ‘make a team.’ We use that perfectly natural desire to help make our body-building work interesting. If those same boys had been ordered to go through that same work just because they needed it, they would have done a lot of discuss- ing and not a little cussing over it. But so long as it is a part of the training for a recognized sport they undergo it willing- ly. No matter what sport a freshman takes up, we see that he gets some of the body-building work that he needs. oss you noticed,” he went on when we were back in his office, “that although those young men were going through the same exercise, they were not working in unison. We have found by experience that allowing each man to use his own sense of timing gives more satisfactory results than asking for the sort of precision that is demanded of soldiers at drill. In the last twenty years gym- nasiums have changed far more than have the men who use_ them. Dumb-bells and Indian clubs have become relics of the past. You will find but little apparatus in the modern gymnasium. We have learned from the Germans and the Swedes that free calisthenics are better developers than work on the horses and the par- allel bars. “Personally, I would be well con- tent if we could teach every man who comes to the Yale gymnasium to Marvel of His Day Fifteen years ago, Ted Coy, Yale football star, was hailed as a marvel- ous all-round athlete. The great athletes of today, says Dr. Ander- son, have the same ex- ceptional qualities as the famous stars of the past 19 A Famous Runner of the ’80s Lon Myers, in the ’80s the world’s most ver- satile performer on the track. At one time he held world’s records for events ranging from sprints to long distances. Since then all his records have been eclipsed. Would Myers have a chance with star track men of today? do two things—to keep the back of his neck against his collar, and to relax now and then. “Correct posture is a necessity for good health. It gives the organs of the body a chance to do their work properly. It is largely a matter of habit, and it is not insisted upon as strongly as it should be in most of our preparatory schools. It can be practiced at any time and in any place—while you are walking on the street, while you are sitting at your desk, while you are dressing, while you are driving your automobile. Just lift your head, draw in your chin until the back of your neck presses against your collar, arch your chest to its utmost, and draw in the abdominal muscles. Do that twenty times a day, holding the position for five seconds each time, and in a few weeks you will find that your posture is greatly improved. You will look better, and—more important—you will feel better. It will take less than two minutes of your time a day to form the good habit of standing correctly, and it will exercise most of the important muscles of your body. I give that advice to every freshman who needs it, but I’m sorry to say that not all of them follow it. re EACHING college boys to relax is an almost hopeless task. Most of them aren’t. organized that way. Yet every day I see business and professional men ‘tieing up’ and in that way squan- dering energy that they need. If in their college days they had been taught to relax for a few minutes every hour or so they would last (Continued on page 111)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 MARV ELS We May See in 1927 Leaders in Many Fields of Science Forecast an Amazing Future for Us Medicine and Surgery Wuuiam J. Mayo, M.D., Sc. D., LL.D. sta Mayo Clinic, cituner: Mi inn. HE invention of the microscope made possible the epochal work of Pasteur, which -— brought about the popu- on lar recognition of the role . of microorganisms in the 4 la causation of disease. As fs a result, the scourges of et contagious and infectious diseases have nearly disappeared in civilized countries. Today vision is being extended into the ultramicroscopic field which concerns those biochemical changes which bring about the degenerative diseases of middle and later life. The increasing proportion of deaths from cancer and diseases of the heart, kidneys, and other vital organs affords hope for the future rather than discouragement, because these are the affections of middle and old age and prove the advance of the medical frontier. In the older day, the greater number of human beings died before the period of life at which these diseases develop. Our newer knowledge of the colloid and molecular changes in the tissues and fluids of the human body is vitally in- fluencing the practice of internal medi- cine through methods which lead to immunization and reconstruction. As for. surgery, rehabilitation by physicochemical means, by which the patient is restored to as nearly normal condition as possible before surgical operation, is enabling surgery to obtain astonishing results. Ocean Transportation REAR ADMIRAL BRADLEY A. FISKE, U.S.N. Marine Engineer, Inventor NE of the most important ad- vances in ocean transportation in 1927 will be the in- creased use of the Diesel engine, in both direct acting and geared forms and also for driving small electric gener- ators that feed motors on the propeller shafts. The Diesel engine has come to be such a menace to the steam engine that boiler and engine makers are prosecuting elaborate researches to enable the steam engine to meet the competition; mainly by making higher pressures practicable and by the use of pulverized coal. At the moment, the latter seems to be the more promising method of combating the competition, at least for the Merchant Service. The use of radio and of scientific appa- ratus and methods will increase; especially for direction finding, hearing submarine bells, ascertaining the depth of water and the like. The advance which will be the most significant as to future events will be the increasing importance on the sea of Germany, Italy and Spain. The magnifi- cent combination of inventiveness, con- structiveness, foresight, industry and courage which the German people possess, has already almost put Germany back where she was before the war. Meanwhile, the United States will continue to fall behind with rapidly increasing speed. In a few years, she cannot fail to be at the rear of the maritime nations. Then those nations will feel a temptation (perhaps beyond human resistance) to blockade her trade routes and seize her wealth. Zoology W. T. Hornapay, Sc. D. Zoologist; Former Director, N. Y. Zoological Park PREDICT that at its next session the Sixty- Ninth Congress will pass a new bill to provide federal sanctuaries for migratory birds, and the Copeland-Merritt bill to reduce the bag limits in twenty-three states on migratory game. I predict that next year a good number of state legislatures will enact new laws to safeguard the surviving remnants of their vanishing wild life. I predict that the great awakening now taking place throughout the United States on the subject of the extermination of wild life will culminate in 1927 in a nation-wide demand for drastic reforms in our present fearfully weak, inefficient and deadly system of wild life protection. I predict that in the fall of 1927 the voters of Cleveland, Ohio, will vote a special tax law, of one tenth of a mill for five years, to meet the cost of important new zoological developments in that city. This would give Cleveland a thoroughly modern and up-to-date zoological park, already designed, to cost $1,500,000, and it will be followed in due course by an aquarium and a botanical garden. Finally, I predict that in 1927 the efforts now being made in the New York Zoological Park to breed the vanishing musk-ox of Arctic America in captivity will be successful; and that the capture of musk-ox calves on the east coast of Greenland will be prohibited for five years. Polar Exploration VILHJALMUR STEFANSSON Arctic Explorer N EVERY respect but one, the sensa- tional Arctic flights of 1926 merely advertised to the public the tried knowledge and accepted deductions of the scien- tists. The one exception was when Wilkins re- ported the definite ab- sence of land in a pre- viously unexplored area of ten thousand square miles north of Alaska, and when Amundsen reported the same thing a few weeks later for a previously unknown strip also on the Alaska side of the Pole. These results were expected by about half the scientists and unexpected by the other half. Two things that were much debated, and which therefore come near the field of actual discovery, were settled by Byrd and Wilkins. These two flyers showed not only that the winter Arctic climate is peculiarly favorable for flying, as com- pared with average temperate or tropic climates, but also that air bumps, air holes, and roughness of the air generally, while appearing in spring and (doubtless) through the summer, are absent in the Arctic in winter. The Argentinians are to fly in the Antarctic the coming year; Wilkins, Nobile, and others have announced they will fly in the North. Others, such as Byrd, may fly there also. What we may expect is that these flights, if made, will further confirm scientific opinions. It seems certain that no new land can be discovered in the Antarctic; there is a fifty-fifty chance that islands will be discovered in the Arctic. Geology and Mining THEODORE J. HOOVER Professor of Mining and Metallurgy, Leland Stanford University ECOGNITION by the public that we are spend- ing our mineral re- sources “‘like a drunken sailor,’ : and that their ex- haustion is within measurable dis- tance, would be the most important thing that could happen in geology and mining in 1927. Any advance in this direction, and there will be some advance, though small, will be the most important advance in this field for 1927 or any other year. Januar) highly their si In 1 facts r and its of bact ing of soluble ture ol to hav munol We more | scarlet paralys alitis. disease to be e: discove filterab infectic temper Mex Dean, tons. mere t genera’ watts f that w structi: appara late w machir We develoy “"eseeeeses ——_ ee eesenence

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January, 1927 Bacteriology EpwIN O. JorDAN, Ph.D., Sc.D. Professor of Bacteriology, University of Chicago | SEEMS probable that we are on the verge of important discoveries in the bacteriology of measles, and that a specific microbe will soon be firmly established as the causal agent of this infection. In tuberculosis, results of the vaccination of children by Calmette’s method are highly impressive; every year adds to their significance. In 1927 we are likely to learn important facts regarding the nature of virulence and its correlated characters, the nature of bacterial toxins, the causes and mean- ing of bacterial variation, the specific soluble substances of bacteria and the na- ture of bacteriophage. We may expect to have light cast on several obscure im- munological phenomena. We shall probably know something more by the end of another year about scarlet fever, poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis) and possibly epidemic enceph- alitis. The identity of the African disease resembling yellow fever is likely to be established. At any time important discoveries may be made in the field of filterable viruses, and in such baffling infections as chicken pox, canine dis- temper and the mosaic disease of tobacco. Mechanical Engineering DEXTER S. KiMBALL, M.E. Dean, College of Engineering, Cornell University NE of the out- standing features of modern mechanical engineering is the growth in size of industrial machinery. The first locomotive weighed about four tons, while some modern locomotives weigh more than 300 tons. The first electrical generators were mere toys; we are now building turbo- generators that can produce 50,000 kilo- watts from a single unit. It is not likely that we have reached the limits of con- struction in any field demanding large apparatus, and it is interesting to specu- late what the maximum size of such machinery may be. We shall probably see a considerable development in Diesel engines and other POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY internal combustion engines using oil and other liquid fuels. This development will probably be in the direction of increased size of units. Already this form of prime mover has made a place for itself in marine work, and efforts to apply it to locomotives, automobiles and even fly- ing machines have a fair chance of being successful. We shall see, also, a continued exten- sion of the methods of quantity produc- tion. Our successes in producing clothes, shoes, sewing machines, automobiles and many other products at prices unattain- able by older methods make it certain that we shall extend these methods to other lines. Radio ALEXANDER SENAUKE, M.E., E. E. Radio Engineer, Popular Science Institute of Standards HE year 1927 will see a great awakening on the part of the general public to the value of faithful and ac- curate tone repro- duction in radio re- ception. Tremendous strides along this line have been made by the manufacturers of radio receivers and loudspeakers, and broadcast listeners will be educated up to a new standard of quality. The novelty of receiving distant sta- tions is wearing away, but modern re- ceivers are being made more and more sensitive and selective so that the vast listening public located away from the big cities will be able to choose exactly the program desired. A new radio law probably will be en- acted that will iron out the difficulties with interference now causing trouble in some sections, and there is a strong possibility that licenses to broadcast will be restricted to stations able to broadcast worth-while features. Programs will continue to show steady improvement in quality and variety and a system may be worked out between stations in the same locality so that several stations will not broadcast the same type of feature at the same time. By this arrangement the listener who is partial to some particular form of radio entertainment will be able to tune-in the type of broadcasting that pleases him at any hour of the day and will not have to miss one of two features because both are on at the same time. Chemistry Epwin E. SLtosson, Ph.D. Chemist, Author, Director, of Science Service: HE hormones, which determine whether we shall be tall or short, hand- some or homely, bril- liant or dull, cross or congenial, will soon be made in the labora- tory, instead of exclu- sively by the old- fashioned and unreli- able action of our glands. And since the chemist is never satisfied with merely imitating nature’s products, he is likely to devise something more effective in this field, as he has in dyes and drugs. In fact, we seem to be entering a new epoch of organic synthesis. Artificial petroleum is now made from coal and hydrogen. Petroleum can be converted into all manner of physiological com- pounds, including alcohols and fats. Methanol is made from water gas. So man is being freed from his exclusive dependence upon plants and animals for his food and medicine, and may ultimately be able to make what he wants from air, water and coal, in all cases where the factory can compete profitably with nature. We may predict that in 1927 one or more of the elusive vitamins will be run down and identified, possibly synthesized. It is already known that cholesterol, which has been regarded hitherto as stuffing up the cell to no purpose, can be converted into a vitamin by the action of ultra-violet rays, and so serve as a cure for rickets. In like manner means of activating other inert substances may soon be found. Electricity ARTHUR WILLIAMS Vice President, New York Edison Company HERE will be growing appreci- ation of the value of electric power as an agency for improving the social and eco- nomic life of the country; this will be true not alone in the home and in our industrial life, but in that of the American farmer, a field which is as yet substantially untouched. There A Year of Thrilling Revelations Ahead of Us! F SOMEONE should ask you today what great new discoveries and inventions you would like to see, you might be at a loss for an answer. Within our lifetime new knowledge and new utilities for our comfort, happiness, and well-being have come upon us, and it sometimes seems as if nothing more remains to be supplied. Has science, in its progress, reached the top peak he achievement? Or is it progressing toward rev- elations that. will still further change our lives? Recently we put these questions to twenty scien- tists. Their answers appear on these pages. They leave little doubt that we are merely on the threshold in invention, physics, astronomy, biology, psychology, and all the rest of the sciences. They assure us that the achievements of the past few decades, marvelous as they seem to us, are indeed small compared with what the future holds.

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22 Marvels will doubtless be an increasing under- standing of the real meaning and value ‘in service of the term “super- power”; a wider realization of the fact that superpower does not relate to poli- tics, but to economics; that it is an agency already long in existence, through which, by means of interconnection, wide- ly separated but large and economical sources of power generation can be united, with as a result more efficient utilization of the power source and greater security of the service to the individual consumer. Physics RoBERT ANDREWS MILLIKAN, Ph.D., Sce.D., LL.D. Physicist, Nobel Prize Winner, Head of the California Institute of Technology E ARE clearly approaching a re- construction of the for- mulation of a consider- able part of that braach of the new physics which is included under the general designation, quantum theory. The simplifications and generalizations which have been intro- duced this year into spectroscopy by Hund Lande Pauli and Russel, the new theoret- ical formulation of Schrédinger, with its application to the Stark effect by Epstein, and the new mechanics developed by Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan; all are indicative of the heroic efforts just now being made to eliminate some of the con- tradictions in modern physics, and to place the whole structure upon a new basis of experimentally observed facts. Psychology ALBERT EDWARD WIGGAM Biologist, Writer and Lecturer HE main drive of psychological inquiry in 1927 will be testing the men- tal tests, devising tests for character and personality and moral and volitional traits, and determin- ing better the nature of intellect itself. Some important researches are under way in this latter field. Very important re- searches will be published in April on the problem of heredity and environment. New efforts will be made to measure the special aptitudes of high school and college students and to devise emotional incentives that will lead students to measure up to their highest capacities. Two big projects are under way in this direction. A number of colleges are planning a regular psychological consul- tation service for aiding students in their problems, both vocational and personal. Clinical psychology is rapidly advancing in the devising of methods for removing fear and relieving the depressed mind. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY We May See Astronomy CAPTAIN EDWIN T. PoLtock, U.S.N. Superiniendent, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washing- ton, D.C. WO important projects are now under way at the U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C., as well as at other ob- servatories, and while 1927 will not see their finish it will see a good 4 beginning. One is the observa- tion of positions of certain stars to be used in the “Eros Campaign” of 1930- 31, when the planet Eros will be used in a newer determination of the solar paral- lax, or difference in the apparent position of the sun and its true place. Eros, which at times is nearer to the Earth than any other heavenly body except the Moon, will be only 16,000,000 miles away from us in 1930. Mars, at its nearest approach in 1924, was 35,000,000 miles away. — The other project is the “round-the- world” longitude determinations, for which special time signals have been sent these last two months. by the United States naval radio stations and for which at the same time astronomical observa- tions were made all around the world. The calculations may be completed dur- ing 1927. These findings will be a start toward proving or disproving the theory that the continents do move and that our moon came from the Pacific Ocean. If it is found that the continents move or that parts of the earth expand or shrink, it may show, as some believe, that it is the Earth and not the Moon which is erratic in its motion. But the most important advance that could be made in astronomy in 1927 would be to have some one donate the millions needed to construct a telescope larger than any now in use. Automobile Engineering EpwWaArpD V. RICKENBACKER Automobile Racer; Aviator UR ever-increasing highway congestion, in the writer’s opinion, demands the following development in motor car enginecring: Smaller, higher-speed and lighter engines, resulting in greater econ- ; omy, shorter wheel base and lighter complete cars at less cost. Lower center of gravity, brought about through double drop frame, worm gear drive or a design giving similar results. Smaller diameter tires with greater cross section, eliminating the necessity of wheels and using brake drums as sub- stitute. Tires would be mounted directly on the brake drum, permitting brake ap- plication on all four wheels directly over the center of the tire. Rubber spring shackles as a substitute January, 1927 in 1929 for bolts, eliminating squeaks and the necessity of lubrication. Simplification of starting problem in cold weather by electrical vaporizers or some equally effective substitute. Increased compression ratios and the elimination of carbon through the use of antiknock fuels. I believe motor car engines of the better class will be equipped eventually with superchargers for the purpose of reducing weight and to increase the horsepower per cubic inch of displacement. This will be followed by the supercharged two- cycle design for the same purpose. Anthropology CLARK WISSLER, Ph.D. Curator of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City tar ong of the large number of explorers in the field, there is reason to expect new finds of y fossil man in Europe, iy western Asia, or in Africa, er” the regions so far fur- i > nishing us with speci- mens. Also in North and South America we may expect new finds suggesting the association of aboriginal man with the mastodon and other extinct animals. In Mexico and Central America, ruined prehistoric cities may be discov- ered and more dated Mayan monuments found in them, thus adding to our knowledge of aboriginal America. The crossing over of the American Indian from Asia to Alaska is a subject now to the fore, and a full half-dozen scientists are ransacking the shores of Bering Sea for traces of the earliest crossing from Siberia. We may expect, therefore, new evidence of Asiatic visitors to Alaska long before the days of Colum- bus. About the only remaining spot on earth where white men have not roamed is the interior of New Guinea, where still live a few tribes of men not seen by the paleface. This area is now about to be explored, and we may look forward to the last round-up of primitive man. Agriculture WILLIAM Crocker, Ph.D. Botanist; Director, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, N.Y. HE stage is set for rather large advances in plant science in all the branches mentioned below. We can expect improved varieties of some of our food plants — varieties which give greater yields, greater resistance to disease and insects, and higher quality. Further advances in hybridization or crossing will teach breeders (Continued on page 140) Janu: 6c witl fairs plan ordi fessi con plac of tl I’ve mon true garc com ver) —b they fort and is OF fron med to s phe cold am: ane cold aencc pw,

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—ws Coe = “l- est Ors rth the ive the be the lant set irge ant the ned ect s of ood Lies ater and ther will 140) January, 1927 “Now HOW Did You Get That Cold P” Probably from the Man Who Sneezed in the Street Car, Answers the Doctor— What to Do for a Speedy Cure By Freperic Damrau, M.D. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY my life that a stuffy nose and watering eyes have interfered with my business and social af- fairs, spoiled my pleasures, ruined plans and temporarily blunted my ordinarily good judgment in pro- fessional matters—I’d have to conclude that the net result would place the common cold at the top of the list of all the serious illnesses I’ve ever had. Most men, if they think back a moment, will find that this holds true in their cases too. Public and doctors have long re- garded the stuffy nose as a trivial complaint, a necessary but not very important evil. Colds come, —but they have a way of going, I I were to list all the times in An Expensive Ailment "Pee cost each of us an average * loss of ten days’ activity annually, so what Doctor Damrau says on these pages about their prevention has a dollars-and-cents value. “The germs that cause colds,” he points out, “can be projected twenty feet in ordinary conversation. These germs can transmit the ailment only during the first twenty-four hours of the illness. If everybody with a cold, therefore, would stay home at least the first day, the spread of the disease would be materially reduced.” cold? Most of us meet with these hazards very often, yet we suffer from a cold only occasionally dur- ing the year. A few weeks ago I went to a football game with four friends. When the game was half over we were caught in a cold drizzle of rain. Although our clothes were drenchéd and our feet soaked from standing in the mud, we remained until the final whistle. One of us caught a cold and, of course, blamed the drench- too—usually as mysteriously as they came. As a result, little ef- fort has been made to study their causes and prevention, and the common cold still is one of the stepchildren of medicine. As a matter of fact, a cold may be far from a trifling inconvenience, even from a medical standpoint. It may pave the way to some devastating infection, such as pneumonia. You may start out with a cold but end with an ear abscess or even a mastoid infection. It may develop into an even more serious affliction. In short, a cold may indirectly cause death. It puts more people on the sick list than The mother who bundles her sniffling child up but lets him pass his whistle, germs and all, to his brother, is on the wrong track, doctors say. The whistle is a fine germ carrier any other illness. Nine out of ten of us have at least one every six months. The average man manages to “catch”’ three to four of them a year. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Com- pany kept statistics over a period of one year to find out just how many colds were caught among 6,770 of its clerical em- ployees. There were 2,824 cases so severe as to keep the persons from working, and the average number of days lost in each case was 2.2. But these figures do not take into account the much larger number of sufferers with colds who nevertheless come to work and struggle through their duties as best they can. ] peer it keeps so many persons out of work a certain number of days each year and because hardly anyone escapes it entirely, the common cold probably causes more loss in dollars and cents than any other disease. For these reasons, if for no other, it is demanding the attention of physicians as never before. They are learning its causes, and are dis- covering ways to prevent and treat it. “Where in the world did I catch that cold?” probably is the first question you think of when you begin to feel the stuffi- ness that you know will be followed by several days of nasal misery. Then you recall how you sat next to an open window, or went out into the slush without your rubbers. “That’s where I caught it,” you say to yourself. But have you ever stopped to consider how often you are exposed to drafts or get your feet soaked without the sign of a ing. But what about the other four? It is true that colds are most common during the winter months. From ob- servation of more than 13,000 persons, the United States Public Health Service tells us that colds are most frequent in October. The second wave strikes the country around the Christmas holidays, after which there is a gradual decrease in the number of cases until summer. 6 ewe would appear to point to cold weather as a factor in the onset of colds. But bear this important point in mind: Colds break out all over the coun- try at the same time, from shivering Boston to perspiring New Orleans, and from the sleety streets of New York to the warm sunlit avenues of California. The average fellow naturally blames the weather for his cold; but do the facts justify him? Dr. D. F. Smiley, of Ithaca, made a statistical study among 2,485 Cornell students to test some of the popular beliefs about the causes of colds. He found that students who protected them- selves from drafts caught as many colds as those who slept by an open window. Those who were careful to wear rubbers or galoshes during wet wintry weather did not escape any more than did their more stoical fellows. The much vaunted cold bath in the morning proved only of slight value in preventing colds. Among the students who wore woolen underwear, colds were nineteen percent more common than among those who wore light under- clothing! The truth of the matter is that drafts,

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24 wet feet, failure to wear woolen under- wear, and a host of other superstitions taught by our grandmothers have been greatly exaggerated as causes of colds. Meanwhile few of us realize the really important causes, which physicians have established by careful observations and laboratory experiments, and which must be understood if we are to escape future colds. The majority of colds are due to infec- tion. They come to you as a gift from your neighbor in the trolley car, who, having a cold himself, generously sprays it about as he sneezes in order that others may partake of the benefits of the stuffy nose. HILE = almost anyone nowadays admits that a cold may be contracted by kiss- ing, surprisingly few realize they are in danger when some- body close to them sneezes with- out using his handkerchief. But it has been proved that droplets containing microbes may be pro- jected across a room twenty feet wide during the course of ordinary conversation. How far, then, can those same drop- lets travel when propelled by the high-powered artillery of a lusty sneeze? I recall vividly one such sneeze indulged in by a guest at a social gathering attended by about twenty people. Within the next few days at least half of those present, including a number who were in an adjoining room at the time, were suffering from colds. The evidence that many colds are of microbie origin is undeniable. At the Rockefeller Institute, in New York City, Drs. Olitsky and McCartney inoculated nineteen healthy volunteers by swabbing the inside of the nose with the secretion from a man with coryza, the medical term for the common cold. The great majority of these healthy subjects promptly developed a cold. HE germs responsible for coryza are among the tiniest known. They are ultramicroscopic; that is, they cannot be seen with the strongest lens of the micro- scope. Furthermore, they will pass through a filter impermeable to all germs of ordi- nary size. A drop of water could contain millions of them. An important fact about the trans- mission of these germs is that it is only during the first twenty-four hours of the illness that the ailment may be trans- mitted to others. In other words, if every- body with a cold could be made to stay at home at least the first day, the most important cause of its spread would be eliminated. The proper thing to do for a cold of any degree of sever- ity: Stay home; stay in bed; send for the family doctor POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Your general vitality seems to play very little part in determining whether you will come down with an infectious cold or not. You may be a champion athlete or a swimmer of the English Channel, but if some fellow with an early cold sneezes the cold germs into your face, the chances are that you will be sniffling before long. If a lowered state of vitality played an important part in the development of colds, it would be natural to expect con- sumptives to be highly susceptible. As a If a Drenching by Rain Gives Us Colds— Why doesn’t it affect all of us that way? Of a party of five who recently sat, rain-soaked, through a football game, only one caught cold matter of fact, however, patients in sana- toriums for tuberculosis suffer much less from colds than healthy persons. The probable explanation is that the open air life and correct living conditions in the sanatoriums greatly diminish the danger of spreading the causative microbes from one person to another. A great deal has been said, written and done about preventing colds, but little has been accomplished. Woolen underwear, galoshes, and draft-proof bedrooms cer- tainly will not stave off colds. Cold showers have been shown to be without value in this respect. Vaccine treatment is illogical, inasmuch as vaccines have been proved to prevent only such diseases as do not occur a second time in the same individual, as typhoid, for example. HERE is only one way to prevent colds, and that is to keep the other fellow from treating the whole crowd to the microbes from his nose and throat. To this end, the surest prevention is to avoid overcrowding in street cars, movie houses and other public places and educate the indiscriminate cougher and sneezer to the proper use of the handkerchief. So long as people continue to be gener- ous with their microbes, colds will be un- avoidable. The fear of drafts and wet sidewalks and the utter contempt for germs as causes of disease seem to be fixed habits of thought in the average mind. Just the other day, I saw a young mother carefully bundling a small boy up in woolen sweaters, coat and muffler as if preparing him fora flight with Commander Byrd over the North Pole. The little fellow apparently felt too warm and objected strenuously. **Now don’t take those sweaters off,” she admonished. “You have a _ bad enough cold already.” At this juncture, another child came out on the porch. January, 1927 **Let brother have your whistle,” con- tinued the mother to the wearer of the bundle of sweaters; whereupon the latter took the whistle out of his mouth, added a few coughs and sneezes, and handed it to his brother, microbes and all. The use of the common drinking cup is a prevalent source of danger. I know of a family which complains of a continual round of colds, yet never seems to con- sider that these colds may be passed from one member of the family to another by using the same glass in the bathroom. The lips that touch the rim of the glass leave germs there for succeeding drinkers. And it is this unstint- ed generosity that keeps the doctor’s telephone buzzing. OST of us use the word “‘cold”’ in entirely too free a sense. Strictly speaking, the term should be limited to the congestive, watery and dis- charging condition of the mu- cous membrane of the nose that medical men call coryza. It is true that the common cold may extend down to the throat and into the bronchial tubes. But I have heard persons speak of in- fluenza and even pneumonia as “bad colds,” whereas they are entirely distinct diseases. The person with a severe coryza, or common cold, may feel about the same as the fellow with the “flu”; but to the doctor these two ailments are separate diseases that must not be confused. The person who takes it for granted that his illness is nothing more than a cold may really have influenza, pneumonia, or even diphtheria. The word “cold” implies that a low temperature has something to do with the illness. The popular use of this term to designate nasal stuffiness is un- fortunate, __ be- cause the public has unduly mag- nified the im- portance of ex- posure. Colds caught by a bride and her father at the bride’s wedding, for example, formed the basis of a suit filed recently in New York. The hall where the wedding was held was insufficiently heated, the complainants charged, and hence they had caught cold! Sweating—a time- honored remedy—is in- duced effectively by hot lemonade’ and scorching baths before going to bed at night WO athletic young people of my ac- quaintance, a brother and sister who live near the seashore, seldom miss their morning “dip” in the icy surf, even on the coldest days of winter. When the snow is on the ground, they run down to the beach with nothing between them and the wintry blasts but abbreviated woolen bathing suits. Yet these human polar bears, and many others like them, do not seem to complain of stuffy noses any more often than the rest of us. There is no question, it is true, that ex- posure may in some cases cause a certain amount of unpleasant stuffiness, if only for a short time. (Continued on page 129) AL Janua = 3 =

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‘ Se aS. @é¢ @ Greet © wr OW Bf Res Ss. = January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY hated to disappoint him, so I made up the story about communicating with the spirits. It was all a joke.” It is true, however, that Edison fritters away few waking hours in pleasan- tries. He calls himself 135 years old; for, he says, the Courtesy The New York Sun Thomas A. Edison as he impressed an Argentine artist—this strange portrait being made up entirely of parts of inventions which made the wizard famous HEELS and cogs, pumps and dynamos—these were the parts of a remarkable impressionist portrait of Thomas Alva Edison sketched a few weeks ago by Rafael, Argentine artist. * All mechanical,” was Edison’s amused comment as he smilingly accepted the artist’s gift of the portrait. “No soul.” He turned to his secretary, W. H. Meadowcroft. ‘Hang it up on the wall,” he said. Then he returned to work. Was the artist right? Is this great man a mechanized inventing machine, stripped of ordinary human emotions for the sake of machinelike efficiency? Can his life be summed up by an alphabetical list of the more than 1500 average man would take that long to put in as much work as he has done in his seventy-nine years. Day after day, crowded with experiments, finds him in his laboratory fourteen, sixteen and even twenty hours at a stretch. His unremitting passion for experiment dates back to boyhood. At six years of age, he tried to hatch goose and hen’s eggs by sitting on them, after the manner of the mother bird! Later, at ten, he succeeded in persuading one of his chums to swallow quantities of Seidlitz powders, confidently expecting that his boy friend would rise like a balloon and float through the air. The results Edison describes as disappointing to himself and highly dis- tressing to the subject of his experiments. Eventually he managed to amass something in the nature of a chemical Edison, at 79, Active while World “Catches Up” Invents Novel New Phonograph Record That Plays Forty Minutes By AtpEN P. ARMaGNnac laboratory. All of his chemical bottles he labeled “Poison,’’ whatever their con- tents, to insure that they be left alone in his absence. His first laboratory was in his mother’s cellar; his second, the empty unventilated smoker of the train on which he sold papers to pay for his experiments. Here he succeeded in setting the train on fire when some phosphorus upset, and in his unceremonious departure he received a box on the ears from the conductor that left his hearing permanently impaired. Edison always took this philosophically, as an unavoidable accident not worth mulling over. After his meteoric rise into fame, new experiments still occupied first place in his mind. A notoriously poor business man, he understood himself well enough to insist that the $100,000 he received for his telephone transmitter be paid him in seventeen yearly installments, for the life of the patent. He knew that if he received the entire sum at once, he would spend it all immediately—not on himself, but for research. EVER satisfied to rest, his mind is always busy with some new prob- lem. The amazing story is told of how Edison never saw the Woolworth building, most strik- patents that bear his name? I think not. Thomas A. Edison is not “all machine,” despite the terrific concentration that marks his hours in the lab- oratory. He is a most human individual, and one who thoroughly enjoys life. He has a delightful fund of dry humor. Recently, for example, the great inventor was reported by an interviewer to be working on a_ loudspeaker for the receiving of “spirit messages.”” For a long time Edison evaded answering questions about it. At length he told the story. “That man,” a_ friend quotes him as saying, “‘came to see me on one of the cold- est days of the year. His nose was blue and his teeth were chattering. I really had nothing to tell him, but I ing feature of New York City’s skyline, for years, though he passed near it frequently. It is this power of concentration that has enabled him to give mankind inventions which, in their present development, are valued at $15,000,000,000! His latest achievement, the forty-minute phonograph record, gives an entire pro- gram of dinner music with- out the need of changing records. In the twelve inches of its diameter there travels a spiral groove as thin as a human hair and a mile and a quarter long. Today, on the eve of his eightieth birthday, he feels that in electricity we are only just beginning; are on the threshold of a wonder- Edison’s newest invention, a forty-minute phonograph record, with the special reproducer that must be used with it, is being demonstrated here by Charles Edison (left) son of the inventor, and Arthur L. Walsh, vice-president of the Edison organization ful new age—one in which man’s hardest work will be done when he pushes a button.

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26 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 : - Automobile Magic — How , SS | : A Picture Story of Mechanical ry 7 Wonders Inside an Auto Factory, “os “Te et Where Steel Is “Almost Human” : ) =f ag (i _ia, t {i Every motor car is born in the foundry, where white hot molten iron from a cupola furnace (at right) is : poured from ladles into casting molds. ‘ After cooling, the castings are cleaned i with a sand blast, carefully inspected, and transported to the machine shop, where powerful machines, operating almost automatically, do the necessary Long life for your car depends, first of all, on turning, boring, drilling and grinding vi careful tests in the chemical and metallurgical “e oe . a es om laboratories, to check the chemical composition and a: )* E { p * physical properties of the materials that go into it . oa =: With a few crushing blows, this giant ham- mer forges a piece of in- tensely hot alloy steel into a crankshaft or front axle. Notice the deep concrete founda- tion built to with- stand the blow of 12,000 pounds Wk = Wy Mammoth presses, shown above, convert flat j Sy sheets of steel into fenders, i = doors, body panels and similar Ks ets parts. Other presses form the : : axle housing, brake drums, and \ : oe even the entire front wheel hub In fashioning an automobile engine from a casting, all cylinders are bored at once, then polished or honed to fine smoothness. They must be accurate to within one thousandth of an inch. Another machine drills holes for the valve lifters and valves, and finishes the valve seats The engines next are assembled on moving conveyors, each workman being skilled in quick, accurate performance of one particular operation. Afterward, the finished engines are tested on their own power on special stands Sketches made in the plant of Dodge Brothers Manufacturing Company by L. U. heavts Janua ed. stag Not easy 4 ‘ f

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Your Car Is Builty 4 To the steel frame are bolted the axles, with springs and wheels attached and tires mount- ed. How these are brought together in the second stage of chassis assembly is pictured below. Notice how the wheels are conveyed to within easy reach of the assembler on an inclined track The sturdy pressed stee! frame shown at the top of the page is the founda- tion on which the chassis is built. Workmen are seen here riveting running board brackets to the frame, which then is enameled and baked in an oven Down a conveyor comes the engine. A crane swings it Qi into place on the frame {;\% ] While the completed chassis move along constantly on as- sembly conveyors beneath, an overhead monorail conveyor lowers the upholstered bodies upon them through openings in the ceiling. Expert assembles swiftly and dexterously apply the various parts as the chassis move always forward past them l Complete except for headlights and license plates, the fin- ished car finelly rolls out of the factory under its own power. It is then given a road test on a special track for a final tuning- up and sent out with a clean bill of health, ready for a buyer

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ASS EET > POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY New Things We Are Learning About The Mysterious Power of Music By Epcar C. WHEELER the home of friends, when the hostess suggested playing a few selections on their new phonograph. “But first,” she said, addressing me, “how do you feel?” “First rate—but why do you ask?” I replied, somewhat astonished. “Just so I'll know what selections to play! Here, let me show you what I mean,” she added, opening the doors of the phonograph cabinet. On each shelf, containing a number of records, A FEW weeks ago I was visiting at January, 1927 Under Its Magic Spell Scientists have found that the same mysterious power which the Hindu snake charmer uses makes us work faster and with less fatigue. In this New Jersey electrical factory the girl operators’ fingers fly in rhythm with lively phonograph music We Can Work Harder, Think Faster and Feel Happier to Quick-Rhythm Tunes—A New Aid in Hospitals, Industrial Plants, and in Our Homes stimulate new ideas, imagination and invention;”’ “Play when glum, makes you joyous;” “Play when in wistful mood;” “‘Play for more energy.” Love songs and selections for children had separate shelves. “Where did you get the idea?” I asked. “It wasn’t my idea. A musician friend showed me how to select the records and classify them. You may not believe it, but the system works like a charm! However I may feel at the end of the day —tired, gay, nervous or whatnot—I can always pick out the right music to pep me up or quiet me.” Like most other people, I usually take my music as it comes—good, bad or indifferent. But here was a novel idea. It interested me. The next day I made some inquiries, and I discovered that its originator was none other than the greatest of American inventors, Thomas A. Edison. I found that Edison was a pioneer in the new science of she had pasted a little type- applied music. written label. The first one I examined read something like this: “Play when life grows too monotonous; stirs you up.” I glanced quickly through the rec- ords on that shelf. One was the “Toreador Song” from Carmen, sung by a baritone and chorus. Another was the “ Marseillaise,”’ played by a military band. A third was “Keep the Home Fires Burning.” On the next shelf the label read: “Play when worried; brings you peace of mind.” Typical of these records were the “Medita- tion” from Thais, by Massenet, played by Albert Spalding, vio- linist; “Home, Sweet Home,” sung by Anna Case; and a dance orchestra waltz entitled “My Isle of Golden Dreams.” Still other shelves bore classi- . Has It Happened to You? AVE you ever come home, fagged out at the end of a wracking day, and dropped into a A FEW years ago, when the new marvels of multiplying music by radio, talking machines and piano players were placing chair with your head so awhirl that it seems about to fly to pieces? Distractedly, you reach for the radio dials. There comes to you a song, swinging slowly, soothing. Your muscles relax. You find yourself humming. The tune changes—a stirring patrol march. Before you know it you are tapping the floor with your feet. When it is over, some- where, in the quick, rhythmic strains, your troubles have vanished. Though we are only beginning to understand this mysterious power, already, as Mr. Wheeler tells, amazing examples of its utilization are found. Hospitals, industrial plants and men as individuals are choosing and using music today on the basis of its astounding and scientifically proved effects. fications such as: “Play to the best artists in our homes, Edison came to the conclusion that this great mass of unassorted music should be sorted out scientifically and put to intelli- gent use. People, he thought, would welcome some guide for choosing the kind of music that would meet their mental, physical and emotional needs from day to day. He engaged the services of a leading authority on applied psychology, Dr. Walter V. Bing- ham, then associated with the Carnegie Institute of Technology. With a number of associates, Dr. Bingham undertook a series of remarkable tests. Taking 589 different musical January, selectio to gran various perience conditi all cha listener several Som« For ex stead « were fc lous gé extrem differe1 experin selectic and m tionall: was th N“ ( in ano music were I musici: and th Profes: While played rapidly Titles were 1 were | matte! sketch those. light | Sousa’ No tv subjec the m Hoy pipes | less fu Our o rhyth new s march once ¢ enable entire Mo its my us wl when Courtes Metro-

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January, 1927 selections, varying all the way from jazz to grand opera, they tried these out on various listeners, all of whom were ex- perienced in self-analysis. The listening conditions were carefully regulated, and all changes in moods and feelings of the listeners recorded. The tests lasted several months. Some of the results were surprising. For example, a number of hymns, in- stead of creating a mood of reverence, were found to induce a decidedly frivo- lous gaiety. A few pieces, too, varied extremely in the way they affected different listeners. But in the end the experimenters were able to classify 135 selections which produced unmistakable and marked effects, mentally and emo- tionally, on all who heard them. This was the list which had guided my friend. OT long ago two educators at Columbia University demonstrated in another striking way the ability of music to produce moods to order. They were Prof. Charles Hubert Farnsworth, musician, and Prof. Alon Bement, artist, and the tests were made on students of Professor Bement’s class in sketching. While a series of musical selections were played, the students were asked to draw rapidly any designs which came to mind. Titles or composers of the compositions were not announced. When the drawings were collected, it was found an easy matter to distinguish those which were sketched while a jazz piece was played, those drawn to the tune of the “‘Moon- light Sonata,” and those sketched to Sousa’s “Stars and Stripes Forever.” No two of the drawings were alike in subject, yet each reflected unmistakably the mood created by the music. How the blood-stirring strains of bag- pipes have incited Scotch kilties to reck- less fury in battle is a matter of history. Our own overseas vets know how the rhythm of fife and drum can impart new strength to weary soldiers on the march. Henry T. Finck, music critic, once declared that listening to a concert enabled him to sketch the plan for an entire book. Most of us who enjoy music have felt its mysterious power to sway us—to rest us when we are tired, make us happy when we are glum, stimulate our imag- a lively tune, and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY inations, encourage us, thrill and inspire us. But just what is this strange power? Why do we tap our feet to the rhythm of how is it that a blast of music from a great orchestra can send chills racing down our spines? Why does one kind of music make us “feel good,” another depress us? Scientists are just beginning to learn the answers. Within re- cent years they have learned that music, besides being a source of pleasure and en- tertainment, can be- come a force of immense practical value in our homes, offices and workshops; that melodies and harmonies, chosen and used scientifically, possess remarkable powers of renewing our vitality. The secret of music’s power, they generally agree, is its rhythm. This rhythm, impressed upon you through your ears, goes through your body with contagious effect, just as the footfalls of marching soldiers will cause a bridge to sway if the soldiers keep in step. EARLY all of your bodily machinery operates rhythmically. The rhythm of music seems to have the effect of alter- ing the beat of this natural rhythm. It arouses or depresses the action of your nerves, changes the action of your bodily secretions, makes your heart beat faster or slower, alters the rhythm of your breathing, and acts through motor nerves on your muscles. Your pulse rate, in addition, directly influences your reaction to lively or sad music, for the effect of any musical selec- tion depends largely on the relation of the speed of rhythm to the speed of your heartbeats. The average normal human pulse runs about seventy beats to the minute. A lively tune, like a quick- step march, the rhythm of which is faster than the heartbeat—say eighty to the When Movie Actors Need Music Movie actors would find love scenes difficult to do without musical accompani- ment. Two musicians played melodies of love for Pauline Starke and Conrad Nagel during this scene from ‘“‘Sun Up” Courtesy Metro-Goldwyn Practicing Penmanship to Music Music directly affects our muscular endurance, -tests show. rhythmic time to the music of foxtrot and one-step phonograph records, these pupils of an Eastern school find penmanship a fascinating exercise Keeping minute—almost always has the effect of exciting or exhilarating us. We express our reaction to this excitement by tapping with our feet and applauding. On the other hand, music with rhythm slower than the heartbeat has opposite effects. Sometimes it rests us; often it depresses and makes us gloomy. This explains, too, why in moments of high excitement, quick-rhythm music may sweep us completely off our feet and why, similarly, in moments of depres- sion, slow music may sink us to despair. Franz Kneisel, late leader of the famous Kneisel string quartet, took ad- vantage of these facts by deliberately setting the rhythm of his selections slightly above the normal heartbeat. The result of this was invariably a marked increase in applause. More- over, he made use of the fact that the weather influences the human pulse rate. On the morning before an important concert he would study the weather fore- cast and arrange the rhythmic speed of his musical selections accordingly. HE secret of the popularity of John Philip Sousa, the famous band- master, it has been said, lay partly in the fact that he usually timed the rhythm of his band music just above that of the normal heartbeat. Dr. E. E. Free, authority on sound and light, learned some interesting facts about our foot-tapping habits in recent experiments with theater audiences. During a slow musical number, a stetho- scope detected considerable tapping of feet at the outset, but this quickly died out. During a lively selection, the tap. ping began softly and steadily increased, until finally at least ninety percent of the audience were beating time with their feet. Which suggests the question: Why do we use our feet instead of our heads, arms, or bodies, to beat time? A few weeks ago a Swiss scientist advanced the novel theory that the nerves which first react to music are centered in the feet. The accepted explanation, however, is simply that our feet are the most con- venient members to move, especially when we are seated. To demonstrate to yourself the impor- tance of rhythm in the effect of music, select some slow-moving (Continued on page 130)

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Home Owners Report Remarkable OIL BURNER Results Nation-Wide Survey by Popular Science Institute of Standards Shows None Willing to Go Back to Coal ers of Poputar ScieNcE MontTHLY maximum service, the Popular Science Institute of Standards recently under- took the most comprehensive investi- gation of oil burners that has yet been made. Investigators have gone into nearly 1500 homes in widely scattered sections, where oil burners are |: LINE with its aim to give the read- though it is generally agreed that atmos- pheric oil burners cannot give the highly perfected heating service obtainable from the more expensive mechanical draft types, it is interesting to note that a nor- mal percentage of atmospheric burner owners reported complete satisfaction. actually in operation, to determine oil burners have built up their organiza- tions of representatives, and it empha- sizes the importance of buying your oil burner from a reliable dealer who is com- petent to give you quick and satisfactory service if anything should go wrong. In fact, the experiences of users of one particular make of oil burner show what superlatively fine service can the comparative value of various makes of oil burners in relation to each other and to the coal-fired furnace. As this is being written, pre- liminary reports covering a large part of the East, Middle West and Pacific coast sections of the country have been tabulated. Both large and small towns in representative communities of home owners have been studied. Amazing facts al- ready have been brought out in this country-wide investigation. The Institute’s investigators gathered information without prej- udice or bias. They were after the cold, hard facts of oil burner opera- tion from the viewpoint of the owner; consequently, it is possible to draw definite conclusions from their reports as to what you may expect from an oil burner installed in your own home. The table on this page shows what the investi- gators have found out so far. do to keep customers satisfied. Al- What the Survey Shows Total number of burner in- stallations investigated.... 1247 Satisfied owners............ 1086 Total years of service for burn- ers investigated .......... 3055 Total service calls for these years of service .......... 2212 Owners reporting unsatisfac- bery Gerwace............... 97 Owners not disturbed by noise 1149 Noise objectionable. ........ 98 Operating cost more than coal 258 Owners willing to shift back ME ie he. OO NONE though this burner heads the list for number of service calls required and trouble from unreliable opera- tion, each owner reported that the service organization seemed to be prepared to go to almost any lengths to keep the burners in con- stant operation. ‘Trouble calls at any hour of the day or night have been taken care of immediately. Consequently, a far larger per- centage of these owners are satisfied than would have been the case if the service had been below average. A GREAT many readers have written in to PopuLAR SCIENCE Monrtuty for information about the noise produced by the mechan- ical draft type of oil burner. They have heard, or are under the im- pression, that oil burners are noisy. That idea is not substantiated by the results of the investigation. Less than eight percent of the owners of oil burners reported that Undoubtedly the most astound- ing feature of the investigation is that up to date the men who are making it have been unable to find a single owner of an oil burner who could be induced to go back to a coal fire to heat his home. Out of 1247 home owners, not one would go back to coal—and this despite the fact that many of the owners have had trouble -with their oil burners at some time or other, as indicated by the number of serv- ice calls tabulated in the list. Evidently the most unsatisfactory oil burner gives more uniform heat and less trouble than a coal fire when it is working at its best! HE tabulation shows 161 dissatisfied oil burner owners. This amounts, roughly, to one out of eight of the people investigated. _In all cases, however, it must be remem- bered, “satisfaction” depended onthe view- point of the individual owner. One owner, for instance, might say that he was per- fectly satisfied with his oil burner al- though he may have had occasion to call for service several times during the winter. Others were dissatisfied when by their own admission they had had only one service call in more than a year. And al- They had not expected too much! The heating comfort that any oil burner can give depends first on the ability of the burner to operate perfectly over long periods of time without attention; and, second, on how quickly the local repre- sentative of the oil burner manufacturer gets on the job and fixes things when a breakdown does occur. The investigation is bringing out some startling facts along these lines. The 1247 burners examined so far have been in use a total of 3055 years. This is equivalent to the continuous operation of one oil burner since before King Solomon built the Temple of Jerusalem! And in that vast total of years of heating comfort there have been only 2212 calls for serv- ice. This approximates only one call for each sixteen and one half months of opera- tion; not a bad record, especially when we consider that it includes large numbers of trouble calls that were caused by oil tanks unexpectedly running dry and similar difficulties for which the oil burning equipment certainly was not to blame. Only ninety-seven owners reported un- satisfactory service. This speaks well for the care with which the manufacturers of the noise is objectionable. This small percentage included a number of: installations, so the investigators report, which had been made under conditions where the slight noise produced by the burner was magnified by the peculiar construction or arrangement of the house. The majority of oil burner owners re- ported that the cost of operation was equal to or less than when coal had been used. A fair number reported an increase in cost compared with coal, but in nearly every case where an increase was re- ported, the owner agreed that the in- crease was more than made up for by the additional heating comfort that the oil burner gave him. In many instances it was found that the extra cost was be- cause the house was now kept at a comfort- able temperature all day long, whereas when coal had been used the house was cold much of the time because of the attention required by a coal fire. The Popular Science Institute of Stand- ards is at your service to help you solve your heating problems. For informa- tion and advice about oil-burning equipment for your home, write to the Popular Science Institute of Standards, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Januar b A groan - angri pling line a Puff train a full Th sheve rushe dowr railm 1866 soon had ; uled yard. saw O spra’ heav locor hulk had had litter bata torte cars road crew awa; 66) pen: of tl a hu “ j repl and awa or a letic eyes

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 31 He SPEEDED UP the WORLD The Story of a Boy’s Fight for His Idea Against the Greatest Railroad Munds of His Time By H. C. Norru LOCOMOTIVE whistle A shrieked in sharp warning. Brakes grated, smoked and groaned. Coaches jostled each other . angrily, straining at their cou- plings, threatening to break from line and stampede across the fields. Puffing, balking trembling, the train came slowly and haltingly to a full stop. The passengers, thoroughly di- sheveled by the prolonged shaking, rushed to the doors and poured down the steps. Wrecks and de- raiment were not uncommon in 1866; fatalities were numerous; the sooner one got out of a train that had stopped where it wasn’t sched- uled to stop, the better. A few yards ahead, the shaken passengers saw the cause of their bruises. On the track before them sprawled what was left of two heavily-laden freight trains. The locomotives, twisted and crumbled hulks, lay like two huge beasts that had torn at each other until death had come to both. Freight cars littered the track behind each com- batant, crushed, upended, dis- torted. From their broken sides the cars had spewed their cargo over the roadbed and down the embankment. A crew of men was already at work clearing away the ruin. “What happened?” “How did it hap- pen?” “Anybody hurt?” The foreman of the emergency crew was besieged with a hundred questions. “Head-on collision,” was the laconic reply which seemed to satisfy all comers, and they returned to their coaches to await a clear track. “The engineers must have been drunk or asleep,” remarked a dark-haired, ath- letically built young man, his thoughtful eyes professionally scanning the wreckage. The foreman spat and winked wisely. “Couldn’t stop,” he barked. “Didn’t the brakes work?” “Sure, they worked,’ he said impa- tiently, “but they didn’t work fast enough. It takes time to stop a train.” And he turned with an air of superior knowledge to his men, muttering some- thing about greenhorns. T HAS been said of George Westing- house that all his inventions were made to fill some particular need; that his con- stant watchfulness pointed those needs out to him. And now, instead of fretting about the delay of his train, he puzzled To a Chance Act of Kindness Perhaps no great invention ever had as strange a be- ginning as young Westinghouse’s. He owed his success to the gentle eyes of a girl he saw only once in his life over the problem which the accident and the foreman’s words had brought to his attention. Why should it take so long to stop a train? The engineers had been alert; but, in order to avoid a crash, with the clumsy system of brakes then in use, they would have had to start applying them when a full mile from each other. Obviously, transportation would never be safe or efficient until a more practical brake was evolved. AND braking, at the time young . & Westinghouse had its dangers so graphically presented, was laborious as well as hazardous. One brakeman was stationed between every two cars. On a passenger train, when about a half mile from the stopping point, each brakeman would start to turn a wheel on the plat- form of one of the cars. This slowly tightened a chain which operated the brakes on a single pair of wheels. When the brakes were set, he would repeat his task on the wheel on the opposite plat- form. The work was dangerous and the result unsatisfactory, for it was impos- sible to brake the cars with any uniform- ity and avoid bumping them together. On freight trains the danger was even greater. The brakemen rode on the tops of the cars, where they were exposed to “TT TAKES time to stopa train,” a foreman impa- tiently explained to young George Westinghouse in 1866. Wrecks were frequent and travel slow. All his life West- inghouse saw particular needs which inventive genius could meet. The result of the fore- man’s remark was a series of inventions that revolution- ized railroad transportation being swept off or to falling between the trucks. To Westinghouse, it seemed that the wreck he now viewed could have been avoided easily if the engi- neers had had direct control over the brakes. It was upon a mecha- nism which would set the brakes of every car of a train simultaneously that he next turned his mind. Though only nineteen years of age at the time, he was not un- familiar with transportation. He was already the inventor of a car replacer —a, cast steel frog for replacing derailed trains—which also had been suggested by an accident. His invention had resulted in a partnership with two older men who furnished the capital for manufacturing the product. He traveled for the concern, and was at present journeying to Troy, N. Y., in the interests of the company. Several ideas for such a brake occurred to him. One was a device which de- pended for its power upon the coupling- up of the cars when the steam was shut off. He decided it would be impractical because of the weight of the trains. Another idea was the control of all the brakes by means of a chain extending beneath the entire train. ITH the question still unanswered, he visited Chicago on business. Here, through Superintendent Towne of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, he met the inventor of a brake then in use on that road. “T, too, am working on a braking mechanism,” Westinghouse remarked, as they neared the yards to inspect the invention. The inventor, who up to that moment had been most affable and _ talkative, immediately stiffened.

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ee SaaS eee | i } i i : i i i 32 “You're wasting your time, youngster,” he said shortly. “I know all there is to be known about brakes, and you will find everything is covered by my patents.” “A broad statement,” thought Westinghouse, as he inspected the contrivance. To his surprise, this invention incorporated his own tentative plan of running a chain the full length of the train underneath the cars. It was operated by a wind- lass which, when attached to the driving wheel, tightened the chain and applied the brakes. Westing- house, however, considered the contraption impractical from sev- eral standpoints. H*® first improvement would ‘ have been to attach the chain to a piston which worked in a cylinder beneath the engine. With steam from the boiler, the piston could be manipulated to tighten the chain nicely and smoothly. But he soon realized that no engine could carry a cylinder sufficiently large to operate the brakes on a train of more than a few cars. It next occurred to him, in his per- sistent searching for a solution, that each car might be equipped with a cylinder supplied with steam from the engine by pipes running through the cars. But this theory was exploded by the impossibility of transmitting steam from car to car without its condensing. Some other power would have to be employed. What it would be, Westinghouse had not the faintest conception. As he sat pondering over the seeming hopelessness of his dilemma one noon hour after his partners had gone to lunch, he gradually became aware that someone was standing near him. Jumping up, he gazed into the startled eyes of a girl who had apparently been await- ing his attention for some time. “T am taking sub- scriptions for the—” she began timidly, extending a magazine which she carried in her hand. “TI don’t read maga- zines,” Westinghouse in- terrupted bluntly, still lost in abstraction and conscious only of the in- terruption to his train of thought. “DUT, if you—” she faltered, only to meet Westinghouse’s mechanically uttered, “Try somebody else.” “T have,” she said, so faintly that Westing- house again turned to her and for the first time really saw her. He found himself look- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 wrsTinonocst. Jr © Srna rowns meat Pe UNITED STATES PaTENT OFFICE. Poanted Apt. 13, 0 - OLORUE WRSTINAMOUSE, JR OF SCHENETAUY SEW YORK 7 laying it down. He read that | page The engineers in charge of bor- | ing this tunnel in Italy had been forced to abandon steam drills in their work, because the fire needed to gencrate the steam consumed the air in the shaft. Finally, after experimentation, they had adopted compressed air to drive their drills. It did the work and furnished air for the workmen as well. tossed the magazine into the air, sprang to his feet, and paced | ee. Westinghouse’s Basic Patent Above is a reproduction of the first and basic Westing- house air breke patent, issued April 13, 1869. This first patent drawing represents the high point of the Westing- house contribution, though other patents along the same lines, of nearly equal importance, were granted later that her hair was soft, and that it curled about a face that was fair. His face softened. “Start my subscription with this num- ber,” said Westinghouse, reaching into his pocket and handing her a bill. The girl departed, never to be seen by Westinghouse again. Who she was, he never discovered. Yet to her blue eyes and gentle manner he was to be indebted the rest of his life. The magazine arrived and remained unread for days, while Westinghouse busied himself with other matters. Then, one night, he picked the thing up and thumbed idly through it. An article, “In the Mont Cenis Tunnel,” attracted his attention. He dipped into it, found the long descriptive introduction tedious, noted without interest that the country was beautiful, turned another page before When This Ship Yawns, It Swallows Whales! excitedly about the room. “Itll work. It'll work,” he repeated over and over. “If com- pressed air can drive a drill through mountains, after being conveyed through thousands of feet of pipe, it can apply the brakes on the longest train that was ever made.” There was little sleep for him that night. The next morning he was franti- cally at work on drawings of the invention which was to revolutionize transportation throughout the world. But discouragement seems ever to tread on the heels of triumph. It was only a few days after this that his partners ap- proached him with grave faces and an- nounced that they had serious business to discuss with him. With sinking heart, young Westinghouse followed the two older men into the office and, taking his accustomed seat by the window, gazed miserably out into the downpour of rain. There was a moment’s silence. Then, after a few awkward remarks, one of the partners addressed the boy. “As you know,” he began pointedly, “our business is almost at a standstill. The sales have decreased until we are barely earn- ing a living.” ESTINGHOUSE continued to study the grayness outside. The two older partners exchanged glances. There was nothing to fear; they were dealing with a boy, after all. George stirred nervously. “The sales have de- creased through no fault of mine—nor of the re- placer,” he replied mood- ° “6 : . ily. “Because the frog is made of cast steel, it holds up so well that the railroads seldom reor- der.” “Exactly what we were talking over before you came in,” and again the older partners’ eyes met. “And you suggest?” asked George, growing ing into pleading blue eyes, gentle and intelli- gent, which struggled I bravely to suppress tears of discouragement. He was vaguely conscious N THE bow of this gigantic California whaler is a huge door that opens wide to receive one of the mammoths of the deep. Water- sealed, it can be swung wide to bring the whale into the hold, where complete machinery for cutting up the huge animal is located. The ship shown, the C. A, Larsen, is one of the biggest of these new whalers afloat suspicious. “Well, our profits are too small to split three ways. We suggest that you buy us out.” (Continued on page 132) OR a second Westinghouse sat : frigid. Then with a shout he~ Janua G April, Wh Ever) But— Th secon: unless for c: some Gee Febru Other is cor taugh and tl one vi for th there Christ ber h: and t] Th: only ¢ long. situat: kan si instea: where state churcl the fir Julius H th reform can fo adopti fessor Unitec e ye:

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Ce Te ~~ ee twee ole —- -_. &¢. ae we Ff -— ew January, 1927 Proposes Thirteen-Month Year Prof. Charles F. Marvin, director of the U. S. Weather Bureau, who proposes to divide the year into thirteen months of twenty-eight days each. Every month would begin on Sunday and end on Saturday, as at the right. Between December 28 and January 1 an extra day would be tucked in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Wanted— ABr _ gird Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 12345067 8 JIOILI213 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22.23 24 25 26 27 28 and-New CALENDAR Why George Washington Had Two Birthdays, and Why the W orld’s Dates Need Fixing takes twenty minutes longer to cover the same course. But the really troublesome factor is the moon, which revolves around the earth in 29.53059 days. Since earliest times the circuit of the moon (the month) has been made a basis for calendar building; yet its pace bears no determina- ble ratio to the earth’s revolution around the sun (the year) nor to the rotation of the earth on its own axis (the day)—the By Frank Parker STOCKBRIDGE EORGE WASHINGTON was born on February 22, 1732. Thirty days hath September, April, June and November.’ What's wrong with those statements? Every schoolboy knows they are correct. But— The first one is all wrong, and the second will be wrong within a few years, unless the present world-wide movement for calendar reform breaks down from some unforeseeable reason. George Washington was born on February 11th in the civil year 1731. Otherwise the accepted date of his birth is correct. In my own boyhood we were taught both dates; one was “Old Style” and the other and currently celebrated one was “New Style.” And the reason for the difference is that in the year 1752 there came a drastic revision in the Christian calendar; in that year Septem- ber had only nineteen days in England and the British colonies of America. That was a funny year, 1752; it was only eight months and twenty-five days long. There was almost as curious a situation in 1923 in Russia and the Bal- kan states; that year had only 351 days instead of the regular 365 in the countries where the Greek Catholic Church is the state religion, for the heads of that church changed their calendar in 1923 for the first time since it was established by Julius Caesar in the year 46 B.c. HAT was the first tangible result of the current movement for calendar teform. What the next will be nobody can forecast accurately. It may be the adoption of the plan proposed by Pro- fessor Charles F. Marvin, director of the United States Weather Bureau, to divide the year into thirteen months of twenty- eight days each, every month beginning on a Sunday and ending on a Saturday, with an extra day tucked in as a general holiday between December 28th and January Ist, and two extra days in leap years. That would be a simple and easily remembered calendar, one that would meet the demands of astronomers and statisticians for more accurate standards of comparison from year to year and month to month. But it isn’t entirely satisfactory to the business and religious organizations in Europe and America who are cooperating under the direction of the League of Nations in the effort to find a solution which will near please everybody. | IS certain that we’re going to have, within the next half-century, perhaps sooner, a brand-new calendar by which to make our engagements, compute our statistics, plan our business programs with reference to seasonal matters like crop harvests and the market for Easter finery, and calculate the dates of coming religious festivals much more easily and accurately than we can do now. The trouble with the calendar—all calendars including the Chinese, Moham- medan, Jewish and Gregorian—is that the solar system cannot be induced to run on a mathematical schedule. It runs slow at some seasons and fast at others; some years are longer than others and the length of the year.is constantly changing. So is the attitude of the earth in space. The North Pole is tilting gradually away from the direction of Polaris toward Vega, which will be the pole star by the year 13,600 a.p. It takes the earth 365 days, five hours, forty-eight minutes and twenty seconds to make a circuit around the sun, while the rest of the solar system two other considerations in calendar building. Every primitive calendar was based almost exclusively on the moon. The Jewish and Mohammedan calendars, by which probably a majority of human beings order their affairs today, are still on a lunar basis. All of the Christian churches fix the date of their principal festival, Easter, by the moon; it is the Sunday following the first full moon after the vernal equinox. The normal date of the latter is March 21st. It is the day on which the sun crosses the equator on its way north, heralding the approach of spring for the northern world. Easter may fall anywhere from March 22nd to April 25th. If the moon and the religious significance attaching to its phases could be left out of consideration, making a calendar which would satisfy everybody would be easy enough. But the computa- tion of a schedule which will reconcile the surplus of ten days and a fraction left after deducting twelve lunar months from the solar year, with the five hours, forty-eight minutes and twenty seconds left over after 365 days have been ac- counted for in the year, is a mathematical task at which the greatest astronomers balk. They don’t even agree on the length of the solar year; some authorities figure the odd seconds as forty-six instead of twenty! HE approach of the League of Na- tions to the problem of calendar re- form, therefore, starts with the proposal to establish fixed dates for Easter and the Jewish and Mohammedan festivals which now depend upon the moon’s phases. Eliminate the moon, and a calendar which would be practically perfect for at least 20,000 years ahead would be a comparatively simple task. That is what Julius Caesar set out to do in 46 B.c. The old Romans had a fear- fully complicated calendar. Everything

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: | j : 34 was dated from the founding of the city of Rome, ab urbe condita. It was twelve months, alternating twenty-nine and thirty days. That made a 354-day year; but the Romans believed odd numbers are lucky, so they stuck on an extra day solely to make an odd number. So far as the moon was concerned, it was a work- able calendar, but there were ten extra days.a year to be taken care of, so every second year they tucked in an extra month between the 23rd and 24th of February. This extra month was either twenty-two or twenty- three days long and more than took up the slack. The average year thus became 36614 days long, or about a day longer than the Solar year. To remedy this, in every third eight-year period they put in only three of the extra months instead of the normal four. Thus they reduced the average length of the year over a twenty-four year period to 36514 days, which was hitting pretty close to the astronom- ical facts. This calendar, though, proved too complicated for practical use. oi ALEXANDRIA, Julius Caesar met an Egyptian astronomer named Sosigenes. Sosigenes had com- puted the length of the tropical year —that is, the time between one vernal equinox and the next, at 36514 days, the very figure which the Romans had reached by juggling months. Caesar engaged him to work out a calendar the ordinary man could understand. The result was the original Julian calendar and the invention of leap year. The Julian year had 365 days, ar- ranged in alternate months of thirty and thirty-one days, with one short month, February, having twenty-nine days ordinarily and thirty every fourth year, to take up that odd quarter of a day which Sosigenes had figured out from the stars. The months corresponding to our present January, March, May, July, September and November were the 31- day months; the others had thirty days. Julius changed the date of New Year from the vernal equinox, in March, to the first day of January, but kept the names of all the old months except one. That is why we still call the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth months by names which indi- cate that they are-the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth. September was the seventh month when March was the first, andsoon. But the fifth month, which they had called Quintilis, or Fifth, Julius POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Julius’s. To do this he took a day off February and tacked it to August. But that made three thirty-one day months in arow—July, August and September, so he shifted a couple more days, from September and November to October and December. And ever since the children have had to learn to recite the “Thirty days hath September’”’ ditty. Calendar Stone of Ancient America The ancient people of America, like the Egyptians, had astronomers and knew much about calendars. Here is a calendar stone found among the ruins of their civilization. Its hieroglyphics, recently deciphered, reveal that they reached practically the same figure for the true length of the year that we have today The Julian calendar as muddled by Augustus worked along fairly well, how- ever, for sixteen hundred years, except that the common people insisted on calling the vernal equinox New Year’s Day and calculating their festivals by the moon; so much so that the Fathers of the Christian church at last officially estab- lished the date of the equinox as New Year’s and the base from which to cal- culate the date of Easter. In Caesar’s time the equinox fell on March 25th. Then in! the eighth century a.p. it was discovered that the equinox and the calendar no longer tallied; the sun was crossing the equator a day earlier every hundred ‘years or so. PE SIXTUS IV, in 1474, called in Regiomontanus, the most famous as- tronomer of his time, to discover what was the matter. He died before he got the answer. It was not until more than a hundred years later that men of science were able to tell Pope Gregory XIII that January, 1927 Sosigenes’s calculation of the length of the year had been eleven minutes and four. teen seconds too long, and that this figured out to practically three whole days every four hundred years. The remedy was the simple one of dropping three leap years in every four centuries, Gregory issued a Papal brief, in March, 1582, ordering that thereafter years end- ing in two ciphers should not be leap years unless their numbers were divisible by 400. The year 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not; 2000 will be. In addition to that, however, he directed that the year 1582 should be shortened ten days, by dropping all dates be- tween October 4th and 15th, and that the Julian New Year, January first, should be counted as the begin- ning of the year. This restored the date of the vernal equinox to March 21st. HE new calendar went into im- mediate effect in every Roman Catholic country. The Greek Cath- olic church, dominating Eastern Europe and all Russia, would have nothing to do with it. Neither would the Protestant states of Germany for a great many years. Scotland, then a Catholic independent nation, adopted the Gregorian calendar, and the Scottish year 1600 began on January first, but England stuck to the Julian calendar until 1752. As the year 1700 was a leap year in the Julian calendar but not in_ the Gregorian, the difference between the two was, by that time, eleven days. By an act of Parliament, eleven days were dropped from September in that year; the day following September 2 was desig- nated as September 14. At the same time the year 1752 was further shortened, to eight months and twenty-five days, by the designation of the following January first, instead of March 25th, as the official beginning of the new year. Old documents executed in the period be- tween January 1 and March 25, 1758, frequently bear both dates, old style and new style, as “February 11/22, 1752/53.” BS arse explains why the birthday of George, Washington, then twenty- one years old, may be written either as February 11, 1731 (old style), or February 22, 1732 (new style). In the strictest sense, the currently celebrated date of Washington’s birthday is wrong. The Gregorian calendar which we use today is calculated to run without change for 3,456 years. Its” mere sy ee JANUARY APRIL FEBRUARY MAY MARCH JUNE that started alot of | JULY OCTOBER AUGUST NOVEMBER SEPTEMBER DECEMBER the trouble we've SMTWTFS SMTWMTFS SMTWHTFS been having with ries #2 6s ae oe 2 a Pee calendars'since. For 7. 8-9 10.11 12 13 5-67 8 91011 3458 728 9 Augustus Caesar, in 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10,21 12 43 14 15 16 26 ‘n.d. imaisted .| 21 22 23 24 25.26 27 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 cakevmenmeh: | 2 5° .. 26 27 28 29 30 .. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 average year Over each 400-year peri” od is between and 25 seconds long=; er than the actual astronomical yeary so that somewhere around the yeat day will have to be. dropped from the} self, too, and picked Sextilis, which he changed to August. He insisted too up- on having his month just as long as of the week every year. Allows Twenty-Six Business Days Each Month The “New Era” Calendar devised by Prof. L. A. Grosclaude of Switzerland is highly favored in Europe. It is arranged so that a given date would fall always on the same day The calendar would have 364 regular days in the year, with an extra holiday not shown in the calendar. One of its chief advantages, from a business stand- point, is that every month would have exactly twenty-six business days, exclusive of holidays calendar to keep the vernal equinox from slipping back to March 20th. If there were no other (Cont'd on page 134) January, Ww. Vv first ] Pictu deriv: good lar.” bies : All the . comes thi L. Olivei: helped hi Oliveira Another Andrew teen, of With h he expe tools ‘ hobby o:

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 35 Picture Prize Winners One Thousand Dollars Awarded in Our Final John and Mary Contest January, 1927 FIRST PRIZE W. V. Chambers, Swarthmore, Pa., wins the first prize of $500 in our final John and Mary Picture Contest. ‘‘Aside from the pleasure derived,”’ he tells us, “‘I think I gained a pretty good idea of what not to do in laying out a cel- lar.”’ Mr. Chambers is an illustrator. His hob- bies are radio, tennis and modern literature SECOND PRIZE Herbert Kelcey Gault, Baltimore, Md., winner of the second prize of $100, shown in the photo- graph at the right with Mrs. Gault, is a Boy Scoutmaster. Another of his hobbies is ‘‘to make something useful out of old junk” THIRD PRIZE ““This interesting contest has taught me to study the things about me more intensely,’’ writes W. G. Freund of Newark, N. J., winner of the $50 third prize. He started at a given point in the picture and worked around it, examining every object. He is a power sub-station operator. His hobby is building and repairing radio sets Some of the Other Successful Contestants ‘IT learned more about furnaces and household electrical equipment than I would have in any other way,” says L. W. Ahlgrim, Port- land, Ore. (at left). A painter by trade, he is studying architec- tural drawing at night Lester G. Foxwell (at the right), of Mount Vernon, N. Y., found many mistakes by com- paring each object in the picture with a cor- rect picture of a sim- ilar object. His hobby is model steam engines r aed? Sami 5 ’ ; i. | At fifteen, R.W. Pageisa et Pe es high school senior at y All the way from Honolulu F t comes this photograph of Louis é ‘ : pie ew i Bo f L. Oliveira and his wife, who Pi He oe Sait : nt “i y | helped him win a prize. Mr. is om ppg po Oliveira is a coppersmith — = a ‘ ; - 4 little airplane is a sample Radio and electrical experimenting occupy the spare time of Herman L. Russell, a barber living in Lott, Texas. He is twenty-four years old. ‘‘ The con- test was a lesson in observation,”’ he says URN to page 137 for the complete list of prize winners i J Fixing things and in our final Picture Contest, Edward S. Crockett, making them work Another young winner is Andrew Evans, Jr., six- teen, of Homestead, Pa. With his prize money he expects to purchase tools “‘to improve my hobby of making things” an attorney of Bos- ton, Mass., found that when he studied the contest just be- fore retiring at night, additional mistakes came to him readily the next morning which appeared last August. And don't miss the fascinating Automobile Contest on page 62 of this issue. right is the favorite pastime of Arthur L. Kaser of Mishawaka, Ind., a writer by occupation. That, he says, is why the Pic- ture Contest strong- ly appealed to him The picture of Mary at work in the laundry especially appealed to Charles A. Garrison, who is a plumber and steam- fitter at Nyack, N. Y.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Home Lighted for Photos Edison Lighting Institute, General Electric Co. A modern well-lighted living room—with the twin enemies, gloom and glare, abolished = OW much light do we need for H our house?” asked Ellen. “How long is a piece of string?” I countered. “Do you mean to say,” retorted the attractive young woman who is mistress of a brand-new house, “that there is no truth in the claim that lighting has been revolutionized since the days when Abraham Lincoln read books by the flare of a pine knot in the fireplace?” “Lighting engineers have given us new ideas and inventions, and there has been progress, yes. But there’s been no revolu- tion. The glowworm still makes man’s best lighting system seem primitive. The human eye is the most wonderful light- adjusting machine we know of.” *That’s too mystical for me,” grinned Rob. “Here’s something more to the point: I have a grievance against our electrical man. ; In my absence he went ahead and put in about twice as many electric outlets, with BX cable throughout, S | aslexpected. ~ What in the — world am I to Waist-high electric out- do with them lets at convenient points all?” save stooping to connect “Tf he had up lamps or appliances put in too few outlets and used knob-and-strip instead of cable, you would have a legitimate cause of complaint,” I replied. “As it is, you are lucky he did it. The surplus outlets and cable are no expense beyond the moderate first cost. And you will soon discover the great advantage of plentiful outlets, especially for connecting up your port- able lamps; they will no longer be surplus but essential, useful in a dozen ways. With few outlets, people are inclined to have makeshifts of extension cords, ARE YOU PLANNING TO BUILD? R. McMAHON'S services and those of the Popular Science Institute of Standards are avaitable to assist our readers in solving their building problems. Letters will be answered free of charge. Write to the Home Service Department, Porutar Science Montaty, 250 Fourth Av- enue, New York City. which are inconvenient and dangerous, though of course useful in homes inade- quately wired.” ““We have only a few lighting fixtures as yet,” said Ellen. “In fact, the house is only about half decorated or papered, though we’re living in it.” “So much the better for planning the lighting layout,” was my comment. “If you had everything bought and done, it would cost more to Two Views of the Same Kitchen, Points to Watch in Choosing Y our Lamps and Fixtures— Don’t Stint on Wiring power. Such a light falling on one square foot of surface at one foot distance is called one foot-candle, and is also termed one lumen. Since light disperses equally in all directions, the total output of one candlepower at one foot distance is 12.57 foot-candles or lumens: that 12.57 being the square-foot area of a sphere of one-foot radius. We are speaking of a central unshaded light. “The farther from the source the less light, since the same amount spreads over a greater surface. Candlepower divided by distance squared equals the actual illumination you get at that distance. “It is enough, however, for the aver. age person to have just a glimmering of these fundamentals, in order to read and understand the manufacturer’s worked- out tables of illumination.” “Then there are tables for proper lighting, that we could follow?” asked Ellen. 7” ES, but the standards are rather offhand and arbitrary. The fact is, man, accustomed to sleeping at night, is still niggardly of artificial illumination and gets along with the least possible. He thinks he is doing well with a 50-watt lamp which at one foot distance has only about one twentieth the intensity of sun- light. He used to worry along with a kerosene lamp of 1/625th the power of sunlight, and before that with a candle equal to 1/10,000th part of sun illumina- tion.” “How many of those light units— lumens—are there in a watt?” asked Rob. “Eight to ten in the ordinary home change it. Iam glad you mentioned decoration and paper, because that is really half the problem of lighting. A gloomy-mind- ed interior decorator can just about completely nullify Edison’s chief in- vention, the incandescent lamp.” ‘“(NAN’T you start us off with the A B C’s of this lighting subject?” inquired Rob. “Well, to begin with, the Bureau of Standards at Washington has the basic unit of light, which. is termed one candle- Note how the housewife is forced to work in her own shadow when the only light comes from a lamp hanging from the ceiling January, Be B lamp. ' rises, S¢ tain 12 practic: that h A-50-w renheit degrees “Do power cover i might « Also, f tions fc are ain from ex XO in a W: watt is sure I | "Y' J family, electric lump o unit of include one hor you ps instanc You ca each la “ce Th howev« to two hour.” “Bel ther p “Tdlhi versus- with.” “We light o it rece I imag’ elepha: plane’s Show

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a ™ SS co RP er a r r- of id d. er le. dle ing January, 1927 Beauty and By Joun R. McMauon lamp. They increase a few as the wattage rises, so that a 100-watt lamp may con- tain 1300 lumens. It is perhaps more practically important for you to know that heat increases with light power. A-50-watt bulb reaches 262 degrees Fah- renheit, while larger sizes exceed 300 degrees. “Don’t, therefore, touch a_high- power lamp with your bare hand, nor cover it with cloth or tissue paper, which might cause a fire by confining the heat. Also, follow the manufacturer’s direc- tions for placing high-power lamps—they are aimed to protect socket connections from excessive heat.” “You say there are eight to ten lumens in a watt,” remarked Ellen. “To me a watt is such a vague thing—I’m not at all sure I know what you mean.” * OUR electric light bills will increase your familiarity with the watt family,” I laughed. “It is the unit of electrical power. The bills, to be sure, lump one thousand watts into the larger unit of kilowatt or K.W. You must include the time element. A kilowatt for one hour, termed a kilowatt hour, is what you pay for—your bills may read, for instance, eight cents per kilowatt hour. You can figure for yourself exactly what each lamp costs while in use. “The average home hghting fixture, however, consumes only from one fifth to two fifths of a cent of current an hour.” ; “Before Ellen pins you down to fur- ther practical information,” said Rob, “Td like to know more about the lamp- Seer worm question that youstarted with.” “Well, the best vacuum lamp yields as light only about six percent of the energy it receives. If the worm did no better, I imagine it would have to be as big as an elephant and its wings the size of an air- plane’s, to give the same tiny glow. A Showing Bad and Good Lighting POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Comfort?P —] SEWING A “aaa . ROOM { Li > A Fa rome ha ; BEDROOM PLY ~ BEDROOM 4g ™% nd “ BATH ~ a att Q SECOND FLOOR PLAN CEILING OUTLET CONVENIENCE OUTLET oO = YX WALL BRACKET OUTLET OENTRY ITT Hi > sO S a = KITCHEN FLOOR OUTLET SWITCH oe | OF BK FST | ee SUN PORCH wee ee ROOMS, eS a ~ u i o / DINING ROOM ® / o ~~ /MPLL Reg oT. FIRST FLOOR PLAN Courtesy Westinghouse Lamp Co. Electric wiring plan for a well-lighted home, with symbols explained. ‘‘Convenience out- lets’’ is a general term meaning outlets to plug- in portable lamps and electrical appliances gas-filled lamp puts out eight percent of its energy in light. The lost energy goes off in heat and invisible rays. Incident- ally, science compliments the worm by saying that its yellow-green light is the necessary color for maximum efficiency.” “ ARE all lamps gas-filled or vacuum A as the customer prefers?” queried the young woman. “No, the smaller sizes are vacuum. Gas-filling is at fifty watts and up. The gas, which is argon with a trifle of nitro- gen added, permits a higher temperature of filament to be attained—which in- creases light—and also retards evapora- tion of the filament substance.” “T didn’t know that the filament would evaporate,” said Rob. “It is tungsten, I understand, which is a pretty tough metal.” “Yes, andit evaporates gradually with incan- descence. The process is slow, yet the vaporized material condenses and gathers on the bulb inte- rior, darkening it and so decreasing light output. The effect is lessened by the insertion of chemicals in the bulb that keep the tungsten particles from forming a solid mass. Be- sides this decline in effi- ciency by darkening, thinning of the _ fila- ment by evaporation in- creases resistance, lowers Here two brackets throw light down on her work, another fix- ture lights the breakfast nook, and a fourth the entire room the rated watt con- sumption and decreases 37 Two lights flanking the mirror insure an even job in shaving, eliminating shadows correspondingly the output of light. “The average standard lamp is now rated to have a life of one thousand hours. You can keep using it into old age only at the loss of illumination. The manufac- turers could make a longer-lived lamp, but it would be less efficient in light and would cost more in current. Throw away the old blackened bulbs and get new ones. Occasionally you will find a new lamp that is defective and fails to serve a full term. Variation of voltage on the power line may shorten lamp life.” “TI like the soft light from frosted bulbs,” remarked Ellen. “They are becoming deservedly more popular and in time may displace most of the clear bulbs in home use. We have had two extremes in home lighting, first gloom and then glare, from which we are -now emerging. Glare comes from an unshaded or unfrosted lamp whose direct rays smite the eye; also by reflection from polished surfaces, whether enameled, gloss painted or varnished. You meet it still in the homes of some otherwise intelligent people. It causes eyestrain, makes jobs for the oculist, and even affects health. Glare is the insidious en- emy of eyesight and should be abolished.” ‘a doesn’t frosting re- duce the amount of light?” asked Rob. *“No, or, rather, so little as not to count. The old-style outside frosting did cut down the output of light, up to one fifth of the total. We now have inside frosting whose maximum absorption of light after long use is only four percent more than clear glass. And the inside treatment makes it easy to dust or clean the bulb outside, which was not the case formerly. “Inner frosting is done by etching the glass with acid. (Continued on -page 138) y Switches near doors make it easy to oper- ate lights when you enter or leave rooms

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This is a test model of a naval flying boat. These marvelously ac- curate models, aero- nautical engineers say, teach them more than hours of actual flight LUSTERED about a marvelous electrical in- strument in a labora- tory in Washington, D. C., a group of engineers eagerly watch the flickering dials. Be- neath the floor under their feet, a gale of wind roars through a man-made tunnel. In the cen- ter of the tunnel, communicat- ing with the instrument in the laboratory above, is suspended a tiny airplane—a mere toy, only two feet in wing spread. Yet on this little model hangs the fate of an inventor’s hopes, for it represents a strange new POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY They /est Planes Now, without [lying Amazing Models, Put through J Paces in Wind Tunnel, Solve - ‘Riddles of Balance and Speed January, 1927 By G. H. Dacy the remarkable instrument in the laboratory. This machine, invented expressly for the U.S. Navy, is the only one of its kind in existence. A master- piece of electrical ingenuity, it reveals all conceivable reac- tions of the baby plane. OW much the plane will lift; whether it will “skid” in banking for a turn; whether it will fly in a straight line, or veer to left or right; and whether it is likely to take a sudden unexpected nose dive or turn up its nose and stall— these are some of the questions answered by this machine with almost human intelligence. A lift of ten pounds’ force in the plane of revolutionary design. Not a life is endangered, nor is a costly giant of the air built only to be scrapped, in this triumph of science, the latest way to test new airplanes at the Washington Navy Yard. When an in- ventor offers Uncle Sam a new idea for an airplane, this method enables tests to be made at a total cost of $500, as com- pared with $50,000 if the actual machine were built. Engineers tell us the amazing fact that they can find out more from these, wonderful little models than from many hours of actual flying. Following the inventor’s plans, expert craftsmen in Uncle Sam’s workshop carve the diminutive craft out of mahogany. A skilled worker can complete such a repro- duction within four days. From time to time as the work progresses, he measures the model and compares it with the di- mensions on the large-scale plans. If there is an error no greater than the thickness of a sheet of paper in the wing surfaces, they must be refinished; for the models are re- duced in size from twelve to twenty-four times, and a slight mistake in large-scale design becomes magnified to a serious er- ror in a tiny model. Again and again the mahogany plane is checked for accuracy. earl it is completed, it is a perfect miniature model of the huge man- carrier conceived by the inventor—except that it lacks motor and propeller. Now it goes to the proving ground—not to a fly- ing field, but to a dim square tunnel that a man can enter erect with plenty of room Where Winds Are Made to Order Interior of the wind tunnel where the Navy tests new airplane designs—one of the largest tunnels of the kind in the world. Sensitive fingers on the end of the shaft grasp the model to spare. An immense centrifugal fan, twelve feet across and many-bladed, is whirled by a 500-horsepower motor. It sends a blast of air through the passage, -a cyclonic gust of 160 miles an hour if necessary, circling the 200-foot length of doughnut-shaped tunnel. From the ceiling descends a steel shaft. At its lower tip are sensitive fingers which, grasping the model, will relay to the scientists in the laboratory above news of what happens when rushing air meets plane. The critical mo- ment has arrived. With meticulous care the toy-size machine is fastened in place on the shaft. The fan roars into action and is set to create a blast of forty miles an hour, standard for these tests. The shaft, the bal- ance arm of a strange weighing machine, communicates the plane’s vibrations to model may correspond to a ton anda half in actual flight; a drag of one and one quarter pounds, to four hundred or more on the big plane. Several hundred new airplane types have been tested in this tunnel since it was opened some years ago, and we aré indebted to it for much of our presen knowledge of how to build aircraft. Ai plane parts are also tested, and models gas bags for lighter-than-air craft—curi ous “fish forms” to cut down air resistance, Even the effect of trade winds and storms on mammoth battleships is demonstrated in the tunnel by means of miniature craft and artificial gales. Measuring the wing surface of an airplane model preparatory to testing. Absolute accuracy to the thickness of a sheet of paper is required, for on that depends the whole value of these remarkable tests ners an covered 275 mile Horse a days—a & fou twelve ¢

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1e, S; it oT. it wm vill vill rm; POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 1g. Strange Uses of e W(otorcycles Taxis for One or Two Citizens of Vienna, Austria, who are averse to paying for a one-passenger ride in a five-passenger auto taxi, are finding the motorcycle taxicab below more economical. Three wheeled, it provides a rear seat for the driver and front seats for two passengers Modern Travel in the Yukon Dogs and horses and the Picturesque snow sled are being replaced by motors for winter travel in the Yukon. The motorcycle at the right, on two run- ners and with a chain- covered wheel, covers the 275 miles between White Horse and Kono in three days—a trip said to take &@ four-horse team twelve days to complete (above). Rolling Their Own Motorcycle campers in England tow their camp with them The trailer caravan is attached to the chassis of the cycle and detached on arriving at the chosen camping ground Puzzled the Profs Piecing together parts of an old car and an old motorcycle, these two University of Kansas students (left) produced a contraption which stumped the university authorities, who disap- prove the undergradu- ates’ owning automobiles He Crawls in Backward Not a comfortable side car, above— but the designer wanted to get all possible speed and still satisfy offi- cial requirements, at a recent race in England, by carrying a passenger Speed Kings of Photography No time is wasted by the photographers of the Berlin firm owning the motorcycle outfit above. Photos are taken from the conning tower, developed in the dark room on the side car, and are ready to be dis- tributed when they arrive at the office

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On these pages are presented each month brief stories of scientific discovery and research having practical bearing on our everyday problems. Sun Spots Make Us Healthier A FEW weeks ago the Harvard Uni- versity Astronomical Laboratory announced the discovery of a terrific cyclone on the sun, evidenced by an unusually great crowd of sun spots. If you are a radio fan you probably said, “There goes the chance of good long-distance reception this winter,”’ re- calling the electrical effect of sun spots on the earth. But did you know that this solar storm may, in addition, definitely affect your health for the next year or so? Dr. Edison Pettit of the Mount Wilson Observatory, California, tells us that the increase in sun spots results in an increase in the ultra-violet rays of sunshine which, besides causing sunburn, aid our bodies to combat germ diseases. When the eleven-year maximum of spots is reached within the next year or so, he says, the sun will give off about two and a half times as much ultra-violet light as it did in 1923. In the same connection the British light-cure expert, Dr. Albert Eidinow, has just finished experiments supporting the theory that the health-giving effect of sunlight is due to some substance which the sunlight sets free in the blood. This substance kills disease germs, and its effectiveness varies with the amount of skin exposed to the sun. Too much exposure, however, he says, may do more harm than good. Scientists Test Radio Echoes OW radio actually -travels has baf- fled even the scientists. Now an answer to the riddle is offered. by two scientists of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Drs. G. Breit and M. A. Tuve. By a strange experiment they appear to have demonstrated that radio transmission depends on a layer of elec- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Electricity As Soil ‘**Fertilizer’’ Can electric wires im- bedded in the soil speed up plant growth? The experiment of raising vegetables by this method on a large scale has been made in Berlin, Ger- many. Copper. wires running through — the field a foot deep extend up a row of masts (left) to points which collect electric charges from the air. As for the results claimed—the little girl is holding a normal beet and one said to have been grown electrically trified air high up in the atmosphere. The ordinary air we breathe, of course, is not a good conductor of electricity. Light and telephone wires in contact with the air do not lose their current. How then, men have asked, can radio waves travel through air? Scientists have imagined a layer of thin air a hundred miles or so above the ground, so highly electrified that it conducts electricity almost as well as a copper wire. To prove the existence of this layer, Dr. Breit and Dr. Tuve directed radio signals upward toward it. “Echoes” which, the scientists were convinced, were sent down again to earth by the electrified layer, were detected. Voice Filmed for Talking Movies OUNDS actually registered on a film, instead of on a wax disk, are the basis of a remarkable new invention, the “‘pallophotophone,” now being developed in the hope that it will mark a new era in talking movies. Charles A. Hoxie, an engineer of the General Electric Com- January, 1927 . Science Blazes Serum for Measles, Electrified pany, is the inventor. “Pallo” and “photo” are Greek words meaning “shaking light.” The device “films” the voice by means of a delicate vibrating diaphragm and a beam of light. When sound waves vibrate the diaphragm, the motion causes the light ray to fall upon a strip of film similar to a moving picture film. The picture. taking machine works in synchronism. To reproduce the record, the sound film is wound on a reel so that it can be passed in front of an extremely sensitive electrical apparatus, creating an electric current which, amplified, operates a loudspeaker. Trailing the First Americans LL during last summer a_ noted American scientist made his way through Alaska wildernesses on a most remarkable journey of discovery. He sought neither gold nor new lands. In- stead, he was on the trail of new knowl- edge about the primitive men who first set foot on the American continent. That scientist was Dr. Ales Hrdlicka, anthropologist of the Smithsonian In- stitution, Washington, D. C. Returning from his travels a few weeks ago, he brought back evidence which, he says, establishes beyond doubt the fact that North America’s earliest settlers were Asiatic peoples who migrated here by way of the Alaskan peninsula. Strange Changeable Animal AN ANIMAL which can change into another animal and then back to its original form, is the startling discovery, announced the other day, of Dr. Martha Bunting of the zoological department of the University of Pennsylvania. The “animal” is one-celled, resembling a minute drop of jelly, and belongs to the amoeba family. It can _ transform Testing a Car’s Hill-Climbing Power on Level Ground Though it isetraveling on level ground, the automobile above is going through a unique hill-climb- ing test devised by the General Motors Corporation. It is towing a dynamometer mounted on a chassis, the mechanism being designed to duplicate the terrific drag encountered by a car in ascend- ing steep hills. A hill 1,000 miles long must be climbed, in effect, by a car to pass this test a

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i ay ost In- wi- ka, [n- ing ys, nat ere nto ry, tha of ing to rm January, 1927 More New [rails B Farming and Other Advances itself into a complicated flagellate, Dr. Bunting says, and then effect a re- transformation back into its amoeba state. In its amoeba phase, as described by its discoverer, the strange animal can round itself up and surround itself with a protective membrane within which it rests. Trace Sunken Atlantic Continent HAT mysterious submerged conti- nent beneath the waters of the Atlantic, already known to geographers, has had its boundaries defined more exactly by recent soundings made by the German survey ship Meteor. The main part of the “sunken con- tinent,”” these soundings show, lies be- tween the southern tip of South America POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 41 Bones of Strange Extinct Elephant Dug Up in California In a sand pit in California, forty miles from Los Angeles, were dug up the other day teeth, tusks, and bones of the Imperial Elephant, ruler of the animal kingdom more than 50,000 years ago. One of the mammoths unearthed is thought to be the largest of these extinct monsters ever discovered. The photograph above shows one of the tusks, which was badly decomposed, laid out for inspection and the southern tip of Africa. Previous sounding expeditions have given geog- raphers some idea of the location and extent of the submerged plateau, but this was the first time the new sonic depth finding devices were used for the purpose. By this method, an apparatus on the ship sends sounds down to the bottom of the ocean, and the speed of the echo returned indicates the exact depth. Although much higher than the rest of the sea bottom, the “continent” itself lies ffom a mile to two miles below the waves. It was probably submerged many millions of years ago. Silent Sounds Guide Ships NSTEAD of baying blasts from fog- ‘horns, sounds that no human ear can hear are being employed by a lighthouse at the port of Calais, France, to guide ships into the harbor in thick weather. These inaudible sounds are like ordinary sounds except that they are so shrill they cannot be heard. ,They can be detected, however, by electrical instruments which make them visible. They travel long Mars Swings In for a Close-Up The planet Mars was nearer to us on Octo- ber 27 than it will be again for fifteen years, and astronomers every- where watched the planet closely in an effort to collect further facts that might solve its mysteries. Dr. George Ven Biesbroeck, of Chicago, is shown here with the famous Yerkes telescope with which he observed the planet. It has the larg- est lens in the world distances under the surface of the water. At Calais, the lighthouse on shore transmits inaudible sounds in a code of dots and dashes. The signals travel under water and are picked up by am- plifying devices on ships nearing the har- bor. These devices are similar to those de- veloped by the U. S. Navy and the Coast and Geodetic Survey for taking soundings at sea and for determining the distance of a survey ship from the coast. A Goat Serum for Measles? ROSPECTS for improved and prac- tical methods of preventing that common bane of childhood—measles— look promising, according to Dr. Ludvig Hektoen, chairman of the medical divi- sion of the National Research Council. A small round germ of the kind called coccus, declared Dr. Hektoen recently, has been shown by research workers to be present in our blood in the early stages of measles. The blood of goats that have been injected with these germs, he said, acquire immunizing properties that act as a preventive of the disease in humans. This goat serum, when injected experi- mentally into susceptible persons not later than the fifth day after exposure to measles, prevented the onset of the disease in ninety percent of the experiments. Not All Birds Shun Divorce UR idea that birds never get divorces but stick to their first loves through- out life received a rude jolt the other day when S. Prentiss Baldwin, of Cleve- land, Ohio, announced the results of a ten-year intensive study of bird habits. Mr. Baldwin kept a day-by-day record of the lives of a number of household wrens which nested on his estate. These wrens, according to his report, usually raised two broods of young a year. But each year, between the broods, the parents usually changed mates. The mating lasted only while the young birds were helpless; after that the parents felt quite free to make a new marital arrangement. Her Feat Was Creating Nothing HANNEL swimmers and Babe Ruth are not the only ones who have been breaking world’s records. As this is written, a woman scientist of Vienna, Mme. Anna Schiermann, claims the dis- tinction of coming nearer than anyone else in the world to producing absolutely nothing! In a glass bulb in her laboratory Mme. Schiermann has produced a vacuum so nearly complete, it is reported, that the amount of free gas left in it can hardly be detected. It is so small that it causes a pressure of only one fifty-billionth of a pound per square inch, Ordinarily, in obtaining high vacuums, specially prepared carbon is used to absorb remnants of the gases not re- moved by powerful air pumps. In place of the carbon Mme. Schiermann sub- stitutes tungsten filaments which, she says, have proved more efficient.

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 onders of Everyday [Things How Insects Give Us Shellac and Ink—_The Head-Hunters of Borneo—Can Rain Be Made Artificially? **Modern Aladdins and Their Magic’’ By Charles E. Rush and Amy Winslow, Little Brown & Co. **Here and There in Popular Science’”’ By Jean Henri Fabre, Century Co.. ID you know that the shellac on your hardwood floors was made by insects, called the lac _ insects, probably in India? Soon after these By Tuomas M. Jounson hundred years ago, we should not have the knitting industry that gives us our stockings. England was trying to keep the invention secret. The silk of which stockings are made was a secret, too, for centuries. It was long a capital crime to carry silkworm eggs out of China. Marvelous photographs can be made More Reviews of New Books Five stars of the seven seem to drift together, forming a sort of drifting set in the sky; the Dipper is changing, and thousands of years from now children may not be taught to look for it in the sky because it will not be there. In fact, all things are changing con- tinually in the sky. There are old stars and young stars, and we can tell their insects hatch out, they attach them- selves to twigs of trees and proceed to shellac the branches, coating them with a resinous substance which is collected and purified, to become ground. The ink on your desk comes from insects too, and from fish. In Asia the gallfly “lays ink”’ on oak trees under the bark. Lumps or knots grow over the eggs, and these “nut- galls” are cut off, soaked in water, mixed with green vitriol, mucilage and acid. The result is the best ink made. The ink in your fountain pen, however, is probably made from an artificial dye because it is smooth and does not thicken. The varnish on the chair you sit on is made of sap, hardened from lying in the earth thousands of years. Perhaps it melted and flowed into the earth when the forests were burned. Thousands of people make a living ages by their colors. The young star glows an ardent red. Then, as tem- perature increases, it becomes yel- low; then white or blue. The bril- liantly white or blue stars are hottest and in the prime of life. As they cool, they become yellow and finally red again, before they flicker out. If we lived on a planet belonging to the system of Antares, our sunlight would be green or red, as one sun passed over the other. For there is a green star, a companion to Antares, whose softer light is usually obscured from the Earth by the ruddy glare of the great Antares. The writer of Evenings with the Stars and The Romance of Comets tells these wonders of the skies on a plan somewhat new. We make the acquaintance of the stars and con- stellations on a series of twelve “nights with the stars.” At the same digging this gum in lumps from the ground. The chalk children use in school is made from the skeletons of sea ani- mals that lived thousands of years ago. You can see them by looking at chalk with a powerful microscope. These tiny animals died, and their bones accumulated on the limestone sea bottom. Then earth- quakes brought up the sea bottom and it dried, forming chalk pits composed of the skeletons, so small that it takes a million of them to make a cubic inch of chalk. OUR aluminum kitchen utensils are made from mud. It took two hun- dred years to discover how to extract this light silvery metal from the earth. And the asbestos mats in your kitchen were dug up from the earth. This substance, impervious to heat, is a mineral that is mined, then winnowed and spun. These miracles, the results of which we see before us daily, we take for granted. We meet them in our own homes, in the streets, but we pass them by without a thought. They, and many others of the wonders of everyday life about us, are told in Modern Aladdins and Their Magic and Here and There in Popular Science. If some enterprising person, we learn, had not smuggled a machine into this country in a cargo of salt more than a From **Modern Aladdins ané Their Magic” How matches are made: This amazing machine carries and dips one million matches at a time today showing the different steps in the bursting of a soap bubble shattered by a bullet. The exposure lasts 1/3000th of a second. Yet the first permanent photo- graph was produced only 100 years ago. Another little known miracle ’of the world about us is that the plants in our gardens sleep at night, just as we do— that is, most of them do. All plants with delicate leaves sleep, and curl up at night to do it. Every plant has a characteris- tic attitude for nightly slumber. **Evenings with the Stars’”’ and **The Romance of Comets”’ By Mary Proctor, Harper's LAMING crucibles of the heavens are the seven stars of the Great Dipper, most familiar of the constellations. Each of them is a mighty molten sun, probably greater than our own sun; a fiery furnace in which such stubborn metals as steel and iron are reduced to glowing vapor. Air upon these suns is a mixture of iron and zinc steam. The clouds that form over such a world are metallic drops; its rains, molten metal. time that we hear the ancient tales about them, we learn to pick them out in the sky, using a church steeple, a tree or a chimney as landmark and perhaps an opera glass as “‘telescope.” There really is little danger from shooting stars, we learn from the book on comets, for before they reach the Earth they burn to ashes. “Rain Making”’ By W. J. Humphreys, Williams & Wilkins HERE has the old-fashioned win- ter gone? Where are the wonderful sleighing and skating of other years? The scientific answer is—right here. of course. The weather isn’t changing, and the instruments show it isn’t. There has been no persistent climatic change what- ever since weather records began to be kept, Mr. Humphreys says, and he is associated with the Weather Bureau. It is we who are different, not the weather. Can rain be made to order? Mr. Humphreys doesn’t believe that, either. There isn’t much use trying to bring on rain until Mother Nature is ready, he says. Take, for instance, the belief that thunder brings rain. Here is the truth: It takes electrical separation to produce a heavy peal of thunder, and for that there must be a correspondingly large amount of sus- (Continued on page 113)

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January, 1927 ry Your Wits at These Tests | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 43 Six More Sam Loyd Puzzles to Help Measure Your Abilities —Your Ratings and Solutions on Page 136 Play Tricks? Does Your Memory IEWING these seven’ black check- ers as rows—vertically, horizontally and on the various regular diago- nals—you see that seven rows have an even num- ber of checkers, two or four. Where would you place three additional checkers, in centers of the small squares, so as to increase to sixteen the rows having even totals? This is a test of your memory and powers of analysis. The solution appears on page 136. ON THIS diagram of nine city blocks, the dotted line represents as short a route as is pos- sible in the middle of the road between the two points A and B. There are, however, other routes just as short. If you took that trip daily, in how many ways could you vary it without in- creasing its length? Figure this out in your head, without putting pencil to paper—then turn to page 136 for your rating. Have You a Good Sense of Direction? nm yyy / , Yyy c Y yy Wy Have You a Good Business Head ? ARMER WILKINS sold a pair of cows for $210. On one ani- Untying Word Knots PALINDROME is a word, phrase or sentence that reads the same backward or forward; as, for example, the Napoleonic “ Able was I ere I saw Elba.” How quickly can you construct a palin- drome from the following letters? AAAAWWSSIITTC Your speed will determine your skill at imagina- tive word play—find your rating on page 136. Asa tip—a feline figures in this sentence. This One Takes Mental Agility mal he made a profit of ten percent, and on the other he lost ten percent; but on the double deal he cleaned up just five percent. What did the cows cost him, respectively? Here’s a little exercise that should show how you stand in mental arithmetic. Turn to page 136 for your rating. O:O+O-Q+Or | Sae of these five pairs of disks is to contribute a disk to fill the intervening spaces—A, B, C, D and E; and as each numbered disk is jumped to its letter, it must pass over two other disks. Thus the opening jump might be 1 to B; 3 to A or D; and so on. A disk may be jumped over two single disks, too. Time yourself. Then turn to page 136. pees Have You an Eye for Line and Form? F EACH of the twelve pins form- ing the Greek cross above is an inch long, the space inclosed is five square inches. Your task is to re- arrange those dozen pins, without measuring instruments, as a con- tinuous fence inclosing a space of only four square inches. Note the time it takes you—then find your rating on page 136. Two Magic Tricks You Can Do—B8y Kenvetu B. Murray The Traveling Glass HIS surprising ex- periment consists of placing a glass of water in a hat, removing it under a bandana handkerchief, and throwing the whole over the spectators. The . glass is found to have dis- appeared, and then tohave traveled back into the hat! The secret lies in having the handkerchief made double, with a wire ring, the shape of the top of the glass, sewn in it. The glass is left in the hat and the handkerchief, held by the ring, lifted as if it con- tained the glass. The handkerchief is sewn diagonally, so that the ring cana Le shifted about Here is the way the cigar actually looks, “thrust’’ through the hat. Upper picture: The completed effect—the: other half be- ing inside. Have a duplicate cigar handy Spearing a Hat USHING a cigar through your friend’s best hat always provides endless amusement — at least to the other specta- tors. Cut the cigar in half beforehand, and imbed a part of a needle in one half. Quickly, and con- cealing the cut end of the cigar during the entire per- formance, shove the needle into the hat with the left hand and with the right hand push the other half of the cigar, inside the hat, on the other end of the needle. q

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44 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Brazilian Helps Us Fight Saake Peril Bite Serum Soon to Be Sold in Drug Stores Sucking enough poison to kill ten men—below, Dr. Amaral, drawing the venom into a tube Dr. Amaral, the world-famous snake expert, demonstrat- ing to Mr. Ditmars (right) of the New York Zoological Park his method of extracting venom from a reptile ENOMOUS snakes are made to yield their poison, and for the first time a famous snake bite serum is being produced in the United States, at the New York Zoological Park. A few months ago Raymond L. Dit- mars, curator of reptiles at the zoo, visited the largest snake farm in the world, at Sao Paulo, Brazil, to study methods of extracting the venom of poisonous serpents and making it into antitoxin. There, under the guidance of Dr. Afranio do Amaral, head of the farm and world’s foremost snake expert, Mr. Ditmars observed how reptiles were handled to obtain the deadly fluid. On his return, he commenced the work of producing the serum in this country, and Dr. Amaral, paying a return visit, has been collaborating with him. Snake serum standardized and dis- tributed so that it can be purchased by anyone over the counter of any drug store, has long been a need in the United States. Up to now our supply of the life-saving antitoxin has come from Mouth of a poisonous reptile, showing fangs from which venom is drawn to make serum Dr. Amaral’s farm in Brazil. To extract the poison from a snake’s fangs, the serpent is pinned down with a long stick and grasped behind the head, the deadly jaws kept out of harm’s way. Held over a container covered with cheesecloth, the enraged snake bites the rag and releases a flow of venom height- ened by hand pressure on the poison sacs in its head. Small quantities of the poison are diluted and injected into horses, which gradually acquire immunity to it. From the horses’ blood the serum is made. The only certain cure in case of snake bite, says Dr. Amaral, is prompt applica- tion of this snake bite serum. Government Fabric Tests Tell Us How to Buy Clothes HAT makes some winter coats warmer than others? Uncle Sam’s Bureau of Standards has just completed a series of experiments to answer this question. The results have upset kind of fabric, but on the closeness of the weave. Finally, the tests so far have led to the conclusion that fabrics of moderate density are more effective in retaining heat when not exposed to wind, while the denser, heavyweight fabrics are better for keeping out the wind. The heat retention some of our pet notions about the warmth of the goods from which our suits and over- coats are made. They show, for one thing, that a coat made of cotton can be just as warm as a wool one. It is not the kind of fabric that makes the diference in warmth, but the way the fabric is woven. In the experiments, the fabrics were put through three differ- ent tests, measuring their ability to resist wind and air, heat, and moisture. In tests are made with a square metal plate, electrically heated. Samples of the fabric are clamped down on both sides of the plate so that no heat can escape except through the fabric. The escaping heat is then measured electrically. To study the prob- lems of textile manu- facture, the bureau has constructed the labo- ratory-size textile plant pictured here. Air conditioning ap- paratus, a part of which is seen at the ceiling, permits regulation of every case it was found that resistance depended not on the Experimental ‘‘textile mill’? where Government experts are testing the fabrics our clothes are made of. Varying ‘‘weather conditions’’ are produced here temperature and hu- midity to obtain any desired working condi- tions. Janu

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 45 You May Drive Your Next Car Sideways Above: N A crowded street in Baltimore, () Md., the other day, passers-by were amazed to see a five-passen- ger car stop suddenly, move sideways, and slip smoothly and éasily into a parking space less than two inches longer than the car itself! With the halting of his car, the driver had thrown out his clutch and moved a small gear lever. His engine kept on working. With the shift, the automo- bile began rising from the pavement. Within a few sec- onds the wheels were a full three inches from the ground. Then the driver shifted the lever once more and the vehicle began to move side- ways toward the curb, between two other cars. Immediately against the curbstone but without touching, the driver, press- ing on the clutch pedal, brought the side- wise journey to an end. This remarkable feat was accomplished through the use of an ingenious new parking device, the invention of Villor P. Williams, a Baltimore engineer. The device carries four small, solid-tired wheels, concealed beneath the chassis of the car close to the vertical plane of Moving sideways to the curb between two cars and not touching either. Right: Car raised off the ground for the sideward move New Auxiliary-Wheel Device Makes Parking Easier ies ’ @ne each axle. They are set at right angles with the frame. These small wheels are made to de- scend through the use of a worm gear, connected with the transmission, and operated by the engine of the car. When the small wheels touch the pavement, the worm gear continues to work, exerting powerful downward pressure, with the result of lifting the car bodily. When the 3800 pound weight is sup- ported by the auxiliary wheels, a shift of the special gear-lever operates a mecha- nism which causes the car to move side- ways cn the small wheels. This, too, is aes Once an ocean fighter for Uncle Sam, now fulfilling the more peaceful purpose of ocean hotel for pleasure-bent vacationists—the former U.S.S. Amphitrite, anchored off Beaufort, S. C. Left: How the four auxil- iary wheels are attached and controlled by special levers. Note their posi- tion at right angles to the main wheels of the auto accomplished by means of the car’s motive power, and_ without the driver’s having to leave his seat. The sideward motion may be continued _ indefi- nitely—across the street or for the full length of a boulevard. After being halted, the car may be lowered again or it may be left “in the air.” Removal of the vehicle from the restricted parking space is merely a matter of reversing the process. Other advantages of the device, be- sides its application to parking, are pointed out by the inventor. Because it enables the driver, in his seat, to lift the car clear of the ground, it does away with the hand jack in changing tires. Similar- ly, the added clearance simplifies the task of making repairs underneath the car. Old U. S. Monitor Now a Floating Hotel ONORABLY retired from the Navy, the U.S. S. Amphitrite, a war ves- sel of the monitor type, has been con- verted into a palatial and luxuriously equipped hotel. The large rooms within are in striking contrast to the usual small cabins. Its dazzling whiteness and fluttering flags make the former monitor a pic- turesque sight off Beaufort, S. C., where it is anchored for the winter. Next sum- mer it will journey to Long Island Sound. The made-over ship has a length of 265 feet, and is fifty-five feet wide. Its shal- low draft enables it to be anchored near land, and small boats are used to ferry the hotel guests to and from shore.

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SERRATE BORON AIRE SEE MRA eI SEE Pao ain i POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Novel Fire Escape Formed by Cable and Belt Sliding down the new “fire escape.”’ He controls the speed by means of a thumbscrew World’s Largest Transformers IGGEST of their kind in the world, four gigantic single-phase trans- formers have been built by the General Electric Company for the Pennsylvania Power and Light Company. In the photograph at the right are seen the coil and core of one of these mighty units. They have an overall height of nearly twenty-four feet, a length of eight feet and a width of about twelve feet. Four of the units were constructed, three to be used in one bank and the fourth for a spare. The total weight of each is 202,200 pounds, of which the oil weighs 79,000 pounds. Each has wind- ings for 11,000 volts. Standing in front of the transformer are, left to right: W. S. Moody, engineer; G. Faccioli, engineer; and C. C. Chesney, manager, all of the General Electric’s Pittsfield Works. Why Your Auto Engine Starts Hard OTORISTS everywhere will follow with interest the experiments now being made by Bureau of Standards ex- perts John O. Eisinger and Stephen A. Buckingham, to find why an automobile motor starts hard in wintertime. To simulate actual winter conditions for these tests, brine at freezing tempera- ture is circulated through the water jacket of the motor and even the air supply to the carburetor is refrigerated. A careful check is kept on all operating conditions; various temperatures are tested with all kinds of gasoline as well as different motor compression ratios and self-starter motor speeds, and the results noted. It is expected that the results of the thousands of experiments will help both the automobile manufacturers and the oil industry to overcome winter hard start- ing troubles. Already, says Mr. Eisinger, there is a tendency on the part of. oil companies to improve gasolines in. re- gard to their starting characteristics. oy ey a steel wire to safety, support- ed in a safety belt, slides the user of this latest type of fire escape, produced in' England. Trapped in a burning building, if you're lucky enough to have this outfit on hand, you quickly attach the long wire cable to the window sill or any other support, drop the wire out of the window, and adjust the screw that fastens the belt to the wire. Then you slip into the belt and slide down. The supporting belt is hung on the wire by means of a wooden block having a zigzag slot cut in it for the cable to pass through. The speed of descent is controlled by a thumbscrew in the block which provides tension on the wire. It is a device which should be kept handy, the inventor thinks, in every high building, even where there are the usual fire escapes, for these are frequently blocked off. A notable engineering feat: coil and core of the world’s biggest single-phase transformer iis sf nec iO cel January, 1927 This Cotter Pin Won’t Slip IL and grease on the machinist’s hands make it a tricky job for him to fasten a cotter pin without slipping. The roughened surface of the improved cotter pin in the picture above provides a good hold, giving him a pin easier to grasp in the jaws of his pliers. Versatile Clock Runs the House fale almost human intelligence, a recently invented clock assumes the usual duties of a responsible house- keeper. At any time desired, the time- piece turns the lights in the home on or off. Besides showing the time of day, it has two additional hands to indicate the day and the month. Outwardly resembling an_ ordinary clock, the new device contains a built-in electric motor that takes its supply from the house current. Accidentally deprived of this power source, it will still run for four days without winding, it is said; and will “pick up” the lost windings when the current is again turned on. Its inventor is Dr. J. F. Van Slyke of the Horological Institute of America. Locomotives Get Speedometers T LAST locomotives have been fitted with speedometers, the swaying and vibration of the train having long hin- dered the accomplishment of this feat. Electrically operated, the new device employs a magneto run by the engine wheel. An indicator, calibrated in miles per hour instead of volts or amperes, is mounted in the cab. Testing engines and fuels at the Bureau of Standards to solve starting troubles Jar

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January, 1927 It’s Wrench and Hammer in One N ALL-PURPOSE tool combining several useful features is this odd- looking combination hammer and wrench. Its versatile jaws drive a nail or twist a pipe with equal ease. A right-angled claw removes nails even in cramped quarters. Round surfaces are firmly gripped with the Stillson-type jaw. Soap Mining a New Industry EAR Death Valley, in California, there exists the unique paradox of a soap mine, which has recently given rise to the strange new industry of mining soap. From this mine is dug amargosite, a soft smooth rock, rather sticky. A lump of the mineral breaks up when shaken with water, making a soapy liquid having excellent cleansing properties. Observing the Indians using it, R. K. Fairbanks, a pioneer settler of the Sho- shone country, succeeded in finding out where it was obtained. It Massages While You Swing WO body-strengthening features are incorporated in the new massage ex- erciser above, the invention of Alwin Kost, of Portland, Ore. While the re- ducing rollers on the massage cradle (in- set, above) are getting in their work on chest or abdomen, the muscles of the arms, hips and chest are being exercised on the hand bar. The user swings from the hand bar while his chest, back, waist or hips rest against the massaging cradle. This in turn follows the movements of the body. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 47 Eight Minutes for Your Photo by Slot Machine! OU step into what looks like an elongated tele- phone booth, seat yourself, assume your best smile, and drop a coin in a slot. There is a whirring sound, powerful lights flash on, a shutter winks. You step out of the booth and a few minutes later a fin- ished strip of eight photographs of you is delivered at the other side of the machine. Such is the new self-service photo- graphic machine, called photomaton, invented by Anatol M. Josepho, of New York City. What happens within the machine is this: The drop- ping coin closes a switch that starts an electric motor. Four 400-watt elec- tric daylight bulbs are turned on. A strip of sensitized paper is fed into the camera by an ingenious roller that gives it a skip-stop motion, hitching it along with intermittent pauses. Synchronized with these pauses, the camera shutter opens and closes eight times, remaining open each time for one fiftieth of a second. Leaving the camera, the picture strip enters the developing solutions— Mechanical Driver Tests Balls BOUT the only way to find out if a golf ball was good, prior to the in- vention of the testing device below, was to play golf with it. This device consists of a swinging club which operates automatically, hitting the ball with predetermined force. The per- son conducting the tests simply pulls a cord, thereby releasing weights which cause the club to hit the ball with a standard force. The illustration shows the position of the mechanical driver after hitting the ball. Since the force of the drive can be Position of mechanical driver after hitting the ball Cutaway model of the photomaton, or self-service photographic machine. Its inventor, left, is pointing out the inclosed switch- board panel; the man at the right is examining the finished strips of pictures; and the girl in the booth is ready for her picture. In upper right of the booth is the reel of sensitized paper first the developer, then a bleaching solu- tion, a clearing solution, and lastly the toner that gives the pictures their sepia color. Finally the pictures are squeegeed to remove excess moisture, carried on a chain through an electric hot air dryer, and delivered as finished photographs. The entire process requires eight minutes. Enlargements can readily be made from the small photographs. predetermined and measured exactly, the operation is said to furnish an accurate test of a ball’s balance, resilience and toughness. Aluminum Trolley Car Arrives HERE is one city in the United States, at least, where street railway officials will not admit that the street car is becoming a back number. That city is Cleveland, Ohio. The Cleveland Street Railways have developed a new type of car which, by increased economy and efficiency, is ex- pected to give busses and taxicabs a run for their money. The materials used in its construction are the new light-weight aluminum al- loys developed for aircraft. The new car is nearly one fourth lighter than a steel car. As a result, less power is required to run it, and it can be started and stopped more easily and quickly. This means marked reduction in operat- ing costs, part of which are due to the frequent stops.

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i J t } 48 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Astronomers Check Up on Continental Drift Sona RE North and South America drifting hither and thither upon the bosom of the ocean? That is what astronomers suspect, and pro- pose to find out, with the aid of such instruments as that illustrated at the left. Longi- tudes are checked with in- credible exactness by this in- strument, which compares lo- cal astronomical time with standard time signals received by radio, as part of a series of tests at San Diego in con- junction with stations at Al- giers and Shanghai. Startling disclosures may result from these experiments, though the experiments may have to be repeated for several years, for checking-up purposes, before definite conclusions from the observations can be drawn. Part of world-wide radio net testing continental drift Paper Money from Tobacco Waste iy ABLE paper currency can be made from the waste cuttings and stems of tobacco, it is reported from Europe. The waste from tobacco fac- tories is first treated by a chemical process to render it tough and pliable. It is then run through special machinery to cut it fine and is used as a substitute for the more costly waste linen rags. How Much Do You Know of the World You Live In? EST yourself with the follow- ing [twelve questions, selected from hundreds of queries sent in by readers of Poputar ScIENCE Montuiy. The correct answers appear on page 142. 1. Where are the oldest trees in the world? 2. What is the usual path of storms across the United States? 3. Why do the Eskimos eat so much fat? 4. What ancient American peo- ple made human sacrifices? 5. Why might a dike between Florida and Cuba spoi! the cli- mate of England? 6. Where do ants raise mush- rooms for their food? 7. Which is the greatest muse- um in the world? 8. Why are negroes sometimes called ‘‘Senegambians’’? 9. Who built the first ships? 10. What are staircase farms? 11. What plant has the largest leaves? 12. What islands have the most unique vegetation? Seated at the delicate precision instrument is J. C. Hammond, astronomer of the U. S. Naval Observ- atory, Washington, D. C. At the left is Dr. Frank B. Littell, professor of mathe- matics at the observatory. New Loudspeaker Fire Alarm N USING a new fire alarm recently installed in Birmingham, England, instead of pulling down a hook you speak FIREALARM Left: New fire alarm closed. Right, show- ing the loudspeaker horn in the call box into a mouthpiece connected to a loud- speaker in the fire station. Opening the fire box door automatically switches on the telephoning current. Through an- other loudspeaker in the box itself comes the amplified voice of the fire ‘chief, ask- ing where the fire is and telling you what to do until the engines arrive! January, 1927 Magnifying Lorgnette Saves Eyes O ELIMINATE one-eyed squinting through a magnifier to discern mi- nute lettering on maps and drawings, army engineers have adopted these novel binocular “lorgnettes.”” When held be- fore the eyes, they make the smallest details of aerial maps and photographs plainly visible. Now the interesting possibility has been suggested of making stereoscopic relief maps that, when viewed through these glasses, will make high mountains stand out and valleys appear as sunken depressions. In the photograph, Lieutenant J. M Young of the Engineer Corps is seen using the new aid to the eyes. Invents Silent Railway Car HE problem of engine vibration, it is reported, has been met and con- quered by a Swedish railroad engineer, Magnus Tacklind, of Stockholm. He has designed a railway motor car said to attain a speed of fifty miles an hour with no more noise than the clicking of the rails. The silent car has an underslung motor, entirely separate from the frame of the car. Power is supplied to the drive wheels from the motor by five distinct sets of gears, all in simultaneous use. Colored Movies Show Operations | Y ptoenaed pictures of surgical opera- tions in natural colors have been obtained in Berlin, Germany. A three color process is used. _ Reflectors con- centrate powerful light on the operating table. The camera is self-cranking, the electric motor drive being controlled by an operator who watches the progress of the operation through a telescope. Tool Grinder Uses New, Simplified Motor AKING a leaf out of the book of radio engineers, the manufacturers of this new tool grinder have produced an alternating current motor without special starting winding commu- tators or automatic switches. A con- denser that is charged from the power line discharges the one coil in the motor. This is followed by the current directly from the line through the main coil, which draws the charged ‘ part of the rotor toward it. Left: The new tool grinder in use. Above, the stator, showing the special coil arrangement Jai

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oe January, 1927 Butter Churned While You Wait ARYING the time-honored method of turning cream into butter, a French inventor has devised a new ma- chine to accomplish the same result mechanically. In the device illustrated above, double pistons operated by the hand crank churn the mixture in the central chamber. A suction tube draws sour milk from a pail at the right, the flow of miik being regu- lated by a valve at the end of the intake tube. During the churning in the middle cylinder, butter is ejected as fast as it is formed, and is forced out through the small tube at the front of the machine into the pail on the left. From 100 to 150 quarts of cream can be converted into butter with this device daily, according to the inventor. An electric motor can be attached to the machine, if desired, to eliminate the monotonous hand cranking. APABLE of being put together or disassembled in a few minutes, the odd-looking “glide boat” illustrated below is a new product of German invention. The craft is entirely homemade, even to the two pontoons, fashioned out of Above: Inventor rowing his glide POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 49 Cardboard ane Tests ee Designs PECIAL machinery for use in the manufacture of telephones by a great Eastern company is now being tested, when still in the design stage, by cardboard dolls. A cardboard doll with mov- able arms, legs and head, cor- rectly jointed, has been care- fully drawn to scale. It is made one fourth the size of the average man, as this is the scale to which most machine drawings are made. In machine design, it is important to insure that the parts of the machine be con- venient and accessible; to have the levers within easy reach, for instance, and sufficient [Fo head clearance. The manikin, placed upon the machine drawing, shows instantly how well a real operator can run the machine. By any other method, the design may be checked up only by actual operation or by tedious, time-wasting measurement. The shaving mirror with built-in light —the bulb is behind the mirror, light being thrown up by curved white reflector Homemade Boat Glides on Stovepipe Pontoons stovepipe, that buoy it up. Ingeniously constructed out of odds and ends, it opens a new water sport to the pilot of the queer aquatic vehicle, who sits within a wooden box in the center and paddles himself about the lake or stream. Five crosspieces, fastened across the two pontoons, insure rigidity in the wa- ter. The box is provided with two de- tachabie wheels, so that the boat, when dismantled, can be wheeled from place to place on land. boat on a Berlin lake. Right: Put- ting the parts of the novel home- made craft together Courtesy Western Electric News Testing a machine design with the cardboard doll The joints of the body have ‘been scientifically located, for the figure must be made to bend forward and backward just as the rea] operator would do. Shaving Mirror Has Own Light OR the man accustomed but not resigned to shaving in poor light, the shaving mirror at the left offers the pleasant novelty of “a light that shows up every hair on the face.” Light from a lamp concealed behind the mirror is reflected upward on the face, the lamp being thus safely shielded from the eyes. KNOW YOUR CAR HE wear on the average motor car is far more severe in winter than in summer, despite the fact that the car usually is run com- paratively little in cold weather. There are two main causes for this. One is that the choke must be used for several minutes in starting up because the motor is so cold, resulting in excessive crank case dilution and consequent poor lubrication. The other is that many owners do not cover up a portion of their radiators so the motor will warm up to normal sum- mer temperatures. This also re- sults in condensation of liquid gasoline on the cylinder walls, and so dilution of crank case oil goes on all the time the motor is in use. Carbon also forms rapidly in a motor run too cold. Follow these rules during cold weather: 1. Use the choke as little as possible. 2. Let the motor idle slowly with the radiator covered up until _it attains proper temperature. 3. Never race the motor idle or drive fast until the motor has had time to warm up. 4. Keep enough of the radiator surface covered up so that the thermometer will register sum- mer running temperature.

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< Aviation’s Advances at Home POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

January, 1927 Strange Air Liner for Ocean Hops HEN trips to Europe are made in airplanes as well as ocean liners, the craft that carries us may be of the type suggested in this drawing — an_ engineer’s conception of a future trans-Atlantic air liner. A monster wing amidship, two smaller wings, all- metal construction, and eight motors, are features of the design. Shaped like a_ giant flying fish, the craft would be 150 feet long and have an upper and lower deck

Mobile Lights Aid! Night Landings A lighthouse on wheels, shown at the left, is a new method used at the Croydon, England, aerodrome, to aid flyers in making safe land- ings at night. It is moved about from place to place on the field, floodlighting a wide area Photo India Rubber World Me. . ee oS Absorbs the Shock Rubber shock absorbers are being fitted on some of the newer com- mercial planes. This device, shown in the upper left-hand cor- ner of the photo (right) is a rubber cylinder carried on a telescoping strut joining fuselage and wheel

Pe its ) y t Tn

Giant Flying Boat Has Five Motors Completion of the monster seaplane here pic- tured, the largest in the world, by Chantiers Penhoet, France, marks a new epoch in com- mercial aviation. Two views are shown. Dan- ger from erigine failure is minimized by five motors. Within, the plane is divided into three stories, strikingly resembling an ocean liner

Jan

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY and - Abroad Fits into a Garage A new British type of folding airplane, the Blackburn Blue- bird, is shown above being wheeled from its hangar near London. The diminutive plane can be housed comfortably in a hangar scarcely bigger than an ordinary sized auto garage Ocular Weather Signals Weather conditions are signaled to British aviators by means of huge boards marked with sym- bols visible at high altitudes. The pictures below showthesym- bols used and how hinges permit the boards to be folded up. The symbol top left means rain; top right, snow; bottom left, thun- derstorms; bottom right, gales 51 Shoots Four at Once The Army’s newest anti-air- craft weapon, a multiple ma- chine gun (above), fills the air with a leaden hail from four barrels fired as one gun. The photo shows a recent demon- stration test at Aberdeen, Md. A Tricky Jump (Left) Marine Corporal Archie Atherton, U.S. Naval Air Station at San Diego, Calif., making an amazing double-parachute jump. The giant sky parasols, 5,000 feet high, pulling with erratic force at the human atom between them, provided a thrilling spectacle for the hundreds of watchers below Future Queen of the Air Lines Workmen, above, are assembling the hull of what will be the world’s largest air liner, having sleeping accommodations for thirteen passengers, now being built in Berlin, It will be seventy-five feet long

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ea as ate 52 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Miners Now Wash Gold from Sand by Machine Modern miner s ‘‘gold pan,” with its inventor, J. H. Ratcliffe, at right Could Crush Mightiest Girders O POWERFUL that it can crumple a huge steel I-beam as if it were made of cardboard, this Hercules of machines, at the right, the largest testing machine in the world, can exert a crushing force of 10,000,000 pounds! No conceivable stress to which a girder might ever be sub- jected could even approximate this force. The machine is used at the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., for testing structural members, with the object of determining how much weight they can withstand without buckling. The results of the tests become a part of engineers’ books of tables, to be used in designing towering structures of steel. Rubber Spats the Latest LAPPING galoshes are no longer the swagger thing in feminine winter footgear. Rub- ber spats that pull over the stockings, cover- ing the whole leg, are a new offering of a thoughtful in- ventor. They button snugly. They pull up snugly over silk stockings Develop New Camera Film HE invention of a new photographic film, said to be equally sensitive to all colors, is expected to bring about interesting changes in motion picture work. No more heavily plastered make- up may be necessary for the actors, and the director will be able to arrange the setting knowing that the scene will ap- pear on the screen as it does to his eye. In color photography, as well, the inven tion promises to make possible motion pictures in perfect natural colors. A REAL DOLL “‘vamp” has been created by a toy maker in Germany. The eyes and eyelids move in all directions in striking resemblance to human eyes. IKE the old miner's gold pan, which washed gold from sand and rock, is the concentrating and amalgamating ma- chine pictured at the left—except that it’s entirely automatic and adapted to the high-speed requirements of modern mining methods. Water flowing down the sloping platform sepa- rates the gold from the sand and gravel with which it is found. Mechanical agitation is provided. The photo shows the inventor, J. H. Rat- cliffe, California mining engineer, demon- strating his remarkable device. It’s the biggest testing machine in the world January, 1927 This Water Pail Folds Up WATER pail as part of the portable equipment of the camper, fisher- man or motor tourist, is possible now that one has been designed which folds into a flat, convenient size. As illus- trated above, it has canvas sides, with a metal bottom and rods to keep it in shape when in use. The handle is also of metal. The top photo shows how compactly it can be folded together. Dry Hay while Sun Isn’t Shining UNSHINE may no longer bea requisite in hay-making, with the invention by Arthur Mason, of Chicago, of a new crop- drying machine. In a recent demonstra- tion, one hour elapsed between the placing of fresh-cut, green alfalfa in the machine and the removal of dried alfalfa meal in bags. The same process would have re- quired at least two days with sun drying, and the value of the crop would have de- creased from fermentation and deprecia- tion. The machine forms a mat of cut alfalfa eight inches thick and carries it on an endless belt through a hot air furnace that removes all moisture in thirty minutes. The interior length is about 150 feet. After drying, the crop goes through a chopper and is then raised into a loft by a mechanical blower. Farmers are said to be enthusiastic about the new invention, which would make hay drying, independent of the weather. a Weather Maps Sent by Radio Receiving a weather map by radio. The photo shows the delicate receiving apparatus with the stylus which traces the map HIPS at sea may now receive not only radio weather reports but complete readymade weather maps as well, as a result of a new radio transmitting device. This instrument, in- vented by C. Francis Jenkins, of Washing- ton, D. C., includes a receiver with a record- ing stylus that traces in ink the curves of the map being transmitted from a land _ station. Rubber mats protect the delicate apparatus from shocks and: vibration. Janu: nove boar can’ Kep chee ism resu war. Eig! stall oil-e siler exh: of s inte gase ¥ ] cost test Mo ans) und sho dial am) The bet cos car car cen the tes the

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January, 1927 Maégnetized Checkers Stay Put LS pemene checkers containing small horseshoe magnets are the latest novelty for checker players. The checker board is steel, so the magnetized pieces can’t slide while the game is being played. Kept in a steel box when not in use, the checkers are said to retain their magnet- ism indefinitely. Muffles Locomotive’s Noise OCOMOTIVES that glide along in peaceful silence are one miraculous result of applying the Maxim silencer, war-time muffler of firearms, to industry. Eight American railroad systems have in- stalled silencers of special design on their oil-electric locomotives. Placed on top of the locomotive, the silencer filters out the sound from the exhaust by a carefully worked out series of sound reflecting planes which do not interfere in any way with the escape of gases to the atmosphere. What Electrical Devices Cost gach how much do your electric ap- pliances—toaster, iron, and so on— cost to operate? A specially constructed test board was installed recently in a Montreal, Canada, department store to answer this question. When the appliance under test is plugged into the board, as shown in the photograph at the right, a dial shows the rate of consumption in amperes. Another dial registers the watts. The line voltage is shown on a voltmeter between the two dials. The scale of costs per 100 watts appears on one of the cards at the side of the board. Another card gives the actual cost per hour in cents and fractions, at the local rate. A comparative test in candlepower of the lamp bulbs on the lower part of the test board is given by the “vanes” under the switch plates. Prehistoric Beasts in Plywood ECENTLY a series of plaster models of prehistoric creatures was made at the Natural History Museum, London, and from these, designs were made for an unusual set of small models to be reproduced in plywood. The models offer an ex- cellent means to study the strange dinosaurs and mammoths that once roamed the earth, and many schools, particular- ly schools for the blind, have already adopted them for instructional purposes, This weird-looking animal is a diplodocus. is one of a unique series depicting prehistoric beasts POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY “Traffic As Usual” on a Moving Bridge ITHOUT disturbing the normal flow of automobile traffic in the least, California engineers have succeeded in moving into place a new 6,000-ton bridge to take the place of the existing structure. When the old bridge at Montebello, just outside of Los Angeles Testing the current consumption of an electric hot-plate. Note the dials that register the power needed to operate various electrical devices for the home The model on an important intercity highway, had been prepared for speedy removal, the new span, already assembled, was pushed into place with powerful jacks. Motor- ists drove unconcernedly across it as it slid on steel rails to its permanent posi- tion, as shown in the photograph above. Chases Fog for Aviators OG is dissipated by high-voltage elec- tricity from a new apparatus tested by government engineers, intended to make landing fields safe for aviators. A path 1,000 feet high and 2,000 feet wide, it is said, can be cleared by the machine. The device throws upward a blast of air charged with electricity, which, meeting the fog, precipitates it as rain. Versatile Saw Run by Motor NE feature of handy cut-off saw at the right, a new addition to labor-saving machinery, is that the weight of its electric motor keeps the swinging saw arm out of the way when notin use. When work is to be done, a convenient hand lever pulls forward the whirring blade and slices off any desired length of lumber with swiftness and precision. Power is supplied by an electric motor that takes its current from any lamp socket. A versatile tool, the saw trims two by fours to size, and cuts metal tubing, bakelite, brass rods, leather and fiber. It saws wood, leather, fiber, even steel tubes THREE CARRIER PIGEONS were defeated by an airplane in a strange race recently between Hammondsport and Auburn, N. Y., an airline distance of fifty miles. The plane beat the first pigeon to arrive by three minutes.

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= ad eae 54 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Acrobatic Auto Rolls Over Sideways, Even Loops the Loop HE audacious young automobilist, rolling along upside down, above, is Andre Mercier of Paris, France, and the vehicle with which he defies death is a little five-horsepower European motor car New Harvester Fights Corn Pest PECIAL harvesting machinery de- signed to end the reign of terror in Ohio’s farming territory of the European corn borer, evil genius of the “corn plague,” was tried out extensively in recent months in the infested areas. Since the pest hibernates in the base of the stalk, the harvesters are designed with extra low cutting blades to cut the stalk close to the surface of the ground leaving no stubble. The borers are thus removed with the stalks, to be crushed in the husking process. The low cutting is said to reduce materially the size of the next year’s brood of corn borers. Odd Roadside Sign RMS, hat, even the nose and suitcase of the fantastic figure at the left, carry warnings and directions for motorists who pass this strange signpost erected SPEED LIMIT at a crossroads in 15 MILES Castine, Maine. The figure is made of wood, painted white, and seldom fails to attract tour- ists’ attention. Even the nose pro- vides space for a sign Hydrogen Turned into Helium HE remarkable feat of changing hy- drogen into helium, for use in airships, is reported by two professors of Berlin University, Germany. The process as described consists of the rearranging of the individual electrons within the atom, paring off the unnecessary ones, fine particles of metal causing this reaction merely by their presence. ie “ completely inclosed in a heavy steel cage. Not particular about which side up he lands, Mercier makes his extraor- dinary machine stand on end, roll over the ground, or loop the loop at will, by Hawk Nests on Telephone Pole YSTERIOUS leaks and cross-talk on a New Jersey telephone line were traced finally to the hawk’s nest above. Made of driftwood and seaweed, the nest is impregnated with salt. In wet weather the salty moisture allowed cur- rent to flow from one wire to another. io putting on the front wheel brakes while driving at top speed. This capsizes the car, which then rolls over and over on the sturdy metal hoops that inclose it, and finally comes to rest undamaged. Goggles for ‘‘Aviator’s Blindness”’ HEN Commander Richard E. Byrd flew to the North Pole last spring, the glare of the sun’s rays reflected from the limitless expanse of dazzling snow gave him an acute case of snow-blind- ness. Even in ordinary flights, aviators’ eyes suffer strain from light reflected from below, reaching their eyes at an unac- customed angle and falling on a part of the retina that is little used to strong Ulumination. To relieve eye strain incidental to fly- ing, a new type of aviator’s goggles is being developed at the Brooklyn Navy Yard and Rockaway Beach, N. Y. The problem is to produce an eyepiece of the highest optical perfection, to eliminate the danger from imperfect or distorted sight, fatal to airmen, and at the same time to shade the eyes from the most injurious light rays. It is expected that the glass used will be yellowish-green in color, this tint absorb- ing a large proportion of the harmful light without materially dimming vision. Phantom Dance Uncanny—If You Don’t Look Close LL the vogue in London, “ phan- tom dancing” has recently struck the United States. You llfindituncanny, unless you know the explanation. The dancers go through their steps perfectly and in exact rhythm, but no music is heard. Fitted over the dancers’ bobs, how- ever, are radio head- pieces. They are stepping to radio music which cannot be heard by the per- sons watching them. Dancing the Charleston to phantom music—the “musician”? using dials Janua Nev T ordi groa 1,16 this are Fre was easi E line eacl cha sim fror To key a le A Mi 2.0 the ore wel vis of. ful wh

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— SS |= — | all , So we “ve & Gv Ww wie Ww wa 6S UCU \ew January, 1927 New Speed Typing Like Printing YPISTS who have all they can do to manipulate the forty-odd keys on the ordinary single alphabet typewriter may groan at the thought of a keyboard with 1,160 letters and forty alphabets. But this seemingly complicated keyboard on a remarkable new typewriter invented by Fred A. Dolph, of Washington, D. C., was designed especially to make writing easier and faster. Each alphabet lies in a single vertical line, as shown in the picture above, and each line has three shifts, for capitals, characters, and release. The operation is simply to press down the desired keys, from left to right, the forty rows across. To space, it is merely necessary to skip a key. Then when an entire line is “set,” a lever is pressed, which prints the line. Crushes Mountains of Ore NEW gyratory iron ore crusher has just been completed for use in the Michigan ore fields, which can handle 2,000 tons of stone in an hour and crush the rock to nine-inch size. It is the largest ore crusher ever built, and its entire weight is over half a million pounds. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ITH a broad 55 Signals Stop Long-Winded After-Dinner Talks hint on the banquet table like the device illus- trated at the right, after-dinner speeches may lose their terrors and listeners may be reasonably sure that the speaker will not stretch his two minutes to twenty. A green light signals “‘start talk- ing”; amber, ‘‘time’s nearly up”; red, “‘stop—moreover, sit down.” With warnings so impersonal and so un- mistakable, daring is the man who dis- Edwin Nunn, pocketknife expert, with the model of a locomotive he made. The air brakes are the only parts not made of wood Mother Hears Baby, Upstairs, by “Radio” ITH the aid of an ingenious appli- cation of radio apparatus, de- vised for her by Frank Lester, of New York City, Mrs. Benjamin N. Fishman, of Richmond Hill, N. Y., can keep as care- ful a watch over her sleeping baby, while seated comfortably on the front porch, as though she were upstairs. A microphone hung on the side of the baby’s crib is wired to an audio amplifier which operates a loudspeaker on the porch, transmitting the first waking wail of the sleeper or any other warning sound. The loudspeaker may be moved to the kitchen, to the laundry or to any other room where the mother has to be for some time, permitting her to work un- disturbed, knowing that, as long as the loudspeaker is silent, the baby is sleeping. The microphone, or sending unit, is at- tached to the crib (above). The baby’s cries are transmitted through it to the loudspeaker (left), which can be moved to any room desired a iligicewie regards them. Electrical engineers made this unique use of an electric traffic signal at a recent banquet. A Master Whittler’s Triumph HITTLED almost entirely out of wood with a pocketknife, the re- markably complete working model of a locomotive illustrated at the left is the work of Edwin Nunn, of Cincinnati, O. It is a scale model, equipped with all modern improvements and in complete working order, even to the air brakes, which also function practically and are the only parts not made of wood. Giant Squash Weighs 115 Pounds NE thousand pumpkin pie enthusiasts were provided with one piece each of their favorite delicacy when this enormous specimen was handed over to the pastry cook after being exhibited at San Leandro, Calif., recently by William Faus- tina, who raised it. It was all one man could do to lift the squash, which weighed 115 pounds. This pumpkin made two hundred pies How Colored Lights Affect Us EW discoveries about colored lights and their effect on human efficiency may have an important application in the illumination of factories and offices. In recent tests conducted in Vienna, it was found that under yellow light we see printed letters more accurately; under blue light, more quickly. In the experiments, the persons tested looked at letters printed on cards, like the cards used by oculists. Four lights were used—white, yellow, red and blue. All had the same intensity. More letters were identified under the yellow than under the other lights. However, when only a brief glimpse of the cards was permitted, the best identifications were made under the blue lights.

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neds DREN? 9s 56 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Inventions to Lighten Every Slice Alike Every slice of bread is cut straight and with machinelike evenness of thickness, with the new bread-cutting outfit shown below. A slot between two up- right metal loops guides the bread knife. At the bottom a stop can be set for any thickness All the Scrubber Needs Soap and brush go with this handy housecleaning pail above, contained in individual holders attached to its base. The built-on basin catches any dirty or soapy water that happens to run down the outside of the pail Puts Power in the Washtub Stand the queer-looking tube above in a laundry tub and a jet of water will issue from the perforations in the bottom, powerful enough to wash the clothes. It is the newest idea in electrical washing machines Saves Sore Knees She who scrubs floors will appreciate the comfort of soft cushions in this new scrubbing coaster above. Rolling smooth- ly on ball bearing casters, it is upholstered to fit the knees A Non-Grease- Spattering Broiler In the ingeniously de- signed broiler above, grease runs down a fun- nel-shaped false bottom through a hole into the pan below, thus pre- venting the nuisance of spattering and the danger of grease catching on fire Speeds Up Window Washing The window-washing tool be- low contains a pad of felt which wipes away the dirt and grease.. On the reverse side is a strip of rubber which wipes the window dry and clear For a Neat Job at Egg Separating It’s easy to separate eggs with an aluminum separa- tor that fits into a glass or cup (above). Whites run off through slots, while the unbroken yolks of the eggs remain in theseparator Bath Stool Becomes Shoe Shine Box Nightrack A hanger for your coat, another for trousers, and hooks for all the remain- ing articles of a man’s attire, keep them in shape overnight on this handy rack, above. Even shoes are hung from hangers fastened to tiny chains A touch is all that is re- quired to have this shoe shining apparatus (right) sink slowly down out of sight. The top may then be closed, forming a handy stool for the bathroom wom | ee sgreag oe r Cr .Ott—

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 57 Household ‘l'asks nF e: Needs No Basting The unique roaster illus- trated at the left is self- basting. Steam from the cooking meat condenses on the top and drips down; or slices of bacon may be placed in the rack on the cover, and their drippings add to the flavor of the meat A Labor-Saving p Kitchen Dries Wash Indoors on iny Da Right: A typical elec- Rainy Days trically equipped kitch- Whether the sun is shin- en of the modern housewife. Note the electric range, sink with built-in electric dishwasher, electric re- frigerator—a whole ret- inue of servants at the pushing of a button! — besides the kitchen cabinet and _ refuse chute to incinerator ing or it’s raining pitch- forks outside, the week’s wash can quickly be dried in the gas-heated laundry dryer illustrated above. A_ thermostat that automatically turns down the gas when the air gets too warm, mak- ing scorching impossible, is an interesting feature This Garbage Pail Drains Itself The bottom of the re- movable inner pail of the refuse receptacle at the left is perforated to let liquids escape into the larger pail, lessening the danger of clogged sinks. The entire aluminum re- ceptacle swings conven- iently from a clamp at- : tached tothe sink drain Toothbrush Hy giene Waxes and Polishes Easily reversible, the weighted block of the floor waxer above has felt for applying the wax on one side, and cheesecloth for polishing on the other. Thus no_ changing of cloths is necessary in using At the bottom of each of the novel glass toothbrush containers above is a pink charge of sterilizer that keeps the brush fresh and free from germs Pot Scraper Does Double Duty With a rubber blade at one end and a metal one at the other, this little scraper (eh) dom its Aluminum Plate Subs for Double Boiler after-dinner job with dou- ble efficiency. The rubber Food won’t burn when it is cooked over this ridged end is for plates, the metal aluminum hot-plate, says the maker. It keeps the for cooking pots and pans cooking utensil from direct contact with the flame

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ns a [instal have changed as far as radio installations are concerned. It is no longer good form for the man of the house to install a radio receiver that has a dozen or so complicated control knobs, and then make matters worse by connecting up the batteries and other ac- cessories in such a way that no one in the family can figure out how to run the set. Curiously enough, the actual use of a radio receiver has been steadily growing more simple, even while the receivers themselves and the accessories that go with them have become more complex and highly developed. In spite of the elaborateness of the modern radio installation, its control can be made so simple that practically any of the present-day models are easily tuned by any member of the household, includ- ing the children. However, these desirable results can be obtained only if the instal- lation work is carefully done and if the accessories that go with the set are ca- pable of rendering good service for long periods of time without attention. The temptation to buy an expensive set and then skimp on the other necessary parts of the equipment is responsible for a great deal of trouble. If, for instance, you have decided to invest $200 in radio re- ceiving equipment, it would be better to buy a $150 set and spend the rest on high class accessories than to buy a set for $175 and then try to run it with $25 worth of inferior accessories. The same principle applies, of course, regardless of the total amount involved. UPPOSE you buy a standard five-tube radio receiver of any make or price. This receiver will come to you carefully packed in a carton to protect it from in- jury. Inside the carton you will find nothing but the set and an instruction book. Before you can get the set into operation you will need all of the follow- ing accessories: A set of high grade vacuum tubes con- sisting, for best results, of four standard type tubes and one of the new power tubes. A six-volt storage battery to run the tubes, called the A-battery. A storage A-battery charger. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 ook Up a Radio Set With the Right Kind of Equipment, Carefully Installed, Can Be Made a Marvel of Simplicity By Aurrep P. Lane It’s Child’s Play Although receivers and accessories are con- stantly becoming more complex and highly de- veloped, the actual operation of an up-to- date receiver is so simple that even a small child can tune it A set of dry cell B-batteries or a B-bat- tery eliminator. A loudspeaker. Antenna equipment. If your decision is in favor of the B- battery eliminator instead of the dry cell B-batteries, another piece of equipment will be found well worth while. That is an automatic switching relay to turn the B-eliminator on and off and control the trickle charger as well. A diagram of a complete installation, showing all of these items, appears on the opposite page. Your dealer will be glad to help you in the choice of good equipment for your set, but the decision as to what to choose necessarily depends largely on what kind of results you expect and how far you are willing to go in the matter of expense. On some of the equipment there is con- siderable latitude, while on other items there is practically none. Take vacuum tubes as an example. The best grades are only slightly more expensive than the “bootleg” variety, and there is no com- parison between good tubes and second rate tubes as far as long life and full vol- ume are concerned. TORAGE. batteries, on the other hand, are made in a wide-variety of styles and at different prices. All of them are rated in ampere hours, and you can figure that your five-tube set will run approximately two thirds as many hours as the rating of the battery expressed in ampere hours. But if you buy a trickle charger which will keep the battery fully charged at all times, the capacity is of little importance. In fact, if you buy a trickle charger it is desirable to purchase a small capacity battery, because the in- ternal losses will be less and so will the purchase price. A battery of about forty | to sixty ampere hours is large enough for any five-tube or six-tube set under these conditions. It will be up to you to decide between a set of dry cell B-batteries and a B- eliminator. The dry batteries will be cheaper to start with, but the B-elimi- nator will be cheaper in the long run, particularly if you use the set for many hours a day on the average. Your Receiver Perhaps the most important item of all is the loudspeaker. You can get one at almost any price, from $5 up to $100, and if you buy a reliable make you will get your money's worth anywhere along the line. It is all a matter of tone quality and volume. Your own ear will have to decide. Antenna equipment has been placed last on the list because the antenna you can erect, and consequently the material you will have to buy, depend entirely on your location. An antenna of some sort will be necessary, of course, unless you purchase a loop-operated set. OU may, for instance, be living in a city apartment where no outdoor antennas are permitted. In that case a half pound of ordinary bell wire, costing about thirty cents, strung around the pic- ture molding, will give the finest kind of indoor antenna. On the other hand, you may live in the country where a long outdoor antenna is possible, and you will need antenna wire, insulators, lightning arrester, ground connection, and possibly a pole from which to string the antenna. Constantly keep in mind the fact that you want your installation to be suitable for use by any member of the family. This means that it must be made abso- lutely fool-proof as far as the visible por- tions of the equipment are concerned. You can have a regular power plant with all the gadgets and trick switches you want, provided it is inclosed in a cabinet, placed in a near-by closet, or stowed away in the cellar so that the members of the household will have nothing to do but turn one switch and turn the dials to the desired station. An installation such as shown in the diagram will give you ex- actly this result. Everything except the set can be placed: out of the way where you can give it periodic inspection and For Two Antennas If you wish both indoor and outdoor an- tennas, this single-pole double-throw switch is the simplest arrangement. Connect the antenna binding post of the receiver to the center terminal of the switch, and the an tenna wires to the remaining terminals. Then you can throw the switch to either Jani atte tur! the chai tha swil flow and shu the nes: ara this tior tric cas inc! bat cou wil Yo the nee nee ma pre at for of clo spt it sel vo tic to po th th th

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January, 1927 attention. When the switch on the set is turned on, the current flowing through the automatic relay turns off the trickle charger and turns on the B-eliminator so that the set is ready to use. When the switch on the set is turned off, the current flowing through the relay is cut off too, and it snaps back to its original position, shutting off the B-eliminator and putting the trickle charger to work again. The illustration, for the sake of clear- ness, shows all of the accessories as sep- arate instruments. You can buy them in this way or in several different combina- tions. The storage A-battery and the trickle charger may be combined in one case, or you can buy a B-eliminator that includes the trickle charger for the A- battery and the automatic relay. Of course, any of these combination outfits will simplify the wiring job. foo attention required to operate such an outfit is almost negligible. You don’t have to test the battery with the hydrometer every so often to see if it needs recharging. In fact, all that is needed is an occasional inspection to make sure that everything is working properly, and additional supplies of water at intervals for the storage battery and for the trickle charger if it happens to be of the liquid type. When you wind the clock, on Sunday you can form the habit of spending a couple of extra minutes in- specting your radio equipment. Forget it completely the rest of the time. Of course you cannot expect fool-proof service from your radio equipment unless you install it carefully. Slipshod connec- tions and loose, dangling wires are bound to cause trouble in time. If you have the power supply accessories in a closet or in the cellar, for instance, make sure that the wires are fastened down wherever they are visible. N MANY localities, especially where there are a number of local stations, it is desirable to have both an outdoor and an indoor antenna. The outdoor antenna will be useful to bring in semidistant and distant stations, and the indoor antenna will be fine for receiving the local broad- casting, particularly when the static is heavy or there is a thunderstorm in progress. The simplest arrangement to avoid loose wires is to use a single- pole double-throw switch, as shown in the illustration on page 58. Con- nect the antenna binding post of the receiver with the center terminal of the switch, and connect the wires for the two antennas to the remain- ing terminals of the switch. The question frequently aris- es as to how far from the re- ceiver the power supply units and the loudspeaker may be placed. As far as the loud- speaker is concerned, it may be placed at almost any dis- tance from the receiver with- out diminishing the volume or affecting the quality. The B- battery eliminator or dry cell B-batteries also may be placed at any desired distance from the set, provided the wires from them are bunched to- gether. Sometimes a steady squealing noise is produced POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY What You Need for Radio Satisfaction 1. A good receiver. 2. High grade vacuum tubes. 3. Areliable storageA-battery. 4. Astorage A-battery charger. 5 . Large-size dry cell B-bat- teries or A dependable eliminator. . Dry cell C-battery. . A true-toned loudspeaker. B-battery . Correct insulation. wOowenan . Periodic inspection. when the B-batteries or B-eliminator are placed many feet away. A squeal of this kind always can be stopped completely by connecting 144 or 1 mfd. by-pass con- densers between the B-battery binding posts of the set. Make sure that the con- densers you buy for this purpose are ca- pable of standing the voltages without breaking down. Connect a condenser from each of the plus-B binding posts to the minus-B binding post. The storage A-battery should be placed within six feet of the set unless you use heavy wire to connect it. In most cases it is not necessary to put the battery more than twenty or thirty feet from the set. For this distance use wire not smaller than No. 12 gage. While radio vacuum tubes are now sold at reasonable prices, you will want to know how to make sure that you don’t burn them out through an error in con- necting up the power supply units. The best way to do this is to run the wires from the binding posts of the storage bat- tery to the binding posts of the set before you do anything else. The red binding post on the battery must be connected with the binding post on the set that is marked plus A. If you are installing an automatic relay, one binding post of the TRICKLE STORAGE CHARGER STORAGE An Installation That Needs Little Attention A complete installation which will give you the simplest operation and most satisfactory results. All the wiring connections are indicated. In actual use the battery, charger and B-eliminator are hidden elsewhere TO WALL SOCKET AUTOMATIC SWITCH 59 relay should be connected with the re- maining terminal of the storage battery and the other terminal of the relay should be wired to the minus-A binding post on the receiver. Next put all the tubes in the sockets and turn on the switch on the set. If the tubes light and there is a slight click from the relay each time the switch on the set is turned on or off, you can be sure that your hook-up is correct up to that point. E CAREFUL not to get the battery terminals reversed, as the set will not operate, although the tubes will light and the relay will click. Radio fans who have used dry cell B- batteries are often confused when they attempt to connect a B-battery elimi- nator for the first time. The binding posts on the eliminator should be con- nected with the binding posts on the radio set that are marked the same way. If it happens that there are more binding posts on the eliminator than there are on the set, connect the binding posts on the set with the similarly marked ones on the eliminator and leave the remaining posts on the eliminator unconnected. After you have the eliminator hooked up, snap the electric light plug of the eliminator into the socket in the relay that is marked B-eliminator. Next con- nect the trickle charger with the storage battery, making sure that the red, or plus, terminal of the trickle charger ‘is connected with the red terminal of the storage battery, and then snap the plug from the trickle charger into the socket provided for it in the relay. Then you can snap the plug from the relay into the nearest electric light socket. UN a wire from the ground binding post of the receiver to the nearest cold water pipe. It is desirable theoreti- cally to have this connection short, but actually it makes little difference whether you connect with a water pipe right be- side the set, or with one in the next room. There is no mysterious art required in putting up a good radio antenna. All you need is a metallic wire from the antenna hinding post of your receiver about 100 feet iong and as high as local conditions will permit. Make sure that it touches nothing except an insulating material, from the free end to the bind- ing post of the receiver. In putting up the average outdoor antenna, three insula- tors are used. One is placed at each end, and a porcelain tube insulator is usually em- ployed to carry the wire through the wall. Local conditions govern the type of antenna to erect. You may not be able to put up an antenna 100 feet long. In that case put up as long a one as possible. Reception of distant stations will not be so good, but a short antenna will be just about as good as a longer one for the local and semi-dis- tant stations. Careful attention to the de- tails of a radio installation will insure you continuous service without trouble or expensive service calls,

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(7 a As told to Newton BurKE - ENRY! Just read this won- derful bargain!” exclaimed the wife enthusiastically. She folded the evening paper to indicate the advertisement that had caught her eye and passed it across the table. “Humph!” I grunted noncommit- tally. “I thought you said you didn’t want a radio. What’s so marvelous about this one? Seems to have the usual number of gadgets on the front, as far as I can see.” “But it’s a special sale, Henry, and they give you all the batteries and loudspeaker and everything free!” The ad did look appealing. I’d been thinking about getting a radio receiver for some time. Here was a chance, I thought, to get the whole works without having to do a lot of shopping around; and if there was any prospect of holding the money out of the family budget for a radio set, now was the time. Hadn’t the good wife sug- gested it herself? I stopped at the store next day on my way home from the office. They had a set on demonstration. It looked pretty good to me. And the salesman explained that the tone quality would be much better in my own home because, he said, the store didn’t have the proper acoustic qualities. He brought out a long form printed in very small type which he said was the standard sales contract, and I signed it. The next night my wife was waiting for me at the door of our apartment when I came up on the elevator. “It’s here, Henry!” she greeted me. “The radio is all ready and I’m just crazy to have you get it going. The man told me how to start it, but I was afraid I might break something. Please start it right away!” She wouldn’t even give me time to take off my coat. I sat down in front of the shiny new outfit and reached for what appeared to be a switch. My guess was right, for music could be heard faintly from the loudspeaker. I turned the dials back and forth until I had the music good and loud. But my wife held her hands to her ears and her face registered keen disappointment. “COUNDS kind of sour,” she protested. “It certainly does,” I replied, ““May- be it’s a little green like a sour apple and it will get ripe and mellow after we use it a while.” We let it remain turned on during dinner, and about the time we reached pudding and coffee the music suddenly stopped. I walked over to investigate. The switch hadn’t snapped itself off. I tried it to make sure, and then lifted the top of the cabinet to see if I could find the trouble. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY What a Barg +, The Worst Was the Sounds It Made When my wife first heard our wonderful “bargain set,’ she thought its tone quality terrible. But we got used to it and finally didn’t realize ourselves how tinny it was, until our friends joshed us into hearing a good set. Then we canned our bargain junk “That’s funny,” I said. “One of those lamp things seems to have gone out.” There was no more radio that evening, and the next morning I called up the dealer. He carefully called my attention to the fact that radio vacuum tubes were not guaranteed and explained that some- times they did burn out very quickly. I told him to send up a new one. It cost two dollars. HE next night the set worked all right, and every night after that for a week. Then another tube burned out. I had it replaced. Three days later a third tube passed on, and about that time I decided that radio was a pretty expen- sive amusement if I had to spend from two to four dollars a week for new tubes. I also decided that some other dealer might have tubes that wouldn’t burn out so quickly, so I wrapped up the latest casualty and took it to a small radio dealer near my home. “Where'd you get the alleged vacuum tube?” he inquired as soon as he had opened the package. “Tt came with the set I bought,” I replied. “TI thought so,” he said. “That’s what they call in the trade an ‘equipment tube.’ I suppose you want a good one now.” “Five of them, please,” I answered. “T might as well have them handy when the rest go out.” My soreness over the vacuum tubes was just beginning to die out a week later when right in the middle of an interesting program the music began to get weak. January, 1927 ain Radio Did # Me It Cost Me More in the knd Than an Expensive Set, in New Parts and Service Bills I turned the volume control up a few notches and brought it back to the proper level. After this happened a couple of times [I turned the volume on full, and then I had to sit there and listen while the music got weaker and weaker and finally died away altogether. **Now what’s the matter with your fine radio set?” my wife inquired disgustedly. “How should I know?” I returned peevishly. “I’m no radio expert and it looks like the fellow who put this thing together wasn’t one either.” I raised the cover again. While the tubes were lighted, they seemed to be glowing very dimly. I shut it off and phoned the dealer. “It’s your A-battery run down,” the service man suggested. “Should it run down that quickly?” I asked in surprise. “Sure, you ought to have a charger,” he answered. “We have some very good ones for $16.95. Shall I send one up?” “T thought this was a complete outfit I bought,” I snapped. “You needn't bother to send up any charger. I’m stung bad enough now.” And with that parting shot I hung up the phone and called on the local dealer again. The set worked all right for a month after that, and then the music and voices began to get weaker and weaker and mixed up with scratching noises. I called in the local dealer, and learned that the B-batteries were dead. “These are ‘equipment’ batteries,” he explained. “'They aren’t much good to start with, and besides that the set isn’t wired for a C-battery, so it takes more current than it should. You ought to have the large-size batteries anyhow.” TOOK his advice and had him put ina set of large-size batteries, but my troubles had only begun. The loudspeaker went on the bum and had to be fixed. Then the set went dead and one of the transformers had to be replaced. All of these things were replaced free by the firm from which I had bought the set, but the joker turned out to be a bill for “service calls” at the rate of three dollars each! I might still be contributing to the support of that concern if some friends of ours hadn’t joshed us unmercifully about the rotten tone quality of the set even when it was working right. My wife and I had sort of got used to listening to its tinny music, but one evening we went around to the local dealer and he gave us a demonstration with a good set. We hadn’t realized that radio could be so per- fect, and the set he demonstrated is now installed where the bargain junk used tobe. Janu

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 61 Hints for Radio Beginners It S/eet Coats Your Antenna— Rig Up a Sash Weight to Prevent Breakage—Locating a Hum—Other Helps This type of joint will stand as much strain as a continuous wire. Be careful not to nick the wire with the pliers HILE it always is a good idea to use a single, continuous piece of wire for an antenna or for the lead-in, you may want to use some short lengths to make up a temporary antenna or to piece out an exceptionally long one. Twisting the wires together in almost any fashion will do as far as getting elec- trical contact is concerned, provided that the twist is tight; but more care than that must be taken if the joint is to stand the strain produced by a severe windstorm or by sleet deposited on the wire. The illustration above shows the best way to make a joint that will be as strong as the wire itself. Note that several easy turns are followed by sharp turns in such a way that the pull does not come at a point where the wire has been weakened by a sharp bend. In making a joint of this type, the pliers should not be used except to clamp down the tip end of each wire as shown. The reason for this rule is that pliers put nicks in the wire and if a break occurs it takes place at the nick. A joint made in this way, and that is subject to continual strain as in an antenna, offers little resistance to the flow of either high or low frequency elec- tric current until it has become corroded with age. It is always better to flow solder into the joint so that it will not lose its electrical conductivity. The joint should be strong enough to stand the pull, however, without relying on the strength of the solder. HE most severe test to which any radio antenna can be subjected is the weight of a heavy deposit of sleet. The strain or pull on the and the sash weight will be lifted. When the sleet melts the weight will pull the antenna back to normal position. The length of the antenna will determine the amount of weight that will be needed to keep it taut. What Causes the Hum? O LITTLE hum is produced by the modern type of B-battery eliminator that it is barely perceptible if you hold your ear close to the loudspeaker when no signal is tuned in. Sometimes, however, the step-up transformer in the B-elimina- tor will produce a slight hum that has nothing to do with the radio receiving cir- cuits. In fact, it is exceedingly difficult to produce an alternating current trans- former that is absolutely noiseless when operating at full load. The noise is produced in the transformer by the vi- bration of the thin sheets of iron that make up the core. The way to find out whether the slight hum you hear is coming out of the loud- speaker or is produced in the B-eliminator is to disconnect the antenna while the set is in operation. If the hum continues, you may be certain that it is not in the electrical circuit to the loudspeaker. You can muffle the hum produced in the B- eliminator by placing the instrument in a near-by closet. There’s No Cure for Fading HE causes of “fading” have been dis- cussed by electrical scientists and several theories have been evolved to ac- count for the phenomenon, but up to date no remedy has been discovered. If you are bothered by the signals alternately be- coming weak and then strong again while you are listening to any station that is more than twenty-five miles away, and you have tested to make sure that the trouble is not due to a loose or defective connection in your set or battery wiring, you can rest assured that any other set of any make would produce exactly the same effect if it were used in your loca- tion. Do not waste any money on de- A BC’s of Radio INE tenths ofthetrouble calls, so the radio service men say, are caused by dead tubes or exhausted batteries. A large proportion of the difficulties remaining after these two sources of trouble: have been eliminated can be traced to loose wires. Another big percentage is chalked up against difficulties for which the radio equipment is not to blame, such as static or the inter- ference from some form of electrical machinery. If your set produces queer scratching or buzzing noises, dis- connect the antenna and see if the noises continue. If they stop, you may be sure that there is nothing wrong with ‘your set. If they con- tinue, look for a loose connection in the battery wires or a tube prong that is not making perfect contact with the spring in the socket. When your set goes dead, test the B-batteries, then the A-battery; after that, if necessary, take your vacuum tubes to a reliable dealer who can test them for you. By fol- lowing these suggestions you may avcid expensive service calls. vices sold as a cure for fading, as such devices cannot improve conditions in the slightest. Of course a more powerful set may help somewhat, because it will raise the whole level of signal strength so that the signal may be heard at its weakest instead of dis- appearing entirely. The Right C-Battery Voltage HILE the C-battery may, with some types of audio transformers, improve the quality of reproduction, the main advantage in its use lies in the fact that it adds to the life of the B-batteries by cutting down the amount of cur- rent drawn from them. In addition, the use of a C-battery will prolong the life of your vacuum tubes. In most cases, of course, the wire depends to a considerable extent on how tightly it is stretched, and it is good practice to loosen up on the antenna and let it swing in a deep curve whenever a sleet storm threat- ens. A way to rig your antenna so that this will be taken care Protects Your ANTENNA of automatically is shown in the Antenna ty diagram at the bottom of the ee (' mM page. The only extra material chance for breakage yf VY, you need is a small galvanized during sleet storms and a : - 1 ail eight high winds if you rig un iron pulley and a sash weight. wr an we Thay d As the sleet begins to collect on weight as shown here i g the antenna wire and increases ‘ied | the pull, the antenna will sag best voltage for the C-battery is | that recommended by the mak- | ers of the tubes used in the audio amplifier end of your radio set. Nevertheless, it is always well | to experiment a bit, as tubes are | not all alike and sometimes you | may find that a slightly lower voltage will improve quality or that a slightly higher voltage | can be used without impairing | results. Always use the highest | C-battery voltages possible with- | out spoiling the music or speech, | so as to prolong the life of your _| B-batteries and vacuum tubes.

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TR a a A TT TT aE AS Ee = 5 ea ene cs cma 5 Sa RP FT <ceaenien See ESE 62 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Here’s a New Test of Your Auto Knowledge—Win a Cash Prize What’s Wrong - <4 with the Captain’s Carr See If You Can Figure Out What Happened to His Motor sprung a leak again!’ muttered Captain Horne as a shrill hissing squeal indicated the’ sudden departure of the air from one of his rear tires. He jammed on the brakes and steered the car to the side of the road. “Reckon I'd better drop anchor here while I fix the dod-blasted ‘boloney’,” he grumbled. Captain Horne was no expert on autos, but thirty years spent in sailing the seven seas had instilled in him more than the usual share of resourcefulness and in- genuity. And the old sea-dog needed every bit of it to keep the car he was driving in running order. He had been beguiled into buying a “reconditioned” machine, and the “re- conditioning” had consisted mostly of a cheap paint job with little or nothing done to the badly worn mechanical parts. “Holy mackerel!” he snorted as he found the blow-out. “The whole side of the tire is coming apart!” The actual blow-out was only about the size of a pencil, but all around the hole the tire bulged ominously. v2 B sre if the old craft ain’t enough to fit the in- side of the tire, and the job was success- ful. “There,” he ex- claimed, as he fin- ished pumping it up. “That ought to hold together till I can raise the price of a new shoe. Now let’s see if the old boat won't sail along.” But the captain was doomed to dis- appointment. He had proceeded about five miles when the motor suddenly ap- peared to lose power. It seemed to be running smoothly, no cylinders appeared to have quit the job, and the captain could detect no unfamiliar noises. “Must be running out of wind or something,” he observed uneasily. “Guess I'd better make for shore and tie up at the next repair station.” It happened to be a rather uninhabited part of the ccuntry, and the captain passed one or two garages that catered only to the summer trade and were now closed tight. Every mile or two some-

Did the Blow-Out Cause His Troubles? A shrill hissing squeal from cne of the rear tires was the first warn- ing that something was wrong with the captain’s car. He patched the hole with tape, but that was only the beginning of his troubles thing seemed to happen inside the motor and it would lose more power, until final- ly he had to drop into first speed to climb a long but rather easy grade. “Tf I don’t make port soon I'll be be- calmed here for the night,” he gloomed, and his prediction seemed well-founded, for at the top of the hill the motor stopped firing completely. No garage was in sight, but the car had passed over the ridge and he let it coast down the other side. The grade was so slight that the car barely kept in motion. In fact, at one place that was nearly level the skipper had to get out and put his shoulder to his craft to push it over. But his hopes perked up at the bottom of the hill, where there appeared a brand-new garage with a young fellow standing in front of it garbed in new, clean overalls. “Run out of gas, did you?”

It was quite evident that even a blow-out shoe would soon let go, and the old tar did not have one anyway. The spare tire had been used to replace a severe blow-out earlier in the day. Captain Horne scratched his grizzled head reflectively. “I can fix the hole in the tube, but itll only blow out again through the hole in the shoe— I’ve got to brace it somehow,” he decided. “Let’s see what’s in the locker.” E PRODDED around in the tool box for a few min- utes, until his hand closed over a large roll of friction tape. “T’ve got it,” he said. “T’ll just patch the hole and then P sort of splice it by winding a couple of layers of tape right on the tube. Seems to me I ought to be able to pump the tube to about the size it is in the tire, and then if I wind the tape on carefully it ought to take most of the strain off the shoe.” The captain took care to see that the tube was inflated just

Help Him Out and Win a Prize OPULAR SciENCE Montuty will pay $25 for the best letter explaining the trouble with Captain Horne’s car and telling him how to overcome his difficulties. Was the fault in the ignition? The carburetor? The battery? The vacuum tank? Even the garage man was puzzled. Your letter will be judged solely on how accurately you size up the trouble and suggest the remedy. Letters must reach us before January 31, 1927. Address Automobile Editor, PopuLar ScrENCE Monrtaty, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York City. the young man greeted the captain as he ran out and helped push the car to the garage. “IT don’t see how that could be,” Horne answered. “I filled up the tank just a way back.” . ELL, anyway, you came to the right | place,” the young fellow as- sured him. “I can fix any- thing on wheels. Just you watch.” The captain lighted his pipe and prepared to learn some- thing about auto repairing. The young fellow brought out a new and shiny kit of tools and lifted the hood in a very businesslike manner. He step- motor turned over at normal speed; but it did not start. Then he tested the ignition system. It, too, appeared to be in running order. “Here’s your trouble,” he announced finally, pointing to the carburetor filter screen he had (Continued on page 129)

ped on the self-starter and the

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 63 for attics Use Upson Board to build in useful rooms; at thesame timeinsulate against heat or cold. for bath or kitchen Upson Fibre-Tile will build snow-white, water- proofed wainscotings— at about 1/10 the cost. for ceilings One man can apply Up- son Board right over cracked plaster with a permanently beauti- ful result. (eae ee es Lt bedded. for business Attractive booths, par- titions, jar-proof ceilings, window displays, screens, built-in offices. ence mare NAc STERED As useful as a hammer or saw! RY Upson Board for re-covering just one Goes up in 4 the time of plaster—at a fraction cracked plaster ceiling—or for building in use- of the cost. ful rooms in home or store! Properly applied, dependable blue-center Up- son Board can never warp or bulge or crack or fall. It resists heat, cold, jars, moisture, fire and is the one board that can be applied without ugly Then you will know why this dependable building material is in use in over a million build- ings—with less than one complaint to every eight ‘lion f ae a nail marks. EO ae ie a Weinvite youtowritefor fullsize blueprint ,sam- Upson Board comes in big, strong panels, yet ples, helpful literature. Describe work you plan. so light one man can apply them even on ceilings. The Upson Co., 127 Upson Pt., Lockport, N.Y. MAIL THIS COUPON The Upson Company 127 Upson Pt., Lockport, N. Y. Enclosed find 10c for samples, literature, and full-size blue print for (kind of room) for walls.. ceilings SONI os scceeeescentnetneenneneruntresostaratr partitions .. insulation ADDRESS © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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64 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 New Helpful Hints for Autoists Tire Inspection Made Easy—Sewing a Tube—Other Ideas NSPECTING the inside of an auto- mobile tire for nails or breaks in the fabric is made easier by the simple, homemade device sketched in Fig. 4. Plenty of leverage is supplied for spread- ing the beads. All you need to make the device is two boards of the dimensions given in the sketch, a hinge, two eyebolts and. two strap iron hooks six inches long. The distance between the hinge and the eye- bolt in the base should be about ten inches, and the eyebolt on the lever should be six inches from the hinge. Use stand- ard strap iron for making the hooks. Stops Crank-Handle Rattling HE easiest way to hold the crank handle up out of the way of the license plate and to keep it from swinging back and forth continually and thus causing excessive wear on the bearing, is to cut off a piece about 114 inches wide from a piece of old inner tube either 29 by 4.40 or 32 by 4 size. After the lamp plug is re- moved from one of the headlights, the piece of inner tube should be slipped over the headlight and snapped around the crank handle as shown in Fig. 2. The quality of the rubber in auto inner tubes is so good that the band will last for a long time. Sewing Up a Blow-Out ANY motorists are under the impression that a tube is beyond repair if it blows out in a long rip. However, it is possible to save such a tube by sewing up the rip carefully with a needle and silk thread, using an overstitch that will bring the edges of the rent together smoothly. A patch can be ap- plied with rubber cement in the usual way, and it is also possible to vuleanize the tube with a five minute vulcanizer by using the ob- long patches and overlapping them until the rip is completely covered. Fig. 7 shows how to sew up the tube and apply the patch. Luggage Stored on Top A SHOWN in Fig. 3, the top of an inclosed auto body can be used as a fine lug- gage com- partment that will hold extra coats, blankets or parcels and preserve them from dirt and rain. It is particular- ly useful for motor campers and long distance tourists. The construc- tion is very simple. IN RIM

Fig. 6. If your fan pulley slips, hold it with special set screw

Fig. 2. handle can be held up out of the way so it will not rattle or hide the license Fig. 4. Plenty of leverage en- ables you to inspect every part of the inside of an automobile tire with this simple device

Plywood and aluminum make this lunch kit light and strong. Fig. 1 (be- low) shows how it is fastened in place AUTO-TOP MATERIAL — << —=—=—

SPRING HOOKS sz 3-PLY BOARD |

BAND FIN. WIDE How the crank STRAP IRON HOOKS 6" LONG

Fig. 5. An old inner tube will disguise your new spare tire so it will look old A row of snap fasteners should be placed at intervals around the edge of the top. A piece of auto top material can be cut to the proper shape and the socket part of the fasteners attached to it. Be sure to have the cover loose enough so that there will be room for as much baggage as you intend to place under it. Of course a luggage compartment of Fig. 3. The top deck of a closed car converted into a fine luggage compartment by fitting with a loose cover provided with snaps

Ten Dollars for an Idea! D. A. JEWETT, of Beaver City, Nebr., wins the $10 prize this month for his suggestion of a device to make tire inspection easy (Fig. 4). Each month PopuLar SctENCcE Montuty awards $10 in addition to regular space rates to the reader send- ing in the best idea for motorists. Other published contributions will be paid for at usual rates.

this type is more suitable for such articles as rolled-up blankets, tents or other items that have no hard, sharp corners to scratch the material of the top. Plywood Lunch Kit Easily Made SUBSTANTIAL container for pic- nic lunches or campers’ equipment can be made of three-ply wood, glued and nailed and covered with auto top material to render it waterproof. As shown in Fig. 1, it is bound with aluminum binding strips and aluminum corners so that the construction is light and strong. Snaps, handles, loops and springs are of the ten cent store variety. A feature of the con- tainer is the springs that hold the case on the special rack built up of angle iron and supported by the rear bumper. No straps are needed and the case can be removed in a second’s time. Old Tube Fools Thieves | AY OLD inner tube that you may have on hand will make a good cover for the spare tire (Fig. 5). Ata distance of a few feet it gives the appearance of an old tire that is worn smooth or has been retreaded, and thieves are likely to pass it by. Cut the stem out of the old tube and slit it all the way around. The tension in stretching it into place over the shoe will make it. fit snugly without wrinkles. If Your Fan Pulley Slips F YOU are bothered with a fan pulley that keeps working loose, here is a way to remedy the trouble. Cut away part of the web as shown in Fig. 6 and drill and tap the hub for a hardened set screw. The pulley will stay in place. It isa good idea to spot the shaft with a drill through the set screw hole when the pulley is in the proper posi- tion to insure rigid clamping.

OVER STITCH Fig. 7. Careful sew- ing will often savea blown-out auto tube

Janu

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POPULA R SCIENCE MONTHLY

‘Home Workshop

Arthur Wakeling, Editor

Captain McCann making the final adjustments to the rigging of his model of the Constitution. This represents the famous frigate substantially as she appeared during the War of 1812 ag boy toe GUNS ---__,

“Old \ronsides”

In Miniature How to Build a Simplified Model of the Frigate CONSTITUTION By Capt. E. ArmitaceE McCann HO is there with a liking for things of the sea and a desire for beautiful decorations in his home who would not take delight in owning a model of “Old Ironsides,”’ the most famous ship that ever carried the Stars and Stripes? In her is embodied the spirit of the American Navy. Every school child learns her history and knows the story of her valiant battles. She not only played a monumental part in the early wars of the Republic, but she has figured gloriously in fiction, poetry and the movies. Just now she is the center of intense national interest because of the campaign conducted for funds for her restoration, which is to begin in the spring of 1927 at the Boston (Charlestown) Navy Yard. As the history of the Constitution is to be found in many books and numberless articles, it will be sufficient here to say that her keel was laid down by Joshua Humphreys, of Philadelphia. She was built after the “best French prac- tice” on the lines of a battleship, but with one deck less, making her a frigate. She was commissioned in 1798, one of the first three up-to-date warships to be built for the young Republic. She saw service in the French War, dictated peace to four of the Barbary Corsair States, and won a succession of victories in the War of 1812. She was in active commission for eighty- four years. In (Continued on page 88) WATER LINE \ H G F

‘ean S = =a | , ih = MAIN FIFE RAIL = ae FORE Fl Fe RAIL wy aan] , i MIZZEN- | SKYLIGHT MAINMAST SKYLIGHT FOREMAST | ' MAST HATCHES Pe 1 | ' ~} BOAT 1 fl ln a DECK PLAN (ints k jit t CAPSTAN a a — ml i- {=== i ea Hh ue E DCBA | __~4==—~ | ---- : ja Sane -4--- 5 ee === ABCDE Ld Ege eee coe ae t | | ee Era SSS bat) bet ee all - 2 2 ee See y - 4-4 ja ee aes ' | | ~-~t__ | 7 1 es | aencentn | ABCD ‘ie *X 4- ee | | ; > a a (TOP EDGES OF LIFTS) | | > ae , t ametinaviens ES é i T fi AN oi BELOW LIFT-E) | ‘ Ps Vill Mil BULWARK Vi Pt a WV w ‘ —_— GANGWAY mene -- ) aan a 5 a SI a a 1a a An ASC a: a5 ~~ Sj = rare Se = ro Sada ett i : er as 3 aed e ==F- a cael oe a vo LI Eko | “GUN PORTS” 71 aaa ee re SEE eepeett Shoe | | WATER LINE | _ | | a ee ea ees ere ee l KEEL Pe l 7 Y “<—SGaEER PLAN 3 \4 is \6 7 ig 9 \o 7d v2 ys Ve ys v6 yz er yg 20, The lines of the hull, which is built up in a series of eight “lifts’’ on the the rigging, appear full size on Poputar Science Blueprints Nos. 57, “bread-and-butter” plan. These drawings and all other details,

including 58 and 59, which can be obtained for 75 cents (see the coupon on page 85)

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Pere ri Nac he 68 Decorating with Plastic Paint Easy Ways for You to Do Over Old Walls and Ceilings —How to ‘ Apply Finishes in Spanish, Monastic, Italian and Colonial Styles ’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1997 Developing a Colonial stipple finish. The brush is known as a painter’s “stippling block”’ T WAS Eleanor’s notion that we do I the living room over in a rough- textured finish. And the notion had deep roots and wouldn’t be denied. She hadn’t been back from California for twenty-four hours before she started to talk about the “jazz plastering” effects that she had seen there. “They are so lovely!” she exclaimed. “Walls of almost every color, and rough- texture effects beyond the possibility of counting.” After a moment of silence, she went on: “Now, take that living room of ours—” And I knew I was in for it. There could be no pleading that I didn’t know how. Eleanor assured me that “Every- one says that rough-textured walls are simple to produce.” She clinched it by discovering that the only house in our town that could possibly qualify as a mansion had rough-textured walls in almost every room; even the kitchen was finished in a refined stipple. The things I discovered about color and texture possibilities through the use of plastic paint—which is to be distin- guished from other paints—were a revelation. Before I was through I was developing original textures. I was doing sunburst and swirl effects and even imi- tating travertine marble. Instead of doing just the living room over, I went ahead and redecorated all six rooms in our house and the hallway as well. Our neighbors and guests will testify as to the effectiveness of the result. UT to begin at the beginning: I went, of course, to a paint store. Could they help me? Most certainly. And the owner told me about plastic paint. “It comes,” he said, “in the form of a white powder and all that is added to it is water and color. It is applied with a large brush and while it still is ‘tacky’ the texture is developed.” Long experience has taught me the wisdom of “‘be sure you're right, then go Before being added to the plastic paint, the tinting color is mixed into a paste with water ahead,” so I purchased only a ten-pound package of plastic paint and went home to do a test job on a piece of wallboard I had in the basement. The paint dealer had given me a booklet, furnished by the manufacturer of the plastic paint. N PERFORMING the test I followed directions. First, I cleaned the sur- face thoroughly. Then I applied a coat of size. The size came in powdered form in the package with the plastic paint. As the size should be allowed to dry for six hours, I let four Hours elapse before starting to mix the plastic paint. Later, when doing an entire room, twelve-quart pails were used for mixing, but for the test job I used a kitchen mixing bowl. The proportions of the mix were one pint of water to one pound of plastic paint. This gave a consistency of heavy cream. Next I mixed the tint in a separate pan. We had decided on a buff color and a rough texture adapted from the Span- ish. Dry yellow ochre was mixed with water to the consistency of a paste. Then the color was added to the plastic paint and the whole was stirred until the color was evenly distributed. The plastic paint comes out a very little lighter on the walls than in the paint and this must be allowed for. For application I used a Dutch cal- cimine brush and laid the material on from 4% to % in. thick. When it had “set up” slightly, I began the develop- ment of the Spanish texture. The tool The Spanish texture is obtained by stroking the wet | paint with the bowl of a common kitchen spoon | used was an ordinary kitchen spoon and all that was required was to move the back of the spoon across the paint in short, partially curved strokes. The test panel was a_ success, Eleanor had watched all its develop. ments and when it was finished let out an excited “hurrah!” It was only necessary to repeat the performance on the walls and the one extra precau- tion to be observed was that of mixing enough material to cover the entire wall area so as to eliminate any possibility of different shades of color. As we were decorating over a painted wall it was not necessary to apply a coat of size, but where the paint was scaling or loose it wal scraped off. Fortunately there were no cracks. There were, however, some small crevices, and these were filled with a thick mixture of the plastic paint and then sandpapered. Eleanor was pressed into service when it came to applying the plastic paint. It is doubtful if she could have been kept from helping, she was that interested. Alternately she took her turn with the brush or the spoon. In a few minutes} over six hours the job was completed. ei the ceiling we had decided on a monastic texture, found in many old monasteries. Cream was the color chosen and yellow ochre again was used, only this time less of it. Again a_ test panel was made so that we could be sure of our ability to reproduce the texture before starting on the ceiling. Incidentally, this method of practicing on a panel is the way of “making sure you're right before going ahead,” when it comes to plastic paint. For reproducing the monastic texture, a 4-in. wall brush was worked in short, semicircular sweeps so that one brush- sweep crossed another or started out from it. Actually, the brushing could be called “‘at random’’; the entire surf virtually was (Continued on page 84 January

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198 January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 69 Ii ia . a | _¢ a ti i 2 ) For Real = Billiards

Yhe “PLAYMATE”

poon paint N A modified standard billiard : table, size 342x7 ft., with folding ecess, legs, genuine slate bed to assure elop- an absolutely level playin r- a $9 6°° Brings This jen nian ltaed an scaled to scientific proportions nance ee “ane providing all the playing quali- al Wonderful Billiard Table || isje'*sspretsionl se > wall ity & The Pla is designed Y } : ymate is designed espe- an to our O] } 1e cially for small homes where , but extra space or a special room is it wal ? goa of it! A genuine standard type, slate bed bil- — ris Fe SS ae po liard table—a table with accurate angles, junior reg- Se ee thick} © ulation cushions, fully equipped, beautifully constructed : right . Gentlemen: Please send me full descriptions, nes to " prices and terms on Brunswick Home Billiard . ° Fables. exture, a short, : Nitto? sss. cee do cdi x tire h See brush- s * . ad out i OIE, oa 5k wes lala ea eer ea yuld be © Cit surface . mat ws coe Sepemnenrrey seo eae eres page 85)} <a z © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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Le mA 8 70 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 ‘Ualance Boards for Your Windows How to Cutand Decorate Them—Colonial and Modern Designs—Color Schemes By Marit CuiLps Topp A graceful painted board, in the early American character the windows often will give a room just that touch of distinction necessary to raise it above the common- place. The advantage of a wooden or wall- board valance is that it is easily cleaned, the colors may be retouched, and it out- wears a textile valance. It also conceals unsightly curtain rods. The accompanying sketches will suggest ways of varying the designs of any val- ances you make so that they will express your own taste in line, mass, and color, and give the individuality that is of paramount importance in all matters of home decoration. These valances are just as effective in houses and apartments in our country today as they were in the Colonial man- sions of the early Eighteenth Century. One of the most charming customs was the use of painted valances for windows and for four-poster beds. A bedroom that I saw in an exhibition of original Eighteenth Century furnish- ings had very graceful, colorful wooden valances for the windows and also a four- poster bed valance to match. The color scheme was rose and gray-blue and yellow on an old ivory background tone. Music was the motif, or idea, for the center design of the window valances—an oblong medallion formed of a group of three musical instruments combined with an open book of music. The end boards of the valances, which were fastened against the wall at either side of the windows, were made with graceful curved surfaces. The window and four-poster bed draperies were of block-printed muslin in a light and dark crimson on an ivory white back- ground similar to the very popular toile de Jouey hand-printed cloth. V the wind boards across the tops of HE valance boards give the crown- ing touch of elegance to our modern rooms and heighten the charm and color of window draperies, whether used in living rooms, bedrooms, dining rooms, or breakfast rooms. A wooden valance does not need to be exactly the color of the woodwork of a room, but its background tone should A long valance board made by one of Miss Todd’s high school pupils. It is finished in Chinese red with a dragon in green gold Flower basket design, ship motif in raised gesso work, and a textile covered valance harmonize either with the drapery color scheme or with the walls. First find the exact over-all width of your windows. To this add 1% in. to allow 34 in. on each end for the bracket or end pieces, which are screwed against the outside of the casing. (See the illus- tration on page 78.) These valances are usually about 9 in. deep. When more than one valance board from the same pattern is required, always start with the broadest window and diminish the pat- tern for the smaller windows. Woods that are good for these valances Both valance and draperies in this charm- ing room match in their background color Curved corners are the distin- guishing feature of this design are white pine, gum, yellow poplar, maple and birch. Thoroughly seasoned and kiln dried stock should be obtained from a lumber company or your carpenter or cabinetmaker. White pine is especially good for staining in an antique tone and waxing; it is a wood much associated with Colonial interiors. Fiber wallboard is readily adaptable to the making of window valances or cor- nices and has the advantage of being light and very easy to cut. The edges must be sandpapered and treated with shellac to insure a neat appearance when finished. Cut one board first to be sure you are working correctly. If you care to pay a local carpenter or a lumber mill to cut your first valance boards, it will seem a very simple matter. Have your design clearly drawn in outline on a large sheet of wrapping paper. The tools necessary, if you do your own work and use wood, are a keyhole or compass saw (or a turning saw), an ordi- nary hand saw, a small plane a rasp or wood file and plenty of sandpaper. A spokeshave also is an aid for smooth- ing curves, and often several large sized auger bits or an expansive bit can be used to advantage. Cut your board first in a rectangular shape the length and depth desired. It is a good plan to allow about % in. extra all around for planing and sandpapering. IND the center of your board and place the pattern on the center line. Working toward the right-hand end, thumb-tack your pattern to the board and trace it carefully. Then remove your pattern, reverse it and mark the other half of the board. In sawing keep about in. outside the outline. Use a wood file or spokeshave to remove the rough edges and finish with sandpaper. Two end pieces are required for each valance board; these usually are 4 in. in depth. These are (Continued on page 78) Turn to page 74 for the continuation of the Home Workshop Department. Janua In yet mis ous are t10: Br¢ Oz yez cot prc ] yie ga inc he: Val lik

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. Ad ple ln 1a ly ind ith » to or- ‘ing ges vith hen ya cut m a sign heet own > or rdi- p or oth- sized used ular . It xtra ring. and line. end, | and your yther e the ve to with each in. in ye 78) ion of Human Independence as worked out by a 63-year old Organization HH blindly do some people go along barely fighting off expenses! ‘And yet how narrowly they miss a competence, miss independence. Capable and industri- ous, they occupy — for which they are not suited and struggle against condi- tions which weigh them down. Such a practical organization as the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, whose financial operations extend from coast to coast, has for more than sixty years made a study of living and working conditions with a view to solving the problems of just such people as these. If your earnings, though good, fail to yield a real margin above expenses, you can well investi- gate what the Brotherhood is doing on its farms at Venice on the Gulf, to provide a substantial basis of financial independence for tities or a newer, freer life, in Florida’s health-giving air and sunshine. Venice Farms, in tracts from five acres up, offer a great variety of speed-profit crops, three or four a year if you like—which reach markets ten to sixty days earlier than other sections, and thus command highest prices. Behind every Venice farmer conte the Venice Farm Board prepared to render helpful, intelligent field advice and service. The farms are sold by the Board, at moderate prices on liberal terms, with the land cleared and ready to lant. Near at hand are the facilities of the Venice emonstration Farm, the Venice Nursery and the Venice Dairy Farms. VENICE FLORIDA POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY i i © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. mire 700d Pay, but _ Theyare Not Getting : & Bee Lie | ‘Ahead Their Problem solved by this Rational Worryless New Life 9 atone harried people under this combination of best work- ing and living conditions, can make ‘ a moderate savings account lead to vy real independence. . . Itis possible to hi make one of these farms pay for mt itself in a few years. Add year round outdoor life, a summer cli- mate the whole year and an attrac- tive location on the beautiful Gulf and next to one of the finest of modern Cities. Venice a Natural All-Year Resort Venice life is divided between agriculture, industry and resort activities. Vacationists remark the variety of diversions. Here one finds the West Coast’s only mainland beach and its most famous fishing grounds. - Here is a modern city planned and built by experts, which fronts on the beach. Adjacent to it is the larg- est and most comprehensive farm development ever projected in America. Venice hotels, with fixed rates at $5 to $15, and plenty of rooms at $5, serve fruit, vegetables, milk and cream received fresh each day from Venice Farms nearby. Conveniently located are well kept golf courses, tennis courts, quoits and other games, and excellent hunting and fishing are found on the tropical Myakka River. We limit this advertising to demonstrable facts supplied by =) Venice Farm Board and officials in charge of the City of Venice THE VENICE COMPANY Owned by The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers Mail this coupon for the Illustrated Booklet containing information and photographs supplied by the Venice Farm Board, and Resort Officials, describing the opportunity to lead a new free life under ideal conditions at Venice on the Gulf. THE VENICE COMPANY 113 Venice Boulevard, Venice, Florida Please send me the booklet, containing information and photographs supplied by the Venice ' Farm Board and Resort Officials, describing ‘‘A New Lif: of Independence’’ possible under ' the pleasant conditions at Venice.

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72 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Secrets of Successful Boring How to Sharpen Tools for Use on Scale-Coated Cast Iron and Bronze— Roughing and Finishing— The Best Shape for Cutting Steel and Aluminum = HAT Id like to know is whether V V) there is any kind of a tool that will stand up long enough to bore these bushings!” Harvey exclaimed in disgust as he removed a boring tool ~ from the lathe tool-post and walked over to the grinder. Eight bronze bushings like A in Fig. 1 were to be bored and reamed and Har- vey was using an ordinary forged boring tool, B. Mr. Grimes, the efficiency engineer, happened along just as Harvey was resetting the tool and inquired how things were going. “All right except that I’m having some trouble keeping this tool sharp,” the young machinist responded. “This bronze scale is fierce! It takes the edge right off the tools.” “ Bronze scale is always bad, Harvey, but it seems to me that I wouldn’t do the job just that way if I were doing it.” “Why, what’s wrong?” “Nothing really bad, but I believe your method could be improved. In the first place I wouldn’t grind the tool as you have it (A in Fig. 2). I'd give it this shape.” The engineer sketched the tool B (Fig. 2) on his always handy memo pad. “But I always thought a round-nose tool was better for boring,” objected Harvey. “That isn’t always true. It depends upon conditions. Have you stopped to think what causes your round-nose tool to get dull so quickly?” “Tt’s the scale, isn’t it?” “T YNDOUBTEDLY. But you can easily see that a round-nose tool - will tend to ride up on the scale while one ground as at B gets under it. Let’s grind another tool giving it about five degrees back angle and see what happens.” Harvey ground a tool as directed and put it back in the holder again. “Now, don’t use too much feed,’ cautioned Grimes; “‘ not over five thousandths per revolution.” Much to Harvey’s surprise, the _ tool bored completely through the piece without growing dull. It ap- peared keen enough for the finish- ing cut, so he started the cut and, turning to Grimes, remarked: “That scheme works fine, but it doesn’t give as smooth a hole as By Atsert A. Down Consulting Engineer the round-nose tool. That isn’t so good.” “That’s true,”” admitted the engineer, “but the reamer will give you just as good a hole as before, and that’s what you are looking for.” “Let me ask you something else, Mr. Grimes. Should a boring tool be set on om U/t1 1 pam ———= + =| ! bh : UE “I’m having some trouble keeping this boring tool sharp,’’ said Harvey. ‘‘The bronze scale is fierce!’’ center or not? Some of the men say it cuts better a little below.” “You come up to the house tonight and I'll tell you and give you a few other pointers about boring tools. We can’t talk about it while you are busy on that job—you’ve got your hands full.” So that evening Harvey appeared with his note book, now pretty well filled with notes on machine shop practice. He re- minded Mr. Grimes of his question about the position of a boring tool. “Look at this diagram (Fig. 3) a min- TOOL = | BAR TOOL 6 ) CENTER ij ute,” the older man said. “If the tool is set on center as at A, the tool springs downward under a heavy cut and digs into the work. If the tool is below center, the same thing happens and the tool digs in still more. Now look at this sketch (B), in which the tool is set above center, When the tool springs downward, it is thrown away from the work, so it doesn’t chatter.” “Then some of the other fellows in the shop are dead wrong, Mr. Grimes, I see the principle of it now; of course the tool should be above center.” “The important things in boring, Harvey, are the shape of the tool and its position. For work that has been drilled first, the shape of the tool is not so important, but for working in any kind of a cored hole, the tool should be carefully shaped so it will not ride upon the scale.” “What about flat cutters for boring? Do they give as good results as single point tools?” “That depends on the work,” Grimes answered. “Here is a flat cut- ter bar (A, Fig. 4), both ends cutting at Band C. This kind of a bar is very good when concentricity is not of importance, but it is not strictly a generating tool as it has two cutting points opposite each other. In reality the cutting action is more nearly like a drill— not to be depended on for a cored hole. This type sometimes can be used to ad- vantage for rough boring, but it should always be followed by a single point boring tool in order to generate a true hole.” ARVEY next suggested that what he should like to know most of all was what kind of boring tools to use for cast iron, bronze, steel, alloys and aluminum and what is the differ- ence between them in respect to cutting action. “Tf you'll tell me those things, T'll be happy,” he added hopefully. Grimes laughed. “You don’t want much, do you? I will give you a few interesting points to watch out for anyway, even if I (Continued on page 108) aan H DE SLO Fate EGS Re } (6610086 The principles involved in grinding boring tools and setting them in relation to the center of the work ANY time-saving shop ideas are contained in the continu- ation of the Better Shop Methods Department, on pages 104 to 110,

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|S ol is ings digs iter, digs atch iter, it is sn’t S$ in mes, urse b ‘ing, and een ol is g in tool will ‘ing? ingle ” cut- Lting very t of ly a tting y the rill— hole. ) ad- ould point true what of all e for ; and iffer- ct to ings, fully. you? sting way, e 108) ideas tinu- POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY thods > 110. here’s the trick for close quarters— The No. 151 Starrett Hacksaw Frame. Take a good look at it—and then think of all the tight corners you’ve tried to use a hacksaw in. For repair jobs on the car—getting at fender and body bolts, Ford bands, etc.— around the radio set, odd jobs of pruning and— well, there’s a whole flock of odd jobs of cutting around the averave home for which this frame is just the trick. Ask your hardware dealer to show you the No. 151. And write us for descriptive matter and a free copy of Catalog No. 23 “W.” THE L. S. STARRETT CO. World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled Steel Tapes—Standard for Accuracy ATHOL, MASS. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 6.

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74

PEXTO HAMMER No. 1114 VERYWHERE about the home —from cellar to attic, from kitchen to garage—you will find need of a good Hammer. There is a style Hammer in the extensive Pexto line to meet your requirements—ask your dealer to show them to you—thirty styles in all and all practical sizes of each style. They are drop forged steel, carefully finished and properly hard- ened. All Pexto Tools are backed by a century of tool making experience. The line consists of Bit Braces, Hammers, Chisels, Screw Drivers, Hatchets, Snips, Squares, Wrenches, Pliers, and many other small tools and it is easy to procure Pexto Tools as they are carried by practically all progressive dealers. Write for Booklet The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co. Southington, Conn., U.S. A. Worth While TOOLS

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927

tome Workshop

‘Biisy Ways to Build Four Styles of Decorative Hanging Bookracks By Herman Hjortu ANGING bookracks are enjoying a renaissance of popularity. Interior decorators and those who set the fashions in furniture have given their approval to these decorative and most useful pieces. Sets of books, novels, magazines and other forms of printed matter accumulate with ‘such amazing rapidity that the family bookcase is overflowing and the good housewife dis- tracted with the problem of how to take care of the sur- plus and still keep the home looking tidy, especially when space and cup- board room are at a premium. The four book- racks illustrated herewith should, therefore, be wel- come additions to the furnishings of almost any house- hold, because they provide more book space in the home without encroaching upon the _ space needed for other pieces of furniture. They are designed to hang over a desk, on a pillar between two windows, in a cozy corner, or on any convenient wall space. They are simple of construction and inexpensive. Before actually beginning the construc- tion of any one of them, however, the author earnestly recommends each inter- wT reader to measure the wall space een SEL available for such a GAGE LINES _=<- ~ KERFS a) FS] STEPS IN pi DADO

of | an Le a A P fe] 4 ee a eee 1 Be Z a T poesia 4 ‘o

1 HT ge ——"ee all Fig. 1. The simplest type of hanging book- shelves. Only five pieces are required

Hanging bookracks like this are charming pieces when well designed and constructed bookrack, as well as the books to be placed on its shelves. Books vary so much in size that it is quite possible that the designs submitted may have to be changed a little to meet individual needs. The bookrack illustrated in Fig. 1 is the simplest in construction; it consists only of two sides and three shelves. First plane thesefive pieces of lumber to the finished dimen- sions given in the stock bill on page 76. Lay out the dadoes very care- fully on both the side pieces, clamp them to the bench, and cut the outline by using a sharp l-in. chisel and striking it lightly with a mallet (Fig. 1, A). Cut a groove as shown at B and saw down to the gage line with a backsaw (C). Re- move the waste wood with a router plane or a \%-in. chisel. Cut the other dadoes in the same way and give them all a light, final cut without changing the setting of the router plane, so that they will all be of the same depth. This work must be done very accurately so that the shelves will fit tightly. Note that the dadoes are not cut all the way across the sides, but stop about 34 in. from the front edge. See the isometric sketches in Figs. 1 and 4 and the notches at the front (Continued on page 76) VIS ZZEKESSS) ZES3 A B Cc DETAIL OF DOORS AT CENTER

ue --—_—__—__—— 23% Seas! BACK SHELF

0-1

35" L

bs is = ye ——_22k§—} Fig. 2. In this cabinet doors conceal a com- partment for magazines and odd papers

© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 6.

S351

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 75 Tube Set Retail Price “75 Completely Assembled Big Discounts to Agents and Dealers . | r ONLY ONE DIAL TO TUNE Wonderful Offer Direct from the Factory ! | A perfect working, single dial control, 7 tube receiver. And just to prove our claims, we will | ship it to your home for 30 days’ free trial. Test it under all conditions. Test it for distance, vol- ume and tonal quality — and if you are not convinced that it is the best single dial set you ever heard, return it to the factory. We don’t want your money unless you are completely satisfied. eee e000; Rem M Bro AC eer R OTS tens # etrodyne Super-Seven Radio | = = . ‘ : a Our Agents and Dealers make big money A single dial control, 7 tube, tuned An easy set to operate. Only one small BH selling Metrodyne Sets. You can work all radio frequency set. Approved by _ knob tunes in all Stations. The dial is electric- ij © part time. Demonstrate the superiority = America’s leading radio engineers. Designed pally ep . that you — nth stations in the : of aoa er aad right in your home. er @ and built by radio experts. Only the highest ps ; — ieee: be rien 2 we the ae = dyne Radios have no competition. Lowest jg quality low loss parts are used. Magnificent, ©” from a fai w ee © thunderous volume, ig Wholesale prices. Demonstrating set on 30 = two-tone walnut cabinet. Artistically gilded 12200 t0.3.000 miles on loud speaker! The Met- = days’ free trial. Greatest money-making EOS WES CANE. ustiCally gude rodyne Super-Seven is a beautiful and efficient MH opportunity. Send coupon below—or alet- = genuine Bakelite panel, nickeled piano yeceiver, and we are so sure that you will be = 8 hinge and cover support. All exposed metal delighted with it, that we make this liberal ter— for our agent’s proposition. ‘ett mn Mt tt it it mn nm parts are beautifully finished in 24-k gold. Mail COUPON Below! Let us send you proof of Metrodyne quality F. L. Warnock, Greentown, Ind., writes: “‘I received the Met- rodyne in good shape and am more than pleased with it. Got stations 2,000 miles away.’ C. J. Walker, Mariposa, Calif., writes: ‘‘Received my Metro- dyne Single Dial set 0.'K. I believe that these one-dial sets are going to be excellent sellers. I had no trouble in tunin in stations enough to satisfy anyone, so you will please sen me another set.” Roy Bloch, San Francisco, Calif., writes: ‘Very often we travel from New York to the Hawaiian Islands quickly — from station to station——by means of the little tuning-knob which operates the electrically-lighted dial. The Metrodyne Single Dial Set is much easier to operate than any radio set I’ve ever scen.”” We will send you hundreds of similar letters from own- | ers who acclaim the Metrodyne as the greatest radio | set in the world. A postal, letter or the coupon brings 30 days’ free trial offer. You to be the judge. Metrodyne 30 Days’ FREE Trial Metrodyne Super-Six Another triumph in radio. Here’s the new 1927 model Metro- dyne 6 tube long distance tuned radio frequency receiving set. Ap- proved by leading radio engineers of America. Highest grade low loss parts, completely assembled in a beautiful walnut cabinet. Easy to operate. Dials easily logged. Tune in your favorite station instantly on same dial readings every time. No guessing. Mr. Howard, of Chicago, said: ‘‘While five Chicago broadeasting stations were on the air I tuned in seventeen out-of-town stations, including New York and San Francisco, on my loud speaker horn, very loud and clear, as though they were all in Chicago.” We are one of the pioneers of radio. The success of Metro- dyne sets is due to our liberal 30 days’ free trial offer, which gives you the opportunity of trying before huying. METRO ELECTRIC COMPANY 2161-71 N. California Ave. - Dept. 151 + Chicago, Illinois © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. MAIL THIS COUPON or send a postal or letter.Get our proposition before buying a radio. Deal direct with manufacturer — Save Money. complete information, testimonials, wholesale prices, and our liberal 30 days’ free trial offer. METRO ELECTRIC COMPANY 2161-71 N. California Ave., Dept.151 Chicago, Illinois Gentlemen: Send me full particulars about Metrodyne 6 tube and 7 tube sets and your 30 days’ free trial offer Name... Aditess = INE ot If vou are interested in AGENT’S prop- osition, place an “X” in the square @>

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76 “CDoices

A v E Aero B Amplipower can actually turn your radio set into a true musical instrument. When used with a good loud speaker it will reproduce every shading of tone, both vocal and instrumental. Low D on the bass viol booms out just like the original and high C is actually high C. With an Ampli- power—voices are really human— not merely boxed-up reproductions. The Aero B Amplipower not only makes possible the maximum in tonal quality and volume, but also supplies all of the “B” current for the radio set. Simply attach it to any set the same as a “B” battery, re- move the last audio tube of the set and insert the Amplipower adapter and the Amplipower is ready for service.

The Amplipower will give you music that you never before heard on your radio— music that is music, with every note as rich and full as the original. Price $65.00 with- out tubes. If your dealer hasn’t Amplipower or Aero B, write us, giving his name. Aero B is also built as a “B’’ power unit without the high voltage power tube—price $50.00 complete.

THE GLENN L. MARTIN COMPANY Radio Divisi x Cleveland, Ohio

ete ste Power Units POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927

——

Ve iloune Workshopl

Decorative Hanging Bookracks (Continued from page 74 corners of the shelves in Fig. 2. type of joint is called a “ gain” jo:nt. _ The curves are now laid out on the out- side of one of the sides according to the drawing and the two sides nailed together and cut at the same time. The nails, of course, should be driven in the part to be cut away so as not to mar the finished surfaces. If a band saw is not available, This Ya PLAN : y__H- SECTION a FT Ly DRAWER DETAILS

"4

wu

Ir

36°

Fig. 3. A more ornamental type with small drawers fitted between the lower two shelves the curves can be cut with a turning saw or a coping saw. Clamp the two pieces together and finish the curves with spoke- shave, chisel, scraper, file, and sandpaper, being careful not to round the edges with the sandpaper. The shelves and sides are given a final scraping and sandpapering and the rack is then ready for gluing. This must be done, for best results, in a warm room and both the glue and the wood must be warm. Use two clamps to each shelf and put blocks be- tween the clamps and the finished sur- faces so as not to mar them. Test for squareness with a try-square and wash off any surplus glue with hot water imme- diately after gluing and clamping. Leave the clamps on overnight. If no clamps are available it is easy to make some from waste lumber as shown in Fig. 5. The bookrack, Fig. 2, is made in the same manner. After it is glued, doors are fitted in between the lower two shelves, so that magazines, papers, or other un- sightly written matter may be kept there. Three ways of finishing the doors are shown. The first (A) is rather difficult to do without machinery. The second (B) shows a piece of wood glued to the edge of the right-hand door, and the third (C) shows a bead cut on the edge of each door. Such a bead may be formed with the aid

Stock Bill for Bookracks No.Pcs. TT. Ww. L. Part 2 5g 64% «39 —* 3 % 64 193, Shelves 2 % = «10 . 2 4% 95 23% Shelves 1 34 644 2314 Shelf 1 3% 234% 3234 Back 4 3g 114% 12% — ‘ 2 3all catches 2 pairs 3% 1% _ Brass butts 2 Door knobs : 7” 7 ” Led Fig. 3. pi % Sides 2 »g 7 193g Shelves : 28 4 od, Shelf 28 S s : 38 : ois Drawer fronts 2° $ 94 si «ends 2 4 88 61% bottoms 2 Knobs F pam 2 34 7 2614 Sides ° 2 34 7 2814 Shelves 1 34 7 2434 = Shelf 3 A 1 24 Book stops 8 % Ye 2 Keys All dimensions are in inches.

of a marking gage and a piece of sand- paper. The spur cf the marking gage should be sharpened so that it will cut a rather wide line or groove, after which the edges are rounded with the sandpaper. The doors may be kept shut by means of ball catches let into the lower edges of each. If it is desired to lock the doors, a lock should be put on the right-hand door and a small flush bolt on the left- hand one. A back may be fastened to the shelves after the bookrack is finished. A rabbet 34 by % in. must be cut for it, how- ever, on the inside rear edges of the sides before the bookcase is glued up. The back may extend to the bottom of the case or stop behind the lower shelf. If a back is not desired, the (Continued on page 93) << UPPER AND LOWER SHELVES o

3 | 4h ‘KEY 4 LD as oe ae ool

? e ~~ Fig. 4. A bookrack which comes apart so that it can be packed flat for shipment

—24 —

doit a ¥ : aS F Nn :

r1S] This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

Janu

a ee es ee memes ee, ee fee

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7 January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY py 18 MONTHS OF PUBLI¢ Us NO OTHER BATTERY IS LIKE IT The patented vealed. Struction Layerbilt con- re- Each layer is an elec- trical cell, mak- ing automatic contact with its neighbors, and filling all avail- able space inside the batte.y case. Eveready Layerbilt “B” Battery No. © 486, the Heavy- Duty battery that should be specified for all loud-speaker sets. 45 volts, Practical tests show this to be the IN DAILY use in the home, Eveready Layerbilt “B” Battery No. 486 has fulfilled the promises made for it in laboratory tests. After more than a year’s study of the performance of this battery in the hands of the public, we believe confidently that it is the most satisfactory and most economical “B” battery ever developed. All loud- speaker sets require Heavy-Duty bat- teries. If you are now using the smaller, Light-Duty batteries, the Eveready Layerbilts will give you twice the serv- ice though they do not cost anything like twice as much. If you are already usingHeavy-Duties, the Layerbilt, the longest lasting Heavy-Duty ever built, will run your set at least 25% longer, and again you will save money. Unless Eveready Layerbilts now are connected to your set, you spend more on ““B” batteries than you should, and you can have no idea how good a “B” battery can be. The Layerbilt holds a surprise in store for you. Eveready Layerbilt’s unequaled service is due to its unique construc- tion. All other dry cell “B” batteries are made of cylindrical cells, with many soldered connections, and a great deal of space is wasted between the cells. The Layerbilt is built up of layers of flat current-producing elements, that make connection with each other auto- matically, and that fill all available space inside the battery case. It is every inch a battery. In it you get more active materials than in any other battery and the Layerbilt construction makes those materials much more efficient current producers. Those are the convincing reasons why the Eveready Layerbilt has proved itself the longest lasting, most economical type of B Battery most economical and reliable “B” battery ever built. Just remember this about “B” bat- teries — Heavy-Duty batteries are more economical than the smaller Light-Duty batteries on all loud- speaker sets and the patented exclu- sive Eveready Layerbilt No. 486 is the most economical Eveready bat- tery ever built. Manufactured and guaranteed by NATIONAL CARBON CO., Inc. New York San Francisco Canadian National Carbon Co., Limited Toronto, Ontario Tuesday night is Eveready Hour Night—9 P. M., Eastern Standard Time, through the following stations: weaF-New York wJar-Providence wEEI-Boston wtac-W orcester wrFt-Philadelphia wor-Buffalo weaE-Psttsburgh wsal-Cincinnaté IS] This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. wtam-—Cleveland wwJj-Detroit w6n-Chicago woc- one Lint c inneapolis wecof St. Pa . ksp-St. Louis wre-W ashington

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78 Stands abuse and follows through Use “*Yankee”’ Bit Extension in a “Yankee”? No. 2100 Brace—a combination of the two finest tools of their kinds. ““YANKEE’”’ Bit Extension is new! Bit held by socket. No jaws to break. No loosening and pulling out of bit in work. No trouble to “follow through.” And bit in “Yankee” Socket can’t jam. — , “VY ANKEE” No. 2150 Bit Extension , POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 , -——~ Lengths: I5, 18, 21, 24 in. Full nickel-plate finish. Holds large range of bit shanks. Ask your hardware dealer to show you this new “Yankee” Tool for saving time and labor. Write us for free “Yankee” Tool Book. NORTH BROS. MFG. CO. Philadelphia, U.S.A. “YANKEE’ TOOLS Make Betliv Mechanica aa Boards for Windows (Continued from page 70) Five more valances that suggest the many ways in which designs may be developed nailed or screwed to each end of the val- ance boards and the whole is then ready to be screwed to the upper outside trim of the window after finishing. A rod for curtains may be screwed to the inside of the.end pieces 2 in. above the lower edge. The long valance board shown in the central illustration at the top of page 70 was made by a young man for a group of three windows in his mother’s breakfast room. He used clear shellac on the board first. Then he transferred a dragon design in pencil and applied gesso to raise the ornament \% in. above the background. The process of using gesso was well de- scribed in the April, 1926, issue of Popu.Lar Science Montuvy. The young man then painted the val- ance with Chinese red brushing lacquer, two coats being applied. Finally he went over the gesso with green gold out- lined in black. The gauze window cur- tains are turquoise blue. AY ATTRACTIVE guest bedroom that I saw recently in an English style sub- urban home has wooden window valances used with a finished effect. They hold a group of two windows on opposite sides of the room in harmony, one valance being used over each group. The shape is a plain rectangle with a raised molding—a triple line of gesso—slightly gilded. The back- ground color is old ivory, on which are painted flat flower designs, one in the center and one toward each end. I recently helped a bride who wished to try a window valance made of wood painted to match her breakfast room. She copied an early American valance with a slightly curved lower edge. After the valance board had gone through the preliminary process of saw- ing and preparation for painting, she painted the background with peacock blue lacquer. Then, after using two coats of lacquer and allowing the last to dry overnight, she transferred a floral design by coating the back of her tracing paper with white chalk and tracing over the lines with a medium hard Jead pen- cil. The design formed an oval medallion, 10 in. long. Another very lovely pair of valances was made by a girl of sixteen for her room. She planned her boards for two single windows on opposite walls, one window being narrower than the other, thus requiring different sized boards. She painted the background tone a light gray-blue enamel to match the back- ground of her draperies. She used three thin coats of enamel, after having first applied a good liquid filler or varnish. As enamels are apt to become marked unless perfectly dry, she waited a day for each coat to dry, and then several days after the last before she transferred her design on the board and painted it in gay colors. Pictures of distinguished people men- tioned in the early history of our country may be cut out, silhouette fashion, and painted black with opaque water color paints, or may be traced from old papers and painted black. These paper designs are glued to the center of the valance boards after a background tone has been Rear view of wooden valance board with curtain rod in place painted. Then a decorative border of black may be painted around them so that the effect is like an old miniature medallion painted on wood. The whole surface of the valance should receive a flat coat of white shellac or of transparent varnish afterward. Gay colored birds may be cut from wall paper or curtain material and ap- plied as a decoration. Designs worked out with a keyhole saw are quite effective, as their height above one’s eye level in a room makes them re- semble open lacelike patterns in old archi- tectural wood carvings. A stock molding may often be used for the upper edge of the valance as a good decorative finish. If one has skill as a craftsman and cares to make his wood valance a more elabo- rate affair, he may carve and stain it, using gumwood, oak or white pine. A charming French wood valance in a blue-and-ivory bedroom has rounded corners representing the Greek acanthus leaf; this is carved and gilded in relief. Five-sided oblongs are repeated with a notched effect along the lower edge of the valance. Light blue-green silk over- draperies fall in graceful folds to the floor. © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Janu eo.

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January, 1927 SAVING of $7,875 annually is reported by one cannery as a result of installing Tycos Instruments—the Sixth Sense ot Industry. Another manufacturer reports that he is saving $2,800 yearly through the use of Tycos heat indicating, recording and controlling instruments. Whether canning vegetables, fish, or meat . . . making automobile tires, perfumes, candy, lumber or any other product that goes through heat treating processes in its manufacturing you can save money, elim- inate guess-work, and insure the urfiformity of results that is essential to volume production by installing in your plants Tycos Instruments for indicating, recording and controlling heat. Thousands of manufacturers in nearly every line of industry are using Tycos Instruments. There is a type and style of instrument in the Tycos Line of 8,000 varieties that will help you. Informative literature on any type of instrument will be sent you promptly on request. Or our engineer will consult with you on the application of Tycos to your particular manufacturing problem. laylor /nstrument Companies Main Office and Factory ROCHESTER, N.Y. - o (WeSeA. Canadian Plant: 3c BUILDING, TORONTO SHORT & MASON, Ltd., Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY =) Zycos for the Home Tycos Office Thermometers—An aid in promoting human efficiency. Dyeos Bath Thermometers—To enable you to get the most good from your bath. Taylor Home Set—Bake Oven Thermometer, Candy Thermometer, Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in Cooking. Zycos Wall Thermometers—To help you maintain a temperature in your house conducive to good health. z Toler Quality Compasses—To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Tyeos Fever Thermometers—A necessity in every home. Tvcos Stormoguide—Forecasts the weather twenty- four hours ahead with dependable accuracy. Tycos Hygrometer—To enable you to keep the hu- midity of the atmosphere in vour home correct at all times. Tycos for the Medical Profession Tycos Sphyg et, Pocket and Office types. Fycos Urinalysis Glassware. Zycos Fever Thermometers. Your dealer will show them to you. Ask us, on a postal, for booklets on any of the above >» ~$@iAth~ SENSE ~ Oe & 79 Tcos ~lhe Sexth Sense of Industry is Making Money for the Cann CYS INDUSTRY Ty os ‘lempevature /nstruments INDICATING * RECORDING ~ CONTROLLING © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS See page 6.

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SS See Enjoy the NEW Tone Volume Improvements With Your Present Set Tone performance is featured as the outstand- ing innovation in this year’s best new sets. You can enjoy this tremendous improvement with your present receiver. Centralab Modu- Plug is especially for that purpose. Remove your loud speaker plug—replace with Modu-Plug—and you will get, this new, easy, sure control of Cen tgal pl u modu- Tune in your station on t late the tone volume with the Modu-Plug to the exact point of greatest distinctiveness and most pleasing reception by simply turning the small knob on the Modu-Plug. In this way you transfer the final touch of tuning to the Modu-Plug between the set and the speaker, and you avoid the exasperation of frequently losing a good station or dis- torting reception by moving the dials to get the right tone volume. Modu-Plug.is truly invaluable to give you just the sure, easy tone volume control that you have always wanted. Jack Type—Cord Type Centralab Modu-Plug standard type is for sets with one or more jacks. The cord type is for sets without jacks and has phone cord for in- sertion between speaker and output binding posts. Also suitable as a remote control of receiver, and to operate two or more speakers from your set. Either type, $2.50 at dealers, or mailed direct for trial with money refunded with- in 10 days if returned not satisfactory. Centralab nes mone The ideal panel mounted tone volume control for any circuit. Standard on many leading sets. Speci- fied by Thor- darson, Sam- son and other manufac- turers of qual- ity amplifiers. $2.00 at your dealers or from us. CENTRAL RADIO LABORATORIES \ \ \ \ N \ \ \ ‘ { \ \ ‘ ‘ \ N \ ‘ N N \ ' ' \ ‘ 4 ‘ \ N N ‘ ‘ \ \ ‘ N ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘\ . > POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 ————— 2 Onno” WOrkShoOp Your CHISELS and PLANES How to Keep Them Sharp—Grinding and Whetting By Emanuet E. Ericson, Noted Manual Training Authority Better and fast- er work can be done when plane irons and chisels are kept sharp. The first step in sharp- ening is to test the edge for squareness with a try-square 3 A power grinder, small hand wheel, orcommon grindstone may be used. The tool can be held with or without the aid of asupport. The bevel angle ranges from 15 deg. for soft wood to 20 deg. for hard wood 5 Turn the plane iron or chisel over and lay it perfectly flat on the stone as shown. Take a few strokes back and forth to remove the fine “wire edge.” Stroking the edge through a piece of soft wood may again be necessary, and sometimes the entire whetting process will have to be repeated for best results Grind the cutting edge straight and square by holding it against the side of a tool-grinding wheel The fine “wire edge” left by grinding may be pulled off by mak- ing a slanting cut in a bit of soft wood. The finishing is done on a fine oil- stone, upon which a few drops of oil have been placed. Hold the bevel flat on the stone and rub either with a circular or a back- and-forth stroke 6 Test the tool for sharpness by letting it bite on the thumbnail. If it does not catch on the nail when resting with only its own weight, it is not properly sharpened. The final stropping is sometimes given on leather. Mechanics often strop the edge a few times in the palm of the hand to give a final finish 10 Keefe Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. Makers of a line of valuable resistances Jor 69 manufacturers of leading standard sets Australian Rapeusentatize -United Distributors, Ltd., Great Britis Representative. “Irving W. L Levine, rar OSieciele that the cement is often omitted entirely. A good way to regulate the cement is to punch two holes in the top of the can and pour it out just as if it were condensed milk. I have found this method not only cleaner and easier than applying the ce- ment with a brush, but also quicker and more economical.—M. J. Herr. Applying Roofing Cement — too much roofing ce- ment is used in applying roll roof- ing, some of the surplus cement is apt to melt and run down the roof, making un- sightly streaks. It is so hard to avoid getting too much cement in the joints ° asane Aneta S444 BPS ama Par aon Pee Sd A ad Plane i sa dnt edad a a od Aa x © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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1927 i ee m January, 1927 a Pine-Cone Cat Comicull”’ By F. Crarkxe Hucues ANY interesting toys, like the cat illustrated, may be made from pine cones and a few bits of wood. To make a cat, select a cone that is as nearly as possible the shape indicated in the accompanying drawing. ‘The size of the head, legs and tail will be regulated by the shape and size of the cone. The parts should be sawed from soft pine and the corners rounded and HEAD, TAIL AND LEGS LIGHT GRAY % THICK BLACK FEET YELLOW TOES I" THICK HEAD, TAIL AND LEGS FASTENED WITH SEALING WAX OR GLUE The head, legs and tail are cut from soft wood and fitted carefully to the pine cone smoothed. Each should then be fitted to the cone and fastened with either glue or sealing wax. All the space between the wood and the cone must be filled to insure tight joints. It is suggested that the body be painted with dark gray enamel having a gloss fin- ish. The head and tail may be a lighter tone of the same color, and the feet of a contrasting enamel, such as black or white. For the nose and mouth, bright red is a good color; the eyes are black, relieved with a touch of white. The Prize Winning Name “(YOMICULLS,” from the words “comic” and “culls,” was the best name submitted in the recent contest to designate the little novelties that Mr. Hughes is describing from month to month. It was suggested by John H. Wack, of Pittsburgh, Pa. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 81 Held back by—what? —perhaps it’s comedones* | eee five years he had watched men come and go—up to better jobs. He knew he was not stupid. Some- thing kept him back. Something made them promote other men— younger men. What could it be? It is unfortunate that many men suffer from comedones—the scientific name for blackheads. These disfigur- ing blemishes keep you from being clean-cut and attractive. They are often responsible for lack of business suc- cess. For while you yourself may not be conscious of them, others notice them. You may have wondered why success never comes. Perhaps it’s comedones. Pompeian Massage Cream helps you overcome comedones. It gets in where comedones form, rolls out all dirt and oily secretions. It stimulates a healthy circulation, keeps the pores SEND FOR 10-DAY TRIAL TUBE For 10c we will send a special trial tube containing sufficient cream for many de- lightful massages. Positively only one | p trial tube to a family / on this exceptional . offer. Use this cou- pon now. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. open, and gives you a clean, ruddy complexion. Try this treatment After you shave, spread Pompeian Mas- sage Cream generously over your face — and rub. Continue to rub until the cream rolls out. Note how dark the.cream looks. That’s the dirt that was in your pores. Don’t let comedones form. Use Pompeian Massage Cream every day—especially when social or business en- gagements demand that you look your best. It means a healthy, whole- some skin. It means more joy in living. *WHAT ARE ; COMEDONES? Use at Home (pronounced ¢om'é-dones) after Shaving Dictionary definition: Asmall. T° get full pleasure plug or mass occluding the "4 benefit, use excretory ductofasebaceous Pompeian Massage gland, occurring frequently Cream regularly at upon the face, especially the home after shaving. nose. Itis often called black- Your face will feel head. and look like a mil lion dollars 6ocjars at all drug stores. TEAR OFF NOW! YOU MAY FORGET The Pompeian Laboratories, Dept. 30, Cleveland, Ohio Gentlemen: I enclose 10c (a dime, coin preferred) for a special trial tube of Pompeian massage cream. WORMS cos 0 65 6a sce Ske es 0 Gee Gre oat bece Street je eee ee oe et tee ee ot CIF 6.6.9. 0:6. 0.0.5:5, 0.0 ad SCETEETORT EOS State. .see

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Sa a eT ee SEL pu epee eee ee a TY a ne ee 82 ASK... ANY...RADIO... ENGINEER With the Vi torre nee) of the North Atlantic iY CE-BERGS—towering, pon- derous, deadly mountains of ice drift southward from the ice fields of the Arctic into the traf- fic lane of trans-Atlantic steamers. Locating and destroying them is the perilous and never-ending duty of the United States Coast Guard Cutters. Shell fire and high explosives, however, often fail to blow the bergs from the sea, and warnings are then broadcasted by radio to every ship whose course lies through the danger zone. Smooth power, unfailing de- pendability over long periods and under all conditions of service are qualities demanded in the radio batteries used in this dangerous naval service. The fact that Burgess Batteries meet those requirements recom- mends them to you for your own receiving set. Ask Any Radio Engineer Burcess BATTERY ComPANY GENERAL SALES OFFICE: CHICAGO Canadian Factories and Offices: Niagara Falls and Winnipeg BURGESS RADIO BATTERIES © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tie Wome Worse, What Electric Fuse to Use—and Why By Georce A. WILLOUGHBY Supervisor of Electric Work, Arthur [Hill Trade School, Saginaw, Mich. “ PUSHED the switch to start the washing machine and the motor made a sound as it usually does for a second or two. Then it stopped. What do you think the matter is?” This was the question that greeted me when I arrived home for luncheon one day recently. “That sounds like a fuse rather than motor trouble,” I said. “But I just put in a new one yester- day,” my wife objected, ‘and you wouldn’t think it would blow again right away.” We went down to look at the fuse block and, after removing the blown fuse, found that it was marked “6 amp.” “No wonder it blew!” I exclaimed. A “blown” fuse which has been broken apart to show the gap in the fusible wire “This was intended for my rectifier and you must have put it in without looking at it. What we want is one marked fifteen amperes.” I explained that all the current drawn through the fuse block has to pass through a tiny strip of metal within each fuse. A certain amount of current melts the metal and opens the circuit. This is the automatic safeguard that protects all house lighting circuits. , The protection a fuse affords is essen- tial, because if too large a current is forced through the house wires or any current carrying parts of electrical de- vices, they will get hot and perhaps burn up or set fire to their surroundings. Then, too, it is much cheaper to replace a blown fuse than to repair a burned-out motor or other device. A fuse marked “10 amp. 125 V.” is suitable for use in the ordinary house lighting system of 110 volts and will carry ten amperes without blowing. Ifanyone should put a penny or a piece of wire under the fuse—a common but hazardous trick—there is practically no limit to the current which can flow. The number of amperes required by many electrical devices is stamped on the name plate. The nearer the capacity of the fuse is to this value, the greater will be the protection. The National Board of Fire Underwriters has specified fifteen- ampere fuses as the largest capacity permissible for ordinary house circuits. No Radio or Auto Complete Without One No more spoiling of carpets with acid. Battery Ga-Jit replaces the messy acid spilling hydrometer and tests your battery in a second. At Your Dealer’s If he can’t supply you send price and we will forward one, postpaid. Gengral Instrument re rporation: © BROADW. NEW VORK.US.A. -waterproo Lfireproof . resilient id: piea A composition material easily applies in plastic form over practically any kind of floor. Laid about % inch thick. Imperial Floor does not crack, peel or come loose from foundation. A continuous, fine grained, smooth, non-slipping surface. No crevices to gather grease, dirt, dust, disease germs or moisture. Ideal Floor for Kitchen, Pantry, Bath Room, Laundry, Porch, Garage, Restaurant, Theater, Hotel, Factory, Office Building, Railroad Station, Hospital—wherever a beautiful, substantial floor is desired. Several practical colors. Full in- tormation and sample FREE of your first and second choice of color. Imperial Floor Co., 73-77 Halstead St., Rochester, N. Y, A Success for 15 Years Wik glelms oy) NEW INVENTION and NEW KNOWLEDGE of the EYE MAKE IT POSSIBLE "THE BARRETT EYE NORMAL- IZER is the new invention which makes it practical for you to use NEW KNOWLEDGE in your own home ‘and thereby retain or regain normal eyesight. The beautiful illustrated booklet on “Better Eyesight Unhampered by Glasses” will be mailed FREE upon re- uest. It may answer your question: “What Shall I Do = My Eyes?” Send for it today. THE BARRETT INSTITUTE 1388 Pershing Square Building Los Angeles, A 2c Stamp —will start you on the road to success. See Money Making Op- portunities on pages 114 to 142.

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- h IS 1e it. ott POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY braced ) ; } / | ? . Majestic “B’ Gurrent Supply, ) ae delivers pure direct current-from your light socket Majestic Standard-B Majestic Master—B For Radiola 25, 28, 30 Capacity seven tubes or » 28, six plus 1 powertube. 45 a Super —— ollamenie at 135 volts Capacityonetotwelve tubes, 7 fest ery on 0 including the use of power F $32.50 . 7. $42.50 tubes. 45 mils at 150 volts. $35.00 West of Rocky Mts., $37.50 (AS ILLUSTRATED) West of Rocky Mts., $35.00 West of Rocky Mts., $45.00 No Hum—A Superior Source of Power The voltage can always be accurately adjusted to meet | Economical—cost a fraction of a cent per hour. No acid the varying conditions of every city and on any set. orliquids; Uses Raytheon Tube; No Slescnad burn out. See your dealer today. Insist on a demonstration on YOUR|set immediately (Can be purchased on deferred payments) GRIGSBY ~ GRUNOW~ HINDS~ CO, 4578 ARMITAGE AVE, CHICAGO-ILL rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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PoP Tes al adie pT eR SL TMNT TT ITEM RETR RRE “D.Maydole” If you know and appre- ciate fine tools, you don’t have to be told what “‘D. Maydole”” means on a hammer head. Three generations 'of hammer users know that Maydole Hammers are as fine as eighty-three years of experience, press-forged tool steel and clear, second- growth, air-dried hickory can make them. The minute you take a Maydole Hammer in your hand, you’ll know by the “hang” that it’s your ham- mer. Ask your dealer to show you the style and size you prefer. And write us for interest- ing and _ useful Handbook 23 “B.”’ Pocket May HAMM: f ole Hosters The David Maydole Hammer Co.Norwich NY © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval. of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Decorating siete Plastic Paint (Continued from page 68) Semicircular sweeps of a 4-in. wall brush produced the so-called: monastic texture covered with brush marks. A ceiling is not so easy as a wall to do, but we had finished with ours under three hours. In order to get the best effect, however, we went over walls and ceilings after they were thoroughly dried, and with a piece of sandpaper “‘softened”’ the “welts” that seemed too sharp. Then, because Eleanor — rightfully enough — wanted them washable, we gave the walls and ceilings a coat of size. The finished job exceeded our anticipa- tions. We had walls and ceiling of differ- ent but harmonious tints. We had rough textures that broke up light waves and that diffused a soft glow through the room. And our furniture had an inter- esting and effective background. In short, we had got out of the commonplace and into the unusual. And, of course, Eleanor said: “‘There, didn’t I tell you.” I feared then that I was in for the job of redecorating the whole house. The dining room was the next point of attack. There the problem was compli- cated by the fact that the walls had been papered. I have heard of plastic paint jobs over wall paper. Some were satis- factory. but not all. In our case we had determined to do a thorough job. So we removed all the wall paper. Then the entire surface was washed down with a solution of sal soda and hot water. Cracks in the wall were filled with the joint finisher (or patching plaster) used with mineral wallboard, and then sand- papered. It was not necessary to apply a coat of size. E HAD decided on an Italian texture for the walls of the dining room, because of the certainty of its har- monizing with the Spanish texture of the living room. The color chosen was tur- quoise blue, with the ceiling lighter than the walls and finished in the monastic texture used in the living room. The pig- ment and paint were mixed just as before and the Italian texture was developed by leaving large brush marks showing as the plastic paint was applied. As I went ahead with the brush, Eleanor followed behind and smoothed down the brush marks with sweeping strokes of the palm and heel of her hand. - made with plastic paint, will be the sub- We had improved our technique Con- siderably as a result of our experience jn decorating the living room and were able, as a consequence, to finish the dining room walls in the short time of five and a half hours. For some reason—perhaps because we dawdled to admire our handi. work—the dining room ceiling took a half hour longer than that in the living room, The kitchen was next. There the cal- cimine was in truly bad condition and we began by washing all the color off, being particular to leave no color in the corners or around the trim. Finding the cleaned surface glossy, we washed it down with steel wool and a strong solution of hot sal soda water. Another washing—with clear water—was necessary to remove all traces of alkali and steel wool. We then let the surface dry before scratching it thoroughly in every direction. We now were ready for the application of the plastic paint. We had decided on pure white walls and ceiling for the kitchen and a stipple finish, such as is found in many old Colo- nial homes. Therefore, it was not neces. sary to color the plastic paint. We merely mixed it to a thick consistency and brushed it on, letting it “set” slight- ly before we produced our stipple by dabbing the wall all over with a painter’s ordinary stippling brush. HE ceiling was treated in the same manner. Our actual working time with the plastic paint, for walls and ceilings, was just over five hours, although we spent an equal time getting the walls and ceilings ready, an hour in lightly The Italian texture, which is copied after a finish found in many fine old Roman villes sanding our stipple to remove sharp points, and two hours in “sizing” the finished wall. For the hallway and the three other rooms in the house we used texture and color-tone effects that were different from one another and from the ones already described. How these were produced, and a description of some small art objects ject of a following article. —— See page 6. PoP et ee, SS SSeS ee

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Full Size Drawings for Constitution Model +AHREE blueprints giving full size details for building a decorative model of the U. S. frigate Constitution are om added to our list this month. For a de- bis scription of this model see page 67. Plans le, for three other ship models are available, ing a pirate galley (Nos. 44 and 45), a gor- nd geous Spanish galleon (46 and 47), and i a clipper ship (51, 52 and 53). alf * Complete List of Blueprints NY ONE of the blueprints listed Ay . below can be obtained from me PopuLarR ScieNcE Montuty for 25 a cents. The corresponding back issue ‘ith of the magazine, in which the project per was described in detail, can be had for ead 25 cents additional so long as copies all are available. The Editor will be glad hen to answer any specific questions rela- it tive to tools, material, or equipment. 1OW + / the PorpuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Avenue, New York alls GENTLEMEN: Send me the blueprint, or blue- ple ; } ale: prints, I have underlined below, for nai which I inclose............... cents: Described We No. Title in Issues of Price ney 1. Sewing Table Feb., °22 25c tht- 2. Smoking Cabinet Mar., ’22 25c b 3. End Table Apr., °22 25c y 5. Kitchen Cabinet May, °22 25¢c ers 8. Shaving Cabinet June, ’22 25c 9. Arbor, Gate and Seats July, °’22 25c 10. Porch Swing Aug., ’22 25c 11. Bench and Tilt Table Sept., °22 25c 12. Electric Washer Oct., °22 25c ame 13. Tea Wagon INov., ‘22 25c vith 14. Christmas Toys Dec., °22 25c 15. Workshop Bench Jon., “2a 25c ngs, 16. Inlaid Radio Cabinet Feb., °23 25c we 17. Cedar Chest Mar., ’23 25c alls 18. Phone Table and Stool Méar., ’23 25c a 19. Grandfather’s Clock Apr., °23 25c¢ atly 20. Flat Top Desk Ave., °23 5c 21. Colonial Desk Apr., ’23 25c 22. Cabinet and Desk Apr., °’23 25c 23. Pergola Garage May, ’23 25c 24. Gateleg Table June, ’23 25c 25. Canoe Sailing Outfit July, ’23 25c 26. Baby’s Crib and Pen Sept., °23 25c 27. Kitchen-Cabinet Table Oct., ’23 25c 28. Pullman Play Table Nov., ’23 25c 29. Toy Tea Cart, etc. Dec., ’23 25c 30. Tool Cabinet, etc. Jan., °24 25c 31. Sewing Cabinets Feb., ’24 25c 32. Chinese Game Table Mar., ’24 25c 33. Dining Alcove Apr., ’24 25c 34. Garden Trellises May, ’24 25c 35. Simple Radio Cabinet ect., 724 25c 36. Rush-Bottom Chair Nov., ’24 25c 37. Simplified Bookcase Bec., "2% 25c 38. Sheraton Table Jan., °25 25c 39. Salem Chest | Feb., °25 25c 40. Desk in Sheraton Style Mar., ’25 25c 41. One-Tube Radio Set May, ’25 25c 42. Three-Stage Amplifier June, ’25 25c 43. Four-Tube Receiver July, °25 25c 44. Pirate Ship Model—Hull Feb., °26 25c 45. Pirate Ship—Details Mar., ’26 25c 45. Galleon Model—Hull May, °26 25c a 47. Galleon Model—Details June, ’26 25c¢ s 48. Sailing Yacht Model July, °26 25c 49. Broom Cabinet Aug., °26 25c 50. Airplane Model (Flying) Sept., ’26 25¢ 51. Clipper Ship Model—Hull Oct., °26 25c arp 52. Clipper Model—Details Oct., °26 25c the 53. Clipper Model—Rigging Nov., ’26 25c 54. Five-Tube Radio Set Oct., °’26 25c 55. Five-Tube Set—Details Oct., 26 25c ther 56. Bird and Animal Toys Dec., °26 25c nd 57. Constitution Model—Hull Jan., a 58. Constitution—Rigging Jan., °’27 25c rom 59. Constit ut ion—Rigging Jan.,. “27 25¢ ad (pi tea Re Aird Ua ER lek J a an (Please print name and address very clearly) jects 5 & ir t ee sube rr Night loneliness . . . the sound of stealthy tampering at the door . «a moment of helpless terror . » « Has she forgotten to lock it? But the Yale 44 Automatic Deadlatch needs no remember- ing. When you shut your door, the heavy square latch bolt is automatically thrown nearly twice the usual distance into the strike and deadlocked! ear: ] from your home | Thus it is proof against forget- fulness from within and violence from without. It cannot be left unlocked. It does automatically what you might forget to do manually. y y 7 Be sure you have the right locks on all your entrance doors. Look for the Yale trade-mark. If it’s marked Yale it’s made by Yale. No other locks are Yale. Send for booklet, “Let the Yale 44 Automatic Protect You”’ The Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co. Stamford, Conn., U.S. A. Canadian Branch at St. Catharines, Ont. YALE MARKED IS YALE MADE Yale 44 Automatic Deadlatch © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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TSS TMT PL GLE SD RE ae NE Se eee peer Tra on Sum treaties cota coi eigenen er nes POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 Bench Lathe Complete as Illustrated Price $40 “132 This bench lathe makes your home shop a real workshop I. Slide Rest Price $17.50 130 Counter Shaft Price $12 HERE are many turning and boring jobs you could do yourself if you had a bench lathe. Make your workshop more complete by adding to it this Goodell-Pratt Lathe. It enables you to do professional- looking work. Over-all length of this bench lathe is 25 inches; height, 1114 inches; swing, 7 inches; extreme distance be- tween centers, 12 inches. It weighs only 30 pounds. This lathe has a milled bed and a tail stock with milled base. Live spindle has a cone bearing to take up wear. The tail stock has both screw and lever feed. Cone pulley has 3 steps—14, 214, 31% inches in diameter. The lathe is finished with black and red enamel. All working parts are beautifully polished. A complete line of attachments is available to fit this lathe. Among them are a slide rest, lathe tools, com- pression check and collets, milling attachments, turret attachments. Bench Lathe No. 494 This lathe has the same construction as No. 125 above, but is slightly larger. Length over all, 31 inches; height, 1114 inches; swing, 7 inches; ex- treme distance between. centers, 18 inches. Net weight, 36 pounds. Price $44. 400-page Book of Tools FREE A postcard will bring you the 400-page pocket-size book of all the famous 1500 Goodell-Pratt tools. In this book are shown and described many tools you will want to outfit your workshops completely. Every tool shown is bzautifully made and finished by skilled toolmakers. Just let us know where to send your copy of the book. It is FREE. GOODELL-PRATT COMPANY GREENFIELD, MASS., U. S. A. © Makers of Mr. Punch GOODELL PRATT 1500 GOOD TOOLS Fuidonel Built-In Ironing Board By T. M. AnpERson TT? DRAW out the ironing board illus- trated, it is necessary only to pull it down from the top. It automatically raises at the base and slides into position, where it remains firmly fixed. There are no loose props or legs to give trouble. The board is built in a cabinet between two wall studs, which are commonly about 16 in. apart. The cabinet has %-in, pine sides and a wallboard back. A 3-in. facing is used to case the cabinet; this leaves an opening for the door of about 14 in., which admits an ironing board 12 in. wide. It should be noted that the casing is not set flush with the cabinet sides; it extends over them at least % in. In the base of the ironing board, which should be 5 ft. 4 in. long, cut a notch 1 in. deep and 8 in. wide, as shown in the de- CABINET OF. 7% BOARDS _— ” \ Tes SECTION The ironing board open for use; details of the strong and simple folding mechanism tail at the top of the accompanying illus- tration. Place a board 8 by about 31 in. in the back of the cabinet at the bottom, nailing it from the bottom. Then nail a 1 in. square strip across the top and through the sides of the cabinet. This determines the height of the ironing board when open and should be arranged to suit the stature and preferences of who- ever is to do the ironing. A favorite height is 31 in. from the floor. After these parts are in place, set the cabinet bodily between the studs and nail it firmly to the studding. The notch in the ironing board should fit the board in the back of the cabinet so that the ironing board can slide up and down freely. Cut a 2 in. wide strip as long as the inside width of the cabinet and fasten it to the ironing board from the top side as shown. Round this on one edge and sandpaper it well. It should be placed so that it (Continued on page 87) © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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927

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January, 1927 ¥

—_—_———<———

How to Glue Wide Boards Together without Clamps NY home worker who wishes to join two wide boards for making a table top or something of that sort, and does not have the clamps necessary for doing the job with glue in the ordinary way, may find helpful a method that I have practiced at times with excellent results. Plane the edges of the boards straight and square, apply liquid glue to both edges to be joined, and place the boards together face down on a bench or level floor. Raise the outer edges on thin pieces of wood so that the face side of the joint will be slightly open and the back edges closed. Then drive corrugated fasteners across the joint at intervals of from 8 to 12 in. Turn the boards over and place strips under the outer edges so as to raise the whole slightly and leave the joint clear of the bench. Lay sufficient weights on the face of the boards to draw the joint tight and let them stand as if it were in clamps. The corrugated fasteners hold the joint tight from the back and the weights in- sure a perfect fit on the face. Hot glue, of course, cannot be used in this process as it hardens too quickly. The glue I have used exclusively for years in conducting a picture framing and gen- eral furniture repair shop is made by pour- ing enough apple vinegar over the best obtainable grade of brown flake glue to cover it. The container is placed in the sunshine or a warm room and stirred occasionally. After twelve hours the glue is ready to use. If it becomes too stiff at any time, the receptacle is either placed in the sun or in a basin of hot water for a few min- utes. It is used at the same consistency and in the same way as ordinary hot glue, but it does not dry so quickly and does not decompose. lf the glue is not to be used for several days, I make it a practice to pour a little vinegar over it and put the container in a cool place.—R. C. STANLEY.

Foolproof Ironing Board (Continued from page 86) will slide up and down against the inside of the facing, which was allowed to extend over the cabinet sides 1% in. for this purpose. The board should now move up and down, but not backward or to either side. For the braces use two strips 3 in. wide and about 32 in. long. Fasten with two pair of 2 in. square, loose-pin hinges. One pair of hinges is fastened to the inside base of the cabinet, as near the outside edge as will allow the door to close. The other hinges are so placed on the board that it will be held level when fully extended. On the under side of the board at the back is placed a spring catch such as is used on the cabinet door. This catches in a slot when the board is pulled down to position and is released by hand when the board is to be pushed back into place.

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 87

= Well-known B-Eliminator Manufacturers who use

Bradleyohm-E For B-eliminator service requiring wide voltage control, Bradleyohm-E is essential. It is an oversize Bradley- ohm with sufficient capacityto handle all normal B-eliminator require ments. Be sure to ask for Bradley- ohm-E in the checkered carton. Your dealer can get them for you. B Thissolid, molded, fixed resistor has no glass or hermetic sealing in its con- struction. It isa solid unit with silver-plated end caps and is not affected by temperature, moisture and age. By all means, use Bradley- unit-A when you need afixed resistor.

Bradleyohms SEND FOR THIS RADIO FOLDER Acme, All-American, Contains seven hookups for B-Eliminators published in a prominent radio magazine. DeWitt-LaFrance, American Bosch, Brown & Green, Farrand, Forest

Unitron,Grigsby-Gru- now-Hinds (Majestic), Kellogg, Philadelphia Storage Battery (Phil- co), Precision, Radio Receptor; R. A. Roth- ermel, London; Spar- tana, Valley, Willard, Wilson. © When You Build a B-Eliminator Use Bradleyohm-E for the Variable Resistors and Bradleyunit-A for the Fixed Resistors pee insist that Bradleyohm-E and Bradleyunit-A are included with your B-Eliminator kit, if you want to be assured of perfect voltage control, The leading manufacturers of B-Eliminators have long since adopted these Allen-Bradley variable and fixed resistors as standard equip- ment for their B-Eliminators. In fact, Bradleyohm-E is used almost as uni- versally as the Raytheon tube, itself. You cannot afford to risk the use of inferior substitutes for the scientifi- cally treated discs used in Bradley- ohm-E. This remarkable variable resistor handles the strenuous require- ments of B-Eliminator service without the slightest strain. Ask your dealer for Allen-Bradley Perfect Radio Devices, today. MAIL THE HANDY COUPON Allen-Bradley Company 293 Greenfield Avenue Milwaukee, Wisconsin Please send me, FREE, your radio folder with seven B-Eliminator hook-ups.

L . + «ee eee © This seal on a radio, tool or oi] burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6, aa SN SS — aa R pT Bae NOS 2 AE Res - ‘. WR ae PERRY REESE RT PEER lt” sraragpe tm eo

ie -eaeiaiictiiialhia

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AY LLL NE TT OT ET TNT FN MLE SR LAGE EP INS NSS BRE CR ae CRETE SSL EEE OE PREP SON PN LT ELE EIRP SARS, ABCA OT & ” out ? RY a Micadon 601 in series with the antenna of your set, if you find it hard to “‘tune out’ nearby stations. The Micadon will have the same effect as “loose coupling,’’ and the selectivity of your set will be greatly improved. Capacities from .0001 to .0005 mfd. may be used—you will find a full explanation in our 32-page booklet, ‘Seventeen Ways to Improve Your Set.” Micadons, because of the patented prin- ciples of low-loss insulation and protection against variation in capacity which they embody, are a vital element in the improved reception of thousands of radio sets. The tone, the efficiency, and the satisfactory operation of your set depend on the quality of the fixed condensers used. If you want to be sure that your set will do all it was meant to do, be sure that the fixed condensers bear the name of Dubilier. Send 10c in stampsor coin for your copy of “Seventeen Ways to Im- prove Your Set.” Dubilier SE enema a CONDENSER AND RADIO CORPORATION 4377 Bronx Blvd., New York, N. Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 i Workshop) “OLD ITRONSIDES”’ (Continued from page 67) After the hull has been carried this far, it is ready to be painted and the deck varnished 1882 she was made a receiving ship at Portsmouth, N. H. She was towed to Boston in 1897; in 1906-7 she received her third reconditioning. Her principal dimensions are: Length over all (hull), 204 ft.; beam, 43.5 ft.; depth of hold, 14.6 ft.; displacement, 2200 tons. Her speed was up to about 124% knots, and her crew up to 500 men. If the model here represented is care- fully made, it will be, in its way, as beautiful as the original ship, presenting in its sturdy lines and heavy armament a sense of invincibility, and in the slender tracery of its lofty spars and ropes, the perfection of rigging that gave her speed. In the fashioning of the model there are no insuperable difficulties, provided the instructions are followed part by part. Careful, nimble-fingered work will be needed, but that is always a joy to those so inclined. Though she may take a long time to make, she is worth it and will be ornamental in all stages of the con- struction. The Constitution has been altered in minor details several times, which makes it difficult to state that she was thus-and- thus at such-and-such a time. It would not be fair to make her just as she is now, in her non-seagoing trim. Therefore, some of the early decorative features, as at the head, have been embodied. On the whole, the model represents her, I believe, about as she was in the War of 1812. There is no certainty, however, that the deck plan given was adopted LIFTS GLUED TOGE BULWARKS ———————— COMPLETED HULL After the lifts are glued together, the deck sheer is cut. The hull then is carved to its finished shape, and the keel, stem, sternpost, rudder, catheads and bulwarks are added before 1907, and even in that there is no place indicated for the boats. The plans given here for the model have been adapted and simplified directly from Government blueprints. The scale used is that of 4/19 in. on the model to 1 ft. on the real ship. This gives us a model of 18 in. on the load water line, and 31 in. long from the end of the flying jib boom to the end of the spanker boom and 24 in. high from keel to main truck (the over-all dimensions. This is a sizable model for the average room. A larger model may be made, however, by enlarging all the plang given to the desired scale. A smaller mode] is not advised, if it is wished to keep to scale and embody all the details given. The rigging has been slightly simplified and not all the details have been used, but the essential and characteristic features are all given. As with all models, the first things nec. essary are full sized drawings of every part to be made. It is no easy task, how- ever, even for skilled draftsmen, to lay out BULWARKS CATHEAD GANGWAY } BOARD PIPES e — \-> CATHEAD e Details of the stern and quarter gallery, the bent headboards, and method of setting the bulwark strips into a rabbet in the hull the curves accurately, and you can save yourself all the work of preparing full size drawings by sending 75 cents for Blue- prints Nos. 57, 58 and 59 to the Blueprint Service Department, PopuLar ScrENCE Monta y, 250 Fourth Avenue, New York (see page 85). These sheets contain all the full size drawings you will need—hull, rigging and details. They will save you many hours of tedious work. To make the hull, eight pieces of white pine will be needed. These will be from 16 to 19 in. long by 24% to 4% in. wide by 5/10 in. thick (14-in. stock, dressed). Draw a line right round the center of each lengthwise. Transfer from Blueprint No. 57, or from your own full size drawing, one of the lift plan lines A to H on each piece of wood, and also mark the con- structional lines II to XI. Be careful that the center line of the plan corresponds in each instance with the line on the wood. This is best done by cutting the plan at the line or by first taking the lines off on tracing paper and scribing through carbon paper on to the wood. These pieces must now be cut out with a coping, fret (Continued on page 89) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page6

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DS January, 1927 Home Worlkelnoja| “OLD ITRONSIDES”’ (Continued from page 88) The decorated trail board and the head rails, which curve upward to meet the stem or jig saw. Keep well outside the pencil lines so that the wood may be dressed up with sandpaper before joining. Continue the construction lines II to XI and the fore-and-aft lines around the edges and be careful to indicate on the edge of each lift which is the bow end. It should be noted that with this ship the upper lifts are wider, because of the “tumble-home,” on the lower edge than the upper, amidships, but like the lower ones are wider above than below at the ends. Therefore, the greatest width at any position has been given in the half-breadth plan. The idea of this may be seen in the body plan, but it will explain itself as you proceed; the main point is to leave sufficient stock everywhere for the subse- quent shaping operations. Parts B to G may have their centers cut out, to lighten the model, if you wish. wer glue all these lifts together. See that the construction lines at the sides and ends form continuous straight lines. Each part may be lightly nailed to the next as you build up, the nails being Another view of the bow, which shows the graceful way in which the headboards are bent on the inside with their heads well sunk, or the whole may be clamped together before gluing, and bored to take two dowels, which are inserted in the bottom piece so that (Continued on page 90) POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The Key to Care-Free Full- Powered Radio! NG STE ARGER K LE jtionet dy, Fae” Batter as the of you reek serve syorage of you tes of 2/ A = Ve 0! re OTHER STERLING RADIO EQUIPMENT Pocket Meter Panel Meter Charge Indicators Bulb and Vibrat- tng Type Battery Chargers Automatic Control Switches Tube Testers Tube Reactivators, etc. AUTOMATIC RESULTS With the Sterling B and C Power and the Sterling Trickle Charger, = a obtains constant automatic results without a th — s B or C Batteries. — n other words, the power the lighting socket does br the er supplies all the power to operate the set and makes radio more enjoyable because of the freedom one obtains from any concern regarding the condition of batteries, battery re- placements and following expenses. ve ~@ 4) WA bil, thel?t ond gi THE STERLING MANUFACTURING COMPANY 2831-53 Prospect Ave., © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Cleveland, Ohio SRO TD RR OREN a Te et gts ea a Ee Aen

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Be Re TIE J FERS er ART

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Will You Make This Test? Try any Sewiee instrument in your own home for six days. See what you can do. If you like the instru- ment, pay a little each month. Play as you pay. the coupon for beautiful literature and details of this wonderful trial plan. Make the start. Now. BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT CO. Everything in Band and Orchestra Instruments 1860 Buescher Block Elkhart, Indiana This beautiful book givesthe complete history of the _ ophone, op tellswh Buescher is so easy to Ly dpe teagan will andthe tt and many interesting renee Sent free to anyone interested in purchasing a saxophone. ec BOOK Clip the Coupon NOW!

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Tie alone Workeines | “OLD ITRONSIDES”’ (Continued from page 89)

The hull from astern. The decorations are painted on cardboard and glued in place the other lifts may be dropped on, as glued. The ends of the dowels must come under the hatches so that they will not show on the deck. Leave the lifts in clamps or under heavy weights for at least twelve hours to dry. From the sheer plan transfer to the wood the dotted line that represents the deck; also mark the stem and stern pro- files. Cut away the waste wood. Make the deck a smooth curve from stem to stern, slightly higher in the center than at the edges. On the deck mark the deck outline, which is the top edge of piece H. On to thin cardboard mark the body plan lines I to XI and cut them out to form templets to fit on the outside of the hull. during the shaping process. Now shave away the projecting corners of the lifts until you have smooth curves, verti- cally and horizontally, which correspond with the templets when held at their respective positions. A plane, chisel, gouge, spokeshave and half-round cabinet rasp or wood file are all useful for one, especially the latter two. E CAREFUL in shaping the hull. Work quickly, if you like, but not hastily. All the rest will be waste if your hull is not correct. The keel is 34 by 54 by 164 in. and extends under the stem and sternpost. It is glued and nailed on. The stem and sternpost, which are of the same thick- ness, are cut from the sheer plan to shape and fastened similarly. See that the ends of the hull itself run neatly to them. Scratch in the water line, which, it will be noted, is not parallel with the keel. Mark in also the lower edge of the main deck gun ports and their vertical edges with reference to the ports which are to come above them. In the center of each square thus formed, bore a 3¢-in. hole 4 in. deep carefully at right angles to the ship’s side and slightly down from the horizontal (so that the guns will point very slightly up). The aftermost ports are dummies and have windows painted on instead of guns. (Continued on page 91)

January, 1927 9-in. Back Geared $ Screw Cutting Lathe 1 50 Easy Payments if Desired

9-inch x 3-foot Back Geared Screw Cut. ting Lathe. .Complete with Countershaft and Equipment. 18-inch between centers, %-inch hollow spindle, power feed, compound test. Countershaft Drive or Motor Drives from Lamp Socket, 24 h.p. required. With this Lathe you can do machine work of all ae carer work, machine armatures, undercut aie., finish << sreface gens make bushings, cut threads, drill, bore, chuck, turn, gtind, file, — and do hundreds of other jobs. ATTACHMENTS Collet chuck and many other attache ments, tools, etc., can be had for this Lathe. Also furnished with 34% and 4ft. beds. Free Instruction Book sent with each Lathe. Write for Free Bulletin 22-J — BEND LATHE WORKS O E. arpa” Street South | Bead « Indiana SOUTH ay LATHES ‘Do Wonderful Chemical Tricks and Experiments with (PIEMCG Junior/ Make ink, dye cloth, test water and soil. Puzzle your friends with Magic Chemical Tricks; write secret letters with invisible

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© This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

eS — i i ie wee aie

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY oe “OLD ITRONSIDES”’ (Continued from page 90) Right around the top edge cut a rab- bet (recess) 4 in. down and }% in. deep into the hull. From white pine make two pieces a full 44 in. thick, 114 in. wide and 90 in. long. Shape the lower edge to the deck line and cut out the gun ports after marking them froia the sheer plan. The top edges of these pieces should really be but a bare }% in. thick, but it is safer to make them a little thicker. Now glue and nail these pieces in the rabbet after the bow ends have been steamed to make them bend easily. The two edges should be cut to fit together neatly at the bow. They may need strengthening with a small block or elbow, to keep them together; it can be seen in the deck plan. Cut the stern bulwark and fasten that on similarly with neat joints at the cor- ners. Now shave the top of the bulwarks until you get the lines as shown on the plan, and cut away the gangways, so that Stern view showing cardboard strips glued on to represent the pintles and gudgeons the bulwarks there stand up only a bare ¥ in. above the decks. ‘Make the gangway boards of hard- wood. Sink the lower ends into the deck and nail them to the edges of the bul- warks (as shown on page 88). The rudder may be seen above and in the sheer plan; it extends into the hull under the transom and can be fastened with double-pointed nails. The plates for the pintles and gudgeons (hinges) may be simulated with cardboard strips, glued on. HE catheads, which come next, are of any reasonably tough wood, about 36 in. square by 114 in. long. Each pro- jects through a hole in the bulwark. The outer end has three holes fore-and-aft for the boom guys and four vertical holes at the end for the cat fall; the inner end is beveled to lie flat on the deck, to which it is glued and nailed. Note in the sheer plan how the cathead slants forward and upward. Bore a \-in. hole for the bowsprit, a ¥-in. hole Continued on page 92 ( page 92) Household furniture youcan make yourself ~ LEPAGE’S New Books will show you how OW with the coming of long winter evenings, come two new LePage’s Craft Books to show you how to make simple, attractive and useful pieces of iQuipe,: anes BESS Oty eet. Ug AE UNITED STATES ARS cATuRERe ONAL MUSEUM. AN SK ON SAND ARTISANS THRO ‘ANOS ORGANS. R.R. te LGN Handiest Tool in Your Work Shop Perhaps you have never thought of the special advantages of — LePage’s Liquid fe) Glue. It is always ready for immediate use. No weighing, soaking or heating is required. The quality is always the same. It “‘sets” slowly enough so that you have plenty of time to place the joints together exactly as they should go. Slow setting also allows LePage’s to penetrate the wood, increasing the strength of the joint. LePage’s Liquid Glue is equal in strength to any animal glue. Buy a can for your workshop. It is the easiest, quickest, handiest form of Glue. Insist on LePage’s. Recipe for making LEPAGE’S GESSO To make one cup of LePage’s Gesso, you need 1 gill can of LEPAGE’S GLUE, 1% cups whiting, 3 teaspoons linseed oil and 3 teaspoons varnish. Place whiting in mixing bowl and pour in slowly in this order. LEPAGE’S GLUE, linseed oil, and varnish. Mix until smooth. All ingredients obtain- able at nearest hardware store. [E AGE’S GLUE ‘Bottles, Tubes,Cans household furniture, and how to im- prove your craftsmanship. “LePage’s Work Shop Book” con- tains complete directions for making a taboret, footstool, hanging book shelves, book trough, end table with book trough, and a number of simple things which perhaps your boy would like to make. The printed directions for making, step by step, are supple- mented by dimension drawings and illustrations made from photographs of the finished pieces of furniture. LePage’s ‘‘ Practical Suggestions for the Home Work Shop”’ will help you come closer to equalling the skill of the trained cabinet-maker. It tells you how to make strong joints with glue, and with glue in its most convenient form—LePage’s Liquid Glue. These books also show you how to cover up small defects in your crafts- manship. Now and then a tool will slip and an error is made. Or there are holes to be filled where nails or screws have been countersunk. Or the edges of a joint are not exactly even. A simple new way to repair these defects is with the use of LePage’s Gesso instead of putty. LePage’s Gesso will stick to any surface— wood, metal, glass, etc., and will stand 1000 lbs. breaking strain as explained in the books. It can be sandpapered, planed and _ painted or stained just like wood. We give you in the small panel below a simple . formula for making LePage’s Gesso, but of course we tell you more about it in the books themselves, together with practical information on decorat- ing your finished articles with Gesso. Send 10 cents for these NEW LEPAGE’S Books The practical and useful help of these two books is yours for only 10 cents. Just write your name and address on the coupon below, tear the coupon out and mail it to us today with Io cents in coin or stamps, and we will at once send you a copy of each, postage paid. Address LePage’s Craft League, Dept. 00-3, Gloucester, Mass. Tear out the coupon now so you will not forget it. Mail this coupon | LEPAGE’s CrAFT LEAGUE, | Dept. 00-3, Gloucester, Mass. “‘LePage’s Practical Gentlemen:—Enclosed you will find 1o cents (coin or tary in payment for uggestions for the Home Work Shop,” and ‘‘Le Page’s Work | Shop Book.” Please send a copy of each to: l ' © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. a

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SEAS Dee NTRP ES PS Ee ES SPREE 0 DRT ———_— ~~ = — ———— ~ Dont Fused Radio | Battery Cord | M4FE a neat job of wiring the batteries to your set by using this handy battery cord, and get the tremendous advantage of fuse protection for your batteries and tubes. wires can start no fires or ruin batteries if you use | a Belden Fused Radio Battery Cord. Every set needs this 7 protection—don’t run the risk. It is cheap insurance. Fuses are enclosed in a neat bakelite Ask your nearest radio dealer to show you a Belden Fused Radio Battery Cord. Get one, today! Belden Manufacturing Co. 2304A S. Western Ave., Chicago, Ill. —— es SE a | POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Tie lore Worlsshor | “OLD ITRONSIDES” (Continued from page 91) through the cutwater for the gammoning || lashing, and two small holes for the bob- stays, as in the sheer plan. The headboards may be made next. The wide lower members, which carry the painted scrollwork and lead up to the fiddle head, are thin pieces of waterproof three-ply wood (or a solid piece of soft wood) 33% in. long; they will require to be steamed until quite soft. The first 5 in. is firmly glued and nailed under the gun port streak; the remainder is bent out sharply and the upper ends are glued and nailed through to the stem just under the curl, The narrower members are, for pref- erence, pieces of flat rattan (cane), glued and nailed under the catheads and to the cutwater. The headboards are strengthened with a piece of wood placed inside of each half- way along its length; this may be notched to fit over the headboard members so as to form lapped joints. Two shallow -in. holes are bored through the lower ends of the headboards into the hull for the hawse pipes. The stern decoration had better be painted on a thin piece of black cardboard and glued on. The eagle is gold, with a red, white and blue shield; the other ornamentation, the name and the mold- ings are white. Before being painted, the moldings and decorations may be raised with gesso, which is a mixture of glue and whiting with a little varnish and linseed oil. It also can be obtained ready to use. HE stern windows may be cut out of the cardboard on three sides only and the flaps lifted to form shutters. The quarter galleries are pieces of soft wood, cut to the shape shown on page 88 and glued on so that their after edges are level with the stern of the hull. They have windows and scrollwork painted on them. The windows may be painted blue and white on tin foil or thin celluloid. That completes the building of the hull. The deck should be given two thin coats of clear spar varnish, and the outside of the hull two coats of flat white paint, each coat rubbed with fine sandpaper. The hull then can be given two coats of cop- per-bronze paint up to the water line and two coats of black above, except on the gun port line, which is white between the ports and right up to the stem. The inside | of the bulwarks and the edges of the upper (frigate) deck gun ports are white. ROUGH cradle to stand the model in while working on it will be necessary. The uprights, which may be nailed to a board, should fit the sides of the hull loosely and be lined with a piece of felt or cloth. If a hole is bored in the center of the board in which to fit a peg on another board, a turntable may be formed when- ever desired to make it easy to work on alternate sides of the model without hav- ing to pick it up or walk around it. This work will keep you busy until next month, when the deck fittings and spars will be described. January, 1927 WARRANTED FIXED RESISTORS HE vital importance of a. silent, accurate resistor cannot be over- estimated. Comprising a concentrated metallized deposit one-thousandth of an inch thick, upon a glass core and sealed forever within the tube, each Lynch Resistor is warranted absolutely noiseless, permanently accurate, dependable! Guar- anteed accuracy—10%; in production they average 5%. .25; 5; 1; 2; 3: 4; 5: 6; 7; 8; 9; 10 Meg., 50c. .025; .09; .1 Meg., 75c. Single mounting 35c; Double, 50c. If your dealer cannot supply you, send stamps, check or money order. We ship postpaid same day order is received. Dealers—Get on our mailing list; we keep you posted on new developments. Write us today! © MEMBER 4268S ARTHUR H. 250 W. 57th St. LYNCH, INC. New York, N. Y, ee ss im | Saeaeg sb a Provides audio amplification pa sana in the Bradley: er molde had do not vary with age and ere not affected by atmospheric conditions. Can be used to replace transformer amplifiers in standardradio sets with decided increase in tone quality. Alen-Beadley Co. © | ® Electric Controlling Apparatus ; x 293 Greenfield Avenue Milwaukee, Wis. GEK THis 68 PAGE | Ny act oe CH BM or MBHGsP™ Radio Specialty Co., 96-P Park Place, New York, N.Y. eeaguaea “Butld your own with “RASCO" Parts" 2 1491 ' Randolph St., Chicago, fi A 2c Stamp —will start you on the road to success. See Money Making Op- portunities on pages 114 to 142. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6 co oO. er-°oc ~~ OO ewer 4 HA tS wD

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Hanging Bookracks (Continued from page 76) shelves should be made 3 in. wider than indicated. The bookrack illustrated in Fig. 3 is similar to the one just described, except that it is fitted with drawers between the two lower shelves instead of doors. The construction of the drawers is clearly shown in the detail. Figure 4 shows a knockdown bookrack. This type is convenient because it can be taken apart and packed so that it takes up very little room. It is made so that it can either hang on a wall or stand on a table. The sides and shelves are first planed to dimensions, after which the mortises and tenons connecting the upper and lower shelves with the sides are laid out. This must be done very carefully to insure a workmanlike job. It is best to gage lines with a marking gage from the front edges only of shelves and sides. Set the gage to 1 in. and mark all lines corresponding to that dimension, then set it to 2% in. and gage again from the front edges; then to 41% in., and finally to 6 in. Bore the through mortises with a %4- WEDGES —— | it | I { i ' \\_ BLOCKS NAILED OR SCREWED 1 ' | | = = Fig. 5. Homemade gluing clamps for use when large iron clamps are not available in. auger bit and square and clean the hole with a chisel, using it from both sides so as not to chip the edges. The tenons are sawed with a back saw and the waste pieces between them are chiseled away. After they are fitted the holes are laid out for the keys. Remember that these holes must be chiseled in such a way that the keys will always bear against the sides when driven home, thus forcing the joints together. A dado is cut for the middle shelf, but it is stopped at both edges, so that the shelf will not be able to slide out. A small strip of wood \% by 1 in. is glued to each shelf as a stop for the books, if the rack is to be used standing. Iron or heavy brass plates of the same width as the thickness of the sides and about 3 in. long are screwed to the back of the sides, and the bookracks are hung from them. The kind of lumber to be used and how it is to be finished should be dependent on the other furnishings of the room in which the bookrack is to be placed. This is the first of a series of articles by Mr. Hjorth, who is an authority on furniture construction. He is the author of ‘‘Reproduction of Antique Furniture’’; he was formerly Director of Technical Work in the Roman Baldorioty de Castro Technical School, San Juan, Porto Rico, and is now in charge of the Architectural Laboratory at Saunders Trade School, Yonkers, N.Y. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY The SAAL Pedestal is an ornament to the most beautiful surroundings. Its pure wooden tone chamber, three feet in length, gives exception- ally clear mellow recep- tion. Price, $38 The famous SAAL Soft Speaker, the outstand- ing speaker of its type. Is giving satisfaction re- gardless of the set or equipment used. Stand- ardwithradioengineers. Price, $22.50 © © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. As in the Harp, whose short and long strings produce highand lownotes, the SAAL Ec-centrice provides a short radius for high notes, a long radius for bass tones. C-CEntric — the new scientific SAAL EC-CENTRIC CONE whose balanced tone color is the sensation in radio today. Your receiving set may be getting all of the best that’s on the air—but are you getting it? You.cannot know the capabilities of your radio set, in volume, clarity, beauty of tone till you give it the advantage of the Saal Ec-centric. On the principle of the harp, whose short strings produce the high treble notes, whose long strings give forth the deep bass tones, the Saal Ec-centric, with its “center” actually off-center, provides a short vibrating radius for the high notes, a long radius for the rich low tones. These exact relative proportions of vibrating area, definitely fixed by scientific principles, are now provided for the first time in the Saal Ec- centric Cone. All rumble or “barrel tone” is elim- inated. True balanced tone from soprano, flute and violin to pipe organ or ‘cello. A demonstra- tion will convince you. Hear the Saal Ec-centric at your dealer's, or write us to direct you where it can be heard. The Saal Ec-centric comes in two models: 20 inch, $25 ; 14-inch Junior, $15. Slightly more west of Rockies. H. G. SAAL COMPANY, 1800 Montrose Ave. Chicago, U. S. A. WORLD FAMOUS MAKERS OF HORNS + CONES - PEDESTALS SAAL ee ret weed sas shanti ere R RCE SES Ba

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ty mR I EET OOTY “a ae ik a RR = POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY How Many Laps to GO? Have you any machines a few laps behind in the race for speedier, cheaper production? Let Veeder Counters measure their gait; indi- cate their proper stride; aid in developing faster work by keeping track of the gains. Set the pace, watch the count and run your ma- chines for production- RECORDS on COUNTERS The small Revolution Counter be- low registers one for a revolution of a shaft, recording a machine operation, or product. Though small, this counter is very durable; , its mechanism will stand a very high rate of speed, making it especially _suit- able for light, ) fast-running ma- chines and most adaptable to ex- perimental work. If run backward the counter sub- tracts. Price $2.00. (Cut 4/5 size.) Small Rotary Ratchet Counter, to register reciprocating movements of small ma- chines, also $2.00. The Revolution Set-Back Counter below records the rH of the larger machines where a -revolution indicates an operation. Sets back to zero from any figure by turning knob once around. Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as_re- quired. Price with four figure-wheels as illustrated, $10.00—subject to dis- count. Cut less than one-balf size. Set- Back Rotary Ratchet Counter, to record reciprocating movements as on punch presses, $11.50 (list). The Veeder booklet shows in- struments that “‘count every- thing on earth.’’ See them— by sending for the book. The Veeder Mfg. Co. - 44.Sargeant St. Hartford, Conn. e Workshop | Neat Waste Paper Basket Made of Wallboard WV ALLBOARD or very heavy card- board such as is used for large shipping cartons may be converted with very little effort into useful articles, such as the waste paper basket illustrated. Six side panels are required and six small pieces to tie the panels together. The bottom is cut from a circular piece of the same material 10 in. in diameter. The circle is divided into six equal sides with the compass without changing its How the side panels and bottom are cut out and fastened together with split rivets setting. Simply “walk” around the circle with the legs of the compass and connect the points with straight ruled lines. The bottom of each panel should be bent at right angles, as indicated by the dotted line. Holes for the rivets should be punched with a leather punch. The parts then are assembled with brass rivets about % in. long. The side panels are all riveted to the bottom first and then the ties are placed about 3 in. down from the top. The panels can be cut out in almost any desired style and the open work orna- ment can also be made in a variety of designs.—Haro.p JAcKSOoN. Common Brick Serves As Wick in Furnace Vapor Pan ? THE design of the vapor pan ina hot air or “pipeless”’ furnace will per- mit, place a common porous building brick in the water container so that it stands upright inside the furnace jacket. There may not be sufficient room for the brick to stand straight; then it can be tilted at an angle toward the furnace, and, in- deed, it seems to furnish more moisture in that position than when perfectly up- right. The brick acts as a wick. My ex- perience has been that its use results in nearly twice as much water as usual being evaporated, provided the water pan is filled every day.—S. Parkinson. January, 1927. Why Don’t You Play a Hohner Harmonica?» Anyone may quickly learn to play real music on a Hohner Harmonica with the aid of this Free Instruc- tion Book. See how easy it is! Read the sim- ple directions, look at the charts and pictures, take your Harmonica, hold it as shown and dlow-draw, blow-draw. In ashort time you will master the scale; and when youcan lay the scale you will soon be play- ing favorite melodies to the delight of yourself and friends Get your harmonica today and be sure it’s a Hohner. And ask for the Free In- struction Book. If your dealer is out of copies, write M. Hohner, Inc., Dept. 182 314 East 16th St., New York. “Tune-in’’ on Your Radio for the ‘Hohner Harmony Hour’? Musical Programs. anywhere. Lots of Tun fooling YU the Teacher, Policeman or riends. Sif a THE VENTRILO, a little instrument, fits in the mouth out sight, used with above for Bird Calls, etc. Anyone can use ft. of NEVER FAILS. Also a 82 PAGE BOOK which gives fullinstrnctions on Ventriloquism, _ Formula for Secret Writing [Invisible Ink], 32 Money Making Secrets and 10 BIG TRICKS ON MAGIE all for ROY. NOV. CO., Dept. 104 Norwalk, Conn. LARGEST and OLDEST Mafl Order Housetn Connecticut. Cleveland Traffic Police use NOBURN. | Apply NOBURN--stay all day in rawest wind and shave with comfort at night. NOBURN absolutely makes you wind- burn proof and sunburn proof. At all A. G. Spalding & Bros. stores--or send $1 for bottle. Guaranteed--or money back. Sam Strong,505 2 Central Viaduct, Cleveland, 0.97 Send for free copy of AX, INobur} “The Invisible Mask”’ NoburN GEARS All Kinds-Small The most accurate made and prices |S reasonable. We carry a complete ‘S line of gears in stock for immediate 5 shipment. Can also quote on special } 2 gears of all kinds, Send us your in- 4 quiries. Write for Catalogue 214 CHICAGO STOCK GEAR WORKS 105 South Jefferson Street Chicago tS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See Page 6.

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Se Jenvary, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 95 tie lone Worlssinoy. \) a / fra i, / How I Earned the Cost of Exit EX a New Water Heater ° “a 7) By Tuomas W. Benson N MANY old houses the coal stove is being removed from the kitchen and a radiator installed to heat the room. The roblem of furnishing hot water is then solved by installing a tank and heater in the basement. Because of this change, it often happens that the house owner has on hand a good horizontal water boiler from the old range, but has to discard it and buy an upright tank. It is not practical to use these tanks in a horizon- tal position when a gas water heater is TO HOT A Hi, employed, because _ ile practically theentire » tank must be heated " before hot water can I be drawn from the water He faucets. Where a syppLy laundry stove ora’ 5 coil in the regular house heater is used, H |. the tank may be = mounted horizon- — ppain---»¥ \ tally and will work 49 water HEATER-’ satisfactorily. The writer, who Diagram showing how was confronted with te a age these problems, devised a system of pip- ing the horizontal boiler so it could be used vertically. This makes it possible to use a gas water heater during the months when the furnace is out. The method of piping the tank is shown in the illustration. The four outlets to the tank are shown in a row merely for the sake of convenience and clearness, The holes in the tank were already tapped for 34-in. pipe. The discharge from the heating coil was continued up to within 6 in. of the top of the tank by a %- in. pipe tapped into the end of a 34-in. pipe, which was screwed into the head of the tank. Likewise, the pipe leading to the hot water lines was continued to within 2 in. of the top of the tank. The other outlets were piped as shown. GAS heater is employed in summer, while a single-turn coil in the house furnace serves the same purpose in winter. It would appear that the hot water, having to flow down through the body of cold water, would be unduly chilled, but the chilling is slight because the water around the outlet pipe warms up and, as it rises, warms the area around the pipe. Occasionally air collects in the top of the tank and is discharged with a sputter at the faucets when it collects in such amounts as to reach the discharge pipe, but otherwise the plan is not objection- able. In fact, the presence of the air acts to absorb partially the water hammer caused when faucets are suddenly closed. “T HAVE built five Barbary pirate ship models and one Spanish galleon from your blueprints. It can be truthfully said that these plans are the most complete of any.” —G. A. P., Jackson, O. Ql about the big............ There must be no delay on the press—the news MUST go out— the big presses must not stop! And it is upon the tools used in the manu- facture of thousands of small parts that the unfailing operation of these giant presses de- pends. Utmost precision and absolute depend- ability are the reasons why Brown @ Sharpe Quality Tools are used—not only on printing presses—but on all work where tools of the highest quality are required. Ask your dealer for a free copy of Brown & Sharpe Small Tool Cata- log No. 30. Keep it in your kit to use as a reference when buying tools. If your dealer cannot furnish a copy, write us direct. Hsp Hl] Sa Ne . ea re Ose ee. ‘ =| see m7 SZ OW er 4G FF 4 Sn oe it mm A | ib “3 e aN iy —~ ; — L lo Rreseiy OF Magica A NU Seal i wy 2a : LH Hl Om rt ye (a ihe NX vi a gl ttle =A AR ARG IN eae IN MN o y—- *, Pe ={_~ ami, \ | or eli O LOx v3 l—— (s) . - yy —> wT 3 ~ | (aS A) aa Micrometer Calipers Nos. 59 to 88 will measure from 0 to 24” by thousandths of an inch. These mi- crometers are but part of the complete line of over 2300 Brown & Sharpe Tools, hundreds of which are in daily use in the manufacture of printing presses. BROWN @ SHARPE TOOLS BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO.. Providence, R. I., U.S. A. IS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 6. RE PIT a EIT Co = >

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ie LONE APES FT HEMI reas a For il or Mansion —the right oil burner —in the right size —at the right price “New Silent NOKOL HEN you buy.a NOKOL, you don’: waste money on a plant larger than you need. You'll be surprised to learn how in- expensive are the smaller size models. You'll be surprised, too, at the difference in operating cost. An oil burner that’s too large for your home is wasteful in operating expense as well as in the initial cost. You'll never know what joy and comfort there is in oil heat until you install your NOKOL. All you do is set the thermostat at the desired temperature — and forget it. From that time on, NOKOL takes up the burden of keeping your house at the proper degree of heat, day in and day out, month in and month out— and you never have to give it a thought. Who cares when “ getting-up time” comes? Long before, your NOKOL has gone to work —without a bit of fuss or disturbance—and when you're ready to crawlout of bed, every- thing is warm as toast. No fires to make; no coal to shovel; no ashes; no soot, dust or dirt of any kind. And never a smell of oil. Enjoy this comfort now Don’t go on, year after year, postponing your enjoyment of this healthful care-free heat be- cause you fancy it’s expensive. Find out about it now. Talk to any of the 35,000 NOKOL owners. They will tell you NOKOL is the most efficient oil heat known. They will tell you an amazing story of low-cost operation, of freedom from replacements and repairs, of cold weather comfort and convenience undreamed- of heretofore. Mail the coupon for details of our attractive budget plan and our free book,‘‘A New Guide to Oil Heat for Homes.” It covers every phase of the heating question and contains practical information that every home owner should have. Sign and mail the coupon—today. NEW Silent No [ C U.S.PAT.O AUTOMATIC oil HEATING FOR HOMES POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY FREE—NEW BOOK AMERICAN NOKOL COMPANY Dept. 25, 215 North Michigan Ave., Chicago Please send your new book on OIL HEAT. Name City ponccces State | Me ome Workshop, Decorative Book Trough with Candlesticks ECIDEDLY novel and artistic is the book trough illustrated, yet it is of simple construction. A figured hardwood may be used if the piece is to be var- nished, or a plainer wood if polychromed. The trough itself is made of two pieces 3% by 5% by 12% in. Make notches in the upper corners 3g by 1 in. and round off the shoulders to a ra- dius of 34 in. Then miter the lower edges, as shown in the detail. Before marking the end pieces, rule a 5 by 8 in. piece of cardboard into 4-in. squares and copy the outline for half the design. Cut this out and trace it on 1-in. stock, reversing the pattern to mark the other half. Shape the piece with compass and coping saws and smooth the edges care- fully with a wood rasp and sandpaper. Notice that the ends of the trough are housed into the end pieces 3 in. deep. The mortises can be laid out from the pat- tern. Hollow them by cutting across the grain with a narrow chisel and work care- fully to avoid bruising the corners. Also cut mortises centering on the outside 4% in. by 3% in. and %& in. deep to receive the brackets. The pattern for the brackets is made in the same manner as for the ends, on cardboard 3 by 3% in. When shaped, glue the brackets into the ends and as- semble the ends and the trough. The candlesticks are 8% in. long and 1% in. in diameter at the thickest Avery attractive piece for the reading table om 4 Working drawings of book trough and details of the trough sides and candlestick brackets point. Bore the sockets 1 in. deep with a 34-in. bit. Mortise each stick 5 in. deep to receive the bracket ends. If no lathe is available, the candlesticks can be sawed out four-sided, following the same profile. Finish with stain, filler, and varnish or with opaque colors. —Epwin M. Love. January, 1927: All) Years ‘‘Well Brushed a Hair is Healthy Hair” On military brushes, as on handled hair brushes, the name WHITING-ADAMS is the mark of a better brush — the same now as for over a hundred years. A dainty size for the ladies. WHITING-ADAMS BOSTON BRUSH MAKERS FOR 118 YEARS Metal Magic If you’ve never used Kester Metal \ Mender before, \, you'll think it’s | magic—it’sso easy to use. Think of soldering as well as an.expert, right in your home, You can—just ask our dealer for ester, the solder anyone can use. KESTER METAL MENDER CHICAGO SOLDER COMPANY 4201-526 Weightwood Ave.,Chicago, U.S.A. BARGAINS, RANDOLPH RADIO CORP. -180.N. UNION AV. © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Provides complete noiseless filament con- trol for all radio tubes withoutchange of con- nections. Metal parts are nickel plated. One hole mounting. Self contained switch opens ar circuit when Alor Bandy Ca ° Electric Controlling Apparatus 293 Greenfield Avenue Milwaukee, Wis. FREE— OUR 84- PAGE CATA- LOGUE, FILLED WITH RADIO WRITE TODAY! ‘Dept. Si SBSESEBSBEBSBRBRPSBREREERBESBEBSESEESSEEEESE SSeseeeeeeeeeaeeeeeaeaeeeseeaee eee aegcea » CHICAGO, IL. Ja aun ot Git ste “O02 —-. Ge anton aie 2 oon * coe ee ke atte kibe fin id hk om . & as ot ft ot Of ~~ ee A t= 69 HH mene tk A CUO! Oe ih = @® «a5 — -* - 45

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Home Workshop Chemistry Simple Formulas that ve ; Will Save Time em ==-- and Money iii nA RECIPITATED chalk is a white and very light powder, which can be ob- tained at any drug store. It is one of the preparations of chalk, the commonest and most familiar of which is sold under the name of whiting at all paint stores. Whiting is very cheap and its most com- mon use is in putty used for glazing and filling nail holes and cracks. ‘In the home workshop the main value of precipitated chalk (or whiting) lies in the ability it has to unite with other substances to form putty and cement. It is less frequently used for preparing clean- ing powders. As a putty it is used for fastening win- dow panes, assembling aquariums, and cementing joints in gas and water pipes. A putty for this purpose must never dry to such an extent that it will be shattered easily by vibration. The chalk, therefore, should be mixed to a soft paste with raw linseed oil, which — -— mu- GLASS SIDES -’ more slowly than Ss the boiled variety. {cimre clase enuarian The tendency is to mix the putty too stiff. Indeed, it often pays to add raw linseed oil to prepared commercial putty. When putty is to be used for an aquarium or for the tightening of piping, at least fifty percent of red lead is added y \ STRIP OF GLASS / | to the whiting. Enough raw linseed oil should be added to make a soft paste. Place plenty of this putty around the edges of the glass and force it firmly into the frame. Remove the surplus with a knife. Next cover the inside edges thickly with putty and protect these edges later with narrow strips of glass, as shown, so that almost no surface is exposed to the water. This tends to seal the putty from the air and water and helps to keep it soft. Incidentally, keep water in any aquarium for at least one week before stocking it with fish. You will always have this information about chalk available if you will cut out the following label and paste it on the container or file it away among your formulas: : Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Precrprratep chalk (or whiting) is useful for mak- ing cements of various kinds. Mixed with water glass, it forms a cement for porcelain and glass. Mixed with raw linseed oil, it forms a putty for windows. When at least fifty percent of red lead is added to this putty and the entire mass made quite soft with the addition of raw linseed oil, the cement formed can be used for making pipes air-, water-, and gas-tight; it is also well pted for puttying glass in aquariums. . POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ve Vg G % ¢ NS YY J | The Last Word in Radio RETAIL PRICE —and the Biggest Values Ever Offered Yes, Sir!—you can put a NEW Model Westingale, 5-tube Radio in your own home and use it to your heart’s content on 30 DAYS’ TRIAL.‘ Entertain your family and friends. Listen to the music, concerts, sports, news, market reports frcm stations all over the country. Compare it with other sets for beautiful appearance—wonderful performance and low price— and if you are not convinced that Westingale gives you the greatest measure of Radio satisfaction ard the best value for the money—YOU DON’T HAVE TO KEEP IT. Westingale Radio Sets have been tested and awarded the certifi- cate of merit by: Popular Science Institute Radio News Laboratory Popular Radio Research Dept. and have also been tested and approved by the Ra- dio departments of: Farm Mechanics fests WESTINGALE cittau | cuisiez” Don’t buy any Radio until you send the coupon for our FREE catalog which pictures and describes both the new 1-Dial and 2-Dial Models. Why pay more? Why not get the NEWEST Radio? Why take chances when all we ask is a 30-Day Trial at our risk to convince you that these NEW Westingale Mcdels are years ahead in powerful recep- tion—wonderful, loud clear tone—handsome appearance—and EASY, simple control. Look at these two distinctive Westingale Modcls—they’re the last word in every way. Every late feature—every new worthwhile idea is embodied in their make up. Newest style period type cabinets. Two-tone, hand rubbed Walnut finish. The front panels enhanced with an artistic Spanish Galleon design embossed in dull gold, these new West- ingale Models are unsurpassed in appearance—unbeatable in performance—and unbeatable in price. Agents Wanted—Buy at Cost . Right now we want to appoint an agent or dealer and place one demonstrating set in each locality because we know that each demonstration will sell more sets. This is your chance to get a Westingale Radio at a big discount and make it pay you big money. For a limited time we offer a big reduction, way below retail prices on the FIRST Westingale outfit placed in each locality. Anyone can make quick sales and big prefits in taking orders for Westingale sets. No radio experience necessary. We show you how. $50 to $100 a week—full or spare time. Our FREE book tells all about it. Your Own Radio FREE Our FREE Catalog also explains a plan whereby you can put a Westingale Radio in your home on 30 Days’ Trial—demonstrate it to your neighbors and friends in your spare time, and get your own set without cost before the trial period is up. Mail the coupon or a post card for our FREE Radio Catalog today. Be first in your locality_to get special discount prices and our FREE Radio offer. Westingale Electric Co. Dept. 124 1751 Belmont Ave. Chicago © Westingale Electric Co. Chicago, Ill., U. S. A. and FREE R&dio Offer. J IS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Be First -Mail Now Dept. 124, 1751 Belmont Ave. suseecensccnannsel Please send your FREE #@ Catalog. Also full particulars ® of Special Discount on the first outfit placed in each locality — asset Oita tay iar einer moar as a mi et nm a aN ad al aie ae i= esate Se AE TT aN BI TLS ———— niet Niel POUT i me os

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EE TE TE TT ae ane en ae ee ee ——————— eS 98 Hewi to — te easy with this chisel-edge claw H Qmmer »6 Hons is something new in ham- mers. The one-pound head of forged steel carefully tempered has a chisel-edge on the end of the claws. It is perfectly balanced and the two extra side claws makes it possible to pull nails in close corners or next to the wall. The distinct curve to the claws creates a fulcrum that makes it possible to pull out large nails with one pull. The chisel-edge claw hammer has been tested and approved by the Popular Science Institute of Standards. Every man doing carpentry work or odd jobs around the house will find hundreds of ‘uses for the three-in- one hammer. It will do everything any other hammer will do. Besides it can be used as a chisel and it will get at nails that other hammers won’t reach. The price for this new hammer is only $2.00. If your hardware dealer hasn’t the chisel- edge claw hammer in stock write to us send- ing his name and we will fill your order direct Chisel-Edge Claw Hammer Company H.A.Ayvad Dept.E Hoboken, N. J. CHISEL-EDGE CLAW HAMMER POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY the Shipshape Home How to Replace Sash Cords & IS surprising how many persons have little or no practical knowledge of the mechanism that balances the ordinary double-hung windows which they pull up and down every day. Consequently, when a sash cord breaks and the window fails to operate, they have to pay for the expensive services of a mechanic to do a job that can be done very easily by any home owner, whether man or woman. All the tools needed for the task of replac- ing the cord are a chisel, a hammer, and perhaps a screw driver. A length of the best quality sash cord should be ob- tained before the job is begun. As a safe measure for length, without hav- ing the old cord as a guide, use the dis- tance from the win- dow sill to the pul- ley, plus 8 in. Sash cord can be bought at any hardware store, and to sub- stitute should be used. With the cord ready for use, proceed with the work as follows: Pry off the window stop with a chisel, as shown in Fig. 1. This needs to be done only on the side where the broken cord is. If the cords should be in need of repair on both sides, (Continued on page 99) Fig. 1. The win- dow stop is pried off ° Fig. 2. The cord is removed by easing it out of its groove with a screw driver January, 1927 pe, crs proved ESHM | PASTERPIBS When company drops in you never fail to provide real entertainment — with this wonderful radio. It is massive, beautiful, just what you want for your home. Contains large cone speaker of great vol- ume and superbtone Operates 4 Electricity from light socket by installing Freshman “*ABC"’ Power Supply rite for our new wo W CHAS. FRESHMAN CO,,Inc. 48-page book. It’s fre Idg., N.Y. "2626 Washington Bive Fae D Freshman B ington Bivd., Chicago EEP Your Own Home Warm and Make Big Money by Selling ABC Weatherstrips to Others Every man is a prospect for ABC Weather- strips because they reduce the coal bill, will keep out dust and dampness and are low ia cost. They are easy to install, no groovin or removing of sash necessary, made 0 spring bronze, that means they always fit snug against sash. Send $1.00 and we will send you complete material for one double hung window. Complete AGENT'S infor- mation sent on request. HOFFBAUER COMPANY, Ine. 16 East 12th Street New York City The LINCOLN Sport Plane Bui'dand fly it Yourself 100 MILES PER HOU! 30 H. P. Motor “\ Blue Prints and material now ready for A builders. Send 25c for illustrated . book. It tells you how. fying school opens March Ist. Earn while ou learn. LINCOLN AIRCRAFT COMPANY pt. 3 Lincoln, Nebraska De $25 IN PRIZES See Cash Prize Offer on Page 114 © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Jan!

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~ wrest in for- Inc. « City Plane , 3 eady stra rn while PANY +. 8 114 Facing 8 Sash Cord (Continued from page 98) Fig. 4. How the ““pocket’’ appears Fig. 3. Removing the parting strip | it may be necessary eventually to remove both stops, depending upon whether the stop covers the ‘ — piece, which can be seen in Fig. 4 Next, pull the sash out at the side where the stop has been removed and . slide it out of its groove at the opposite side. It is well to remember at this point that glass is now being handled. Do not make any abrupt or violent movements that might add the job of reglazing to the one already at hand. The cord which is not broken must be removed. This is done with the aid of a screw driver or other sharp instrument as shown in Fig. 2; just pry the cord out of its groove. Sometimes it will be found that a shingle nail has been driven into the knot. This makes it somewhat harder to loosen. Tie a large loop knot on the cord before releasing it so that the weight will hang suspended in the frame with this knot against the pulley. If the upper sash is the one needing attention, the “parting strip”’ must next be removed. That is the strip or stop against which the outside of the lower sash and the inside of the upper sash slide up and down. Sometimes this strip is tightly stuck in the paint and must be cut loose with a chisel or other edge tool as shown in Fig. 5. If this is not done it will tear the wood when it is forced out of its groove. (Continued on page 100) Fig. 5. If the parting strip is stuck in its groove with paint, loosen it with a chisel POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Aristocrat E-Z TOON Vernier Pointer N EWeA risto le Vernier Port Dial This marvelous, recently com- piled, 48-page Log Book (worth $1) is given FREE with every set of 3 Aristocrat Vernier Port Dials. Bound in beautiful, two-tone Mocotan Leather with embossed cover. Lists every United States and Canadian Radiocast Station of record June 1st, “er of 250 watts or more. Indexed by call letters, wavelengths and loca- tion. Also includes many of the principal foreign stations. Ample room for additional or local stae tions. Ask your dealer to show you a copy. MEMBER BUNA A O MATTER how many tubes your receiver has, how much it N cost or what its circuit principle is—your radio cannot be in style without vernier window dials. In radio, just as in fine motor Cars, appearance and performance are constantly im- proved each season. With the new Aristocrat Vernier Port Dials, your radio wil! appear just like the current model. And the Aristocrats will also make it perform like the new, advanced radios. Vernier Ratio is 14 to 1. With this extremely fine tuning you can separate local stations of adjacent wavebands distinctly— and bring in countless stations you have never heard before right through powerful local broadcasting. The Aristocrat is easily installed in but a few minutes. The famous Kurz-Kasch Split Bushing fits all condenser shafts— aligns rite, holds tite!’ All mechanism and shaft ends are cone cealed. No gears, chains or cogs to backlash, wear out or get out of order. If you buy, build or operate a receiver with old-fashioned dials —or dials of doubtful quality—replace them with the up-to- date, beautiful Aristocrat Vernier Port Dials of pure Bakelite, bearing the KK Trademark. In three rich finishes—to match your radio—black with white markings, mahogany and walnut with gold markings. The better dealers can supply you—at $2 each. THE KURZ-KASCH COMPANY, Dayton, Outro Moulders of Plastics KURZ ® ) KASCH cAristocrat Dials and Knobs 1S} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Sele SERRE RRR ane iN nore nest oS i PS tenor NER ra

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Ae anneal A a ee Ph 5 " 2 " he \y ' i i t | 4 hi t t t | a | | - a { P| ‘ tT A Gift HE © Will Always Remember — for HIS Christmas gift at your Hardware Store! You'll find, in attractive holiday boxes,an ATKINS J No. 400 Hand Saw of § “Silver Steel,’ known as “the finest saw ever made,” ready for a lifetime of sav- § ing work and money—the best gift for the real man, ATKINS ‘‘Junior Mechanic”’ —asaw made for home use that any boy will appreciate—is also ready in holiday packing. Give a useful gift—ATKINS name on the saw blade shows it’s the best choice any one can make. At YOUR Hard- ware Store. E.C.ATKINS & CO. Established 1857 Leading Manufacturers of Highest Grade Saws for Every Use; Saw Tools, Saw Specialtres, Plastering Trowels, and Machine Knives, 428 So. Illinois St. INDIANAPOLIS, U. S. A. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Replacing Sash Cord (Continued from page 99) After the paint is cut, the strip is pried out carefully. When doing this set the chisel firmly in the wood (Fig. 3) and do not let it slip. Pull the upper sash down to the sill and loosen the strip from the top downward. Then lift the strip up to make it clear the “meeting” or lower rail of the upper sash. Now the sash it- self may be removed by loosening the cords on each side as directed for the lower sash. The “pocket” piece (Fig. 4) is pried out after the one or two screws which hold it in place have been removed. This piece is sometimes located in front of the parting strip and partly under the A knot Fig. 6. Tying the sash weight. must be used that will never slip or loosen window stop. If it is located as shown here, however, the parting strip must be removed regardless of whether the lower sash only needs attention, since the pocket cannot be opened otherwise. Inside in the opening thus revealed will be found the released sash weight—an iron casting. Now tie a knot on one’end of the new cord, similar to the one found inserted in the edge of the window, and secure this knot in its proper place. Nail it if a nail was used in the old cord. Put the window back in the frame and insert the free end of the cord in the open pulley. Push the window to the extreme top and if it will not stay there, fasten it with a wedge or have someone hold it. The loose end of the cord will probably be easy to find at the open pocket. If you cannot get the end of the cord in this way, pull it out entirely and make what is called a carpenter's “mouse,” which is simply a piece of soft lead, chain or other small weight tied to the end of a string. Slip the weight over the pulley, tie the string on the end of the sash cord and pull the cord through. Stand the weight on the window sill and while it is in that position, tie the cord taut. as (Continued on page 101) January, 1927 It’s a Wonder! Works So Easy Press-to-Feed Electric Soldering Iron A great invention. Indispensable for all kinds of gol. dering work. Convenient, simple, economical. One hand does the work of two. Made with removable tip —%3¢" and 34” round, making it adjustable for light or heavy work. Trigger Press-to-Feed attachment takes all sizes of solder wire. Operates on either D.C, or A.C. 110 to 115 volts, 50 watts. Attachments are made to fit all leading makes of electric soldering irons, Price complete with Press-to-Feed attachment $3.50 Attachment only........ ee 1.50 Radio Work requires this iron. Getg into Viget pines with ease. Speeds up radi set building. ’ . Agents Make arene Press-to-Feed is a ne cessity for industrial and domestic uses. Big prof- its selling this wonderful iron to factories, homes, auto mechanics, etc. Or- der asample. Quantity discounts on request. rite to ILLINOIS STAMPING & MFG. CO, 220 N. Jefferson St., Dept. 22, CHICAGO ee Bradleyometer THE PERFECT POTENTIOMETER Uses graphite disc resistors which are noiseless and not affected by atmos- pheric conditions. ®, Metal parts are nickel "e plated. One hole mounting. Finish @end knob match \"ad} at Bradleystat. Madein \G SmQ D #200 and 400 ohm oy) ao ie Electric Controlling Apparatus 293Greenfield Avenue Milwaukee, Wis. eee eee ERE RERES ESE SEE Deafness Perfect hearing is now being re- stored in all cases of deafness caused by Catarrhal troubles, Relaxed or Sunken Drums, Thickened Drums, i i Sounds, Perfo- a ring or ssing em rated, Whol! or Partially Destroyed ae Drams, Discharge from Ears, etc. Wilson Common-Sense Ear Drums require no medicine but effectively replace what is lacking or defective in the natural ear drums. They are simple devices, which the wearer easily fits into the ears where they are invisible. Soft, safe and comfortable. Press-to-Feed is indispensable .to radio assemblers F B k Wee todew for 168 age book on ness giving full partic- n Deafness |frisar st mnie on e ness teful ones has been re- stored by these “little wireless phones for the ears,” WILSON EAR DRUM CO. Incceporated 250 Todd Building LOUISVILLE, KY. BIG NEW 1927 CATALOG-FREE Dealers ents, Set Builders — get our big 1927 "aeSoe 208 nationally advertised lines, Lowest prices in America! Largest, most complete stock. Radio’s latest develop- ments. It’s a ee — — -_ FRICAN AUTO & t e . 11404 McGee Street, Kaneas City, Mo. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Jani

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ol- he POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 101 (Continued from page 100)’ shown in Fig. 6. This will leave the cord the correct length. Study the old knots for the type that will not slip. All carpenters, of course, do not follow exactly the same method in doing a job of this kind, but the process as outlined is a good one for the beginner to follow. The process of assembling the window is simply a reverse of the one already used. Take care not to drive long nails where they will interfere with the action of the weights. Care also should be exer- cised in nailing the window stop back in position. It is well to put nails in all the -old holes just as a matter of covering the holes even if a few new ones must be used to add the needed strength. It is not amiss at this time to examine the other cords to see if they are worn enough to require attention and thus save the trouble of having to do the job over again soon.— EMANUEL E. Ericson. PAINT TROUBLES— Their Causes and Cures By Berton E.uior RS. ANDREWS, our neighbor, dropped in the other evening. “T’ve been saving these for you,” she cooed sweetly but with a roguish twinkle in her eye, as she unrolled a strip of paper that seemed about a yard long. ‘‘They’re troubles!” “Troubles?” I repeated. painting about the house lately, going ‘ahead of my own accord without asking any questions of anybody, and there have been things that didn’t turn out right.” “Well, let’s hear about them.” “T was doing one of the bedroom floors with varnish stain, and it didn’t work well at all. At other times it had been just as easy to use as anything, but this time it pulled and dragged under the brush. I thought I would never get through. And, besides, it didn’t look very even. A big batch of color would stick in one place, and I would keep brushing away to spread it out evenly, but it wouldn’t spread very well. When I got through the floor was streaked—dark in some places and light in others.” “A little turpentine was all that was needed,” I answered. “Some of the liquids had evaporated since the last time you used the varnish stain. If you ever have any varnish stain that works that way again, just add some turpentine and stir it in well, and you will find your varnish stain working ‘as smooth as but- ter’ under a brush again.” Her next question had to do with the ‘hou of varnish (Continued on page 102) “Yes. [ve been doing quite a bit of | well either. The color wasn’t nice and. Pathfinders An advertisement of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company CurISTOPHER COLUMBUS discovered America, thus adding a new world to the old. Alexander Graham Bell discovered the telephone, giving the nations of the earth a new means of communication. Each ven- tured into the unknown and blazed the way for those who came after him. The creating of a nation- wide telephone service, like the developing of a new world, opened new fields for the pathfinder and the pio- neer. The telephone, as the modern American knows it, has been made possi- ble by the doing of a multitude of things -in the realms of research, engineering and business administration. Its continued advance- ment requires constant effort in working upon a _ never- ending succession of seem- ingly unsolvable problems. Because it leads the way in finding new pathways for telephone development, the Bell System is able to pro- vide America with a nation- wide service that sets the standard for the world. $25 in Cash Prizes See Page 114 of this issue It’s Easy to Build Things! Men everywhere are finding it easy to build things of wood with Boice-Crane Bench Machines. Send 10¢e for Boice’s new 64-page booklet containing helpful information and describing Boice-Bench CircularSaws, Band Saws, Jointers, Jig Saws, Lathes, Drills, and Mortisers. - 14” Band =; Saw Table 12” x 14° tilts 45 deg. “oe Saws 7” stock. : B Uses blades 34.6” tc Swings 8”. centers. 8” Bench Lathe » YY" wide. Does turning, drilling, threading, i Bronze Bearings. sawing, sanding, grinding and jig 5 sawing in wood or soft metals. Capacity 19" between All Boice Machines driven by % to 2 H.P. motor attached to light socket. Send 10c for booklet today,- NOW! W.B. & J. E. BOICE Junior Saw Does ripping, mitering, grooving; sanding, grinding and drilling with ease and accuracy. Table 10°x13". Saws 2%” stock. Dadoes %°x's", Makes moulding. Sold with or with- out motor. Dept. P. S. 1-C Toledo, Ohio © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Pe ee AOI I APR OND Cte onan st m

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 HOME WORK SHOP [Red Jacket IS SENT ON TRIAL A chest full of electric tools that THE NEW PRECISION LATHE GENUINE ELECTRIC TOOLS (NOT-A-TOY) make you an accomplished work- man. Designed by a master for the \ private use of tool lovers and men who want to build, construct, in- ” vent and create at home. You will with direct be able to make everything—at- tractive, odd furniture, toys, home and garden improvements, all —_— manufacturing and repair- drilling, Only $10.00 Down—Liberal Cash Discounts Ter and Twenty Payment Plans. SPECIAL CRAFTS COURSE FREE TO OWNERS Everything Explained In Our Literature—Ask for it—It’s FREE E BUY ON YOUR OWN TERMS fl cLEAR #190 “$300 HB One Day C oe starts you to 880 auto and radio rer $35 a jay ——e guaran: tee. yeas for tree. ult jetin HOBART BROS. Bo. Box P17 roy, BATTERY CHARGING “SAVE 14T0% WRITE. FOR CATALOG - RANDOLPH RADIO: CORP. = ~ send Red ) Mees — drive to an accurate wood turning lathe (capacity 9 in. x 32 in.); a bench saw; scroll and jig saw; and all accessories for both portable and stationary buffing, cleaning. Attaches to light socket, and gives you complete private A tool and machine shop. 180 RN; UNION AV... Dept. 3° CHICAGG, ILL. Wood ina Can/ Literally true of PLASTIC WOOD— The aan will ee a trial quantity of this mouldable wood to Try PLASTIC WOOD for filling old screw holes, making casters solid in a chair, repairing furniture or wherever wood needs replac ing As it comes from the can, PLASTIC ’ WoC D can be moulded in the fingers and pushed into holes and cracks. It hardens on exposure to the air and can be whittled, planed, sand-papered or turned on a lathe. PLASTIC WOOD will adhere to metal or tile as well as to wooden surfaces—takes paint, stain and varnish—nails and screws will not split it. There is nothing like PLASTIC WOOD Addison-Leslie Company Canton, Mass. Please send me a trial quantity WOOD for which I enclose 35c. 8-1 of PLASTIC Created for “handy’’ men. So compact, reliable and efficient that you can accomplish any job with it, and so inexpensive that anyone can own it. Unconditionally guar- anteed. Our literature is interest- power ing and fascinating, and explains grinding and everything. Don't delay. Learn all about the Red Jacket Home Work Bench now. WACO MFG. CO. Chicago, Ill. Manager, Dept. 1. Please send me particulars about 10-day free trial, free blue-prints and $10 down pay- ment. 2915 So. Wabash Address BOREECOe Ree eeeeecsctacescessedissseneuscaccccccasenes SPORT BODIES for FORDS at FACTORY PRICES! This Fh 639 50 il for Booklet A-10 Showing Other Models. SPORT FACTORIES, Aurora, Illinois Build and Sell Ghin Models Make $25.00 to $35.00 profit on every One you sell. Big demand every- where. We furnish hull block 20 in. long of Hendrick Hudson's famous “Half Moon” cut and shaped ac- curately to scale, with complete patterns of all rigging and parts and full simple instructions. Only $3.00 cash with order, pay balance of $9.50 S — e ler Money hong k guaranteed. for ph BOON SHIP MODEL WORKS, "3639 BURCH AVE. "CINCINNATI, 0. a In Your Set Tube life and efficiency, tone clarity and accurate tuning—all depend on filament control. AMPERITE, the only self-adjusting filament control, regulates the tube current that governs these vital points. Eliminates hand-rheostats, simplifies set-wiring. Accepted as standard equipment by every leading engineer, "AMPERITE is specified in all the popular con- struction sets. FREE— Write for *‘ TheRadiall Book,’”” containing the latest popular hook- 35 — construction data, to Dept. Feadiall Company 50 FRANKLIN ST., NEW YORK © en Awa A A A A EWR A meee ne RBRBRBRREBBRREBRBEBEWMEBWeE wae = SESS SSBB EUS SE See = — - IMPERIT: REG. V.S. PAT. OFF. The “SELF-ADJUSTING” Rheostat Sd RMR 8. SRN Painting Troubles (Continued from page 101) The way to wash off the last traces of paint remover is with gasoline and scrub- bing brush, as Mr. Elliot recommends stain on the stairway and landing and the woodwork of the downstairs hall. The varnish was from a new can and went on satisfactorily. It looked fine but. didn’t dry for about two weeks. “We had an awful time getting up and down stairs,” she added, “and spoiled the finish in a few places where we had rigged up boards to step on.” A number of questions on my part failed to furnish any clue, but a casual remark revealed what the trouble was—a mistake countless amateur painters make. It seemed that Mrs. Andrews, in her de- sire to do an especially good job, had _did say to wash up thoroughly with a | had forgotten this. | woodwork with a cloth, though, and it taken off the old finish with a paint and varnish remover. THINK we have your trouble,” I in- terrupted. “‘When you got through using the paint and varnish remover, did you wash up the surface with gasoline?” “No-o-o!” responded Mrs. Andrews slowly. “I remember now the directions liberal amount of gasoline, but when we got through using the paint remover we We wiped up the looked nice and clean.” I explained that a paint and varnish remover gets into the surface, and it takes gasoline, benzine, or turpentine to cut the remover and wash it out. The best way is to take plenty of gasoline and use a scrubbing brush. “What's next?” I inquired. “IT am just doing the walls in that new room we finished up in the attic. I filled the cracks and imperfections with plaster of Paris and paint, after the first coat of wall paint. When I put on the second coat these spots all showed through much lighter in color. Why was this, and will the next coat cover them up?” “That was probably due to one of two things. You may have put on the second coat too soon after filling the cracks and before the plaster of Paris mixture had a chance to harden clear through, so that these spots (Continued on page 103) © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. ~- nos ss Ss «dhe aie on oe ae eee ae ae

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all. two ond and da hat 103)

Painting Troubles (Continued from page 192) absorbed the paint much more than the rest of the wall. Or else you may have mixed the plaster of Paris with wall paint just as it came from the can, in- stead of using some of the ‘fifty-fifty’ mixture of wall paint and wall size which you used for the first coat on the walls. If the crack filling mixture was made without any size, it would tend to be porous and absorbent. Seal over these spots in some way; otherwise the next coat also will sink in and the spots will still show through. One of the best ways to do this is with a’ thin coat of shellac. Shellac dries in an hour or so, so you won't lose any time.” “TTERE’S another one,” our visitor went on, after making a note about the use of shellac. “‘It wasn’t due to any- thing going wrong in the work, but a little hard luck afterwards. You know the kitchen we fixed up so prettily? Well one of the kiddies left the water running in the bathroom; it overflowed, and came down through the ceiling. That’s all speckled with dozens of blisters puffed out as big as hen’s eggs. It looks ter-ri-b-l-e.” “That certainly was tough,” I com- miserated. “‘ Well, as long as it’s only the ceiling that is spoiled, it won’t take so long to fix it up. First, break all the blisters with a putty knife and scrape off all the loose paint—away back as far as the paint is the least bit loose. Then go over all these spots with a thin coat of shellac, being careful not to miss any. Make a mixture of plaster of Paris and equal parts of wall paint and size, using the same color wall paint as was previ- ously used on the ceiling. Make this mix- ture reasonably thick and knife it on to the spots with your putty knife, smooth- ing it out nicely to fill up the depressions in the paint film, and make them even with the painted surface. Allow twenty- four hours for drying and then give the entire surface a brush coat of wall paint of the proper color into which some wall size has been added in the proportion of about two parts paint to one part size. Allow twenty-four hours for this coat to dry, or, preferably, forty-eight hours if you are in no particular hurry. Then apply another coat of wall paint as it comes in the can, and you'll have a new finish just as good as the old one.” That’s all the ground we covered that evening, but Mrs. Andrews promised to bring us more “troubles” if she en- countered them. And she is very apt to, because there is more to painting than the amateur ever realizes. This is the first of a series of articles in which Mr. Elliot answers the ques- tions that so often perplex those inter- ested in home painting and decorating.

DiscarpeEp auto fenders and body panels, obtaitied from junk dealers, are inex- pensive material for making letter boxes and containers of various kinds. With a little care the original enamel finish can be retained.—G.D.H. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

No Noise as it Charges —not a bit of fuss. Not even a murmur that would disturb the mildest slumber,

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Charges Both ‘‘A’’ and ““B”’ Batteries Keeps both packed with power. Bulb is used for “B” battery charg- ix ing and is en- closed, like all other parts, in metal, safe from accident. (Rectigon charges automobile batteries, too.)

Perfect Safety for Your Set —If you tune in while you re charging there'll be no S- harm either to mel set orbatteries. Va Nor will bat- = : teries be dis- yy. charged if anything happens to the current while your Rectigon’s attached.

AN

Batte THE RECTIGON is a superb Westinghouse product. Things you can’ tsee, like extra heavy insulation, things you can see, like the durably enameled case—all are of highest quality. Westinghouse also manufactures a complete line of radio instruments, and Micarta panels and tubes. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING CO. Tune in on KDKA - KYW - WBZ - KFKX No Storage Battery Radio is Complete Without a Rectigon Your program Starts with a snap- It does if your “snap” judgment is good! Because good reception demands lively bat- teries. And that’s what you get when you snap on your Rectigon to do your charging. _ . The time to start bringing in tomorrow’s snappy program is tonight—after the last station signs off. You just plug into the light socket and attach the terminals. That keeps your batteries at their peppy best. That savesservice station bother. And you'll never be caught with batteries run down, or absent for charg- ing when the week’s best program is on the air. when you charge em at home with ‘The Westinghouse Wreetigon ee harger

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No. 6132. Solid Gold Men’s | No. 6598. Any initial (rais- 4 Initial or Emblem Ring. 2 | ed gold) or Eastern Star, Re- (& Genuine Diamonds 4-100 ea. | becca, Mason Shrine, K of C ¥ 14-Kt. White Gold Top. Em- | emblem if desired. Send number of ring, size No. tial (Old English) Yellow or | of finger, initial or emblem de- 6598 White Gold inlaid in Genuine | sired, and ring will be sent for blem (any lodge) or any ini- Hope Ruby or Black Onyx | inspection. Ask for Free Jewelry Catalog Buffalo Jewelry Mfg. Co. 501 Washington St. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See Page 6. “The Mail Order House’’ Dept. A (or at your Jeweler’s)

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104 i F Every SMOOTHON WO. MOOTH-ON No. 1 hardens like iron and ex- pands in doing so to make cracked, open or loose parts everlastingly tight. Don’t pay any professional fixer a big price to make such repairs. With Smooth-On No. 1, you yourself can do a perfect job for a few cents and usually im a few minutes. © Get the Smooth-On habit and you will quickly find that it keeps many dollars in your own pocket. Try it on the following and see for yourself: IN THE HOME Stopping leaks in steam, water, gas, oil or stove pipes, mending cracks, breaks or leaks in furnaces and boil- ers, radiators, tanks, sinks, pots and pails, making loose handles tight on umbrellas, knives, hammers, brushes, drawers, etc., tightening loose screws, hooks, locks, door knobs, etc. ON THE AUTOMOBILE Making bursted water jackets and pumps good as new, stopping leaks in radiator, hose connections, gas tank and gas, oil and exhaust lines, making a fume-proof joint between exhaust pipe and tonneau heater, tightening loose headlight posts, keeping grease cups, hub caps and nuts from loosen- ing and falling off, etc. To get perfect re- sults, write to us for and use the Smooth- On Repair Book. Free if you return the coupon. Get Smooth-On No. 1 in 7-02., I-lb. or 5-lb. tins at any hardware store, or af you want us to send sample 7-02. can, enclose 35 cts. in stamps when returning the coupon. Smooth-On Mfg. Co. Dept. 58, 574 Communipaw Ave. JERSEY CITY, N. J. Doik wilh SMOOTH'ON SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO. Dept. 574 Communipaw Ave., icy ‘City, N. J. Please send the free Smooth-On Repair Book. Write for FREE BOOK 0 EE SS ee a a Re ae . Se Pe Oe Return this coupon for a FREE copy of Booklet POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Be eer Gop Methiocls Old Bill Inspects a Lathe and Aids a Machinist By James Extis LD BILL still felt a boyish thrill about being in another city. He had come a hundred miles to look at several machines that were for sale. Finishing his breakfast, he taxied out to the shop where he was to inspect one of the machines. He was a bit too early for the proprietor, so, from force of habit, he ambled into the shop. “Look who’s here! Glad to see you!” Old Bill winced a little from an exuber- ant greeting emphasized by a vigorous slap on his shoulders, but a smile spread over his face as he recognized in the fore- man of the shop a man who had worked for him several years before. Old Bill looked about the place. He sensed that the younger man’s eyes were following his, bh By prying against the edge ima | of the faceplate, Old Bill Hi id tested the spindle and bear- | | ings of lathe for looseness \ ; i as though anxiously awaiting Old Bill’s verdict. “T am glad to see that you keep your place clean,” provingly. They chatted of old times awhile until the proprietor arrived and led the way to the lathe that was for sale. Old Bill went up for a close examination. It did not take any time for him to note scars and scratches on the ways, and bare- ly a touch sufficed to tell him that the cross feed screw was pretty loose. The tailstock spindle could be clamped, so it was not worn much, and there were no missing teeth on the headstock gears. Starting the lathe at a pretty good speed, he listened to the quick change gears. They did not seem bad. Then he looked to the spindle bearings. He found a board close by; using it as a lever under the faceplate, he tried to raise the spindle out of the bearings. Any looseness would have been felt at the end of the board. One thing more interested him. rubbed his finger over the vees, then studied them closely. Just as he had thought, the lathe had done a lot of hard work in its time. (Continued on page 105) Old Bill commented ap- He © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page6. World Radio Storage “B” Battery 12 Cell—24 Volt Proved value. Thousands of users find reception magical. Clear, true power—instantly and unendingly, Wj, economy. Sturdy construction—Solid Rubber Case tion. Recharged for almost nothing. Endorsed and listed a standard by ss ous pee institutions including Pop. Laboratories, Pop. Sci. Inst. Standards, Radio News Lah, Lefax, Inc., and other Radio authorities. What more nej be said? Extra Offer: 4 Batteries in series (96 volts) $19 5, mber wanted an Send No Money same'day order is secsived: by . Pay expressman “afte ter examining batteries. 5% discount ember— sai c.0.D. for cash with order. Rem you save 60°7, on Worl: Dept. Ba wpe 0, Ill, 1219 So. Wabash p sa Makers of the Famous World Radio Prices: 6-volt, 100 Amp. $10.00; 199. Ane All equipped ‘with So Set your padte dial at pan 8 cits ee cupotae eauenil Bat. tery Station WSBC. Variety-NewTalent-Always ea eng, JERRY Sonasvanr-ttsoster and Announcer —**Chi-CA $ = DOWN 150,000 in daily world wide use. 1% to 30 Horse Power, DIRECT From Factory—Wholesale Prices—Eary Terms—No Interest. 57 years proves WITIE most durable, re engine made—burns almost any kind of fuel — Semi-Steel Construc. tion—Valve-In-Head Motor—WICO Magneto- THROTTLING GOVERNOR-—Simple to run- Lifetime Guarantee—Excess Power. FREE CATALOG Describes New Improvements, New Lower Priccs and Long Terms, Also Log Saws and Pumpers, Valuable Information. 3 Hour Shipping Service. WITTE ENGINE WORKS aens Witte BDutiding, KANSAS CITY, MO, ax Empire Bidg., PITTSBURGH, PA, 2221 Witte Bldg., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL, Tells how you can make big money in world’s newest and greatest field. riguge the gael game y in Radio. Right now we want live agents and dealers in every locality; up to $100 a week easy. 40% TO 60% PROFIT r Simply send. phsia for this big illustrated - book explainin aibers! profit proposition and bo to get latest radio phy at . Also prices on parts, an special offers-all free. ‘Write today. STANDARD RADIO CO. 1404 Walnut St., Kansas City, Mo. “DON'T SHOUT” **T hear you. I can hear now as well as any body. ‘HOW?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I've a pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know Ihad them in, myself, only that I hear ‘all right. mT The Morley Phone for the is to the ears what glasses are to the eyes. Invisible, comfortable, weight- Anyone can adjust ft. Over one hundred thee fess and harmles sand sold. Write ‘tor booklet and testimonial) 8. THE MORLEY CO., Dept. 797, 10S. 18th Street, Philadelphi GETTING AHEAD? Read the advertisements on Pages 114 to 142 this issue if you want to get ahead

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etter Shop Methods! Old Bill Tests a Lathe (Continued from page 104) There was a shoulder on the vee where the carriage had been run back and forth. While this defect did not prevent the lathe from having a certain usefulness, Old Bill knew that it could not be de- pended upon to do highly accurate work. “There are some other things in town I want to do,” Old Bill told the pro- prietor, “and then I will be back to talk business with you.” “All right,” he replied. “I shall be here all day.” Old Bill and Jones, the foreman, then took a turn about the shop by themselves. “T have been wishing for a couple of days that I could see you,” Jones re- | marked. “I have a job of the kind you like, and I don’t know exactly the best way to get it done. One of the plants here has an engine driving a generator, and they have decided to put on another fly- wheel. There is room on the shaft, but there is no keyseat. The diameter is twelve inches, which means that we must ViyF” SHONDER How the keyway was drilled through a jig; the worn shoulder on the old lathe vees do a lot of chipping, yet that is the only way I see that we can get it done.” “T don’t believe I would chip all of it,” | said Old Bill. “Drill most of it out, and | chip just to finish it. If you will get a | piece of steel and make a jig, you will be | able to do a nice job, and quickly.” “We can only get at the shaft for three | hours a day, so speed is what we are after.” “Well, I can’t say that you will be able to do the job in one day, or two,” Old Bill continued, “but here is a method that will speed it up: Take a piece of flat steel and plane a vee on one side of it. Then lay off one-inch holes all over the area of the keyseat so that there is about an eighth- inch wall between them. Clamp this on to the shaft and drill holes into the shaft all the same depth. Use a flat end drill to finish the bottoms. Now for the trick. Shift the jig along the shaft so that you can drill out the webs between the holes, and flatten these bottoms, too. Take off the jig, and all vou will have to chip is a little on the bottom, and the high places off the sides.” “That sounds almost as good as a mill- ing machine!” Jones exclaimed. “I knew that you would have some idea that would help me out on this job.” Old Bill started away on his next errand, happy in the thought that he could be useful to his “boys,” even after they had left him and were no longer boys. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 105 He has good tools—his work shows it! NO REASON now for anyone to work with unsatisfactory tools. In every class of tools there are leaders. Devised by workers who simply had to have something better than what they were using. Produced by manufacturers who have overlooked nothing that might better design and quality. Sold at prices which every worker can afford to pay. Sargent planes will help you to get better results: Quicker re- sults, because of their simplicity SARGENT & COMPANY, Manufacturers, of adjustment and ease of han- dling. The Auto-Set has a feature found in no other plane. The cutter may be removed, sharpened and replaced without changing original adjustment. With this and the small Steel Block Plane you can do practically every fin- ishing job that comes to a school or home work-bench. See them at your hardware dealer’s. Prices are low for tools that so many professional car- penters use. Write for booklet, 50 Water Street, New Haven, Conn, SARGENT Sargent Steel Block Plane No. 5206 Sargent Auto-Set Bench Plane No. 714 INSTANTLY; new QUICK-START electric-heat primer, for FORDS and others. Principle adopted by Lincoln, } Packard,Chrysler. Three devices in one.\( C9 GREATEST GAS SAVER YET INVENTED Prevents carbon. Saves Battery; saves oil. Agents: Quick-selling year-’round article. Bigger margin of profit for you. Special FREE Deal. Write W. C. Kutsche, Inventor, Electric Superstarter, Dept. 6-A,Grand Rapids, Mich. ‘Heres how to be POPULAR ¢ BY new, easy methods you can learn to play a Conn saxophone in a few short weeks. Entertain yourself and your friends. Its zest- ful, cheering music makes you the life of the party; you’re welcome everywhere. Free Trial, Easy Payments on any Conn instrument for band or orchestra, Exclusive, easy-playing features, yet Conns cost no more than others. Write today for free literature. | C.G. CONN, ftd., 132 Conn Bldg. Elkhart, Ind. . \ONN INSTRUMENTS ORD UROEST HARUPAGTURERS TARGEST MAN IS] This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner 2ivertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS, See page 6.

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106

This book tells you in a new, simple, direct way how to build this new ra- dio set. 25c at Daven dealers, or 30c by mail. We GUARANTEE Your Success O MATTER if you’re totally inexperienced in radio—you can build a successful 1928 model Daven Bass Note Set—we guarantee it! A set whose beauty and clearness of reception will be the envy of your friends. A set with a new purity and fullness of Tone. A set that brings in all] the deep notes in music, notes that are usually muffied or lost. Daven Engineers Will Help You If, after reading ‘‘How to Make a Daven Bass Note Circuit,’”’ you have the slightest difficulty, write us your problem, and our engineers—the men who perfected this circuit and designed the Daven parts which go into it—will give you personal advice and instruction. Ever hear before of a radio parts manufac- turer giving such a guarantee? Get This Book Today Shows how to assemble a Daven set that is economical of space; has simple two-dial control; equipped with new Daven Balancer and Compen- sator for sharp easy tuning. Charts of a new kind show every part lifesize, with exact measurements for wiring, etc. With its help you can build a $150 radio set and save more than half of that. If your dealer hasn’t this book send us 30« for a copy. AV Bass Note Circuit for Complete Radio Reception Factory Built Daven Bass Note Sets IF YOU are not interested in set building, but want the new completeness of reception, the easy 2-dial tuning, the sharp selectiveness that the Bass Note Circuit brings, you will be interested to know that we have bought a controlling interest in the Port Manufacturing Company of Newark. Write for Free Folder showing and describing com- plete Daven Bass Note Sets. Address: Port Manufacturing Co. Radio Set Division of Daven Radio Corp., 191 Summit St., Newark, N. J. New 8th Edition Daven Manual This valuable book, new- ly revised, explains Daven Amplification in full de- tail. and shows how to apply Daven Amplifica- tion to any set. Get the Manual at your dealers’, 25c—30c by mail.

“Dhe Sine Af Neril™ AVEW \RAD/I PoRwioy TRADE MARK “Resistor Specialists” REGISTERED 191 SUMMIT ST., NEWARK, N. J. Complete Catalog of Daven Parts Free POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

January, 1927

A Space-Saving Clothes Hanger for the Shop

The hangers are suspended from nails high up, and quite out of the way NE of the best types of hat and coat hangers for the mechanic is, in my opinion, that illustrated above. An ordi- nary coat hook is fastened near one end of a 4- or 6-ft. stick. Just above the hook is a large hole, which allows the stick to be hung on a nail near the roof or ceiling. This makes it possible to hang one’s street clothes high up, out of harm’s way, in any crowded shop or building under construc- tion.—Joun H. Roserts. Sure-Grip Tool for Holding Short Dowel Pins LLUSTRATED below is a little tool, somewhat similar to tongs, that is bet- ter than fingers or pliers for holding dowel pins when starting them in holes. It will hold a very short pin, and one of almost any diameter. The holder is made of two pieces of \% in. thick flat stock. One is doubled

No matter how short the dowel pin is, it can be held with this homemade clamp over to form a holder for the other piece; this is the bottom piece shown. The other piece is pivoted within the first. A hole large enough for the largest dowel pin that is to be used is drilled through all three thicknesses, WHEN especially neat section lining must be done on a drawing and no automatic section liner is at hand. a so-called rail- road pen can be used, if available. One. pair of blades is filled with ink; the other pair is left dry and serves for gaging the distance between lines.—L. M.

This is the FOKKER Fokker North Pole Monoplane; The finest ideas in Mod- Curtiss J N 4 D-2 Training Plane:

el Airplanes. Look like a real one: ioe together easily and quickly, ready to fly in 2 hours Curtiss Milita Tractor: Bleriot, 0: or au H or cecil Peoli Racer. Send 28 cents now and get plans for the Price one See want to (Ans Only $6. plans for $1.50.) Catalog *!odel Aeroplanes, Flying Toys, and Supplies, &c postpaid. Ideal Aeroplane & Supply Co. 163-165 Spring St., New York Ask your Dealer for Tdeat ‘Model Aeroplane Construc- eer tion Outfits

tad ene nnrnmgm NS ERE ERERERERRE SE THE PERFECT GRID LEAK Provides a noiseless range of grid leak resistance from Y4 to 10 megohms. Assures most effective grid leak resistance > value for all tubes. Small grid conden- ser (0.00025) is sep- arate. Metal parts nickel plated. One hole mounting. Electric Controlling Apparatus 293Greenfield Avenue Milwaukee, Wis. (RERRERRRERERER ESS EEE

For Repair Shops, Amateur Mechan- ics, Model Makers, Inventors who want areal, ac- curate machine tool a a gga | pebbente easy Ac boring, drilling, winding, thread cutting. rors is a bar ain at several times the pare Mh Be gaps of accuracy. quality of materials, workmanship and The sliderest_has travel entire length of bed. Lead- screw inside bed. Hollow spindle. No. 1 Lathe, poe headstock- - , zB. +4 No. 2 Lathe, back-geared - - Either aay with 18 in. length betyeen cen- ters, gi xtra. lin ries. By all means write for this free e book. THE GEROLD COMPANY Dept. PS-17, 120 Liberty St., New York

ENGINE’ with Easy, Start Device To Work For 4-4 Increase e Your Profits $1000.00 Get my new Book and ridiculously low prices satiety or ea Bots to si = ) td ‘ore you choose any pa Sy waiter ite today.Harry Overman,Pres. OTTAWA MFG.CO. ous 13:5 nse iar, tas. A 2c Stamp —will start you on the road to success. See Money Making Opportunities on pages 114 to 142.

rIS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

si€ er T.

C t sw Mn al THK

9 eee oe aoe OS

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T-Square Guide Aids in Making Big Drawings N DRAFTING I often find it neces- sary to use the extreme right-hand side of my table, which cannot be cov- ered conveniently or efficiently with the T-square. This is often the case in work- The guide bar in position for working at the right-hand side of a large drafting board ing on large drawings, therefore I devised the simple expedient illustrated. For the crosspiece I obtained a well seasoned piece of 14 by 3 in. oak, while the two small wood blocks or “shims” are of any wood that may be at hand. It will be noted that the T-square is used in an inverted position, and that the flat steel clamps form one means of adjustment in changing the position of the device at will.—L. J. Misuraca. Wire Brackets for Storing Long Rods and Gages ee TOOL ROOM SHELVES > —_{ Waa V2» - STEEL LENGTH GAGES Yj a BENT ROD HOLDING (4% oR X6 DIA) POSITION "swuNG out" How the brackets are bent and inserted in the sheet steel shelving of the stock room ANY shops use small rods for gages or length measures, yet it is difficult to store them without danger of bending them and destroying their accuracy. The illustration shows how small brack- ets may be fitted to the front of sheet steel shelving to hold the gages. The same type of bracket also is useful for holding drill rod stock. Support for Long Machine Work VERHANG- ING pieces on the milling ma- chine, shaper or planer table may be supported by means of a bar bolted to the ma- chine table as il- lustrated. A bolt allows work to be ‘ The extension braces lined up.—G. Ai, any overhanging part POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AC12 - $30 From the highest musical note in nature, to the deepest— Amplion reproduces the whole range—perfectly O the world-famous Am- low in tone—strikingly distinct plion line of radio reproduc- in the enunciation of the spoken ersisadded the AmplionCone— — word. Ina graceful, two-tone time-perfected—clear and mel- = mahogany cabinet, 14"x14"xg". AMPLION Reproducers, $12 to $45 Ask your dealer for a demonstration or write to us for interesting Amplion Booklet 6 {AI = THE AMPLION CORPORATION OF AMERICA ® Suite M. 280 Madison Ave., New York City BREMER-TULLY POWER-SIX KIT SET ses te ts ae Eres: and authority on Superheterodynes, says: “The new Bremer-Tully Power-Six is by far the best Bremer-Tully Receiver yet developed. “Its remarkable selectivity and simplicity of operation leads me to believe it will be one of the season’s most popular circuits. “It is one of the easiest circuits to wire of any I have seen. Its engineering prin- ciple is sound. “Congratulations to Bremer-Tully on this new development.” Bremer-Tully has done more than design an extra good circuit and the parts to go with it—as Mr. Best says: ‘It is one of the easiest circuits to wire of any I have seen.”’ B-T has made it easy to build. The parts are easy to buy—in a kit— and at less expense than if they were purchased singly. Price of Power-Six Kit including essential parts, color diagram and instructions........................... $41.50 The full size colored picture wiring diagram and full in- structions are also sold separately for ................ $.90. (If your dealer cannot supply you we will ship prepaid on receipt of list price.) Better Tuning The Tenth Edition gives detailed information on the Power-Six. It also tells how to change the Counterphase to a Power-Six Model. B-Eliminators, new Counterphase Eight and many general radio subjects covered. Sent postpaid on receipt of 10c. BREMER-TULLY MFG. CO. 520 So. CANAL ST. CHICAGO, ILL. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. ES Se a De i Stet are

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108 DoctorRecommends This Tobacco to Pipe-Smoking Patients There seems to be an unwritten law among pipe-smokers. When one man discovers a way to get more enjoyment out of his pipe, he feels obligated to tell the “‘pipe-smoking fraternity” about it. So it is not surprising that when Doctor Gardiner of Florida found a tobacco that really enabled him to enjoy a pipe for the first time, he made a point of reeommend- ing it to all his pipe-smoking patients. You'll find his letter interesting. Larus & Bro. Co., -Richmond, Va. Dear Sirs: No harm done, I hope, if I feel like I want to say a word of praise for Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed. I have tried many kinds of tobacco in a pipe, but until I got to smoking Edge- worth I never really enjoyed a pipe. Frequently I say to patients who must smoke: “If you’re going to smoke your pipe, use Edgeworth.” I like it and recommend it whole-heart- edly to anyone who enjoys smoking. Yours truly, W. D. Gardiner, D.O. Let us send you free samples of Edge- worth so that you may put it to the pipe test. If you like the sam- ples, you'll like Edge- worth wherever and whenever you buy it, for it never changes’ in qual- ity. Write your name and address to Larus & Brother Co., 10M_—scSS.. 21 St. Richmond, Va. We'll be grateful for the name and ad- dress of your tobacco dealer, too, if you care to add them. Edgeworth is sold in various sizes to suit the needs and means of all purchasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed are packed in small, pocket- size packages, in handsome humidors hold- ing a pound, and also in several handy in- between sizes. To Retail Tobacco Merchants: If your jobber cannot supply you with Edgeworth, Larus & Brother Company will gladly send you prepaid by parcel post a one- or two- dozen carton of any size of Edgeworth Plug Slice or Edgeworth Ready-Rubbed for the same price you would pay the jobber. 4% radio—tune in on WRVA, Richmond, Va. iz Edgeworth Station. Wave length 256 meters. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ‘B SESS ater Shop Methods | Secrets of Boring (Continued from page 72) don’t give you all you ask for. You see, it makes a great deal of difference whether you are roughing or finishing or whether you have a casting with scale in it or a plain piece of metal without scale. Also, the length and diameter of the hole and the machine you are using make a dif- ference in the selection of a tool. " OW, take cast iron and bronze with cored holes—tools for those ma- terials should be shaped as I showed you this morning, so as to get under the scale. Look at this sketch:’—and he rapidly made the drawing shown in Fig. 5—‘‘here are two views of a rough bor- ing tool for cored holes in cast iron or bronze. This is a forged tool, but the grinding would be the same if tools were in a boring bar. Now, notice the front edge of the tool has a back angle of five degrees or less. The clearance below the front edge is as shown by the dotted line. The clearances should be as little as pos- sible and there should be no rake on the upper flat edge of the tool although it may have five degrees or so in the di- rection D. Now, a finishing tool for the same kind of material could be round nose as at E with clearance angles about the same as for the roughing tool. A little land (F) right behind the cutting edge gives a smoother cut and prevents the tool from digging in.” “What about tools for steel and alu- minum?” asked Harvey. “They should be ‘lipped,’ shouldn’t they?” “3 Faint way to think of the cutting action is to consider the quality of metal, Harvey. Any metal which forms a long or curly chip in cutting should be worked with a tool having a lip, as you call it, so that it will separate the fibers of the metal easily. Aluminum and steel both have long grain and hence the tool should be ground so the chips will curl off as at H. This form of tool gives a clean cut and does not tear the metal. The clearance angles must always be great enough so there will,be no drag.” “What is the angle for the lip?” “That is important. If you have too much back angle or side angle, the cut- ting edge of the tool breaks down quickly and the tool is also likely to dig into the work and chatter. Generally, for steel and aluminum or other soft metals, the back slope K should be eight or ten de- grees and the side slope D fifteen or twenty degrees to give the best cutting action. You will find it an advantage to keep as close to these angles as possible when grinding your tools. I would use a protractor if I were you.” ** All right, but I don’t like to appear too fussy. Most men judge by the eye.” “If you are ‘fussy’ and this helps you to produce more and better work than your neighbor who is not ‘fussy,’’’ Grimes commented drily, “I would say that you can afford to do it. Don’t you think so?” “TI guess you're right,” Harvey ac- knowledged as he said good night. ——— ee January, 1927 | You can make almost anything—Furnit jden Trellis, Flower Box, Toys, Radio I Tools | chanics, householders and “‘handy”’ men. | by the famous Speed Way motor. Tool | interchangeable. Bench Saw, Lathe, Jig-Saw, Grinder, Buffer, Saw, Cleaner, Driil | Attach to any lamp socket and conv bench to a complete private workshop. FREE INSTRUCTIONS We furnish complete blueprints and instructions for making the items shown, and dozens of other useful articles with Speed Way Shop for your own home or for sale. You can buy two or three units at first and add cthers as you need them. Pullma: We make it easy to in your own home. do Wood socket. it does less than we turn it. nm other ways to Jig-Saw Unit work. A money maker for the small Write today. 1830 S. 52nd Ave., Cicero, Ill. (Adjoinin 10-day free trial, * payment. INS ss 6 10s Bs pe eae cee asoeenee Make Things at Console and countless other things, witl Speed Way Shop and A compact metal and woodworking outfit for me- 8 Motor Driven Tools chips flying in five minutes after receipt. ONLY $10 DOWN you enjoy these sturdy tools Turning, Sawing, Scroll Sawing, Port- able Sawing. You can do buff- ing, Polishing, grinding and drilling either at the bench or anywhere there is a lamp 10 DAYS’ TRIAL | Test the Speed Way Shop for} 10 days in your own home. If} Free Blueprint Service Each month for a year we furnish a free blueprint of our selection and help you mum service from the Speed Way Shop and Tools. Write| for list of blueprints. Write Today For Full Information Every toolin the “Shop” is high grade, for regular Electro-Magnetic Tool Company SEB SR AB BB SSS SSBB Dept. 51, ELECTRO-MAGNETIC TOOL Co. Dear Sirs: Please send me full particulars about § free blueprints and $10 down 1 ure, Gar- -anel and th Driven S quickly Portable ert your Have the | n Nook pay while You can Bench claim, re- get maxi- job man. g Chicago) | . a a e 3 ® ' ' a g a i # ' a a i i i a i 8 g ' | ' ~ GEORGE ELECTRIC hum or distortion. The and your locals with purer tone. ten tube set or sets equip with power tion. Write for further information. 761 Carleton Avenu proposition. “B POWER UNIT” , ‘ TYPE M Lower Prices Higher Quality Positive Guarantee Complete With Tube $29.50 Our patented filter circuit is’ mest efficient, de- livering absolutely pure direct current, free from any Type M Unit is sturdily con- structed, and willlast aslong as the best receiving set. ariable resistances permit the selection of volt- ages to make your set work efficiently at all times. You can bring in distant stations with more volume, This unit operates on 110 volt, 60 cycle A.C. It will deliver 180 volts, with plenty of current for a tubes. FULLY GUARANTEED Our dealer will be glad to give you a demonstra- GEORGE ELECTRIC COMPANY e St. Paul, Minn. Dealers and aget-! Write today for attractive agency © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. ai wi Tl dr sli an 7 bo VA fr to fu

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January, 1927 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 109 Better Shop Hietaods) And Now Announcing ! Wabble-Joint Holder CARBORUNDUM GRID LEAKS 2.U.S.Pat.Off for Small Drills AND COUPLING RESISTORS TOUTE ee TUUTUUTAU EAT UU TUNES TET HAM HOTU TEU UT LT ETUDE ATED CTT UT TTT TET TT TTT ETT TT CSTV TTT TTT TTT MTT LTT TTT TTT Te ee EE SO 0% SPOTS ee Sl Sear AEC TE pe eT ee By Henry Simon arent AULTY alignment in drill presses is a common defect. When drilling in small jigs, this fault often causes the jig to shake or vibrate, if it is not secured to the drill press table. Clamping the jig to the table does not always provide a PITTITITIEIE LCE ed HUE) remedy, because the mal-alignment still & STU UTE EEE EEE eee UU exists and is apt to manifest itself in poor : _ work and lopsided wear on the drill ABsoLuTELy noiseless: Grid Leaks or | ae Do not disintegrate with use or time— . at bushings. Se . : Send for ; ‘ce fil ; d lid f Resistors from i" The wabble-joint drill holder illustrated the new No metallic film but instead a solid rod o — es 7 ig has been found to do good work in cases Carborundum dense unbreakable Carborundum—one of the os ee oe ill We : Hook-Up Book D-6 greatest of all electrical resisting materials. IN ORDERING where the smaller sizes of drills are used PLnase state Venues in production drilling. pce in all —— values and tested under REQUIRED actual operating con itions. The device consists of a body, in which ” P 8 a set screw engages a flat on the shank THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY, NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. q of the drill, and a driver, which is formed Sales Offices and Warehouses iri i with a flange corresponding to the body. New York . Chicago . Boston +» Philadelphia + Cleveland « Cincinnati . Detroit : The shank of the driver is held in the Pittsburgh + Milwaukee . Grand Rapids The Carborundum Co., Ltd., Manchester, Eng. drill chuck. Both driver and body have slightly semispherical contact surfaces and are linked by headed driving pins. l These are driven firmly into holes in the MY iE : We do ee a i body and engage in radial slots in the Ship Model Plans SAVE / TO L/, stru yns 5 eae a Everything inRadio $1 Ipper, 82c—Santa aria, | § Paes TALOG— FREE DRIVER 1.02—Pirate Ship, 52c—all for SHANK $3.90. ES ANDOLPH ‘RADIO CORP. F==7 DRIVING PINS SEA ARTS GUILD 0: Ne UNION AV. Dept.3 °° CHICAGO:ILE a = 2 405-N ELEVENTH AVE. MILWAUKEE, WIS. pms Bh arreraeeinee etree ~RADIAL BUSHING _— BROS.&CO; The holdet consists of two parts which ~ 108 W, State Street have slightly rounded contact surface as ~ Christ Dep W872 : Send now CUTE SES. driver head. The slots are deep enough to allow a shake of about 33 in. either way, and the driving pins are set down far enough to space driver and body away from each other by slightly more than what is necessary to compensate for the perpendicular error. As a rule, from .005 to .01 in. will be sufficient. The slots are made wide enough to accommodate the full diameter of the driving pins, and the pins are slightly flattened sidewise to give a better contact and allow some side play in the slots. It should be noted that the driving pin ery radiance. ting sent for your free examination on request. ¥Credit Terms: Pay one-tenth down; bal- ance in weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly terms at your convenience. goods de- livered on first payment. VOLUME holes go clear through the chuck body to Special Christmas Bargain vetedwattham allow the pins to be knocked out or DIST ANCE Dinnst Ring 3 > white gold fil; . ™ ; as adjusted easily. Bin white tien $4.25 down and Several sizes of drills can be used in the blue Sapphires. $4000 Three of the big improve- Beautifully en- week ; same holder by the use of reducing bush- ments you'll note when you Sood t with these t svondardmakes ings. equip your set with these two — sane vy oe Van Horne Tubes. Waitheoenn All parts of the chuck should be made : ro = ta pase . s from tool steel and hardened. For the A power tube used like an Credit at Cash bod Reet ih te Se a ordinary tube—a_ sensitive vody at least, 1t 1s best to use a non- ckawtar tae toe Mclean > al bd -, | shrinking steel. The drawing tempera- volume. tures a are 560 for the body, Van Horne tubes are made} } v5 Ins and reducing bushings blue for th » in various types for all re- Wrist Watch No. 16—14-k white , " k, and : | ki 7 { ceiving purposes. Write for Taent. 814, e148 $445 5 shan anc 450 for the wor ing jaws. circular showing complete downand....... A nonth ; In using the device it should be remem- line. Your tube questions ae Ser as $8.88 se 3 ewels—hig! en Rings leather strap ial 9. lo. 624— ° s No. 624 Thee Elite’ " $750 Set with 8 Diamon 3 DB bismondee mondg $22.80. Ry $3250) 12 Dinmronse SETS ; tr ithe $25. With. 3 Dia- will be answered cheerfully. bered that the drill press spindle assembly ‘iS! can be out of parallel alignment only one ; way. It should be ascertained which way THE VAN HORNE CO., Inc. cree ton it is out and the holder set to act approxi- | 1200 Center St, Franklin, Ohio P | Ry ds, : mately in the direction of the error. HUH H TBinrie reeds, $100; yetrelcderthomenta $206 me a IS} This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6.

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reece HAMMARLUND Condensers and Coils SSR SSSASSSSSSS SESSA Raneth aad én Many of the Season’s Featured Circuits SIGNERS of new circuits and construction kits know the dan- ger to both their personal prestige and the success of their product by including any materials of other than the highest standing. Among the new circuits of the sea- son for which Hammarlund Products are specified are:—Popular Science Monthly “Powerful, ” — Cockaday “LC27,” Sargent ‘ ‘Infradyne, Gs James "Super, Browning-Drake, the new Harkness, Henry-Lyford, Vic- toreen Super., Loftin & White, Morrison ‘“ Varion, o Carborundum, Lacault ““LR4,” Pacent ‘ Ultimax”’ and Hammarlund-Roberts “ Hi-Q”’. Write for illustrated folders describing Hammarlund Pre- cision Products for all the popular circuits. HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. 424-438 W. 23rd Street, New York City Gor Botter Radic ammarlund PRECISION ° ‘PRODUCTS =, Cards, stationery, labels, paper, circulars, tags, menus, book etc. Save money and time, cut cost in half. Sold direct from factory. Pays for itself in a short time. % Complete Outfits, $8.85 up. Job Press, £11, $29; Rotary $149. Print for Gthers, Big Profits. All easy, rules sent. rite for catalog of presses, type, paper, ecards, envelopes, paper cutters. The Kelsey Ce., P-33, Meriden, Conn, DEAFNESS IS MISERY GOOD HEARING A JOY Millions of people know that, but Multitudes of persons with defective hearing and Head Noises are again enjoying conversation, go to Theatre Church because they use Leonard Invisible Antie septic Ear Drums, which are Tiny Megaphones fittingin the Ear entirely out ofsight. No wires, 20 batteries, no head piece. They are Unseen Comforts and inexpensive. Write for booklet and sworn statement of the inventor who was himself deaf. A. O. LEONARD, Inc., Suite 144 70 Sth Ave., New York POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1927 How to Grind Staggered Tooth Milling Cutters INCE the heavy duty spiral milling cutter of the alternate or staggered tooth type is coming into greater use, a few suggestions about the simplest way of resharpening it may be _ helpful. The two _ photo- graphic _ illustra- tions show one of CSL hese Was pics eae sree ---- Diagram showing = 3s mee a shape and location “A A ~ of rest (at left) and how it is used as a guide with alter- nate teeth (above) TOOTH, REST the cutters on the grinding machine; the arrows indicate the direction in which the cutter should be moved across the face of the wheel. The diagram explains the kind of tooth rest used. The angles A should be equal to the helix angle of the cutter. The wheel B should be dressed very nar- row, not exceeding % in. at the cutting edge. The apex of the rest (C) should be exactly in the center line of the wheel. —H. B. Scuorr. Automatic Scribing Device for Centering Shafts Quickly OR centering short shafts in one shop, an automatic V-block takes the place of loose blocks and a surface gage. ‘The accompanying illustration shows the de- vice in use. It is made entirely of sheet As the shaft is pressed forward, the marker rises and automatically scribes a center line steel. There are two vees for supporting the work and at the working end is a hinge pin for a scribing point, so arranged that the point will rise and draw a line when the chalked end of a shaft is pushed toward the hinge. A rubber band will serve to pull the marker down auto- matically —H. Moore. ‘CARTER “Midget” Rheostat with Filament Switch First and ONLY battery switch and rheostat in one, As soon as Knob is turned from “off’’—the filament Circuit is closed. Elimi- nates one Knob from panel, simplifying op- eration and conserv- ing space. Specified in the really y pov circuits. ig ad- vance in nd con- struction. Made in all resist- ances including all R.M.A. Standards. Any dealer can supply In Canada: Carter Radio Co., Limited, Toronto _ 392, S@. Roo Et, M_—” “SmEass Wbe U a GROW TALLER | Science has found the way to add inches to your height. No need to envy and look up to the big fel- lows. No need to have the disad- vantages of the little man. This course makes it possible for you to be on a level with your fel ow men. Course is easy, inexpensive and results sure. Mail coupon for free information today! Sceceeceececceseseeesesecacscaceccs : L. GLOVER : Room 71, 70 Bulkley Ave. : = Sausalito, Calif. Without any obligation to me, send me full information on how to grow taller. B...-S888888eeeeee DIRERO. 6000 0sbewecscs.o sale eeeee PRMORE isaaicadioe ss - ocees RS ET _ a BOOK FREE Send now for this interesting and profit- ~jable book telling how a beginner started small in backyard when at school with no money, now has a $3) plant, ships to New York 150 barrels s uabs yearly, paid $75 to $100 a barrel. You can do the same. Price of book is$0¢ but we will mail it to Eas for names and oe oe four of your friends and Ask for pao No. PL LYMOUTH ROCK Si SQUAB tae 61 iy St., } Highlands, years. Puts 59 Working For You Greatest LOG SAW Offer —I ever made. Oneman saws 15cordsa day —easy. Falls trees, saws limbs. Make big money. Use 4 gine for other work. Saws p bee de than 10 men. Shipped from Factory or nearest of 10 Branch Houses. Cash—Easy Terms. Write for 30-Day Trial Offer and big FREE book. OTTAWA MANUFACTURING COMPANY 1801-W Wood Street, Ottawa, Kan. L.Rsom 1801-W Magee Bidg., Pittsburgh, Pa... less than 21 Ruby and Sapphire ce is good enough for the Burlington. Quality and Style 1 21 Jewel Burlington > BURLINGTON WATCH CO.. De 13.61 19th St. and Marshall Bivd., Ci “your name and address for our catalogue on the great- est real home MOVIE-MA- CHINES in the world, with azzling models as low as $3.75 postpaid. And say, folks! We’ve also got | Ae slickest films at ridiculously low rices—_and what’s more—we now have & Im Seer that’s the best ever. Of course we don’t have to tell you that our films are the best. Let’s not miss opportunity— Write to-day—NOW! Paramount Mfg. Co., Box 1371 Dept. PS 10, Boston, Mass. U.S.A. WE’LL SWAP YOU]. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6 >> ee ee. eed ee anacnkh am Ati Ae ot lUrmklUlC lCUlC COU eG hee ak Ga 2 |e a —— ee ee ee ee a ee ee ee ee ee ee | et tasecgs

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—eeee | FP AReh? EES |: January, 1927 | Do Our Athletes Equal Stars of Old? (Continued from page 19) longer and be much more efficient. All that is necessary is to sit quietly for a few moments, allowing every muscle of the body to relax. This gives the blood its chance to carry off the poi- sons thrown off by the muscles while they are tensed. It is one of the easiest things in the world to do, but for some reason very few men will do it. “Tm afraid that we have wandered away from the subject of our talk— whether the college athletes of today are as good as were the college athletes of twenty-five years ago. As I said before, I don’t think that there is any difference in the great athletes—the exceptional men. But in one way at least the present college student is far ahead of the students of earlier days. A much greater number take an active part in athletics. Of the 4,000 men at Yale, 3200 partici- pate in some form of sport. The athletes of today may not be better than were the athletes of twenty-five years ago, but certainly there are more of them. That is a healthful sign. * a. physical training value of the different sports varies. Football, for example, has little physical training value, for most of the men who play it already have well-developed bodies. But for moral training it is unexcelled. The football player learns to get up and go on fighting after he has been knocked down hard, and to go on fighting without feeling any animosity against the man who knocked him down. Can you think of any better training in manhood and in the practical sportsmanship that is needed so badly in business, political and pro- fessional life? I can’t.” The students at other universities are as keen on active participation in sports as are the students at Yale. Of the 617 young men who entered Princeton last fall, 611 are taking an active part in some branch of sport. Among the upper class- men, last fall 250 men played in a “touch football” league composed of thirty-two teams. Touch football, by the way, is football without physical contact, except when the player with the ball is tagged. nr long ago, I asked Ernest W. Hjertberg, now track coach at Rice Institute, in Texas, and formerly coach of Swedish and Dutch Olympic Teams, how the present-day athletes differed from the athletes of the past. “They aren’t willing to train as hard, if you are talking about American athletes,” said the widely experienced Hjertberg. “Most of our athletes, especially our runners, are undertrained. That’s why we made such a poor showing in track events at the last Olympics. The Finns and the other European athletes are made by hard, grinding work in training. Why, Nurmi has done more running in training than has been done by any dozen average American runners.” A glance at the American amateur running records shows that only a few of them have been on the books for twenty years or (Continued on page 112) IS) This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 111 i 4 Ted Fiore , Russo ane, ee famous 3 ito’ s SoM roadeasts (oom ‘ chentsulArago ago A beaut WIB , Che > ov eect em Ore rom Alot teOrchestra-o¥ only part? Wax famous orchestras broadcast, do you clearly hear all the musicians? Or—through inability of your transformers to amplify low and high notes as evenly as middle tones—are you really only listening to a few of the instru- ments? Put Jefferson “Concertones” in your set and enjoy the whole orchestra! Specified in latest circuits because they do not lose, dis- tort or “blast” any audible notes from the lowest (30 cycles) to the highest (10,000 cycles). Ideal for safe, continuous use with power tubes. At your dealer’s, $6 each. JEFFERSON ELECTRIC MFG. CO, Largest manufacturers of small transformers ‘ 509 So. Green St., Chicago, Ill, efferson (Gneertone, Transformers Make More Money “ Switveld stm Gordon-Van Tine Home No. 612 Six rooms and bath mg. gn ox + 2 rene Buy Direct From Mill- | . Send For 200 Home Plans! 3 —_ as Get our low wholesale prices before you build. We S¢™4 furnish complete plans and highest quality material—no Book ~\ fied | extras. Customers say wesave them upto$2,0000n house. gu at an an am on om om oe oS Oe Heavy timbers cut at mill saves 30% labor cost. P Gordon-Van Tine Co. Garages,$89Up Building Material Beok of Plans—Shows ff 886 Case Street, D rt Build yourself at big Wholesale prices. 200 photos and floor f elisa nar. saving. Summer Any quantity. Let plans; bungalows.Colo- f Please send me your Book of 200 Cottages— Ready- us figure your bills. nialandcountryhomes. I Home Plansand latest wholesale Cut, 1 to 5 rooms. Freight-paid prices. Write or use coupon. prices, without obligation. Gordon-VanTine Co. jx». 2 ESTABLISHED '665 Satisfaction Guaranteed or Money Back | Adstes9.. ee 886 Case Street DAVENPORT, ane a ae ne Ny Sg Rentini Bi hms 8 pes a Coe es = ag Se ATR eee Se ee ee s Bos tray

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ae gees POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 11 RYocU pial a FREE! This 84 Page RADIO BOOK The Guide to Radio prices and Radio Quality. Our vast resources and radio experience have been utilized to assemble in one gigantic institution, the best and newest things in radio. The Randolph cata- log isthe great radio market place—a masterpiece of merchan that befits our house— The World’s Largest Exclusive Radio Mail Order House CATALOG CONTAINS OVER 2000 ITEMS, from the most beautiful, anf equipped console radio set, down to the smallest part or tool for the set builder —kits, parts and supplies of every type and style. All beautifully illustrated and interestingly described. Also valuable data of today’s most fascinating and most wonder- ful achievement—RADIO. §-TUBE SETS AS LOW AS $24.90 LATEST 1927 MODELS All Randolph sets are sold at amazingly low prices. No e matter what kind of set you want—no matter how littl ou want to pay—you pts YOUR SET AT YOUR eee 3 cur crenrecnegneinnenicmieinpeigagy | oan capeteenengere igpaperinatama RANDOLPH RADIO CORPORATION § WE SAVE rou MONEY radio exclusively ; — Union _ macsiey Chicago, Ill. : and s>ll a tremendous volume of everything in io. we end me— — s = concentrate our buying power for the benefit of our : Book. ee—your 84-page, 1927 Radio customers. begin # SEND FOR BOOK TODAY Wecamot begin bs Name this wonderful Radio Book. Simply send letter or postal & and this bargain catalog of guaranteed radio sets and § supplies will ume to pes chbuntutety CUE. £ CTA... ckceubas svete bwaseessecdic RANDOLPH RADIO CORP.; z.r.p....... eneeee 180 N. Union Ave., Dept. 214 Chicago, Ill, L ‘ January, 1977 Full Year to Pay All transactions strictly confidential Demonstratingagent wanted;every county. Ex- clusive to right man. Sell what public wants — five tube, long distance, loud speaker radio with single dial control. Price within reach of all, $25,00 retail ;liberal discount to agents. Sell in spare time—evenings. Noselling or radio experi- ence necessary. Territory going fast. 100 page Radio Book FREE. Write today—don’t delay. 10 Days Free Trial $ y' your choice comes to paged on 10 . Then pay po: more on delivery, and after free ; trial pay balance in 12 equa} monthly payments. Satisf guaranteed or money back. / : C. F. FISCHER,122 W. Austin Ave.,Chicago | PLUMBING and HEATING that you can BUY ON EAS TERMS MA4—Fiery blue white dia- AS—Three perfectly \- mond—best quality 18Kt. white * blue white a. gol band es beautifully band pierced mounting—18Kt. white goid— 7 carv terced, lady’s mounting Festured 8 $49.50 cme Mint: $36.75 All-Cast Pipeless Furnace Send us a rough sketch of yourrooms and we will figure the wholesale cost of Heating Plant or Plumbing Out- fit designed especially to fit your home. Kinks and Wrinkles and Savings that will surprise you. With our simplified plans and new easy method you can do the in- stalling. We loan tools FREE. Our Bonded Guarantee is backed by Million Dollar Plant and 50 ears in Business. BUY AT WHOLESALE SAVE HAL Send coupon for FREE bargain catalog. Explains our new easy method and _ shows everything in highest grade Plumbing Outfits, Heating Plants, Water Supply Sys- tems, Pipe, Fittings, etc. For 50 year@ we have been saving our customers hundreds of thousands of dollars and now we have made arrangements id HARDIN-LAVIN CO. Established 1876 106-16 W. Pershin: Re-, Cotes — maurcei =e Famous Figin strap watch, Hardin-Lavin €o.,106-16W.PershingRd.,Chicago,Ill.,P.S.1-27 2 aloe tee $24.50 Gentlemen: Please send me your FREE BARGAIN CATA- _— anes LOG with special wholesale prices. I am interested in: Established 1895 0 Heating Plant O Plumbing Outfit ROYAL DIAMOND & WATCH Co. | | NAME... ooo ccc ccc ccc eeeeceeeeenueeees Address Dept. 1756 170 Broadway, N.Y. RRR eee Jos oi b es wuua os caunaue sce ET eee re eT ee Do Our Athletes Equal Stars of Old? (Continued from page 111) more. The oldest of them all is the late Tommy Conneff’s world and American } record of 3 minutes 3?/; seconds for three quarters of a mile, which hag stood unequalled for thirty-two years, Maxie Long’s marvelous mark of 47 seconds for 440 yards _ straightaway stands after twenty-six years. E. B, Parsons’ indoor record for the half mile was made in 1904. Most of the other records at standard distances have been made in the last ten years. The records of such cinder-path stars as Lon Myers, C. H. Kilpatrick, E. C. Carter and Mel Sheppard have been broken again and again. This would seem to prove that the track athletes of today are better than were the track athletes of a quarter- century ago, but Lawson Robertson, track coach at the University of Pennsyl- vania, and head coach of two Olympic teams, doesn’t agree with that view. “There is more good coaching today,” the likeable “Robbie” told me, “‘and as there are many more athletes in compe- tition, it is only natural that more stars should be developed. But, everything considered, I doubt if some of those old boys ever have been beaten, or ever will be beaten, for natural athletic ability.” RANK SHAUGHNESSY, football and hockey coach at McGill Univer- sity, Montreal, and a man who has hada very extensive experience with both ama- teur and professional athletes, finds that there is a difference between the college athlete of today and the college athlete of ten years or so ago. “You can’t drive these boys as hard,” he told me recently. “T don’t mean that they aren’t game, for they are. But they have been brought up differently. They’re not so hard as boys used to be. They’ve ridden around in automobiles instead of walking, and called on girls instead of doing the chores. They’re all right—good boys—but you have to handle them differently.” Lieutenant Mott, the gymnasium medical officer at the United States Naval Academy, expressed the opinion that there had been no change in the boys who enter Annapolis, or in the athletes who represent the Navy. “The } boys who come here,” he said, “are a little more sophisticated than they used to be, and a little more fastidious in som? ways. Officers who have been connected with the Academy for a long time agree with me that after a year’s training the midshipman of today is the same animal as was the midshipman of twenty-five years ago—or even fifty years ago.” “CPIKE WEBB, boxing coach and instructor at the Naval Academy, had been listening in on our conversation. Now he produced a photograph. “If you think that American boys are going downhill physically,” he said, “just take a look at this picture. It is of my last year’s plebe boxing squad. There are twenty-nine youngsters in it, and they come from twenty-four States. Show me a better looking bunch of boys—past, present or future!” © This seal on a radio, tool, or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. Janu

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y »S. January, 1927 ‘Wonders of Everyday Things (Continued from page 42) pended raindrops. So, at the samemoment, a race starts. The lightning flash, the noise of the thunder and the falling rain all start earthward together. The light travels 186,000 miles a second and gets in first. The thunder is more sedate and rumbles along at 1100 feet a second. The rain dawdles down at only twenty-five feet a second, so it reaches earth long after the thunder and lightning. It doesn’t always rain after battles, either, we learn, or on the Fourth of July. Battles are often fought in good weather, so naturally are followed by bad. Anal- ysis of weather reports for ten to forty years before the Fourth became safe and sane shows that the day averaged neither wetter nor dryer than the days before or after. So there’s no use, it seems, making a noise to start rain. Mr. Humphreys has studied various means to produce changes in the weather and he thinks they are all “the bunk,” including the new idea of sprinkling elec- trified sand or liquid air from airplanes. Likewise the Californian expedient of stretching electric wires. Rainfall in Cali- fornia is still substantially the same, he says. There is no way to control rain. If you flatter yourself that you haven’t any foolish ideas about weather, Mr. Humphreys will soon disillusion you. The moon does not control weather, he declares, except that there are sometimes slight changes in surface temperature on some straits and coasts when tidal changes have brought up a mass of cold water. Neither does the dew fall. It comes from adjacent air or oozes from grass. “Twenty Years in Borneo” By Charles Bruce, Frederick A. Stokes Co. HEY celebrate New Year’s Day in Borneo by shooting poisoned darts from blowpipes at targets representing human heads. The blowpipe, called a “sumpitan,”’ is a deadly weapon. It is a six-foot tube of hard wood, an inch or so in diameter, with a handmade bore of about a quarter of an inch, so accurately bored that it looks like machine work. The darts are made of the rib of a palm leaf, fitted at one end with a plug of pith to fit the bore and sharpened at the other. The point is steeped in poison the composition of which is secret, but which, if fresh, causes death in five or ten minutes. Mr. Bruce, as he tells us in Twenty Years in Borneo, used an old dart on a monkey that was running amuck, and two minutes later the monkey dropped from a rafter to the ground and died almost immediately. This poison is thought to be made partly from the upas tree juice. There is an antidote, but it is also a secret; the only way to avoid death is to excise the tissues about the wound. In the New Year’s Day shooting match, all the dark gentlemen who competed had to discard trousers, “chawats” or loin cloths being the uniform required by the tules. Yet civilization seems to have made some progress in Borneo, to judge from Mr. Bruce’s interesting book. The head-hunters still hunt heads occasion- ally, but pretty far in the interior. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 113 Guaranteed Precision to /s of 1% That’s why Victoreen coils are so sharp tuning—that’s why a Victoreen Super set is without a peer among radios. Victoreen Super sets are free from oscillations, howls or squeals—no matching of tubes is necessary. Range, clarity, volume, selectivity and ease of operation are all Victoreen features. Build a Victoreen Use These Parts in Your Set: 4 Victoreen No. 170 R. F. Victoreen Rheostat Has zero tempera- Transformers Coupler Victoreen Master Control Unit mon. 1 — No. 150 Coupling nit 1 Victoreen No. 160 Antenna ture coefficient. The (For use_ with outside “i resistance remains aerial only) absolutely constant. [E41 2 6-ohm Victoreen Rheo- : stats 2 30-ohg Victoreen Rheo- stats 1 400-ohm Victoreen Poten- Double the number of turns of wire— that means twice as fine adjustment. tiometer 3 terminals simplify Pog nit wiring. = 1 Victoreen Audio Con- 5 resistances—2, 6 trol 10, 20, 30 ohms— $1.20 each. 1 Victoreen Master Control A completely assembled unit with one dial reading controlled by a compensator on Vernier dial which compensates for any difference in the capacities of your condensers with 20 points on the dial. Used in circuits employing two or more con- deusers of the same capacity. Easy to mount—no change of wire necessary. Free Victoreen folder and hook-up answers all questions about Victoreen circuit. THE GEORGE W. WALKER COMPANY 8 CARNEGIE AVE. Merchandisers of Victoreen Products ee. See MACHINISTS and a TOOL MAKERS are shown in our new 1927 catalog. Thirty styles and sizes shown. A postal brings the catalog. H. GERSTNER & SONS 537 Columbia St., Dayton, 0. Why risk life and limb erecting an outside aerial? Play safe by using Effarsee Antennae. Hang one indoors in 30 seconds, following directions we furnish, and get strong, clear reception; No danger of a fall. No lightning risks. EASILY INSTALLED under carpets, behind pictures, drapes or furniture. Effarsee An- tennae come in two handy sizes and work without interference from metal structural work, phone or light wires. Catch both sides of the radio wave and give you greater selectivity and a better tone prac- tically free of static. Special parch- ment covering keeps wires proper- ly spaced and insulated from moisture and electrical losses. Fixed conden- sers at each end provide the sharp tuning of a short aerial and the range and volume of a long one. TRIAL Effarsee antennae save you trouble and danger and improve results from your set. Try one on your set for ten days. You. will be surprised and delighted. no money. Just give us your name and address and will send you your antennae C. . . for -00. Nothing else to buy. If you are not delighted we will refund your money. You take no risk. Send order now. Fiskwick Radio Co., Dept. 53 133 West Central Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio. © This seal on a radio, tool or oil burner advertisement signifies the approval of the INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS. See page 6. In attic, spare-room or closet— | CLEVELAND, O. PARKS WOODWORKING MACHINES Cabinet Shop Special No. 10 $290 y with Motor Lf You ought to have this handy Parks in your shop. It is a compact, complete machine designed just like a big produc- tion outfit at one-fifth the cost. Includes 8-inch circular rip and cross cut saw with polished cast-steel saw table, 16-inch band saw with tilting table for bevel-sawing, 6-inch jointer, and motor operating from any light socket. Just plug in and go to work! Fits in a corner of your basement. Does any kind of cabinet and joinery work. Add lathe, shaper and other at- tachments any time at small cost. For the man who does ‘ odd jobs” in his off time this Parks is a big money maker. Turn out as much as a four-man shop working by yourself. Write for circular and Parks complete catalog of handy woodworking machinery The Parks Ball Bearing Machine Co. 1547 Knowlton Street, Cincinnati, Ohio Canadian Factory: 208 Notre Dame East, Montreal, Can.

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114 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY January, 1977 Janu: FREE RAILROAD FARE Saar aa 25 in Get PRACTICAL ; Training in the in Only } hs oa—~€:€ ";, CASH PRIZES 12 a For the best letter of 170 bh \ ay words or less answering the question— shone q eS ‘“‘What advertisement in Rs Lo the ‘Money-Making Op- Earn - ; : portunities’ Section inter- ; ests you most—and why?” Up ) Cs j we will pay on February _ to coe CAO 10th the following— ee $200 : . CASH PRIZES | ud First Prize $10.00 per 4 Second Prize 5.00 Third Prize 3.00 Week Seven Prizes 4 f Student Winding Stator of $1.00 Each 7.00 a First read every advertisement uCanEarnMore| 32255 tunities Section on pages 114 to 142. Pick out the one that in- ae e es terests you most and then write De im ec rici a letter—not exceeding 170 words pt x —telling us why you find the §3r Get training in the Clean, Fascinating Profitable Field of ELECTRICITY. _COYNE- Trained advertisement you have selected = Men Are in Demand. Here’saproposition that should arouse the enthusiasm of every red-blooded, the most interesting. rie —et fellow. Why tops — — — oss mse 4 —— ae oe — to Chicago, Entries for the contest will an e great, interesting cI and placeo portunities. Dp eat raliroad fare here, an oucan ° * prepare yourself, in 12 happy weeks at COYNE ELECTRICAL, 6c HOOL, to join the tanke of suc- close on January 3rd. The prize Hi cessful Big Pay men. Why gamble on other lines of work eed the field of Electricity offers mil- winners and their letters will be . lions of amazing opportunities? published in the March issue of Complete Electrical Training in 12 Happy Weeks POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. —wNot by Corresp e—All Practical Work— Address your letter to I have started thousands of men, young and old, Electricity from A to Z, by practical instruction. " on the road to success and independence. Ican Nothing that will help to make you a success is Contest Editor do the same for you. I teach youeverythingin left out. sininemni-sneilinain sumaiuaiiies I NEY-M: NG Oo NITIES Experience, Education—Not Needed eae ; I canteach youelectricity in 12 weeks, regardless the big industrial organizations and power POPULAR SCIENCE MONT HLY of your education or experience because I teach plants and see every kind of electrical equip- 250 Fourth Ave.. New York u every detail in a simple, — PRAC- ment in operation, on every kind of job, under vy INE r TICAL moan, Gollass you — out cage mene all conditions, on thousands of dollars’ worth of modern elec- trical apparatus in my great COYNE shops. - EARN While _— LEARN PRIZE WINNERS My instructors are trained men with yearsof My Employment I Department helps you get a . experience. job to earn a good part of your expenses and in the November Contest Learn in Chicago, Electrical Center of — 8sists you to a good job on graduation. FIRST PRIZE $10.00 the World Hear WGES on the Air ieee Made Mareen ath Chicago is the greatest electrical and industrial Listen inon COYNE Radio Station WGES; wave (National Salesmen’s Training Assoc.) center, therefore it presents real opportunities length, 250 meters. Always an_ interesting EC een ee for you. Along with my shop training you visit program. SECOND PRIZE $5.00 Victor Dyer, San Francisco, Calif. (A i School Send Coupon for Big Free Book THIRD Pace $20 succes secuencens Right mow S on sorting, ee: of ie greatest ~~ Sorchi non, Sato, a Hawaii ever made by a Practical Training Institution y (National Radio Institute) H. C. Lewis, President offer includes FREE RAILROAD FARE to Chicago PRIZE WINNERS who receive $1.00 Coyne Electrical School from any place in the U.S.; also extra special FREE each for their letters: Radio and Auto Courses. Be sure to send the cou- ‘es 1300-10 W. Harrison St., Dept. 17-73 AT ON if ot pl Rev. Raymond Sonnek, Pulaski, Wis. pon AT CE, even if you are not planning to Chicago, Illinois come immediately. (Washington School of Cartooning) T. M. McEwan, Springfield, Mass. (La Salle Extension University) Thomas P. Smith, New Orleans, La. (Sherwin Cody School of English) Marcy C. Brown, San Jose, Calif. ELECTRICAL SCHOOL Patrick Brady, Kimball S. D. Dear H. C.—I sure want one of those big handsome 12x15 books with 151 actual photographs printed in two colors. Send it quick without obligating me. Also tell me about the Free Railroad Fare and Two Free Courses, (ESS fg retreat agi pean eee ee Founded 1899—27th Year (Federal School, Inc.) Alfred Albert Schultz, Cat Springs, Texas H,. Cc. LEWIS, President (Dodd, Mead & Company) Address _.....-.---20--------20--00---22nneeeonnennees 1300-10 W. Harrison Street 2. 5. ae, ee ee Dept. 17-73 CHICAGO, ILL. Town State

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1927 Benes, — ew Ye (e PR We January, 1927 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 115 Jumps From $3 to $26 a Day Mr. Cooke: If it had not been for your Course I would still be plugging away for $3 a day. Instead I have all the work I can do and my earnings run as high as $23 to $26 a - I owe all my success to your training. — Edward Lehmann, 1521 Market St., Oakland, California. Know How Big to Get the Will You Learn the Secret of Lehmann’s and Hines’ Success? Mail Coupon for Free Book That Tells All Day T sounds too good to be true—it’s hard to believe— that thousands of men like the two pictured here could step out of small pay, no future jobs and earn $3500 to $10,000 a year in Electricity. Yet that’s just je i hundreds of men have pe —s of Ww them had no previous experience — all of them kept $85 a eek right on with their regular jobs and used spare time —and only, to prepare for the big-pay jobs they hold. % j ° ‘ : L. L. COOKE Going p! What was “the something” that brought ChiefEngineer eicaieniinmnmes Dear Chief: With your Course and your these men big-pay and quick success? se has pre- the Chicago Engineer. and encouragement, am A ° - i . 9 going right over the top. I am making What makes it possible for them toearn Ferrie inter. bass sratned and Kelped only a common school education when 1 £r0m two to four times more than you are esting book femeprny Soni weg heng started with you and no electrical expe- ableto earn working hardevery day? Theycouldn’t printed in col- rience. Your lessons were easy and clear have used ordinary methods becauseothermenwho ors with 64 Thee, 1664 gong g sagg ah e tried them have failed. They must have gottenhold _pages’and over 100 pictures, telling all about Heights, Ill. of something new—something different—some- electricity, the opportunities it offers young thing that matches electricity itself. And electric- men and what these opportunities mean to ity, you know, is the world’s greatest business, you. This is the same book that started so growing with leaps and boundsevery yearandcon- many other men on the road to big pay. It’s tinually demanding more and more trained men. free and it may help you like it helped them. Anyway send for the book and decide for No matter what you may have heard about yourself. There is no obligation on your part home-training—no matter what kind of work and no agent will call on you. Mail the Coue ~~ a — = -_ it to yourself to pon Now, to— nd out the secret of these men’s success— to find out about Cooke Training which has L. L. Cooke, Chief Engineer lready lifted hundreds of other men into i on «ese clas, and — today —v L. L. Cooke School ou one of the world’s greates tri * opportunities. of Elec city Owned and Operated by Chicago Engineering Works 2150 Lawrence a" Gian: Illinois A AG coe OO L. L. Cooke, Chief Engineer Dept. 31, 2150 Lawrence Ave., 3 | Chicago, Illinois Send me your free book about Electricity and proof | @ that the men you have trained are holding big pay jobs. I understand no agent will call on me and I won’t be obligated to take your Course. i i | if | ¢ i y="

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ee rae a ese Beg IS D5 re ee Le — eT et a wecnneg—e semen eens 116 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION uICe~ ‘| his funn —helps to run automobiles —illuminates homes, factories, office —makes radio possible buildings and city streets —makes your telephone work —toasts bread, percolates coffee and —makes the wheels go round in thou- heats flat-irons sands of factories —runs street cars and fast trains No one knows what it really is—it is called Electricity— but you can learn how to handle it. —AND IT WILL PAY YOU $1.00 per Hour to $25,000.00 per Year If you get a real “‘kick”’ out of this subject of Electricity you’re crazy it you don’t make it earn you real money. Pretty plain speaking—but I want to make you think. The world’s greatest, most successful men were men who worked at things they liked. Work is fun if you like your job. If YOU like electricity, make it pay you real money. HERE’S YOUR CHANCE To get somewhere you’ ve got to start, haven’t you? It'll mean breaking away from home for about 12 weeks—but you and the family will be mighty glad you started and finished something. Especially something that pays so big. A 35H. P. Motor for student We'll take mighty good care of you here in the big Greer Electrical “2 Shops. You'll be in company with hundreds of men temporarily away pracitce from home, like yourself. And you'll learn Electricity —oh man—how you'll learn it! You'll marvel at the way a subject apparently so myste- rious is made so easy to understand. Just wait till we turn you loose among our hundreds of motors, rotary converters, generators, tele- phone and radio equipments. Competent, friendly instructors will show you how to take ’em apart and put ’em together till you can do it in your sleep. HOW TO GET THIS TRAINING The coupon at the bottom of this page is the open door to pleasant work and big money in the Electrical Profession. We can’t te ‘11 the whole story here because it takes a Book to tell it. The book is free. Mail the coupon, and be thankful the rest of your life for doing it. WHAT ABOUT AUTOMOBILES ? Maybe automobiles interest you as much_as electricity—or more. The sre’s a lot of money in fixing autos, too. The well trained auto man Using a Weaver crane on the is never out of a job. He’s ready to go in business for himse lf. Would repair floor of the Greer shops you like that kind of work? $6 a day to $20,000 a year is what it pays you. Se ne eee ee eee ee ed ERWIN GREER. President, Greer Cottete> Dept. 201, 2024 S. Wabash Ave. CHICAGO. owe Please send me your FREE bQO0K Subpofter fT katona “Course | It is understood I am netodlizated in anyiw : Then mark the coupon for the free book | on our Automotive Course. We've made automobile experts out of thousands 'of | men who didn’t know a carburetor from a universal joint when they came to our j big training shops. How much does it I cost? You'll be surprised to learn how easily you can afford it. Mail the cou- pon NOW for complete information. Greer College of ety Bh aid oe es Electrical Trades | ea | Dept. 201 2024S. Wabash Ave. Read the Money Making Make More Mone Opportunities on pages 114 to 142 of this issue. TRAVEL FOR “UNCLE SAM” RAILWAY POSTAL CLERKS $1900 to $2700 YEAR Mail Carriers—Post Office Clerks MEN—BOYS 18 UP gztzses== COUPON eaean== Steady Work. No Layoffs @ FRANKLIN INSTITUTE Paid Vacations =, Dept. D-271 Rochester, N. Y. ion Sufficient a Sirs: Rush to me, without charge, (1) pore Count é Sample Railway Postal Clerk coaching les- aaa a #@ sons; (2) List ot U.S. Corepas. 1085 now open to men and women up; ( Many U. S. Govt. Jobs A send 32-page book, “Government Jobs.’ open te women a is MAIL COUPON / Name ..... Serer rere eee eee ee eee eee IMMEDIATELY , Address............. CR Saree nee Sere ae January, 192 —_, IN 1927 Follow the Success Road A year ago Raymond Block was work. ing in a saw-mill for 42c an hour—lesg than $25 a week. Today he is making $75 to $100 a week and not working nearly as hard as when he was making less than $25 a week. He increased his salary by recog. nizing an opportunity when he saw it. Would you like to make three to four times your present salary? Of course you would. Then do what Raymond Block did. Go through the Money Making Op. portunities Section of this magazine (page 114 to 142), pick out the opportunities that appeal to you most and write the advertisers for their booklets and other information that tells about the men they have helped to make more money. How one reader of Poputar ScIENCcE MonTu_y achieved success through an advertisement just like those in the neigh- boring pages is told by Mr. Block of Spokane, Wash. Contest Editor: The advertisement that interests me most in the “Money Making Oppor- tunities” section of PopuLAR ScIENCE Montuty for November is that of the National Salesmen’s Training Associa- tion. A year ago today I was working at a sawmill for approximately forty-two cents an hour, with no chance for ad- vancement, for men who had been there for twenty years were only receiving a few more cents a day than young men who had only been there a short time. Today Iam making between seventy- five and one hundred dollars a week as a salesman, with a great repeat busi- ness. I attribute my “advancement and big increase in salary to_ persistent effort, and to the splendid method which the N.S.T.A. use in teaching their course. I recommend the N.S.T.A. to any- one, especially to those who were un- fortunate in not receiving a high school education or better, for the course can be mastered with only a common school education. Very respectfully, Raymond Block Raymond Block’s letter wins the First Prize of $10 for the best letter telling about the advertisement in the “‘Money Making Opportunities” Section that in- terested him most. The other prize win- ners in this month’s contest will be found on page 114. Here it is the first of a new year. Re- solve now to make it the year that will spell S-U-C-C-E-S-S for you; financial independence and all the pleasures and benefits it will bring you and your family to have an income greater than your hand- to-mouth needs. Make 1927 the turning point in your life. Follow in the footsteps of Raymond Block—write the advertisers whose offers you find most interesting and let them help you find the Success Road. They have helped thousands of others and they can help you gain success and financial independence. Write them today. Jan in pen me ml

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wt wo wet e fa le 1- 1- id nt oh ‘ir n- ol an ol rst ng ey in- in- nd te- vill ial nd ily id-

January, 1927

——_——— How the Movie Camera Lies (Continued from page 17) feet away, recorded was a stirring pic- ture of a battle fleet in action, realistic enough to bring patriotic — hysteria to the thousands of potential Navy recruits who thought they were seeing the actual engagement. This identical method is still in use—for depicting floods, fires, shipwrecks and similar catastrophes where the destruction of actual houses and ships is too costly. even for the movies. Who said the camera never lies? You know that a picture of two friends shak- ing hands will, if the finisher has printed the film wrong side up, show them with their left hands clasped.

N “THE Ten Commandments,” the waters of the Red Sea were seen to part to let the fleeing Israelites pass through— only to close in a gushing cataract upon the pursuing armies of Pharaoh. This spectacle was obtained by double expo- sure. A part of the picture, later to con- tain the fleeing tribes, was blocked off. Then a scene was made showing water rushing into a glass-sided trough from the sides above. Two records were made of this, the first with the camera cranked backward. This represented the parting of the waters; and the other, their closing again. Now the film was again exposed, this time with the water scenes blocked out, and the armies marching on dry land; as well they might, for there was no water anywhere near them. A comedian walks rapidly across the scene. You can see he is in a tremendous hurry, for his feet are moving as if he were on a spinning treadmill. So he was. A black velvet drape concealed the back- ground when the treadmill effect was filmed, and the finished background—a street scene shot from a rapidly moving automobile—later substituted. This type of combination picture requires no great skill, for the fast motion obscures the faking.

GREAT deal more difficult is the process that enables actors to double for themselves in a picture that may con- tain two characters of mutual resem- blance; when, for instance, an actress appears in the same scene as mother and daughter. “ But I know how that’s done,” you say. “They take half the picture at a time, and each character stays on one side of the picture.” True, and right you are. But suppose they don’t? Suppose mother and daughter meet in the center of the picture for a fond embrace? That hap- pened in a recent picture. The answer, as in most clever illu- sions, is simple enough. At the mo- ment of the embrace, the camera was stopped and another actress was put in to take the place of one of the characters. She kept her back to the camera and the few moments of action did not leave time for the artifice to be discovered. As mentioned before, the camera has no sense of distance. The effect of near- ness or of farness depends entirely on the ordinary effect of perspective. If you see on the screen one big house and one tiny one, your (Continued on page 126)

MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION wt

Aviation Booms! . ~ If You Want Thrills- %, Popularity-Big Pay ™ LEARNAVIATION

QUICK! Aviation, With All Its Fascinating Ad- venture, Demands Red-Blooded Young Men! And Will Pay Them Magnificent Sums! & Known Pioneers Will Help YOU to Read How Aviation’s Best- Qualify for One of the Big Jobs! Send Today for Your Copy of Our FREE Illustrated Book, Listing and Describing Positions That Pay $4,000 to $10,000 a Year! VIATION, the most thrilling of all 20th century professions, is grow- ing so swiftly that one can hardly keep track of all the astonishing new de- velopments. Air-mail routes have just been extended to form a Get into this thrilling profession at once while the field is new and un- crowded. Now—by a unique new plan —you can quickly secure the basic training for one of these wonderful high salaried jobs, at home,

vast aerial network over the entire U. S. Air-lines and airplane factories are springing up all over the country. Men like Henry Ford are investing Millions in the future of commercial Aeronautics in America! The possibilities are so PREPARE For One of these POSITIONS Aeronautical Instructor $60 to $150 per week Aeronautical Engineer $100 to $300 per week Aeronautical Contractor Enormous profits Aeroplane R i tremendous that they stag- $60 to $75 per week. in spare time. Experts will teach you the secrets—give you all the inside facts that are essential to your suc- cess. And, better yet, the study of Aviation is. almost as fascinating as the actual work itself. Every Lesson is chock-full of interest— hot t0 $78 per week and so absorbing that you ‘senna sal ‘ ; ger imagination! “$40 to $60 per week | actually forget you are Everything is set for the greatest boom in history. The fortunes that came out of the automobile in- dustry and out of motion

Aeroplane Inspector $50 to $70 per week Aeroplane Salesman $5,000 per year and up Aeroplane Assembler $40 to $65 per week er Aeroplane Builder gain. $75 to $200 per week studying. But best of all are the ultimate rewards you are fitting yourself to

pictures will be nothing compared to the fortunes that will come out of Aviation! There is just one thing holding it up:—lack of trained men! Even in the beginning thousands will be needed—and generously paid. The op- portunities open to them cannot be over-estimated. Those who qualify quickly will find themselves on the road to undreamed of money— success—popularity—and prom- inence! Start by Becoming an Aviation Expert This Easy Way Think what Aviation offers you. Thrills such as you never had before! The praise and plaudits of the mul- titude. Ordinary salaries from $75 to better than $400 a week! And a chance to get in on the ground floor where re- wards will be unlimited!

Send for FREE Book Send the coupon for our new, free book, just out—“ Opportunities in the Airplane Industry.” It is vitally interesting, reads like a romance and tells you things about this astonishing profession you never even dreamed of. This book is so fascinating it could easily sell for a dollar. We offer a limited number FREE. Write for yours to- day. / AMERICAN SCHOOL OF AVIATION Dept. 1361, 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. ; American School of Aviation, ; q Dept. 1361, 3601 Michigan Ave., 3 1 Chicago, Illinois. ' g . Without any obligation please send me FREE 5 3 book “Opportunities in the Airplane Industry.” Also information about your course in Practical a § Aeronautics. a 4 5 © NOMG iis dc cisicvscinnctvnvecndiscusetevexeuntewa Q i a : MONO ie silt cs eiincnnd coswdaenewewesslann 4 Ms 4?a)< 6s ale. w eran dioe qealeeen State....... ee a a a

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PRASAD A ES ee 12% Is Your English a Handicap? This Test Will Tell You MAKE THIS TEST NOW Correct answers shown in panel below 1. Would you write— Between you and I or Between you and me I did it already or I have done it already Who shall I call or Whom shall I call It’s just as I said or It’s just like I said The river has over- or The river has over- flowed its banks flown its banks or I should like to go I laid down to rest or I lay down to rest Divide it among or Divide it between the three the three The wind blows cold or The wind blows coldly You willfindonlyone or You will only find one 2. How do you say— evening ev-en- or eve-ning ascertain as-cer-tain or as-cer-tain hospitable hos-pi-ta-ble or hos-pit-able omen ab-do-men or ab-do-men mayoralty may-or-al-ty or may-or-al-ty amenable a-me-na-ble or, a-men-able acclimate ac-cli-mate or ac-cli-mate rofound ro-found or pro-found Beneficiary n-e-fi-shee-ary or ben-e-fish-ary cul-i-na-ry or culi-na-ry 3. Do you spell it— - supercede or supersede repetition or repitition receive orrecieve separate or seperate repreive or reprieve ) date or mo- date donkeys ordonkies trafficing or trafficking factories or factorys acsesible or accessible culinary Thousands of persons make me little mistakes in their every- day English and don’t know it. As a result of countless tests, Sherwin Cody found | that the average person is} only 61% efficient in the vital points of English. In a five- minute conversation, or in an average one-page letter, ‘five | to fifty errors will appear. Make the tests shown above now. See where you stand on == these 30 simple questions. Sherwin Cody New Invention Improves Your English in 15 Minutes a Day Mr. Cody has specialized in English for the past twenty years. His wonderful self-correcting device is simple, fascinating, time-saving, and incomparably efficient. You can write the answers to 50 questions in 15 minutes and correct your work in 5 minutes more. You waste no time in going over the things you already know. Your efforts are automatically concentrated on the_ mis- takes you are in the habit of making, and through constantly being shown Answers the right way you soon acquire the correct habit i ogg Ret _ ees I have done it already it. ere 18 no 10us copying. There is no heart- + nae Leg Bo breaking drudgery. The river has over- I should like to go I lay down to rest — it among the ree The wind blows cold Book on English You will find only one Every time you talk, every 2 time you write, you show Between you and me what you are. Your Eng- a. lish reveals you as nothing hos-pi-ta-ble else can. When you use the ab-do-men wrong word, when you mis- may-or-al-ty pronounce a word, when phen ert you misspell a word, when roSenad you punctuate incorrectly, n-e-fish-ary when you use flat, ordinary cu-li-na-ry words, you handicap your- 3 ] self. Write for our new book “How -. S a - supersede Write Masterly English.’ receive Merely mail the coupon and — it will be sent by return factories mail. Learn how Sherwin repetition Cody’s newinvention makes separate command of language easy eee sore nega to gain in 15 minutes a day. ~~ a Mail this coupon or a pos- MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION tal card AT ONCE. SHERWIN CODY SCHOOL OF ENGLISH 181 Searle Building Rochester, N. Y. SHERWIN CODY SCHOOL OF ENGLISH, 181 Searle Building, Rochester, N. Y. _ Please send me at once your Free Book ‘‘How to Speak and Write Masterly English.” How the Movie Camera Lies (Continued from page 125) senses will tell you that, most likely, the big one is near and the little one a long way off. An ingenious bit of trickery was recently based on this fact. It was desired to give the illusion of great length to a vaulted corridor on a set, which consisted of a short row of arches with costumed guards at each. These guards were so chosen that the man at the first arch was of magnificent stature; the next one not quite so large; and so on down to the last, who was a small boy. Moreover, the arches themselves were made successively smaller as the dis- tance from the camera increased. The completed picture showed a corridor of impressive length vanishing into the back- ground. Difficult trick photography was called for in the making of “The Bells,” in which Lionel Barrymore appears. Direc- tor James Young wanted two weird scenes. One was to show a murderer counting his spoils. Suddenly blood was to appear in his hands, then slowly fade out, as a symbol of his tortured con- science. The second scene that Young asked L. William O’Connel, the camera- man, to work out, was to be a game of cards played by Barrymore and a ghost. Double exposure was barred. R the first action, O’Connel splotched the murderer’s hands with red ink. The scene began in the slight dimness of a reddish light. Then a blue spot light cut through the air to the hands of the mur- derer, and sharply the red spot stood in relief. The spot light gradually faded out, and again there was only a subdued red light. In the black-and-white picture the stains were mysteriously seen to flash out, then slowly disappear. The ghost scene was more complicated. The ghost must be shadowy in substance, but the cards he held must be real. O’Connel solved the problem in a master- ful way. At the back of the set was the card table. Barrymore sat at the near side, his back to the camera. Opposite him, on the far side, a mirror faced the lens. The camera was so situated that it received light reaching the mirror from offstage. In a dim light in the wings sat the “ghost,” the faint illumination mak- ing his reflected image in the mirror seem unearthly indeed. HE cards he held were painted a glar- ing white. In ordinary stage make-up, white is barred as too brilliant, and yel- lowish make-up is used to tone down the white skin of an actor. But in the half- light offstage, the brilliant cards offset the dim lighting and appeared real, while the ghost’s form remained indistinct. What the audience saw was a creepy thriller showing a human being playing cards with a spirit. They make mighty good entertain- ment, these films. But don’t forget to take them with an occasional grain of salt. If you can’t believe your own eyes —and who can in this day and age?>—how much less can you put any faith in a camera! Giant Chest and Progressive Exerciser Be a muscular marvel. Have the muscles of a superman.Become stron for your health’s sake or to astound en real muscles and strength will be yours--and yours to keep. If you want ex- ercise to just keep in good shape you canre- juce the strength of the Progressive Exerciser by eliminating as many cables as you wish. you want eat resistance so as to build up big solid muscles, then use the strength. HOW IT IS MADE Made of new, live, springy rubber so as to give it long wearing and great resisting qualities. Do not pay more for an exerciser cable. Get the best and most durable. T! Giant Progressive Exerciseris 50 strands of the finest rubber procurable to each cable FREE INSTRUCTIONS We do not think it enough to send you _an' exerciser worth double what we ask, but for a limited time, we will also include in- structions absolutely free. These instruc- ons are interesting and simple to follow. . ._YOUR GUARANTEE The Giant Chest Expander is sold with a guarantee that you will say itis the finest’ you ever saw or your money back. 5Cables cdouble 10 Cables for The double for Strength exer- s ciser has resist- ey ance of over 200 Ibs. HOW TO ORDER--SEND NO MONEY Sign your name and address to. coupon be- low and get your Giant Exerciser at the e price is made low want everyone to enjoy muscles and strength at the lowest possible cost. jon Spay more--order from us--get the most for your money. Use coupon now. (CRAP UE kee Oey MIR tea he SS MS NAN GY meee Ee TS I Oat Ge ee a ome @ PROGRESSIVE EXERCISER CO., t & 6001 Langdon Bidg., ' Broadway and Duane Street, New York. { g Please send f } Sores 4 es Progressive Exerciser. : i Check the Exerciser you want. It will be sent by return mail. Pay postman introductory price, plus few cents postage on ar- @ § rival. If you are not entirely satistied with your exerciser you | P may return it within 5 days and get your money back. i 4 MOB. acne cceccenenscscancecasenccccsccecencas t keen cieccacnsenccncseusse i ). SS ne ' E orn canncmecnsmnoewewn State..................6 ' a If you live outside the United States send cash with order. See eee | Big Value for 10 Cts. 6 Songs, words and music; 25 Pictures Pretty Girls; 40 Ways to Make Money; 1 Joke Book; 1 Book on Love; 1 Magi¢ Book, 1 Book on Letter Writing; 1 Dream Book and Fortune Teller; 1 Cook Book; 1 Base Ball Book, gives rules for games; 1 Toy Maker Book; Language of Flowers; 1 Morse Telegraph Alphabet; 12 Chemical Experiments; Magic Age Table; Great North Pole Game; 100 Conundrums; 3 Puzzles; 12 Games; 30 Verses for Autograph Albums. ‘All the above by mail for 10 cts. and 2 cts, postage. ROYAL SALES CO., Desk 304, Norwalk, Conn, bh: ay oy. y-\ Ere yes JUST OUT! -SEND FOR YOUR COPY RANDOLPH RADIO CORP. 180.N. UNION AV... Dept: 3 © * CHICAGO, ILL. ZIP- ZIP Here is a letter we received from @ lady from way out west. ee deli; d with the were so ight Zip-Zip shooters that they ordered from you that | am enclosing check for one ha soon as possible. Thousands of boys are made happy with _ this wonderful Zi -Zip shoot- — er. Order f, is or \ your dealer, 35¢ each or 3 cer AUTOMATIC RUBBER CO., Dept. 22, COLUMBIA, S. C. $25 IN PRIZES SEE CASH PRIZE OFFER ON PAGE 114 Ja

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January, 1927 Just Across Street U.S. Pat. Offi At the right isa view of my draft- ing and specification offices where a large staff of experienced expertsare in my constant employ. My Patent Law Offices From Protect Your Ideas Take the First Step Today—Action Counts If you have a useful, practical, novel idea for any new article or for an improvement on an old one, you should communicate with a competent Registered Patent Attorney AT ONCE. Every year thousands of applica- tions for patents are filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Frequently two or more applications are made for the same or substantially the same idea (even though the inventors may live in different sections of the country and be entirely unknown to one another). In such a case, the burden of proof rests upon the last application filed. Delays of even a few days in filing the application sometimes mean the loss of a patent. So lose no time. Get in touch with me at once by mailing the coupon below. Prompt, Careful, Efficient Service This large, experienced organization devotes its entire time and attention to patent and trademark cases . Our offices are directly across the street from the U. S. Patent Office. We understand the technicalities of patent law. We know the rules and requirements of the Patent Office. We can proceed in the quickest, safest and best ways in preparing an application for a patent covering your idea. Our success has been built on the strength of careful, efficient, satisfactory service to inventors and trade- mark owners located in every state in the Union, Strict Secrecy Preserved—Write Me in Confidence All communications, sketches, drawings, etc., are held in strictest confi- dence in strong, steel, fireproof files, which are accessible only to author- ized members of my staff. Feel free to write me fully and frankly. Your case will have my personal attention. It is probable that I can help you. Highest references. But FIRST—clip the coupon and get my free book. Do THAT right now, No Charge for Information On How to Proceed The booklet shown here contains valuable information relating to patent procedure that every inventor should have. And with it I will send you my “Record of Invention” form, on which you can sketch your idea and establish its date before a witness. Such evidence may later prove valu- able to you. Simply mail the coupon and | will send you the booklet, and the “Record of Invention’”’ form, together with detailed information on how to proceed and the costs involved. Do this NOW. No need to lose a minute’s time. The coupon will bring you complete information entirely without charge or obligation, Clarence A. O’Brien Registered Patent Attorney Member of Bar of: Supreme Court of the United States; Court of Appeals, District of Columbia; Supreme Court, District of Columbia; United States Court of Claims. PRACTICE CONFINED EXCLUSIVELY TO PATENTS, TRADEMARKS AND COPYRIGHTS MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION SSSCRSSSSSSSSHSCSH ROSS SSSSSESHCESSESSESESSSSESESEESEEES nventors All drawingsand spec. ifications are prepar- ed under my personal supervision, ees” eae Mail this Coupon Now CLARENCE A. O’BRIEN Registered Patent Attorney 88-J Security Savings & Commercial Bank Bld¢.; Washington, D. C. Please send me your free book, ‘How to Obtain a Patent,” and your “Record of Invention” form without any cost or obligation on my part. NAIR a asec ee taeceahs Once : (Important; Print or Write name clearly) 127 SYITITIIIIII titi

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ae: a pe, — CTE REIT 128 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Booklet Free Highest References Promptness Assured Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary examination of Patent Office records ALL BUSINESS GIVEN PROMPT AND PROPER ATTENTION Listed Patent Lawyer in the latest editions of the Rand-McNally Directory of Bank- ers and Attorneys, of Chicago, Ill.; The Baggott & Ryall Directory of Attor- neys, New York City; The Lawyers Guaranteed Directory, Detroit, Michigan; The Lawyers and Bankers Quarterly, published by the Legal Directory Publish- ing Company of St. Louis, Mo.; the American Lawyers Annual, Cleveland, Ohio. 724-9th Street, N. W., Victor Building ee mM» WASHINGTON, D.C. 1000 NEEDED ~~ INVENTIONS! 4 of Successful Here is the most remarkable book ever offered to Revealed / ye te — —— —— ae an escribed. Arranged as follows: Genera y artoonii Problems; Automotive; Mechanical; Electrical; ce ap ety et eng eansd Chemical; Radio; Marine. 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BUREAU OF INVENTIVE SCIENCE | 57 ®0:¢ St: Dent. 96 Dept. 21 Rochester, New York (RE ERIE BNE ON or RE Have You An INVENTION? who derive larg- If so the WORLD PROGRESS will INVENTORS cat promis, know and heed certain send you upon request sample copy Free containing simple but ital Suggestions to Inventors as to Inventions Needed. We tacts before applying for Patents. Our book Patent-. Sens invite manufacturers to address us regarding inven- gives those facts; sent free. Write LACEY & LACE tions they want. Subscription for one year 60 cents. 648 F St., Washington, D. C. Established i863. WORLD PROGRESS rue. _£o~ 4 | PATENTS PO Gree S Trade-marks, Copyrights, Patent Litigation, mmerciali zed Handbook with illustrations, 100 mechanical ) ON A CASH OR ROYALTY BASIS movements. Sent free on request. PATENTED or UNPATENTED ALBERT E. DIETERICH business 25 Years Complete Facilities- References. Formerly member Examining Corp. U. S. Patent Office pti ADAM Fi SHER MFG. Co. Patent Lawyer and solicitor 183-D Enri A * St.L M 27 years’ experience ght Ave. T. ours. o. 681-A Ouray Bldg. Washington, D. C. Getting Ahead? Read the advertisements on Pages 114 to 142 this issue if you want to get ahead! Untrep Srates Capirou PATENTS DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone — for blank form “EVIDENCE OF CON- PTION” to be signed and witnessed. As seoiediaed patent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and Canada in the advancement of in- ventions. The form “Evidence of Conception,” sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent upon request. To the Man With an Idea I offer a most comprehensive, experi- enced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Preliminary advice glad- ly furnished without charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately ad- vise clients as to probable patentability be- fore they go to any expense. Booklet of valuable information and form for properly +“ your idea, free on re- quest. Write today RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington, D. C. 41-D, Park Row New York City TRADE - MARKS REGISTERED LANCASTER & ALLWINE 274 Ouray Building WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms “Evidence of Conception.” January, 1977 Atomic Bullets Open New Worlds (Continued from page 13) ask, can these electrons get out through a window of metal that is dense enough to hold back the air from outside the tube? The answer is that the electrons are go much smaller than the atoms of which the window is made that they can dodge between them. The atoms of air, on the other hand, are too large to squeeze through into the tube. The magical and startling transforma- tions that occur in various objects which come in the path of the cathode rays are produced, we are told, by the terrific impact of the flying electrons against the atoms of matter subjected to them. This impact upsets the balanced arrangement of positive and negative charges within the atoms, and so literally changes the substance of which these atoms are units, OR example, the atoms of gases in the air about the window of the cathode ray tube become ionized, or positively charged. The result, to human eyes, is the strange ball of purple glow which appears before the window. Again, in the crystal of calcite which glows orange in the path of the ravs, numerous bluish-white sparks can be seen beneath the surface of the crystal. These are believed to be electrical explo- sions, the result of the bombardment of electrons. Thus it is, too, that granite, which is a mixture of several minerals, glows with several different colors. While no one now can predict what wonders, if any, the cathode ray tube will provide in the way of future usefulness, the experiments already made suggest fascinating possibilities. If, for example, as the first demonstrations seem to indicate, the rays are capable of coating metal with a tough, lacquerlike film which not even the strongest acids can pene- trate, this alone would make the invention of inestimable practical value. GAIN, since the rays are known to kill insects and germs almost in- stantly, it may be that the new tube will provide a new weapon against disease. Treatment of skin afflictions, too, is suggested by experiments with rabbits. In one experiment, a small part of a rabbit’s ear, about the size of a dime, was exposed to the rays for a second. A scab formed and fell off, taking the hair with it. ‘Two weeks later there appeared a heavy new growth of snow-white hair. As yet Dr. Coolidge has not attempted to develop any practical application of the vast power he has unleashed. He is still at work to improve his tube and to develop cathode rays of even greater intensity and quantity. He tells us that eventually it may be possible to increase the electrical pressure which produces the bombardment of electrons from the pres- ent 250,000 volts to 2,000,000 volts. Finally, he assures us that this is in no sense an instrument of destruction. Cathode rays, he says, never can be “death rays” for use in warfare, for the very good reason that their longest range probably never will exceed five feet.

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nt in to Serres SES EP January, 1927 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION [How You Catch Colds (Continued from page 24) You have only to shampoo your hair and leave it wet for a time to experience enough stuffiness in your nose to make it necessary to breathe through your mouth. Riding in an open trolley on a windy night without a coat or walking through melting snow without galoshes may cause the same discomfort. But mostly this nasal tightness is not de- serving of the name of a cold. It lasts only a short time, after which the nose is as healthy as ever before. HE probability is that exposure to Tara, dampness and drafts does play a role in the onset of a cold, but only a subsidiary one. Cold and wet applied to the body, it has been shown, diminish the amount of blood supplied to the nose. And a diminished blood supply means less resistance to microbes. Thus whatever part exposure plays in causing coryza partakes of the nature of preparing the nose for the invasion of the germs, rather than of causing the cold itself. Hot drinks and hot mustard foot baths are familiar old-fashioned remedies for colds, and undoubtedly their popularity is deserved. Sweating is a time-honored remedy, and is quite effectively induced, also, by hot lemonade and scorching hot baths. To these esteemed treatments we may add steam, medicated with turpen- tine or compound tincture of benzoin, in- haled through the nose and brought directly to the seat of the disturbance. The proper thing to do for a cold of any degree of severity may be expressed pithily in three sentences: Stay home. Stay in bed. Send for the doctor. The person who obeys these instructions will not be guilty of spreading his microbes all over his fellow men and will, at the same time, be doing his best to avert serious complications in his own case. The Captain’s Car (Continued from page 62) just removed. “Look, it’s full of dirt and the dirt interfered with the flow of gasoline. Tl clean it out and the one on the vac- uum tank, and then blowout the gasoline pipe with compressed air. She'll run fine after that.” But the motor refused to start. In fact, the young repair man wasn’t able to get a single explosion out of it. “That’s strange,” he said. “Maybe it’s one of the valves. I'll look ’em over.” And he took off the plates that covered the push rods. While the captain pressed the starter pedal, the young man watched the valves carefully. They moved up and down perfectly. A test of the compression was his next step. “The compression doesn’t amount to much,” he observed, turning the motor over by hand a few times. “Still, I never saw a motor stop just because the com- pression was a little weak. It’s just as good in one cylinder as another, too.” By this time the young man had lost his swaggering assurance. “It’s got me licked,” he confessed humbly . . . What was wrong with the captain’s car? OUR OFFER: Your first step—Before disclosing an inven- tion the inventor should write for our blank form “RECORD OF INVENTION.” This should be signed, witnessed and returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention for INSPECTION and INSTRUCTIONS. NO CHARGE FOR THE ABOVE INFORMATION Our Four Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide Book HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Move- ments illustrated and described. OUR TRADE-MARK BOOK Shows value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protec- tion. Information regarding Trade-Marks and unfair competition in trade. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in Foreign Countries, and secure Foreign Patents in shortest: time and at lowest cost. Progress of Invention Description of World’s Most Pressing Prob- lems by Leading Scientists and Inventors ALL COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL INTERFERENCE AND INFRINGEMENT SUITS PROSECUTED IMPORTANT TO MAKE YOUR CASE SPECIAL AND AVOID DELAY YOU SHOULD HAVE YOUR CASE MADE SPECIAL IN OUR OFFICE to secure protection, save correspondence and obtain early filing date in Patent Office. To secure special preparation of your case send $25.00 on account with model or sketch and description of your invention. Private Office, Victor J. Evans, with View of Patent Office Through Window FREE Coupon Highest References VICTOR J. EVANS & CO., Patent Attorneys Main Offices: 760-9th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. New York Offices J 1007 Woolworth Bldg. 518-19 Liberty Bldg. Chicago Offices, 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Offices, Hobart Bldg. Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books as described above. comme mee eee reer weer meee reer eset ee sees es eres SESH Hnss sees esesSESEeSeSSSesess Prompt Attention Reasonable Terms Pittsburgh Offices Philadelphia Offices 514 Empire Bldg.

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SB ol te oe PRL ORL LSE ES ARIE 7s >a 130 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION “I wish we had more men like hin?’ “I’ve given him two promotions in the last year and he’s made good each time. “I always feel safe in moving him up because I know that he’s preparing himself to handle bigger work. “The International Correspondence Schools keep me advised of the prog- ress he is making and I’ve encouraged him to keep on. His spare-time study- ing certainly has made him a valuable man to this firm.” Why don’t you study and get ready for promotion too? We'll be glad to help you if you will only make the start. And the way to do that is easy. Choose the work you like best in the coupon be- low; then mark and mail it to the International Correspondence Schools ae 4 This doesn’t obligate you in the least, but it will bring you information that will help to start you_on a successful, career. This is your opportunity. Don’t let it slip by. Mail the Coupon for Free Booklet INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Bex 7618-E, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me one of your booklets and tell me how I can qualify for the ition or in the subject before which I have marked an + BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES /Business Management Salesmanship Industrial Management Advertising Personnel Organization Better Letters Traffic Management Business Law 5 Banking and Banking Law B Accountancy (including C.P.A.) L)Civil Service Nicholson Cost Accounting R: Bookkeeping emmon School Subjects Private Secretary High School Subjects Spanish Miustrating artooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineering Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsma- Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions Structural Engineer Gas Engine Operating Chemistry (J Pharmacy Civil Engineer Automobile Work Surveying and Mapping Airplane Engines Metallurgy O Mining Agriculture and Poultry Steam Engineering [) Radio [)Mathematics ES PL En en reer Occupation If you reside in Canada, send this coupon to the International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal ph record of ~y baoutifel w solos which also entities you informa’ about my special introductory offer of Saw. Bow, al instruction gecnhauen MUSSEHL & WESTPHAL 268 West Water St. Fort Atkinson, Wis. The Power of Music (Continued from page 29) tune like “Old Black Joe” or “Suwanee River” and play it in quick-step time! I recall vividly a young organist in a small town church in New Jersey who, at the close of the mid-week prayer meeting, after the departure of the con- | gregation and elders, would open the hymnal to the slowest-hymn he could find and dash it off in high-speed syn- copation. Soon he would have the mem- bers of the choir, who had remained for practice, dancing through the aisles. ie IS rhythm that is giving music a definite job today in industry. Jess Hawley, the noted Dartmouth football coach, explained recently in PopuLar Science Montuty how rhythm boosts the power of his elevens by promoting unity of action, or teamwork. Similarly the rhythm of music is being put to work in factories, offices, schools and work- shops, especially where the work re- quires constant repetition. Music not only speeds up the work but keeps the workers happier and healthier. In the plant of a large electrical manufacturing company at Newark, N. J., music noticeably in- creased the efficiency of the workers en- gaged in sorting machine parts. Factory music has led to many interesting discoveries. For one thing, where machinery is operating with defi- nite rhythm, the music must follow the rnythm of the machines; otherwise it may do more harm than good, possibly caus- ing an accident. The reason is that the human body cannot do teamwork under the influence of more than one rhythm at a time. A recent incident in a Michigan factory illustrates the importance of this. A certain punch press seemed to possess the uncanny faculty of injuring the hands of every man who tried to operate it. At last a consulting engineer was called in. He discovered that the sound made by the machine was of a different rhythm from that of the machine’s operation, resulting in confusion to the operator. A slight adjustment changed the sound rhythm and remedied the difficulty. ’ N medical treatment also, music is now a recognized aid to physicians. It cheers patients and relieves pain; it in- fuses new energy in those who need stimulation, and calms others who are over-excited. In New York City alone some fifteen hospitals have introduced music under scientific supervision. Hos- pitals throughout the country have in- stalled radio sets, talking machines and piano players. Musicians are being trained to cooperate with physicians. In this field, too; it has been learned that music must be selected with care. An intensive study of the subject has just been completed by Dr. James Ewing of Cornell University, noted authority on cancer treatment, among his patients in the New York Memorial Hospital. He made many measurements of pulse, tem- perature, respiration and blood pressure among patients under musical influence. The results (Continued on page 131) January, 1927 Pas Learn to mount all kinds of game, birds, animals, fish—tan furs, make rugs, robes,etc. Youcan now learn this fag. cinating art in your own home during your spare time. The lessons are interesting and easy to understand, Great sport and lots of fun. Big money for your spare time, Mount Your Own Specimens Decorate your home with beautiful specimens that you have caught and mounted yourself. You can make big money doing the work forothers. Manyspecimens are becoming very rare andsell forhigh prices.Over100,000 students have learned taxidermy our lessons. One student writes us: ‘*I have made over $550.00 during my spare time gelling my specimens and ment. ing for others’’., We have thousands of similar letters. Beoutifally Mustrated book **How to Mount Game’*, Explains the secrets of taxidermy. Contains dozeng of photos of mounted specimens. Every hunter or trapper should e this ik. Tells you how_you can learn this fascinating art easily and quickly from our school. Sent ton absolutely free. NO obligation. Just send nameand addre-s. Write today! n School of Taxidermy 2782 Elwood Bidg., WEEKS at Home IF YOU ARE NOT || SATISFIED WHEN io knowl- — today. . Noy ou can get a sim; fied, complete home- course that will qualify you to holda big-pay Radio job, Even if you do not plan to become a profes- sional, en shouldn't pass up this chance to f about Radlo at a price hitherto un- eard of. Money-back guarantee. Ask for particulars. AERO-SYSTEMS, Inc., Dept. 111 19 South Wells Street, CHICAGO, iLL. sencccsssees MAIL COUPON NOW ccscsnssccen AERO-SYSTEMS, Inc., Dept. 111 19 South Welis Street, Chicago, Illinois. Please send me full particulars of your amazing low-priced complete Radio Course. : NS ies Kc le hin ea tc ee scene Learn How to learn to be- come an expert wrestler , right in your own home, by ma, from the greatest wrestlers the world has h vida? cow. Be en sinlete. be strong. be healthy. Learn how to throw and handle me! ease. te defend yourself. Learn from the World's Champions, FarmerBarnsandFrankGotch Farmer Burns, who taught frank Gotch—trainer of SEVE.é World's Champions, will teach you Scientific Wrest- —Physical Culture—Jiu-Jitsu and Self-Defense. and addre: st-card or letter, a . ine tilustrated athietic and wrestling jutely FREE—no obligations of any kind. 8 Grasp this wonderful opportunity. State age. So. Farmer Burns,1781 By. Exch. Bldg.,omaha,Neb. (fFee ee 9 ec @ The Electrician’s Wiring Manual By F. E. SENGSTOCK, E. E. Contains all the information need- ed for the proper installation of lighting and power systems in houses and other buildings. It completely covers inside elec- trical wiring and construction in accordance with the National Elec- tric Code. Pocket size—flexible binding 448 pp. Price, $2.50 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 250 Fourth Ave., New York City ~~ we ee | tt A | 4 SE

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ata “ Sestocere January, 1927 The Power of Music (Continued from page 130) ' proved that the kind of music which may benefit one patient may injure another. For example, a brilliant selection was found dangerous to a patient with high blood pressure, whereas it stimulated another patient with low vitality. Pleasing music of moderate rhythm, however, played for short periods at a time, was found generally beneficial to nearly all patients. ANY instances have been reported where music has been employed to relieve pain and to aid asan anaesthetic. At the Providence Hospital in Washington,D. C., phonographic music is played softly in the operating room to soothe the sub- conscious mind of the patient under anaesthetic. In Chicago not long ago an operation was performed on a patient’s eye without any anaesthetic. Instead, a violinist played continuously during the half hour of the operation. At the con- clusion the patient said that she “felt no pain and the music was beautiful.” Again, Dr. W. E. Dentiger, a Connec- ticut practitioner, declared not long ago that Vice-President Charles G. Dawes, when he wrote his “Melody in A,”’ pro- vided “just the thing for hysteria.”” And Schubert, he added, when he composed blessing for the insomnia patient. Undoubtedly other factors beside rhythm have a part in giving music its power. Among them are the loud- ness, or volume of the sound; the pitch, determined by the rate of the sound r vibrations; the timbre, or tone quality; the tempo, or characteristic movement; accent, cadence, harmony, and so on. Many of us have had the experience of being “raised off our seats” by the very intensity of musical sound. Caruso, so the story goes, could strike a drinking glass, repeat its note with his voice, and con- tinue to sing that note until the intensity of vibrations shattered the glass. Is it any wonder, then, that some blasts of music can send shivers down our spines? AS FOR pitch, we know that certain tones are more pleasing than others and that some are decidedly disagreeable. A woman’s piercing scream, the shriek of car wheels, the hiss of the villain—all are sounds that “hurt” our ear or affect us unpleasantly, because their vibration frequency is higher than our ears like to hear. On the other hand, low rumbling or- gan tones are displeasing to many people. To get the whole story of music, as was suggested the other day by Prof. Michael I. Pupin, of Columbia Univer- sity, ““we must follow the sound vibra- tions through that marvelous receiving mstrument, the ear, which with its sixty thousand parts speeds the message along myriads of tiny nerves to the central station, the brain. There the soul of man interprets the language of music.” Perhaps, when we understand this language more fully, we shall find un- dreamed of uses for the vast streams of music. which fill the air and which most of us now regard as little more than passing pleasure. the immortal ‘‘Serenade’”’ conceived a’ MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 1583 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BLDG. 24 West 40th Street, New York 1311 TOWER BUILDING Chicago, Ill. PATENTS ui as it is important that you protect your idea with a patent, so it is impera- tive that your patent covers your invention completely. . The one best way to assure this is to retain a reliable, experienced patent attorney. MUNN @GCO. PATENT ATTORNEYS Associated since 1846 with the Scientific American 519 VAN NUYS BUILDING Los Angeles, Cal. Ask for free copy of ‘‘Patents — A Book of Facts Every Inventor Should Know"’ and for ‘Inventor's Diary.’’ Send for it NOW. 522 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN BLDG. Washington, D. C. 664 HOBART BUILDING San Francisco, Cal. amas eae 8 0 SCTE TI DRE PINY fs Guse and Gire * You can be quickly cured if | STAMMERING) ou stamimer. Send 10 cents, coin or stamps, for 288 page cloth bound book on Stammering and Stuttering. It tells how I cured myself after Ciemzoerin and Stuttering for 20 years. 7537 Bo COPY THIS SKETCH and let me see what you can do with it. Cartoonists trained by this school are earning from $50.00 to $200.00 or more per week. The Landon Picture Chart Method of teaching makes original drawing easy tolearnat home in sparetime. send sketch with 6c in stamps for full information and sample chart to test your ability. Please state age. THE LANDON SCHOOL 1451 National Bldg. CLEVELAND, 0. -B ue Bidg., 1147 N.111.St. Indianapolis our terms, methods, etc. Send of your invention for Inspec- tion and Instructions Free. Terms Reasonable. erences. RANDOLPH & CO. Dept.130, Washington, D.C. NVENTO RS YOUR IDEAS Send for our Guide Book, HOW TO GET YOUR PATENT, and Evidence of Invention Blank, sent Free on request. Best Ref- ‘ PROTECT Tells model or sketch and description Mee BBB SSBB BSS ee

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Peg Ree Fea ERE RT Ts eS Fw RT th 132 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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He Speeded Up the World (Continued from page 32) “TI can’t buy you out, and you know it,” replied Westinghouse hotly. “What next?” “Then,” coming to the real point, “we propose that you retire.” “And what do you offer for my pat- ents?” “Nothing!” retorted the other. “We take the patents in return for our capital.” “You do not!” shouted George, snatch- ing up his hat. “I’m through with you and the business! But remember,” he was standing in the door now, “if you use my patents, I'll collect every cent coming to me!” With that he slammed the door behind him and rushed out into the rain. He was without a job, without money, even with- out a home for his young bride. HE acts of George Westinghouse were always characterized by re- sourcefulness and imagination. He at once went to Pittsburgh, where he made arrangements with Anderson & Cook, a steel concern, to manufacture his replace- ment frog. He was hired by them as a traveling salesman. It was while inquir- ing his way to the plant that he became acquainted with Ralph Baggaley, general manager of a foundry there. They be- came warm friends. In the meantime Westinghouse had filed his application in Washington for a patent on his air brake, and he now pro- ceeded to present his drawings to every railroad executive whom he encountered. Its reception was discouraging. One officer would listen attentively, agree with everything, and return the verdict, “Not interested.”” Another would be too busy to hear the full explanation. Others were more amused than concerned. Cornelius Vanderbilt heard the whole thing through, but in his blunt manner pronounced the air brake “ visionary,” not worth the time and money for investigation. Upon Baggaley’s suggestion, when he confided in him his dream, Westinghouse wrote to his father for money to give the brake a trial. But the older Westinghouse refused flatly. It was also on Baggaley’s instigation that the plans of the air brake were submitted to an expert for his opinion. The expert pronounced the project ridiculous and utterly hopeless. ” ELL, what are we going to do about it?” asked Westinghouse. “Just this,” answered Baggaley, and he tore the report into bits, hurled them into the grate, and watched the flames curl about them. “From now on we stop wasting time with paper plans and get to work on an actual model of the brake that can be tested by the first one who will give us a chance to test it.” So, with Baggaley’s backing, West- inghouse built his machine as carefully as if all the railroads in the country were waiting to equip their trains with it. The mechanism complete, he again approached the railroad officers, and again he found only discouragement. They already had brakes that seemed to them as satisfac- tory as need be, and a trial of the new ene would beexpensive. (Continued on page 133)

January, 1937

y ——y high ari You can shave one i if you can do the work. LaSalle — will — — ee guide you Ra hs Btep o success and help so - rson: business yen thru the open S Peskion ur salary separe a your spare hours, esithout | ne al $5 In'witeh ran duties. Simply mark on the coupon the field desire success, and we will mail you a valuable boo ing the opportunities in that field, together with at descr of our sai ling plan. Also copy of ‘*Ten Years’ Promotion in =. ** Thereis no cost or obligation. Find out how the salary-doubling pian starts average men andj women on the high road to success and financial independ. ence. Check and mail the coupon NOW ee ee ee = COUPON OO — = LASALLE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY The World's Largest Business Training Institution Dept. 183-R Chicago, Ill. Tell me about your salary-doubling plan YAU) UN WW) iy Hie

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A € f \- Ll. ir k le January; 1927 He Speeded Up the World (Continued from page 132) Thus it fared until the fall of 1868. Then Robert Pitcairn of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad looked at the brake, had his superintendent examine it, who in turn brought Andrew J. Cassatt. They pecame enthusiastic. They were willing to furnish a train—but—could the in- ventor bear the expense of a demonstra- tion? The inventor could not. Well, then, the railroad men would have to deliberate further. All was gloomy again. And then, when the spirits of the young men were lowest, came W. W. Card of the Panhandle. “J have heard,” he announced, “that you have invented a wonderful brake.” ESTINGHOUSE nearly fainted. So used was he to the evasions and suave courtesy of railroad managers that he could scarcely comprehend this straightforward manner. Card meant business. He had faith in the invention, and he tried to convince his company that it should make a test at its own expense. The best he could do, however, was to get an order from the president for a train to be used by Westinghouse for an experimental trip. The offer was virtually the same as Pit- cairn’s, but Westinghouse and Bagga- ley accepted rather than delay any longer. The train assigned them was soon equipped, for the apparatus itself was already built. The morning of the trial arrived. Four cars had been hitched be- hind the locomotive. In the fourth rode officers of the company and others invited. The demonstration train drew out of the Panhandle station and passed slowly. through a tunnel. Then Tate, the engi- neer, increased the speed to about thirty miles an hour. Arrangements had been made to keep the crossings clear until the trial train had passed; so Tate turned to the mechanism for another inspection. In the instant that his eyes left the road a truckman, thinking that he could beat the engine to the crossing ahead, made a wild dash for the tracks. Tate’s eyes returned to the road just as the frightened horses plunged madly and the driver was hurled in the path of the speeding train. ATE grasped the brake control and twisted insanely. Witha mighty lurch the train stopped dead. Picking themselves from the floor, the passengers in the rear car scrambled to the platforms and sprang to the ground. “They found Tate assisting the terror- stricken truckman to arise—four feet from the cowcatcher. So bruised and ruffled were the wit- hesses, that the significance of the event was slow in dawning. And then they comprehended. In saving a human life, the air brake had demonstrated its own efficiency! Although George Westinghouse pat- ented over 400 inventions before he died, his fame will always rest on the air brake. That was the foundation for the life of great achievement which followed—for it was through his vision, too, that al- ternating current, which gave us cheap electricity, was developed. In a Few Months This Delightful New Easy Way! NY one can easily learn music by this remark- A able new method. And the cost is only a frac- tion of the old slow way. You don’t need a private teacher. You study entirely at home. Al- most before you realize it you are playing real tunes and melodies, both popular and classic, to please your friends, amuse yourself, and make money. This wonderful new method of reading and playing music is as simple as reading a book. No private teacher could ma = ong it any clearer. The lessons come to you by mail at regular intervals—complete printed in- structions, diagrams, all the music you need. You can select your own time to study or practice. And the cost is only a few cents a lesson, including the music. If you play, you are always in demand. Many invitations come to you. And you meet the kind of people you have always wanted to know. Learn to Play You Play From Notes The famous U. S. School by Note of Music course is based Mandolin Saxophone | on sound, fundamental Piano Cello musical principles, highly simplified. No “trick”? or stunt method. You learn to play from notes, just as the best musicians do. You learn to pick up any piece of music, read it, and under- stand it! So easily—so pleasantly! Almost before you realize it, you are playing tunes Organ Ukulele \iolin Cornet Banjo Trombone or any other instrument MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 133 Easy as A~B- You Can Play Any Instrument and melodies on your favorite instrument. You'll be astonished at your own quick progress. Many students get ahead twice, and even three times, as fast as they would the ordinary routine way. Free Book Tells All Our free booklet, “Music Lessons in Your Own Home’’—contains a special offer that makes the course available at a very low price—if you act promptly. Also a Demonstration Lesson which tells how delight- fully quick and easy the wonderfully simple Method is. Instruments supplied when needed, cash or credit. If you really want to become a good play er on your favorite instrument, mail the coupon now—to-day. - & SCHOOL OF MUSIC, 81 i Brunswick Bidg., at York. TrTirrTttirirt to = mee U. S. SCHOOL OF MUSIC, 81 Brunswick Bldg., New York City. Please send me your free boo Kiet, “Music Lessons in Your Own Home,” with introduction by Dr. Frank Crane, Demonstration Lesson, and particulars of your special offer. I am interested in the following course: re . = Neos A RAY ey 4 career, an adventure, or a topic of inter- esting study to keep you stepping with the times, a thorough and comprehensive theoretical knowledge is the first essential. Walter Hinton has condensed into sixteen subjects, including 216 line sketches and drawings, the knowledge that meant his success. You, too, can have this knowledge and fit yourself for better pay and more pleasant work by taking his home-study course in Theo- retical Aviation. Write direct for information to WALTER HINTON, President AVIATORS PREPARATORY INSTITUTE, Inc. 475 Fifth Avenue New York City Whether aviation interests you as a 4 Yo U ARE NEEDED IN was! RAFFIC INSPECTION PAYS UP TO $250 Per month Salary, Plus Expenses I need you to fill an important position in this inter- esting and profitable railway work often called Traffic Observation. You'll be away from office or shop, seeing nev faces and places every minute and be practically your own boss. It’s a healthful, dignified position where promotions are rapid. I Train You— and offer you a position. I teach you Traffic Observa- tion, in 3 months’ spare been home eae “og upon completion place you in a pos- Upon comple- ition paying $120 per month tion of course and up to start, or refund our money. WE SECURE * For eight years I have been A POSITION —— —_ —— a in s lucrative profession. See FOR You what they say about it. OR REFUND Mail coupon today for full YOUR MONEY information. -S88e8 SSSSESESSSRSCEReeeSeeeeeeSS s =: James T. Jarrell, Pres Standard Business Training inst. Buffalo, N. Y. You may send me entirely free, your booklet No. Div. 2. showing how I can earn $250 a month salary. Travel on “Uncle Sam’s” Payroll MAIL CARRIERS $1700 to $3000 Year. MEN—BOYS, 17 UP Steady Work. No Layoffs. RAILWAY POSTAL CLERKS ¢ SHOULD ee COUPON 4% Naine IMMEDIATELY _# Paid Vacations. SEB BRaBeeee FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, et D-269, Rochester, N. ¥: : Rush tome without c Railway Postal Clerk EE 32-page book ¢ describing U.S. government ae ¢ en to men and women ad e ulars telling how to get COUPON==> Ret Se SR tae ar Rs SO iti ai i a Nag GS a Ra AE one

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134 Do you say “who” when you should say “whom”? Do you say “between you and I” instead of “between you and me”? Do you mispronounce common words in your speech or use them incorrectly when you write? ... Many a man has been held down all his life and suffered untold em- barrassment because of mistakes in English. ashamed of You do not need to make these mistakes any longer. Right at home, in spare time, in the privacy of your own room, you can make up the education you missed in the days that you should have been at school. The International Correspondence Schools will teach you, just as they have taught thousands of other men, by a simple new method which shows you instinctively which word to use and how to use it. your English? Mail the cou today "Tr FooeBeahiee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7617-E, Scranten, Penna. Without cost or obligation on my part, please send me one of your Free Booklets and tell me how I can qualify for the position or in the subject before which I have marked an X: ¢ [JGOOD ENGLISH Industrial Management French {Q Spanish Personnel Management Advertising Traffic Management Business Law Banking and Banking Law Accountancy (including Business Management : Salesmanship O Better Letters Show Card Lettering Stenography and Typing Civil Service Railway Mail Clerk Nicholson Cost Accounting . Common School Subjects Bookkeeping High School Subjects Private Secretary 1 Illustrating TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineering Electric Lighting Mechanical Engineer Mechanical Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Railroad Positions Gas Engine Operating Civil Engineer Radio Architect Blueprint Reading Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer Chemistry © weed Automobile Wor Airplane tamed Surveying and Mapping Metallurgy H Mining Agriculture and Poul*:y Steam Engineering Mathematics a Street IES able bese scdicconbbenbeisaudiebeviadiccdbeseesncechonstnoenioye Ss LatiegnabiliabedicenabGububioinonescessatil ate ee TNE Re IN: torneo a aeece batts cusnck staguntbaceodeerpccesiarroenssesovascetos Persone residing in Canada should send this cou- pon to the International Correspondence Schoole Canadian, Limited, Montreal, Canada MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION The Poultry Business iE BIG, Those who know how find it easy to make incomes of $3,000 a year and more even on very small acreage. There is big money in poultry if you follow the right plan. Start as small as you B Poultry for Profit,” by Harry Lamon, former Government Poultry Expert, tells all about his course. Shows you how te — Soave’ ware teed if f he oo Se ge RG id ~ your National Poultry “fnstitute Dept. 413, Washington, D. G Wanted—A New Calendar (Continued from page 34) requirement of a calendar than accuracy, it would work pretty well. Where it falls down, however, is in the confusion it causes in modern business transactions. As Professor Marvin points out, statis- tical comparisons from month to month are almost useless under the present system. The difference between Feb- ruary’s twenty-four business days and March’s twenty-seven is twelve and one half percent. But sometimes February has twenty-five business days and March has five Sundays, leaving only twenty-six business days, reducing the difference to only four. percent. F THERE were no other considerations, the thirteen-month year, with its four even weeks in each month and a dies non or intercalary day thrown in to make it balance, would be ideal. The man on a monthly salary would give no more time,for his pay in March, with no holidays, than he did in February, with Washington’s and Lincoln’s birthdays. As it is now, he does twenty-three days’ work in February and costs his employer as much as he does for twenty-seven days in March. Beginning every month’s business operations on Monday and end- ing them on Saturday would make daily, weekly and monthly comparisons and forecasts extremely simple. In Europe, however, there are objec- tions to the Marvin idea. For one thing, the Europeans do many things on a quarterly basis which we in America do on a monthly basis. In England, for example, rents are “payable quarterly, at the end of the quarter, instead of monthly in ad- vance as here. Wholesale and retail credits in Europe are generally on a semi- annual or quarterly basis, and the thir- teen-month vear won’t divide into halves and quarters. HE League of Nations began in 1921 its movement toward calendar reform. Three conventions have been held, 1922, 1923 and 1924, of delegates sent by governments, religious organizations and business bodies. More than a hundred schemes for calendar reform have béen proposed. Virtually all of the workable ones call for a 364-day ealendar, with an extra or intercalary day inserted be- tween the end of one year and the begin- ning of the next and having no relation to any month. A second extra day is pro- vided for leap years. Banks and other business organiza- tions seemed to be generally in favor of the intercalary day, for the same rea- son that they rejected the thirteen-month year. By having one of the 365 days a dies non the remaining 364 divide easily into four quarters of ninety-one days, or precisely thirteen weeks each. It was generally agreed that February should have at least thirty days, and all were in favor of retaining January 1 as New Year and making no change in the numbering of the years according to the Christian scheme. That Easter should be - fixed for the first Sunday in April, making seven days the widest possible variation in its date, (Continued on page 135) SMusic Lessons > At Home A Complete Conservatory Course By M ail Wonderful home study music = mene Under great American and European teachers, oe Mess by Paderewski. Master teachers guide and you. Lessonsa — cond simplicity A Narre The only recognize eer ‘usic giving by the UNIVERSITY EXTENSION METHOD. — The ideal of a —_ Conservatory of Music for home study based upon lessons containing the cream of the life's teaching experience of Master Musicians, reinforced by the individual instruction of specialists, is now attained. The instruction of a master—the individual touch of an accomplished teacher—is yours to command from the very moment you enroll, The University Extension Conservatory, by adopting the Personal Instruction Method, has placed home music s beyond question as to results. —- can Jearn at home, rite telling us course you Any Instrument interested in—Piano, Harm 2 dns Voice, Public School Music, Violin, Cornet, Mandolin, Gu Guitar Banjo, or Reed Orga n—and we will send our Free Catalog with details of course you want. nd now. EXTENSION CON ae 0, Iilinoig UNIVERSITY 349 Siegel-Myers Building ———___ AWA Easy toDraw Cartoons When Shown in the RIGHT WAY Some of the cleverest cartoonists and comic learned how to draw in their spare time by foll Cartoonist Evans’ Simple aad reer | te le Meth and are now MAKING GOO nd one of your drawings, and let Moe r. ody: to NE mh have abili and receive the Portfolio of Cartoons and full detail about the course. It is not expensive. THE W. L. ens SCHOOL OF GanTooRs 625 Leader Build makes it easy 5) 50% t0700 Weekly / Selling Shirts Direct to eae . Made by our Agents. No capital or experience needed. Spare or full time Established 1885. present a real manufacturer. Madison Shirt Mnfrs., 562 Broadway, New York EARN MONEY IMMEDIATELY ~ WE FURNISH EQUIPMENT TO START 4 Men and Women te A n & Learn Photography Photographers and Photo-Engravers earn $200 to $5008 month. The field is uncrowded. Learn these profitable and fascinating professions. Taught by largest and best college of its kind in the world. Established over 30 years. Demand for our graduates far exceeds supply. positions secured. Tuition and living Kgs eo low. Write today for Get this FREE Book! jesusiuiy iustratel book Goseribias Meany ¢ fal opportunities in this field. ILLINOIS COLL OTOGRAPHY Box sar , wa, in. Some of the highest t paid men in the world are obrertiing me pag = learn easily and aueckly, at home during your spare e. Sot rtunities now in ai oo y he than ever before, Tre ous emand for ors uates at pay. Send for FREE Giving interestin information and vite Write today: facts—just what wea : want to know about advertising. PAGE-DAVIS SCHOOL OF ADVERTISING, Dept. 1361 3601 Michigan Ave., Chicago, U. S.A pe ON a — ee se a ee

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TISING, , U.S. A January, 1927 [ll Give You BULLDOG COURAGE .In 48 Hours —or no cost! Are you timid? Bashful? Self- conscious? Afraid of people?— afraid of superiors? Give me 48 and I’ll make you bristle with bulldog courage-ornocost! Thousands of men and women are being held back—made_mis-7DAVID V. BUSH erable—made unhappy. Why? Simply because of bashfulness—self-consciousness, fear of criticism, business worries and dozens of other fears. | Yet fear is ABSOLUTELY UNNECESSARY. I have discovered an amazing method which ban- ishes fear forever! No trouble! No inconvenience. No long waiting for results. My method is per- fectly simple—perfectly natural—perfectly logical. It works almost instantly. Try it. You will be astonished! In just a few hours you will find your- self brimming over with splendid new courage— new daring —new self-confidence. Only 50 Cents Pr. Bush gives you his secrets of real, he-man courage in his new book, called “Spunk.” It is one of the most startling books ever written. You can’t read it without a@ quickening of your pulse—without a surge of red- courage. This book is declared to be the masterpiece of Dr. Bush, who has astounded throngs in America’s greatest cities and shown thousands the one way to health, rosperity and self-confidence. Write for this amazing k today. Send only 50 cents in full payment. If you are not delighted, return the book within 5 days and your money will be instantly refunded. DAVID V. BUSH, Publisher 225 N. Michigan Blvd., Dept. K-951, Chicago, Ill OPPORTUNITIES IN ‘Traffic Management Become a Traffic Expert | The opportunities in traffic mane agement are limited only by the boundaries of the business world, The trained traffic man is in de- | mand by transportation systems | and by industrial organizations. pay ce Dotvelt Sims ; eir Traffic Managers _ Over $20,000 a Year Prepare for this growing, profit- oa able. peotecsion at home in ee » pare time under supervision o e trafficexperts. Low cost; easy | This Book terms. Thru the LaSalle Prob- F R E E! lem Method you learn by doing. La Valuable 64-page booklet free. Send for it NOW. LaSalle Extension University, Dept. 183-1 Chicago WANT EXTRA } MONEY ? MANY EARN $25 A WEEK IN SPARE TIME Learn to Make Show Cards Bcores of ambitious young men earn as much as their regular salaries by making show cards at home in spare time.. Every retailer wants clever, sales-producing show cards. Amazing home-study, professional method of learning to make show cards is easy. No talent needed. Great demand and big prices paid. Many earn from $25 to $50 a week just in spare time. Write now for Attractive Offer and large illustrated FREE Book to Washington Show Card Schooi, Room 241-E, 1117-15th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Begin Today—Write for my FREE BOOK. I can make a good penman of you at home during spare tine. Write for my FREE BOOK, ‘‘HowtoBecome a Good Penman.’’It contains specimens and teils how others mastered penmanship by the Tamblyn System. Your name will be elegantly written on a card if you enclose stamp to pay postage. Write to- day for book. F. W. TAMBLYN, 437 Ridge Bldg., Kansas City, U.S.A. ess . SET NEW IDEA i BATES MOTOR SAW "_© SAWS IN 1— Does the work of band-saw, rip- saw, cross-cut, miter, bevel and scroll-saw. A wonder-worker for the home shop, Cuts 2” wood. Amazing variety saw, Nota toy. Bates Motorcraft Company 28 N. Clinton “CHICAGO, ILL. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Wanted—A New Calendar (Continued from page 134) instead of thirty-five, was the consensus of opinion. There the matter rests, so far as the League of Nations is concerned, but two extremely significant events indicate that the League has started something. One of these was the calling by the Pope of a conference of astronomers to consider the possibility of reform, especially with regard to a fixed date for Easter. The other was the action of the Greek Catholic Church, which pitched the ancient Julian calendar into the trash pile! eres! happened at a meeting in Con- stantinople in May, 1923, at which all of the orthodox Oriental Christian churches, including the Russian, Serbian, Greek and Roumanian, were represented. First they agreed to drop out of the year 1923 the thirteen days whereby the Julian Calendar now differs from the Gregorian. What would have been October 1, 1923, in Russia, Roumania and the other eastern European coun- tries, became October 14th, the dates be- tween that and September 30th being nonexistent for that year. Then they adopted the Gregorian leap year schedule, with this modification: The twenty- four to twenty-five seconds by which the Gregorian year differs from the as- tronomical year are taken care of by making leap years out of century years only when the first two figures of the year, when divided by nine, leave a re- mainder of either two or six. The new Greek church calendar and the Gregorian calendar will tally precisely up to the year 2800, which will be a leap year under the Gregorian scheme but will have only 365 days in the Greek scheme. |S pr thought of in England is the plan of Alexander Phillips, secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. He would take the 31st day from August and add it to February, make one day in each year an intercalary holiday, with two in leap year, and stop right there. Every week then would have a definite position in the year—could be numbered or named as the months are; there would be precisely fifty-two weeks in four equal quarters in each year; certain dates could never fall on Sunday—the 4th, 7th, 11th, 14th, 18th, 21st, 25th and 28th. Another scheme, much favored on the Continent, is the New Era Calendar, de- vised by Professor L. A. Grosclaude of Geneva, Switzerland, and shown on page 34. This would have the 364 regular days and the extra holiday. Under this calendar a given date would fall always on the same day of the week every year. From the business point of view one great advantage of the New Era Calendar would be that every month would have exactly twenty-six business days, exclu- sive of holidays. All of which brings us back to about where we started. Calendar reform is on the way and it may get anywhere or nowhere, but there’s unending occupa- tion for those who like to calculate, figuring out how to change the existing system. $1,000 in 30 Days $13,500 First Year made by Har- is what A. H. tle, a R. R. Ward madeafter Mail Clerk taking this sales for ten years. training. Let Me Make You a Master Salesman! This New Easy Way I DON’T care what you are now or what you think. The Association of which I am president will take you in short, easy steps and make a Master Salesman of you, put you in the same class with the big pay men who have all the good things of life. Many have thought that Salesmen were “born.” And that idea has kept many men from succeeding. But this Association of Master Salesmen has proved that any man can be taught the rules and principles that make men Master Salesmen. Easy as ABC If you are as intelligent as the ordinary mechanic, postal clerk or stenographer, you can quickly master the simple A B C’s of selling. There are certain ways of approaching a prospect to get his undivided attention, certain ways to stimulate keen interest, certain ways to overcome objection, batter down prejudices, outwit competition and make the pros- pect act. J. E. Greenslade President You can learn these principles at home in a short period of pleasant, inspiring study. And once you have mastered these secrets of Master Salesman- ship, you can take advantage of the employment department of the Association without charge. This is a real opportunity, for during the last year the Association received calls for 49,880 salesmen from the biggest sales organizations in America. The book you see below. has been the starting point for thousands of men who are now successful salesmen. The book, ‘Modern Salesmanship,”’ is now FREE, and will be sent to every man who fills out and returns the coupon below. Rush the Coupon If I were asking ten or twenty dollars for this book you might hesitate. But I am not. It is Free. And since it may mean the turning point in your life, it certainly is worth the two cents you will have to spend to get this amazing book and read for yourself the astonishing facts given between its two covers. You have everything to gain and not one cent to lose, so mail the coupon today, sure. N.S. T. A. Bldg. Chicago, Illinois National Salesmen’s Training Ass'n. Dept. A-15. N. S. T. A. Bidg. Chicago, Illinois. Send me FREE your book ‘‘Modern Salesman- ship” and proof that I can become a Master Sales- man. DEG ic. os kc cc cc cccescecswetenpe tees s ceneaneye™ i! eee Serer re ee SNe. eer State. \ ae -COCUDRBIOR. 2... 6. cisincice ces caus S RORDSRReeReseseeseseeeeee TT) esees! San een ae bee a ad oa RENT LO DRED EDS BRIT ISSO we i a te ees

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ee SR ar SIE TED ee BN ES CSE a eeareces rt ee eT aT rel a Bea we eee 136 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Lifts Income 400% Accountancy Training Pays! “Today my earnings are 400% larger than when I started with Lasalle,” writes Irving C. Yates, Public Accountant at Raleigh,N.C. “I was employ ed as a clerk. I realized the necessity for increased efficiency, so enrolled with LaSalle. Soon my employers recog- nized my increased ability and raised ny em Later I accepted a position as Secretary, Treasurer and Manager of a large corporation with an increase in salary. In 1924, I went into business for myself. In my opinion, the LaSalle plan of study is the sire way to success.” Two books—"*Accountancy, the Profession that Pays,” and “Ten Years’ Promotion in One’’—gave Mr Yates the inspiration that started him toward successin the accounting field. LaSalle willsend these books to you free. If youare corer tore better aes and bigger F pay. t mail | the he couport NOW! LaSALLE EXTENSION | UNI ITY The _— ‘3 aes ee ISSR Chica Devt. be to have detailsof ny my advancement fi thebusiness field checked below. Also a Sco, of “*Ten tion in One,”’ all with- O Business Management OModers Business Corr O Modern Salesmanship on ——. and Practice Managemen‘ odern oremans G Railway Station Man- and Production Methods agement GFicroonne! snd a OLaw: Degree of LL.B. ploym nagemen CiCommercial Law Expert Bookkeeping Oilndustrial Management Opusiness English OFactory Management OCommercial Spanish O Banking and Finance OEffective Speaking Name Present Position Address Hydro Agente make money sellin age wo es in the World Insure for One Year against all road hazards re less of mileage. HYDRO TIRES sell fast because they have no competition in price; no rival in quality; no imitation in appearance and no equal in the Insured Protection to the user. Insurance Policy with every tire. In Most BTU IRES ire in America are made by the ng tire factory in America soltag its own product rough authorized Salesmen-Agents. We offer opportunity of lifetime to lish profitable re busi- ness of our own. Noc woe required. Sales kit and a tising helps a oe sive territory gran’ Wri today for catalog ona com lete information about ydro Agency Pian. HYDRO - UNITED ‘tone “Corp. Address Dept. 16 POTTSTOWN, PA. Answers to the Sam Loyd Tests on Page 43 Jumping the Disks ARKER No. 4 jumps to E, 3 jumps to A, 2 jumps to D, 1 jumps to B, and 5 jumps to C, thus effecting the re- quired formation of ten markers in line. ‘Twenty minutes is fair time to do this trick in your head; ten minutes if you worked with actual markers. € O ‘*Making Rows”’ HE open circles ®. illustrate place- O & ment of the three the number of rows & O of even total to six- zontally, vertically and diagonally. Ten minutes gives you a & &e @ checkers to increase teen—viewed _hori- high rating. A Test of Clear-Headedness TARTING to the right from A, there are ten varied six-block routes to B. Also, there are ten varied routes with a downward start, so altogether there are twenty different routes between the two points. If you figured this out in fifteen minutes, you earned a high rating. 4 ‘*Pins and Areas”’ —” as a right triangle, the twelve pins would inclose an area of six square inches. Turning in three of the corner pins, as shown, cuts two square inches: from = the area, so the re- maining space is equal to exactly four square inches. Fifteen minutes is a fair time. The Palindrome HE palindrome that can be con- structed from the thirteen letters is: WAS IT A CAT I SAW If you solved it in fifteen minutes, you earned a good rating. / Farmer Wilkins’ Cows OR the higher priced cow the farmer paid $150, and he sold it for $165, a profit of ten percent. For the other animal he paid $50, and he sold it for $45, a loss of ten percent. Therefore, he real- ized a profit of five percent upon his total investment. You earned a good rating if you solved this in eight minutes. ONLY ONE TWO-BILLIONTH of the energy given off from the sun comes to the earth, according to figures recently compiled by Dr. Paul W. Merrill, astronomer at the Mt. Wilson observ- atory at Pasadena, Calif. The astron- omer has also computed that an ex- press train would take 200 years to reach the sun from our earth. at your finger € (Know the facts in Electricity. They mean more money and better position for you. Hawkins Guides tell you all you need to know about Electricity. Every important ! subject covered so you can understand it. Easy to study and apply. A com plete, wactioal working course, in 10 volumes B size; flexible covers. Order aset to-day to Took over. HAWKINS GUIDES 33 A VOLUME 1 A MONTH 3500 PAGES 4700 PICTURES These books tell you all about — Magnetism — Induction — Experiments — Dynamos— Electric Machinery — Motors — Armatures — Armature Windings — Installing of Dynamos— Electrical Instru- ment Testing—Practical Management of Dynesnes and Motors -Distribution ——— iring-Wirin —Siga Flas a tteries—Princip der, Itere nating Currents and Alternators—Alternating Current Motors—Transformers—Converters— Rectifiers—Alter- nating Current Systems—Circuit Breakers—Measuring Instruments—Switch mente Wing over Stationa ene seeenone Tecate hh —Wireless—Bells— Lighting. ilways. Also man: Modern Peneticel Nae cations of Electricity and Reference In SHIPPED TO YOU: FREE Notacent topay until you see the books. Noobligation tobuy unless you aresatisfied. Send Coupon now— —and get this great Spy ee and seeif itis not $100 to you—pay $1.00 a month forten monthsor returnit, THEO. AUDEL & CO 65 W. 23rd St., N.Y. Please submit for examination Hawkins Electrical Guides (Price $1 each). Ship at once, prepaid, the 10 numbers. If satisfactory I will agree to urther mail send you $1 within seven days and to fi you $1 each month until paid. OATS 6 Fees hi. 000020 0 0b 66s oe o's 00-0000 6 Ca RTS ice oss bo odes exeuss an 1T34 23x Year COLLEGE Trained Draftsmen earn $60 to $100 a week. 4 months’ inter- esting study at Chicago Tech. fits ou to earn big money in draft- iy sfertile field.Commonsc ing all you need. rt instruc- x tors portunities for self-sup- ON Port while studying. gg me ® mt Service. Day or Evening Classes. Atht letics. Enter an. ‘e courses in Engineering, Electricity an Bertin Write for free Td-pane “Flue Hook? and facts about hee | § walify for a high-pay drafting job in 4 months. ns East si baa Chicago Technical College ifyou can’t come to Chicago, study at home. rite for Free Trial Lesson in Drafting. ELECTRICITY LEARN IN 12 WEEKS Finlay method of practical Electrical in- struction (now in 24th successful year) pre- pares you for big paying position in 12 short weeks. Learn by doing actual electrical work. Earn up to $25 a day. Send at once for Free Finlay Catalog and full details re- garding this wonderful business. Enroll anytime. Completely equipped shops and laboratories. Faculty of highly trained experts. Cer- tificates awarded. Success can be yours. Students assisted to positions. Write today and get the facts. Ask about One and Two Year Courses. Finlay Engineering College Kansas City, Moe 564 Finlay Bldg., self-deter Joe Can: boxing a was @ lal ago. Jim won & mediatel. DeFores' Send for BOXIN( valuable became | sili JIN 347 —_— Fil 9th Floo ley cn we c/ or | > ae ernme = z=: Oo

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er wr - *e& %se¢ Soorr ™ SPECS SS TIGR tiwreaer:ai & Lear JIMMY DeFOREST BOXING COURSE — Develops Champions by Mail e System of Jimmy ee rest, World's Greatest Trainer and Maker. of Champions, ‘veg you the priceless knowledge or le Jack Dempsey his : illions and fortunes for a host of or , Jimmy DeForest-trained othe! stars. Every.6 months, 30 rise ® are selected from all eight classes and recommended to ~~ promoters for engagements. That's how promising fe go 3 brought to the front at once. Jimmy DeForest- , ined boys. once rank amateurs, are today earning big money; ve klings have been made strong; men have learned the art of self-defense. Hundreds of Successful Pupils Joe Canamare, De Forest-trained boxer, hailed by leading boxing authorities now as the coming welter-weight champion, ‘as a laundry boy on the New York East Side a short time be Jimmy Clifton, telegraph operator at Wellington, Colo., me a K.O. over an old-timer in his very first battle im- vodiately after finishing the course. Hundreds of other DeForest pupils are earning Big Money in the ring today. Send for This Book Today! Send for the famous book, “THE GOLDEN AGE OF BOXING,” greatest book of its kind ever written. Full of valuable information, photos of great fighters and pupils who became successes overnight. Enclose 10c to cover cost of mailing. DeFOREST BOXING COURSE et AM\oon cong tl 221 Naas ork City i OR Pg at HOME Teachers, authors, students and all who wish a broader outlook may start any day coursesin Psychology, Art,Government, Economics, History, Literature, Edu- cation, Religion, Foreign Languages, Sci- ences and other subjects. These courses yield credit toward a Bachelor degree. The University of Chicago 135 Ellis Hall Chicago, Illinois Just as the Natives Do Soe you get the pe ay yd chords Pith the 52 pri little . No Dreviousmusicalknowl- make it easy edge necessary. quickly, Pay as you play. Free Guitar Write at and Outfit in Genuine Seal Grain You'll never be Sag ra a furnished. No delay. terms. A postcard will do. ACT? th Floor, Woolworth Bidg-, Dept. 146” "New York: N. Y. Moreen 8G the Siate of Now York a" M Tews Play Piano By Ear Play popular song hits perfectly. LE ea gue ding. dail ice--just easily master At Heme i in Your Spare Time Forest Rangers Men wanting Forest Ranger, Railway Mail Clerk, Special Agent, and other gov- emmment positions, $1500 to $4500 a year. Write for free particulars and list of positions. MOKANE, Dept. 218, Denver, Colo. Complete List of Winners in August Picture Contest FIRST PRIZE—$500 W. V. Chambers, Swarthmore, Pa. SECOND PRIZE—$100 H. Kelcey Gault, Baltimore, Md. 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Vogt, Marshall, Mich.; Fowler W. Wilbur, Springfield, Mass.; M. H. Wilkinson, Sagi- naw, Mich.; Howard Winther, Hasbrouck Hgts., N. J.; Ernest E. Woolverton, Eliza- beth, N. J. All Climates Found in This Botanical Garden NTENDED to include specimens of every type of plant life in the world, from Arctic species to tropical fauna, a 1500-acre botanical laboratory in Los Angeles is the project of the California Botanical Foundation. The property chosen contains within its boundaries every variety of climate. The altitude ranges from 100 to 2100 feet, and each species of tropic and temperate vegetation can be placed in its proper environment. Bananas can be grown in the shelter of the hillsides, and Arctic plants thrive at the higher altitudes. 137 Are You Afraid toFace the Truth. AboutYourself? There are occasions in the life of every man when he realizes how miserably he has fallen below what others have ex- pected of him and what he had dreamed for himself. The “big” man faces the truth, and does something about it. The “little” man finds an excuse for his failure, and does noth- ing. What are your answers when you ask yourself ques- tions like these ? Am I not drifting along aimlessly? What, after all, is my purpose in life? Am I trusting too h to ch to bring me success? What is my greatest weak point? Is it lack of Will, poor memory, mental laziness, mind-wan- dering, or what? Am I “‘licked’’ by life, am I a “‘quitter’’? What can I do, now, to ‘‘find myself’’? How 550,000 People Have ‘“Found’’ Themselves Through Pelmanism Pelmanism is a scientific system of mind-training; it takes the well-established principles of psychology, simplifies them so that they can be understood by every- y, and arranges them into a really remarkable system, which is designed to re-arouse and to train certain mental faculties, which in most of us lie absolutely dormant and atrophied. What It Has Done Pelmanism originated in Great Britain. Members of the royal family, leading statesmen, distinguished mili- tary and naval officers, world-famous authors, artists actors, editors and publicists, leaders in industry and finance, ple of the highest distinction in the Empire— became just as enthusiastic Pelmanists as clerks and * tommies’’ and day-laborers. When the movement spread to America the same story was repeated—captains of industry and finance, men of affairs, jurists, writers, leading business men, professional people of all types—adopted Pelmanism as enthusiastically as wage-earners and college students. And now, over 550,000 — in every part of the world, men and women usually of the highest type ‘of intelli- gence, have adopted and use Pelmanism to help them ‘find themselves.” Send for Free Book When people like General Sir Robert Baden-Powell Judge Ben B. Lindsey, Frank P. Walsh, Major General Sir Frederick Maurice, Admiral Lord Beresford, T. P. O’Connor, H. R. H. Prince Charles of Sweden, Jerome K. 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q aad er a — Se IB et SR OE TAS Bao meen ete iG SARE a Gee 138 MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION What will you be doing one year from to-day? Three hundred and sixty-five days from now—what? Will you still be struggling along in the same old job at the same old salary —worried about the future—never quite able to make both ends meet— standing still while other men go ahead? One year from today will you still be putting off your start toward success— thrilled with ambition one moment and then cold the next—delaying, waiting, fiddling away the precious hours that will never come again? Don’t do it, man—don’t do it. There is no greater tragedy in the world than that of a man who stays in the rut all his life, when with just a little effort he could bring large success within his grasp. Make up your mind today that you’re going to train yourself to do some one thing well. Choose the work you like best in the list below, mark an X beside it, mail the coupon to Scranton, and without cost or obligation, at least get the full story of what the I. C. S. can do for you. myepeTe es. CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS 619-E, Scranton, Penna. Without ia or sentient please send me one of your booklets and tell me how I can qualify for the position or in the subject before which I have marked an X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Business Management OSalesmanship Industrial Management LJAdvertising Personnel Organization Better Letters Traffic Management Show Card Lettering Business Law Stenography and Typing Banking and Banking Law Business English Accountancy (including C.P.A.) L)Civil Service Nicholson Cost Accounting Railway Mail Clerk Bookkeeping ommon School Subjects oooooooooooo a Private Secretary High School Subjects panish Illustrating French artooning TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineering Architect Electric Lighting Architects’ Blueprints Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder (J Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions Structural Engineer Gas Engine Operating ° Chemistry [J Pharmacy Civil Engineer Automobile Work C)Surveying and Mapping (Metallurgy O Minin (Steam Engineering O00 Airplane Engines Agriculture and Poultry Mathematics Radio ET tains Tis Nadeniasisccesonerestoveniionavenyl State......... Occupation... If you pasedes in Canada, send this coupon to the International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal Don’t Envy The Plumber === BE ONE! == $11.00-$16.00 PER DAY sy —— EVERY day, is the Every spilled mes il ‘at aye th aed Plumbers have the best it. WI he im aye is busy at Rooker’ is ever out of a job--compare his an Be my with any le, plus the opportunities of ving your own shop. We teach you Plumbing with TOOLS (not books) under idcenses Master PLUMBERS in one of the finest equipped schools in America. We make you a Plumber, every branch is her gh oe Cony > gee Work--Blue Print for plan read- LEARN IN 8 to 12 WEEKS oe ota If you are making less than $60.00 eek you owe it to your- self ' te investigate. Get FREE catalog that tells in pictures and w: how we teach this trade. Special rates now. UNIVERSAL PLUMBING SCHOOL 2031 Troost Ave. KANSAS CITY, MO. Is Your Home Lighted for Beauty and Comfort? (Continued from page 37) In the early process, the minute etching cracks tended to weaken the bulb. Then it was discovered that if those cracks were turned into round craters by further etching, the strength of the glass was not impaired. That’s the modern method.”’ “T believe you said that decoration and paper are half the problem of lighting a home,” observed Ellen. ‘Can you give us some details on that?” I ramos Ceiling tints, for instance, have widely varying color-reflecting values. White gloss reflects the most light, 84 percent, but don’t use it, because of its glare. Take white eggshell (81 per- cent) or white flat (82 percent). Ivory white declines to 79 and cream to 74 per- cent. White oil paints have been greatly improved in reflecting value in the last decade. Water paints are said to show rapid deterioration, besides being diffi- cult to clean, and are advised only for temporary use.” **What are the values of wall colors?” pursued the young woman. “This is a tricky question, and even an artist’s eye is deceived easily in judging the light values of colors. “The grays devour a lot of light, while ivory tan returns 67 and buff 55 percent of illumination. Light green returns 63 and light blue 54 percent. Pink has a surprisingly high score of 72 percent. Wall papers that run between pearl and cream reflect about 50 percent of the light thrown upon them, while a dark blue returns only about 20 percent.” “I imagine the dark wood finishes absorb a lot of light, too,” said Ellen. “They do, indeed. Walnut is the worst light thief, taking all but 7 percent, and its nearest accomplice is mahogany at 8 percent, closely followed by dark brown and then by dark oak. A brick color finish absorbs all but 13 percent of the light it receives. A large fireplace of exposed brickwork, therefore, may cut down your living room _ illumination considerably.” ee to me as if we could save half our bill by buying light in the form of paint and paper,” declared Rob. “That is generally true,” I replied. “However, remember that the best colors fade in time and lose some of their reflect- ing value. A house must be repainted and decorated every few years.” “Now that we have the house properly painted and papered, what style of fix- tures would you advise?” inquired Ellen. “There are three methods of lighting: direct, indirect and a combination of the two. An example of direct is a hanging lamp with a metal shade that throws the rays directly downward. It is-a pioneer method of glare-and-gloom effect that is not suited to most homes. “Indirect means light thrown entirely upward on the ceiling, from which it is reflected in a soft equal glow throughout the room. This is considered ideal. You do not see the light source at all: the rays are directed up- (Continued on page 139) Boyt. 1—what music! Play ately; abs )lutely no instructions or lessons necessary The *‘Jazzitha’’ is made of fine grained hard with specially designed metal sound box. somely decora' Send No ‘Money Just your name and address Jassie a and sheet music arrive, pay postman only $1.47—pins a few cents extra for postage. Outside of U. S. send check or money order. GIVEN _ with every instrument we —will include 3 extra Jazz- AWAY J itha strings worth 25c. JUST OUT 5 Books of popular song hits. 5 “‘JAZZIT e€ one St Hawaiian — Guitar } Have you seen the latest Jazz instrument? Every. body is talking about the curious, unusua} **Jazzitha.’” If you hear a = will want to own all he. song hits immedi- es an ideal gift. wood Hande _! bi — ay fi es in length. mes wi cant — when latest songs in each book written in numbers..........0++ 25c each. THE JAZZ STUDIOS, 2512-41 Ave. Dept. 540, LONG ISLAND CITY, N. ¥. L Learn Furcralt Make up New Furs and Make Old Furs Like New. Learn Fur Re- posed and Cleaning. our secret processes. Learn glaz- ing, ironing and storage. Big demand, big need in every neighborhood. A won- derful uncrowded field. Many earn $3 an Hour IN YOUR SPARE TIME or a real business now and later a b month earnings start if you A en and women equally su wr T ool Free Book fencc ors Time Money Makers. . oppgetnie know in your neighborhoo Write at once for Free £ full pa of this mone ORTHWESTERN NEUR : i 1781" Sunderland Bidg., BE A DETECTIVE Make Secret Investigations Fascinat Experience uw Earn Big Money. ing work. necessary. Work home or travel. Excellent opportunity. Particulars free. Write: GEORGE D. WAGNER Former Government Detective 1968-P Broadway, New Yet Skin Troubles Cleared Up—often in 24 hours. To prove you can be rid of pimples, blackheads, acne eruptions on the face or body, barbers’ iteb, eczema, enlarged pores, oily or shiny skin, simply send me your name and address today—no cost —no obligation. CLEAR-TONE tried and tested in ove 100,000 cases—used like toilet water—is simply "eal in prompt results. You can repay the favor by your friends; if not, the loss is mine. WRITE TODAY, E.S.GIVENS, 458 Chemical Bldg., Kansas City, Mo DRAW CARTQNs & Turn Your Talent Into Money Cartoonists earn from $50 to $300 per week—some even more. Remarhable new Circle System of Drawing teaches you in half the usual time. Send for booklet and sample — =_— ex- plaining full ee tails of the ° THE NATIONAL SCHOOL OF CARTOONING 615 Penton Building Cleveland, Ohio. SIGNS and SHOW CARD PAINTING MADE EASY! ar To produce really good sigtt —, show cards, and lettering J, allyouhaveto doistraee the Letter Pattern and thenfillia your tracing. Anyone can Sizes and styles for all pi uses. Write for free ala John F. Rahn, D2120 N. Neva Ave., Chicago, Il Make More Money Read the Money Making Opportunitie on pages 114 to 142 of this issue. os January, 197 Jan' WMOwssocoy Of tU> > Ee em Srs A]

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Audel’s Handy Book of Electricity, Price $4. simplified ready reference, givingcom- erection and insideinformation. Handy bo use. Easy to understand. For Engineers, Professional Electricians, Students and all in- terestedin Electricity. A reliable authority and a handy helper for every electrical worker. INFORMATION |: The 1040 pages and 2600 diagrams give ac- curate, up-to-date and complete information on—Rules and Laws, RADIO, Storage Batter- ies, WIRING DIAGRAMS, Power and House Wiring, Automatic 'Phones, Auto Ignition,

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a5 ‘So writes W. H. Adams of Ohio in Aug- ust 1925. V.A. Marini of California re- ae $11275 sales in 3 months. Jacob ordon of New Jersey ‘$4000 profits in 2 months.” Alexander of Penna. ‘$3000 profits in four months.” Ira Shook $365 sales in one day. Bram bought one outfit April 5 and 7 more by August 28. Iwata, bought one outfit and 10 more within a year. Mrs. Lane of Pittsburgh says “sold 8000 packages in one day.” J. R. Bert says “only thing I ever bought that equaled advertisement.” John Culp says: “4 Everything going lovely. Crispette wrappers scattered all over town. It’s good old world after all.” Kellog, $700 ahead end of sec- §

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

Is Your Home Lighted for Beauty and Comfort? ‘(Continued from page 138) ward either from a central hanging fixture or from a series of tall floor pedestal lamps.” —— the third lighting method, which combines direct and indi- rect, is the most usual practice. It in- cludes reading lamps, wall fixtures and luminaires in which light issues directly downward and is also reflected and dif- fused upward and around through shades, whether glass, parchment or silk.”’ “T’ve noticed that modern homes are doing away with central hanging lumi- naires,” remarked the young woman. “That is a fashion swing which lighting engineers say is a bad one,” I replied. “They think fashion, in this case, doesn’t jibe with the mathematical laws of light. For economy and good results, put the main light source at the center, but high enough not to bother the eyes. To equal the center light with wall bracket lamps means more current and more fixtures.” “Is it better to have an open bowl for the center light or the closed kind?” “Tf you mean a bowl open at the top, an important thing to consider is its dust-catching proclivities. Between two fixtures of equal merit or attractiveness, always select the one that is easier to keep clean.” “That home lighting table I asked for at first,” said persistent Ellen, “isn’t there a near-table at least that you can give us?” “Yes, there is an offhand estimate of average requirements, disregarding paper, paint and room size. Starting with the kitchen, you might install one 100-watt lamp in an enclosed-bowl fixture, up against the ceiling in the center. Half that power might do in a small, light-painted kitchen. The dining room should have at least 100 watts in one or more lamps with- in a center hanging fixture, shaded to throw|the light down on the table. A candelabra center fixture is second choice and may be preferred for looks, especially with harmonizing wall bracket lamps. ‘*FTHE living room needs a center light of more power than the dining room outfit and placed higher, so as to spread illumination: say 150 watts in one or more lamps. Add as many table lamps or reading fixtures as you like. They will be used more than the main luminaire, and each one may range from forty to 100 watts in power. For bedroom and bathroom a center lamp of fifty watts is often enough, with the addi- tion of a bed reading lamp and twin bracket lights on either side of the dress- ing table or shaving mirror. “Never light a mirror from above or from one side only. For an even job of tinkering a woman’s complexion or scraping a man’s face, have twenty-five to forty shaded watts on both sides. ‘Pilot lights are useful to locate fix- tures and to show you your way about in adark room. One of these small lamys uses the incredibly small current of one twentieth of a watt.”

TIrriii iii ii

For the Capture of This Man ONVICT 6138, escaped from the State Penitentiary; Name, Charles Condray; age 37; Height, 5 ft. 8 in. Weight 141 pounds; Hair, light brown; Eyes, gray. Easy enough to identify him from his photograph and this description, you may say—but, Condray took the name of “Brown”, dyed his hair, darkened his skin, grew a mustache, put on weight and walked with a stoop. Yet, he was captured and identified so posi- tively that he knew the game was up and re- turned to the penitentiary without extradition. How was it accomplished? Easy enough for the Finger Print rt. They are the special- ists, the leaders, the cream of detectives. Every day’s paper tells their wonderful ex- ploits in solving mysterious crimes and con- victing dangerous criminals, More Trained Men Needed The demand for trained men by governments, states, cities, detective agencies, corporations, and private bureaus is becoming greater every day. Here is a real opportunity for YOU. Can you imagine a more fascinating line of work than this? Often life and death depend on a a meg then big rewar : go to e expert. Many experts earn regularly from $3,000 to $10,000 per year. Learn at Home in Spare Time And now you can learn the secrets of this science at home in your spare time. Any man with common school education and average ability can become a Finger Print Detective in surprisingly short time. Secret Service Reports FREE Just mail the coupon and we will send you without cost or obligation the bona fide reports made by Secret Service Operator No. 38 to his chief. Better than fiction! Leads you through every step in the solution of a mysterious mur- der and a daring train robbery. Shows how Finger Prints become infallible evidence. Get the big illustrated book on true Finger Print cases now offered free. Also our special offer of a Professional Finger Print Outfit and a Course in Secret Service Intelligence now being made for a limited time. The ccupon brings it all. Mail it now. You have every thing to gain—Nothing to lose. University of Applied Science 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Dept. 13-61 Chicago, Ill.

University of Applied Science 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Dept. 13-61 Chicago, Illinois Gentlemen: Without any obligation whatever, send me the Confidential Reports of Operator No. 38—also your big Finger Print Book and Special Offer now open.

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MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION

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I need YOU with 100 firms BEGGING ME to send them more DRAFTSMEN. Many offer to take BEGINNERS, at $50 a WEEK. Many Graduates start at $90 and $100! GET BUSY! Drafting is the BIG field, men. Every in- dustry you can name BEGINS with the draftsman. Without mechanical drawings —by the eet shop in the land wr. # be STOPPED In fact, it is the SERIOUS SHORTAGE of draftsmen that brings this offer: J will furnish all instruments, supplies, even to the table, to ihose who start now PAY AS YOU GO Port sive me the ex- cuse that you have no ready money for this golden opportunity. I am not so interested in cash; I want your application. I want at least 200 men to start right now. I want them ready to recommend by. Spring! We will get a flood of letters saying “send us draftsmen,’’ from every sort of industrial and engineering concern, and we must make The first week’s pay envelope of many a Dobe-trained draftsman has held enough to cover the entire cost of the course! Most students learn evenings, keeping on with their old work until ready to step into some- body’s drafting room. The first. month equips you to take on simple ——s. jobs on the side. It helps you learn; I gladly permit this. Well-Paid Positions Every Way You Turn A draftsman soon forgets the days when he used to wonder where to get a job. In- stead, he asks “What line of work interests me most?” And “What part of the country suits me best?”” Twenty of my graduates went to Florida this year; three are in Japan; last month one wrote me from Ceylon. And I wish we had the count of how many Dobe draftsmen have become chiefs! Positions loom up almost as soon as you are enrolled in a Dobe class! We receive requests daily for junior men—for men only partly through our course. “‘We’ il take 4 beginner,’’ some concerns write us, “so long as he is a Dobe-trained man and has begun right!’’ IT’S EASY 24 and interesting to learn rafting. For draftin,’ isn’t “‘drawing!’’ van don’t need anv “‘talent.”’ A draftsman uses dools for every line one a every curve. You couldn’t make them c if you tried! That’s why poabete is so easily learned—and so inter- esting. For you do everything by rule. So, I guarantee to make anyone a finished drafts- man; if you can read and write, you can learn this line. One of my students is 51 years old; another is just seventeen. But they" Il all be making @ grown-up salary by Spring! WARNING! ‘The special offer of ® jools is for immediate action. Don’t expect me to hold it op = ay. Clip the coupon now for

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epPaerret Ooo es &lS sa2ls8 2s sF 32s? SS lead rea? Rae! January, 1927 Marvels of 1927 (Continued from page 140) will see the manufacture of a single unit of 251,000 horsepower, to be installed in New York City in 1928. Another con- tract recently let was for a unit of 279,000 horsepower. Meteorology CHARLES FitzHUGH TALMAN U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. ETEOROLOGY is looking up. Its attention has been cen- tered of late upon the higher levels of the atmos- phere; the domain of meteors and the aurora, of ozone and the Heaviside layer. We may expect news from this region during the. year. Perhaps the “break” will be the out- come of researches at the U. S. Bureau of Standards on the spectra of the atmos- pheric gases under the extreme physical conditions supposed to prevail miles above the earth. Perhaps it will come from studies abroad on the abnormal audibility of distant explosions. Perhaps Professor Goddard, of Clark University, will perfect his long-awaited rocket. Transmission of weather maps by radiotelegraphy may produce in 1927 a daily “mosaic” weather map of the northern hemisphere. This map will be readily available everywhere, by land , and sea—an epoch-making advance over the present plan of transmitting merely numerical data, from which the maps must be drawn. Thanks to Congressional action, the Weather Bureau enters 1927 with twenty- two more pilot-balloon stations than it had a year ago, and will provide adequate meteorological information for aviators along commercial air routes. A novelty of the year will be the use of luminous balloons for observing the upper air cur- rents by night. Mathematics CHARLES LANE Poor, Ph.D. Professor of Celestial Mechanics, Columbia University HE most important advance in mathe- matical research in 1927 should be the clear per- ception of the limitations of mathematics; the recognition that mathe- matical processes merely constitute a sort of spe- ‘ cialized shorthand, that they furnish simplified methods for arriving at complicated de- ductions from stated premises. The great advance in mathematics will be the return to sane and logical think- ing; will be the clear recognition that the laws and processes of nature are inde- pendent of the mathematician and his processes, and the recognition that one cannot change the law of gravitation by the transformation of a mathematical formula. YOU CAN BECOME A BUILDING EXPERT ’ Plan Reading. Every man who has got very far ahead in any building trade can read blue prints. No man can expect to be a first rate foreman or superintendent until he knows what every line on a plan means and how to lay out and direct work from the architect’s lans. By the Chicago Tech. fethod you quickly learn to read any plan as easily as you read these words. Estimating. Of course a man who wants to be a con- tractor or to hold a big job in a contracting organization must know how to figure costs of labor, material, and every- thing else that goes into any kind of building. The Chicago Tech. Course covers every de- tail of this important branch— shows you just how it is done from actual blue print plans. Superintending. How to hire and direct men,}how to keep track of every detail of construction as it goes on, how to get the work done in the least time at the lowest cost is also fully covered in the Chi- cago Tech. Builders’ Course. Also special courses in Archi- tectural Drafting for builders, taught by practical men. These explained in Special Catalog “TD” sent on request. MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION 141 BLUE PRINT PLANS And 24 Page Book ‘“‘How to Read Blue Prints’’ Sent FREE Our gift to every man in the building game. Sent absolutely free. For we want you to see for your- self . . . at our expense how easily and quickly you learn to read blue prints . . . and can get the knowl- edge that will make you more money. Don’t send a penny. Just mail the coupon. The Book Tells How Fl) JIE) a OW to Read Blue Prints” is written in plain, every day English. It is easy to understand .. . and will prove to you immediately how quickly you can get the training that has given other.men the chance to wore with their heads . . . and to make more money than just the wage * scale. We know this is true. For 23 years we have been training men .. . in their spare time, at home . . . to advance and succeed in the building field. Many have now got good contracting or building businesses of their owns Many are salaried men, foremen or superintendents. This book is really a Free Trial Lesson in Plan Reading . . . written by & practical building expert. It costs you nothing . . . will teach you how to read Blue Prints . . . and may point the way for you to big money. It will show you how easy our instruction is . . . how quickly you can become an - Can get the practical knowledge that you must have to get expert . ahead quick. Another Book FREE We will send you also a book about the Chicago Technical School for Builders. It is free, too. It tells you all about our method of training by correspondence. It shows you how you can make your spare time pay you @ handsome profit in a very short while. It tells all about our practical instruc- tors . . . shows every branch and department of our Builder’s Courses . . . tells what others have done and what you can expect to do. Chicago Technical School for Builders is one of the oldest and best equipped schools of its kind in America. Many big builders owe their first step to success to our training. Hundreds of practical men from the building trades attend classes at our school for builders here in Chicago. You get this same training . . . from the same practical instructors . . . in your own home by mail. : Train by Mail Go right on With your work. Your spare time . . . as little or as much as you wish . . . is all you need. Our practical lessons and actual blue print building plans come to you by mail. And the cost is little. Send the coupon .. . today. It will aon to — Bose —_= toy end the wo books, fu’ ormation about the Chicago Technical School for Builders. Shows what we | 38 You Live in or ave done for hundreds of other men, gives the Chicag facts about their success. Tells how some be- Near je came superintendents in a few months. How | Visit our School for others established contracting businesses of | Builders, open day or eve- their own. Gives all details of this practical ning. carpenters and builder's course with descriptions, photographs j buildersattend each year. and illustrations. § Start now. It costs you nothing to find out j tral at home, by'mail. what this practical builder’s course is . . . | Sameplans; samelessons; and what it can do for you. If you want to make | 8ame instructors. The more money in the building game . . . get the | Coupon brings all facts facts about the Chicago Technical School for | Free. CHICAGO TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR BUILDERS Dept. A-150, Chicago Tech. Building, 118 E. 26th St., Chicago, Il. 7 BS SS SSS STS SSS SSS SSS SSS Sse sess CHICAGO TECHNICAL SCHOOL FOR BUILDERS Dept. A-150, Chicago Tech. Bidg., 118 East 26th St., Chicago, Ill. Please send me your Free Books and Blue Prints for men in the Building Trades. Send postpaid to my address below. (Write or print name plainly) PU REING sic. 0s: 69:0.0:4'0 0: > eioted ne store yin a7 UE into de Seltaidn a tema ecle bao a POROUS oo oie cece as Kayes hipee o keas ceases thie teeta sn nee RUM iN cco go Sio wi siele, aha ecete retie enero’ BURGE... . ci dicctebtecteecest wom TrerrerrrirertrtrtrteteteelelLL LCL LLLL LCCC LLCee | Want Some Money? Here’s a wonderful way to get it Our beautifully illustrated book tells how. It tellsall about our new methods of art decoration, art treatment and how anybody can learn without previous training or experience. It contains page after page of handsome color illustrations of what youcan make and money and this book is Our system is amazingly easy to learn and the profits are larger than in almost any other business. You can prodace beautiful finished art objects almost from the beginning. You don’t have to know how to draw or have any experience, Begi ing money now, DEPT. 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in Cartoonine- $50 to $250 a Week Paid to Good Cartoonists! You Can Easily Learn This Fascinating Profession Right at Home in Spare Time. Send for Free Booklet Explaining Method. HERE isn’t a more attractive or highly paid profession today than cartooning. Millions of dollars are spent every year for good car- toons by the 20,000 or more news- papers and magazines in the United States alone. Capable Cartoonists earn $50 to $250 a week. Fontaine Fox, Briggs, Bud Fisher, Sid Smith and others MAKE MORE MONEY than the presidents of many corpora- tions. Think of it! Quick, Easy Way to Learn Cartooning Yet of all the professions cartoon- ing is now positively one of the easiest to learn. You don’t need to know a thing about drawing. Through our amazingly simple meth- od many who never dreamed they could draw have easily learned cartooning. You too—without any apparent talent at all— can easily learn to dash off side-splitting cartoons that may mean ease and independence for you within a surprisingly short time. You learn mght at home, yet your work receives the personal correction of our success- ful cartooning instructors. Many students actually sell enough work during their training to pay for it. Mail Coupon for Free Book Learn more about the wonderful money- making opportunities in cartooning, and how this method makes it easy for you to learn. Read about our students—their success —what they say—how easy it was—actual reproductions of their work—how they made big money while studying. Booklet entirely free. Send for it NOW. Washington School of Cartooning, Room 241-E, 1113-15th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Washington School of Cartooning, Room 241-E, 1113-15th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Please send me without obligation, your illustrated FREE BOOKLET on Cartooning. Re eee eo. et ge oe, ees os (Write name plainly) PS. Pelt seen, 6 tt es See ee oe MES Ms. haid soo Gawedaus eet If under 16 years, please state age.......... MONEY MAKING OPPORTUNITIES SECTION Here Are Correct Answers to Questions on Page 48 1. The oldest living trees are thought to be the famous giant redwoods in California. A number of these trees are 300 feet tall. Some of them have been cut down, and the annual growth rings in the wood indicated ages as great as 3,000 years. 2. The majority of storms that sweep across the country come from the northwest. They enter the boundaries of the United States either across western Canada or through the states of Oregon and Washington. Over the western part of the country the usual storm path is southeast. In the Mississippi Valley this changes. The path swings around toward the northeast, so that the storms leave the boundaries of the country somewhere in New England or New Jersey and pass out into the North Atlantic Ocean. 3. There are two kinds of food that are great heat producers for the human body. One of these is fat; the other is sugar. Since very little sugar is available to the Eskimos, their diet is composed largely of fat, which gives them the body heat they need. 4. This was a custom of the Aztecs in Mexico and of the earlier and greater people, the Mayas of Guatemala and Yucatan. Before the conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, human sacrifices were made in the great Aztec temple of the City of Mexico, the victim being killed with a sacred knife made of sharp stone. 5. England is as far north as Labrador. It would have about the same climate were it not for the warming effect of the Gulf Stream. Anything that closed the channel through which the Gulf Stream flows north of Cuba might alter the course of the stream and make the British climate colder. 6. In Panama, Colombia and Venezuela, where a variety of ants cut fragments of leaves and carry them into their nests. On these leaves the ants deposit the spawn of mush- rooms. When the mushrooms grow, they are used as food for the baby ants. 7. The British Museum in London. 8. This term comes from the countries of Senegal and Gambia, West Africa, once prominent for the shipment of slaves to other parts of the world. 9. We are not certain whether the first boats large enough to be called ships were built by the ancient Babylonians or by the ancient Egyptians. About 700 years B.C., Pharaoh Necho sent an expedition by ship clear around Africa. As much as 1,000 years before this, ships were probably in use by the Egyptians. Models of the boats used on the Nile have been found in ancient Egyptian tombs. 10. In several countries, notably in India and in China, farm land is at such a premium that the natives have been driven to cultivate the slopes of steep hills. To keep the soil from washing off these slopes, the farmers build numerous small stone walls behind which the slopes are leveled into terraces. This makes a mountain slope look as though it were carved | into the steps of a giant staircase. 11. Probably the ape-ape plant, that grows in the Hawaiian Islands. The leaves are shaped somewhat like the leaf of a common geranium, and are sometimes five or six feet across. 12. Probably the Hawaiian Islands. Botanists have found on these islands nearly 700 varie- ties of plants not found anywhere else. The reason is, apparently, that the islands are far from other land and have been isolated in this way for many geologic ages. ONDE January, LE School at Hon 7 Trak yy ~ COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if you tack HANDICAPPED LiehSchool training, You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching’ and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of practically all worth-while ’ positions demand High School train. ing. You can’t hope to succeed in | the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American | School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will | broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- | plete, simplified and up-to-date. It_ covers all subjects given in a resident | school and meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- | fully examined and coached. USE SPARETIMEONLY | Most people sdle away fifty hours a week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years, You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin, American School Dept. H-175, Drexel Ave. and $8th $i.» Chicago American School Dept. H-175, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago — Send me full information on the subject checked | and how you will help me win success, Law eeeeee