Popular Science Monthly 1923-08: Vol 103 Iss 2

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JUL 13 1923 SSSSsssREN RE RSaek SSssse Seeeah oS S88sss2 Seses ; eats fs aI NE How Airplane Engineers are Experimenting with Steam (See page 28) “J w 4 UGUST Bryan Cn Evolution 25 CENT: q aJ io)

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atiaken Re sss acai ie... ed OT TOE en Preteen rg. [Radiola RS] UILT like Radiola Senior—but with two tubes instead of one. For greater distance—and a chance to use a loud speaker on the nearby stations. —The same compactness and portability. The same sensi- tivity and exactness of construc- tion. If the Senior performed wonders for a one-tube set —count on new wonders for the new RS. e Light enough to carry with you. Powerful enough, with its Radio- trons WD-11—detector and one-step amplifier—to listen in from farthest mountain top camp to the big cities. Neat—and finely finished, as every Radiola is. What a summer of fun it means! Are you listening into ™ BROADCAST CENTRAL The Radio Corporation’s great Duplex Station WJZ-WJY _.. Aeolian Hall, New York City _) This symbol of quality is your protection rf — ‘There's a Radiola | for every purse” at the nearest Radio or Electrical Store Radio Corporation of America Sales Department 233 Broadway, New York District Sales Offices 10 So. LaSalle St., Chicago, Ill, REG. U.S. PAT. OFF, eR ——— 433 California St., San Francisco, Cal. Radiola eA Two Tube Radi ola Radiola RS complete with tubes, dry batter- ies and headset, RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA Dept. 2080 (addzess nearest office listed) Please send me your free Radio Booklet describing sets from $25 to $350. Name Street Address City State hes Augus

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4 a iti, BEN : bt A 5 % i i ca y Dh.

- ws 2 * 4 = E > ee - hes sag est d SANTELMANN <n ‘SOUSA. The Victrola and the dreat bands of the world Summer-time is band time. Hundreds of bands are delighting millions of people at the parks and seashore playgrounds of the nations. Here, Sousa’s Band, Pryor’s Band, and Captain Santel- mann with the United States Marine Band; in England, the Band of H. M. Coldstream Guards; in France, the Garde Re- publicaine Band; in Italy, the Banda Municipale of Milan; in Spain, the Banda de Alabarderos; in Brazil, the Banda do Corpo de Bombeiros; in Mexico, the Police Band of Mexico City.

- To record and reproduce the soul-stirring music of a military band is a matter: of the greatest difficulty, but with Victor Records played on the Victrola you miss none of the thrills you would get in attending the concerts by these famous bands. Records by all of these great bands are [listed in the Victor Record Catalogs and are on sale by thousands of dealers who will gladly play them for you. You may enjoy them in your home and whenever you choose. We especially recommend i Stars and Stripes Forever—March a fe Golden Star (A Memorial March) Sousa’s Band 35709 $1.25 Garde du Corps March i National Emblem March Arthur Pryor’s Band 17957 —.75 Vicreoo. noe __ Marche Turque—Patrol Mahogany or walnut The Messenger—March U.S. Marine Band 18894 _ __.75 1) Vespri Siciliana—Ballet Selection Band of H. M. . 35434 1.25 i Vespri Siciliana—Selection Coldstream Guards . a Princesse Mignonne Garde Republicaine Band 67266 .75 a Amoureuse—Vals Banda Municipale of Milan 65846 .75 Paquetita—Vals Banda do Corpo de Bombeiros 69236 .75 Minuet (Military Symphony) Banda de Alabarderos 62660 .75 Semiramide Overture Police Band of Mexico 35167 1.25

Victrola. , MASTERS VOICE ee Look under the lid and on the labels for these Victor trade-marks_ ‘Victor Talking Machine Company, Camden.N.J. Victrola No. 215 ~ $150 Mahogany or walnut

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; te : Kes z y a re 4 i LCL IE DT, INTC LETT A TET: i Re eek CFF oe ; 3 % Be | id ! é oe ; a - § t i ‘* ' t | ¥ ie iy : nani MONG OR MARE A ASANO 1.“ EAR oe SR ie - pn are eA es Popular Science M onthly AUGUST, 1923; Vol. 103, No. 2 25 cents a Copy; $2.50 a Year T qualities in men are of greatest \¢ value to science?” A reader asks that question. Progress in science, like prog- ress in everything else, must have imagination and enthusiasm for its foundation. Imagination pushes the human mind forward. It is the basis of the useful, material accomplishments of men. Enthusiasm is the driving force. It stirs the will which releases the energy to do. It gives science the courage to overcome obstacles, the bravery to dare new things. Each new inven- tion, each forward step in the business of living, has imagination and enthusiasm behind it. % * * t Ipestet to page 21 and read the dramatic story of how, at the will of a single man, has been created power enough to light every home in the United States. Never before has such tremendous energy been concentrated by human ingenuity. Remember that a century ago a French scientist Hauy said that electricity had no more important steps before it. But Hauy did not reckon on the imagination and enthu- siasm of Michael Faraday, who even then was in a London basement working out the relationship between electricity and magnetism that led to the dynamo, to radio and to the tests just made. As a result of these tests babies born today may live to see some of the achievements of ages of natural evolution duplicated in an electrical laboratory in a single day. * * * EORGES BARBOT, Frenchman, has been — showing Americans how to fly at a mini- mum cost for airplane and power. But nature can outdo M. Barbot. On page 49 is a remark- able pictorial article on how nature's gliders are designed. Successful as Barbot’s tiny motor apparently has been, it is crude and undepend- able as compared to these living engines, which may point the way to perfection in See Table of Contents on page 112 PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Most Wonderfully Illustrated Magazine in the World Published in New York City at 225 West Thirty-ninth Street bape GUY OTIS BREWSTER, noted physi- cian, asks: ‘“‘Do you know how to take a bath?” It has a silly ring to it, that question, But is it so silly? Read his helpful article on page 45 before you answer. Doctor Brewster believes that most of us do not know how, when, where and why we should bathe. If true, it is easily explained. Science has sought only a physiological understanding of bathing in recent years. In fact, it is only 81 years since the first immovable bathtub was established in an Ameri- can home. The Virginia legislature and the cities of Charleston, Hartford, Providence and Wilmington made determined efforts to dis- courage the spread of “the menace.” But Adam Thompson of Cincinnati had the imagina- tion to build the tub. And he had the en- thusiasm to overcome the obstacles placed before him. [N this month’s chapter of ““The Story of Man and His World,” Dr. E. E. Free unravels the fascinating history of speech and writing. There is human imagination behind every step of the progress across the thousands of years. An imaginative man, reading the story, may say to himself—‘‘how short our lives are after all!’’ Each of us may live 60 or 70 years, just a flash in eternity. Some future scientist may dig up our skulls and seek to read from them the answer to our cumber- some methods of transferring thought. He may call us a primitive people—folk who did not even know how to transmit thought telepathically— without sound and without instruments. * a x Bur man progresses. A few short months ago people called transmission of thought through ether a miracle. Today radio is a recognized part of our daily lives. Experts, such as Jack. Binns, our radio editor, whose informative article ap pears on page 5, aeronautics. Food for are developing new thought in contact with nature, anyway. Some day some imagi- native man studying the firefly even may learn how to manufac- _ ture light without heat. PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Issued monthly. Single copy, 25 cents. Yearly subscription to United States, its possessions, = Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. me ee Fg nay - —— 7" a. is 1918, at = Post Office at New York under the act o ar » 1879. Entered as second-class tter Office Department, C a. Printed in U.S. A, opie ay ¥e nt Coporiels, 1923, bythe Modern Publishing Co. e contents of this magazine must not be reprinted without permission. H. J. Fisher. President : R. C. Wilson, Vice-President . O. B. Capen, Secretary and Treasurer processes and _ instru- ments rapidly. Radio proves that given human imagination harnessed to human enthusiasm, there can be human accomplishment. xy >» eee \e@qe« mee FT OO eS Try i eS > @!

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Vian the here the y to ‘ach ity. and ber- nay ven y— >@ei re : ,- THEY = \e @ a4 »@e¢q Lo~--m >= er ee _ ea whose work on a = o 4 MAJ.GEN. JAMES G. HARBOARD, head of the Radio Corporation of Ameri- communication in the army was one of the outstanding features of the war: “Wireless as a tool of civilization will be incomparably important. The closer we can xXx... a ee SAY— bring the people of the world to one another the better will that world be as a place to live in. Conflicts almost always are results of mutual misunderstanding. I believe it is as fallacious and dangerous to rely wholly upon courage, devotion and resources of the peo- ple, without practical preparation, as it is futile to depend upon isolated position or arbitration to protect us from war.” THEODORE E. BURTON, congressman from Ohio, ex- United States Senator, author and one of America’s foremost politicians: “Science leads and politics follows. manent effect on our every- day life, while politics deals mostly with the transitory problems of the day.” FRANK B. JEWETT, President, American Insti- tute of Electrical Engi- neers: “In surveying the future there are certain potential sources of energy which it .may be found possible to develop. For example,’ some efficient and direct utilization of solar energy may be developed; or the energy of tidal motions may be made more largely avail- able. Possibly a more prom- ising lead is an _ indirect utilization of solar energy from vegetable growths.” Theodore E. Burton Science has a per- "eee me > & e ALA Boece IAA LAP BRIG. GEN. WILLIAM MITCHELL, assistant chief of the United States Army Air Service, one of the leading ‘factors in the progress of American Army aviation, who is shown below with the new Curtis metal scout plane in which he made test flights recently: “Aviation is producing a profound effect upon geology. This is being done through aerial pho- tographs. There is no mountain top in the world that cannot be photo- graphed from an airplane, nor is any canyon too steep to yield its secrets.” Brigadier General William Mitchell Brief Bits of Timely Comment On the Sciences of the Hour PROF. FREDERIC LEONARD WASH- BURN, of the Univer- sity of Minnesota, State Entomologist of Min- nesota, who dons the “Lava lava’ costume to keep cool while chas- ing elusive insects in Hiva-oa, one of the Marquesa Islands in the South Pacific: “Not many years ago an entomologist was looked upon as a harmless non-utilitar- ian, and the word called to. mind the picture of the spectacled and bearded lunatic, wildly waving an insect net and pursuing a flitting butterfly over field and bog. “Of late years the science of entomology is being recognized as of great practical im- portance in fighting destructive insects.” model gyroscope: Elmer E. Sperry ELMER E. SPERRY, president of the Sperry Gyroscope Co. and distinguished American inventor, shown holding a “The need of the hour is the conservation of our irreplace- able liquid fuel resources. Almost their entire use for various purposes is now conducted by methods no less than criminally waste- ful, such as burning them in mass under our boilers. “Engines can be made, in fact are now operating, by means of tar, crude petroleum or many of their by-products. With such an engine available at this mo- ment, or gradually substi- tuted for the gas engine, we would have in hand a com- plete solution of the petro- leum problem, not only rendering five and six times as much fuel available, but one which would not re- quire highly organized fuel like gasoline.” pee Bee (ee a ec ae — ¢@ « 'o6 om Peo © Pee bees

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Popular Science Monthly

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SUMNER N. BLOSSOM, Editor AUGUST, -1923 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Man Steals Jove’s Thunder Crackling of 2,000,000-Volt Lightning Bolts in Laboratory Reveals New Wonders of Science , By Raymond. J. Brown [ A steel-lined, see brick building in Pittsfield, Mass., a few weeks ago, occurred an event which electrical engineers say ushers in a fascinating new scientific era and which may even alter the course of the future history of the world. A 2,000,000-volt light- ning bolt, greater in strength than the com- bined output of every electrical generator in the United States hissed and thundered in terrify- ing purplish flames through the research laboratory of the Gen- eral Electric Company, then shrank and died to silence as a grimy, spec- tacled electrician turned a switch. It was the greatest man-made discharge of electrical energy ever seen on earth— 10,000,000 horsepower—rivalling in de- structive potentiality the very thunder- bolts of heaven. And at all times man, who had made it, held it obedient and pli- able to his will. When he closed his switch, the huge, sputtering flames leaped eagerly from their prison. When he opened it, their awe-inspiring roar faded to a faint crackle—and died away. Man directed the course of his manufactured lightning bolts where he willed—upward, down- ward. Now they licked at the steel girders supporting the labo- ratory roof; again they reached down hungrily to the flooring, or stretched their angry arms toward the high metal gallery where was huddled the little cluster of visit- ors invited to view the amazing demonstration. But always man —represented by an undersized , laboratory helper in overalls— held them in control. ' Before that day man never had succeeded in developing an_ electrical pressure greater than 1,000,000 volts. The feat of producing, controlling and releasing electrical ehergy in double that amount is, of course in it- self a scientific achieve- ment bound to stir the Company laboratories. This remarkable photograph shows man-made thunderbolts striking a church steeple and a dwelling in the miniature village set up in the General Electric Lightning rods protected the buildings from damage imagination of the world. Yet it is as nothing when comparéd with the practical, scientific possibilities opened by the success of the Pittsfield experiment. Is man, after centuries of striving, at last to make himself independent of nature and to harness her mightiest forces to his needs? Even now almost a quarter million volts are being carried commercially into the city of Los Angeles from a water power develop- How electricity leaks from i er transmission lines. Above, the purplish corona, seen at night. At the left, a spark-over between two lines high pow Frank William Peek, Jr., the modern Jove who liurls 2,000,000- volt lightning bolts in the laboratories of the General Electric Company at Pitts- field, Mass. ment 240 miles away. What are we to say of a force combining intense heat and terrific pressure that might produce coal ‘as Nature does, but more scientifically and in infinitely less time? A force capable of levelling mountains, draining rivers, de- stroying cities and armies in time of war; but withal the greatest boon ever offered mankind, because it could control climate, open the floodgates of the skies by electric- ally condensing the vapors in the clouds and substitute for the sun in furnishing the warmth that makes the earth bear its fruits for mankind? Frank William Peek, Jr., the research engineer who devised and set up the apparatus by which lightning is produced and _ con- trolled, admitted after the experi- ment that his achievement offers the most amazing possibilities. “The experiments we have been conducting with an electrical dis- charge of 2,000,000 volts,” he said, ‘“‘undoubtedly have resulted in the creation of substances or gases not previously existing in materials subjected to lightning strokes. Just what these are, though, we do not know. “In splitting heavy blocks of wood with lightning, we have dis- covered clean-cut holes mysteri- ously bored through the blocks. We know that the wood has not been burned away. What has be- out. “We have found that we can puncture a jar of water with a lightning stroke and that part of come of it? We are trying to find | ae * IE a isae afb Be eee Re opt tt og gyre orate —— reget ve pw pict eran nes Fon a Aa es ee ese 2 : enn . car ay Tra OE

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22 the water instantly disappears. Where does it go? We know it hasn’t evaporated. In both instances the substances have suffered changes which are not explained by any known laws of chemistry or physics.” “Does that mean that the new development of high voltages may lead to discoveries that will force us to discard all known laws of chem- istry and physics?”’ he was asked. May Speed Nature’s Processes “Who can say?” he asked in reply. ‘The alchemists of old sought to bring about the transmutation of matter—the change of one substance into another entirely different. Modern chemists have laughed at them. But we have observed many strange and unex- plainable things in our experiments with lightning! Our whole world consists of mia- terials changed from other materials by the chemistry of nature. Perhaps it will be pos- sible to aid nature in making those changes, to hasten them, to create quickly what nature takes centuries to make. “There is coal, for example. Nature makes coal by causing chemical changes in vegetable matter which has been driven into the earth, Will it be possible for us to speed that process? “Consider, too, our climate, our weather, the growing of our crops for food. Who will say that in the future it will not be possible to produce rain at will by hurling huge charges of electricity into the air? Or that a warmth like the warmth of the sun, which causes the seeds in our farmlands to germinate, cannot be supplied to the soil by electricity? “Such achievements are not yet near us. But I should hesitate to say that they are im- possible. “Undoubtedly the first practical use to which our discoveries in lightning manufacture will be put is the transmission of electricity at great voltages for light and power. This was the primary aim of our experiments. Popular Science M onthly “When we produce power in our elec- trical generators it is necessary to ‘step- up’ the voltage in a transformer to give it force enough to carry it through a dis- tance. When it reaches its destination over the transmission line, this process must be reversed in order to deliver the power in safe values for motors and light. The greater the distance, of course, the higher the voltage necessary. How Electricity Leaks “When the voltage becomes very high, the electricity leaks from the lines in ‘corona’—electrons or infinitely small particles of matter which cause high tension lines to glow at night with purple radiance—or by ‘spark-over’ between the wires carrying the power. This leak- age increases during rainy weather. “To solve the problems of decreasing leakage we devised apparatus capable of producing 2,000,000 volts and with it en- deavored to reproduce all conditions of operation over model transmission lines.” Lightning is produced in the Pittsfield laboratories by releasing a huge voltage that has been impounded in a giant condenser. This condenser, towering 30 feet above the flooring, consists of 480 glass plates, coated on both sides with glittering tin foil and mounted in 48 frames or cells. The conden- ser units are 15 feet high and are supported by post insulators of glass, about 15 feet tall and three feet in diameter at the base. The visitor to this house of wonders is conducted to a steel gallery where is situ- “ated the switch controlling the lightning machine. There is an-odd feeling. of ten- sion in the air as the laboratory assistant throws the switch. For an infinitesimal This slishosenais of a 2,000,000 volt man-made lightning flash*shows its filmy, lacy texture part of a second there is silence. Then from the discharge points shoots a huge, purplish flame, extending 18 feet from the machine, zig-zagging about as lightning does in the sky, crackling and roaring like a volley from thousands of muskets. The visitor is deafened. Shivers creep along his spine. A subtle, pulling sensation seems to draw him from the gallery toward that thundering purple arc. He observes that the hair of the man beside him is stand- ing out stiff and straight, like the quills of a porcupine. The flash takes on a filmy, lacy texture as it widens out. The atmosphere of the laboratory is filled with the fresh odor of ozone, often noticeable in the atmosphere after an electrical storm. A half-dozen tests are made. Blocks of wood, placed in the path of the arc, are shattered, and in each of them is In these huge condensers, are im- pounded the 2,000,000 volts to produce terrific lightning flashes shown striking a miniature village. Arrow points to spectators’ gallery noted the unexplainable void in its structure. Other experiments are car- ried on to show the effect of the tre- mendous electric bolts on oil, water, glass, and porcelain. These tests are valuable in solving the problem of’ insulation which is the principal barrier ‘ to the transmission of infinite quanti- ties of electricity over commercial lines. Then comes a final test—the most dramatic ofall. A miniature village— church, general store, dwelling house—is set between the discharge posts. The switch is. closed and the destructive flashes of light- ning are hurled at the tiny structures. The church steeple is struck, then the store. Yet they stand undamaged! On their even walls _ and roofs there is no sigm even of scorching. The explanation? Lightning rods. If anyone ever doubted the efficacy of that. method of protecting buildings against the onslaughts of atmospheric electricity, here is proof for him, The demonstration ends. The spectators climb down from the gallery thrilled by an odd exaltation. They have seen a miracle. They have witnessed man usurping the powers of Olympian Jove. Certainly the most amazing spectacle offered since Benjamin Franklin with kite broyight to man his first knowledge 4. the mij igaty force—electricity!

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August, 1923 23 My Views about Evolution By William Jennings Bryan and cannot have because real sci- ence is ‘‘classified knowledge.” Nothing, therefore, can be scientific that js not true. All truth is of God, whether found in the book of nature or in the Book of Books; but guesses are not science; hypo- theses, such as the hypothesis of evolution, are not truths. There is a wide difference of opinion as to what evolution really means. Most of those who declare that they favor it think it means growth, like the growth of the chicken from the egg; or development from without, like the improvement of the automobile. They are mistaken. ‘Evolution’ is the word used by scientists to de- scribe the hypothesis which links all life together and assumes that all species are developed from one or a few germs of life by the operation of resident forces working from within. My purpose here is to show that science, as well as the Bible, condemns evolution. If science is classified knowledge, then we are justified in rejecting as unscientific any- thing which is not established as true. On this ground evolution should be rejected Rist en has no quarrel with science Idea Older than Darwin The hypothesis has its place, whether it requires four syllables to express it or is expressed in one syllable—by the word “guess.” But the hypothesis is nothing more than an hypothesis until it is proven true. The prospector uses the hypothesis; he guesses that there is ore at a certain point on a mountainside, and digs a pit to prove it; but the pit is not a mine until he finds the precious metals. So with the lawyer; he tries his case upon the hypothesis; but the decisions of the court show that at least half of these hypotheses are wrong. So with the scientist. business—guessing is his middle name. He formulates an hypothesis and then tries to prove it; but most of the hypotheses advanced by scientists in the name of science have been proven erroneous. Take evolution, for instance. It did not originate with Darwin nor with his grandfather. People have been guessing as to the origin of man as far back as there have been means of recording guesses. There is enough physical similarity between man and‘ the brutes about him— although they are separated by in- finite distance—to suggest to some ancients the possibility of a common ancestry. Darwin’s connection with this hypothesis is due not to origina- tion of the idea, but to reasons which he advanced in support of the hypo- thesis. Darwin imagined that species tame by slow and gradual change, one from another, and suggested two §0-called laws or explanations which he deemed sufficient to account for It is part of his William Jennings Bryan bs ” the origin of and change in species. These two laws or explanations were defined as “sexual selection” and ‘‘natural selection.” Whatever he could not explain by one he tried to explain by the other. Sexual selection has been laughed out of the class- room, and natural selection is being dis- credited as its insufficiency is being more and more disclosed. John Burroughs, the great naturalist, announced his dissent from this in an article published just before his death. The whele case in favor of evolution is based on physical resem- blances. Those who believe in the evolutionary hypothesis reject the Mosaic account of man’s creation by separate act of the Almighty and give him a jungle ancestry, but they offer only circumstantial evidence in support of their speculation. Most scientists now reject Darwin’s monkey-gorilla-ape line of descent and argue that man came by some other im- aginary limb of the imaginary tree to which evolutionists attempt to trace all living things. The new limb to which they are trying to attach man’s ancestry has disappeared en- tirely; not a fragment remains, so far as they have been able to discover, between man and the imaginary tree. The trouble with circumstantial evidence is that one fact will overthrow any amount of it. Holds Evidence Circumstantial The evolutionists have attempted to prove by circumstantial evidence (re- semblances) that man is descended from the brute. No one will deny that they have labored industriously. Men who would not cross the street to save a soul have traveled around the world in search of skeletons. If they find a stray tooth in a. gravel pit they hold a conclave and fashion a creature such as they suppose the pos- sessor of the tooth to have been, and then they shout derisively at Moses. If they find a skull, or even a piece of a skull, they summon the geologists,.the biologists, the anthropologists, the fossilologists, the pale- ontologists, the archeologists, the psy- chologists, and all the other experts whom they regard as authorities and hold a post- mortem examination. Sitting as a coroner’s jury, they solemnly declare that the Bible account of man’s creation is LMOST simultaneously with the publication in Popucar Science Montuty of Dr. E Free’s fascinati of Man and His Bryan’s most vigorous attack on the whole evolu- tionary theory. pa Is science an enemy of vite ct Does a belief in i serial of evolution, ““The Story orld,” has come William Jennings evolution contradict or nullify Christianity? Questions such as these are constantly recurring in science today. Heated discussions among clergy and laymen throughout America culminated re- cently in a joint statement issued by 40 repre- sentative scientists, religious leaders and men of affairs, including Dr. Henry: Van Dyke, famous cle an, diplomat and poet; Dr. William J. Mayo, of Rochester, Minn.; Henry Fairfield Osborne, president of the American Museum of Natural History, New York; and Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce. They united in declaring that science and religion “‘meet distinctive human needs rather than displace or oppose each other.” Invited by Popurar Science Montuty to present his views, Mr. Bryan has summed up his chief arguments against evolution here. Every reader, whether he agrees with Mr. Bryan or not, should be interested in what he has to say. a lie. All of these resemblances and all this circumstantial evidence are overthrown by one single, indisput- able fact—namely, that no species has ever been traced to another species, With more than a million species (Darwin estimated the number at between two and three million) to furnish proof, if there were any proof, they have so far failed to find one instance in which they can establish a descent from one species to another or change from one species to an- other. If the hypothesis were true, evidence of its truth could be found _ on every square foot of the earth’s surface. Being untrue, evidence can not be found anywhere. Evolution still rests upon imagination—upon a presumption—an unproven hypoth- esis—a mere guess. But the case against evolution is even stronger. Chemistry, the (Turn to page 95)

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HowSpeech and Writing Began From Cave Pictures of the Past to the Modern Printing Press Sixth Article in the Fascinating Series, Popular Science Monthly “The Story of Man and His World” By E. E. Free, Ph. D. HE oldest language that we know anything about CZ2UNoPERD the name of the wind in thy trees was “swish,” and so on, There is-‘no doubt that words in all languages actually goes back not more than eight or ten thousand years. Man, as we have seen, is perhaps a hundred times older than this. Men of quite modern type, much like ourselves in body and mind, were in the world as long ago as twenty or thirty thousand years, Did these men speak? We do not know. The speech of fossil men is one of the things that we cannot read from their bones or from the stone tools and other implements that they have left for us. There is a gap here in the story of evolu- and the cries of beasts, as the higher apes, for example, are transitional in bodily form between the more primitive monkeys and man. But if we cannot discern, in the present state of scientific knowledge of these matters, how it was that human speech actually did begin, we can imagine how it may have begun. The history of life, from the first specks of living slime in the prime- val ocean down to the present time, How “‘Cleopatra’’ was written in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics is a history of accumulated inventions. In the previous chapters of this serial we have seen how our animal ancestors invented motion and warm blood and massive brains; how these inventions and thousands of others were built gradually into the marvel- gus mechanism of the human body. We have seen, too, how man invented coopera- tion and made civilization possible. Gift of Speech an Invention did arise in this way. Our won “hum,” for instance, is a y good sound-imitation of th thing it stands for. “Slap’’ is another, 4 third is the word “patter,’”’ clearly imit, tive,among other similar sounds, of the pit. pat sound of raindrops falling on the rogf The other theory, the ‘“‘pooh-pooh” ong attempts to trace all speech back to uneon. scious cries and interjections like those that we spell out, nowadays, as “‘pooh-pooh” o “ouch” or “pshaw” or ‘“‘boo-hoo.” Itig impossible to accept the idea that @ speech arose from such cries, but, like the on something. We need not try to trace these word origins in detail. The point that is important in the story of human evolution is that words cas be formed in perfectly natural and simple ways; that this great human attribute of speech, so important tion. How speech began is still a mystery. “bow-wow” theory, this “pooh-pooh” for It is one of the few links that are still “‘miss- It is probable, I think, that the great gift theory has some truth in it. There ap in 1 ing” between our animal ancestors and our- _ of speech is also an invention like all these undoubtedly, some words which began in ally selves. others; that it has been developed in the this way. Instances are the word ‘“‘hoot,” hur Between the bodies of men and the same way out of small and very ancient which has come, quite clearly, from the esis bodies of monkeys we know many links. beginnings. Speech does not stand outside sound of a loud call, and “hush,” which sar’ There are half-way steps, transitional the story of evolution. It also, like every- comes from “hiss,” and thence from the ma forms, that show us quite clearly the path thing else in the world, is a result of evo- sound of the quieting or cautionary inte. . of man’s bodily ascent. With speech there lutions jection “‘s-s-s.”’ of are no such forms. Between speech and There are two prominent theories about is ( no-speech there are no connecting links at the probable beginnings of speech. They The Natural Growth of Words edl all, only an empty gap. have been nicknamed, in the undying are No animal can speak. Parrots merely phrase of Professor Max Miiller, the “bow- These two theories are competent, mi repeat sounds that they have heard almost wow” theory and the “pooh-pooh” theory. probably, to explain the origins of most of pla as mechanically as does the phonograph. According to the “bow-wow” theory, the words in any language, but there are be Many animals can express emotions or very speech began by man’s effort to imitate the always some words which they do not ex $01 rough ideas, such as fear or hunger, by sounds made by animals or by natural plain. This may be merely because we are lit simple gestures like bared teeth or wagging objects. The name of the dog was “bow- not able to trace the history of such words . tail, or by barks or whines or other cries. wow,” the name of the crow was “caw,” completely but it is equally possible, mi But none of these things are speech I think, that some of these words ac though they may be partial sub- of undiscoverable origin may re stitutes for it. really have begun in_ different de No kind of man, on the other ways, not related either to the gi hand, is without speech. Even the “bow-wow” way or the “pooh be rudest and most primitive tribes pooh” way. m turn out, when we come to know Some may have come, for in- hs .them well enough, to have lan- stance, out of the natural chatter re guages almost as complicated and which is so characteristic of mon- ol expressive as our own. keys and apes. Other words may al have originated in bodily sounds b No Half-Speech Found like laughs or sneezes. Still others a from the natural and unconscious n Scientists have not discovered sounds that accompany various 0 anywhere in the world any instance kinds of bodily effort, like the deep si! of half-speech, any kind of language panting of a runner or the grunts c transitional between true speech that we give when we lift heavily s ee ae ee ee ee eT A modern artist’s conception of the making of a cave drawing in the Old Stone Age. At the left is a draw- ing of a woolly rhinoceros, and at the right a drawing of a mammoth, as sketched by Old Stone_artists.

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for all that man has done and hopes to do in the world, may have grown up, natur- ally and gradually, just as all the other human attributes have done. The hypoth- esis of a special creation is no more neces- sary for speech than it is for the origin of man himself. When and where these natural beginnings of speech took place we do not know and it is doubtful if we will ever learn. Undoubt- edly they are very ancient. Probably they are even pre-human. The men of half a million years ago, whose tools and fire- places we have found under the gravel beds of the Great Ice Age, must have had some beginnings of speech, though perhaps little more than beginnings. Even the living apes and Oy 2hgiiGo. monkeys have some char- New York acteristics which may be remnants of those early days when speech was be- ginning. Some kinds of baboons go about com- monly in flocks or herds and have a leader; they can recognize his orders and obey them. These orders are given, of course, partly by gesture and by example, Astory teller in the days when speech was being invented and when gesture took the place of words We must remember, too, that speech is only one way, though the best one, for animals to communicate with each other. Communication by gesture is much used and probably is more ancient. Facial and bodily expression, the meaning of bared teeth or wagging tail, are still more ancient and universal. Even we ourselves have not lost these powers. We need no words to tell us that a man is angry or afraid or pleased. Ex- pression and gesture are sufficient, even today, for much of human intercourse. I have been among Indians who spoke no word of my language, nor I of theirs. Yet I got food quite easily by the simple gesture of pointing to my mouth and working my jaws. It is curious, by the way, that the very ancient root- word for ‘‘eat”’ in the oldest known languages of the Aryan or Indo-European language family (to which family English belongs) is the sound “ad.” Repeat this root-word to yourself several times in quick suc- cession and you will notice that the mere production of

as when the leader baboon merely runs off and all the others follow him. But it Two figures, presumably devils, from an ancient rock carving in Sweden. From Burkitt’s Prehistory the sound compels you to move your jaws apart and together just as you do seems also that there are certain recognizable cries which are under- stood by all the animals within hearing. Professor Garner, who spent many years in studying the cries and habits of mon- keys, came to the conclusion that they know and use regularly a certain number—- about thirty—treal ‘‘words;’’ sounds, that is, which they recognize always as standing for the same definite idea. This theory has not been accepted very completely but there is nothing impossible about it. Thirty words would scarcely make a monkey “language,” but the use of such distinct sounds, if they are used, would be important for the theories of the origin of speech.

when eating. May it not be that we have in this fact a clue to the origin of this very ancient word? The ancient savage who wanted something to eat or wanted to describe the fact of eat- ing, made the gesture of moving his jaws, just as I did with my Indian hosts. At the same time the savage made, we may sup- pose, some kind of noise to attract atten- tion. He uttered, perhaps, the long drawn- out vowel sound “a-a-ah.” The combined result of this sound and this gesture was, inevitably, the sound ‘“ad-ad-ad-ad.”’ Men not only exchange ideas by means of words, they form ideas by the same means. This is reason enough, though we have RRAKELE TSP do pe “ iteY Conventional reproductions of the human form, from aataek cave paintings. Note the similarity to a tvoical <hild’s drawing of to-day

many other reasons, for believing that the beginnings of language are very far back in - human history, probably even back of the man-like apes that lived before the Great Ice Age. A few words of speech had been invented, probably, even before stone tools were used and before fire was discovered; in the times, that is, of more than a million years ag The First Picture Writing The beginnings of writing were hundreds of thousands of years later than this. The first writing ever made by man was in pictures. As early as eighteen or twenty thousand years ago the artist-hunters of the Old Stone Age, whom we told about in an earlier chapter-of this serial, were making on the walls of the French and Spanish caves a collection of paintings and en- gravings which still excite our admiration. We do not know why these cave paint- ings were made. Presumably they had some magical or religious significance. Many of them are inside of dark and narrow passages where no outdoor light can come. We have found some of the burnt torch- ends and little hollowed-out dishes of stone for grease-fed lamps, by which the artist or his visitors got themselves the light by which to work or to inspect what had been done. Though we are accustomed, in modern phrase, to talk about these men as cave- men we must remember that they did not live in caves or did so only rarely. Caves were their fortresses in times of attack, their meeting places for religious or other ceremonials. The daily dwellings among most of these primitive peoples were rude huts or dug-outs like the modern cyclone cellars, built along the banks of streams where water was easily available. Some- times men lived under the shelter of pro- jecting rocks or in the mouths of caves, but never in the more gloomy depths within. When they penetrated these depths they did so for some special purpose, not as a matter of daily life. Yet it isin these deeper

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26 parts of the fascinating European cav- erns that most of the cave’ paintings have been found. It is extremely unlikely that men would have crawled into these uncom- fortable and terrifying places and have made pictures in them merely for the fun of the thing. The Writing of Ideas They must have had an object. The paintings must have been intended to rep- resent an idea, to convey this idea either to humans who might see them or, what is more likely, to some supernatural spirit whom the artist hoped would see and note what had been drawn. It is very probable that these cave paintings of so many thou- sands of years ago are really prayers, the first written prayers that we know any- thing about. . Whatever they were, they represented, we may be sure, some kind of an idea and this, you notice, is also the object of speech. Speech is a way of communicating ideas. So are pictures. Picture writing is a sort of substitute for speech. Among the American Indians, before they were displaced by the whites, there was a large number of different spoken languages. Only rarely could one tribe _ understand the speech of another tribe. But the writing of the tribes, the only kind of writing that they had, was a picture writing and everybody understood it. A piece of thin bark with a rude drawing of a hunter and the number of buffalo he had killed—a kind of aboriginal picture post- ceard—would circulate quite intelligibly ‘from one coast of America to the other. Men of every tribe could read off the idea though each tribe would, read it in a dif- ferent speech. Modern writing differs essentially from this. Itis a writing of speech, not of ideas. Let us see just how this modern method de- veloped out of the primitive picture writing. The World’s Earliest Writings The oldest known written language is that of the first civilized inhabitants of Babylonia, the people whom we call the Sumerians. As early as 4500 B. C. these people lived in cities and practiced irri- gation and had priests and kings. They had a kind of writing that they scratched on stone or on brick-like tablets of burnt clay. Some of the surviving examples of this earliest known written language are probably more than six thousand years old. It is clear that this writing of the an- cient Sumerians was originally a kind of picture writing much like the picture writing of the American Indians. The idea of God, for example, was represented, in the earliest Sumerian inscriptions, by a picture of astar. This meant, of course, a heavenly being, for in those days all the stars were thought of as being alive. Similarly the idea of a field was repre- sented by a rough oblong, with several cross lines to indicate the irrigation furrows. The idea of a hand was rep- resented by five short horizontal lines repre- presenting the out- stretched fingers. And "A Caterpillars Troublesome 5000 Years Ago HE stone tablet shown above is about 5000 years old. The in- scription is written in the earliest known form of the Babylonian picture writing and describes the attempted removal, probably by a magical incan- tation, of caterpillars that were attack- ing certain fields and orchards. Note the sign of a jug turned on its side which occurs near each of the upper corners. The sign for a star (or god) occurs near the upper left hand corner. Below is a tablet of a later period, written on baked clay about 4200 years ago after picture writing had become much conventionalized. It enumerates certain supplies, mainly jugs of differ- ent kinds of oil, intended for the use of the temple at the great Babylonian city of Nippur. The conventionalized form of the star shaped sign for god occurs just before the middle of the second line and also as the first sign of the fourth line, as shown below with them. To understand just what this meant let us suppose that we were still writ- ing this way, that an English-speaking AIN| AIA ee liest writing had, so far as |EGYPTIAN| vor ay [PHOENICIAN] ueppey, (ANCIENT | 1 atep we can see, no relation _|HIEROGLYPHIC) Ve GREEK GREEK at all to speech. It was (EAGLE) | scripr merely a_ representa- tion of natural objects or of ideas associated Origin of one letter of our alphabet, showing how “A” has developed by gradual stages out of the ancient Egyptian sign of the eagle, or hieroglyphic Popular Science Monthly people were using a picture language like that of the ancient Babylonians. ‘ The written sign of the eight pointeg star represented, as we have seen, the ideg of God. It did not represent the word “God,” This same idea-sign might be read off by different readers or at different times by any word that stood for that idea; by “Lord,” for instance, or by “Holy Spirit” or by “Creator” or “Heavenly Father” or any other one of the many words which stand in speech for the idea of the deity, Similarly the idea-sign for field might be read off as “land” or “farm” or “ranch” or any one of a dozen other spoken words. This was good enough so long as writing was used only for magical formulas or for inscriptions in the self-praise of kings. But the Babylonians were becoming a commer- cial people; they were beginning to import and export goods, to buy and sell widely, to pledge credits and to make all manner of business contracts. Signs Begin to Represent Words For such matters a simple, more or less indefinite, picture writing would not do at all. If a man mortgaged his farm it was necessary to have an unmistakable record of just what farm it was. Speech, of course, was much more defi- nite. Two people talking together could say “farms” quite unmistakably, so that each understood exactly what the other meant. And so it seems to have occurred to some Babylonian genius that he could use the picture-signs already familiar in the in- scriptions in which to set down words; that he‘could make thus a record of the actual spoken words of a contract, not merely a more or less hazy picture-reminder of its ideas. The sign, for instance, of the eight- pointed star came to stand for the word “God,” not for the idea. It would be read off in speech always by this word, never by any other word, no matter if that other word did happen, like “Lord” or “Creator,” to express the same idea. The original idea-signs of the writing had become word-signs. Syllable—Signs Developed The next step in the development of a real writing was to identify the sign with the mere sound, not even with a word. The sound of the syllable “god,” for in- stance, is part of the word “godsend,” of the proper name “Godfrey,’”’ and so on. So when the Babylonians wanted to write a word like “godsend” they would set down first the eight-pointed star which had come by now to mean the sound “god” and then follow it witha sign standing for the sound “send.” The recipient would then read off “god”- “send,” as he was meant to do. The .word-signs had become syllable-signs. That was as far as the Babylonian writ- ing ever got. Each separate sign in it (there were thousands of them) stood for one syllable. Words and sentences were written by putting these syllable signs together one after another. Modern writing has A A taken still another step toward simplicity. It has become alphabetic. LATIN We write, for instance, io all the 300,000 or 400,000 words of English LETTER | with only 26 letters. Each letter of the (Turn to page 84) sg} A th: ye of releasi car from puilding , Such 1 invented ical eng! public C cently. old girl 1 ton mot to the ] seconds’ part of as a WO) ! Asto: the inv wide V: storeh¢ ing til exting’ presen claims The liquid filled presst expan denly cylin upwa exert ation pend

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inted word ‘imeg 3 by irit” hich eity, t be a or ting But ner- ort ' of ch at. ne he n- oe ORT Fee oO - Used with a-special liquid August, 1923 21 Power Plant Corked in Pocket Flask Gas Pressure in New Eight-Inch Bottle Lifts 15 Tons; Fills Auto Tire in Three Seconds than the familiar hip-pocket flask, yet by the turn of a valve, capable of releasing power sufficient to lift a street car from its tracks or tear the walls of a puilding from their foundations. | Such is the amazing new pressure device, invented by Walter S. Josephson, a mechan- ical engineer, and which was given its first public demonstration in New York re- cently. During this exhibition, a ten-year- old girl placed a special jack beneath a five- ton motor truck, attached the power bottle to the jack and turned the valve. Three seconds:.later the bottle had lifted the fore- part of the great truck in the air as readily as a woman might tilt a baby carriage. Designed for Many Uses Astonishing as this demonstration was, the inventor says it revealed only one of the wide variety of uses to which his miniature storehouse of energy may be turned, includ- ing tire inflation, refrigeration, and fire extinguishing. For his steel flask, in its present size and form, Mr. Josephson claims a lifting power of 30,000 pounds. The flask derives its amazing power from liquid carbonic acid gas with which it is filled from large cylindrical tanks under a pressure of 1000 pounds. The gas is highly expansible, and when it is released sud- denly from the flask through a valve into a cylinder, it exerts a tremendous pressure upward upon a piston, through which it exerts its lifting power. Its use for refriger- ation and the extinguishing of fires de- pends on special chemical properties of the A SMALL steel bottle, scarcely larger gas. The flask itself is of steel, pressed from a single disk. It is made in two sizes—in lengths of eight inches and of thirteen inches—and weighs, depending on the size, from three to three and one-half pounds. When attached to a special tire pump, which has a gage and valve preventing the escape of more pressure than is necessary, the bottle, it is claimed, will inflate an auto- mobile tire in three seconds. container, it may be used to manufac- ture and chill carbonated beverages for home use. The inventor also is design- ing refrigerating coils which may be used in conjunction with the bottle for freezing ice cream, and supplying refrig- eration for ice boxes, fruit cars:and for medical purposes. He expects to retail the bottles at prices any one can afford and to refill them for a nominal charge. Such auxiliary apparatus as automobile jacks, tire pumps, fire extinguishers and bottles for carbonating beverages, he says, will be ‘obtainable for a few dollars. Refrigerating apparatus will be more elaborate and more expensive. An eight-inch flask, he says, can be used about 10 times for purposes such as jacking up a small touring car before it need be refilled. The inventor expects his flask to come into widespread use among motorists, in the home, and in various trades where there is constant fire hazard or need for apparatus capable of developing great lifting power. One use which he has suggested is for street car crews or the police in releasing persons imprisoned under cars or placing derailed cars back on the tracks. Utilizing expansible liquids for storing up and releasing power, he says, is no new principle; but he asserts that his device is the first of the kind to be made in a size capable of being carried in a man’s pocket and the first which can be manufactured at a low price. The flask is made to withstand 10 times the pressure of its contents, so that it is safe to carry. The United States Government will permit it to be shipped by mail, express or freight. Working with the aid of a large jack, the power bottle lifts a 15 ton girder in about two seconds For the automo- bile camping trip or for a day’s outing, this in- The large cylin- ders from which the power bottles are filled with liquid carbonic genious little flask acid gas. under carbonates . and pressure are chills refreshing shown at the left drinks on the spot Blowouts lose their terrors when a power bottle is handy. This marvel- lous little storehouse of energy will lift an automobile clear off the ground two seconds after a jack is placed beneath it Exciting Moments Double the Weight of Crowds QxcENt investigations of the stresses set up by the movements of live loads have revealed the surprising fact that men and women, when they are excited, weigh twice as much as when they are sitting quietly. This fact is taken into consideration by construction engineers in building large grandstands to, seat thousands of persons at the races or at football and baseball games. The stands must be designed to support increases in load when crowds sud- denly stand up, lean forward, or sway together in their excitement. During tests made by a professor of en- gineering, a man was placed on the platform of a scale in a crouching position, then-told to stand up. As he did so, a reading of the scale showed that his weight had increased 67 per cent. Arising from a chair added 79 per cent. When the man suddenly straightened up from a crouch and at the same time brought his arms down, the scale showed that he had momentarily added 174 per cent to his weight; in other words, that his weight had in- creased more than 2% times. A man rising suddenly ex- erts not only this powerful downward force, but a hori- zontal force as well. Pe er Ne eres sno ate veer tanen peer wane in nkear emma ea SE AMEN gre RIES heen stn Heels tte te ptt ie emt tathi tietataA e ws

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Popular Science Monthy Experimenting with Steam Airplane EMARKABLE though its de- velopment has been in the last dozen years, in one impor- tant respect the sci- ence of aviation may be said to have re- mained virtually at a standstill since its infancy, and that is in the type of engine used to furnish the the motor power for aircraft. The airplane of today bears scant resemblance in out- ward features to the first successful ma- chine of the Wright brothers; new types of wings, rudders, propellers and bod- ies have been de- vised; but the mo- tive power still is furnished by an in- “ternal combustion engine—an improved engine, of course, but one which still retains the element of undependability. The recent record breaking long distance flights of the army aviators, Lieuts. Oakley G. Kelly and John A. Macready, who flew from coast to coast without stop, indicated that while the body of the modern airplane is sound, its heart—the power plant—is weak and constantly giving trouble. Navy Department statistics show that the Lib- erty motor must be overhauled after ap- proximately 72 hours of flight, at a cost of 800 man-hours—more than $600. The navy now is concentrating its attention on the improvement of engine reliability. Aeronautical engineers long have recog- nized that the development of a motor that will combine lightness of weight with high power efficiency but that will lack the un- even performance of the present internal combustion engine probably is the princi- pal problem confronting them in pushing the commercial possibilities of aircraft. Until recently their experiments have sup- plied no definite hope of finding an effective substitute for the present engine. Steam Plane Is Possible Solution From Germany, however, comes a report of the development of a steam driven air- plane. Although this craft is still in the experimental stage, accounts of its per- formance and the description of its operation have been received by American aviation engineers with tremendous interest. In fact, some profess to see in the new German plane the first step in the solution of the problem of furnishing an absolutely de- pendable motor for the commercial aircraft of the future. The steam plane is constructed through- out of duralumin, the extremely light aluminum alloy which has been used suc- cessfully in airplane construction in this country. The engine is an adaptation of the Diesel engine, now extensively employed in the United States Navy. It burns a combi- nation of crude oil and other oils, which is broken up under a forced air feed and sprayed against the boiler. Here it ignites, giving terrific heat considering the rela- tively small quantity of oil consumed in the L-METAL —_ ee ee ee —s Rtg ota ITE aA SESS er spe Pe ee a SE ra ne : Scemael i O27) ROTO), be The new steam-propelled airplane, developed in Germany, which is arousing the interest of American aeronautical engineers seeking to develop better engines operation.. Ten gallons of oil are said to be sufficient to run the plane’s 750 horse-power engine for eight hours. American aviation engineers are inclined to question this state- ment, as well as the report that only 1,000 pounds of water are used in a flight of 95 hours, although they agree generally that the principles employed in the new plane are sound and are likely to lead to impor- tant developments. The steam turbine and boiler are said to be considerably lighter than other engines capable of developing equal horse power. It is claimed also that the new plane will New Auto Engine r a demonstration staged recently by the French automobile firm of Peugeot an automobile burning heavy oil exclusively made the trip from Paris to Bordeaux and back. Not a drop of gasoline was used through- carry much egg weight in oil and water than weight of gasoline carried by an ordi. nary airplane of the same size, equipped- for a flight of equal duration. The water used to generate steam jn the new plane is cap. ried in the metal wings, in compart- ments so arranged that the water may be shifted to “trim ship”’ if desired. The steam is con- densed after exhaust and conveyed back to the wings in the form of water. George W. Lewis, M.E., executive offi- cer of the National Advisory Commit- tee on Aeronautigs, says that the U. 8, Government has done considerable exper- mental work on steam power for airplan but has met with only partial success | cause of the problem of condensing water without the use of heavy equipment. For the heavier than air machine he believes . steam power does not look encouraging at this time but ultimately it will be of con- siderable use in the propelling of rigid difi- gibles. Lewis and other aeronautical en neers in the navy agree that steam is apex of efficiency and that its thorough Te liability under practically every conditij makes it a fertile field for experimentatioz Burns Oil for Fuel out the journey of nearly 800 miles. average speed was 40 miles an hour, and fuel consumption was about 15 miles to gallon. The running cost is reported” have been only one-seventh to one-ni that of the average gasoline-engined car. — Although the experiment was not considered an absolute or, Cerne — Equipped with the oil burning engine shown above, this French auto- mobile demon- strated unusual fuel economy in an 800-mile run from Paris to Bordeaux and return _ success, the Peugeot firm is satisfied that it is on the right track toward evolving a power unit that can dispense with gasoline or its substitutes, the supply of which is diminishing. The engine has been greatly reduced in size and weight.

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August, 1923 Liners of Tomorrow May Be Flying Fields FEF CD é _- F Zigae , ~ FAST MAIL PLANE READY FOR FLIGHT FLYING ELEVATOR p eee ae se HATCH a Berke scOPINGus,. / ite i li, . eh BRIDGE if p\ ESR 7° ges. K pi 4 ; inget ib &, NAST se WHEEL HOUSE ITH transatlantic travelers clamoring for more speed in crossing the ocean and with the business world demanding quicker delivery of over-sea mails, naval architects and airplane designers have combined efforts to perfect a successful aircraft-carrying passenger steamship. Their design of the luxurious ocean liner of tomorrow is pictured ae ae above. Like the U. S. S. aircraft carrier BOVE is the well deck of the U. S. S. ggg Langley, it has a top flying deck unobstructed Langley, aircraft carrier of Uncle Z Za by fixtures, so that mail and passenger planes Sam’s navy, showing how planes are t-tzzz can take off and alight while the ship is at sea. stored. The diagram shows new arresting : Z ~~ Two elevator hatches are provided so that gear designed for the Langley’s flying Zs arriving aircraft can be lowered to a well deck deck. On a revolving platform are stretched tsgs 77 that serves as hangar. With passenger ships fore and aft and athwart-ship wires. ttjj939 serving as safe landing fields, apassenger bound Hooks from a landing airplane engage S oe oy for Washington, could be landed at his desti- these wires, halting and holding the plane, : nation before the ship docked at New York. *~S,

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How I Make Inventions Pay The Personal Experiences of One Inventor Who Overcame Many Popular Science M only Failures by New Methods of Marketing His Creations By Frank Mulig Inventor of Small Toys and Novelties S$ THERE money in inventions—for ] the inventor? I refer not to the great epoch-making inventions that alter the course of history, such as the telegraph, the steamboat, and the airplane. Everybody knows that fortune and fame usually reward the maker of revolutionaty me- chanical discoveries. Rather, I am talking about the invention of small things—toys and nov- elties, simple labor-saving de- vices, improvements in articles of everyday use. Is it worth while for a person of inventive bent to devote his time and his wits to the development of things of that sort! Will he find it profitable? Lives by Inventions My answer to the question is an almost unqualified ‘“‘yes,”’ and I base my reply on my own experience. I am an inventor. I am 37 years old, and since boyhood I have made my living almost entirely from simple in- ventions. I have had failures; some of my inventions I have been unable to sell for enough pistol and had equipped it with a trigger, which, when pressed, caused a loud report. In addition, the whistle could be used by small boys as a bean shooter. “Here is an article with a noise-maker at each end,” I thought; “something that every boy will want.” method that brought success. It was this: I estimated as closely as I could the cogt of manufacturing and selling my article on a quantity basis. Armed with these figures, I started out to try again—not with an idea of interesting manufacturers but of finding some one who might be willing to invest money if promised a return of 20 per cent. The very first man I interviewed gave me $150 for a third inter. est in my patent. Within a week he disposed of his share for $300 and the buyer thought enough of his bargain to me $500 for an additional one- sixth share, which made us equal partners. A Substantial Profit We began manufacturing, and continued to do so profit- ably for about a year. In the meantime I had developed a few other inventions, which I decided to dispose of in the same manner, so I sold my remaining half interest in the pistol-whistle for $500, which netted me a clear profit of $1150 on the invention which nobody would buy, in addition to pay the cost of the patent papers. But I have managed to keep going, and now I think U I can say I am prospering in a modest way. I have a good job with a going concern, which manufac- tures and sells articles of my invention. I. Own some stock in the concern. bank account. I have a Success Follows Repeated Failures Such success as I have gained is entirely due, I think, to my method of realizing on inventions—a method that I put into prac- tice after repeated failure to sell the patent on an article in which I had faith, but which for two years I had failed to dispose of. I am going to tell the story of that invention, and in doing so I hope to pass along to other inventors—especially young inven- Frank Mulig, inventor, at his workbench in the factory where he is superintendent. At the left is his whistle-pistol which he marketed after 1000 manu- facturers had turned it down to manufacturing profits. I was successful in finding capital for my other inventions and had begun to manufacture them when one of the partners But the manufacturers of toys and ad- vertising novelties, to whom I submitted my invention, failed to agree with me on that point. In the course of two years I offered the article to more than a thousand concerns by letter and personal call. No- body wanted my whistle-pistol even as a gift. It seemed, at last, that I was through. The only two ways I knew of marketing an invention were selling it outright or on a royalty basis; for, like most inventors, I had no money of my own to use in manu- facturing it. Then, when I was thoroughly discouraged, I conceived an idea for a third method, the in the whistle-pistol enterprise died. The survivor, believing he had not the experience to conduct the business alone, requested me to try to dispose of it for him. I did so, re ceiving a commission of $300 when I found a purchaser. This brought my profits on the whistle-pistol up to $1450. The purchaser incorporated for $15,000 to manufacture my whistle-pistol and made me an attractive offer to superintend his plant and to develop additional inventions. I accepted his offer and also used my savings to buy considerable stock in the new company, which has placed many toys and games of my invention on the market, and which has been successful from the start. So, counting everything, the whistle pistol which nobody would buy has tors—the secret of the method which I found successful. Anyone can do what I have done. I know it, because it requires nothing beyond the qualities which all in- ventors must have—patience, perse- verance and a willingness to work. I have done the thing successfully, not only in the instance of which I am about to tell, but at other times be- fore I formed the permanent con- nection which now supplies me with a market for all my inventions. The article which I invented and was unable to sell was a wooden whistle. That certainly is about as simple an invention as one might devise. My principal claim to origin- ality lay in the fact that I had de- signed the whistle, which was also a brought me a profit of several thou- VERY month Poputar Science Montuty re- sand dollars. ceives scores of letters inquiring whether there is profit in small inventions. In the same mail with a handful of these inquiries there arrived, not long ago, a letter from Frank Mulig, of Ottawa, Ohio, containing the accompanying account of his inter- esting personal experience in marketing his own inventions. Mr. Mulig’s modest, straightforward story of how he turned repeated failure into final success seemed such an effective answer to our many inquirers that we are publishing it here in the hope that it may aid other inventors who have worth while ideas, yet who do not know how to sell them. For the manufacturer, too, Mr. Mulig’s experi- ences offer a valuable suggestion. They show that the inventor no longer is an itinerant tinkerer. He is oming a professional man, with a real place in in- dustry, offering the new ideas that are the life blood of any successful manufacturing establishment. Satisfaction in Creation All of this I have written in no boastful spirit. I do not believe that I have scored any conspicuous suc- cess in life. I am a small town man and have been all my life. chances for education were limited. But I believe I can say that I have made the most of my limited talents. Anyone can do likewise—whether he is an inventor, clerk, mechanic, or laborer. Don’t let failures discourage you. You may not make much money, but there’s a self-satisfaction that is priceless in the realization that you have done your best. My > By Membe Mosq Ol 7: V pest? men. ness an antiqu stamp¢ ago. contin places nized ¢ dange! and a progr \ lig co ee eee ee a a ee ee

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August, 1923 “ Have You a Mosquito < Farm at Home? How to Stamp Out Summer Joy Killers By Abram H. Cornish Member of the Essex County, New Jersey, Mosquito Extermination Commission OU probably are complaining bitterly y about the mosquito thissummer. But what are you doing to eradicate the pest? Nothing, if you are like most other men. And yet, were it not for this careless- ness and indifference, which dates back into antiquity, the mosquito might have been stamped out from the civilized world ages ago. Clearly, man is responsible for the continued existence of the many breeding places of this destructive insect, long recog- nized as a pest and nowadays known to bea dangerous carrier of 4 disease and a hindrance to _, gra economic progress. y mosquito stands on Important scientific work in mosquito extermination of course, has been done in the last twenty years or so. The United States Govern- ment succeeded in virtually controlling mosquito breed- ing in the Panama Canal zone, Cuba, and in the areas occupied by army training camps for troops during the European war. In New Jer- sey 140,000 of the 296,000 acres of salt marsh land in the state have been drained, and 60 per cent of the mosquito breeding places in the up- lands have been eliminated in the warfare against the mos- quito. Essex County, New Jersey, alone is spending about $70,000 in mosquito control work this year. Simi- lar expenditures of money and effort are being made elsewhere in the country. Yet all the work of mos- quito extermination thus far has been carried on by professional workers under the direction of Scientists employed by the national government, the states, the counties, and the municipalities. Strange to say, the public as a whole still remains indifferent and careless to this menacing insect enemy, even though the methods by which every man, woman and child might render signal aid in the control of the mosquito are simple and easy to follow. The mosquito breeds only in water. Therefore, if you prevent water from stand- ing about your premises, you make it im- Here is the ma- laria mosquito — practically the only agent that carries malaria, and the only that head to bite | Aart Above is a highly magnified sectional view of the human skin, showing how the mosquito cuts through the tough outer skin and quickly probes through the sensitive inner skin to the blood wells below. artery—the objective into which the long sucking tube has penetrated

Zz possible for the mosquito to breed. Rain barrels, cisterns, water pails, tubs, cellar excavations, small de- pressions in the ground—all furnish the mosquito with adequate places in which to deposit its eggs and bring into being great swarms of pestiferous insects. Foul, polluted water that stagnates in cesspool overflows and house sink drains, permits the mosqui- f to to breed in abundance. The typical city corner sewer basin, where dirty, stagnant water may lie for a weeks is a veritable haven for the mosquito bent on propa- gating its species. pz 6d r al : hee ay i, oe .,) So, if you would aid E fies in the work carried on wy pr. fog if

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\\ How the mosquito attacks us. This illustration, mag- nified nearly 200 times, shows the sharp cutting tools and saws used by the insect to pierce the tough outer layer of skin and to prospect for blood beneath, The cut-away view of the head fd FEELER TO GUIDE above shows the OR SUPPLEMENTARY complicated appa- t LERS SOP Y THE PROBES ratus for pumping Cod blood through the i sucking tube LABRUM, OR PROLONGED UPPER LIP HYPOPHARYNX,OR SUCKING TUBE MANDIBLES.OR CUTTING TOOLS MAXILLAE,OR SAWS LABRUM, OR PROLONGED LOWER LIP SECTIONAL VIEW OF THE HUMAN SKIN Seles rele

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The dark circle is an for your protection and comfort by public employes, it is necessary for you only to heed the following simple rules: Do away with your rain barrel—unless you absolutely need it. If you do, see that it is securely covered. Get rid of all old cans and bottles. Examine your roof gutters against stoppage. Fill up any low spot about the premises. Throw a cup of kerosene or crude oil in the cesspool.every fifteen days. When closing your house for the summer, pour a little kerosene into bathroom bowls Eight stages in the attack of a malaria parasite on a human red blood corpuscle. multiplies, and finally destroys the corpuscle The parasite enters, and laundry drains. Screen your open fire place, or stuff well- rumpled paper into the chimney. Screen or paste paper over all ventilators. Flush unused waste bowls occasionally. If the problem of mosquito-breeding near your home appears too great for your efforts or facilities, communicate with your local health authorities or mosquito exter- mination commission, if there is one Possibly it would be well to state here that a campaign of the “swat the fly” variety would be useless against the mosquito. Mark Twain in “Roughing It”

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32 describes a stout lady conducting a mos- quito extermination campaign of her own in the Overland Mail Coach by extending her well-rounded arm as bait and slapping the mosquitoes as they alighted. The same amount of energy used by this lady in doing one mosquito to death would have been equal to destroying thousands if applied to the breeding place. _ There are many va- rieties of the mosquito family. One is the carrier of malaria, an- other transmits yellow fever, a third interrupts your slumbers at night, still another pest seems to rise from the ground in the evening to drive you from your porch. Each of these groups may be_ subdivided again, but a description of the species in detail is beyond the scope of this article. Water Is Breeding Place In appearance and habits these various groups differ in many details, yet they have one common characteristic, of paramount importance in controlling them—all breed in water, and in water only. Were it not for this fact the problem of mosquito ex- termination might be insoluble. In the water which you permit to remain near your dwelling breeds the mosquito that probably is most familiar to you—the house mosquito, a medium-sized insect, yellowish to dark brown in color with a narrow whitish band at each segment of the abdomen. It is slight, not especially hairy and has a lean and hungry look befit- ting its habits and temper. The female of this group passes the winter hiding away in cellars or similar protected places, sallying forth in spring to deposit her eggs wherever stagnant water has been permitted to collect. Since the successive stages by which the house mos- quito develops from the egg are fairly typical of the development of all mosquitoes I shall describe the process briefly. The eggs are laid in small black masses of ~ from 50 to 400 each, which float on the water. From the egg comes the larva, commonly called the “‘wriggler,’’ familiar to anyone who has a rain barrel at his back door. This larva feeds on organic matter in the water and gets its air supply by sticking its long tail-like siphon above the surface of the water. In six days to three weeks, depending on the temperature, the larva becomes a pupa, a decidedly changed form, with curled tail and enlarged head containing two little horns through which it breathes. After 24 to 72 hours the skin of the pupa bursts and the adult mos- quito emerges in the form with which we are familiar. Pausing only until its wings dry, it flies away to carry on its annoying work. “ Jersey Mosquito” Famous The house mosquito is to be found around every human habitation, and. it evidences an ingenuity and persistence that are almost admirable in its effects to get in- side the house. It will fly down chimneys and up through cellars, squirm through window screens and door cracks; in fact, it will use any means of entrance sufficiently wide to admit its slender body. Once in, it is exceedingly difficult to get out, and only a few of these pests are required in a - house to make things miserable for a whole family. Belonging to the house group, but differ- ing from the insect described above, is the malaria mosquito which is practically the only agent which transfers malaria from infected persons to well persons. This insect is brownish-black in color and has four brownish-black spots

The common house mosquito, yellowish to dark brown in color, with a_ whitish band at each seg- ment of the abdo- men. It breeds in stagnant water and has a lean look

Experts of the New York Board of Health examining water from a salt marsh to determine whether mosquito larvae are present. Such inspections at regular intervals determine the need of spraying the marshes with crude oil Female of the yellow fever mosquito — the only known means of spreading yellow fever. Only the female bites on each wing. The female, winters in cellars and similar places as does the house mosquito, and its cycle of life is similar. It is distinguished from all other mosquitoes by its manner of biting. It holds its body perpendicular, virtually standing on its head, instead of holding it almost parallel to the skin surface as other mosquitoes do. This insect breeds in clear, clean water. Breeding is continuous from spring to fall, but it is especially active during mid- summer. The insect that has won doubtful fame both for itself and fer the State of New Jersey, known as the “Jersey mosquito,” belongs to the salt-marsh group. It is a large, robust insect, either brown in color or with body marked with alternate black and white stripes. A day or two after hatching it begins its migratory career, finding a home in gardens and lawns but

Popular Science Monthly rarely entering houses. This group con. stitutes an obvious economic menace, for makes uninhabitable vast tracts of swamn land that otherwise might be reclaimed {, industrial or dwelling purposes. The inland-swamp mosquito, as its nar implies, breeds in fresh-water swamps in parts of North America, wintering in the egg in the mud of the pool in which } breeds. This is a small insect with narrow white bands at the joints of the legs and g noticeable indentation in the white mark. ings of its abdomen. It is especially preva. lent during rainy seasons for it is quick to take advantage of temporary rain pools ag well as permanent swamps. Means of Eradication As has been stated, all successful mog- quito control work is directed at the breeding place; but, since the breeding places have been shown to vary, each branch of anti-mosquito work presents its own problems, although the same under- lying principles apply to all. In New Jersey our principal problem naturally comes from the control of the salt-marsh group, for the salt marshes of the state occupy thousands of acres. This is true also of other states along the : I Atlantic Coast. Artificial drainage of these swamps to permit the tide-water to circulate and to carry off the water from the B: highlands, so as to reduce the amount of stagnant water in the swamps, becomes an NT interesting engineering problem, especially of th when the salt marshes are cut off by rail- visib

point screen it tightly; if a corner sewer basin, total oil it completely at intervals of about 10 half 1 days during the breeding season. Fre Oil placed over the surface of a breedin Lowe pool kills the larvae, because they cannot to ¥ penetrate the oil film with their breathing passe tubes, and they suffocate. For this pur- pose the distillates of crude petroleum, —— kerosene and fuel oil, are widely used in. mosquito extermination. Special lavacides also have been employed. Kerosene evaporates readily and is ex- pensive, but it is effective because it spreads rapidly. For the amateur mosquito ex- terminator it probably is the best means of coping with breeding problems near his home. If everyone would follow these simple rules 4 the combined efforts of the general public and the professional workers would exter- minate the mosquito within a few years.

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| to ith Position of the earth between sun and moon during the eclipse of the moon August 26. A small sector of the moon is blackened as it passes through the dark conical shadow cast by the earth. The remainder of the moon is dimmed by the earth’s penumbra, or light shadow. Diagram at left shows the moon’s pas- sage through these two earth shadows, as it will be viewed from the earth America’s View of Two Eclipses By Robert E. Martin N THE next month two eclipses, one | of the sun and one of the moon, will be visible in the United States. They will occur within two weeks of each other; the lunar eclipse on August 26 and the solar on September 10—a rare coincidence in astronomy. Total eclipse of the sun, the first to be observed in the United States in five years, will be visible in California only, although partial eclipse will be visible throughout the United States. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon comes between the earth and the sun, cut- ting off part of the sun’s rays from the earth. In the regions where the axis of the moon’s shadow cone strikes the earth this eclipse appears in totality. Since the point of this cone extends farther than the dis- tance from the moon to the earth, there is an area about 150 miles across on the earth from which the sun’s direct rays are com- pletely cut off. The axis of the moon’s shadow cone, which causes the total eclipse, will strike the earth at sunrise near Kamchatka, in Asia. From there the path of totality will sweep across the Pacific ocean until it touches California south of Santa Barbara and west of San Diego. It will reach this point about 1 p.m. The duration of the total eclipse there will be about three and a ‘ half minutes. From this point the path passes to Lower California and thence across Mexico to Yucatan. From Yucatan the shadow passes to the south of the West Indies and totality. Another will be at the edge of the BOSTON 4;38 DULUTH 3320 ST TIME WASHINGTON DC.4;41 EAST ST.LOUIS 3,31 CENT. NT TIME CHICAGO 3,30 CENT. HELENA 1,SOMT. PENSACOLA 4;50 EAST GALVESTON 3,38 CENT. SAN FRANCISCO 12; i” PACIFIC SEATTLE 12;35 PACIFIC SALT LAKE CITY 2,00 MT. PHOENIX 2,05 M shadow at some point east of San Diego. At the latter place the observations will consist mainly of photographs of the sun’s atmosphere, scientifically called chromo- sphere, with spectroscopes of various types. Another expedition will study the eclipse probably from the Catalina Islands off the coast of Southern California. The lunar eclipse is caused when the earth passes between the sun and moon in such a way that its shadow marks a dark sector on the moon’s bright surface. The earth, like any other sphere, casts a shadow in SAN DIEGO 12:50 PACIFIC . ONLY POINTIN U.S.TO SEE TOTAL ECLIPSE The extent of ul the solar eclipse visible from various cities Septem- the form of a cone. When the center of the moon passes across the axis of the shadow cone its entire sur- face is darkened, since the sunlight it reflects is cut off, and we have a total eclipse. On August 26, however, only the lower edge of the moon will be darkened to observers on earth, because it will not pass through the “ang \ ber 10, and — the corresponding time of eclipse, are shown above. The shaded map indicates how the moon will cast its shadow on the United States leaves the earth at sunset to the southeast of Porto Rico. At two temporary stations and at the home station in Pasadena, Calif., scientists of the Mt. Wilson Observatory of the Carnegie’ Institution of Washington will One expedition cated in the path of observe the phenomenon. will be lo- THIS PART OF SUN iS OBSCURED FROM SEATTLE BY MOONS DISK eenter of the shadow. It will enter the earth’s pe- numbra, or light shadow, at 2:12 a.m., and the umbra, or dark shadow, at 3:52 a.m. It will ad- vance deepest into the dark shadow at 4:40 A.M., central time, when 17 per cent of its diameter will be obscured. It will leave the dark shadow at 5:27 and pass out of the light shadow at 7:06. Unlike the eclipse of the sun the moon’s eclipse will look the same from every part of the earth. This is explained by the fact that when the earth’s shadow is cast on the SEATTLE PARTIAL ECLIPSE ‘Siieeiienaecs PATH OF TOTALITY 15O MILES WIDE moon we are in a position between the light and the object on which the shadow falls. We see a dark spot on the moon which is practically unchanged by small angular displacements on the earth because we are part of the object which casts the shadow, with the light behind us. In a solar eclipse on the other hand, the moon which obscures the sun, is close to us and between us and the sun. With the Eclipse of the sun. The moon, passing between earth ore sun, cuts off part of the sun’s rays. At San Diego, where the axis of the moon’s coni 11 shadow strikes the earth, the eclipse is total. At Seattle, 70 per cent of the sun is obscured . sun 90,000,000 miles away variations in the displacement on earth allow us to look “around” the moon and see part of the sun. This causes varying degrees of eclipse. wees ht tga Aap lal athe india Sei ay ae ° ote eee rnin tastemeteene trong a es

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New Electric Truck Serves as Sprinkler HIS new electric motor truck recently developed by a British manufacturer has been found especially useful as a sprinkling truck for use in street cleaning. The batteries, which operate the truck for from 25 to 35 miles without recharging, are carried under the frame and are ar- ranged for easy removal. The electric motor with its countershaft is attached to special brackets on the frame which allow easy and correct chain adjustment. The power is transmitted to the rear wheels by two roller chains, one to each wheel. The motor controls in the cak provide three forward speeds and two reverses. The battery charge is good for 25 miles. Clamp Device Holds Fish Tail for Scaling OR fishermen who balk at the chore of scaling the big beauties after they land them, Denis E. Bowe, of Waseea, Minn., has invented a wire clamp device that holds the fish head and tail firmly while the scales are being removed. The fish is placed on a long wire frame, to which is attached a spring clamp that holds the tail. The head is imprisoned in two upward-curving pieces of metal. Since the tail clamp moves on a swivel- jointed link, the fish can be flopped over from one side to the other without giving it the chance to do the flopping itse'f. THE centrifugal force principle used in machines to separate cream from milk now is employed in a new device to determine the amount of ash in a sample of finely ground coal by separating combustible and waste products. Auto Chassis on Pivots Reduces Road Shocks A NOVEL automobile chassis which, by means of a pivot arrangement, is said to keep the body of the car riding prac- tically on the level even when the whee!s strike the roughest bumps has been dc- vised by Dr. Joao Severiano de Mirando, of Taubate, Brazil. The chassis includes an inner and an outer frame. The inner frame, which car- ries the body of the car,-is mounted pivot- ally on the outer frame which in turn is mounted on springs from the front and rear axles. The four pivot points are midway of the front and rear frame bars and mid- way of the side bars. Thus, whenever an obstruction is encountered, the outer frame tilts with the movement of the wheels, while the inner frame remains level. How to Save Woodwork from Scorching behind Stove Woopwork behind a stove or range can be saved from scorching by washing the wood with liquid asbestos paint, which can be mixed at home in this way: Three parts gumlac, four parts sodium borate, seven parts powdered asbestos, 20 parts water. Heat the water, add the gum- lac and borate, and when a)! have been dis- solved stir in the asbestos.. Popular Science M Snap-on Rubber Heels ap, Interchangeable HE life of rubber heels can be doubled, it is claimed, with a newly in- vented type of snap-on heel that can be used in- terchangeably on either shoe. When heels become worn out on one side of the shoe, they can be pulled off, inter- changed and used again without danger of injur- ing the ankle. They can be changed by any- one in a_ few seconds. Nails with large heads are driven into the heel support so.as to fit into holes i the rubber heel. No glue is used and no serews or nails pass through the detachable heel, The latter is readily removed — by pulling on it. Adjustable Hinge Koopa Doors from Jamming | A SHOYANCE caused by a door which becomes jammed in wet weather and rattles in the wind in dry weather may be eliminated by means of a newly invented adjustable hinge. By adjusting the hinge door clearania can be changed quickly when changes in weather cause the wood to expand or ¢on- tract. The head of the pin has a notch for a screw driver, and the pin itself is shaped so that when a turn of the screwdriver twists it around, the two sections of the hinge are brought together or forced apart, : (eae rns fs ek | j Yo} CX XO O es | ©) N Adjusting hinge with screwdriver sect fron the tha rigl if in the TOV vat fr

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August, 1923 Signal Lights Show Vacant Seats in Theater Y MEANS of an elaborate system of electric signal lights, the key of which is a “spot board” located in the lobby, the management of a large Chicago theater is able to tell at a glance just how many seats are vacant, and where these seats are located. It is claimed that in 15 seconds a complete check on seat vacancies, 95 per cent accurate, can be obtained. The signalling system, operated by trained ushers, is said to save much time and confusion in the seating of audiences. The “spot board” is divided into two sections, one representing the balcony, the other the main floor. Each of the two larger sections is divided into four smaller sections representing tiers, each containing two rows of little electric bulbs, nine bulbs toarow. Each bulb in the left row of each

Electric lights flash vacant seats section represents 10 seats progressively from top to bottom. For example, when the third bulb from the top flashes, it means 30 vacant seats in that tier of the theater. The bulbs in the right hand row represent the digits. Thus, if in addition to the bulb designated above, the seventh bulb from the top on the right row flashes, it means there are 37 seats vacant in that particular section. Lights in any one section of the board are flashed by pressing the proper button in a series of buttons below the board.

Sanitary Roller Brush Cleans Combs Quickly ‘ta of the newest sanitary devices for the boudoir is a roller brush designed for cleaning combs. As the brush is rolled over thé comb, the stiff bristles enter between the teeth, quickly cleaning out all dust and hair. The roller brush is so con- structed that it can be removed from the handle for washing, thus pro~ viding an entirely sanitary and easy method of cleaning.

NTI-AIRCRAFT defense practice is made realistic at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, by a motorless target glider that goes through the maneuvers of a real air plane as it glides to the ground after release from the carrying plane. The glider, made of linen, wood, and a piece of metal, has a twelve-foot wing spread. It can be riddled with bullets Small Glider Target for Anti-Aircraft Guns

from defense guns without destruction. When a wire holding it to supports on top of the airplane is released, the glider, in an upward loop, frees itself. The set of the tail determines the angle of descent, while the rudder determines whether the descent will be straight, spiral, or undulating. A descent from 10,000 feet in the air takes about 30 minutes. New “Shorthand” Templates for Factory Charts SHORTHAND system of indus- trial efficiency is em- bodied in a set of templates designed recently by Frank B. Gilbreth, noted “one best way” engineer, for quickly drawing symbols and letters on process charts,

The chart template and how it is used

production charts and other factory records requiring similar work. ] The equipment includes two sizes of plates, ; < each with a set of symbols, and a specially de- = : signed drawing pen.

Eye Exerciser to Correct Faulty Vision

? The eye exerciser and its inventor

ON THE theory that the human eyeball is pulled out of shape by the tugging of strong muscles against weaker ones, thus interfering with the focusing of light rays and causing nearsight, farsight and astigmatism, Dr. Nelson Y. Hull, a New York optometrist, has invented a novel machine for exercising eye muscles. The exerciser consists of a ball on the end of a bent rod which is revolved by means of a small crank. The eyes are exercised by following the motions of the ball. For near sight the ball first is moved horizontally before the eyes, bringing into play the muscles that move each eye toward or away from the nose. Then the ball is moved perpendicularly.. This exercises the muscles that move the eye up or down. For far sight the oblique muscles are brought into play by operating the ball in circles both left and right. Astigmatism is corrected by either one or the other of the foregoing methods, or a combination of the two. Normal eyes can be kept in good condi- tion Doctor Hull claims, by regular exer- cises that bring all the muscles into play.

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Wonder, Waves Now Put to Use in Factory, Home and Shop By Wilfred S. Ogden tionized surgery and dentistry, so now these wonderful rays that can penetrate the toughest metal are beginning to work their miracles in industry. In this new field, their fascinating possibilities, of which until now the public has heard little, are just beginning to be developed by science. They promise, engineers think, to be even more important to mankind than the ser- vices ot the rays in fighting disease and re- lieving the pain and torture of surgery. X-rays have been used successfully al- ready to detect hidden flaws in airplane parts, to inspect metal castings, to deter- mihe the quality of the fabric inside automo- bile tires, to expose fake modern paintings masquerading as “old masters,” to help shoe clerks see the bones of customers’ feet and thus make correct fittings of shoes— even to disclose irregularities in the centers of golf balls and reveal why some of them fly straighter and farther than others. And this list is only a starter. In 25 years the X-Ray machine will have become so indispensible in everyday life, scientists pre- dict, that it will be hard to imagine a world without it. Consider what the X-ray permits us to do. With it we can see into and through almost anything. Sealed chests of wood become as transparent as glass. Even steel safes, locked and bolted ean be penetrated. The rays of our present ma- chines will penetrate three inches of iron. And scien- tists are promising rays of five or six times this pene- trating power. There is nothing very mysterious about the na- ture of these rays. They differ from ordinary light rays merely as one color of light differs from another color; that is, they differ in wave length. Radio fans at any once will recognize this ex- pression ‘‘wave length.’’ Broadcasting stations oper- ate usually at a wave length of 365 meters, while ordinary light consists of waves less than a millionth of a meter long. The X-rays are a still shorter kind of waves. Most of them are less than a hundred mil- lionth of a meter long. It is because the waves of the X-rays are so short that they go through material so easily. They slip between the atoms of things and get through where the waves of ordinary light are stopped. Some things, like bones or metals, stop the X-rays a little more than other things do and so they cast shadows. This is why doctors can look through our flesh with X-rays and can see our bones. It is this penetrating ability of X-rays that makes the rays so useful in industry. Ji as the use of X-rays has revolu- i Popular Science Monihly How Science Turns the World . rated aa This illustration and the one on ae opposite 1 nae are actual reproductions of a remarkable X-ray movie film, recently ex- hibited in New York, Showing the positions and movements of a young woman’s jaw bones while eating an apple spection seemed impossible, for the places where important faults might exist were hidden from view. Finally scientists solved the problem by building an X-ray apparatus with which they could look into the inside of each built-up air- plane part and tell whether it held some little imperfection which might prove dangerous. This “internal inspection” of wooden X-rays now are aid- ing shoe clerks to make correct fit- tings, by revealing the bone structure and movements of the customers’ feet Up-to-date clothing stores soon may be equipped with X-ray apparatus, by which customers may examine goods to determine qual- ity or to discover imperfections A striking instance of this usefulness was the inspec- tion of airplane parts in England during the war. When submarines were ac- tive and the supply of the best kinds of wood was un- certain, it was necessary tomakesome of the wooden articles by X-ray has been applied, since the war, to many other articles. Hidden joints inside high-class furniture and cab- inet work, invisible knots and flaws inside the wood itself, can be determined easily by X-ray examination. The same kind of inspection has been applied to metal articles. Cracks in cast- ings, bad welds and weak places which do not show on the surface of the metal, are perfectly clear to the searching rays. How much would you give to know that that welded part on your automobile is really solid and perfect, that it contains no flaw. to. break down some day when you are 20 miles from a machine shop? A well-known mechanical engineer said recently that in ten years a metallurgical X-ray machine will be as vital a part of the equipment in an automobile repair shop, a foundry, or machine shop as it is now in a dentist’s office. The list of other industrial applications is a long one. One of the most inter- esting is the ex- mination of boxed and sealed ap- paratus. Suppose, you want to know how your radio set is built and you don’t want to take it apart. Have a doctor make sev- parts out of small pieces of or- dinary wood fitted and glued together. The way these pieces were joined and fastened was ex- tremely: important. A bit of weak glue inside some little strut might mean a disastrous collapse in the air. But real in- ’ Eventually auto repair shops will have X-ray machines to detect flaws in metal welds or castings of motor cars eral X-ray photo- graphs of it; one from above and others from other points of The plates will show the position of each wire, plate and screw’ view. | How ment pene’ casti and b) able t entire Sor Geri doll. ablec and impc doll the | at. gray thes exp cea spil ray pai the o er ee ee ae ae i oe ee

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at. lly © “or three X-ray plates August, 1 923 Ins! ; ) C3 i How the X-ray movies reveal the jaws and their move- ments during the apple eating process. The bones stop the penetrating rays more than do the flesh and muscles, thus casting shadows on the photographic negative and by comparing negatives you will be able to make a complete diagram of the entire set without taking it apart. Some months ago there arrived from Germany a new kind of mechanical doll. A secret mechanism inside en- abled it to walk, sit down or stand up, and to do other unusual things. The importer in possession of the sample doll would not allow it to be opened. But one of his competitors borrowed the doll. He had promised not to open it. But he made some X-ray photo- graphs of it. Now he is manufacturing these dolls himself. X-rays have been used already to expose many kinds of trickery. Con- cealed wires in the apparatus of fake spiritualists are plain to the revealing rays. Fake antique furniture; false Egyptian mummies; modern imitations of paintings by old masters; all these yield up their nefarious secrets instantly. Paste jewels are distinguishable, at once from the genuine stones. A piece of jewelry can be examined; the setting identified as gold, platinum or as imitation, the stones distinguished one by one as genuine or false—all without dismounting. In a few years an X-ray equipment probably will be as necessary in an up-to-date jeweller shop as balances or testing acids are today. The professional de- tective, too, will find X-rays useful in his busi- ness. -Consider the de- tection of infernal ma- chines, for example. Two [ve will tell an investigator just what is in a sus- picious looking box. If it is a bomb the X-ray will show him-how to get it apart and render it de-Out by X-Rays [ye bb ic a In the jewelry ? shop, X-ray ex- amination reveals whether a jewel is genuine or false, and whether the setting is gold or imitation grit in lubricating oil, all will be revealed. Another use of the rays comes home to every cook and housewife. X-rays consti- tute the only sure way to tell good eggs from bad. Pass each egg in turn through the X-rays and let its shadow fall on a chemical screen. You will see exactly what is inside each egg. The ones containing hopeful chicks may be rejected. One of the most curious of the possible uses of the rays is in testing oysters for pearls. On an X-ray plate of the living oyster each pearl that is inside the oyster appears as a small dark spot. The examiner Hy can tell at a glance which oysters contain pearls and just where the pearls are located so that they can be re- moved, without killing the pearl producing oysters. Fantastic? No more so than some of the things the X-rays al- ready have made pos- sible. A few months ago scientists used the rays to learn valuable facts By passing eggs throygh X-rays and observing their shadows the housewife can tell whether the eggs , from the store are fresh The bank teller deter- mines at a glance whether a check has been altered, by X-ray examination of the ink and its quality ; about the history of a fossil tooth found in Nebraska, believed to have been the tooth of the Government provides its customs in- spectors with X-ray machines the gems which smugglers try to hide in the linings of clothes or in hollow-handled hair-brushes might as well be worn openly. The X-rays give us one of the easiest ways to detect the alteration of checks and other. documents. It is seldom that such an alteration is made with ex- actly the same ink used on the original. Inks even of the same color, differ in the way they affect the rays. In most cases all that is necessary to detect an alteration is to place the suspected docu- ment for a moment under the X-rays and make a photograph of it. The new ink used in the alter- ation will stand out clearly as different from the old. The industrial detec- tive will find X-rays just as useful. The adultera- harmless. Immediate de- tection of false bottoms in trunks is child’s play with the X-ray. : When In the smoke shop, the customer may determine the texture and composi- tion of cigars by X-ray - tion of foods by sawdust, sand, or clay; the adding of too much filler to paper; the presence of an ape-like creature that lived on the Amer- ican continent many millions of years ago. The list of valuable applications of the X-rays might be extended indefinitely. One of the most far-reaching possibilities lies in their uses in motion pictures. Even now X-ray movies have been developed with such success as to assure their usefulness to science in studying the structure and move- ments of the bones while the body is in motion. In the classroom, in the gym- nasium, on the football or baseball field, and even on the stage, movies of this kind promise to become valuable aids in correct- ing faults in posture and movement. Many actors, for instance, experience difficulty in learning to walk and stand gracefully on the stage. Here the bones of the body play as important a part as the muscles. X-ray motion pictures of walking - skeletons of actors and actresses may solve the difficulties of posture quickly and easily. Is it too fantastic to predict that some day the stage manager will pick his chorus with an X-ray machine? H°% migratory birds and their habits can be studied at homewill be described in a fascinating article on the banding of birds, next month. / pe tema tanlirt beweee Sa ee 75 ’ ere pe mee SS oe a ae gee eat REAR Seg AR eter A rr

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— ene How Gace Sam Tests Master Scales T° TEST with scientific accuracy the master scales used by railroads, Uncle Sam now employs carefully standardized weights which are shipped about the coun- try on flat cars. Since each railroad tests New Optical Instrument to Make Glasses Fit DETERMINE the exact distance between the eye centers in measuring the face for glasses, a German optician has invented a device which, he claims, insures that the axes of the glass lenses will be in perfect line with the eyes. The examiner ob- serves the two eyes through two con- nected tubes. Two pointers are moved across the field of vision until they bisect the eyeball. Measurements are then taken. all the scales on its line with its own master scale, this new method of government weight tests assures national uniformity of weight measurements. The photograph shows a master scale being tested. Measuring a _ pa- tient’s eyes with the instrument shown at the left army Develops Talking Gas Mask A ee Two types of the Aiephicaim gas mask—with self contained canister (above) ‘and with canister tube (at right) NEW gas mask recently invented by an officer of the Chemical Warfare Service, U. S. Army, is said to overcome the difficulty of talking while the mask is in place. A diaphragm of tracing cloth which cannot be pene- trated by gases is held in place in front of the mouth by an aluminum disk. The vibration of the disk caused by the speak- er’s voice transmits the sound almost as clearly as though no mask were worn. In addition to this advantage, the mask is supplied with chem- icals which makes it valuable as a resistant to other than war gases. Wearing this mask, a fireman need not fear deadly carbon monoxide, ammonia and other fumes. Popular Science Monthly Many-Hook Device Saves = Space in Closets OMBINING many hooks in one, the in- genious metal de- vice shown at the right has been designed to save space in small closets. Each hook carries a clothes hanger. In addition, it will make an ideal rack for knives and brushes in the kitchen. It also can be utilized in the garage as a rack for tools. Pistol Oil Can Keeps the Hands Clean ANY YONE who has tried to oil the family daubed with oil will appreciate a new oil can that works like a pistol. The can is grasped in the hand like a revolver, the nozzle is placed against the oil cup or nipple, and a push sends the oil into the machine. New Iodine Antiseptic Pen Useful for First Aid A IODINE antiseptic pen is one of the valuable new additions to first aid equipment. The pen consists of two glass tubes, a rubber stopper and a distributing brush. Iodine is placed in the bottom tube. The rubber stopper, into which the pen is fitted, is then inserted. The iodine flows from the pen through a wick or brush, which may be cut off after being used leaving a fresh end. A girl scout using antiseptic pen in first aid to injured comrade car or the lawn mower without getting ~ August, 19 TOW Wo OR gre span of world, W the Hud kill, N. The 1 pleted a the Bea taking i reservat Intersta westerly Tc Need on the | long ha now ul cause i In add New \ heavy | The ro for the of the elevati ing spé The length The ce feet lo Bridge City, 1 The ec 155 fe the b Brook wise V East | On struct conne way. on th with

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e -oil ee row point near Peekskill, N. Y. ORK in the construction of America’s greatest suspension bridge, the center span of which will be the longest in the world, was begun recently on both sides of the Hudson River, three miles from Peeks- kill, N. Y, The new bridge, which will be com- pleted about April, 1925, is to be known as the Bear Mountain-Hudson River Bridge, taking its name from the Bear Mountain reservation, a section of the Palisades Interstate Park system which will be its westerly terminus. To Link Important Highways Need for a bridge linking the highways on the east and west banks of the Hudson long has been felt. The site of the bridge now under construction was selected be- cause it is the narrowest part of the river. In addition, it is within easy distance of New York and other cities that supply heavy motor traffic for the State highways. The rock formations at the site are suitable for the support of the tremendous weight of the structure and of advantageous elevations for the support of the approach- ing spans. ; The new structure will have a total length of 2252 feet, including approaches. The center span will be 1632 feet long,—32 feet longer than that of the Williamsburg Bridge across the East River in New York City, which now is the longest in the world. The clear height above the river will be 155 feet, about 20 feet higher than any of the bridges connecting Manhattan with Brooklyn. The 350-foot steel towers like- wise will rise high above those of the great East River bridges. On the east side of the river will be con- structed an approach road of concrete to connect the bridge with the nearest high- way. The west approach highway will be on the axis of the bridge and will connect with State Highway Route No. 3 at a point about 1000 feet from the bridge. More than 7000 wires will make up the 17-inch cables on which the roadway will be supported and 12,552 tons of steel will e used in construction. There will be a 38-foot roadway in the center, with side-walks five feet in width at each side. The location of the bridge is about 45 miles from Times Square, New York City. The Bear Mountain-Hudson River bridge as it will appear when completed across the Hudson at a nar- It is predicted 600,000 automobiles will pass over the bridge annually World’s Longest Suspension Bridge to Span the Hudson Conservative estimates are that at least 600,000 automobiles will pass over it during the course of one year. Postman Invents Bicycle Holder for His Pack ROM an iron bar, a Florida letter carrier has devised a convenient rack to support his pack on his bicycle. The rack is made of a five-foot strip of 3/16-inch flat iron bar bent into a flat bottomed V. Three inches from the bot- tom, which rests on the fork of the bicycle, each arm of the V is given a quarter turn so it will rest flat against the handle bars, where it is fastened by a shackle. The upper ends oi the V are bent to form hooks. The pack, suspended from these hooks, rests on a quarter-inch shelf bar fitted in holes in the sides of the V. The same carrier may be attached to any bicycle and will prove useful to summer campers. oS ~~ aa The postman and his pack carrier Simple Magnet Tool for Tempering Steel A SIMPLE magnet, recently invented by R. Rickenbach, of Pittsburgh, Pa., will determine accurately the proper temperature at which metals harden. When steel reaches the temperature of hardening a change takes place in the magnetic properties of the metal. Realizing this condition, the inventor has mounted a permanent magnet on a handle. This instrument replaces the inaccurate color method in tempering steels. The magnet is balanced at the end of the handle. When held near ordinary steel, the magnet is attracted and dips down. When the critical hardening point is reached, however, the magnet fails to dip, and the operator removes the metal from the heater at once. Dr. James J. Walsh, leading New York physician, has prepared a remarkable ar- ticle on auto-suggestion, the new science of the mind, for the September issue.

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T° PREVENT burnt fingers and elim- inate the use of bothersome pot holders, try this on some of the pots in your kitchen: Obtain some thick string about three feet long, and also about 8 inches of strong twine. Loop the twine and place it down one side of the handle, then commence wrapping the thick string around the ¢ vf 4 ae | ‘ String Pot Handles Prevent Burns | \\\\ \) CAN . >. fae p | ~S 7 | j ? i” handle and twine. When the wrapping is complete, push the loose end of the thick string through the loop of the twine. Now pull the unlooped ends of the twine. This will pull the loose ends of the string under the wrapping and hold them securely. There will be less burnt fingers and no need of pot holders when kitchen equipment has been treated in this manner. Pocket Tooth Brush Folds Into Case Yap iors especially for travelers, a new folding pocket tooth brush is so arranged that when not in use the brush part, including a short handle, may be The toothbrush ready for use. Container forms the handle detached and enclosed in a metal con- tainer. This container protects the cloth- ing from dampness remaining in the brush and keeps the brush itself in a sanitary condition. The container is made of a_ special metal that will not rust or corrode. The brush is detachable and may bereplaced at any time by a “refill” of the same make. New Power Mower for Large Lawns A FOUR horsepower motorized lawn mower and roller that can be operated easily by a woman has been perfected by an English manufacturer. The machine can be driven over soft ground, and does away with the use of horses for park and large lawn mowing. It will mow two and a half acres on a gallon and a quarter of = gasoline, the manufacturers claim, in half the time required by a horse drawn mower of the same width requiring a team and two men. A four-cylinder gasoline engine, cooled by a fan, supplies the power. The main spindle runs on ball bearings and has a differential gear so that it can be turned around on its own ground. Thus the ma- chine can cut in corners and small spaces. , The grass as it is cut is caught in a remov- able steel hood, which serves as cover for ma- chine when not in use. Above, the mower with case removed, showing the four horsepower motor. In the photograph at the right, how the steel hood is used as a container to catch the grass after itiscut — Popular Science YM Folding Pocket Music Fits Back of Chair A NEW music rack that folds to fit in th, pocket is a convenience for musician, who often are asked to play where ordinary stands are not available. The holder is made of brass wire with rubber covered hooks that will slip over a chair- back. A tubular slid- ing bar connects the two main supports and small triangula pieces of wood sliding up and down on the back of the rack serve to adjust it at any angle that may be desired. Horizontal Bar Exerciser Hangs in Doorway _ HORIZONTAL bar exercising device a doorway without marring the woodwork that can be attached to the frame of has been invented by Gustave A. Lind. hasn’t kno century. return to } that seeme with the a and the brought a the develc sailboat, k The int weight gas boats hit the sport the war ¢ for three who stuc upon na power in “put a somewhe seemed t “seorche! drivers V tired of But ever when sm was at there re! group who stil he Exercising on the doorway horizontal bar strom and Dr. George Senn, of Green Bay, Wis. It may be used for swinging exercises, or a rope swing for children’s use may be attached. . Felt lined metal straps provided with @ series of openings grip the upper edges of the trim over the head of the door. Serewed to these straps through the openings is @ yoke member, in the center of which # mounted a horizontal bar. Brass rods at each end of the bar brace it against the under side of the door frame head so as # prevent any side movement. f The Editor will be glad to su ; wherever. possible, the names an id dresses of manufacturers of devices men- tioned in this issue. ‘ to the c: and wi steadfas the sea. able to membe! ican Y Milton New Y to buil " gmail : same « object themse beyonc ity of t short 1 Club, » many Sound the be Coast ports, do, Ri Now Pacifi

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Monn August, 1923 “| Where Skippers M O fit mela

Wy, : By George A. Corry ~ President of the Star Racing Association. Mr. we Corry is known as ‘‘the father of the Star sail- Q@ A : \ poat.””’ By his skill and seamanship he has won 10 sailing championships and more than 350 prizes and trophies MALL boat sailing and rac- S ing this season is enjoying a boom such as the sport ‘EB hasn’t known for a quarter of a y century. This rejuvenation and return to popularity of a pastime — ‘that seemed doomed to extinction with the advent of the automobile and the motorboat, has _ been brought about almost entirely by the development of the one design sailboat, known as the Star class. The introduction of the cheap, light- weight gas engine in motor-cars and motor- boats hit small sailboat sailing hard, and the sport went into a steady decline; then the war came and sailboat building ceased for three years. The few hardy skippers who stuck to the helm and depended upon natural forces for propelling power in those days were advised to “put a ‘kicker’ in her and get somewhere.”’ Nothing but speed seemed to interest this army of “scorchers’”” and new engine drivers who only lately had tired of the bicycle fad. But even in those days when small boat sailing aa was at its lowest ebb . = \ there remained a small —— ia oe group of yachtsmen See “3 sae oe who still were faithful ig coer WATER? oe A to the call of the ships, BULB ~—> hx and who were held i é steadfast by the lure of the sea. In 1910 I was able to interest a few members of the Amer- ican Yacht Club, of Milton Point, Rye, New York, in a project _ to build a number of small sailboats of the <M <a f same design with the sie ak dette object of racing among themselves. The plan succeeded far beyond my expectations. The popular- ity of the boats grew so rapidly that in a short time the Manhasset Bay Yacht Club, the Larchmont Yacht Club, and many other clubs on the Long Island Sound were sailing fleets of them. Then the boats appeared along the Atlantic Coast from Massachusetts to the Gulf ports, and on the Great Lakes at Tole- do, Rochester, Cleveland and Toronto. Now there are fleets of them on the Pacific Coast at Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle. They are also being sailed in South America, and in far off Australia and New Zealand. What is the reason for this almost Nearing the finish. Here is a i; typical small boat of the Star ¢ class, heeling over in a stiff breeze during a race on Long Island Sound. Since all boats of this class are equal, a race becomes a contest of scientific and skillful searznanship

The design and dimen- sions of the hull and rig- ging of the Star class boat. Note the jib-headed or leg o’ mutton mainsail characteristic of the

41 atch Skill Small Sailboat Racing Comes Back as Popular Summer Sport; Sloops of Star Class Test Scientific Seamanship equal. You _race on even terms, boat for boat, and man for man. There are no time allowances to be figured. The beam, water ‘ line, overall and sail area are identical for ty all. Only one inequality is possible in ‘ sailing the Star boat; that is the man \ with the “‘stick’’—the skipper. It is the introduction of this per- sonal element that makes this sport so attractive to the Amer- ican who dearly loves a contest in which skill, courage, science and wits are matched. While it is good fun to knock about in a small sailboat without any par- ticular object in view except weathering rough seas or making egg-shell landings, it is thrilling to look across your bows at another boat only a few feet of water away from you racing to beat you to the mark. All things are equal, and it is up to you to beat the man in the other boat by your seamanship. The Star is not only fast and easy to handle, but it isa safe boat. Not one boat of this class ever has capsized. Its dimen- sions are: length, 22 feet, 8 inches; water line, 17 feet; beam, 5 feet, 6 inches; draught, 3 feet, 6 inches; sail area 285 square feet. It is built with a cast-iron fin and bulb, weighing 860 Ibs. Originally a Star boat cost $260, but mounting prices for labor and materials have increased to such an extent that its cost to-day is $850. The upkeep is very small, and with good care it will last a life time. The “Taurus,” the No. 1 boat of this class, built 13 years: ago, and sailed by W. L. Inslee, won the Championship of America in 1922. Last year at the Larchmont Regatta 26 Stars were entered in a race—the largest ‘ \ number of one design boats that ever has competed in a single race. This year the \ Larchmont club expects to have at least 40 Star entries. At the International Championship races of the Star class scheduled for Long Island Sound, on August 28 29 and 30, fleets from the United \ \ States and Canada are entered, and ma 86(\ it is expected that entries will be \ \ received from England, Norway, ‘ China, Turkey, New Zealand, , \ Barbados, and Australia. nN In choosing a small sailboat \ there are three important ; points to consider: the depth of the water, where it is to be sailed, the smooth- ness of the water, and the cost.. If the bay or river where you plan to sail your boat is_ shallow, then by all means don’t buy a keel boat, but get a catboat with center- board. Hundreds of these catrigged boats are sailed on the shallow Detroit River and Lake St. Clair in Michigan. Several classes of cat- boats have been devel- oped and they can be

a world-wide popularity ? The first great advantage of the Star is that in design all the boats are

The “Taurus,” first Star boat ever built, and champion of them all. Although laid down in 1910, this little sloop won the American championship of its class in 1922 bought for $200 to $400, according to size. If you

ee eeet emt

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sage ee ee te ' 42 are planning to sail in rough, open waters, then you need a decked-in boat with cock- pit. Asloop rigged keel boat is best under these conditions. The “Marconi” Rig is used on most racing sloops now. This rig makes the small sailboat at least a minute faster per mile when sailing on the wind. The “Marconi” does away with the gaff. It was invented by Nicholson, the English boat- builder, who designed the last “Shamrock” for Sir Thomas Lipton. Most skippers put their boats into commission them- selves. It is good fun in the early spring to scrape off the old paint, sandpaper the deck and underbody, putty the seams and finally to put on a bright coat of new paint. This part of the game is a real pleasure be- cause while you work your mind wanders in the ‘‘Land of Anticipa- tion” and you are exhilarated by | the thought of the good times to come. Catboat for Beginners The catboat with centerboard is the best boat for the beginner to learn in. It is easier to manage than the sloop rigged craft, and at the same time it requires more delicate handling. Ina catboat you get the “feel” of the boat under you, and learn just what she will stand. A sloop with weighted keel, on the other hand, will heel over and lug -her sails until the wind blows over them, yet still be in no danger of capsizing. A catboat with centerboard only requires skilful handling to keep her on her At the right is William Washburn Popular Science Mont in 10 years knocking about by himself. In Rochester and Toronto the 12 foot dinghy is popular; at Marblehead it is the 12 foot catboat class. These boats can be purchased for from $150 to $300. . In Massachusetts Bay, Oyster Bay, and Sailboats to Race Across Atlantic WO 40-foot boats, identical as to hull and of the same sail area, but rigged re. spectively as an American schooner and 4 British ketch, will sail soon from New York for Cowes, Isle of Wight, in what is prob. ably the most interesting international rac ever arranged. The object of this trans. Atlantic contest is to test for the first time the relative merits of typically American and typically British rigs cs for pleasure craft. The contesting skippers will be William Washburn Nutting, of New York, ex-Commodore of the Cruising Club of America, and the Duke of Leinster, noted British sportsman. Mr. Nutting will be remembered for his feat of sailing his 45-foot, ketch-rigged yacht “Typhoon” from Nova Scotia to Cowes, England, and back to New York via Spain and the Azores in 1920. The challenge for. the race was issued by Mr. Nutting last summer. Each boat will be 40 feet overall, and have 82 feet, 6 inches waterline length, 11 feet, 6 inches beam and a draft of 7 feet. The American schooner is to have a jib-headed or leg o’ mutton mainsail, while both the mainsail and mizzen of 4 the Duke of Leinster’s ketch are to be of this type; that is, without the gaff in the head of the sail. Each boat will have Great South Bay, Long Island, cathoat with centerboards are found in great pro. fusion, and in all sizes from 12 to 25 feet, The prices range from $150 to $700. Small sailboat racing and sailing hay come back to stay. At the left is the Duke of Leinster, noted Brit- ish sportsman, whose 40-foot ketch will race Commodore Nutting’s American schooner across the Atlantic August, 13 New T Re N A new wife’s LA OES TIMER oS AFD TET feet if caught in a blow. But the best advice for beginner and experienced skipper alike is this: Buy the kind of boat that is being sailed in your home waters. In this way you get competition. One season of keen racing will teach the landlubber more of the art of chee lng ON Nutting of New York, ex-Commodore of the Cruising Club of America, and challenger in the transatlantic small boat race. The rig of his schooner “Harpoon” is shown above. Note the jib-headed mainsail, resembling the Marconi type rig used in Star class boats. The object of the con- test will be to. test the relative merits of typically American and British an auxiliary motor, tobe used during calm weather. The Amer- ican boat has a 15 horsepower motor and the British motor is rated at 20 horse- power. 2a er neta reneennnentonncon youre paenmegpen sailing a small boat than he’ll learn Electric Current Used in Pneumonia Treatment ment of pneumonia by the use of electric current was reported re- cently by physicians on the staff of St. Mary’s Hospital, Hoboken, where the new method perfected by Dr. Harry E. Stewart, Yale University athletic coach, was tested. The method consists of the application of plates to the chest and back of the patient. and passing high frequency alternating current through the lungs. This increases the temperature within the lungs, it is claimed, tending to break up congestion. More than 30 sufferers in the last stages of pneumonia are said to have been started on the road to recovery in this way. Medical men have called the new treat- ment a “super-mustard plaster.” It is in- tended not as a substitute for usual medical treatment of the disease, but to supplement other agencies. The patient lies on operat- ing table. Metal plates are strapped to his chest and back and connected by wires with a large cabinet with dial adjustments. When the switches are thrown on, the patient feels no shock; only a glow of warmth permeating his chest. This treat- ment is repeated twice each day. FR otment of pneu success in the treat- rigs The heat generated by the powerful cur- rent through the diseased lungs literally “electrocutes” the pneumonia germs, and recreates blood circulation. Danger of di- rect current application is avoided by passing it through a closed core transformer. - a — ae ee Treating a pneumonia patient with electrical current. Dr. Harry E. Stewart, inventor, is shown in inset AY, il Rings hour « flame passe Th Arthy manv Bat

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nth August, 1923 43 boasy New Type of Shredder Has is - Removable Knives ‘| ; ' A new type of shredder for the house- 3 have wife’s kitchen, the knife blades can ig be removed read- ih ily for resharpen- 5 ing. In the usual : hh type of slicer the i sd blades are fixed a r re and the instru- i York ment, once it be- ig de comes dull, re- a | r mains so because y bi. of the difficulty a tim in removing the i call knives. The han- Bp - dle of this shred- i 88 der is well shaped i 1 be and will not tire 4 = the holder’s hand. i | the } Bi: ts King Arthur’s Candle Clock a itis : iy ee Comes into Style a ling oe : acht i" an Above: Covering the pineapple plants with a ew strips of brown paper. At the right: A 2 Ss in pineapple plantation with covers removed om was e 2 rk ne, Pineapples Flourish under Paper ; ‘line HE yield of pineapples in the Hawaiian serves to keep the ground soft and moist. i nd a Islands has been increased 50 per cent The paper is obtained from the waste i ican by forcing the plants to grow through fibers of the sugar cane, a material known d or broad strips of brown paper that com- as mulch, once considered of no value. hile pletely cover the soil around the plants. Seventy-five thousand rolls of this paper n of Usually when pineapples are planted in are used each year at a cost of $200,000 to are the loose soil, the weeds immediately cover the 3500 acres of pineapple planta- hat attempt to choke them. The paper serves _ tions in the islands. gaff to smother the undesirable weeds, thereby sail. leaving all the nutriment of the soil for the A GIANT steam turbine generator being ave crop. In addition, the paper covering pre- manufactured by the General Electric Co. tor, vents the sun from baking the surface after will supply energy equal to muscle work of ~ it has been moistened by the rain, and thus 5,400,000 men in three eight hour shifts. 15 AN OLD time crip Mag 4 — into vogue again is the candle clock. b ’ s£3 ‘ D4 re Rings are painted on the candle at regular Lift Scaffold Simplifies Painting rse- hour or half hour intervals. Each time the flame reaches a ring the specified time has passed. The candle clock was invented by King Arthur and the candles are still being manufactured in England. Bathing Cap Protects Straw Hat from Rain hie N. ORDINARY rubber bathing cap, when stretched over the crown and brim of a man’s straw hat, serves as an _ excellent protector against rain. A NEW aero lift scaffold. for painters and builders, designed to eliminate the necessity of climbing ladders and carrying heavy planks, may be erected or dismantled ff in a few minutes. The upright stand- ards are 3% inches square and _ hollow, and weigh only 1% pounds to the foot as against the2 44 pounds of the average sturdy ladder. They are built in 2%, 5, 10, 15 and 20-foot sections which can be joined together by inserting a filler block, thus giving any desired height. The standards are attached to the roof. or cornice of a build- ing by an anchor device operated from the ground by means of a 44-inch line. The platform plank is raised by means of a studded shaft turn- ed by cranks, thestuds engaging in circular depressions in the standard. The new scaffold thus takes the place of ladders and jacks, and is said to assure greater safety to workmen. Insert at left Below, studded Hoisting the lift scaffold. shows anchoring device. shaft and lift cranks for raising platform

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oer game { Hi ' i : 5 Hy i i i Popular Science Monthly Auto Power Raises Wrecked Ship LEASURE automo- biles are being put to work, thanks to the ingenuity of engineers who recently have har- nessed the automotive power plants to various kinds of machinery. One of the most interesting developments along this line is a new method of raising sunken ships, in- vented by Charles Mit- chell of New York City, and now being tested at Bridgeport, Conn., where the Calvin Tompkins, a 300-foot freight steamer, sank two years ago. The apparatus con- sists of a so-called catamaran hydro-crane, the lifting power of which is supplied by an automobile anchored on the pontoon deck and driven at high speed. Two pontoons spanned by three trussed arches of steel and held apart by bridges fore and aft, are towed to a position im- mediately above the wreck. A belt running over a pulley attached to the rear wheel of the auto drives a power shaft on the pon- toon. Power is taken off this shaft and used to raise steel claws that grip sections of steel or wooden wreckage from the sunken vessel. : The wreckage then is raised out of the water up to a truss that spans the gap between the two pontoons, By means of sleeved gearing the main shaft is controlled easily in its movement, the cable being wound upon drums below decks as the wreckage is lifted. It is claimed that the new auto-power apparatus, easily attached to any car, has a lifting power of 750 tons, as compared with the maximum of 250 tons claimed for the largest hydro-crane used by wreck- ing companies. At left: the pontoons, spanned by three trussed arches, floating in position above the wrecked steamer. Low- ered steel claws grip the wreckage which then is lifted to the surface by power from an automobile Below: a belt running on a pulley attached to the rear wheel of the auto drives a power shaft on the pontoon New Binocular Magnifying Glass Fits Head BINOCULAR-_ magnifying _ glass, which attaches to a bandeau fastened around the head, has been invented by Dr. J. Molinie of France to take the place of the reflectors with holes in the centers now used by physicians. The instrument leaves both hands of the user free. It is equipped with a reflector that throws a beam of light on the surface under observation while the glass magnifies it from six to 10 times, according to the dis- tance from the object. Two eyepieces at the rear can be ad- justed to the eyes of the observer. A single telescopic tube in front receives rays from the object being examined. These rays are split by prisms so that each eye views the same image. Screws at the end of the box are used to adjust lenses and prisms, after which the hands are left free. magnifying glass is attached to the head, leaving hands free Replacing Rotted Stumps of Telegraph Poles A NOVEL method of replacing the rotted portions of telegraph poles without interrupting the wire service re- cently has been adopted in Europe. A tripod is constructed to hold the upper portion of the pole in place while the stump is sawed off near the ground. The rotted stump is then removed and a new one is substituted. The two parts then are connected by means of bolts or braces and the job is completed without taking down the entire pole and thus causing a delay in the service. = GOVERNMENT agricultural experts are interesting Southern farmers in a plan to convert unmarketable sweet po- tatoes into fine brown commercial syrup. Heretofore undersized potatoes have been discarded as waste or plowed in to fer- tilize the ground. Pegs from Waste Lumber Save Railroad Ties Ts use of pegs cut from waste lumber to plug the holes left in railroad ties after the steel spikes have been pulled is one of the recent developments in the nation-wide movement for lumber con- servation. The plugs serve to prevent the starting of decay in the ties. In the lumber industry it is often neces- sary to alter rail lines, necessitating the pulling of spikes and relaying of ties. If the spike holes are left open, water soon enters and starts infection. By plugging up the holes a longer period of service is obtained from the ties. The cutting of the wooden pegs from waste lumber is the result of an effort in wood saving and has received the hearty endorsement of officials of the U. S. Forest Service, which is seeking to conserve the diminishing lumber supply of the nation. These pegs, cut from waste lumber, plug the spike holes in railroad ties Y t a om te See Oe

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hly ~~ ea a YS a a ; > ) ; er ies is yn- eS- ‘. August, 1923 The ideal way to bathe. Exercise—running, splashing, swimming—drives the blood to the skin surface and prevents chilling Fellow American Medical Association OME of us bathe twice a day, some &, of us once a day, and some of us still stick to the old fashioned Saturday night schedule. But most of us, I know, do not really understand how, when, where and why we should bathe—at.least we do not under- stand the underlying scientific answers to these questions. Yet baths, particularly summertime baths at the seashore or in the mountains, may have a decided influence, for good or bad, on our health. Once I had a patient—a member of one of America’s most famous families—who took a cold plunge each morning and eve- ning throughout the summer. He came to me complaining of frag- tion of this layer of fat is one of the causes of individual reaction to heat and cold, either from water or air. I have a stout patient who never can be convinced that his slender little wife feels warm in light clothing in cold weather when he, heavily dressed, is suffering with the cold. The secret of her warmth is that she is 2 woman. Women are blessed with more evenly distributed layers of fat under the skin than men—a fact that is re- sponsible not only for the more delicate contours of body and limb, but also for their ability to remain in the water at bathing beaches when strong men turn blue with the cold. Between the outer, scaly layer of skin and in the inner layer of fat is an amazingly complicated system of blood vessels, How to Take a Bath. Scientifically By Guy Otis Brewster, M.D. lymph vessels, lymph spaces, oil glands, oil ducts, sweat follicles and sweat ducts. Upon the proper functioning of these depends not alone beauty of complexion, but also health and comfort. | Improper bathing may seri- ously interfere with the normal operation of this intricate skin system. Proper bath- ing will aid it. In the twenty square feet of skin in one’s body are more miles of sweat and oil ducts than a person could run in a day. The small blood vessels of the skin twine around sweat follicles and oil glands so that per- spiration and oil can be taken from the blood. Upon the proportionate mixture of oil and perspiration depends the softness and smoothness of the skin. Now let’s see how water of various tem- perature effects this intricate skin mechan- ism. ile nerves.. He was so irritable that his friends avoided him and his business associates quarreled with him constantly. The whole trouble with him was that he didn’t know how to bathe. For him the cold baths were poison. To keep well, every man and woman should understand the bath- tub route to health— what a bath is and how it acts, its scientific reasons for being. And for such an understand- = oe aes Fe o> 5 Ge rt ing, a knowledge of the skin, its structure and functions, is essential. This holds true at the bathing beaches, as well as in the bathtub. How many of us realize that there are more than 125 different kinds of ‘skin diseases and disturbances, and that the majority of these diseases are treated by physicians immediately after the summer bathing season? Most persons think of their skin merely as a covering or adornment for the body. Asa matter of fact the skin is a highly sensitive and complicated - system of nerves, fat, glands and blood vessels, designed for our protection. The outside layer of skin is a sort of armor made of a succession of plates A typical crowd at the FAT CELL LAYER UNDER SKIN famous Coney Island beach, where more than 100,000 bathers splash in the cooling waters each day during the summer. Skin troubles are prevalent following the bathing season, physicians declare Do you know why . you feel that pleasant 4 warm glow a few mo- ments after a_ cold bath? Cold water closes the skin blood vessels and drives the blood into the large arteries and veins of the body. Thus the surface of the skin be- comes chilled. Tem- porarily there is noth- ing to warm it up. Meanwhile the internal organs are overheated because of the abnor- mal influx of blood. The return of this blood to the surface brings on the tingling, warm sen- sation that makes the cold plunge seem worth a moment or two of discomfort. Actu- ally, that sudden shock of cold water may be distinctly harmful. A hot bath reverses the process. It an ~ CSO OOIL. EAE GS a. Ns SP S Y) OIL GLANDS VUCO O WOKE YG CRS Vavesasevrvicuenen Cueneyt ss Tauey Zé WUpfslin ae C7) LYMPH VESSELS / 4, Ud ‘exer DOD TIO IOP TIO GE AILS Latte didi iithies ieee _or ignored by an amazing number of draws the blood to the surface. Then, when you step out of the bath and be- gin the rub-down, the evaporation rapidly cools the skin. Immediately the cooled blood travels iriward, and you feel cooler, paradoxically, than you would after a cold bath. Water that is too hot or too cold shocks the body, and should be avoided—a fact that is not understood overlapping each other like fish scales, The under skin is a layer of fat cells, ranging from one fourth of an inch to six inches in thickness. The distribu- The delicate construction of the skin, showing the intricate system of blood vessels, glands and. ducts beneath the tough outer covering - persons. One of these is a noted polo player who came to me last October with a (Turn to page 99) ee Sights Rage pee era ea os pesos SUE CEES RTS ST aed ee SED eae Ey: 4

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i : j a i 5 ORE DR ad NOC TMI A nS NS EE apart 46 Popular Science Monthly ° © Herkimer 6 ys of the most spectacular oil well gushers in history formed this huge crater, 600 feet in diam- =~ eter and 100 feet deep, in the famous Smackover ~ field of Arkansas, where oil spouts from the earth at the rate of 100,000 barrels a week. The picture at the Compressed Air Tests Model Planes OMPRESSED air is used to reproduce actual flying conditions in the newest type of wind tunnel, designed by Dr. Max Munk, technical assistant of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics; and recently operated for the first time at Langley Field to test models of aeroplanes and so determine the effect of varying air currents. In previous air tunnels, which use air at atmospheric pressure, the data obtained gave only proportional results. It was necessary for designing engineers to com- pute from these figures the actual effect on a large plane. Dr. Munk conceived the idea that if the pressure were increased on the air as it rushed past the model, the effect would vary. After much study he was able to determine the correct pressure which would require no juggling of the figures obtained in a test of this kind. The cylindrical air tunnel of five foot diameter, differs in construction from those already in use, in that it is contained within a monster compressed air tank in which the pressure can be maintained at from 300 to 450 pounds per square inch. The circula- tion of the air is obtained by means of a large suction fan that causes a velocity past the model of 90 miles per hour. From the readings obtained by instruments, deter- mining drift, lift friction and other effects, the individual characteristics of any model are directly observed, without the necessity of scale corrections. Various conditions can be simulated by varying both the pressure and the speed of the air. A combination of the two methods, it is said, will make possible more accurate study of air currents as affecting aeroplanes and will assist greatly in perfecting methods of airplane construction and the art of flying. Inclosed in this huge compressed air tank is a cylindrical test chamber in which a model.airplané is subjected to varying air currents. The air is circulated by means of a suction fan as shown in the diagram IRCURRENTS RAIGHTENED SUCTION FAN HERE ae % TAI N - IN TEST CHAMBER: a AIR FROM Rains tot, ete terre eey ax COMPRESSORS dna to 8's 14g O 4:02 asian a Arkansas Oil Gusher Demolishes Well, left shows the great gusher just as it became unman- agable, destroying the derrick and machinery before creating the crater. destroying hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil. Every known human agency was employed vainly to Eventually the well caught fire Electricity Heats Water as Faucet is Turned IMPLY turning a faucet switches on the current of a new type of electric water heater and instantly supplies hot water for the kitchen, bath or lavatory in which it is installed. Opening the faucet allows the water to flow through the heater and trip a switch as it flows. This causes the electricity to pass through sixteen heating elements that: transmit their heat to the metal in the small tubes through which the water flows. When the faucet is turned off, the switch flies back and turns off the electricity. The implement is said to be economical because of the fact that it heats only as much water as is wanted for immediate use. The ele- ments cannot become overheated because the water is in direct contact and absorbs the heat as fast as it is generated. Sparrow Is a Ragpicker A* OLD sparrow’s nest recently found in an apple tree at East Cleveland, York, England, was found to be com- posed of two shoelaces, an old railway ticket, three stamps, a safety pin, three pieces of red cloth, finger of kid glove, half a cigarette, part of a photograph, and half a yard of bandage. stop the f man was ° In this of the we spectacul: ‘y Soap in an cy li: tachex water showr di Soa N SI cle and gar inventi Miller | The cylinde faucet ¢ which ¢ A secti spray t cleaned * The cylinde water and gre which brush.

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August, 1923 47 Opening Huge Crater 600 Feet in Diameter stop the fire. Finally the well “sanded up,” accomplishing what man was unable to perform. In this immense hole lie the derrick, boiler, tools, and tankage The crater was formed in about 24 hours, creating a spectacular display. Great quantities of mud and rocks shot sky- of the well. Soap is inserted in an aluminum cylinder at- tached to hot water faucet, as shown in the diagram Soapy Water Sprayed by New Garage Washer SIMPLE and yet effective method of cleaning oily and greasy machinery and garage floors has been achieved in the invention of a hydraulic washer by Wallace | Miller of Colorado Springs. The washer consists of an aluminum cylinder that can be screwed to a hot water faucet and has a removable bottom through which cakes of laundry soap can be inserted. A section of ordinary garden hose serves to spray the soapy water over the parts to be cleaned. “The force of the water entering the cylinder dissolves the soap. The jet of water from the hose quickly removes oil and grease from surfaces and out of crevices which it would be difficult to reach with a brush. ward, and a geyser of water and oil spurted from the center until the throat of the monster became choked at the bottom of the well. The well was a total loss. been purchased by a company which will use it as an earthen storage tank with a capacity of 1,500,000 barrels of crude oil. But the vast hole in the ground has Largest “Upside Down” Telescope HE perfect operation of the largest “upside down”’ telescope in the world was reported recently by Dr. Frank Schlesinger, director of Yale University Observatory, New Haven, Conn. The telescope is employed to determine the light-curves of faint, variable stars. ' Advantages of the novel mechanism are convenience in operation and greatly re- duced cost as compared with the telescope mounted in the usual way. In addition, it keeps the image stationary both in position and in orientation. The telescope being used at Yale is described by Doctor Schlesinger as a Loomis “‘coelestat telescope” because of its ability to keep the image stationary. It consists of a 15 inch photographic objective and ten inch visual objective lens both of 50 feet focal length mounted in the same tube which is pointed downward. Images are “fed” into the telescope by means of a plane mirror thirty inches in diameter et the lower end of the tube. This mirror is rotated by clockwork at a rate of 360 de- grees every 24 hours and objects are kept stationary on the plate by rotating the latter at the same rate. Images from the lenses are formed in an observation room at the top of a massive tower 60 feet high.. Electrical connections permit the observer to manipulate the telescope from the observing room. Dyes Tint Living Trees Dyers the wood of growing trees with aniline dyes is one of the recent achievements of science in producing tinted lumber. Nearly any color can be used. A slanting hole is bored through the foot of the tree trunk. After the lower end of the aperture is plugged up, the dye solution is poured in, filling the hole to the brim. Soon the entire tree absorbs the coloring. a Eval A The “upside-down” observatory at Yale University. Its operation is shown in the diagram _ oh SS epee ots a cea ae er ae ot oP Preeti ca Lopes nae tse Ce Te eg STIS nee SnboRt oes Ez: ie Try Sams Seba x anes Sire conn EA : i Sn a a if i nt + | i a

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te 8 & . ; * es at Sapte Rea. ies) Acar aDENGNS SABE Wa cempeasoeaeeres enemen memacaneee Hepner ete How Much Do You Know ; about Science? Thirty Questions and Answers to Test Your Knowledge Answers to questions asked in this ar- ticle appear on pages 97 and 98 Electricity and Radio CIENTIFIC knowledge of electricity S has been revolutionized in the past few years by the discovery that elec- tricity is really composed of little particles called electrons. If anything is charged with electricity that means merely that it has electrons on it. - What do you know about them and about how they are applet to your every- day life? 1. How do we get electricity? 2. What is the difference between alter- nating current and direct current? 8. What makes the noise of thunder? 4. What makes the electric sparks when you stroke a cat? 5. What makes electric fuses burn out? _ 6. Why do electric light bulbs burn out? 7. What are radio waves? 8. Is it easier to send wireless messages in one direction than in another? 9. What is it you do when you tune a radio set? 10. Is there any danger of lightning striking the roof wires of a radio set? What Is Life? Dp” you know that the human body is made up of millions of little grains of living matter so small you can not see them Scientists Mine Precious Radium from Petrified Trees ‘THAT precious radium can be ex- tracted from the trunks of petrified trees found in West- ern. Colorado is a comparatively recent discovery by scien- tists which promises to increase the world’s meager supply of this rare metal. Petrified trees, standing in the posi- tion in which they grew and completely covered by sandstone, have been found to | ERE is the third series of Popular Science Monthly’s simple, searching | questions on the fundamental | facts of science, selected from thousands of queries from our readers. Answer them | to the best of your ability; | then test your knowledge by | reading the correct answers _ thatappear on pages 97 and 98. | without a very powerful microscope? These little grains are called cells. The living matter inside them is called proto- plasm. These cells make up all kinds of living creatures, even plants. Scientists have learned recently that protoplasm is not a single uniform sub- stance like wax or putty. It is a very com- plicated structure of tiny threads and gran- ules and compartments much like the work rooms of a factory. See how much you know :about the wonderful workshops of your body. 1. Does all life come from previous life? 2. Has living matter ever been created artificially? Popular Science Monthly 3. Why is water necessary to life? 4. Will monkeys ever become men? 5. Why does a cat always fall on its feet?’ 6. Can insects communicate with each other? ' 7. How do bees sting? 8. Why do moth balls keep moths away? 9. Why are holes-put in the bottoms of, flower pots? 10. What is yeast? The Story of the Mind WHEN we, get into the story of the’ mind we''deal with the most efficient part of the bodily machine. Certain elee- trical and chemical changes take place in the mind and we call them thoughts. Similar electrical or chemical changes are) what direct the movements of the body and govern human action. A whole new science has been built up around the idea that the mind can often act unconsciously. . What is the brain made of? . What are the nerves made of? . Where do thoughts come from? . Can animals think? . What causes nervousness? . What is psycho-analysis? . What is sleep-walking? What makes a person blush? 10. Do babies learn anything the first year of life? 2 CONICS CVE COND contain large quanti- ties of uranium oxide and vanadic oxide. From the first of these radium is ob- tained, 250 tons of the material being required to produce one gram of radium. Millions of years ago, the movements of the earth’s crust caused areas covered with vegetation to be submerged. Rivers, running into these tree covered depres- sions filled them with silt and sand. Gradu- Typical petrified tree trunks. serves as a bridge over a posed of carnotite deep Colorado canyon and other mineral substance. . ally the loose sand was turned to stone by pressure and the cementing process the water. The ura- _nium compounds sus- pended in the water gradually were de- posited in the cells of the trees. The wood disappeared, and in its place was left a mineral called car- notite, still retaining the form of the orig- inal tree. In time the water receded to lower levels, or the land rose and there re- = stone hills in which were imbedded the pee oR Neon petrified trees, com- N next month’s issue, a tennis expert will tell why this popular American game is a sport of the sciences, combining a mastery of the principles of ballistics, gravity, momentum, elasticity, rotation and kinetic energy. This fas- cinating article will help you improve your game . What is the unconscious mind? ' due to chemicals in’ mained the dry sand- © August, 1: The flying Sunda Is! East Indi of skin ex neck to t ported b When t jumps frc spreads ¢ like a Vv sometime 200 feet i Ee lS

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uthly feet?’ each way? is of; the’ rient elec: e in thts. $ are: ody t up iten first _ August, 1923 How Nature Designs Living Gliders The flying lemur of the Sunda Islands in the East Indies, has a fold of skin extending from neck to tail and sup- ported by the legs. When the creature jumps from a tree it spreads out this skin like a wing, gliding sometimes more than 200 feet in its descent The gliders which man has invented to soar through the air without motor power, or with the aid of only small motors, have their counter- parts in the animals and fishes shown on this page—nature’s own living gliders Above is the small motorized glider in which Georges Bar- bot, French aviator, recently completed a remarkable flight across the English channel. Barbot is shown holding the small 15 horsepower auxiliary motor Large webbed feet serve as gliding wings for the flying frog of the Sunda Islands. In addition, when this strange creature jumps it fills the loosely folded skin of its legs full of air, like a_ dirigible, until its bodily surface area is increased al- most seven times Above are shown the small muscles used by two types of flying fish in spreading the large pectoral or side fins for gliding.» It is be- lieved probable that the fishes also vibrate the wing- like fins while gliding. They can fly nearly 600 feet The familiar American fly- ing squirrel, shown below, often may be seen gliding through the air from the top of a high tree to some lower level. Peculiar car- tilages attached to the base of its hands spread out a winged gliding membrane on each side of the body Like the flying frog, this little gliding dragon called Draco, adopts the dirig- ible principle in flight. The usually rigid ribs are employed to spread out wing-like membranes from each side of the snake-like body. Simultaneously the dragon pumps these folds of skin full of air. When at rest, the wings. are folded close to the body. _These queer creatures are able to cover distances up to 60 feet in one jump In this spécies of salt water flying fish, known as Exocoetus, the large side fins serve like air- plane wings in prolonged gliding, as shown above. The tail fin drives the fish not only through the water but out cf it. While the ‘fish. is swimming gliding fins are folded to the body. The tail fin drives like a propellor until the speed is increased sufficiently to hurl the fish out of the water. Then fins are spread egy aro See aot ey bi ; oy “y Seen “ac a fl li

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gf rf * . ; Harvester Travels on Land or Sea SEA and land boat goes into operation soon at Leesburg, Fla., for harvesting of sawgrass, used in the manufacture of paper pulp. The machine reaps the grass and conveys it into the hull, where it is cut and blown into a freighter hold. When afloat, the machine is propelled by two stern paddle wheels. A pair of con- Car Window Wiper Helps Motorman QO’ THE street cars in Milwaukee, Wis., a novel glass wiping device recently has been installed to keep the motorman’s window free from rain and sleet. The wiper makes it possible to clean the outside glass surface from within the car. It is operated by slightly turning a handle located on the inside of the window frame. The wiper itself is formed of a strip of rubber in a metal holder and it moves radi- ally in a vertical plane across the glass surface. The metal holder is attached to the outer end of an arm of steel which passes through the window framing. The device serves as a protection to pedestrians who might otherwise be obscured by rain, snow or sleet on the car window as well as a safeguard for those within the car. Photo- graph at right shows the device in operation. DESIGNED for fast freight service, an eight- wheel motor truck has been put in opera- tion in San Diego, Calif. Its speed is 35 miles an hour. Rubber Bands trom Old Inner Tubes WAY to utilize old rub- ber inner tubes and a machine to carry out the idea have been invented by C. B. Martin, of tinuous treads operate it when near the shore. The body is a flat bottomed boat. A frame on the forward end carries a cutter bar and overhead reel like a reaper, hinged so that they can be raised or lowered to suit existing conditions. The machine has eight speeds forward, two reverse, and a draft of 35. inches. Seventy pounds of rubber making about 20,000 bands can easily be manufactured in an hour’s time with this machine. Canton, Ohio. The machine is designed for cutting tubes cross sectionally into bands by means of a circular knife. Bands of various sizes may be cut from bicycle, motor-cycle and automobile tires. The inventor in the photograph at the right is shown testing one of the bands cut by machine from tire. Popular Science Monthly Simple Scissors Sharpener’ Produces Keen Edge FEW strokes over a hone are said to be sufficient to put a keen edge on scis- sors blades in- serted in this new sharpener. The device holds the blade at the proper bevel to produce a cutting edge when it is pushed over the hone. Hub Tire Absorbs Shocks. with Less Wear T° PREVENT punctures and wear without eliminating the desirable qual- ities of the pneumatic automobile tire, a Baltimore manufacturer has devised a pneumatic tube that fits around the hub in- stead of around the rim of the wheel. A solid tire is used on the rim. The new tire is a combination of tube and tire. It carries the pressure of the spokes from the outside just as ordinary tires do from the inside. The rim of the wheel is fitted with a narrow solid rubber tire such as is found on trucks. The solid tire on the rim wears longer and has less retarding tendency than a pneumatic tire. At the same time the inner cushion about the hub serves as readily to absorb the shocks. The illustration shows the tire both when in place and when demounted. Cheese Cloth Table Dries Camera Prints Quickly A HOME made camera print drier which overcomes the amateur’s usual diffi- culty of rapid drying, performs the opera- tion without causing the films to curl. A square frame made up of four pieces of wood is set upon four legs, two of which are longer than the others to permit the liquid to run off the surface. Cheese cloth is stretched over this frame and upon the cloth the prints are laid, picture side down. The circulation of air through the cloth facilitates rapid drying. The fact that prints can be dried with the picture side down prevents curling and settling of dust on the surface.

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ear ual- a .in- and kes 1 is uch ger 1a ner r to hen ich iffi- Ta- 3 of are uid . is the oth hat side ust August, 1923 51 Your Brakes and Your Safety ~-How Every Motorist Can Insure Against Costly Accident’ by of Inspection and Repair at Home Simple Methods By F. A. Platte Instructor, Physics Department, Columbia University 7 say are driving at moderaté speed, say 30 miles an hour. The road is clear. Suddenly a large truck backing out of a side lane, emerges with a roar about 70 feet ahead on a stretch of road where you can’t turn out. Instinctively you jam on your brakes and pray they will hold. But do you know they will? In the answer to this ques- tion lies the safety not only of yourself but of others. You may find yourself in this situation any day. Even in the course of an ordinary day’s driving you are forced to stop suddenly many times. If you don’t know your brakes are in perfect: condition—if you only think they are, you have no right to drive a car. You may pay for your carelessness at any moment with your life. Or you may take the life of another. It is a needless risk, when brake inspection and adjustment are so simple. Most drivers have some idea of the prin- ciple of the automobile brake. It consists of pressing a stationary surface against a revolving drum, and thus retarding the drum by the force of friction. There are two points on each rear wheel of the ordinary automobile where this friction is applied; the outside of the brake drum, where the foot brake band grips, and the inside of the drum, where the band of the emergency, brake functions. All that is necessary, then, to have brakes in perfect condition is to see that the friction is applied properly. And the factors When brakes hold the balance between life and death. Even for the care- ful driver there comes a time of unforeseen emer- gency—a_ child running across the road, a truck backing into the highway —when his safety and the safety of others hangs on the ability of his brakes to hold. Careful inspection and repair of worn brakes is the best insurance against injury or death they are adjusted and ready for action. After that it is up to you to keep them so. This entails periodic inspection on your part. From the very start make it.a prac- tice to inspect. your brakés frequently, Don’t wait until an accident jars you into it. In this inspection the most important item is that of clearance, .. for. most of the trouble with brakes is caused by the bands being too loose or too taut. The correct clearance between the band and the drum is about 1/64 of an inch and it should be. uniform all the way around. If it is not uniform the brake lining. will wear in one place, while the rest of it will fail to function prop- erly when the brake is applied. If the band is too tight it will “drag” and suffer needless wear. If it is too loose it will fail to grip the drum hard or fast enough when you want it to. The amount of clearance also has an important bearing on the rest of the break- ing mechanism of ‘the car. :A brake band that is too loose re-. quires abnormal pres- sure on the brake pedal. This pulls the rods and levers out so they ap- proach a straight line, and lose the leverage necessary for the most efficient braking power. Clearance inspection is an easy job. With RIVET CENTER NEXT « the ordinary artillery To install a new brake lining,. cut the lining about 34 inch too long. First rivet ends flush, then press out fold, causing lining to cling to band. Start riveting from center or wire wheels you need simply look between, the spokes to examine your brake drum and see how far the bands and drum are sepa- on which this proper application depends , rated. If your car is include proper clearance between the equipped with disc drum and bands when the brake wheels it will be necessary to re- is released; even distribution of spring move them for a clear view of friction surface all around when EXPANDED the brake, a task that requires the brake is applied; drum and only a few minutes. brake linings free of oil and grit, — If you find your brake has not and linings that are not too worn the proper clearance what then? or smooth. ‘ The answer is found in those two When an automobile is deliv- ; little nuts above and below the ered by a manufacturer the POWERFUL. spring at the open end of the brakes, in must cases, are per- — LEVERAGE. brake band. They are the ad- fect in these respects. . Usually justing nuts. A turn one way will loosen them and give addi- tional clearance to the band. A turn the other way will tighten the band. The spring is there to keep the brake lining away from the drum when the brake is released. If the clearance is all right, if the friction apparently is distributed evenly when power is applied, and still your brake doesn’t func- tion properly, then turn your attention to the condition of the lining. Even the greatest of care in washing and oiling the car will not prevent grit and oil from work- ing in on the brake lining. By unscrewing a few nuts on the brake band you can remove the band readily ‘or inspection of the lining. ‘BRAKES FREE EVER HIGH LINING WORN LEVER LOW A worn =§ service brake. A service brake in good Adjusting will not make it ’ condition. The powerful work efficiently, for the leverage is certain to stop spring is completely com- the car quickly pressed, as shown above 2 REMOVE GRIT AX WITH FILE HAMMER DOWN PROJECTING RIVETS © How to remedy vari- ous defects in a worn brake lining. Poor ad- justment causes exces- sive wear in one place. Always maintain an even clearance of about et Rite tae ag a If the surface of the lining is glazed by oil 1/64 ore Sees lin- When brakes failed on a downgrade, this machine the finish can be restored by soaking the crashed into a street car, killing one man and perma- lining in kerosene. The oil that causes the nently injuring two others at Circinnati, Ohio - trouble usually can be traced to the rear 4) A t 4 ip i} ip \ is dq: i is it a a '

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ELE Ses ently. ey have —e — only & the friction parts of the brake. 2 Installing New Lining wend a BRAKE In addition to these parts there ; are brake rods, levers, threaded 7 After removing the band, forks and turnbuckles, which ' place it in a vise and clip off the constitute important parts of the ~ rivets that hold the lining with braking mechanism. These, > a cold chisel. The old lining however, should be left strictly * . then will drop out. alone. They will have been ad- i Now you are ready to install ADJUSTING ~ @mme justed by the manufacturer so as | the new lining. Cut it so that it TURNBUCKLES — —~—___-¥ to produce the best possible lev- ie will project 34 of an inch beyond erage on the brakes. Any un- nu one end of the band, the other skilled tinkering is likely to di end being flush. Now draw this EXPANDING BANDS throw this leverage out of posi- m projecting end back and rivet it The upper diagram shows the three adjustment devices of tion and as a consequence you so that both ends of the lining the service brake; the lower diagram, the two adjustments of may find yourself exerting a T will be flush with the corre- the emergency brake. The turnbuckles usually should be left straight pull on your brakes in- your extra length comes in. Press this that you find it necessary to shorten of down. You will find it compresses just SPEED the rods by manipulating the turn- m enough to make a tight fit against the PER HOUR buckle—that threaded connection be- tk band all the way around. This will ob- | tween the two parts of the rods—what in viate the possibility of hollows which 10 mies © you need is new lining. Pp would impair the efficiency of the brake. 20 MILES

U. S. Bureau to Lengthen Center Rivets Come First moons _ Life of Batteries Up to this point only the ends of 40 mites —_— storage batteries fail at criti- your lining have been riveted to the cal times,” is the subject of a band. Now complete the riveting all 50 mies searching investigation recently under- the way around, first putting in the center rivets, then the remaining rivets

taken by the United States Bureau of Standards under the direction of Dr. Will Your Brakes Stand These Tests? HE chart above shows the distance within which your car should be able to stop at vari- ous speeds, if the brakes are in good condition. Will your brakes stand the test? Try them out and see. It may save you a serious accident. More than 14,000 persons were killed in auto accidents in the United States last year. The number injured is estimated at 350,000. In- surance statistics show that the automobile was responsible for 67 per cent of all deaths by vehi- cles, more than four times the number caused by railroad trains and seven times the number caused by street cars. And the blame for the majority of these deaths and injuries is laid to ineffective brakes. In fact, the menace of faulty brakes has become so seri- ous that a number of the larger American cities TTe<si aad have directed campaigns against them. Of 806 Having fitted your new lining, re- brakes tested during a recent “brake test week” place the brake band by screwing at Trenton, N. J., 262 were found to be defec- back the nuts you took off to re- tive. The state registrar of Massachusetts an- move it. When this is done both rear nounced he will revoke the licenses of motorists wheels should be jacked up; and you who drive with bad brakes. And in New York will need a helper for the final adjust- City drivers are being fined every day because ment. He should be in the front seat their brakes are not in condition. to step on the brake pedal while you wr midway between those already in. If you rivet from end to end in one direc- tion you will have trouble compressing your lining evenly. The rivets, of course, should be countersunk. That is, the head, al- ways placed on the inside, should be set in about half the thickness of the lin- ing. You can provide for this with an ordinary countersink when drilling the holes for the rivets. This is an impor- tant point, because if the rivet head is flush with the inner surface of the lin- ing it will lessen the friction on the drum because of its smoothness, caus- ing the brakes to screech when they are used. G. W. Vinal in an effort to save auto- mobile owners inconvenience and expense. These researches, it is ex- pected, will lengthen the life of all automobile storage batteries. Battery failure frequently is due to small impurities in the acid used. To correct this fault, the Bureau will pre- pare acid specifications that can be maintained easily. One part of plati- num in a million parts of the acid will shorten the active life of a battery considerably, experiments have shown. Iron also has a bad effect. The Bureau is studying the efficiency of commercial electrolytes sold under trade names and frequently colored gaudy hues. Some of these, according to Doctor Vinal, are damaging to batteries because of impurities present. Tests are being made of commercial bat- teriesin common use. Only about half of these come up to the performance standards set by the Bureau in various branches of military and civil service

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1] 1g ig it 1e Ss +MY § YF YY we Fe ww eee OU — ee ww es 6S August, 1923 Stock Feed Value Tested _. by Goats’ Breath pape cece experiments: in feeding ani- mals are now being made in Scotland to determine the best and most economical method of stock-feeding and to reduce loss of animal life through nutritional diseases. Goats are used chiefly in these experi- ments. To the horns of the animal is at- tached a mask provided with an inlet valve which admits air and another valve which passes expired air into a rubber bag. ‘ When expired air is analyzed the amount of heat produced by the animal indicates the amount of food being used up. Whether the food supply should be increased or de- creased is thus determined. Various kinds of food are tested also. Knowledge of nutritional disorders is es- pecially valuable since much ill health of human beings is believed to be due to mal- ath Taking temperature of a goat’s bre nutrition. By learning the causes of the diseases in animals scientists believe that ‘many human disorders may be prevented. Texas Cities House Bats to Fight Mosquitos Ate bat roost at Austin, Tex., houses thousands of bats, each of which eats an average of 260 malaria mosquitoes a night. Since scientists say that a colony of bats will eradicate malaria in any locality, the animals are housed and protected in Austin and other Texas cities, . Municipal bat roost at Austin, Texas =. git cad ©uvu.e& U Orphans Draw Prize Numbers in Cuban Lottery Dacian boys are employed to draw the lucky numbers in the Cuban National Lottery, using the elaborate apparatus shown above. Of two globes, one inside the other, the larger contains hundreds of small balls marked with the numbers in the lottery. The smaller globe contains other balls marked with prize numbers. After the globes have been spun, a boy releases a trap at the bottom, allowing ore lottery ball and one prize ball to roll out. The winning number draws indicated prize. Two-Acre “White Horse” Etched on Chalk Cliff HE White Horse of Kilburn, situated on a chalk cliff in Yorkshire, England, is badly in need of a new coat. This may not mean much to Americans, but is interesting to all Yorkshiremen. The White Horse was formed by cutting © Harrogate Herold Realistic Witches Mark Boundary |S A agsermnzpe~ ine that touring automobilists are often in doubt as to when they enter or leave a city, the Chamber of Com- merce of Salem, Mass., has erected a series of original and unusual boundary markers. The markers typify two characteristics for which Salem is noted—her old fashioned Colonial doorways, and witchcraft. The doorway and steps of each marker are about 20 feet high and the figure of the witch is more than life size. The design is painted so cleverly and in such perfect per- spective that it looks real to tourists who pass along the road 30 feet away. ID you know that a human poison factory, capable of causing serious disease; lies concealed in decayed teeth and infected gums? In an early issue of PopuLaR Sc1ENCE Monthly, Dr. Edwin F. Bowers, an authority on the subject, will desctibe the newest scientific discoveries about our teeth and how to care for them. away the turf on the hillside, revealing the white chalk under- neath. It covers an area of two acres. But every so. often the people gather to “scour” the horse. This is done by clean- ing out the hollow so as to preserve its form. The plot oc- cupied by the horse covers about 2 acres. of Salem aa tl A Sallie Pt. | Gas aabeen’s witch beundisy mavens

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= ae ee 2°? oe mart seine Se TEE PS > Popular Science Monthly Registering Human Pedigrees Mrs. Mary T. Watts, Audubon, Iowa HE average American family of today is the re- sult of haphazard mat- ing. Men and women marry with little scien- tific thought as to their physical and mental fitness for bearing and rearing children. When the children come they too often are brought up in the same hap- hazard fashion in which their parents chose each other. Is it any wonder that the num- ber of mentally and How Kansas Developes Fitter Families; A Remarkable Experiment in Eugenics By Arthur Cappe r, U. S. Senator from Kansas Dr. Florence B. Sherbon, University of Kansas member ‘of a family. Another sheet of the record shows the re- sults of the intelligence test, and an examina- tion by a psychiatric specialist of the nerve reflexes, emotional and intellectual responses. A thorough structural examination is made, including strength tests and measurements. The medical record gives the results of a com- plete physical and or- ganicexamination, with va blood pressure, hema- physically unfit in- creases? For years, American farmers and _ breeders have used scientific methods in the develop- ment of their livestock. Millions of dollars are spent every year at local, state and national fairs and livestock shows in judging and scoring the blue blood of the livestock world. The standards of breeding have been raised steadily through the years. But what have we done for American children and their parents in encouraging periodical physical and mental examina- tions, the keeping of family records, and the use of scientific standards in choosing the parents of future generations? We have done much, but as yet our accomplish- ments cannot compare with what has been done for the lower orders of The Eugenics Building at the Kansas Free Fair, where families are judged and registered. Seated in the center isa “fitter family” surrounded by examiners test, with the motto, ‘Fitter Families for Future Firesides,”” was decided on and an entire building was turned over to them at the fair. “It can’t be done,” declared some. “You can get the baby for examination and scor- ing for he can’t help himself, but when you ask for the entire family they just wen’t | come.” But results proved these assertions wrong. In three years 75 families—a total of approximately 300 persons—have been examined and scored, and fully twice that number turned away. Professional men globin blood test and the Wasserman blood test. Every member of the family is examined by a dentist and an eye, ear, nose and throat specialist. The fact that families return for a second, and even a third examination, shows the parents are genuinely interested in rearing young men and women who are physically, mentally and morally fit to assume the future of the nation. A tremendous for- ward step has been taken in Kansas, and there is no doubt that from its compara- tively small beginning the movement will spread to large proportions. No growing boy or girl or young man and woman can fail to be impressed and influenced by these lessons, so vividly presented, on the value of clean liv- creation. It is unthinkable that the breeding of the human race should 16 be placed on the unfeeling basis ap- plied to livestock, but is there not ‘much legitimate, unobjectionable work to be done in judging and scor- ing families not only on their present mental and physical condition but on the blood, training and achieve- ments back of them? The answer to this well may be found in the “Fitter Families” con- test conducted annually at the Kan- Kansas Fair opens. HREE years ago a “Fitter Families” contest— involving the scientific registry, judging and scoring of husbands, wives and their children— was put on as a “stunt” at the Kansas Free Fair. Next month this startling experifnent in eugenics will be a center of nation-wide interest when the The movement which began in a small way is meeting with tremendous national approval. Will the scientific judging of families raise the standards of human breeding, just as shows now are improving our herds? Read Senator Capper’s answer and see what you think about it. live stock ing, healthy bodies and_ fully- equipped minds. The germ of eugenic thought has been planted and will bear fruit when marriage time comes, and in the training of future children. But Kansas is only one of the 48 states of our nation. Numerous inter- state marriages occur daily, and mar- riage as a whole is one of the big problems of today. Uniform state and national marriage.laws promise to do much toward solving this prob- sas Free Fair under the direction of the two women who originated the “Better Babies” contests which have be- come so popular all over the country— Dr. Florence Brown Sherbon, of the Uni- versity of Kansas, and Mrs. Mary Terrill Watts, of Audubon, Iowa. Their work with babies convinced them that to do the maximum amount of good, the entire family must be brought before the judges. The opportunity came in 1920 with the invitation by the secretary of the Kansas Free Fair at Topeka to “put on some stunt” during fair week. The con- and women have given their services gladly. A staff of 18 men and women handle the examinations and tests. The examination and tests occupy ap- proximately three hours of each individ- ual’s time. When completed, the results justify the effort, for the 12 pages of the record contain a complete statement of the known history and the present mental and physical condition of the entire family. The history blank bearsa full account of the health, education and achievement of every lem, but we must rely upon educa- tion as the greatest force for obtain- ing the maximum benefit from such laws. Sweeping reforms cannot be accomplished overnight. Only through conscientious, painstaking work can the standards of the American family be raised. There should be yo thought of eliminat- ing sentiment from the choice of mates and the bringing forth of children, but the future generations can be trained to give these matters the serious consideration they de- serve, instead of following the blind sexual impulses which so often control marriage. August, Sc ( spring small ; unit + saving spring top tc conte! with The conn is de of a used bath shan bath shov teric

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ly ded mn, el cele TE el oe ee ee vse wf ww 8 August, 1923 55 Science Lifts the Housewife’s Burden This handy milk bottle opener consists of a semicircular metal. band attached to a pointed handle that is pushed down through . the pasteboard cap. Raising the handle re- moves cap instantly A revolving coiled spring enclosed in a small jar is the working unit of a new time saving egg beater. The spring, moving from top to bottom, strikes contents eight times with one revolution OO®6Q QW AAW oE od rcecww The door of the kitchen cabinet serves as a conve- nient breakfast table in a newly designed built-in unit for the home. The seats shown above fold back against the wall, completely out of the way This ironing board is The universal faucet equipped with electric connection shown above is designed to = og . socket and switch which of any size. It can The safety razor idea: now is being A container fixed to the top of this save steps in turning the used for attaching a applied a scissors. A new blade self-soaping scrub brush. is filled with current for the iron on or bath brush or spray, is inserted ‘by removing center soft soap. Screwing down the con- off. Through the socket shampoo spray or shower screws and snapping it in place __ tainer cap forces soap to the bristles the wire can be con- bath. Cross section through a hole in the top of the brush nected with any source shows the graduated in- of current that is within terior surface of rubber reach of the user MIWA IM Ye 0g A left turn of the handle opens ; : ‘ Combining washtub, boiler and this can opener for inserting a The top of this dining room table tips back in washboard, this convenient uten- can. A right turn cuts the can such a way that the table can be moved easily sil for the kitchenette has a fluted top off cleanly. The device is through any doorway or even rolled into a interior surface for scrubbing. It clamped to the kitchen table narrow closet for storage rests on the kitchen chair =a pe PEE Mery 3 eS ee . seep Be ene SPE eT eR os ender:

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re mt so psveepeian ORs He: ai ig ae 4 } { 4 56 L |? gevedd reports from branches of the postal service and from the mail plane service in all parts of the United States now are received by radio in the Post Office De- partment at Washington, D.C. The new ~ New Postmaster General Is Radio Fan 7 a = 4 Rey, Fe postmaster general, Harry S. New (at left) is shown listening in on the reports. Seated at the radio desk, tuning the receiving instru- ment, is the second assistant postmaster, Col. Paul Henderson. Portable Loop Aerial Set Covers Long Distances ECEPTION over distances of more than 1000 miles using a loop aerial is attained by Rutledge Mayo, of New York City, with the set pictured below. The self-contained loop aerial is shown in the back of the cabinet. The set consists of three stages of radio frequency, de- tector, and two stages of audio frequency amplification. London Dog Listens to Broadcast Bat Calls ies TEST out a theory that the calls made by bats are heard only by ani- mals, bat calls were broadcast by radio recently in an interesting experiment at London, England. Receiving phones were placed on the ears of dogs. The atti- tude of the airdale in the photograph indi- cates that he has heard the bat calls as he is sniffing the air to find the bat’s scent. Liner Majestic Has Automatic Radio Sets ‘THE great White Star liner Majestic recently has been equipped with auto- matic transmitting and receiving sets which permit the sending of radio messages at the speed of 80 words per minute when the vessel is 1000 miles at sea. The receiver prints the dots and dashes on a tape which later can be deciphered at leisure. The apparatus receives the words faster than a man can decipher them. The Majestic wireless room, showing automatic transmitting and receiving instruments Popular Science Monthly Crew of Submarine Enjoys Radio Concerts rw i "THE joys of radio now reach even the crews of Uncle Sam’s submarines. While the S-50 lies at the New York Navy Yard, at Brooklyn, N. Y., the crew sets up its outfit on deck and gathers about the loud speaker to enjoy news and entertain- ment sent out by powerful broadcasting stations in the vicinity of New York City. / Radio on Racing Autos to Prevent Accidents HE latest addition to the innumerable new uses for radio is its installation on racing automobiles and in race track pits. Many accidents in racing have been due to the fact that drivers going at terrific Es. Soe 3 eo : is A radio equipped racing car. Note head phones and transmitters attached to head gears of driver and mechanic speeds could not be notified that accidents to other cars were obstructing the course, thus making collisions with such cars in- evitable. . By the use of a radio apparatus perfected by Bernays Johnson, it is possible for the racing drivers to keep in constant com- munication with the pits, and report not only information regarding their own progress but also to warn other drivers of dangers in the paths of the cars. Although the apparatus has been made very compact, and the car installation weighs only 10 pounds, no trouble has been experienced by either drivers or pitmen in establishing and maintaining communica- tion with each other. This device will doubtlessly prevent many accidents on the race track. August, ji F- Wi ning to radio se receiver circuit § advocat best all- the rec ments circuits lief. Ir distant to shor most c¢ sults ar single ceiver, cated ¢ Evolut Yet: factor, sults, t It is radio. trying ing pa out ne aginat Nea starts set. ] Once | perien more | a Nev he is « yond | ,; broad new | triek get Sc cago; Hono = until _Th const radio hook- one? .. aehie seien Ie oD

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ithly dys able 1 on “My August, 1923 Around the Radio Circuits with Jack Binns | First of a Series of Articles Explaining New Hook-ups OR the average radio fan —especially the man or woman who is just begin- ning to master the principles of radio science—there is no better receiver than the simple single circuit set. I have consistently advocated this type of circuit for best all-round results; and even the recent interesting develop- ments in new fangled ‘‘trick” circuits have not altered my be- lief. In fact, careful analysis of distant reception reports seems to show conclusively that the most consistent long distance re- sults are being obtained with the single circuit regenerative re- ceiver, while the more compli- cated circuits trail far behind. Evolution in New Hook-ups Yet there is another important factor, aside from consistent re- sults, that cannot be overlooked. It is the tremendous lure of radio. The real fascination of trying new “stunts,” of arrang- ing parts in new ways, of testing out new hook-ups, grips the im- agination of every radio fan. Nearly every man in radio starts with a simple receiving T set. It is like a new plaything. Once he has mastered it, he ex- periences a burning desire for a more powerful receiver. If he is a New York man, for instance, he is eager to spread his net be- yond the New York and Newark , broadcasting stations. He adds new parts and tries the new trick hook-ups. He sets out to get Schenectady, Pittsburg, Chi- cago; then San Francisco, South America, Honolulu. And never will he be satisfied until he hears around the world. * «. There is little doubt that new circuits constitute the present ruling passion in evolution of the radio fan. First Dual Radio Station HE operation of two separate radio broadcasting stations on different wave lengths from a single aerial structure is the remarkable achievement accomplished with the opening of the new Radio Broadcast Central at the top of Aeolian Hall, New York City. The aerial of the dual station is seen in the background in this view from Fifth Avenue and 40th Street over the top of the New York Public Library. Actually it is a double aerial, for the span of wire between thé two masts is broken into two separate aerials, simultaneously radiating programs from two studios in the building below on two different wave lengths 2B R, ht d C2 the single regenerative circuit, and. concluding with the compli- cated neutrodyne receiver. It may surprise most radio fans to learn that when we go about the study of the new cir- cuits in a systematic manner we discover that all of them are re- lated to some fundamental “hook-up.” It is only when we look at them separately that they seem mystifying. So it is my purpose to point out the close relationships between the new circuits. By doing so, I be- lieve the new systems can be ’ understood better and operated more efficiently. How Circuits Are Related First let us take the well known single circuit regenera- tive receiver illustrated on this page with its circuit diagram. The layout is very simple— just a couple of coils, a condenser, and a vacuum tube with its accessories. If we take this ex- tremely simple receiver andeadd to it three fixed condensers and a variable resistance in a certain manner we have immediately the well known Flewelling cir- cuit. Compare the single circuit diagram on this page with the Flewelling circuit diagram on page 58, and you will see at once how closely they are related. Now let’s go a step farther. Suppose, instead of the fixed condensers and resistance we add two large honeycomb coils to this same single circuit regen- erative receiver. What happens? Immediately we get the famous Arm- strong “‘flivver,” or as it is technically known—the one tube super-regenerative circuit. The Flewelling and super-regen- erator look much simpler now, don’t they? radio. And who will say that the new As a matter of fact, the Flewelling and hook-up fever is not an entirely laudable i seer Armstrong circuits are identical in effect. one? Who knows but what it will result in L = ae Fr Both perform the same job, but in a ... aehievements of permanent value in radio - C, -R = slightly different manner. Armstrong, ' science? It spells radio evolution and the tt = when he produced the super-regenerator receiver used inductances as the main gap corcnsereae ans ee ee se ot ae ae BS a rn i 1 : For these reasons, in this and = means to obtain the interrupting fre- subsequent articles I am going to = quency on which the system is based, describe and explain the various while Flewelling later used condensers for nts types of circuits, beginning with the same purpose. (tay A—aerial; G-—ground; Let us get back to the fundamental sys- sae L—50 turn honeycomb tem in these three circuits. It consists of coil acting as primary using regeneration to amplify the currents ted coil; L,—75 turn which are picked up by the aerial. If we the honeycomb coil acting thoroughly digest the idea we will be able met as tickler — — to grasp all of the complicated circuits ~~ — “instead i which are based upon it. -0005 or .001 mfd. vari- . ‘ of able condenser (prefer- - Fundamentals of the Circuit ably with vernier fea- : we ture); C,—.00025 mfd. When a signal is received by the aerial, pon Sy grid condenser; R—fil- a voltage is impressed across the grid cir- een - The photo diagram and wiring di ament rheostat(60hms — cy it of the vacuum tube. The latter has in -.. above show arrangement of parts of the . for standard tubes or the characteristic quality of reproducing ca- simple single circuit regenerative receiver, 30 ohms for new dry _ i, its plate circuit an exact duplicate of the the basis of all the newest receiver circuits. _cell tube); R,—vari- 4 Fe in the grid circuit, but in a greatly ny The parts and their constants shown in able grid leak, 1 to 5 | current in the gri > both diagrams are listed at the right megohms resistance amplified manner. What we have in the

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“ “4 re 4 % pi Me 4 4 a2 Pj ‘ 4 58 plate circuit is high frequency alter- nating current. Now if we pass an alternating cur- rent through one coil of wire, it will induce a similar current in another coil which is placed in its magnetic field. Consequently, when we take the current flowing in the plate circuit of our vacuum tube, and pass it through the tickler coil of our single circuit receiver, it will feed back energy into the primary coil which is placed across the grid and filament of the vacuum tube. In this case, however, the voltage will be higher, and con- sequently the amplification greater. This process goes on until a point Is reached beyond which the tube can- not go farther without entering a state of constant oscillation. Any fan who has operated a regenera- tive receiver, especially a receiver of the single circuit type, knows that as he moves the rotor coil of his variocoupler slowly the signal grows stronger. Then just when he feels that it is going to be great — blooie! Everything becomes mushy and distorted. What happens is that the regeneration goes beyond its last point of stable operation, forcing the tube into the continuous oscillation state—a condition that will last as long as the bat- teries connected with the tube have suf- ficient power in them. Single Circuit Easy to Master Operation of a single circuit regenera- tive receiver is extremely simple. All that is necessary is to find the correct tap on the primary coil of the variocoupler, then do the fine tuning with the variable con- denser. Volume is controlled by the rotor coil of the coupler. In other words, there are just two adjustments—the condenser for wave-length, andthe rotor for volume. In describing regeneration action I have dealt with the induction method of regeneration, in other words the electro- magnetic action. We can produce the same effect by means of electrostatic coupling, although not so efficiently as with electromagnetic coupling. If we take ‘an ordinary non-regenerative re- ceiver, and connect a variable condenser across the grid and plate terminals of the vacutim tube socket we will get regenera- tion through electrostatic coupling. I am explaining this because it is necessary to understand it before we can grasp the function of the Flewelling circuit. As I already have pointed out there is a C, is the regular .00025 mfd. grid condenser; C;, C, and 'C; are .006 mfd. condensers and R, is a variable grid leak of five ohms single circuit add the parts shown inside the broken circle below _ Popular Science Monthly ow to Change Single Circuit Set into ‘‘Flivver’’ A» that is necessary to change the regenerative ceiver shown on page 57 into the one tube super-regenerative receiver is to re- point in the single circuit regenerative cir- cuit where signals increase in amplification at a great rate, and beyond which the tube begins to oscillate. Here is where we come down to brass tacks in the super-regener- ative systems. If we can only prevent the tube from oscillating we can get much higher amplification. That is pretty clear from the way the tube acts. The problem is how to do it. Major E. H. Armstrong, after many From Single Circuit to a Flewelling Circuit (He i] = The Flewelling Circuit —In this case connecting 1 and 2 and leaving 3° and 4 open makes the circuit a single circuit regenerative set while leaving 1 and 2 disconnected and connecting 3 and 4 makes it a Flewel- The new parts to be added are shown in broken circles ling circuit. The Super-Regenerative Circuit In this circuit connecting across 1 and 2, and across 3 and 4 transforms the circuit immediately into a single circuit set. Slightly better results can be ob- tained if a grid biasing battery shown in the diagram at G is used in place of the grid leak and condenser shown in the photo diagram above. C, and C,; are -0005 mfd. variable condensers; L; is a 1250 turn coil and L, is a 1500 turn coil months of experimentation, solved the problem by the simple process of introduc- ing an interrupting frequency. He con- nected a vacuum tube up in such manner that it was placed into the permanent oscillating state, producing an alternating current of a certain definite frequency. Then he applied this frequency to the re- generative amplifying detector tube of the regular regenerative receiver. Now this interrupting frequency to a certain extent acts as an automatic switch, turning theregenerative amplifier on and off at a rate corresponding to the frequency of the interruptions, which in general practice is about 20,000 times a second. Such being the case we now are able to go beyond the point where the signals be- came mushy before, and to get that great- ; er amplification which was always luring us on in the simple regenerative receiver. The reason we can do it is this: Just as the tube is about to go into permanent oscilla- tion, along comes the interfering fre- quency and gives it such a violent kick that it has no time to get settled down into a comfortable state of oscillation. At first Armstrong used a separate tube as the regenerative amplifier, a second tube to. ‘produce the interrupting fre- quency, and a third tube to act as the detector. The final stage in the development was the design of a circuit which would pro- duce all the functions in one tube only. It is this circuit that is commonly known as the “flivver.”” Its success lies in the ability of the vacuum tube to operate simultaneously on different frequencies without interference or inter-action, and this ability is the basis-of-the various types of reflex circuits which I shall describe in a subsequent article. Thus it will be seen that thereis a relationship even between the super-regenerator and the reflex systems. ~ The Flewelling circuit differs from the “Flivver” in that a bank of fixed con- densers is used for the purpose of coupling the grid and plate circuits together in order to obtain the interrupting frequency iri place of the’two large honeycomb coils. Next month—Radio-audio freq uency, reflex and inverse-duplex circuits. August, L$ Int Scha

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Auyust, 1923 59 Interesting People and Their Work Ve icccceecaceeecdceededdddedddlta Ue dleddleellcddeedddeccdcddddlddddddddedér Science Lends a Hand in New Achievements Ss SOG ONAN 76 5.tt mn wr “SN WRESTLING WITH ALLIGATORS is the business of Henry Croppinger, Jr., known in Florida as the. “Alligator Boy,” who is connected with the Tropical Gardens Alligator Farm at Miami. One of the world’s most daring and skilful hunters of these huge reptiles, he will dive into the water to grapple with them. He is shown holding an alligator he has subdued

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WM ULL FROM LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEER TO CONGRESS, is the latest trip of John O. Schafer, of Milwaukee, Wis., youngest member of the next House of Repre- sentatives. He goes to Washington as the “Baby” of the lower house, after a term in the Wis- consin legislature guise -~ as ee! = . LL Madde tiddddsdstsadidbsdsssilistuiastaatintiiias

OTT cia A WOMAN MECHANICAL ENGINEER, Miss Margaret ) Miieia: Ingels, of Pittsburg, Pa., re- , a an cently perfected a new port- HIS CHEEKS ARE HIS “EYES.” a - able machine, at the left, Deprived of sight, Carl Bostrom uses the 4 ~ that determines exactly the sensitive nerves of his face to “‘see” his q amount of germ-laden dust in way unaided about the campus of Gs : schoolrooms and public places. Northwestern University, Chicago. <i ——— | The device draws air through These: nerves respond to delicate varia- tl ll a chemical filter paper on tions in air pressure caused by buildings which dust collects. Amount and trees. Thus he is able to make a of dust then is measured by its mental map of the campus , resistance to the air flow

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Giant Loudspeaker Directs Incoming Ships GIANT loudspeaker to be used in guid- ing transatlantic liners into their berths has just been installed at the Southampton Safety First Horseshoeing AFETY first is the rule with this village blacksmith at Goes, Holland, who takes no risks with refractory horses. He backs the animal into the four posted wooden structure shown in the picture, slips the bolt under its chin, ties the hoof to the diagonal cross piece, and then shoes it in comfort and safety. Wine Direct from the Wood ‘ N ENGLISH method of disguising a bottle is to insert it into a knot of wood. The stopper is hollowed from an- other knot so that when closed the bottle is concealed. Note stopper at the right. docks in England. The photograph shows the monster megaphone in position for throwing voices to incoming ships. Store Cat Mothers Mice HE show window of a Los Angeles, Calif., store was the place chosen by Bet- ty, the office cat, to mother a brood of mice. paste Looking Down from Plane on Billowy Sea of Clouds Popular Science Monthly Ingenious Envelope Sealer Has Rubber Sponge ON THE tip of this novel envelope sealer is a rubber sponge with which gummed surfaces are moistened for sealing. The sponge is of soft rubber and is pli- able like a paint brush. It provides a nea er and quicker method of sealing. Piano Has Double Keyboard lh higher. With an ordinary keyboard the pianist often must cross his hands to play notes in the upper register, and he finds that one hand interferes with the other. This is avoided when two keyboards are employed. Either keyboard can be used independently of the other one. , HIS remarkable photograph of a bil- lowy sea of clouds was taken 10,000 feet above San Francisco, Calif. The plane shown is testing smoke for skywriting, PIANO with two keyboards, invented by a Hungarian musician, Emanuel Moor, is said to facilitate playing difficult compositions. : The second board has exactly as many keys as the ordinary piano but the cor- responding notes are pitched one octave ee August, 1! Chairma: and fo: Sta 0. | k tion: “Is The su pends on they safe Must the ‘Immune economic suffering hay fever! My ar can be ¢ would be you pacl little isla stay unti But I ting con long has curable”’ treatmer advance fever su 8 forward mer in h country mism. It for insta fords sh« ‘Hfever v 1440 per complet “186 per very ap Befor “3 comes is AB na ag rag whether or mini it devel Science techniq: ment of general cedure " }iection the ve

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anthly iler ented anuel . fficult many > cor- ctave d the ) play finds August, 1923 By William M. Patterson Chairman of the Executive Committee and former President of the United States Hay Fever Association ORE than a million persons in the United States at this time of year begin to ask themselves the ques- tion: ‘‘Is hay fever really curable?” The summer’s welfare of the million de- pends on the answer to that question. Can they safely remain at home if they wish? Must they try to beat the first sneeze to “immune” resorts? Or must they, for economic reasons, stay at the old grind, suffering the tantalizing agonies that only hay fever patients know? other. ls are used tae ARE RROD baw rar eS eee pane RNR «Bie ete a ting, My answer is not a flat ‘“‘Yes, hay fever can be cured.” If I said that, somebody would be sure to ask me, “‘Why, then, do you pack up in mid-August and flee to a little island in the Bay of Fundy, where you stay until frost?” But I will assert that science is fast get- ting control of this baffling disease which long has been on the “‘in- curable” list. Scientific treatment for it is so far advanced that the hay fever sufferer may look forward now to a sum- mer in his home—city or country — with opti- mism. In New York City, for instance, hospital rec- ords show that the hay fever victim stands a 40 per cent chance of complete relief, and an 86 per cent chance of very appreciable relief. Before any study be- comes far advanced— whether it be psychology or mining engineering— it develops a technique. Science has established a technique in the treat- ment of hay fever. The generally accepted pro- tedure is hypodermic in- jection of a solution of the very pollen that pest The picture shows the Russian thistle, an obnoxious weed of Middle Western states. Its pollen is one of the causes of hay fever co. i causes the disease. There are other means of relief the efficacy of which is vouched for by persons of undoubted integrity. One man I know asserts that wearing red under- clothing and a red lining in one’s hat has relieved hay To determine which pollen causes hay fever in an individual, the arm is innoculated with several varieties. The harmful pollen raises an inflamed lump on the scratch — Flowering top of the common ragweed, arch enemy of hay fever sufferers. Its pollen is extremely light, and is car- ried five miles by the wind i ‘ bat | gy \ an Another hay fever producer — the sheep sorrel. light pollen of this weed irritates the nerves of the nose, and causes sneezing 61 Innoculating hay fever sufferers with pollen extracts at the Clinic of Applied Immunology, New York Hospital fever in cases he has observed. But the pollen solution method is one that has been adopted generally. Its effect, therefore, has been most scientifically observed. Hay fever is one of the most individual of all ailments. By that I mean, its causes and effects rarely are the same in two people. It might be caused by different things, and its cure requires treatment “‘made to méasure.”’ Before physicians had gone far in the study of hay fever, the United States Hay Fever Association had tried to stem the dis- ease in its own way. In its annual conven- tions in Bethlehem, New Hampshire, mem- bers would exchange information on means of relief. One member would get up in meeting and declare positively that wearing tinted goggles would prevent the summer’s sneeze. Then another one would rise to say he had tried goggles and they ‘“‘weren’t worth a whoop.” That sort of thing demonstrated the need for scientific research and the establish- ment of a technique. The first gentleman was quite right—goggles worked well for him. But the second was equally right. However, the convention meetings were—I should say are, because they are still held— beneiicial, because a third mem- ber might try goggles and find complete relief. Besides the million and more who are hay fever sufferers, there are, of course, many mil- lions more who are ask- ing, “Will I get hay fever?” In spite of long research, the causes of the disease and the rea- sons for one’s susceptibil- ity to it are not com- Spr: pletely known. There a at. are indications that — heredity plays an im- portant part. In one investigation, where a number of patients were closely examined, it was found that a third of them had fathers, moth- ers, sisters or brothers x - wa \\ The es z Se TT Ee TEI Meee esr3 sae a a o So ee ee — epbiiets a Be a. = RS FF a) Bee ae) nts PRES OS ghee Seem ri bien eks eee ee Sega erin eee see a GE Er le at TE Pies pba aie ee Pe : :

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BMG A TUE LAL OE nC WN a iia 62 suffering from either hay fever or asthma. _ hospital is conducting special afternoon and ment to treatment. The table follows One thing I have noticed—it may sound evening clinics devoted to the study and very unprofessional, but it is the result of treatment of cases of hay fever and allied No symptoms ........ rid i years of observation when I was the “big conditions. . The efficacy of the reme- ' Satisfactory ......... 46% 540, sneeze” of the meetings at Bethlehem—is dies and methods employed may be inferred Slight benefit ...... . 10% 18% that hay fever sufferers usually have ruddy from our table giving the results obtained No improvement ..... 4% 3% complexions. The blood seems Popular Science Monthy very near the surface of the skin. vA The disease is impartial to sex. As to age of susceptibility, study of one group revealed the following figures: With 10 per cent of the patients the onset of hay fever SMELLING occurred between the ages of a ne? 1 and 10; 20 per cent of them IN THE ‘ contracted it between the ages muUCcOUS of 10 and 20; 45 per cent got it MEMBRANE between 20 and 30; 20 per cent OF THE « between 30 and 40, and only NASAL y 5per cent contractedit after 40. 7 Air-borne Pollens Deadly It is generally agreed among physicians that wind-borne pollens do the damage-by irri- tating the nostrils. One of the most popular traditions about hay fever thus is destroyed— goldenrod doesn’t cause the disease, because its pollen is heavier than air. Most hay fever sufferers hate the sight of the flower because the smell PASSAGE TO LUNGS x as too late for the best result, investigation remains to he made. It is being done, by private physicians and hosp. tals in every city. At Ney one Nes ee, York hospital there are ty » . TOTHE BRAIN. clinics, one in the afternog twice a week and one in th evening twice a week, for which charges are $10 and $20, rm oe spectively. The physician take no remuneration; the money is used to further t study of the disease. This the sufferer whose work ¢& limited means make a trip. an immune locality impossible, . : may hope for relief at home, OPENING TO EAR *e Now as to treatment. Wait ing for symptoms is regarded - N Indications are that mud The sufferer knows the season at which he is attacked. It is up to him to get treatment be - forehand. A hay fever sufferer is ina : state of hypersensitiveness toa a definite pollen. This pollen must be determined. Various of it will cause a tremendous fit CED... of sneezing. But the proximity of fields of goldenrod, or of daisies, honeysuckle or lilies £ es won’t induce a lasting attack. Perhaps the offensive ragweed, S o--e4 usually found in such fields of flowers, is the real cause. Rag- weed pollen is one of the eta lightest of pollens, and may be carried easily five miles by an _— ordinary breeze. The seasons of hay fever ox usually coincide with the SEF eccod flowering seasons of various plants. Spring, summer and © ; autumn each bring its own ees type of hay fever. The prev- alent type, known as Ameri- fp — ean hay fever, lasts from August 15 to frost. And each year it arrives nearly on sched- ule time! I always start for the Grand Central Terminal or the Boston which show no improvement whatever and ~-been.discovered. While the treatment will boat within 24 hours of August 15. belong to a group in which we have not make the sufferer immune from the effects But—and this is one of the reasons why __ been able to establish the causative agent. of-pollen-for the season, he will have to go science hasn’t its thumb squarely on all the But we are making an extensive study of through it all again the next year. causes of the disease—people frequently air-borne pollens of all kinds, in the hope Because cures are not positively assured, write to me in February and ask me what of clarifying these.” the hay fever resort continues to be popular to do for a case of hay fever then in progress. The table referred to by Doctor Howell . for those who can afford to spend the hay-- This kind of suffering, like certain attacks shows that only 4 per cent of the early fever season away from home and work. I of asthma, may be traced to “pollen” from hay fever cases, and 3 per cent of the go away for the season as I find com- a dog, cat or horse. late MUSK PLANT PRIMROSE SALVIA COBAEA | RAGWEED MALLOW pollen extracts are scratched on How Pollen Causes Sneezing - the patient’s forearm, much a5 The nasal cavity, showing the thou- smallpox vaccine is applied, ‘ sands of smelling nerves which ter- only less. thor oughly. After minate in the mucous membrane, the half an hour or so a white eleva- interior coating of the nose. These tion, usually surrounded by an nerves extend to the surface of the inflamed area, will appear on membrane and are exceedingly sen- one or more of the scratches, sitive. Certain pollens, such as those This is evidence that the shown highly magnified at the left, irritate these nerves much as water patient should be treated with affects them when it is drawn up the pollen solution to which he through the nose. Nature in attempt- showed sensibility. In case d ing to get rid of the irritant-causes a more than one reaction, the convulsive sneeze. This sneezing is pollen having the _ greatest a possible symptom of hay fever effect is chosen for treatment. A dozen or 15 injections should in a very large number of be given beginning six weeks before the eases during the past few start of the hay fever season. The interval years. They are subdivided between two doses is two days. The into early hay fever cases patient suffers no discomfort. and the cases that develop In a strict sense, the treatment described in the latter part of the hay is not acure. No means of making people fever season. There are cases =permanently~immune from hay fever has | cases, failed to show improve- plete relief and am fortunate enough to be _ One of the common causes of early able to arrange my working schedule spring hay fever is the pollination of satisfactorily. One year, when I was trees. Known causes of the various ID you know :hat pollution of the air serving on a draft board, I had to seasonal brands are sage, spiny D b t oli hie. ectusliv-is ho remain in New York. I took the amaranth, redroot pigweed, Johnson Sy ere : leh egies > pollen treatment late in the season grass, cocklebur, mugwort, rye grass, OMEINE G, HNROE to ealt in our cities because I did not know that until the , Bermuda grass, ragweed, June grass, ; Recent analysis of air in congested sec- summer was well along, I’d have to- sheep sorrel, yellow dock, redtop, tions of New York City, disclosed that the stay in town. The treatment made , orchard grass, Russian thistle, and, proportion of deadly carbon monoxide |} life bearable, but did not effect the: among the trees, cottonwood, black gases from motor car exhausts had increased complete relief that would have been walnut, oak and ash. beyond the point of safety. possible if I had taken the treatment _ Why is it that certain cases fail to An important article in an early issue of earlier. ee respond to treatment? Let me quote Popular Science Monthly will tell what Probably the best known of the part of a letter from Dr. Thomas science has. discovered about this new hay-fever resorts is Bethlehem, New . Howell, superintendent of New York PRE RES ea ee we Hampshire, in the White Mountains, | Hospital: 1: ag iar EAR: Seacanntals ae ce, Mig mama the headquarters of the United States - “Tt occurred to me that you might ities are proposing to combat it. Hay Fever Association. Most people be interested in the fact that this find complete immunity there. Aug th is 0 for i is ca at o and cov me! eve har

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August, 1923 Safety Door for Electric Motor Switches PESPECTED recently by a Chicago firm, this electric switch for motor starting is open for inspection and yet is safe for inexperienced workers. The operation is carried out by means of a crank handle at one side that opens and closes the door and throws the switch off and on. A glass cover makes it possiole to watch the move- ment and condition of the switch. When the door is opened by the crank, éverything that can be touched by human hand is electrically dead. New Safety Stepladder to Reduce Accidents A SAFETY stepladder that would pre- vent at least a part of the 20,000 accidents in which ladders figure annually. has been sought for a long time by en- gineers. A concern in Dayton, Ohio, now claims that a new ladder that it is manu- facturing will accomplish this result because of its strength and stability. The frame is made of airplane spruce, and the joints are formed with steel fittings. A railing around the top platform gives a workman confidence. One half of this platform can be removed and fastened a foot-higher on the standards. The wide spread of the standards, be- sides giving great stability, also permits the ladder to be erected in a machine-filled room, since the ladder can be made to straddle small pieces of stationary ma- chinery and other floor obstructions. - - How two safety ladders can be used for scaffolding in a machine shop wg wpe re bite Sd 4 VSO OS wees "s Me AS Piles Drive Themselves by Water Pressure = to drive 384 huge concrete piles through nearly 50 feet of muck and mud, engineers constructing a 500 foot bridge over the Ohio canal connecting Akron, O. with Kenmare, a suburb, suc- ceeded in forcing the piles to drive them- selves hydraulically through the mud. The piles, were made octagonal in shape with a hollow core of sheet steel. A three inch pipe was cast through the bulkhead of soma | New Tool Sharpens Planes - and Chisels Accurately ; Fe facilitate the sharpening of chisels and planes, a holder that guides the blade as it is moved across the oil stone and thus assures an accurate bevel, has just . been invented. The blade is clamped tightly in the tool and the roller stem in the other end is ad- justed at a height which will give the de- sired angle of bevel. Rocking is prevented and a straight edge assured. Airplanes May Plant Grain htt grain from an airplane flying over plowed fields has been proposed. From parallel perforated metal tubes ex- tending at intervals from front to back of the lower plane, the seed would be forced by air pressure created by the flight of the plane. the pile into the core, and at the lower end of this pipe, in the tapering nose ot the pile was placed a nozzle.: A portable crane swings the piles into position to be sunk. When the point of the pile was in place hydraulic pressure of 100 pounds was forced through the core, issuing through the nozzle. This pressure combined with the weight of the pile was sufficient to sihk it. Attachment Turns Piano into an Orchestra Oo of the recent developments in piano attachments permits a pianist to provide the music of an orchestra. Twelve tassets extending over as many piano keys actuate xylophone and_ bells. Cymbals join in the accompaniment and are operated by the foot. The piano-orchestra, showing bells and cymbals attachment operated by pianist Pi APSE Rasa yte Sy “4 IESE &. WES wp adalat . 4 H jaa 2G ie ig % fe of 1.) Ay arty he i : be 24 i Sid Mee f 4 af y iG a : iat 2 { "page Ade SS oN ROR a ee eS ERE ET y - -) : : : Bars paid itil a> aie ta fa

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oe animmercane eager nem So * RS ee SOR ee tae ae 64 Popular Science Monthly Huge Wheels Drive Newest Type Motor Plow N INNOVATION in motorplows suc- cessfully operated near Berlin, Ger- many, employs two huge wheels on which most of the weight of the plow and motor rests. On the outer circumference of the wheels are shovel-like blades that sink to a depth of six inches into the ground, thus obtaining firm traction. The plow is divided into two main parts balanced on two longitudinal beams which serve as the chassis. The cross beams are suspended from the main driving wheels. On the front part is mounted a four cylin- der, 60 horse-power motor, the exhaust pipes rising upward from it. Mounted above the axle of the driving wheels is the large gasoline tank. The plows -are attached under the rear section of the chassis beams, back of the driving wheels, as are also the operator’s seat and his controls. The machine is steered by a single wheel at the rear ex- tremity of the frame, back of the plow- shares. The entire weight is so balanced that little of it rests on this wheel which acts as a sort of rudder. Depth to which plow- shares turn over the ground is regulated by levers which are controlled by the driver from his seat. World’s Largest WELVE tons of earth with one bite! No, it is not a weird prehistoric monster that has suddenly come to life again. It is One man operates this huge shovel The new motor plow, showing how the frame is balanced on huge wheels equipped with spade-like teeth that bite into the ground. Note the rudder wheel at the rear Flower Pots that Dissolve | erties pots that dissolve when placed in moist ground recently have been invented to avoid the necessity of trans- planting. Plants forced from the seed can be bedded without removing them from the fiber pots which soon dissolve and mix with the soil. Electric Shovel a mechanical monster of human make. The world’s largest electric shovel, weighing 865 tons, has just gone into action in the iron ore lands of Pennsylvania. It excavates at one scoop as much earth as would fill three five-ton trucks—eight cubic yards. It could carry -the entire winter’s coal supply of most American families, and in seven bites it could fill the average living room from floor to ceiling. But gigantic as it is, it is absolutely under the control of one man. Four men could stand abreast in the mouth of its teeth-edged dipper, which is seven feet high: As it eats its way through an embankment, it leaves a vast ditch with sloping sides, 206 feet across the top, 1120 feet across the bottom and 65 feet high— big enough to reach to the fifth floor of the ordinary modern office building. Yet notwithstanding its giant-like power, the huge shovel takes only from 40 to 45 sec- onds to complete one excavation. With one hand the operator throws a lever that hoists the boom; with the other he operates a lever that drives the dipper into the bank; -and with his feet he works the pedals which swing the boom in one direction or the other. Foot Pressure Controls ‘New Radiator Valve GLGuT pressure of the foot controls a newly invented radiator valve, turning it either on or off. The chief advantage of the valve is that it eliminates the necessity of bending over and turning a dusty valve. It is es- pecially valuable in hospitals be- cause doctors, nurses, and at- tendants do not need to soil their hands by touching it. The valve is closed by pressure, and the steam is turned on by pressing a little knob at the upper edge of the valve cylinder. Electric Cooker Operates by Steam Pressure VERY housewife who has stood over a hot kitchen stove cooking a meal in ordinary open pots and pans will appreciate a new electric steam pressure cooker re- cently put on the market. An electric heating element, imbedded in the bottom of the cooker gives the necessary heat for generating steam in the container. The cooker is equipped with a plug that can be attached to any lamp socket, and it operates on current of 110 volts. An entire meal, it is claimed, can be cooked withthe amount of current ordinarily re- quired to heat an electric flatiron. \ STEAMTIGHT —\ CONTAINER ——~ ‘ * \\ ELECTRIC \ ‘\ HEATER ae. ee a4 oad The pressure cooker, showing heater a (en [Se M anthia

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ly ‘perhaps ai few ‘appliance about the home. August, 1923 “Repair It Yourself” How Any Home Owner, with Ingenuity and a Few _ Tools, Can Fix Household Electrical Appliances gg; By Victor H. Todd Member, American Institute of Electrical Engineers friend’s home, and pointing to a particularly attractive looking vac- uum cleaner, fan or sewing-machine motor, exclaimed, ‘‘What a handy thing to have | [ss often have you walked into a around! You must get a lot of good out of that.” “No,” replies the friend sadly, “It doesn’t work any more; I guess it’s broken or burnt out.” You register astonishment. “Why not have it repaired?” you ask. Then you discover that apparently some one already has passed sentence by saying it ‘would be “‘cheaper to buy a new one than repair the old one.” Don’t let them tell you that about your electrical appliances unless you have lots of money and don’t like to tinker. But if you are the average home-lover and are filled with that insatiable curiosity as to what makes the wheels go round, put on an old apron, get out your tools, and steal away to a quiet corner where you may dismantle and reassemble the cripple to your heart’s content. Nine times out of ten you can repair it. Not many tools are required to work with the average elec- trical apparatus. A large and a small screw-driver, a wireman’s cutting plier and © small wrenches and files such as may be found in the auto- | mobile repair kit are neces- J sary. A small soldering- copper also is very useful. iron or toaster. most cases, one line will be grounded; that is, connected to a water pipe with a heavy wire. Now remove the fuse plug in the opposite wire and insert a good electric If neither of these is avail- able, put in the largest lamp you have, pre- ferably a 200-watt lamp. not grounded, put this in either line. Now you may go anywhere If the lines are In repairing the electric fan that refuses to run, one of the places to look for the trouble is’ the rotating motor armature with its commutator. If the commutator is dirty, ‘ clean between the slots with a pointed stick of wood, as shown above Every household electrical ap- pliance that spells convenience and comfort can be repaired and kept in good running order at home with little expense, by using a little ingenuity and patience in the house and short circuit any socket with immunity from “shorts.” Next examine the cord and plug of the defective apparatus. Here is where most failures occur. Look in the plug top and see that the wires are fastened securely under the screws and that the bare wires cannot possibly touch each other. If the wire or insulation appears worn, cut the wires about an inch from the plug top, skin the ends and fasten in again, using an underwriter’s knot (shown on page 66) for twisted wire and 14 inch tape for reinforced or extra covered cable. Oftentimes a _ wire will break inside the insulation and thus “open-circuit” the apparatus. Such a_ break may be detected by placing the fan motor plug in the socket and_ short-circuiting the binding posts in the base Repairing the Fan With these.tools and the average man’s knowledge and love of mechanics you should be able to fix any electrical Let us assume that your first job is a fan motor which will not run; which perhaps blew a fuse when last con- nected. This is the house- wife’s most frequent com- plaint and fortunately the most easily remedied by the home tinkerer, since in the majority of cases it lies in the cord and plug. First fix the electric ‘“‘juice” so you can tinker without danger of duplicating the “short-circuit” and blowing another fuse. If the repairing is done in the daytime, when the houselights are not in use, the easiest way, in a small house, is to go down to the meter board and look in the main service switch box. In "FLICKERING LIGHT ; INDICATES BREAK IN PLUG OR CORD: FOR BROKEN WIRES, To test the cord of a fan motor for a possible break run two leads from the wall socket to the motor plug, i a lamp in series. Then, with a short piece of wire, short circuit the plugs of the starting resister. If there is a break in the wire, the lamp will flicker when the cord is‘worked back and forth ‘LIGHTED we WIOKCATES| } -THAT THE C —— TEST LEAD 1S TESTING THE STARTING RESISTER FOR POSSIBLE BREAKS FOR OPEN CIRCUITS To find an open circuit touch one lead to one of the motor binding posts, and the second lead, containing a lamp in series, to each connecting plug of the starting resistor suc- cessively. If any one of the resistor plugs fails to light the lamp, it indicates that there is a break between that one and the one préviously tested of the motor with a screw driver or short piece of wire. If the cord is sound, there will be quite a spark. Now work the cord around and bend it back and forth to locate an internal break. If there is a break, it will soon show up by becoming warm. Another way is to connect a lamp in series; then if there is an internal break the lamp will flicker when the cord is worked back and forth. If the lamp persists in flickering and the break cannot be located, then a new cord ob- tainable at a few cents a foot should be substituted for the old one. Fixing the Motor If after making sure the cord is all right and that you have “juice” right up to the motor terminals, the motor still does not run, you must look into the starting switch or the motor winding. First ~ byetigeeyemee- ne eres ne ne oe a AO Se en Ree pecan met a Sige SEAS, ] GREET eek RE ory RRS a es moe SG ee Ba ee Sip ( erepe Rents eerie Ae ae ints

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In an alternating current motor is found a set of little centrifugal fingers that fly out when the motor is running. Sometimes these fingers stick and remain out, when the motor stops. Examine them to see that” they work freely note whether the fan blades turn freely, or whether they tend to bind or stick. If the fan is of the oscillating type, the oscillating mechanism may be disconnected until the motor is running. If the rotating armature sticks, free it by tapping the end of the housings to line up the bearings which may have become damaged due to a fall. If necessary remove the end bell and look for foreign matter such as dirt, hair, and lint. Now, spinning the blades freely by hand, insert the plug in the socket, being sure that at least a 200 watt lamp or 500 watt iron is in the circuit. One of four things may happen: The fan may run; it may buzz, but not run; it may run jerkily; or it may stand still. If it runs, your job probably is finished, except a little oiling and cleaning up. If it buzzes but fails to run the trouble may be merely mechanical sticking or rubbing, which can be eliminated quickly. If this is not the cause, the principle of the motor’s operation is the first thing to determine. In alternating current motors is often found a set of little centrifugal fingers that fly out when the motor is up to speed. Sometimes these fingers remain sticking out, instead of returning to their places when the motor stops. Examine the end of the armature and see that they work in and out freely. See also that they make good contact on the central Repairing, the Motor In searching for a break in the motor winding, gently untape the connections and examine them, as shown below. Breaks usually are found in soldered connections or loose ends ; Twisted cord should be tied with an ‘‘underwriter’s knot.” Six stages in tieing this knot are shown above brush springs have not lost their springiness from over-heating, and that the brushes touch firmly on the commutator. If this is burned and dirty, clean it well with fine sandpaper (preferably in a lathe) and then with a pointed stick of wood clean out the dirt between the slots, being very careful not to break any of the very fine wires con- necting with the commutator bars. Ex- amine these wires closely to see that none Popular Science Monthly ; If the rotating armature of the motor sticks, free it by tapping the end of the housings to line up the bearings, which may have become damaged by a fall. If necessary, remove the end bell and look for foreign matter such as dirt and lint- resolving it into a single circuit. Then having ascertained that the cord and plug are in good condition, and the “juice” is turned on, first touch one lead to one of the motor binding posts and the second lead to a connecting plug on the resister. If the test lamp lights, then the circuit is good so far; if it doesn’t light, then the “open” is between these two points. Perhaps the rheostat arm doesn’t touch or there is an “open” in the starting rheostat. If this section of the circuit is good, then touch the second lead to the remaining plugs of the resister successively. If they all light, you will know there is nothing wrong with the circuit. But suppose one of the plugs fails to light. You will know im- mediately that there is an open circuit in the apparently solid wire connecting that plug with the one previously tested. The wire should be replaced by a new one. The location of electric faults in sweeping motors usually is easier than in fan motors as practically all sweepers employ a small commutator type motor without a starter. If the sweeper or sewing machine fails to run, or even buzz, when connected first make sure that you have a good cord and plug. Then look at the brushes, see that the armature turns freely, and test for opens. Sweeper motors require more mechanical skill in repairing than do sewing machine motors. In dismantling do not rush split-bell which they short-circuit when the motor starts. Also test the armature winding for open circuit, the same as was done with the cord and plug, preferably replacing the big lamp or iron temporarily with a 15 or 25 watt lamp. Tap the test leads to the terminals of the starting winding. If the winding is intact the lamp will TN AN early issue —new scientific dis- coveries about the effects of elec- tricity on the human body. Simple precautions against acci- dents at home—how to rescue a shock victim—explained by one of America’s foremost experts on the subject. the work. Study the construction and find out just what each part holds. When removing screws and nuts, remember where they came from. Time spent in studying and remembering during dismantling will be repaid tenfold during reassemb- ling. Above all, don’t attempt to force the parts by hammering or filing. Remember they weren’t put light, but not to its full brilliancy. If the motor has two windings which are in circuit all the time, look care- fully for breaks in the wire. If the motor previously has run all right, don’t try to change connections and move the wires from one connection to another in the hope that this will make it run. You may be fairly certain that a break, not a changed connection, caused the motor to stop. In searching for the break, first gently untape the connections and see that they are good. Breaks seldom occur in the winding itself; usually they occur in soldered connections or loose ends. Perhaps the motor has two field coils, with a commutator on the armature, and two little carbon brushes. See that the already are broken, removing the thread which binds them in place, if necessary. Again assemble the motor. If the fault has been located and corrected, your fan should now deliver the desired breeze. The grease cups should be filled with vaseline and the bearings oiled. Jerky running usually is caused by an open circuit in the armature, the failure of a brush to touch, or a loose connection. The actual point of failure usually is detected by a vivid spark. If after all this experimenting, the motor shows no signs of life, the failure undoubt- edly is due to an open circuit. To locate this, make a sketch of the complete circuit, together that way. Parts that once worked freely seldom require filing or refitting to make them work freely again. Generally, they are already too small, due to wear. In suction sweepers the trouble often is due to bent fan blades which have hit tacks or nails. These blades may be straightened by bending or hammering. Clean out all dirt and hair from around the motor bear- ings, as this causes unnecessary friction. Use a good grade of oil, and-use it liberally. But remember, before calling a repair man, try to locate the actual fault yourself first. The chances are that with a little patience and ingenuity you may be able to save yourself many dollars in salvaging your household electrical apparatus.

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put nce r Or 1in. due 1 is cks ned all ar- ion. lly. air self ttle p to ing 67 eppelin to Cross Atlantic New U.S. Z ‘THis recent photograph shows the giant Zeppelin ZR-III, nearing completion at Friedrichshafen on the Lake of Constance, Germany, for early delivery to Uncle Sam in accordance with the reparations agreement. On its trip to the United States it will be manned by a German SEPARAB PLATFORM a NITS _— — Q é i [TURNTABLE TRACKS AN PLATFORM TRUCKS | JA\ \Y a " Ore of the most ingenious of recent pro- crew. .Aeronautical experts are awaiting eagerly the opportunity to compare its performance with that of the great airship ZR-I, now nearing completion at. Lake- hurst, N. J. Note the immense size of the ZR-III, as compared with the spectators on the ground underneath Floating Hangar for Airships posals for mooring airships is the inven- tion, by John Mason of Cape May City, N. J., of a floating hangar and landing field adapted for use on either land or water. Its chief advantage lies in the fact that it swings head to the wind, thus reducing wind interference in landing a dirigible safely. The illustration at the left shows the land hangar and how it swings about on turn- table tracks. It is divided into three sec- tions with separable platform units. The main or head section has a conical hood in which the nose of the airship is anchored ==3MOPS AND CREWS QUARTERS OUTSIDE OF CONICAL HOOD “8 My DAPTED for water use, the land- ing hangar rests on pontoons. The head section, with its conical hood, ends in a pointed bow like that of a ship. Anchored at the bow, the entire structure naturally swings head into the wind. The diagram at the right shows how the airship is moored. On each side of the platform deck formed by the pontoon q WIRELESS £4 : PONTOON UNITS CAN BE ADDED FLAT STRAP HANGERS OR SLINGS SUPPORTED ON RIGID MASTS sections is a series of masts. Between opposite masts flat, flexible slings are suspended, passing under the hull of the airship in the form of a cradle. The airship is held fast in this cradle by cables extending vertically from the sides of the hull to mooring rings on the platform deck. A wireless station is mounted at the top of the conical hood

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68 Court Summons PADLOCK contain- ing a police court summons, when locked on the automobile of the Seattle speed violator marks the car until he reports in court to pay his fine and have the lock removed. The lock was invented by three Seattle police- men to eliminate the trouble caused by offend- ers who fail to report. Padlocked

Alarm Flashes Warning of Low Oil DASHBOARD alarm that signals “Low Oil’ recently has been perfected by a manufacturing concern in Elgin, II1., to provide automobilists with a means of discovering instantly when the oil pump is not working properly. The device consists of a metal bulb in the center of which is a diaphragm. Oil from the pump is led through a tube to the lower chamber of the bulb where it presses upon the diaphragm and causes two electrical contacts to remain separated. Thus, as long as there is suffi-

cient oil in the engine and the proper pressure is maintained, the light will be inoperative. When the oil becomes too thin the points are brought together by the lowering of the disk. The contact of the points dimly lights a red light located on the dashboard. If the en- i gine runs dry the light burns very brightly to warn the driver. This appliance can be used only where the engine is equipped with an oil pump, and is therefore not adaptable to trucks with engines oiled by the splash system.

— i mmee) i=?

oS f yet x ee

N TERMINAL ON SWITCH

TO OIL PPESSURE — Construction of this “low oil” signal device is shown in diagram. Low oil pressure per- mits two electric con- tacts to meet, lighting a red lamp on the dash- board of the auto

TO OlL PUMP

Fuel from Gas, Water, Oil and Air

‘THE apparently impossible feat of mixing gasoline, water, lubricating oil and air as an explosive for automobile engines has been accomplished by M. A. Newman and Dr. K. A. Mayers, of San Antonio, Tex. Oil and water are kept in separate compart-

Diagram shows how vapors are mixed in carburetor SIGHT FEED ON DASH CARBURE ments of a tank under the hood. Separate pipes lead these fluids to a sight feed where they join and flow to a hot plug in the ex- haust manifold. Here the water is trans- formed to superheated steam and the oil is atomized. The vapors then are conducted to the carburetor where they mix with gaso-

TER

line and air mixtures. Popular Science M onthly

Handy Auto Wrench Fits Ten Sizes of Nuts eet man who uses tools around the home or automobile will appreciate handy new practical wrench that is cast jn one piece and has openings to fit 10 differ. ent sizes of nuts. It has no moving parts to be adjusted or to get out of order, and does not slip or spread as do other types.

Thorny Puncture Vine Is Death to Tires gt eager of your tires while going } through the Imperial < Valley of California. “day The puncture a” vine, otherwise . known as “‘trib- ulous terristis,”’ meaning earth- ly trouble, has migrated from the edge of the Sahara Desert to the valleys of California, where it lies close to the ground waiting to puncture slightly-worn automobile tires. Thorny seed-pods, called calthrops stick up from the spreading vine.

Highway Division Lines Painted by Machine IDESPREAD use of painted lines to divide highways in order to keep motorists on the proper side of the road has led recently to the construction of a road

painting machine mounted on a motor truck. Paint, played upon a felt tread by com- pressed air, is transmitted to the pavement

by a trailing wheel. White paint is used so as to obtain a sharper contrast with the oil soaked pavement.

Popular Science

Pg a . oo ee ee eee ne oe oe eae.

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Lonthly Fits und the ciate a Cast in ) differ. sted or slip or 2 Is to the 7-worn called P vine, 2S August, 1923 Luxury in Summer Motor Caravans “Pullman” Car and “ - Steam Yacht” MOTOR CAR “PULLMAN” YPICAL of the luxurious “cottages on wheels’ that have joined the annual summer motor caravan this season is the “Pullman” motor car shown above, designed by Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Rouze, of Pontiac, Mich, _ Its interior is divided into two large compartments, each of which is converted at night into a sleeping room with double-deck folding beds that become cushioned seats in the day time. Between compart- ments is a toilet and large clothes locker. The front compartment is the kitchen, equipped with stove, sink with running water and refrigerator. The car is equip- ped with electric lights and the windows are securely screened EIGHT MONTHS IN THE OPEN have not dampened the ardor of G. Stuart Engle and his family of Hazleton, Pa., who have covered 10,000 miles of the United States travel- ing from coast to coast in this ‘‘covered wagon” 1 & teael\ Are 1923 Novelties of the Open Road 69 Ae SO THIS TWO-STORY ROLLING COTTAGE mounted on a two-wheeled trailer, is hauled by an unusual automobile-tractor equipped with endless treads in place of rear wheels. These treads make it possible to traverse the roughest country. This type of French car recently crossed the Sahara desert peseeeaell HAZLETON PA. % & THE FIRST LAND-GOING STEAM YACHT made its appearance this season in a journey into the Great American Desert of Southern California. N. Y., is captain and owner. Note wireless antennae Above is shown the four-foot white enameled bath tub under the floor in the rear compartment of the Rouze “Pullman”? motor car. The floor swings back on hinges. The tub is supplied with run- ning water under air pres- sure, from a 30-gallon tank C. S. Abbott, of Jamestown,

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Popular Science M onthly a New Aids for Auto Owners Midisiddea i ctdebdaddlidddd

Md daddddahadsdddllledde Se | SEPT

SS SSS SS SEAS SASS SADA ASSASSIN Say S MVR ON w= This handy motor trip} ; ws | Attached to a driving record sheet in a metal @ & £ glove, this signalling de- frame clamps to the <a ~ : = eK y Ce vice contains two elec- steering wheel post. The ST PDO OWT TI TOI, tric flash lamps wired to frame will hold a score of An aid to auto owners and mechanics is a portable safety lamp —"? ae record cards. Note the consisting of a small reflector containing two six-candlepower electric : 8 pencil holder attached bulbs. : a contacts together, closes An adjustable strap holds reflector to the mechanic’s head : circuit and lights lamps

For the car owner who dreads the weekly washing, a Frenchman has invented this combination brush and spray. Water enters through the handle and flows through shaft and brush. A trigger attach- ment raises and lowers the brush Wh

le Ad Milf 00 al This light, collapsible baby’s crib is attached to the back of the front seat by hooks and eyes. The crib ends are formed of angle bars that permit folding of crib Freedom from danger of a broken arm in cranking a Ford is assured by this non-kick ratchet and pawl device that disengages the clutch when engine backfires VU ddacttecleddddleedddededdedddddaddcddeeage

bonne n nn nn nn en gg qm sss ee cddddaddett ld

An automatic headlight that lights ‘the road in the direction the car is turning, is connected with the steering wheel in such a way that a turn of the wheel instantly turns the lamp in the same direction

Leather strips drawn up taut by ad- justable bars form a light weight hat holder for the auto top, as shown below. The convenient holder will not sag, rust nor rattle “dea hllegebicccccciccctcce.:xccezc”.”:accccea aca Here is a new glareless auto headlight and its inventor, R. C. Gowdy, Professor of Physics at the University of Cincinnati. Glaring is pre- vented by fluting the para- bolic reflector so that the light is distributed properly ’ Anew type of auto lock, attached to the post, contains two plungers that firmly hold a spoke of the steering wheel be- tween them when the device is locked. Turn- ing of a key releases the ohh plungers and unlocks car emer bE Ea scott sR Miu@i@imeddcccQqacccccr MQ

72

aint is 2 and prote That ni —how it sparkles ¢ driveway: will tha beauty © you? The 1 start the the first s roads y‘ parking warfare V of car be: In the ve enemies 2 Followin order co muddy | soap, hot kerosene kinds of What Either y: car grow up your fight: the that wil endless s I have quaintat the fact its poor with age been dc polished Wi On th have ob City ye yet it 1 itappee itattrac Artis plus se1 the sec) To k lines 0 neglect safest 1 harmfu comes it begir Mud Ifmud finish { leaves Water of dan and di that s the po! you sk face ne Oil, keroge chemi. the fin

bol fre ‘lve

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M onthly T'S iving g de- elec- ed to ) and ching ‘loses amps 7 wa 3 2 aS ‘ kerosene, and even some August, 1923 71 How to Keep Your Car Young Scientific Cleaning Preserves Lustre By Harold F. Blanchard, Noted Automobile Expert paint. And it is just as true to say that the paint is as old as the varnish that covers and protects it. That new car of yours —how it glistens and sparkles out there in the \ AUTOMOBILE is as old ag its driveway. - How long will that lustre and peauty remain to thrill you? The minute you start the engine for the first spin over the roads you are em- parking on an endless warfare with the enemies of car beauty and youth. In the vanguard of these enemiesare mud and dust. Following them in quick order come oil, grease, muddy water, road tar, soap, hot water, gasoline, kinds of polishes. What are you going to do about it? Either you can stand by and watch the new car grow old before its time; or you can roll up your sleeves, turn on the water, and fight the battle in defense of glossy finish that will make your machine an almost endless source of pride. I have in mind a car that one of my ac- quaintances recently purchased fresh from the factory. It is just two weeks old. Yet its poor abused body, wrinkled and cracked with age, looks as if hob nailed dancers had been doing the marathon over its once- polished sides. Well Groomed after Ten Years On the other hand there is another car I have observed on the streets of New York City year after year. It is 10 years old; yet it looks almost as splendid as the day itappeared. Wherever it stands at the curb itattracts a crowd of admirers. The secret? Artistically correct lines to begin with, plus serupulous care of the finish. That is the seeret of car youth. To keep away the telltale cracks and lines of old age—sure signs of abuse or neglect of the varnished finish—the safest way is to assume that everything is harmful to varnish. As soon as varnish tomes in contact with any foreign matter it begins to deteriorate. Mud draws the varnish—literally eats it. Itmud is allowed to stand on the es Under the magnifying glass is an actual sample of abused automobile finish, eaten and scratched by mud, sand, grease and soap. en _ASPRERVNDENT TY It may be pre- Next to mud, soap probably is the car’s worst enemy; yet I believe that not one in a thousand cars is kept free from it. To the average auto owner a bar of laundry soap and a scrub brush would seem the quickest and easiest way to remove mud and grease. They are the quickest—in ruining the finished surface. EXT month—How to Buy | a Car. Expert advice from | Mr. Blanchard that will prove helpful to every prospective purchaser of an automobile. | There is just one best way of removing mud, dust and grime—that is to rinse it off with a gentle stream of clean, cool water. Yet even clean water may be harmful under certain circumstances. The car never should be washed in bright sunshine. Rapid drying of the water by the sun will cause streaks in the finish. Yet very cold water applied during cold weather also is injurious. The actual washing of the car should re- quire not more than a few minutes. Before you begin have your equipment ready— rubber boots, two sponges, two pieces of chamois, a pail, a hose already connected, vented by scientific washing of the car with a gentle stream of clean, cool water, followed by a light sponging, as shown in the photograph above some fine neutral soap already dissolved (for the running gear), a whisk broom, a brush and finally, a barrel of water. One chamois and one sponge are for the body; the others for the running gear. Be sure not to mix them. First clean the top and interior with the whisk broom. Next, clean all glass win- dows with a good scouring soap. Now soak off all mud and dirt from the body with a gentle stream of water from the hose (never use a nozzle). When you have done this, dip a pail full of water from the barrel and proceed to sponge the body systematically with water from this pail. Be sure to keep clean water in the pail. Use plenty of water on the sponge and no “elbow grease.”’ Wipe the body of the car dry with chamois. Wet the chamois thoroughly and wring it dry before using it. Cleaning the Running Gear The running gear comes next. Wash off loose dirt and grease with the hose, then sponge the gear thoroughly. At this stage soap can be used in the water without harm. Finally, rinse off the running gear with the hose to remove any trace of soap, and dry with the chamois. If the body of the car has lost much of its original gloss, then and then only is it ad- visable to use polish. Be sure the polish is of good grade, otherwise it may do mcre harm than good. In polishing fnish for two or three days, it kaves permanent marks. Muddy water and dust do the same kind damage. In addition, mud ind dust have a grinding action that scratches and wears away thepolished surface. That’s why you should never dust the sur- lie nor wipe off mud. Oil, grease, road tar, gasoline, fosene and soap producea themical action that gnaws into the finish, while a splash of alco- il from the radiator will dis- ‘lve any varnish it touches. This 10-year-old car still looks lik gentleman, just because its New York owner has preserved its finish carefully by scientific methods of cleaning a oi ee Sas PPS es e a well groomed old nickeled parts beware of abra- sives that will wear down the nickel coating and expose the brass beneath. Use only the finest of silver polish and a soft flannel cloth. It is a good plan to wipe the trimmings each night. By following these few simple rules you will find new pleasure and pride in ownership. Re- member always that your ‘ar is just as fine a possession as a mahogany grand _ piano—and you wouldn’t scrub your piano with laundry soap and a brush!

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Building a Profitable Jobbing Business . By H. L. Wheeler Machine Shop Foreman ANY capable, all round ma- M chinists look forward to estab- 4 lishing a small jobbing busi- ness of their own. Mechanical ability alone does not, however, insure success in such an undertaking. It is safe to say, I think, that 75 per cent of small jobbing shop owners try to grasp all the business in sight and are constantly seeking to add new accounts. When business in general is brisk this frequently tempts shop own- ers to over extend themselves. If you are running a small shop, you probably are asking yourself at this time, ‘“‘What is the best way to take advantage of my present chance to expand?” You are trying to make your shop bigger. In the course of six months or a year you have increased the volume of your busi- ness from, perhaps, $25,000 to $50,000 or more. You consult a firm of efficiency engi- neers and perhaps are persuaded to install a new system, and up goes your overhead. Right here I suggest that you quit trying to make your shop bigger and devote your energy to making it better. Your shop, let us assume, has traditions. It was founded back in the sixties; it has been in the same family for two or three generations; it is well situated; it has done business for many years with the same concerns and individ- uals, and there are still two or three men who worked for your father. These traditions are capital not easily figured in dollars and cents, and should be jealously guarded. Figuring low to get a big con- tract, the part- mers overreached themselves and could not meet their bills /, Skilled workmen and y fine shop traditions are valuable assets The growth of large shops is by no means a sign that small shops are doomed. Small towns are still vastly in the majority and in a day’s journey it is not hard to find many small shops that do a thriving business. A small shop can make more money with the minimum equipment by handling small work. Large work requires expensive, heavy equipment that often is idle. A shop that specializes in small work avoids these heavy losses and also loses less through bad accounts. There is also less competition in small work, and rarely does a customer ask that a hard and fast price be fixed unless the job happens to call for large lots of small parts. Hazards in Large Contracts In the case of large work, like the over- hauling of power plant machinery, the customer is apt to shop around for a price. If one of the shops figures low, perhaps through error, it is very apt to get the job. I recall one instance when two young partners were much overjoyed when they received a contract for machine work for the city fire department, but they were so low in their estimate and overreached themselves so far in attempting the work that at the end of several months they could not meet their bills and had to quit. Spoilage and waste are also much greater on large jobs. If the shop foreman tells you that someone has made a “‘bull” on a big job, it is a serious and often costly matter. Another thing the small shop owner can turn to his advantage is the fact that many buyers of machine shop service are reluc- tant to take small jobs to big shops. The small shop can sell service the same as any other product. Customers “Persuader” Loosens Stubborn Spark Plugs N ASMALL auto re- pair shop in south- ern Maryland a me- chanic often saves time with what he calls a “‘spark plug persuader.”’ He uses the ordinary type of spark plug socket wrench with a small rod through the center and two open- ings to suit plugs of « different sizes and, in addition, a simple tool made as shown from a short length of pipe. One end of the pipe is closed with a plug and the opposite end has two diagonal How the spark plug wrench attachment is made and used slots on opposite sides to fit over the rod. This tool is placed over the wrench and held so that the rod is at the bottom of the slot. It is then struck a sharp hammer blow. Re- sponse at first impact is usual and invariably the spark plug is loos- ened. A study of the dia- gram showing the diag- onal slots will show why this is so. As soon as the pipe cap is struck the wrench is violently twisted.—G. A. | that you can see at a glance is too lange Popular Science Monthy appreciate it and ordinarily are quite: willing to pay for it. Service in this sense means keepj promises and making deliveries on time. If you tell a customer that he can have a job at 4 o'clock that afte, him. If your customer brings a job for your shop, tell him so, or that your shop is specializing in small work You may be able to refer him to some other shop that can do the job mop economically. If you show him hoy he can save some money, you will haye made a lasting friend and he will aq. vertise your shop for you. About the worst mistake a small shop proprietor can make is to slight an old customer in his eagerness to make a new one. Ordinarily one old customer is worth two new ones. The small shop should never cling to methods and tools of a by-gone age. It is neither difficult nor over expensive to keep methods up to date. In accomplish. ing this, the cordial interchange of ideas among small shops is a valuable factor, and, of course, the small shop always has ac. cess to the results of the costly experi- ments made by large shops. It does not take much to give a small shop distinction. A few good, steady me- chanics, a few reliable customers, a good location, personal contact with the work- men, good management, adequate tools and machinery, and a reputation for ser- vice—these things make for success. There never was a time when the smali shop proprietor had a better chance to make good, provided he has a faculty for manage- And the average mechanic who goes into business for himself will find it well worth while, before branching out exten- sively, to develop to the uttermost the ment. possibilities in a small jobbing business. Mi - A Azg HH | | Hat | § i ¥ Lalgit of telly La - To slight an old cus- tomer in order to win a new one is the noon, make it a point to give it pBle secretary Ex Sec IMPLIC: 6 pactness the esse tion radio set in the single trated. Ind gelectivity ar this circuit 1 puild and op As a radi camp or for motorboat, jimited, this FRI SEC : + = very little Ay long to 4 well mad ‘ prise the 1 Hacksaw Slot Converts Plain The de Nut into Useful Locknut with the its anc N ORDINARY nut can be made - the into a locknut in a few minutes by |, as cutting a hacksaw slot half way through reeiving the nut about one quarter in. from the The h chamfered face, asshown. Tighten the nut the ultre in place and bend over the edge so that the ing is di slot is closed. leah This nut will §, never work aon loose but it can, vat, T nevertheless, be th removed easily ]j. age is o with a wrench. —JOHN AURES, Ruffalo, N. Y. Closing the slot locks the nut tightly (onsidey The |

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73 iS keep; Veries op ir that he hat after. give it ty gS a jo) too large . “2|Assembling a One-Control Vacati : A i wit Assembling a One-Control Vacation Radio Set job _ , Ge By William F. Crosby sii haloes behind a 7 by 10-in. panel; the cabinet will hay ; : , being 7 or 8 in. deep. The binding posts will = Secretary = enone Council, can be placed on the panel or all the con- Second Distric nections made internally with the excep- a small IMPLICITY of control, com- tion of the telephone binding posts. to slight 6 pactness, and sensitivity are In the set illustrated in the photo- ress to the essentials for the ideal vaca- —_ below a roger ei = con- es ee Da tag eae piece of tinfoil oan es, in the single control receiver illus- / : : cling to trated. Indeed, to my mind, the { a —, box a nary and a — age. It | selectivity and ease of adjustment of a e Ye wi fh e hl erg sive to this circuit make it the simplest to them. Connections oe ee one os es ee Of ideas f As a radio Ou or a summer : ‘ a or, and, | amp or for installation on a small — — ipsa — has ac- | motorboat, where space is strictly etween the end plate of the variable experi- [jimited, this set is ideal. It costs condenser and the panel in order to a small ; CONDENSER-,. -BEZEL 7 = sats poh e) a good by winding on a cardboard tube about 314 | e work- in. in diameter two coils of wire. The first GROUND @ e tools consists of 15 turns of No. 20 single cotton | for ser- A) (SEC o covered wire, and the second of 50 turns of ae S, — the same wire. The space between the € small coils should not exceed 14 in. If they are o make too close there will be a tendency toward anage- interference, and if too far apart the signal : ho goes strength will be cut down. The windings of — it well both coils, of course, go in the same direc- 7 10 —TpuFOSTAT” exten- (002 MFD tion. Do not shellac, paint or varnish the How to lay out the panel st the pony finished coils. 1ess. O- +O0- +0 One end of the 15-turn primary is con- ao. SOM. nected to the aerial and the other to the ground. The 50-turn secondary is hooked pe to the other parts, as shown. Notice that der to the A and B batteries are directly in series, folly” with the leads for the filament taken from circuit The set and its the A battery. A small fixed .002 mfd. condenser is connected between the ground lead and the A battery. A Vernier attachment for the 23-plate .0005 mfd. variable condenser is desirable and it is also well to have a Vernier rheostat and variable grid leak. Using a dry-cell tube, it is possible to include the entire set with A and B batteries Mr. Crosby’s set from the rear vay little to build, it does not take protect it. If such a condenser is lng to put together, and, when Y made, be sure the oiled paper is not [nel made, gives results that sur- a torn, as a short circuit anywhere will se prise the most skeptical. TUBE cause the complete failure of the set. in The desi i tn © With a dry-cell tube and one gn of the set is in line IT} : | with the tendency to simplify cir- + Lih| a stage of audio frequency amplifica- ail tits and controls. The pre-war = on» = tion, this set, even under the old _ radio set was more complicated -T = broadcasting schedule, picked up 2s by than the average set of today, yet i | & 2 in New York City signals from rough | as good, and in a few years ° bei a by pin Bees eeiving sets will be much simpler. Schenectady, N. ¥.; an , n the g p . O FREQ. CRYSTAL RADFREQ ; ‘ - enut | The hook-up is an adaptation of apprise SS) ZOETECTOR AMP East Pittsburgh, Pa., by turning tthe he ultra-audion circuit. The tun- . (ooo p00}. the variable condenser knob a few ig is done with a condenser, al- —— - degrees one way or the other. This er though, as in all relatively seitiens Si shows how sharply the set tunes. -ork 8 such as this, the rheostat ad- Under the new schedules, any be- can Nstment also plays an important — nic 08 _ get — — with > 4 : he set illustrate i the , be gt. The writer has made several 3 n -_ set 1 sentagpe ec shes . ale’ {these sets for friends and has one = photograph, it was necessary = snch. his own with which he ‘has d - place the tube socket back from the onch. is own with which he has done h , : =n oianian : RES, (siderable distance work. io Neenah gat gy sage sieacmatine conta, wnt 4 panel because the rheostat imter- Y The backbone of the set is made a one-tube reflex with crystal detector (Turn to page 04)

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ve 74 Camping Afloat Is Latest Vacation Novelty By Stillman Taylor Widely Known Authority on Outdoor Life HE newest way of camping is to pitch a tent on a barge. The camper then chooses a sheltered river or stream for his camping ground. The floating camp has many unique advantages. It is easy to build and not expensive; it provides a good, comfortable canvas home with large storage places for food and other essen- tials; and the camper may move on and drift with the current and wind whenever he feels like picking up and changing his camp. 2 The camping scow is the simplest ~= kind of a boat to build. If it is hauled out each year after use and turned bottom up out of reach of ice, it will stand up under many years of service.

+ SIDE BOARDS be 1G"—= 7.0 44 eS E___]"e

TRANSOM OR END BOARDS TRANSOM §(&& Fr Qn" :

, Sw BOTTOM BOARD FRAME =“ BOTTOM BOARDS 1§"x2" STUDDING 6"x How the camping scow is put together For the sake of lightness spruce is pre- ferred, but white cedar or almost any other wood may be used, if the builder prefers. If spruce or other light wood is selected, the side boards should be 1'4 or 1!. in. planks. It is unnecessary to have the side boards in one piece; three pieces may be used, if securely battened at 3 ft. intervals by means of 1!% by 2-in. studding. The edges of the planking should be planed to a slight bevel, giving a shallow V-shaped opening on the outside but forming a tight fit inside. In this seam is tapped oakum or cotton waste to about !< in. from the outside. Then fill the seam flush with putty, first smearing thick paint over the oakum. The bottom boards are nailed, with galvanized boat nails, directly to the Building a Concrete Flower Box and Garden Seat 1 ter MAKE the supports for a concrete flower box or garden seat, prepare a form of 7s-in. wood, as shown. Then mix one part of cement and two parts of clean sand to a mushy consistency, wet the form well, and pour in a layer of concrete about 1} in. thick. Cut a piece of heavy chicken wire of close mesh, or of regular woven wire reinforcement, lay it on the surface of the concrete, and put in 1!5 in. more of the concrete. After a day or two, remove the form very carefully, and brush the surface of the con- crete with a mixture of pure cement and water. A second support is then made in the same way. The box form is next built up on a board platform. It is possible to provide raised or recessed panels, which can later be filled or coated with colored cement.

frames. These boards should be not less than 34 in. thick and any width may be used. These seams also are calked. To provide plenty of stowage space, a watertight box is constructed in the center see Pe. - eles 2 s ! ~2 x toes ~ Ls = F wee CZ of the scow. Access to it is gained through a trapdoor in the tent floor. The decking is °*s-in. boards, nailed crosswise from side board to side board with a 1!5 by 2-in. piece running length- wise in the center to stiffen it. After nailing the deck in place, paint the edges of the boards with a heavy coat of paint, and force them up tightly with a heavy chisel, as flooring is laid. Before putting on the deck, it is well to paint the boat inside with any cheap paint mixed with plenty of oil. For mooring the camp, a heavy ring bolt should be screwed in the 114 by 2-in. transom supports at each corner. A heavy pair of oars may be pro- vided for poling the scow, one be- ing lashed on deck for use in case the other is

broken. A 16-ft. ash oar, such as is used in the Trapdoor to storage largest fishing place dories, is the best. A regulation wall tent gives the most room for the space occupied. Each post of the tent should extend through the deck Mle pern 35° - qr panes atet « T ? FILLED tc S _ $8 = ; W LORED CEMENT

END SECTION Details of flower box and supports roomy front deck for this purpose. Popular Science Month) and rest on a step on the bottom, as a mag For the tent 8, 10 or 12-ounce cottg, duck may be used. The figures show th dimensions, which may be varied as r~ quired. The tent should, however, the same width as the scow, so tha the side walls will extend down th sides of the scow to keep the rair from driving in. run a 1% by 2 in. piece around th whole tent, making a tight joint by laying the wooden strips on woole cloth, well coated with heavy paint When the studding is nailed solidly jy place, this will form a watertight joint! In making the tent, first prepare the rectangular section of the roof by sewing the duck together with lapped seam 34 in. wide, stitched on both edges. Then make the front an ay $ bi 3 ° Y | ~<-——12-0O-—_—_-»} ‘o / RIDGE CAP om GROMMET EYELET FOR TENT POLE

GROMMET PC EYELETS 12-0 = "1 i i 4% ' ' H Oo ‘ : ! a £. 7 r 1 7 7 SIDE WALL FRONT AND SECTION BACK WALLS Wall tent recommended for water camping } back walls and the side walls, as shown, and sew all together in that order, using a sailmaker’s needle and common white string, well waxed. The canvas ridge cap is sewed on last. A 2 by 2 in. piece may be planed octagon- ally for the two upright poles and another, ; rounded over the top, will serve for the ridgepole. A spike 6 in. long is driven in the ends of the two posts, and correspond- ing holes bored in the ridge pole. The scow with the tent set up is hard to row but fairly easy to scull, and a big row- lock or scull plate should be fixed to the A form is also made for the interior of the box, and this should be filled with sand or earth to prevent it’s collapsing. Reinfore- ing should be provided as shown by the dotted line in the end section. The box form is filled with a 1 to 2 in. mixture, like the supports. When finished the box is cemented to the supports with cement mortar. If a seat is desired, simply make a slab of | concrete with wire reinforcing in the center and mount it-on the supports. Wooden molding will provide an ornamental edge and if none is available, a molded form can easily be improvised by building up the edge pieces with several strips that have been planed to a decorative profile. Two bags of cement should be ample to make the complete box, and the seat will require less.—L. G. S.

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hf = ee | INT AND CK WALLS amping } own, and using 4 n white idge cap octagon- another, | for the driven in -respond- s hard to big row- d to the ior of the n sand or Reinfore- n by the to 2 in. n finished orts with . a slab of he center Wooden ntal edge ded form ng up the hat have ample to seat will August, 1923 How to Color White Flowers Artificially for Special Uses O KNOW how to color flowers artifi- cially is sometimes valuable when pre- paring floral decorations for special occa- sions or to suit a par- ticular color scheme, notably in obtaining green flowers for St. Patrick’s Day. If the stem of a flower such as a rose is dipped for one hour in a solution of aniline dye it will absorb some of the coloring matter. Blue or vio- let dye will change the color of any white flower to a blue vio- let and a solution of safranine to a scarlet red. By using safra- nine and alum, the color of many light red or pink flowers is changed to a dark red. White flowers placed in a cold solution of picric acid or alum and aniline orange change to a yellow color. Green colored specimens are obtained by allowing flowers to stand in a green aniline dye.—E. B. ‘*Dyed’’ Flowers Steam Pockets in Hardening MATEUR mechanics sometimes have trouble in harden- ing steel because of blind holes in which steam is generated when the article istbeing quenched in water or brine. Not beimg able to escape, the steam is apt to split or crack the steel. To prevent this, drill small escape holes into the blind holes, as shown in illustration.—C. M. Neat Electric Fan Made from Aluminum Kettle Lid LUMINUM kettle lids will make neat and good looking electric fan blades, replacing the tarnished, bent or broken ones of the old fan. An aluminum lid of the right size is selected and cut out to the shape shown. CONCEN- TRATING RIVET. BORE Cutting and mounting an aluminum fan Leave ample metal in the center for fastening the brass hub piece.—J. R. Sailing Raft Provides Novel Sport By Lawrence B. Robbins HIS unique, non-sinkable, one-man sailing raft is great sport for swim- mers. It can be built quickly and cheaply by anyone with moderate skill in handling carpenter’s tools. The sides A-A are two pieces of 1-in. scantling about 5 ft. long and from 3 to 4 in. wide. Place them 3 ft. apart, parallel to each other, and nail two spreaders C-C made of wide boards 3 ft. long to the under sides at each end. The bow and stern are heavy bar- rel hoops B-B opened and spread apart 3 ft. The open ends are nailed or bolted to the ends 15 a hole in the center to take the round post of rudder H, which can be either metai or wood. Fasten with angle irons a piece of stout board cut somewhat after the shape shown at I to the center of the bottom of D to serve as a keel. The sail easiest to make is the lateen. The boom and gaff should both be about, the length of the boat, which is 8 ft. Spread’ them at an angle and cut the cloth to fit. Use light duck sewed together along the selvage edges. Three widths should be enough. The spars may be made of strong wood or bamboo poles. The sails are lashed to them. Make the mast about 6 ft. high and large enough to step of A-A. It will make a stronger job if two barrel hoops are nailed or riveted together and then attached as shown. The entire length should now be about 8 ft. The completed swimming raft and diagram showing shape of the keel the Bolt a long plank D to the middle of the under side of the spreaders and nail a narrow board at each side of D. Buoyancy is obtained by the use of two large automobile inner tubes E-E. Choose tubes that, while beyond use as tires under high pressure, are airtight enough to hold air for a considerable time. By judicious patching, you can perhaps make them per- fectly airtight for the light pressure to be used for this purpose. Cut each tube clear through opposite the valve stem and vul- canize the ends tightly to form a long rub- ber tube. If you cannot do the vulcanizing yourself a tire repair man will do it for you. Lash one tube to the inside of each barrel hoop. The lashings should be tight enough to hold the tube in place but not to pinch it. How to Step the Mast Put a wooden back F across the middle of one spreader and bolt an iron tripod G over the center of the other spreader. The center of the tripod is an iron ring large enough to take the mast. Directly below the ring should be a hardwood block for the mast step, bolted securely to the top of the spreader. Turn the hull over and fasten a solid block to the middle of the stern end. Bore Asbestos Lined Cabinet Holds Electric Iron PROTECT into the iron ring on the tripod. Square the end to fit a square hole in the block. A_ leather loop holds the spars to the mast in such a position that the boom tips up and gaff points nearly vertical. Tie the gaff to the mast tip with strong rope or arrange a pulley as shown and fasten a “sheet” to the boom near the outer end. A tiller with a rope in each end should be fastened to the end of the rudder post. Sailing Partly Submerged Inflate the tires, launch the boat, step the mast and sail, lie down on the plank D, resting your shoulders on the back F, grasp the sheet and the tiller ropes, and you are ready for a sail. While your body will be partly immersed, the resistance will be small and you should be able to get fair speed out of the raft in a good wind. Since you are not afraid of getting wet, you can travel in the roughest water. Several of these boats can be depended upon to furnish ‘“‘barrels’ of fun at a sum- mer camp. “ KEEP a bottle of thick, viscous liquid like rubber cement ready for instant use, turn it upside down in a tumbler or other glass container while still corked. The liquid then is always close to the mouth of the bottle. Before I discovered this little *‘kink’’ I frequently used library paste when I now use rubber cement.—N. G. NEAR. our baby from the ever-present danger of being burned by the elec- tric iron, I con- structed the asbes- tos lined cabinet il- lustrated. The built-in box is lined with heavy asbestos and that in the insulation being burned by the hot iron coming acci- dentally in contact with the wires. When the ironing is finished the iron is placed in the box to cool off. It is be- yond the reach of the baby and shut turn is covered with sheet metal, fitted by a tinsmith. The smaller compartment is for the cord so that there is no danger of Iron is placed in cabinet to cool off out of sight until needed again. The ironing board also is arranged to fold up in a cupboard. — —J. C. KNOLLIN, Los Angeles, California.

Page 62

76 By F. E. Brimmer Author of ‘‘Autocamping”’ OW about building a rustic buffet, H serving or tea table, and phono- graph cabinet for camp? This may seem a complicated task but actually it is not at all difficult. Most folks use nails in making rustic furniture joints but long screws are far better. Recently I saw a camp bedstead secured with bolts, each pole being flattened a bit where the bolted joint was made. A rustic pole woodbox also might have its frame bolted together to advantage. In short, wherever furniture must stand rather heavy strains, 4-in. carriage bolts are best. The buffet, serving table and phono- graph stand illustrated, are made of yellow birch poles, and two kinds of joints are used; one the countersunk screw joint; and the other, a mortise and tenon joint. The latter can be made most easily by boring a l-in. hole to form the “mortise” and whit- tling down the end of the stick to make the corresponding ‘“‘tenon.’”’ Such a joint is locked by driving in a finishing nail from the side, or by starting a small wedge into the end of the tenon. This will expand the end of the tenon automatically when the wedge is driven home. Birch Slabs Cover Framework The buffet poles are about 2 in. in diam- eter, although the four legs are slightly more than that at the base. The height is 40 in., length 46 in., and width 21 in. The top and shelf of the buffet are of matched pine boards cleated together by a frame such as you find By Joe V. Romig Machine-Tool Designer and Builder youre of easily obtained ma- terials, the power-driven lawnmower illustrated will keep in condition the lawns of large estates and golf links at a mini- mum of cost and labor. It also serves as a portable power plant for such odd chores as sawing wood, churning butter, and run- ning a cream separatororawash- / ing machine. Its utility isincreas- ed because it will propel itself. Used as a lawnmower, because of the wide surface of the driving | <,p, drum, it smooths the ground to © View ja surprising extent. This is an especial advantage in sowing grass seed. Pipe and flat steel, whichform y _

O MOWER ELEVATING LEVER underneath the top of an ordinary kitchen table. The four legs are fastened to this frame with screws. Birch slabs, carefully split, are attached to the edges of the top and over the frame, hence hardly any sug- gestion of boards is visible. Within the frame, just under the top, two ordinary drawers 3 by 18 by 20 in. are

Phonograph stand, tea wagon, and buffet with two drawers placed. The front of each is covered with a slab of birch, and bent sticks nailed on with finishing nails serve as handles. The shelf is of matched pine boards 2 in. longer and wider than the top. These boards are cleated together, and then the legs are fitted and held by long countersunk screws. The edges of this shelf are also camouflaged by birch slabs. To make neat corner joints, use a miter box. The serving table or tea wagon presents few more difficulties than the buffet. The two larger wheels are ones salvaged from a discarded baby buggy, while the smaller swivel wheels are from the hardware store. The height of the wagon is 28 in., length 26 in., and width 18 in. The shelf is the same

CASTER WHEEL CANVAS

LEVER

HODDER TYPE WATER-COOLED ENGINE "FLAN 13 HR HIT-AND-MISS IGNITION * ate \ DRIVE PULLEY 12" REDUCTION SHAFT PULLEY CASTER < WHEEL, 7x6» u

FOR ATTACHING MOWER BARS FORM ENGINE SUPPORT AND DRIVING DRUM ATTACHMENT SPECIFICATIONS: MOTOR SET AT 600R.PM. MOWER TO TRAVEL 23M.P.H. 3"PULLEY ON ENGINE 12" ” S"SPROCKET ON » » —- »DRUMSKAFT ~ DRUM MAKES 702.2M, ORUM IS 12” INDIA. 10”

Popular Science Monthly How to Construct Rustic Camp Furniture size as the top. Braces give the table stability. The larger wheels are attached to the lower ends of the legs by means of long lag screws, with shanks just the right size to form axles. Almost every camp boasts a phonograph or radio cabinet but these usually lack a suitable stand. The stand illustrated solves this problem and also makes a convenient place to keep record albums, magazines and newspapers. A pull-out shelf, which inclines downward a trifle when fully ex- tended, holds the record album in a con- venient position. “Swelled Front” Phonograph Stand By the careful selection of sticks, this cabinet is given a “‘swelled out’’ appear- ance. The height is 40 in. and the top board is 2 ft. square. The legs are secured to the frame by mortise and tenon joints, and the joints for the front and rear sticks of the shelf are the same. Instead of boards for the shelf, small 1-in. poles are used. The shelves and even the tops of the other pieces of furniture could have been made in the same way. Yellow or white birch are perhaps the best for rustic furniture but any variety of slim, straight poles will do. Soft wood, wood that is not clear of limbs and knots, or timber that splits and cracks too readily is not serviceable. No varnish or preserva- tive need be used on the unpeeled poles.

WHEN using bichromate of potash to stain mahogany or other woods, be care- ful to sandpaper the work lightly after the solution is dry in order to remove the powdery residue left by the stain. Power Plant Drives Lawnmower and Does Chores the frame for the braces on which are bolted the bearings of the drum shaft. These drum shaft bearings are ordinary solid se pillow blocks, bolted to the lower side of the braces. | The drum is built up of four pulleys of the split steel variety. A 10-in. sprocket is placed be- tween the center pulleys, and all are either keyed or clamped to the drum shaft proper. Collars and cotter pins are used to keep the shaft in its bearings. The caster wheel is a solid pulley, in a flat iron hanger. The whole is pivoted on a 34-in. bolt, hung from the rear cross pieces and braced sideways by the two diagonal braces, as shown. a“ About two-thirds of the total weight of the machine should rest on the drum and the remainder » JACK SHAFT

most of the framework of the machine, can be bought, as well as the pulleys, at any machinery depot. plants can be had for less than $50. The s ze and design of the motor base determines the final design of the mower. A 11% hp. DRUM SHAFT of ignition, preferably water cooled, is a good type for general utility. The mower should be from 80 in. to 36 in. wide, and its construction also has a bearing on the final design and width of the machine. The extra heavy frame of 114 in. pipe CROSS BARS=* Small gasoline power — motor of the hit-and-miss type me

ea PIPE BUSHING DRUM

Qzz 12k6 at PLITS SECTIONAL VIEW THROUGH A- PUL Top and side views of the lawnmower, details of the driving sprocket drum, and construction of the jack-shaft bearings is bent in a blacksmith shop to the shape shown. Cross pieces of 14 in. by 8 in. flat iron are then fastened to the pipe frame with 14-in. bolts, so spaced as to form a support for the motor and extend out from

LEYS REDUCTION SHAFT BEARING DETAILS on the caster wheel. This distri- bution of the weight is necessary to counterbalance the weight of the mower when it is lifted off the grass. The handles should be about 24 in. apart and well braced. The mower is hung on a flat iron cross brace, which is bent down at each end, and fastened to the extreme front of the frame. Flat pieces form links to connect the mower to this cross piece. An upright arm with a small brace is bolted or riveted to the left link; (Turn to page 101)

Augr Arb most struc sum! bene trate cost excel gard amo been trate bein requ hav glan gen foll boy gat inv bui res! % in. rai bel ste

Page 63

—. — oe es — oe Se = oO ee ON OS ee Ee Es = = = .& a a sd

August, 1923 Splendid Blueprints f Arbor, Bench and Swing are Three Attractive Projects from Popular Science Monthly’s Famous Series of Home Workshop Drawings PoPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S series of blueprints, perhaps the most timely and useful for outdoor con- struction in the long, light evenings of mid- summer are the arbor, the combination bench and table, and the porch swing illus- trated. These are simple to make, do not cost a great deal for materials, and are excellent for dressing up the porch and garden. Perhaps you have noticed these designs among the thumbnail sketches that have been published from time to time to illus- trate the blueprint series. They are again being published as a result of a number of requests from readers. The new perspective assembly drawings have been especially prepared to show at a glance the over-all dimensions and give the general construction clearly enough to be followed without difficulty by any man or boy who is handy with woodworking tools. Arbor Has Two Roomy Seats The arbor, with its arched top, quaint gate and two roomy seats, is a perpetual invitation to linger in the garden. It is built of cypress or other durable wood and rests on 4 by 4-in. sleepers buried in the ground. The posts are 234 by 234 in.; the slats \% by 174 and 74 by 2 in.; the rails % by 3 in.; the top bows 114 by 2 in.; the gate rails 744 by 25¢ in. The roof bows can be made either by bending the 1!<¢ by 2 in. pieces after they have been softened in boiling water or with steam, or by building up the curve from QO’ ALL the noteworthy projects in

Sketch and assembly drawing of the arbor, which is fully described in Home Workshop Blueprint No. 9

two layers of % in. stock sawed to shape. The porch swing, made of oak, ash, chestnut or other hardwood, is distin- guished by the graceful shape of its back. Both the seat and back are curved to make them comfortable. Two stretchers of sleepers 134 by 234 in. by 4 ft. support the swing. The cross rails of the seat are 134 by 134 by 16 in.; the four back braces are cut from one piece 114 by 12 in. by 2ft.2in. The slats are 14 by 2 in. stock. The combination bench and _ table is ordinarily used as a decorative bench for the veranda or sun porch, but it can be con- verted instantly into a luncheon table. The seat covers a capacious box. White pine, whitewood, or other close

Combination bench and and tilt-top table for veranda or sun porch, detailed in Home Worke shop Blueprint No. 11 ' 77 or Your Summer Work

Working details and bill of materials for this ornamental porch swing are contained in Blue- print No. 10 grained soft wood is used, and the piece is painted or enameled and ornamented as suggested in an article, “How to Paint Decorative Home Furniture,” on page 76 of the June POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. Complete working details, many of them full size, and an exact bill of materials can be obtained for each of these from the Blueprint Service Department of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY for 25 cents apiece, to cover the cost of blueprinting, handling and mailing. The designing, detailing and drafting, for which no charge is made, are a part of the magazine’s contribution to the success of your home workshop. An especially useful blueprint is being prepared for distribution next month. It shows the construction of a baby’s com- bination crib and play pen with folding top and other distinctive features that make it a most desirable addition to any home where there are young children.

Coupon for Ordering Blueprints Blueprint Service Dept., Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York. Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have checked below, for which I inclose GENTLEMEN: aitaah ees cents in stamps or coin: No. Title Price ES rae 2c O 2. Smoking Cabinet............... 25c O 3. Book Trough End Table......... ase «| EL] 5. Mitchen Carnet. ......esiccces 256. & 6. V. T. Radio Receiving Set........25c O 8. Shaving Cabinet. . .......0 0 sc0ss. 25¢ £) 9. Arbor with Gate and Seats....... @se (J MO ROTC WITS 6 <6 o.0:5-000 00 6 10:01610% 2e O 11. Bench and Tilt-Top Table....... asc. | «© 12. Electric Washing Machine....... 2e QO Rae ee ONES onc 9 05s:80 ee se ewes oe 25¢ O TORR rt Ae RAt est Wye Stites acs a Maid: ae oee (Please print) CONSE eT STALEY en ee Pe OO Ok ee a a 1 oe oe ee ee ee No. Title Price 14. Toy Train, Horse, and House.......25¢ [ 15. Home Workshop Bench........ 2Se. |[ 16. Inlaid Radio Cabinet.......... 25c J 17. Cedar and Mahogany Chest.... 25c_ [ 18. Telephone Table and Stool..... 25c_ [ 19. Grandfather’s Clock...........25¢ [ 20. Fine BOM Wee 6 5. ca kee cecine zSe 21. Colonial Writing Desk......... 25e_ [ 22. Girl’s Cabinet and Desk........ 25c_ [ 23. Pergola Garage. .............. 25c_ 24. Gateleg Table.............. 25ce 25. Sailing Outfit for Canoe......... 25c

Page 64

78 Popular Science M onthly

How Expert Mechanics Save Time and Better Shop Mie thods , ‘abor " 1 at TZ Ata YA

Using a Drill Press as By Joe V. Romig Machine-Tool Designer and Builder HORT stroke slotting on small tool S and die work is often done on the shaper or large slotter for want of a small slotting machine. If one of the drill presses in the shop is not kept constantly busy, it can be converted into a small slotter that will do fine and accurate work. The necessary modifications are not ex- pensive to make and the machine will save time on many small jobs that have to be shaped out to a layout line or require deep recesses that are difficult to machine on the shaper because of the size of the head. | The drill press selected should have a double table feed, to allow the work to be fed in either direction. The two bevel gears on the top of the spindle are removed and in place of the small gear on the top horizontal drive shaft is substituted a crank disk. This is keyed in place and has a T-slot milled across the center line to take the variable stroke crank pin. Usually the driven gear of the bevel set has an extended hub that runs in a bushed bearing at the head of the column, so a bushing must be made and inserted in its place to support the upper end of the spindle. A spindle clamp also is made of cold rolled steel with a turned down pin, as shown in the detail drawing. A connecting rod joins the crank pin and spindle clamp. To prevent the spindle’s turning, the ball

NO.2OR3 - MORSE TAPER

TOOL BLOCK dn fe.

Vlpa nines tare

ne iM CRANK DISK SPINDLE CLAMP: i; “CONNECTING ROD '“4'NO.3 MORSE TAPER TOOL SLOT

BAR USED TO SLOT KEYWAYS Details of the tool head, crank disk, steel sleeve, spindle clamp, connecting rod, and slotting bar

80 "T* .~t Tra ok = fr (8 SPINDLE CONNECTING ROD ta - IN | 3 . An c CRANK DISK—y < Me ? We 2 cau U - MEASURING \ Vie F— CLAMPS aati rn ; CLAMPING DOWN SLOTS SLOT 2"WiDE TAPPED HOLES a Enns PLATES BOTTOM VIEW BUSHINGS ; WING RIB! <a

HARDENED SLIP BUSHING we AND GROUND MEASURING BLOCK 2)2 WIDE Details of the surface plate and method of setting up bushings and measuring blocks through it the same size as the hole wanted in the work is forced into the bushing clamp. A ground plug is then fitted into the bush- ing and used for locating the bushing. Measurements are taken from measuring blocks clamped at any convenient place along the side slots. The slots in the sides permit the plate to be clamped to the miller for cutting, slot- ting or boring the work without removing it from the surface plate. , . Popular Science Monthly iene

August, : os OR F: ele advanta chair, be that is ' can be limits 2 any ang for the v chine, © signed t regardle Havil five par many ‘ jron, br saw ho’ was, al time to The illustra socket held in with a head o socket Nos. 1 drilled parts | socket Nur The 1 to 7/1 perenne —e * aan & W ne Z —_— — TL) et

sign This spee with amo to ¢ met The in p iron are ried whe scel the

/

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| Uni- S not with nore own ) the ould size ron. hine | are ma- lade late ry. th trap hole AMP NG August, 19:23 79 Shop Lamp Has Universal Adjustments small shop or garage, the universal electric lamp illustrated has marked advantages. It can be clamped to a table, chair, box, lathe, drill press, or to any edge that is within the range of the clamp. It can be adjusted to any height within its limits and the light can be set at almost any angle to furnish the best illumination for the work, whether drafting, reading, ma- chine, or pattern work. It is also so de- signed that any style of shade can be used, regardless of its shape, in the holder, No. 15. Having made a set of patterns for the five parts that have to be cast, I found that many of my friends wanted castings in iron, bronze or aluminum as soon as they saw how neat and useful the finished lamp was, and I still have castings made from time to time. The parts used in the construction are jllustrated in detail. No. 1 is the lamp socket holder that swivels on No. 4 and is held in position by the clamp screw No. 9, with a 5/16-in. spring washer under the head of the screw. Number 2 is the lamp socket holder cap. The surfaces between Nos. 1 and 2 are filed smooth and flat and drilled and tapped for screws No. 3. These parts form the clamp to hold the lamp socket No. 14, in place. Number 4 forms the lamp socket head: The 11/16-in. barrel is drilled and reamed to 7/16 in. for the spindle No. 12. The P= the home drafting table and the List of Lamp Parts No. PaRT MATERIAL REQ'D 1 Lamps ocket holder ..C. I., bz., or alum. .1 2 Lamp socket holder Sa oe ene ae ane vente GC.) bz;; or-alum:. .1 3 Lamp. socket holder cap screws... . . 8/32 by % oval head 2 4Lamp_ socket holder ROME es sc rales tee aos C.. I. bz, or-alum.. .1 § Height adj. collar.....C. I., bz.,or alum... 1 OY 00) \c: eee eee . WM brass Tod)... 2 7 Height adj. collar re- taining screw....... C.R. Ss with 5/32 t drill rod handle. . 1 8 Adj. screw for 4......5/16 by 5/16..... 1 9 Angle adj. clamp screw. 5/16 by 34 hex. caps. with 3/16 D. R handle.. ; , 10 Table clamp. ............. (CORE) AE re ere eee 1 ii Table clamp screw. ..C. R.S.....5... A 12 Lamp spindle. ...... ORS SS ae 1 1S Swing. TOG. . ss 6.05.6. Oy | OS a ee 1 14 Lamp socket......... Sh GS nS eens 1 15 Shade holder... . ...:. SSO) are 1 16 Spring washer (Not shown on drawing). . 5/16 steel, stock ...1 17 Hard wood strips.....5/16 by 11%...... 1 By B. R. Wicks boss B is drilled and tapped 5/16-18 thd. for the gib screw, No. 8, which should screw in tight, the play being adjusted by the thrust block No. 6, so that it will swing easily on the spindle No. 12. The boss A on No. 1 faces A on No. 4. The clamp screw No. 9 is made from a 5/16 by 34 in. hex. head cap screw with a 3/16-in. drill rod handle driven in. The 9/16-in. barrel is drilled and tapped 5/16-18 thd. and faced to 1 in., so that the locknuts on the swing rod No. 13 will set square. Number 5 is the height-adjusting collar bored and reamed to 7/16 in. to fit No. 12; the boss C is drilled and tapped 5/16-18 thd. and held in position by means of the screw No. 7. The thrust block No. 6 is placed be- tween the screw and the spindle to prevent cut- ting into the spindle when the screw is moved. Number 10, the clamp, is an iron casting, drilled and tapped for the + ST. LAMP SOCKET ” SLIDING FIT —— The universal lamp end of the spindle No. 12, and the clamp screw No. 11, which is made from cold rolled steel. Number 18, the swing rod, is made from 5/16- in. cold rolled steel. A piece of hard wood, No. 16, 5/16 by 1 in., and of a length to be deter- mined from the size of the table to be used, has quae h a slot in one end to en- I Cia] i gage the end of this OC. 29 eg ocr | swing rod D, and is fas- ke 34" >| tened under the table OF titi 2 with a wood screw, E, so t that the light can be OL 16 (SLOT == TABLE Nw moved from one side to the other, regardless of the height, simply by manipulating the lever. This can be done with one hand without chang- ing the position or inter- rupting the drafting or other work that is under SECTION OF 4 way. Time is saved and Details of the lamp parts, standard, and mechanism for ; . EC onmnanes the light from side to side. The parts are num- a direct light is kept on ered to correspond with the list of ma terials! the work. Rotary Tools Increase Speed and Safety in Press Work By C. M. Wilcox ECHANICS and designers who M have to deal with press work may find useful suggestions in the de- sign of the set of press tools illustrated. This is a “‘safety first’? setup and couples speed and accuracy with a minimum amount of handling. The tools are used to close formed sheet SWING metal rolls on buckles. ‘LEVER The buckles with rolls in position are placed in the dies at the iront of the tools, and are automatically car- fe ried up into position -: : STOP PIN Each buckle is then carried down the back side to tumble into a trough, which guides it into a receiving box or can. A cast-iron die holder drum, with a bear- ing on both sides, is keyed to the shaft and has eight hardened steel dies embedded in its face, spaced 45 degrees apart. An eight- oem | PUNCH BLOCK {TO BUCKLE tooth ratchet is keyed to one end of the shaft and a locking disk having eight equally spaced milled slots, is fixed to the opposite end. Attached to one side of the punch block is a hook lever free to work on its stud. This stud is so located that the hook lever swings against the ratchet of its own -weight and no spring is required. On the opposite INSERTED side of the punch ae block is hung a swing SN YORUM lever in which is riv- “ax “yeXRAICHED =eted a stop pin. A second pin is riveted amar to its lower extremity. % | PUNCH Gt STUD Yr FORMED ROLL BEFORE CLOSING = : HOOK LEVER sesh - BUCKLES Heep ye Held to the side of Sar % where the punch de- scends and performs the closing operation. M onthly August, 1923 Diagram showing setup of vertical rotary press tools for closing formed metal rolls on uckles and performing similar press operations WORKRECEIVING TROUGH——*” ~—«the shaft bearing by means of a screw stud (Turn to page 88

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eltvetsesssn NS § As a message of inspiration to mechanics, this article has rarely been equalled. It is a true story and one of the many excel- Ient contributions to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S contest, ‘‘How I Got that Better Job.’’ The writer asked, however, that his name be withheld from publi- cation.—THE EDITOR. URING 1906 I was working as a D toolmaker in a shop in New York state at the highest rate of wages then paid for that class of work. I was 28 years old and married. On considering my situation carefully, I concluded that I had advanced about as far as I could ever expect to go if I con- tinued to depend on my manual skill alone. It was evident to me that I needed more education and since the only way for me to obtain it was to study at home, I took up a mechanical course with a corre- spondence school. I studied for about two years, and while what I learned was © of assistance to me in my work in many ways, I was no better off financially. It seemed that I could not get a better job because no opportu- nity offered for me to demonstrate my ability to fill one. My opportunity came in a very un- expected manner. The concern I was working for took a contract to furnish some special machines and deliver 500 in two weeks. I was told that since work was slack in the toolroom, it was desir- able to transfer a few toolmakers to pro- duction work to get the job out on time and was asked if I would be willing to be one of them. I agreed readily and was assigned a job of drilling and tapping 3¢-in. blind holes in a cylinder. This work was being done on a three- spindle drill, one spindle fitted with the tap size drill, one with the body size drill for counterboring about 1/16-in. deep, the other with a friction drive tapping attach- ment. I was told that the regular output was eight cylinders an hour, and asked to better it if I could. The material was cast iron, and the tapping operation was slow, since it was required to have a full thread clear to the bottom of a hole % in. deep. The chips gave considerable trouble and made it necessary to back out the tap and clean out the hole three times for each hole. Speeds Up the Tapping I started in with a dry tap, finishing each hole as I went and blowing out the chips with a small tube. In this manner I was able to do five an hour. Then I tried finishing all of the drilling on a cylinder, shaking out the chips, and running the tap into each hole as‘far as it would go, then shaking out the chips and running it in again until the tap had been in each hole three times and the cylinder com- pleted. In this way I reached the required output of eight an hour. I learned after- ward that this was the method followed by the regular operator. At that time I was studying hydraulics “‘We are going to organize a planning > room and shall need a foreman ¥ Toolmaker Quadruples Pay in my course, and naturally the subject was more or less in my mind. I considered what would happen if those holes were filled with liquid and the tap run into the hole. I concluded that the fluid would have to come out of the hole by way of the flutes alongside the tap; also that the more rapid the tap was driven in, the faster the fluid would have to flow out. I filled one of the holes with oil and started the tap into it, with the result that it went clear to the bottom without the friction slipping. Then I speeded up the tapping spindle, as the oil would keep the tap cool. After doing the drilling and shaking out the chips, I filled all the holes with oil and tapped them out. In this manner I got out 15 cylinders an hour and the second day was able to reach an out- put of 16 cylinders an hour. The job was one of considerable impor- tance and the superin- tendent was giving it his personal attention. The third day he came to me and said, “Bill, they tell me that you just doubled the out- put on this operation yesterday and I want to know how you did tad “Well, sir,” Ireplied, ‘‘blind holes are always rather troublesome to tap because of the difficulty in removing the chips. I seem to have overcome that by filling the holes with oil first, then, by running the tap in rapidly, the oil is displaced so quickly that it flows up the sides of the tap with sufficient force to carry the chips with it.’ I demonstrated it to him, adding, ‘Of course, you will have to add about a quart of oil a day to the cost of the job!” I Grasp My Chance He said, ‘‘That is negligible. With oil at 40 cents it would be economy if you used five gallons. How did you come to think of it?” Here was my chance, and [I grasped it. I replied, ‘‘Well,, you see I have been studying mechanics with the Blank Cor- respondence Schools for the past two years and just now I am studying the paper on hydraulics. This tapping prob- lem appeared to me a simple matter of displacement.” ‘“‘Simple enough,” he replied, and walked away. In a couple of weeks, when I was back on my old job, a messenger told me I was wanted in the superintendent’s office, and on presenting myself, I was told that the firm was going to systematize somewhat and that they needed some one to help organize a planning room. I was asked if I would care to go to a certain concern in the East and absorb what I could of their methods during a period of a month or so, then return and help with the installation of the system. I agreed and in about three months was given the title of “planning room foreman,” a position I held for about five years. Then I had an offer from the concern with which I am now connected. My present salary is more than four times what my wages were at the time I started studying. Popular Science M onthly Additions to Lathe Equipme, Save Machinist’s Time -" cada Te STOP quickly the rotation of hig lathe, a Los Angeles machinist Uses the shopmade brake illustrated. Its frame consists of a length of strap iron attached rigidly to the lathe bed and cone housing about 11% in. above the largest cone. To the left end of the strap a flat spring js fastened, its natural elasticity holding jt against the underside of the strap. This spring carries over the largest step of the A quickly made braking device and an always andy counterbalanced chuck wrench pulley a small brake lined with automobile brake lining. To press the spring and brake against the pulley, a crank of 3¢-in. steel rod, flattened at one end, is pivoted to the cone housing in such a way that the expanded, cam-like end lies between the right end of the spring and thestrap. Turning the crank forces the spring downward and operates the brake. The same machinist keeps the chuck wrench handy by hanging it above the headstock on a rope that passes over a pulley and is fastened to a counterweight. A shelf on a level with the lathe ways supports the chucks not in use.—EDWIN M. LOVE. Fixture for Setting Thread Tools ‘THis handy fixture for setting thread tools is placed between the centers of the lathe and leveled by means of the cross bar, as indicated. The bar also serves for setting the thread tool at the right height. ACME- WHITWORTH - U.S.STANDARD CROSS BAR SET LEVEL WITH INDICATOR ‘ e @ J \e29%W \e 55) 60% ‘The threading attachment It is therefore important that the cross bar be located so that the bottom of it comes on a line with the lathe centers. The fixture is made of machine steel and left soft.—HENRyY S. LARABY. Making Ball-Point Calipers HEN much inside cal- ipering is to be done, the addi- tion of steel balls on the caliper points will make the work easier and insure greater accuracy. For a pair of 6-in. calipers, 5/16-in. balls are about right. They are easily annealed in cast iron chips, drilled to fit the points, rehardened, and soldered to the calipers. Outside calipers can be fitted with ball points in the same way.—JOHN AURES. oe 2 "BALLS © CALIPER O: mechan! Man the sho} ends wi feed ra holes of the bar reached. To wu smooth and the is a sim Assur conveni table, if of the | follows: The | the siz making work, 4 size wil. shaped each ot squarel Wor pill bored, shown shoul when solute all we Thi threa: must threa: are Dp! Th of th for a tated posit the 1 clam quire mad is th colla take used sleex head cour thre each , 15-1 sirec turr in s and sets A

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MV onthly ment e ee n of hig St Uses ts frame ittacheq housing ne. To pring jg Iding it . This ) Of the EB ay

n always nch . omobile inst the attened housing -am-like P spring rces the > brake. > chuck ove the over a ‘weight. 1e ways WIN M. Tools thread nters of he cross rves for height.

-eading iment 2 Cross n of it enters. el and rs | much de cal- to be addi- 2] balls > work For a lls are iled in points, lipers. h_ ball \ URES. MVEA = HANS the closing operation. eee August, 1923 Diagram Snowing see sg buckles and performing similar press operations 81 Hand Boring Bar Useful in Small Shop tools, especially for the home ma- chinist, model maker, and small shop mechanic, is a hand operated boring bar. Many jobs too large for the only lathe in the shop can be bored out and faced on the ends with this little machine. Although the feed range of the bar is limited to 3} in., holes of any length can be bored by shifting the bar when its limit of travel has been reached. To use a hand operated boring bar a smooth surface or workplate is necessary, and the one illustrated in the third column isa simple and serviceable design. Assuming that the worker has a plate of convenient size or can use an idle work- table, if in a machine shop, the construction of the boring bar and its attachment is as follows: The head is a bearing-like block, made to the size shown. If it is desired to avoid making a pattern and doing much machine work, an ordinary pillow block of suitable size will serve. All four sides of the base are shaped up perfectly smooth and square with each other, and the piece is then mounted squarely on an angle plate on a lathe and Ow of the simplest yet most useful 2" TAPPED HOLES Kl,

TOP SECTIONAL VIEW OF HEAD WW, ' ah WOOD 14.15" 116 16 T SECTION an wa 2 THROUGHE On HT. OF HEAD 8 1] 3 a Ke | x PA IU ) Wp Kies i | BAR i BUSHINGS

Bi

Working details of the head, for which a pillow Sesh bearing can be used, and the bar bushings bored, counterbored, and threaded, as shown. The slots in the base of the block should be oblong to allow shifting the head when setting it up. The bore must be ab- solutely square to the outer surfaces, since all work is squared up from the faces. This sleeve is bronze or brass, turned or threaded with 16 threads an inch. This part must be a free running fit through the threaded bore of the head. Adjustments are provided to take up any lost play. The bore of the sleeve is exactly the size of the boring bars, plus a few thousandths for a neat turning fit. While the bar is ro- tated, the sleeve is either in a stationary position or moving forward in response to the turning of the feed handwheel. Two clamping collars locate the bar where re- quired, and when a step forward is to be made, they are both loosened and the bar is then slid into its new position and the collars reset. As the forward collar must take most of the thrust, a fiber washer is used between it and the flange end of the sleeve. In order to make the action of the head as firm as possible, the head block is counter bored in the center, so that the threads have a bearing of only % in. at each end. The bars are made of perfectly straight 15-16-in. cold rolled steel. When it is de- sired to "sse a small bar, the end of a bar is turned Jown, as shown. The tools are held in squere slots, drilled and filed in the bar, and clamped in place either with wedges or setscrews. A har rest is made with a 4-in. disk of

By Robert S. Lewis HEAD

BAR REST

WORK

SLEEVE

SALL/LLLL, \ oe iy SS ———=||' Fa \e } W . CLL ‘ 7 “ ‘ or | A, FEED TL ge4+<—— all L (2)

HOLLOW

SURFACE PLATE/

PARALLELS. PARALLELS FIBER WASHER ~— OIL. HOLES. ; v5 B IN £ 5 ‘ 3x2 COLLAR HEAD / ORING BAR Sp 2* ie ee

AT 2 ae " E , 16 THDS. AN INCH 3 DIA. HAND WHEEL How the boring bar is set up for use and a sectional view through the head steel for a base and a standard of %-in. round steel is used when the boring bar must be supported at the far end. The drive bearing block is split and ad- justable, and is so arranged that it slides and clamps in any position. In order to use the same block for small bores, bushings are made as required. They are split and a piece of thin, soft wood is forced into the split to make the bushings adjustable. A Hand Crank Drives the Bar The bar is driven by means of a hand crank made of %-in. round steel. A thin brass sleeve is fitted to the handle end and is retained by a button head screw. Since a higher speed can be used when boring small holes, the crank is made adjustable and has an adjustable counter balance. Since there is no vertical adjustment of the bar, it must be set at the right height, or the work must be adjusted to suit the bar. This can be done by using parallels, which, for use in the head, can be made of 2-in. pipe in pairs and graduated inlength. The ends must be perfectly square. The bolts should be -in.—13 threads, and, when used in conjunction with a tapped hole workplate, are of the stud type, threaded at both ends. To operate the bar, bolt the head as near to the workplate as possible, turn back the feed sleeve until the flange stops against the head. Then set up the job in front of the head, using parallels of the proper height, and square the work from one or more of the shaped surfaces of the head. The

a BEARING PARALLELS i SET- (BRASS) (2°PIPE) SCREWS H=HEIGHT =1':2",3"4" 5" &6 MADE IN PAIRS 7) 3 ¢ * STANDARD “Si \ L, (STEEL) om uu Esa ( y 16 = 4" DISK Y la (STEEL) SECTION CLAMP COLLAR ihe, Ys ZY 3" ay os The bar rest,

parallels, and collars distance of the work away from the head is determined by the length of the bore and should be at least 314-in., which is the travel of the feed sleeve. The bar rest is then placed in position and a surface gage used to check the height at each end. The bar is placed in position and fastened with clamp collars. Round nose or diamond point tools with a single cutting edge are most used for horizontal boring, although it is advisable at times to finish a particularly fine hole with a square nosed tool. When boring long, deep holes, and if extreme accuracy is desired, it is advisable to finish the bore with a double cutter, after having first roughed out the hole to within a few thou- sandths of an inch of the finished size. When facing ends, a long piece of tool steel, ground perfectly flat and straight, is used, as also when counterboring to a square corner. A handy attachment for the boring head consists of a 10-in. bar, fitted at the end with a No. 1 or No. 2 Morse taper socket, which can be used when drilling holes. When the machine is used for drilling, the “

RETAINING SCREW + 13 THOS. ; 9 (-) x o00000~«CWU€COSFCUOC iS oc ogc 0 80080080 8 Qi e©eooocoeoelcetmlUCOWUCUO8WUc8lCU8 ol] A |e. ©00000000 00 3 SET SECTION OF EAP eee: SCREW WORK=PLATE ee CR.STEEL okt mer an Paya’ SETSCREW ay Z, ADJUSTABLE CRANK _

kK 24" TO 36" + BORING ie DIA.CR. STEEL A serviceable type of workplate with tapped holes, and the adjustable crank and boring bars

work is held securely against an angle plate bolted to the worktable. The boring bar can be used to good ad- vantage on large, heavy work by mountirg the head on an angle plate, which is mourt- ed to the side of the casting that is to be bored. Because it is light in weight, simple in design and operation and easily carried about, the bar is a very useful portable tool for repair work.

Kerosene Overcomes Difficulties in Machining Aluminum B lees use of aluminum is greater today than ever, so that in the shop alumi- num castings, plate and bar stock present quite a problem when it comes to machining them. If the tool is kept quite sharp, fair results may be obtained in turning the metal. Difficulty is experienced in drilling and tapping, however, because the more or less blunt cutting faces of the tools drag and tear the metal. The aluminum chips seem to have an affinity for the aluminum stock, and in backing out a tap it often happens that the thread is torn away. Among the various cutting fluids, by far the best results, so far, have been obtained with kerosene used alone. For lathe turning the kerosene is fed in a fine stream over the tool. This gives a clean machined surface, apparently without much regard to the fine- ness of the tool edge. Similarly, when drill- ing and tapping, a plentiful supply of kero- sene on the drill or tap assures keeping the hole or thread smooth and of the proper size.—S. L. F.

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How to Make a Spider-Web Variometer Tuning Unit Useful in Many Radio Circuits Does Away with Difficult Rotor and Stator Windings EARLY every radio fan who has tried to make a —- TH'N_STRIP OF FIBER BETWEE variometer of the BRASS AND standard type has W&---~._ found difficulty in winding the concave rotor coil and in stick- ing the convex stator coil in place. Much easier to make is the spider-web variom- eter illustrated. The main frame is “< 1¢ by \%-in. brass , ‘tees, bent up at both ends. “© BRASS Roo A hole is_ drilled through each end to accommodate a 3-16-in. shaft. At one end an extra hole is drilled for panel mounting. The spider-webs are fastened to pieces of 1-64 by 14-in. brass ribbon by means of flat-head machine screws. A thin sheet of fiber or shellacked paper shoule be placed between the coil and the ribbon. One of the ribbons is bent and soldered to the base, while the other is bent around the shaft and soldered to it. Two pieces of 3-16-in. inside diameter brass tubing should be soldered to the shaft at one end on both sides of the frame to keep the coils lined up. A small base of 14-in. fiber is fastened to the brass frame by a machine screw and the two binding posts are mounted on it. The spider-webs used are fiber forms, cut By Edwin G. Gettins

Method of mounting the coils, the wires ing omitted for simplicity as shown, and wound with No. 26 wire, but any conventional de- sign of spider-web coils will serve. The outside wire from the v4 stationary coil is fas- _-BRASS TUBE tened to one binding “ SOLDERED TO post and the inside terminal is connected by a piece of “pig- tail’’ wire to the out- side end of the mov- able coil. Using an- other “‘pigtail,’’ fasten the inside end to the other binding post. This varicmeter also can be used as a two-circuit tuning coil by breaking the connection between the two coils and using one for the primary and the other for the secondary. As a variom- eter it may be used in any hookup where a standard type variometer is needed. 6-32 MACHINE SCREW hn, BRASS

/a FIBER OR COMPOSITION

Laying Out Angles Quickly EVER try to lay out an angle without a protractor? All you need is a scale and a pair of dividers. Strike an are with a radius of 3.58 in. and every 1/16 in. on the are will be very nearly one degree. For ordinary purposes the dividers may be set for a radius of 3 9/16 in. and the angle obtained will be close enough. —C. M. Wilcox.

Sturdy Barrel Concrete Mixer is Motor-Driven HIS concrete mixer, which gives de- pendable service, cost only $14 for materials, not including the motor. A strong paint barrel, reinforced with an extra 14 by 2 in. hoop around it, about 4 in. from the middle, is used for holding the “mix.” A flange with a 34-in. shaft fixed to it is fastened to the head of the barrel with six bolts. The shaft runs in a bearing in the swing- ing frame, as illustrated. The heavy hoop revolves on four 33-in. casters attached to the square frame that surrounds the barrel. The drive is provided by means of a Ford starting gear and pinion. The pinion

The rear view of the mixer, showing the motor and arrangement of belts

The barrel revolves in a square frame that is pivoted and can be turned from end to end is driven by the belt that goes around the corner to the common center from which the frame is swung. This arrangement permits the barrel to be turned over from end to end while it is still being rotated by the motor. The advantage in this lies in the fact that it can be loaded on one side and dumped on the other, as well as dumped from the same side on which it was loaded. A W%-hp. motor pulls the load easily. About 12 or 15 large shovels of material seem to be the proper batch for one mixing. —E. W. Munson, Los Angeles, Calif. . Posts of the receiving set.—G. L. S. Popular Science M onthly Double Loop Tuner Cuts Down| Radio ee - YOU are using a single circuit Tadio receiver and are annoyed with interfer. ence from several broadcasting stations, the construction of the simple double loop illys. trated will make your set much mop selective. The device will work with eithe a crystal or a vacuum tube set. Make a framework in the shape of a crogg by connecting three 12 in. and one 15 hig ends. The long end is nailed, screwed o otherwise mounted to a base block.

2A TURNS N° 22WIRE KG 12 CONTACT SWITCH —— 12" 24 TURNS

KK SS) TKK \ NS Yi . = TO RECEIVING SET L 3° SQ.FIBER 12 CONTACT SWITCH ‘ 23 PLATE” VARIABLE CONDENSER

ra “ 5

Br KEE WOODEN Front and FRAME i rear views of po, —— loop SECONDARY SIDE Drive brads or small nails every 3 in. along both sides of the arms to within 24 in. of the center, as shown. The nails must not come directly opposite each other as they should not touch in the center. Next wind No. 22 single or double cotton covered wire spirally on the nails on both sides, so that there is a continuous loop on each side. These loops are not connected in any way but both should turn in the same direction. Cut two pieces of 1¥-in. fiber or composi- tion 4 in. square and mount on them 12 taps, a switch arm and two binding posts. Fasten the switches to the center of the cross, using wooden spacers as necessary. From one loop, which is to be the pri- mary, take off leads, beginning at the outside, from the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 12th, 14th 16th, 18th, 20th, 22nd, and 24th turns, and solder to the switch points. Hook this loop to the aerial and ground, as shown, using a 23-plate variable condenser parallel with it. The coil on the other side is a duplicate of the first but requires no condenser. It is connected to the aerial and ground binding

Craftsman Gray Finish for Wood OPEN grained woods, such as oak, chest- nut, ash and gum, can be given a novelty finish in craftsman’s gray with little diffi- culty. Give the raw wood a coat of linseed oil and when that is dry dust out the pores of the grain thoroughly. Next fill the grain with white lead or a commercial paste filler colored a light gray. Force the thick filler into the grain with a putty knife and re- move the surplus. When the filler is dry, sandpaper the surface with 00 paper and complete the finishing with wax or var- nish.—E. L. V.

Price inter roofi You floo!

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Down uit radio interfer. itions, the loop illus, Ich More ith either ofa Cross, me 15 ip. -Trewed Or k. =R BOARD CT SWITCH 12" &TURNS i922 WIRE \ ff an \) y 3% in. thin 244 ‘ils must other as te e cotton on both loop on nnected 1 in the omposi- hem 12 g posts. of the essary. the pri- outside, th, 14th ns, and his loop using a with it. iplicate . Itis oinding Wood chest- ovelty e diffi- linseed > pores > grain e filler k filler nd re- is dry, ir and y var- Monthy August, 1 923 5 Room House 538 5 Build Your Own Home By the ALADDIN Readi-Cut System. Price includes all the lumber cut to fit, interior woodwork, hardware, glass, nails, roofing, lath, doors, windows, etc. Your choice of aight ateerwk t $5 3 8 floor plans - - ALADDIN’S AMAZING BARGAINS ALADDIN Prices Are LOWER TODAY Than They Were a Year Ago ARVELOUS improvements and distinct changes in design and produc- M tion have enabled The Aladdin Company to reduce costs away below anything heretofore conceivable. Where else can you buy home building materials now at less than Last Year’s Prices? This Large 7 Room Bungalow—Price $975. Here is asplendid seven room bungalow at the astonishing price of $975. Floor plans of seven different interior arrange- ments are shown in the Aladdin catalog. You have your choice of any one of them at the same price—$975. The material is of course all cut to fit. Big Two Story Dutch Colonial Home $1932. This Dutch Colonial contains big living room, size 14 x 26 feet, dining room, kitchen, pantry, four fine corner bed rooms, bath and closets. All material is guaranteed to be cut accur- ately to fit. Quick construction, 18% saving of waste in material and about 30% saving on labor. SEND TODAY FOR FREE ALADDIN Catalog No. 2761 THE ALADDIN COMPANY Office and Mills at Bay City, Mich., Wilmington, No. Car., Portland, Ore., Toronto, Ont., Can.

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(Continued from page 26) alphabet stands or is supposed to stand, for a very simple sound like “a” or “‘oh” or ‘‘s-s”. Combinations of these sounds make up the syllables and words of the language. If we tried to write as the Babylonians did, with a separate sign for each of the sound combinations that we call asyllable, we would need 40,000 or 50,000 such signs in- stead of the 26 alphabetic signs that we find sufficient. This, then, is the history of writing. It evolved, just as everything else has done. In the beginning it was a picture writing, each sign in it standing for a natural ob- ject or, more generally, for an idea. Later on the signs were linked to sin- gle, spoken words and became word signs. Next they were syllable signs. Finally they came to stand for the simplest speech- sounds of all, the sounds that we call our vowels and consonants. Writing became alphabetic. Chinese Still Use Idea Signs There are, indeed, modern ways of writ- ing still in use in the world that indicate some of the stages of this history. Chinese, for instance, is still written in idea-signs, just as the ancient Sumerian was. Each one of the curious looking drawings of Chinese writing was originally a picture; a picture of water or of a mountain or of a man or of some other familiar thing. These signs still stand for these ideas and only indirectly for the spoken words that correspond to them. A piece of Chinese writing will be read off in quite different words in different parts of China, just as the picture writing of the American Indians was. The written idea, of course, remains the same every- where. The simpler vowel and consonant signs that make up our modern alphabet origi- nated, just as the syllable signs of the Baby- lonian writing had done, out of ancient pic- tures but they did not come exclusively, or even mainly, from the signs that were de- veloped in Babylonia. For most of them we must thank that other great empire of the ancient world, Egypt. At the same time that a picture writing was developing among the Sumerians— that is, about six or seven thousand years ago—a similar system of writing was grow- Valve Filing Fixture Saves Time of HEN grinding in a set of valves, many automobile mechanics first dress down the worn and pitted surface of each valve by filing it. The valve stem is held in the chuck of a sensi- tive drill press and revolved against the file, which is kept approximately at an angle of 45 degrees to the stem. While this is a speedy method so far as the filing is con- cerned, the accuracy of the angle is often lost and the actual grinding operation takes longer. A better method is to use a simple attach- ment, as shown, to control with precision the angle of the file. By keeping the file against the guide roller and down on its flange a perfect job is made of filing the valve and only a little grinding is required to finish the surface. A piece of steel is turned to fit the hole in the table arm of the press and a flange is left near one end to support the web, which is retained in place by a locknut, as indi- The Origin of Speech and [NS a comprehensive article next month, Doctor Free will sum up what he finds to be the accumulated proofs of science in support of the theory of evolution. ing up in Egypt. It was also a picture writ- ing but the pictures used were different ones. It is the writing familiar to us as the signs called the hieroglyphics. The evolution of these picture signs was the same in Egypt as in Babylonia. They became word signs, then syllable signs; finally some of the Egyptian signs became almost if not quite alphabetic. At the same time the shapes of the hiero- glyphic signs underwent a change. They were complicated and difficult to draw. Though they were retained in the full orig- inal complexity in religious texts and on official monuments, there gradually de- veloped for daily use a simpler modification of them, a sort of running hand that could be written easily on the paper-like sheets which the Egyptians had learned to make out of the papyrus plant, a kind of rush-like weed that grew wild along the banks of the Nile. It seems to have been this every- day handwriting of the Egyptians that led, in the main, to our modern alphabet. The people who devised it for us were the Phoenicians. In the centuries between 2000 and 1500 B. C. there grew up on the coast of what was to be later on the Holy Land, two great Phoenician cities, Tyre and Sidon. The people of these cities were ship-owners and traders. They carried the ocean commerce of the great land powers, Babylonia and Egypt. They were familiar, by necessity, with the written languages of these countries. And so they borrowed from the Egyp- tian running hand, and perhaps from the Babylonia syllable signs also, a series of marks which they seem to have used, at first, as marks for their bales and boxes of merchandise, as we use “O. K.” or ‘“‘$’’. Soon these marks were being used as sound-signs to write the Phoenician lan- guage. Presently the Greeks learned them from the Phoenicians and used them to write Sa ti Nth oe Ug i l fi | l| The valve filing fixture in use and a cross section showing how the roller guide is mounted Popular Science Monthly Writing Greek. The Romans modified these same signs so that they could use them to write Latin. These Roman letters are our own Since the days of the Romans there hag been almost no change in the alphabet or in ways of writing. The invention of printing has tended, on the whole, to petrify both writing and speech and to keep them from changing much or rapidly. But one invention that has grown out of printing constitutes, curiously enough, a return to the oldest writing methods of all, This invention is the picture book, the illus. trated magazine and newspaper. What is the picture section of the Sunday paper, for instance, but a kind of picture writing quite like that of the Indians or Babylonians? There are interesting social possibilities in the growing use of such printed pictures and of the related invention of motion pic. tures. Diversity of speech is admittedly one of the greatest obstacles to that inter- national sympathy and understanding which is so essential, the sociologists insist, to the future security of the world. That is why so many able and forward-looking men are devoting time and money to develop an international speech like Esperanto, An International Picture Language } Such a common speech for all the world is greatly to be desired and is presumably inevitable, but it seems to arrive slowly. Meanwhile, is it not possible that we are developing, all unawares, an international language of pictures? Writing is evolving, speech is evolving, civilization is evolving; perhaps even man himself is evolving. The key to knowledge of what may happen in the future lies in the study of what has happened in the past. For Further Reading N the nature of language and the origin of speech the best work is still ‘‘The Science of Language " by F. Max Miller, Sixth Edition,1871. Many reprints have been issued, the latest being by Longmans, Green & Co., New York, in the complete edition of Professor Miiller’s works. On the history of writing see ‘‘The Story of the Alphabet,’’ by Edward Clodd, D. Appleton and Co., New York, 1915. On the origin of the Indo-European group of languages of which English belongs see ‘‘The Home of the Indo-Euro- peans,’’ by Harold H. Bender, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1922. A recent work on the nature of language, authoritative but somewhat heavy reading, is ‘‘Language,’’ by Edward Sapir, Harcourt, Brace and Co., New York, 1921. On request, the author will supply the names of other books on the subject. Auto Mechanics cated. The small portion of the shank that projects beyond the locknut is turned to form a 60-degree center and the point is case hardened. The web is 14 in. thick steel stock drilled to slip over the upper part of the shank. A roller 5% in. in diameter is set on a base that holds it at an angle of 45 degrees to the valve stem, and at the same time at right angles to a line or lines tangent to the roller and valve at the points where the file is in contact with each. In use, place the valve in the drill chuck and elevate and clamp the spindle as high as possible. The fixture is then slipped in the hole in the table arm and is elevated to bring the center point snugly up into the center hole in the head of the valve. The file is used with a stroke, as on lathe work. A striking advantage of this fixture, be- sides its simplicity, is that it will take care of valves of all sizes.—J. V. | August, 1 a re Keep! Wit ONS’ in tl the spi This we: The spi lappec of .025 possibl square! them | charge the sp shown, tion. third | each. the m Sor N \ des in cor quires placin oe ‘ tool othe: will | cont also tanc cyli accu cron usec in ¢ a si a cil 1-in poi at . the dia: 1 4 wo

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peech age ” yrints mans, on of riting ‘lodd, origin which Euro- ersity n the neavy -ourt, 1es of that d to case steel rt of base » the ‘ight oller is in 1uck high d in ated into ilve. athe _ be- care August, 1923 BETTER SHOP METHODS Keeping Your Micrometer True With Three Lapping Disks ONSTANT use of a micrometer results in the edges of the anvil and the end of the spindle becoming slightly rounded. This wear can be corrected most accurately by the use of three cast iron lapping disks, one .275 in. thick, another .283 in. thick, and a third .291 in. thick. All may be 1 in. in diameter and the edges should be beveled. They should be stamped 1, 2, and 3 for ready iden- tification. As one com- plete turn of a The spindle and anvil are micrometer screw lapped perfectly square means an _ ad- vance or retreat of .025 in., the three disks together make it possible to lap the faces evenly and squarely. Charge the blocks by rubbing them on a surface plate that has been charged with a little flour emery. Bring the spindle down on one of the bloeks, as shown, and rub with an easy, circular mo- tion. Do the same with the second and third block, lapping an equal amount with each. These blocks, make it easy to keep the micrometer in good condition.—H. S. Sound Magnifier for Lapping WORKING with a diamond lap it is desirable to know just when the lap is in contact with the work. This often re- quires more than a keen sense of touch. By placing on the work the forked end of the Two types of sound rods easily made tool illustrated and putting an ear to the other end, the sound of the lapping process will be magnified greatly and the slightest contact will be audible. The instrument can also be used in grinding or milling.—S. L. Dividing Cylindrical Work T° SPACE equal __ dis- tances around cylindrical work accurately, a mi- crometer may be used, as shown, in connection with the table found in any mechanical. handbook giving the length of aside of any regular polygon inscribed in a circle. If, for instance, it is desired to divide a l-in. cylinder into three parts, a starting point is scribed, then the micrometer is set at .866, given in the table as the length of the side of a regular triangle where the diameter of the inclosing circle equals 1. If the cylinder were 3 in. in diameter, it would be necessary simply to multiply .866 A sure test for a worn and scored cylinder The STARRETT CYLINDER GAGE / no qwonder She wont pull Car Owners— OW you can KNOW when your cylinders are scored, tapered or out-of-round. Ask the shop to test them with the Starrett Cylinder Gage. Slide this Gage up and down the cylinder yourself and prove to your own satis- faction whether your cylinders need attention. This remarkable Gage is so sensitive that a variation of one thousandth part of an inch is plainly recorded on the dial. Yet it is so simple and reliable in operation that anyone can use it and be sure of absolutely reliable results. SERVICE STATIONS, RE-GRIND AND RE-BORE SHOPS, GARAGES This new Starrett Cylinder Gage will help you sell more service. No more difficulty in convincing the car owner the necessity of truing up worn cylinders. No. 452 is designed on an entirely new principle—non-collapsible, easy to read and wonderfully accurate. Revised Supplement to Catalog No. 22 “W” describes this new instrument. Write for free copy. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. The World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hacksaws Unexcelled ATHOL, MASS. Starrett Cylinder Gage, No. 452 Of rugged construction—has non-breakable crystal over dial. Latter is mounted on block moving at right angles to sled which has two line contact points always in alignment with the cylinder walls. Two hardened contact points independently cause the hand to travel over the dial (reading in .001"') and with a unique double spring action make the gage self-centering and absolutely non-collapsible. After the variation of the bore has been determined, note the reading on the dial and transfer to an outside microme- ter to find the diameter. Two adjustable rods which can be carried in the hollow handle provide for diameters ranging from 2% to 6 inches. Gage is nickle plated. Weight, 12 ounces. ww s.--i,. C. BM. i c

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Ask your barber what kind of clippers he uses and he will undoubtedly answer “Brown & Sharpe.” For he has found that day-by-day, year in and year out, these clippers cut smoothly and accurately. They stay sharp. Some barbers are using today the Brown & Sharpe clippers they bought twenty years ago. Mothers and fathers too are buying Brown & Sharpe clippers as the best kind .for use at home. The simplicity and ease of operation make it possible for anyone to use them; for bobbed hair, Dutch cuts, for

your barber uses— The clipper your barber uses is the clipper to use at home. BROWN & SHARPE Mfg.Co. Providence, R.L,U.S.A. The World's Standard (BS Quality Tool Makers

men who like to keep their hair closely trimmed between trips to the barber—and wherever a good barber or hairdresser isn’t quickly accessible. * * At hardware, cutlery, barber supply and other stores you will find the four most popular sizes of the “Bressant” Model Brown & Sharpe clippers. No. 000 cuts hair very short—nearly as close as shaving but without coarsening the hair as a razor does. No. 00 cuts hair 1/64 inch long No. 0 cuts hair 1/32 inch long No. 1 cuts hair 1/8 inch long

and Save Money! A place for every Tool and every Tool in a GERSTNER Case will save both money and Tools. Astyle, size and price to suit alltrades. Catalog free. = H. Gerstner & Sons 345 Columbia St., Dayton, Ohio Save Your Tools | $1500 to $3000 A YEAR Easily Made Charging Batteries big profits. Buy your HB 8-Hour Battery Charger on ton

monthly pays for your HB Outfit. Small cash payment. Free trial on money-back guarantee. H 8-Hour Charging brings trade, beats competition. Write for information. Hobart Bros. Co. , Box P-8, Troy, 0.

DO YOU LIKE TO DRAW? CARTOONISTS TRAINED BY W. L. EVANS MAKE MONEY Some of the cleverest cartoonists are former students. They had no experience before enrolling, but worked at the lessons during their spare time and found CARTOONIST Evans’ METHOD ‘‘easy to learn’’ and are now making good money. It is not hard to learn to draw originals when shown in a practical way. The School is recommended by well known cartoonists because they know the students are handled right. If you like to draw and want to be able to sell your drawings, send a sample of your work (either a copy or an original) and let us see what you can do. We will send you the port- — - cartoons and full details about the school. The Course is NOT EXPENSIVE THE W. L. EVANS SCHOOL OF CARTOONING 825 Leader Bidg., CLEVELAND, OHIO

:

¢ Keane Better -Cost Less Radio Products are $0 Much Better ‘ BY perfecting the new Crosley Duostat universal filament control rheostat, the Crosley Manufacturing Company has made their instruments more efficient because of the: 1. Efficient, smooth, uniform control of all tubes duo-wound to low and high resist- ance 10 to 20 ohms. 2. Plunger type contact actuated by a special spring, insuring uniform pressure at all times. . Spring washers producing uniform tension. . Positive rugged stop at zero resistance or “on” position. Circuit interrupted at ‘‘off’”’ position. Resistance material having zero tempera- ture co-efficient. Windings protected by a black moulded shell of high heat insulating material. . Electrical connections substantial in con- struction. . Design of parts to prevent warping. . Extremely low operating temperature with all tubes. oo SN AN Pw - The outstanding performance of all Crosley Radio sets is due to the effective co-operation of the new “Filament Control Rheostat”’ with the other parts, New Crosley Duostat above—Price 85c. For Sale at Best Dealers Everywhere. Write for Free Catalog. CROSLEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY 817 Alfred St., Cincinnati, O.

Popular Science M. onthly

| small drill press and one of the dials was | fastened to the cross slide with a T bolt in

~ 2 ony a Ore BETTER SHOP METHODS | a Engraving and Lettering with the, Drill Press | ipl MAKING up two special dials for an engine control it was necessary to finish the faces with engraved lines and letters for which full size blueprints were furnished. To do the engraving as quickly as possible with the equipment at hand, an ordinary drill press was used. The blueprints were cut out and fastened to the dials with shellac. A cross slide from a bench lathe was bolted to the bed of a

--°"DRILL PRESS CHUCK BLUEPRINT SHELLACKED TO METAL DIAL ke : 2°" POINT OF = COUNTERSINK ROUNDED OFF CROSS SLIDE BOLTED To ORILL P°Fss BEC The dial, bolted to a small cross slide, is engraved with a modified countersink | the slot. A suitable tool was made by rounding off the end of a countersinking point, at the same time retaining the cut- ting edges. This was placed in the drill chuck and, after the proper depth for the cut had been determined, the drill stop was set at the point. By using the two feeds of the lathe cross slide, the engraving was quickly and easily accomplished, the tool being lifted only to pass from one line to another.—G. A. LUERS.

Tool for Locating Centers HEN the spindle or chuck on a mill- ing machine runs out of true while drilling or boring holes, the simple tool illustrated is useful for quickly centralizing the hole. Catch the spindle in the chuck and let it run at a high speed. Take the point of the

When revolving rapidly, pe needle centralizes it- se spindle between the thumb and first finger and the needle at once Will true itself. Then bring the center punch mark of the hole to a line with the needle point. I made this device several years ago and have used it ever since with great success.—J. A.

Bushing Adapts Boring Tool Holder for Drill Rod

Ae bush- SMALL WORK TOOL) ing made as —— — ae shown to fit a 0 standard __ boring tool holder is a use- ful addition to the tool equipment. It allows a drill rod to be used for small boring and inside threading jobs on the lathe. The utility and convenience of drill rod for making such small tools is well known.—E. W. BURNETT, Ottumwa, Ia. August, I — _ Tool | D IFI TI rienced ! ing perf and flat on a Pp shaper- are ofte poorly or wrol tool | When ' held in is less | The machir the set shank firmly This < true sl

Builc W carpe! main| cross off th show! C

The ove! shaj wed sust of t the tog siol als

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Popular Science Month,

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[onthly — ——__ th the S for an LO finish letters, mnished, Possible r dinary astened de from ed of a RESS “HUCK oF ITERSINK IDED OFF | SLIDE D To POFSS igraved Is was bolt in de by inking e cut- e drill or the yp was eds of y was e tool ine to -mill- while - tool lizing let it f the res it~ inger Then le to this ad it side lity cing

W. August, 1923 87

[BETTER SHOP METHODS

Tool Holder Aids in Producing Perfect Shaper Work |) gate TIES expe- rienced in obtain- ing perfectly true and flat surfaces on a planer- or shaper-tooled job are often due to poorly designed or wrongly used tool holders. When the tool is held in a rear position, as illustrated, there is less likelihood of chattering. The tool holder shank is made of stiff machinery steel, shaped and notched for the setscrew. The clamp head fits over the shank and the tool is held rigidly and firmly against the back face of the shank. This aids in obtaining perfectly flat and true surfaces.—V. R.

Details of holder that clamps tools so as to avoid chat- tering

Building Strong Wooden Trestles OODEN trestles or sawhorses are often made, even by experienced carpenters, so that the weight is borne mainly by the nails that hold the legs to the cross beams. A better method is to bevel off the inside edge of each leg at the top, as shown, and make a notch of corresponding

HEAVY DUTY TRESTLE

. WEIGHT 1S BORNE ON THESE SURFACES These wedge-like joints are an improvement over the usual method of making sawhorses

shape in the cross beams. The joint is then wedge-like in principle and the weight is sustained largely upon the wooden surfaces of the joint and only to a minor degree by the nails or screws used to hold the joint together.—S. B. O.

Dial Aids in Setting Expansion Valve Accurately HE dial illustrated has proved ex- ceedingly useful in setting the expan- sion valves in a storage plant. It would also be valuable on any valve where close and accurate set- ting is required. The 5%-in. dial is cut from tin. A blank nut is drilled and tapped for a setscrew and then soldered to the dial. The face is painted with white

How the dial is attached jing ink. The face can then be given a coat of shellac, although that was not done in this particular case. The pointer is sheet brass, fastened with a stove bolt.—ARTHUR M. SAMP.

enamel and divi- | sions put in with | waterproof draw- |

[ Loom,

HEL New York

= irs

se Diagram showing how the voice currents weaken in the long distance transmission and are restored by “‘repeaters.””

Mastering Nature’s Forces Without the telephone “‘re- peater,”” the entire electrical power available on the earth would not be sufficient to make trans-continental speech com- mercially possible. The three thousand repeaters now in use on Bell System long distance lines have increased the talking range of every telephone by thousands of miles. By mak- ing possible the use of smaller gauge wires, repeaters have kept down the cost of euuip- ment by millions of dollars. The repeater is only one out of scores of scientific develop- ments of equal or greater im- portance in the advancement of telephone service. Bell System progress has been a continual encounter with seemingly im- possible barriers, and a con- tinual finding of new ways to toward Better Service

overcome them. Each step in extending the range of speech has come only after years of study. Each important piece of telephone apparatus has had to be created for the need. Each working day this pioneering goes on. Nature is harnessed to a new duty and mechanical ingenuity improves the tools of service, as fast as science finds the way. Not only is the Bell System daily conducting research within its own nation-wide organiza- tion, but it is studying the dis- coveries of the whole world of science for their possible appli- cation to telephone service. Only by such eternal vigilance has the United States been given the best and cheapest telephone service in the world. “BELL SYSTEM” AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy, One System, Universal Service, and all directed

‘‘Repeater 6” 6 Fuses in One Plug Greatest quick-fire proposition in years! You know how often fuse trouble comes to every home that’s wired. Usually while washing or ironing the very worst time. That’s why epeater 6"’ sells on sight. Homes, office buildings, stores, factories everywhere eager for it. Sale speople carry a hundred in pockets. Distributors making money in eres amounts. 25c brings sample and full particulars, quick. Or send $1 for This offer open to distributors o a S-SCHURY Mfg. Co MOS 442 E. Woodbridge St. Detroit? Mich. ““Turn tothe right back comes your light’’

COLD PIPE BENDERS Standard of the World. HAND and MOTOR OPERATED 14 Sizes of Machines What it costs to bend pipe our war Per ben * pive 5 cents” 4’ pipe 25 cents 3 pipe 10 cents 6°’ pipe 60 cents 8’’ pipe $1.00 Send for Catalogue. &d AMERICAN PIPE BENDING MACHINE co. Pea ve uear to pay oston, Mass.

Si

The MONARCH Jr. Lathe ideal for Beginners or Experts The MONARCH Jr. 9" Engine Lathe (illustrated) is simple and trouble proot—beginners soon turn out finished work—the choice of expertstoo. <A splendid lathe for inventors, mechanics, small shop owners, Compact; completely equipped; accurate; semi - quick change gear; auto. safety devices. $245 9" tathe— 2% ft. bed— with bench legs Also built with bed lengths up to 5 feet. Made in 11-inch swing size too, at slightly higher price. ‘THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL CO. 401 Oak Street SIDNEY, Ohio

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88 Popular Science Monthly No job too difficult MOSSBERG Chrome Manganese Steel WRENCHES & TOOLS That out-of-the-way nut or bolt is easy for Mossberg Wrenches and Tools. No matter how difficult the job there is a Mossberg Wrench big enough—small enough— good enough to handle it without trouble. Select any Mossberg Wrench or Tool for examination—at the near- est dealer. They look strong— they are stronger than they look— their construction is of the sort that enables them to stand up un- der the hardest work. Chrome manganese steel is used throughout the entire line. One piece solid construction gives added strength. Take Mossberg Speed Braces—for instance—they take hold of a nut or bolt, handle it easily and leave it clear—no burrs, no roughing. up. You'll like their sturdy efficiency— their ability to stand not only use but abuse. Special sets—small and large—for all kinds of work. Look for the Mossberg trade mark. It repre- sents value and quality. 0 Chrome Manganese Steel Solid Socket ‘*Tee’’ Handle Wrench. = Chrome Manganese Steel Indestructible Speed Brace Wrench. FRANK MOSSBERG CO. Lamb Street, Attleboro, Mass. *\ ——————— BETTER SHOP METHODS Spot Facing Versus Straddle Milling GPoT facing is a method of removing metal with what we might term a flat- bottom drill tool having multiple cutting edges. It is one of the quickest and cheap- est ways to remove metal and should be used wherever the requirements of accuracy are not too exacting. When work is planned in the shop, prefer- ence should be given to spot facing over straddle milling. Straddle mills are expensive tools to make and maintain, and spot facers can be made for a frac- tion of their cost. Spot facers can be sharpened by the machine _ operator himself. By making use of a relatively cheap machine like the drill press, spot facing leaves the miller open for more im- portant work and saves in the labor cost of a high priced mechanic. The favorite spot facer is the two flute type, demountable on the pilot. The pilot is made of stub steel, with a flat and groove milled as shown and hardened and ground to size. The pilot bars can be fitted to quick change collet fixtures or held with a taper shank or in a drill chuck. The spot facer is made of a good harden- ing steel. The stock is chucked in a lathe, SQUARING SS JIG RY | Spite WW roaN Contrast* between the methods shows why spot facing is usually cheaper CUTTING the depth of the flat EDGES, to nothing. = 5°707" In sharpening a =, CLEARANCH spot facer of this drilled, bored and reamed, and then je. moved to the bench, where the two flutes are sawed and filed to shape. If desired the flutes can readily be milled on the blank. The driving is done by a ball bearing pressed into a drilled hole. The ball slips over the flat of the pilot bar and engages a horizontal groove, which tapers from type, it is removed from its pilot bar and the two cutting edges are brought in contact with a fine and smooth grained emery wheel. The clearance angle js about 7 degrees. A square is used for checking up the par- allelism of the two flat cutting edges. The circular faces of rods, connecting rods, and many parts of automobiles and machinery can be surfaced to advantage with the spot facing method. The parts are first drilled and reamed in the usual way, and are then set up on the drill press on a special, although simple, fixture. The stops of the drill-press spindle are set for control- ing the depth of facing for the proper depth. Provided the work has a wide tolerance limit, it can be rushed out quickly—L.D.J, Rotary Tools Increase Speed (Continued from page 79) is a locking lever having a tooth on its inner edge and a diamond-shaped raised cam portion on its outer side. Directly back of this lever is a spring pin operated by a spring, the tension of which may be varied by means of an adjusting screw, the whole being housed in a built-out portion of the shaft bearing. In normal idle position, the tooth of the lock lever is held in engagement with the locking disk by spring pin. When the press is tripped and the punch descends, the swing lever swings outward when its lower pin strikes the raised cam portion of the lock lever. After the punch reaches its lowest point, the swing lever swings under the cam portion of its own weight, as far as its stop pin allows. Die-Holder Turns Automatically The hook lever is of such a length that its hook portion is 34 in. below the ratchet tooth. As the punch ascends, the lower pin in the swing lever, coming in contact with cam portion of lock lever, forces the latter out of engagement with the locking disk and holds it for the next 14 in. of the upward stroke. As soon as the locking lever is forced out of mesh with the disk, the hook lever engages with a ratchet tooth and causes the die-holder drum to revolve one eighth of a turn on the rest of the upward stroke. The lower pin in the swing lever leaves the cam portion of the locking lever as it ascends, thus allowing the spring pin to force the locking lever against the locking disk and into engagement with it as it comes into position. In this way the various steps follow each other smoothly and with great precision. Since the work is automatically ejected by gravity, the operator has only to place the work in the dies as they are brought into loading position. The same principle may be readily em- bodied in tools constructed to perform other punch press operations of somewhat simi- lar character. Milling in Awkward Places ACHINISTS are sometimes con- fronted with a milling operation where the small size of the cutter or the depth of the cut and shape of the work is such that the pendant arm of the mill has not sufficient clearance. This difficulty is STUD MILLING OILHOLE HOLE TO FIT END | OF ARBOR a4 MALU ua a, ‘ Who 9 =! Attachment allows milling arm clear wor often overcome by using the auxiliary de- vice illustrated. It is made of cold rolled steel about 1 in. square and 7 in. long. A hole to fit the end of the arbor is drilled near one end, and a stud that is small enough to fit the arm is fastened to the other end. This allows the arm to be placed on one side so as to clear the work. I have used this method many times in my work with good results.—F. N. 99 — Qu bol chis¢ nick In tiny heac and a bi serv turn tigh mec ma sist: the act was Th stu pal not iii, Se me i

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M. onthly August, 1923 89 a eee ietteada BETTER SHOP METHODS . * To Prevent Screws and Bolt i | 3 ll 1g Heads from Turning Oa ] S then re. a REPAIRING or assembling machin- — VO flutes ery there is nothing more provoking © O desired than to have a screw or bolt turn while u O O e blank. tightening the nut. This difficulty can be bearing overcome in various ways. all slips The weaving of the frame of an automo- t en pile will often cause the carriage bolts to ? 8 ages groove wear so large a hole that the square shank rs from will no longer keep the bolt from turning. — esi the f To make the head hold, either drill a small e Crown fuel saver M 4 . hole for a sprig or cut a slanting gash into pe op ore —— and 1s ore than 10,000 m nin the edge of the head, as shown. The gash- used on hot air, hot water, use and every one ga ‘ " ; and steam heating plants of thi ing method is quicker but calls for a sharp . ° Is and low pressure power making good rapes plants (up to 80 lbs. steam . ot bar CHISEL NICK pressure). In successful ‘ cutting 7 cee a 1 ie cece The Crown Fuel Saver can be ught in | utes in reamers, See top of page four in front of book for details No matter how awkward and timid you are in the D and the like. ve — can positively —— oe ba become a SS The block Ss bs 4 i Guaranteed. to teach you how to swim “and” The indexing blocks needed to : give & yas | y NX : DA amazingly etear and simple that even the, — a the required . selling SAirls stand and learn. Every move- J number of sides is clamped to the end of the ¥>) Large shirt manufacturer wants agents uae aoe A 25 pela work and one of the faces is set level with ot poet aes Ge one ion ge aga ($2.00 and 7 LESSONS an indicator surface gage. When the first ok Ee canes oe Gales funded if not satisfied. f FOR $2.00 cut has been made, the work is turned in quired, Ferme thy — BRUCE SWIMMING METHOD y de- the vise until the next face of the block that Madison Shirt Co., 503 Broadway, N.Y.C. Suite 339-M, 30 Church Street, New York rolled is to be used for indexing is level.—C. D. R. ig. A 1 near Holding Cylindrical Work 4, “ C igh to Two FLAT files often can be used to ad- redo ane i end. vantage in holding delicate cylindrical Ss. Ms USA 2 one pieces in a bench vise. They will hold the vc sss ledaaidll used work with fair tenacity without marring 2032 Sheridan Avenue with to the extent of the usual coarse pipe jaws.—C. M. Wilcox Write for camp literature

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The Proper Finish Makes New Furniture Harmonize .. With the Old Poputar Science M onthly MALL odd pieces of modern furni- | ture add greatly to the attractive- ness of every home. You, yourself, can easily make them for your family. There is no particular trick to con- structing porch swings, tables, tele- phone sets, etc. You can give your work a beautiful finish with JOHNSON’ WOOD DYE Johnson’s Wood Dye is very easy to apply—it goes on easily and quickly, without a lap or a streak. It penetrates deeply bringing out the beauty of the grain without raising it—dries in 4 hours and does not rub off or smudge. Made in fourteen beautiful shades. FREE-This Book on Home Beautifying This Book tells how to finish wood in artistic stained and enameled effects. Gives practical suggestions on making your home artistic, cheery and inviting. Tells just what materials to use and how to apply them. Includes color card—gives covering capacities, etc. Use coupon below. eneless FURNITURE Oo s WOODWORK and ‘ = a oy EB S. C. JOHNSON & SON, Dept. P.S. 8 © Racine, Wis. (Canadian Factory—Brantford) Please send me free and postpaid your Instruction B@ Book on Home Beautifying and Wood Finishing. & B The best dealer in paints here is..................... : 53 S555 ee ae ge Pp ECE A ee E & NS 3 ore ein ha Swine du sass GeaGe se eSeee a B CITY & STATE ba et es ee eh ee ee ee ee pests sor neti | linseed oil and THE HOME WORKSHOP — How to Color Parchment Shades i Rreoay are not many home decorations that reflect charm and individuality more than fine lamps with parchment shades. To make the shades requires no great artistic skill if only simple designs are attempted, and, expensive as the shades are when purchased, the cost of making them is really very small. Patterns may be adapted from designs on old china, cretonne, brocade, wallpaper or lace. Ready-made patterns, either of the perforated or the hot-iron variety, may be used, as well as embroidery designs and stencils. Real parchment or vellum is very expensive and most commercial shades and prac- tically all made by amateurs are of heavy watercolor pa- per. The only other materials necessary are raw linseed oil, turpentine, white shellac, an assortment of large and small brushes, artists’ oil colors in tubes, and old linen rags. To make a shade, thumb- tack the water color paper to a drawing- board, mix equal parts of turpentine in a saucer, fast- en the linen rags to a stick to form a swab, or make a wad for holding in the hand, dip the cloth into the turpentine and oil, and apply to the surface of the paper with a light rotary movement until the entire surface has been covered. Next rub the mixture on the other side of the paper, alternating the treatment, until three or four coats have been applied. Then hang the paper up to dry. If after twenty-four hours the sheet still looks papery, repeat the treatment once or twice. By changing the proportions of the oil and turpentine it is possible to make the mottling either coarser or finer. If a plain shade is desired, the next step is to rub in the color. Squeeze the color on a palette or piece of glass, and mix it with a little turpentine. The color is applied by pouncing it on with a linen wad. By mottling several colors over the surface or by blending light and dark shades with the linen pounce, charming re- sults can be obtained. Hold the paper before the light at intervals to make certain that the color is even. After the paint has dried, repeat the process on the other side. When fairly light colors are used for the outside, orange or rose will often prove most effective for the inside. Care must be used in selecting the colors, for a blue shade lined with red will appear purple or, lined with yellow, it will By R. Franklin Mundorff Three beautiful lamps A novel parchment shade seem green when the light is shining through. An effective finish can be produced by applying stripes of black or some contrast- ing color at the top and bottom. These stripes can be sketched with a string and pencil at the time the pattern of the shade is being drawn, which is done after the body color has become dry. In many instances, especially when mak- ing shades in pairs, a pattern will have to be made. To make pattern fasten a piece of heavy wrapping paper securely to the board, drive a small nail in the center, and tie a string to it. Festen the free end cf the string to a pencil and, holding the pencil in an upright position, swing it in a wide circle, keeping tke string tight. By lengthening the string draw another circle so that the distance from the first line to the point where the pencil now touches the paper is equal to the height desired for the shade. Cut out and over- lap the ends until the shade is the correct _ size, and then trim off one end, allowing for a Y-inch © lap. The — greater the distance of the pencil from the cen- ter and the larger the circles described, the straighter will be the side of the shades. Another easy method is to buy a wire frame of the shape and size desired and paint the top and bottom rings of the frame and one upright wire with black paint. Roll the frame on the pattern paper until it has started to register the second time. Allow 14 in. for overlapping and cut out the pattern. Cut away the wire uprights, as the top and bottom rings are all that are usually required for mounting a parchment shade. If the shade is to be decorated, the paper is oiled and dried, and the pattern of both shade and design are drawn in. The design must be painted before rubbing in the back- ground, as otherwise the colors are apt to be muddy, except when the background is cream, pale gray, or a delicate tan or light rose. After the design has been painted in and become dry, work in the background with the linen wad as close to the design as possible and paint in the remainder with a brush. The lining color should be applied in like manner, taking equal care not to run over the design, as this would muddy the colors when the lamp was lighted (Continued on page 91)

Page 77

lonthiy the ough. d by trast- hese y and shade r the mak- ve to piece 0 the , and asten tring Iding right wide tring g the circle from point now the qual eight r the Cut yver- ends the the size, trim end, for a lap. ater ance encil cen- rcles ll be s to hape _ the the lack aper cond and wire ; are iting aper both sign ack- t to the pale 1 or een dry, with the aint olor like care , as lors ted August, . 1923 “THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Cast Small Objects Directly in Metal By Dr. Ernest Bade B* USING a silvery white, slow melting alloy, it is possible to obtain direct casts or impressions of woodcuts, coins, medals, medallions, engravings and the like without injury to the objects. The alloy used is not influenced by atmospheric changes, and it can be bent, hammered, turned, and cut with a knife, as well as used for soldering tin, lead, and nickel. It consists of tin, lead, bismuth, and cadmium. The simplest method to pre- pare it is to heat 3 parts, by weight, of cad- mium, 4 parts of tin, 8 parts of lead, and 15 parts of bis- muth. Melt the tin (which is the metal of the lowest fusing point) first and then add the bismuth, cadmium, and lead one by one, stirring constantly with a glass rod ora splinter of wood. When all have fused together, remove the alloy immediately from the fire and continue stirring in order to prevent the heavier metals from settling at the bottom. Do this until the contents of the crucible solidifies. This alloy softens in a temperature at 140° F. and fuses directly at 158° F. There- frag- ment dropped into a test tube of boiling water melts instantly. This peculiar property allows the taking of im- pressions of such delicate structures as leaves, parts of plants, wings of insects, and thelike. Such casts are often very beautiful and can be used as paper weights and for a variety of ornamental purposes. Casts also make inlays for metal craftwork. endian the fused metal on a_ book cover ornament The po casting shows even the finest fore, a details How to Color Parchment Shades (Continued from page 90) The shades are finished after becoming thoroughly dry by applying clear shellac thinned half and half with denatured aleohol. Six or eight coats of shellac can be applied, the shellac being rubbed in the same manner that the oil was put on. Ifa lacquered effect is desired, this may be obtained by using heavier coats of shellac and rubbing down between coats with powdered rottenstone and linseed oil. When the pattern has been cut out, bind the lapped ends together with small brass paper fasteners and glue the space between. Sew the shade to the wire rings at top and bottom with heavy cotton thread and finish by binding with flat gold or silk braid of a harmonizing color. CELLULOID lights in auto curtain can be cleaned readily with vinegar applied on a piece of muslin or cheesecloth. Now you can try this remarkable new invention on your Ford for 10 days at our expense. Send no money. Simply mail the coupon below Here is a new scientific discovery that every man who understands a Ford motor instantly appreciates. It is called AUTOVAC—and it is the invention of P. W. Craig—Motor Specialist. What it accomplishes is scarcely believ- able—until you have actually seen it work. The first and most obvious thing that AUTOVAC does is to cut your oil con- sumption 331|3% to 50%. It pays for itself 5 to 6 times a year in oil savings alone. But AUTOVAC does far more than this. Clean Lubrication At the present time dust and grit-laden air is constantly being drawn into the crank-case of your motor. This grit acts like an emery, grinding out the bearings. AUTOVAC stops this grit from being drawn into the crank-case! Now for the first time you can feed your motor oil that is really CLEAN. And clean oil means an infinitely smoother-running motor—and longer engine life. By stopping the oil from passing from the piston rings to the spark plugs AUTO- VAC eliminates the cause of mis-firing. It keeps the terminal wires and fan-belt dry by keeping the oil from contact with them. Thus saving expensive replacement. How AUTOVAC Works AUTOVAC takes the place of the oil- filler plug in the crank-case of your car. It creates a partial vacuum which sucks the oil in—absolutely preventing oil leakage in the joints and bearings. AUTOVAC isn’t an untried experiment. It does the work every time. Over 65,000 Ford owners who have subjected it to every sort of test, enthusiastically endorse what it has accomplished. FREE Trial of Autovac The Amazing Discovery That Cuts Oil Bills 3313% to 50%! Our Amazing¢g Free Trial Offer We have yet to find a single instance where AUTOVAC has not made good! So we make this remarkable offer. Simply fill out and mail to us the coupon below. Send no money—pay the Postman nothing. We will send you an AUTOVAC at our expense. Any child can attach it. You simply remove the oil filler plug— insert AU TOVAC in- stead. It starts saving We oil immediately. Your engine instead of being oily and sloppy is kept clean. Your motor gets clean oil. AUTOVAC comes to you at our expense. If it By. doesn’t do everything | prigation prevent that we say it will—and plugs. more—simply mail it | 4 ee back and you are under keeping grit and no obligation. If after 10 op days you are astonished Se ae at the results it has pro- oe duced, then mail us only for itself five or $3.50—payment in full. You take no risk. So mail the coupon now. AUTOVAC COMPANY oil savings. Price $3.50 10 Autovac Building, Salisbury, North Carolina MAIL THIS COUPON Autovac Co., 10 Autovac Building Salisbury, North Carolina I accept your Free Trial offer. Send me Autovac. I will put it on my Ford for 10 days. If it does every- thing you say, I will send you $3.50. Otherwise I will return it—without 1. That Autovac will cut you, oil consumption 33% 10 50% 2. will keep your terminal wires and fan belt dry. 3. By proper lu- obligation, g Street ...cccccccccccccccccccsccssesssssesvces OLS eee add cadcewwadedaee Hees Danaea O DURCR. . dcwwacuineaaleines Car License No. $25.00 in Prizes See top of page 4 in front of book for details The Bulldog Furnes Be ied You install it your- self in two hours. Goes through any door, fits any basement, burnsprac- tically any fuel. Gives marvelous heat—and saves you money. $10 down; $10a month. Write! It Old fashioned stoves and worn out fur- naces waste money! Let the Bulldog cut down your fuel bills. pare for free Babson Bros., Dept. C-136, 19th. St. & Galltornia Ave., CHICAGO IL SIX MACHINES IN ONE Combines bench saw, sander, drill, grinder, polisher, and buffer for working in wood and soft metals. Boice Pony Bench Machine —a precision machine especially adapted to rapid and accurate work. Handles 4” and 5” grinding , Wheels, 6” saws, 6’ and 8” eand disc and 3/8” chuck. Saws 134’ wood. Mountable on separate base with motor. Height 10°’. Weight 31 Ibs. . Top 10’? x 12’ easily removed. All metal construction. ily driven by 1/4 or 1/3 H. P, motor. Especially suited ‘ for Private Shops, Laboratories, Shipping Depts. Printers, Cabinet and Pattern Makers, Furni- ture Repairmen, etc. Machine so with a money-back guarantee. Our line includes 4’ bench jointers, 14’’ bench band saws, bench drills. 1/4 and 1/3 h. p. ae be aaring motors wrger motor = bench saws. Write for descrip- tive literature and rices a Belce Pon are Machines and TALE MBOICE, f?ists32 Toledo, Ohi

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92 Popular Science Monthly © Aug ee, Easily Made Perpetual Star Map Cis you name the By Richard C. Moulton

THE HOME WORKSHOP

rectangle and rule the 25 vertical lines shown, the twenty-fifth of which, at P, should fit the first, at Q, when you later paste the rectangle on the carton. Then draw the horizontal lines that, like the circles pre- viously drawn, represent intervals of ten degrees of distance from the Pole star. The equator should be represented by a heavier line, or by one of a different color. With the help of the two sets of lines, copy the stars and their names as indicated with the following exceptions: omit the “‘hori- zon” (the curved line of dashes), the large bright stars visible these fine summer evenings? It is not easy to do without a good map, but flat star maps are somewhat difficult to use, and globes are expensive. It is, however, a simple matter to make an excellent sub- stitute for a globe map. A large cylindrical pasteboard carton, the taller the better, is the necessary foundation. Draw a circle the size of the end of the carton, on a piece of writing paper, and by lines through the center divide it into 24 parts. An easy way to do it is to lay a watch in the center of the letters E, N, W, S, and the line of hours circle and mark immediately below Achernar. 7m, Kh Q ESN off points for Before you paste the rectangle on the the 12 hours; carton, cut out a rectangle of similar size lx MIP [pat AO | then insert half from extra stout paper, and trim it so that way points. its upper boundary will fcllow the curved AIRSET AIRY

Dayton Steel Wheels represent the greatest step forward in wheel — eonstruction since R the advent of the motor truck. They are cast in i 7Cash Prizes

one piece of electric furnace steel with hollow spokes and rims. They give Strength — Light Weight — Dura- bility—Tire Econ- omy—Accessibility —Handsome_ Ap- pearance.

Divide one of line of dashes and its lower edge will be the rays thus’ theline X—Y. This piece will be called the

drawn into four shield. On the shield copy the things you KD ce ibd f HERE are more than _ 1,000,000 ay, a> 4Q motor trucks in the United States = ——- + * a | v . aidan Lguatr pe : get them. stars and Rijcety | i \ SN eelt e my ’ constella- | . ~~ eS cael 2 E'S As the world’s largest manufacturers of A Soa + t pS < L NS steel truck wheels, we are benefited by | | IN | late eee | am RS anything that benefits the motor truck | * | l a ee 4 * wl ion wn eed industry. “EAINOPIUS nm © {4 | SOUTHERN) S = ° AC|HERINAR 11 ©8pSS— CENTAUR Open to Truck Drivers ns | | laced fe |_vet we | tt AM MID NOON sa 3 2 1 sist tl 10 9°86 -47 6 5 4 9 and Fleet Owners Only ss | APR. | MAY |JUNE| JULY | AUG. | SEPT [OCT | NOV. | DEC: [JAN | FEB. [MARY Therefore we have offered $1000.00 in

cash in a Prize Contest that is open to every driver of a truck of two-tons or greater capacity whose employers have five or more such trucks. Cash Prizes will be awarded for the best practical suggestion and ideas for reducing operating costs in motor transportation. Show this advertisement to some truck driver whom you know. It does not cost him or his employer anything to enter this contest. There is absolutely no obliga- tion. equal parts and draw the three concentric omitted from the rectangle, and also the circles as shown. portion of.the equator line from E to W. The circles represent distances of 10, Now paste the rectangle on the carton, 20, 30, and 40 degrees from the Pole star, taking care that the lines at P and Q come and the rays show how much the firmament together opposite the end of the ray marked seems to turn in each of the 24 hours of with the arrow just above P. Then wrap the day. By the aid of the lines, copy the the shield round the carton, but not too constellations, Cassiopeia’s Chair, the Big tightly, and paste the end E—X to the Dipper, and the Little Dipper, shown flap at the other end. within the circle. If you can slip the shield round freely ' : . . Then cut around the outer circle and on the evlinder, your star map is ready Pe pemehe and <ustruations today paste the disk on the end of the cylinder. for use. You will find it accurate enough from p - Next, wrap a sheet of drawing paper round if you live between 35° and 45° N. If you The Contest Committee the carton and mark where each of the 24 __ live as far south as 30°, set the curve on The Dayton Steel Foundry Co. rays meets the upper edge of it—on the the shield so that it reaches one square 700 Miami Chapel Road, Dayton, Ohio line marked P—Q. Flatten out the paper (Turn to page 93)

|. a Invaluable New Radio Service Begins in Home Workshop Next Month O AID readers who wish to build tions for building it will appear in the their own radio sets, PopuLAR ScrENcE Home Workshop next month. MontTny has established an experimental In the case of the Flewelling and other radio workshop in New York. Here a_ sets that are being built, no expense or pains

Steel Truck Wheels ph nse ot a a a mn

series of splendid radio sets is being developed under the personal supervision of Mr. Joseph Calcaterra, Radio Infor- mation Editor. The first of these sets is now ready—a compact, highly efficient Flewelling-cir- cuit receiving set, such as is described in Mr. Jack Binns’ article in this issue. Photographs of the set and full instruc- is being spared to make the construc- tion as simple, foolproof, and reasonable in cost as possible. Experiment after ex- periment is being made, and each article will be the last word in ‘‘how to make” radio material, for which PopULAR SCiENCE Monrtn y already has so wide a reputation. If you are interested in radio, you can- not afford to miss one of these articles.

Page 79

August, 1923

METAL CUTTING

Use Atkins **Non-Breakable’”’ Hack Saw Blades Why these blades do not break TKINS AAA Non- Breakable Hack Saw Blades are made of selected steels, hardened and tempered by an ex- clusive gas and oil process which makes the cutting edge extremely hard and the back unusually tough and flexible. This not only prevents prac- tically all blade breakage, but makes them cut faster and easier. You can reduce your metal cutting costs and avoid losses due to blade breakage by using Atkins Hack Saw Blades. Let us prove it. Tell us what metal you cut, enclose ten cents and we’ll send you a sample blade that will give you remarkable cutting results. Saws for Every Use No matter what wood or metal-cutting you do, there are Atkins Saws to save you time, labor and money. Ask for our free booklets on the saws you're interested in. : Get “Saws in the A 32 page book that’s full of practical sugges- tions on metal-cutting, and general shop infor- mation. Every man who buys or uses saws will find it helpful. Send for it NOW. Just write your name and address on the margin of this page and mail it to us. Do It Now -, <. ATKINS & CO., Inc., Dept. D-20, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Makers of “Silver Steel’? Saws and Tools ee ee

THE HOME WORKSHOP Easily Made Star Map (Continued from page 92)

lower at S and correspondingly higher at N, in order to take in Algol and its mate. To adjust the indicator, pick out the time of day on the shield and the time of the year on the cylinder and bring them into coincidence. The stars that are below the horizon are now hidden by the shield; the rest are shown as they appear over- head. Hold the cylinder so that the hori- zon line at the top of the shield is level, see that the two equator lines fit, and make sure that the north, east, south, and west points are turned to the proper quarters of the heavens. The curved line marked ‘‘Ecliptic,”’ through Regulus and Spica, is the line on which the sun and planets move. The map shows all the first-magnitude stars and most of the familiar constellations. The Big Dipper and Orion are the first that a beginner should try to learn. Sirius is the brightest of the fixed stars; it is called the Dog Star, and dog days are the days when it rises and sets with the sun. At the birth of Christ it was a red star, but is now bluish. Aldebaran, Antares, Arcturus and Bellatrix are red stars, Capella is yellow and Vega blue. The nearest of the fixed stars is Alpha of the pair marked Centaur. Its light requires 314 years to reach us, although light travels at the rate of 186,000 miles a second. Pole Star is the Pivot The Pole star is nearly at the point about which the sky apparently revolves, and so it does not seem to move as do the other stars. Vega was once the Pole star, and will be again after 12,000 years. Algol means the ‘‘Demon Star’; it has an invisible companion of great size, which every three days partially eclipses its light for about 20 minutes. The easiest double star to see is one in the handle of the Dipper. The big one of the pair is called Mizar; the little one is Aleor—that is, the horse and the rider. Good eyes can see that the star next to Aldebaran in the Bull is double; but only the best eyes can tell without the help of an opera glass which one of Vega’s com. panions is double. Try it. These last three double stars are not pairs revolving about each other. They are only optical doubles; that is, the two stars are not really near together but only happen to be seen nearly in line from us. Altair is the standard first-magnitude star, and the Pole star is the standard of second magnitude.

Solder Repairs Suit Case OLDER and Babbitt metal can be used in many ways for making emerg- ency repairs, one of them being to hold split rivets in place. A split rivet in my suitcase was torn out and, lacking other means to repair it, I laid some ordinary wire solder on top of the prongs and melted it into a button. After the solder had cooled, I hammered it to clinch the leather tightly and the rivet is holding the strap more securely than when it was new.—N. G. NEAR, Newark, N. J.

93 “Good for years to come,” Says Arthur F. Engel of his Millers Falls | Bench Drill bought in 1903 Writes Mr. Engel: “In 1903 I bought one of your adjustable bench drills, primarily for doing model work connected with my patent and mechanical engineering practice. “I have made many different machines with it, including a line of automatic eye- letting machines, and I rebuilt an automobile with it several years since, some of the work on which required clamping the drill to the frame of the car, in almost inaccessible places, “Some months ago I used it in drilling a 34” hole in a piece of steel rail, for which kind of work, of course, it was not made; and in this particular instance, I had to cut down the shank of the drill, to fit the chuck. I drilled a hole, but I found the undue strain had sprung the chuck shaft and main gear bearing. “I suppose I ought to retire this drill, on account of old age, but its condition gererally is so good, that I will be able to get along with it for years to come if you can renew the chuck shaft, and holder, and the block holding the main gear.”

* * * The reason why Millers Falls Tools last so long in service, is because they are made by men who keenly respect good tools and good workmanship.

MILLERS FALLS COMPANY Millers Falls, Mass. Manufacturers of Carpenters’ Tools, Hack Saws and Automobile Tools MILLERS FALLS BENCH DRILL No. 216 The most ccm- plete hand pcwer Tench Drill mede. Two rates of auto- matic feed. Also fed by hand if de- sired, by means of feed wheel at top, MILLERS FALLS TOOLS

Page 80

a anni vie

Adjust the tension by turning the cap Set the spring to suit the job; save drill points Boring a 1/16 hole in britte stuff, you must go gently. Turn cap on handle to left and “Yankee” No. 44 gives easy, light tension. Just right! Driving a 5/32 drill into tough timber takes steam. Turn cap on handle to right, and “Yankee” No. 44 delivers the high- power tension needed. “YANKEE” Automatic Push Drill No. 44 with Adjustable Tension The only push drill that can be adjusted to suit each job. E ght drill points, 1/16 to 11/64, in magazine handle. No. 41 “Yankee” Automatic Push Drill, without adjustable tension. Some other ““YANKEE”’ Tools Ratchet Screw-drivers Ratchet Bench Drills Quick Return Spiral Ratchet Tap Wrenches Screw-drivers Bench Vises, removable Ratchet Hand drills Ratchet Breast Drills Ratchet Chain Drills ase ; Plain Screw-drivers, 114 to 30-inch blades Dealers everywhere sell ‘‘Yankee’’ Tools a

YANKEE Tool Book FREE TOOL Popular Science Monthly

AQrTMATIC DRBLLS 7 | Write for it today*and learn | about all the ingenious ‘‘Yan- | kee” Tools that will save your

time and your muscles. Every tool illustrated and exp'ained. NORTH BROS. MFG. Co., Philadelphia, U.S. A. “YANKEE” TOOLS Make Betlov Mechanica

THE HOME WORKSHOP ae

OST radio amateurs who have assembled or built a fine looking radio set are reluctant to place it in a cabinet where the larger part of the apparatus is out of sight. A novel and not difficult way to get around this is to build a piate glass cabinet, as shown, using a black composition panel for the front. This construction has advantages over the more common method of making a panel of PLATE GLASS~ plate glass because 7°. SIDES not so many holes *NO,8ACK have to be drilled into the glass. The top, ends, and back of the cabinet shown were cut from broken and discarded automobile wind- shields. Usually pieces of plate glass large enough for this pur- pose can be obtained in a junk yard or auto repair shop. The pieces are cut to size with a good glass cutter and the holes are drilled with a three-cornered file held in a brace or breast drill, turpentine being used as a cutting fluid. A good way to start to drill is to clamp a piece of steel over the spot to be drilled with a hole just large enough to center the file. Small brackets can be obtained at a hardware store for clamping the plates to- gether. Use small round head screws and flat nuts. To allow adjustments and re- placements, the top is merely laid in place. It is prevented from slipping by 3-16-in. screws which are screwed into the top holes in the brackets and serve as pins to engage holes in the glass. A black molding around the base adds to the rich appearance of the cabinet. Ff COMPOSITION PANEL

satiate pa the method of drilling glass mentioned by Mr. Romig, there are several others that the home worker may find useful in repairing or constructing articles in which glass is used. TOP PLATE 77777 WZ

The top of this glass cabinet lifts off for making adjustments and repairs Glass Cabinet Displays Radio Set By Joe V. Romig An ordinary steel dril] can be used for small] holes if it is tempered very hard. If pog. sible, the drill should be tempered in a bath of salt water that has been well boiled and it will then go through the glass rapidly, Because extreme hardness is required, the sharp, freshly broken point of a file often serves well as a drill. Instead of turpentine alone, turpentine in which some camphor has been dissolved js sometimes used as a cutting fluid. Diluted sulphuric acid is also said to be excellent for the same purpose, A thin brass or cop- per tube will also cut glass, if emery pow- der and_ turpentine are used as an abra- sive. Large holes are frequently cut with a tube in this way. One instance of this is in drilling holes in glass windshields for the installation of swivelling auto spotlights. A brass tube notched on the cutting edge is used in conjunction with a paste of No. 60 carborundum compound and water. A portable electric drill provides power suffi- cient to drill a hole in three minutes. An even pressure should be preserved in drilling and reduced toward the end.

Electric Drill Operates Buffer pi 42 > ELECTRIC DRILL. and polisher can *\\ quickly bemadeby ¢£\ drilling holes in an ] automobile engine 5 “Imi DRILLED HOLES valve, as shown, _ STITCHES HOLD and stitching a \ <~ FELT TO VALVE piece of heavy felt to it. The valve is held in the chuck of a portable electric drill or any other type of drill available and, while rotating rapidly, pressed against the surface to be rubbed.

\

One-Control Vacation Radio Set (Continued from page 73) ferred with inserting the tube. This may be avoided by putting the rheostat directly below the variable condenser, as shown in the mechanical drawings. It is then pos- sible to insert a bezel or window for watch- ing the light of the tube. Here is a complete list of parts required: 1 23-plate condenser, Vernier preferred. 1 vacuum tube, detector, either dry-cell or storage battery. 1 Socket for tube. 1 rheostat to suit tube. 1 grid leak (variable preferred) and condenser. 1 .002 mfd. fixed condenser. 1 cardboard tube, 3 }4 in. in diameter. 14 lb. No. 20 single cotton covered wire. 2 lengths spaghetti tubing. 7 binding posts. Composition panel, 7 in. by 10 in. A and B batteries. The \% lb. of wire will be sufficient for winding the inductance coil and wiring the set. All the connections should be soldered. It might be added that the set is good even for receiving under unfavorable con- ditions. By experimenting a little with

‘ead number of turns in the primary and secondary coils, it is possible to adjust the set in combination with any relatively short aerial so that it will receive signals only between certain wave-lengths, as from 300 to 500 meters, so that interference from code stations, either amateur or com- mercial, can be made practically impossible. The aerial should always be fairly short with a set such as this, not more than 50 or 70 ft. at most. With an aerial 45 ft. long and 30 ft. high, WDAP in Chicago, WLW in Cincinnati and many others have been heard in New York. Repairing Old Wall Clocks N REPAIRING old clocks I have often found that the screws fastening the works to the back of the case have loosened and let one side of the movement hang down out of plumb. The clock would not therefore, keep correct time even if the case and shelf were perfectly level. This can be repaired by plugging the old screw holes with soft wood or by moving the works over to one side 14 in. and making new holes for the screws.—C. O. Soots, North Salem, Ind.

Augt

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August, 1923 ———— Develop It Like a Human Worker Your machine should go through the experimental stage, like a workman goes through the apprentice stage, under close watch of the work turned out. —Since your machine is de- veloped, as your man is de- veloped, by following up every Improvement that reg- isters in a higher rate-of-work. Production-records show you the trend toward efficiency or away from it. And by that very fact the only outcome is an_ increased - TPUT—where you make use 0 COUNTERS The small Revolution Counter be- low registers one for a revolution of a shaft, recording a machine operation, or product. Though small, this counter is very durable; its mechanism will stand a very high rate of speed, mak- \ ing it especially i suitable for | light, fast-run- . ning machines, and most adapt- able to experi- mental work. If run backward the counter subtracts. Price $2.00. (Cut 4/5 size.) Small Rotary Ratchet Counter, to register reciprocating movements of small machines, also $2.00. The Revolution Set-Back Counter below records the output of the larger machines where a shaft-revolution indi- cates an operation. Sets back to zero from any figure by turning knob once around. Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as re- quired. Price with four figure-wheels as illustrated, $10.00—subject to dis- count. Cut less than one-half size. Set- Back Rotary Ratchet Counter, to record reciprocating movements as on punch presses, $11.50 (list). Whether you want to count pro- duction, packages or people, write for the new 80-page Veeder booklet; a fine, free book. The Veeder Mfg. Co., 44 Sargeant St., Hartford, Conn. Bryan on Evolution (Continued from page 23) science with which man is best acquainted and from which he has drawn the largest practical benefit, presents what seems to be conclusive evidence against evolution. Chemistry deals with the original elements some ninety-two of which have been found on the Earth. Its business is to separate these elements one from the other, to analyze them, and to reveal their differences and relationships. If the evolutionary hypothesis is true anywhere, it must be true everywhere. It cannot be isolated like a germ and confined to some particular portion of the universe. If it explains the heavenly bodies, the strata of rock, vege- table life, animal life, and man, linking each to every other by indissoluble ties, then surely it must exert a controlling in- fluence overevery atom of matter (and over the.1740 electrons which make up the atom) and over every larger unit of matter, wherever it is found and whatever it is doing. Chemistry has not discovered any law of evolution. It has registered the various gases and diagrammed the movements of the molecules, but it has discovered no pushing force at work in the original ele- ments of which all things animate and in- animate are composed. Chemistry is an exact science; it mocks the atheist and brings confusion to the evolutionist. Water Cited as Example Let us take, for instance, the best known thing with which man deals—water. It is the daily need of every living thing. With- out it, there could be neither plant nor animal life. It was, therefore, on the Earth before either plant or animal life appeared. It is the largest single element in man’s body. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, H,O. Is it conceivable that two such gases as oxygen and hydrogen should just happen? And yet, according to Pro- fessor Leuba of Bryn Mawr University, in his book ‘‘Belief in God and Immortality,” more than half the prominent scientists of the United States do not believe in a personal God. But even if it were conceivable that chance could bring into existence oxygen and hydrogen, could chance unite them at a certain fixed ratio, so that a drop of water is always and ever the same wherever found, whether in the clouds, in the ocean, or in the veins of the Earth? Oxygen and hydro- gen are inflammable when separated, but when they are united in water they put out fire. If the evolutionary hypothesis which assumes constant progress in every- thing, is true, water must have developed from something. What was water before it became water, and what will it be when it ceases to be water? Or was the law of change suspended when the two gases united in the formation of water? Everything that man eats, wears or uses will serve as an illustration of exact and permanent relationship between various forms of matter. Chemistry has taught us the properties of matter and the way to utilize them, but they are now stationary. We can collect nitrogen from the air but, as Dr. Edward Slossen says, “We are dreadfully clumsy about it.” He adds that man “takes a thousand-horsepower engine and electric furnaces at several thousand degrees to get carbon into combination with hydrogen, (Turn to page 96) 95 JatestBOOK on eel ‘io 5 aoe Only ¢ aa NLY_ $1.00 brings __ this complete, scientific Violet Rays outfit to you. Treat yourself and family at home, save de- lay, costly doctors and medicines. Thousands use Violet Rays at home to relieve pain and sickness. The identical outfits doctors have bought from us for years and with which they successfully treat many ailments. QUICK RESULTS—No Medicine Violet Rays work quickly; it’s scien- tific, goes after the cause. That’s why results are quick, permanent. Dr. Duncan, Kewanee, III., writes, ‘‘Vio- let Rays is the finest thing I ever used . . . torelieve pain, treatments are so pleasant all my patients like it.”” Use it yourself at home, you save Doctor’s bills. BEAUTY AID EARN CASH Brings natural, Men, women, without magnetic beauty of experience earn liberal health, no ae profits in spare time exercise Or Crugs. showing Violet Rays to FREE book tells in asides i re- ail how high : — beauty ae sults first demonstration. cialists use it to Sells on sight. Get at- improve scalp and _ tractive offer and whole skin. sale prices now. SEND FOR FREE BOOK Explains how Nikola Telsa discovered Violet Rays, how it works, why it heals. Tells what doctors and plain folks accomplish in con- quering pain, disease and nervous trouble with Violet Rays. Reveals Marvelous Shows charts of human Scientific Discovery body, explains where pains start, how to banish them. Offered FREE for a limited time only, to introduce Violet Rays. Send for FREE copy. Mail Goupon=—Send No Money EE EY SC a a” V1-REX ELECTRIC COMPANY 326 West Madison St., Dept. 1508, Chicago Please send me without cost or obligation your ‘ce book describing your VI-REX Violet Ray outfits, and details of your $1.00 offer. RASA "ett wy 100 SeiIVERS ~~ toYourllome ET sere: amen pret” . = a 3 o ce

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ESTERS Estes ee en ECS: RADIO HANDBOOK. | 4 Every Ratio Fan Should Have This Book IKE a little radio encycloe- pedia, this I. C. S. Radio Handbook is packed with concise, sound information Price Only useful to everybody from be- ginner to veteran hard- boiled owl. It starts with simple explanations of radio phenomena and leads you along gently until you can understand the most techni- cal diagram. You may dip into it at random, or hunt up special &62 pages one rage et — agua : read it right through. if- Pocket Size aren Pe ge Ape oe and : sending ook-ups are Compiled by explained; proposed insur- HARRY F. ance regulations; lists of Bag broadcasting stations; radio compass rer yigay oe by pieed ith experiments; definitions; ge codes and symbols; technical Electric Co, Gata and thousands of sug- and U.S.Army SeStions for getting more Instructor of Pleasure out of radio. dio. A pocket course in radio! : Every page tells you some- ae thing useful, ee bag pM ag F. H. DOANE 562 pages; hundreds of illus- trations and diagrams. It is the biggest dollar’s worth in radio, and will save you from wasting money on things that don’t work. Send $1 to-day and get this 562-page I. C. 8. Radio Handbook before you spend another cent on parts. Money back if not satisfied. nihil OUT HERE —=— = = — IN TERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7651-C, Scranton, Penna. I enclose One Dollar. Please send me—post- paid—the 562-page I. C. &. Radio Handbook. It is understood that if I am not entirely satisfied I may return this book within five days and you will refund my money. we | NINE: cpssabescenabosatindpronicn cuneate QRULREESEII777z, WULLANEEIPTS, \\ WRITTEN 2 YR. GUARANTEE & SE REELELAWUD We defy price competition; a glance at the prices below will convince you that the World Battery is the best buyfon the market, B.t- Automobile Prices | tetics ome rary mi ately. Express C.O. D. Ford Chev. Mitchell Huss | Begin now to get 100%, Grant, Elgin. Velie, Saxon. battery service at half 6 Volt. 13 Plate - $15.25 cecst. Mail order today. Overlaud, Buick, Reo, Paige, Hudson, Nash, Stude., Dort: RADIO PRICES 12 Volt. 7 Plate - $18.00 6 Volt 60 Amp. $10.00 Maxwell, , Regal, Frank. ee | ee 12.50 Briscoe and Crow-Elkhart. 6 ** 100 * 14.50 Give year and model of car Wie | las 16.00 World Battery Co., 1219 S. Wabash Ave Dept.7, Chicago 98 Bryan on Evolution (Continued from page 95) while the little green leaf in summer time does it quietly without getting hot about it.” And yet some scientists who know all about hydrogen, oxygen and carbon seem to know nothing about God; they even deny His existence. The natural and logical tendency of evolution is to produce agnosticism, and agnosticism is merely a way station on the road to atheism. It furnishes an excuse for the indolent man; it is the laziest excuse ever invented to justify inaction. If a man believes in evolution, he can go to the zoological garden on Sunday morning and standing in front of a cage of animals, speculate on how far he has come, on his superiority over his ancestors. There are some people who would rather boast of what their forefathers have done than do anything themselves. If, however, one is a Christian, he feels that he should attend church and seek to know how far he has yet to go before he is “perfect, even as your Father which is in Heaven is perfect.” The evolutionary hypothesis robs man’s conscience of its compelling force. What feeling of duty can man have or what sense of responsibility to God if it must be strained through the blood of all the animal life below man? Religion, on the contrary, in- spires to action. Christianity is not a lazy man’s job. It presents the highest ideal known. Charges Against Evolution Evolution is the doctrine of the fatalist— the plea of the invertebrate. If a man is but a “‘bundle of tendencies inherited from the brute,”’ why hold him accountable if, following the instincts of his remote an- cestry, he is brutish? Evolution excuses the sensualist and encourages the worshipper of the god of ease. The great need of the world today is to get back to God—to a real belief in a living God. Evolutionists either deny the ex- istence of a God or put Him so far away that consciousness of His presence in the life is weakened, if not destroyed. When they have eliminated all of the Bible that conflicts with evolution, the Bible is no longer an authority, but merely a “scrap of paper.” The world needs the Christ of whom the Bible tells. Evolutionists rob the Saviour of the glory of a virgin birth, of the majesty of His deity, and of the triumph of His resurrection. Such a Christ is impotent to save. The world needs a full-statured Christ; not a man aspiring to be a God, but a God condescending to be a man. His blood has colored the stream of time; His philosophy fits into every human need; His teachings furnish the only solution of the problems that vex our hearts and perplex the world. We do not ask that teachers paid by taxation shall teach the Christian religion to students, but we do insist that they shall not teach, under the guise of either science or philosophy, anything that under- mines faith in God, impairs belief in the Bible, or discredits Christ, the Son of God and Savior of the World. Editor’s Note—The material in this article was contained in an address recently delivered by Mr. Bryan before the State Legislature at Charleston, West Virginia, and is not copyrighted by Popular Science Monthly. CAN YOU think of a simple, practical idea that will fill one of the many re. quests we have on file for new inven. tions? It may mean a fortune for you, Thousands of things are needed Ricut Now. Your brainscan help. Send to. day for our great new book—“‘Inven- tions and Trade Marks, Their Protection and _ Exploitation’’ and learn more about making money from ideas than you ever knew before. It tells many things that are wanted, t0O. A postal will do— it is free. PATENTS ADVERTISED For SALE FREE In INVENTION And MANUFACTURING SUPPLEMENT. Published for the Man with an idea. Send for free sample copy. One year'ssub- We help our clisnts, without charge, to get the dollars out of their ideas—having facilities none others possess. Advice free. Don't delay—getthe , book at once. AMERICAN INDUSTRIES, INC. 201 Patent Dept., WASHINGTON, D. C. vl Bcription 50c. rT eR A SOE ET ES SENT SE TTI x To the Man With an Idea | I offer a most comprehensive, ex- perienced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description; for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Pre- liminary advice gladly furnished with- out charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately advise clients as to prob- able patentability before they go to any expense, Booklet of valuable information and form for properly disclosing your idea, free on request. Write today. RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington,D.C, 2276-D Woolworth Building New York City 20-YR., 14KT GOLD-FILLED CASE A rare opportunity to buy this high grade watch 50% below cost. 12 size, thin model, 20-yr. 14k gold- filled case. Beautiful dial. Hand- somely chased border and_back. Full jewel, well known ALERT movement. Regulated and adjusted to keep excellent time. Order today. Send no money. Pay only $6.80 on arrival. Satisfaction guaranteed or money back. FREE: 14kt gold-filled Waldemar chaix and knife if you_order now. SUPREME JEWELRY MFG. CO. Dept. 831 434 Broadway, New York faci isst qué neé eac ee LK Ome oe et PF Popular Science Monthly : Aug

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justed . way action r chaix co. w York : Monthly August, 1923 How Much Do You Know about Science? OLLOWING are the correct answers to the 30 questions on fundamental facts of science printed on page 48 of this issue. Grade yourself 10 points for each question answered correctly and see how near you come to a 100 per cent score for each classification. Electricity and Radio 1. Anything which will detach electrons from their position inside of atoms and makes them move by themselves gives us electricity. For instance, a battery de- taches electrons by means of a chemical re- action and piles them up on one plate of the battery so that they can be forced to stream off through a wire and back to the other plate. 2. In direct current the stream of elec- trons moves continually in one direction through the wire. In alternating current it moves first in one direction then in the other. 3. When the electrons jump across as a lightning flash they heat the air. This hot air expands suddenly, then suddenly con- tracts again. This makes a noise in the same way that an explosion does. 4. This is what used to be called static electricity. What happens is that by stroking a lot of electrons get detached from the atoms to which they belong and accumulate here and there in groups. Sometimes there are so many of them that they jump between the cat’s fur and your hand and make little sparks. ; 5. Fuses are put in systems of electric wiring to prevent too much current passing through the wire. Otherwise the wire might get hot and set fire to the house. The fuse is made of a kind of soft wire which is easily melted. If you put too much load on the circuit so that a dangerous amount of cur- rent passes, or if some accidental short cir- cuit happens, the fuse gets hot and melts. This stops the current so that no further damage is done. 6. A few atoms of tungsten are always evaporating from the hot filament just as water evaporates from a pan of hot water. In time this gradual loss of tungsten makes the filament thinner. Finally it becomes so thin that it breaks. . ; 7. There are waves in the ether, just like light waves except that they are much longer. The waves of light are all less than a millionth of a meter long; while the radio waves are mostly between 100 meters and 10,000 meters each. One hundred meters is 328 feet. 8. No. The wireless waves go out in all directions from the sending station, just like the water waves on the surface of a pond. They come from another station in just the same way. 9. The radio waves used in broadcasting are always of a definite wave length. Most of the stations use waves 365 meters long. Tuning consists in adjusting your set until it responds exactly to this wave length. In the same way if two violin strings are tuned exactly alike and one of them is set vibrat- ing by playing it the other string will vibrate also. 10. No more danger than there is of its striking a chimney or a tin roof. What Is Life? 1. Yes. It was believed once that the living creatures which appear, apparently spontaneously, in open dishes of food ma- terials actually were generated there. But Pasteur, the celebrated French scientist, showed that these really are produced from germs from the air. 2. Every attempt to create living matter artificially has failed. Experimenters, how- ever, have been able to duplicate many of the properties of living matter. 3. Protoplasm, which is the essential property of creation and the fundamental ly 97 TRADE-MARKS fe) AA an PEN corer: SPECIAL OF FE PATENTABLE NATURE Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form ‘Record of Invention.’’ This should be signed and witnessed and if returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention, we will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. — Our Three Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide BOOK HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Movements illustrated and de- scribed, Articles on Assignment or SALE OF PATENTS, Patent Practice and Procedure, yy, and Law Points for inventors. OUR TRADE MARK BOOK Shows the value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protection and gives information regarding Trade-Marks and unfair competition in trade. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in all Foreign Countries. We secure Foreign Patents in shortest-time and lowest cost. LIST OF PATENT BUYERS SENT FREE IDEAS WANTED: Send for LIST OF PATENT BUYERS, containing unsolicited Letters from Manu- facturers and others WISHING TO BUY merito- rious patents. There isa great demand for NEECLED INVENTIONS. We endeavor to assist OUR clients in the commercial develop- ment of their inventions. SPECIALIZATION Our Staff The field of invention is so vast that it is impossible for an y one to become an expert in all the different classes of invention. For this reason Victor J. Evans & Co, em- ploy a number of patent lawyers and mechanical experts who have been selected for their special knowledge and ability in certain lines of invention. THE VALUE OF YOUR PATENT Will depend much upon the skill and care with which your case is prepared and prosecuted in the United States Patent Office. Every case receives our best efforts, and our work is done consistently, skillfully and thoroughly, as is evidenced by the many unsolicited letters of commendation received from our clients. We will furnish lists of clients from any State in the Union for whom we have secured patents. Our New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and San Francisco Offices We have established for the benefit of our clients Branch Offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, IIl., and San Francisco, Cal. These branch offices located in these large commercial cities, together with our Main Office located near the U. S. Patent Cffice, in Washington, enable us to more promptly handle the business of our clients, particularly as the branch offices are in constant touch with the Main Office. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms baa) i VICTOR J. EVANS & CO.; Patent Attorneys \ New York Offices Philadelphia Offices Pittsburgh Offices ' 1007 Woolworth Bldg. 714-715 Liberty Bldg. 514 Empire Bldg. Chicago Offices, 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Offices, Hobart Bldg, : li N Main Offices, 760 9th Street, Washington, D.C. i x Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books , ' described above. | ‘iv —oeaaneat TS en eee eR MORE o8 oan eoeonnanes “4 99

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=a ny [ YOUR RIGHTS PATENTS Any new article, machine, design or improvement thereof, or any new combination of parts or improve- ments in any known article which increases its efficiency or usefulness, may be patented, if it involves inven- tion. IF YOU HAVE ANY NEW IDEAS which you feel are useful, practical and novel, take prompt action tow- ard protecting your rights. If you have invented any new machine, or new combination of parts or im- provement, or new process or design, Send Drawing, Model or Description of it for information as to procedure to secure protection. WRITE TODAY FOR BLANK FORM Record of Invention to be returned tome with drawing, description or model of your idea. Promptly upon receipt by me of = your idea I will write you fully as to procedure and costs. No Charge for the Above Information All communications are held in strict confidence. My personal, care- ful and thorough attention is given to each case. I offer you efficient, reliable and prompt service—based upon practical experience. Highest references. Write today for free book ‘‘How to Obtain a Patent.’’ This book will give you valuable information, and it may save you much time and effort. Send for it NOW. My practice is devoted exclusively to United States and foreign patents and trade marks. Very probably I can help you. Write today. CLARENCE A. O’BRIEN Registered Patent Attorney 224 Southern Bld¢., Washington, D. C. CLARENCE A. O'BRIEN, 224 Southern Building, Patent Attorney, Washington, D. C. Please send me your free booklet, ‘‘How to Obtain a Pat- ent’ and blank form Record of Invention without any obliga- tion on my part. DEMMNSCL Li. bine cence aWaes send ooceba ction (WRITE PLAINLY) i mn 0 we LN ‘al | | | 4. Scientists think not. thing in living matter is more than half water. If any large fraction of this water is — from protoplasm the protoplasm ies. The monkey and the on had a common ancestor, but that is all. 5. Because it is able to give its body a twist just as it begins to fall. Probably this power was acquired by the cat family during many ages of living in trees. 6. We may be sure that many of them can, especially the higher insects like the ants and the bees. 7. Their stinging apparatus is much like the hypodermic needle that doctors use. The bee jabs his little needle into your flesh and through the hollow center of it he forces a tiny drop of poison. 8. The moths do not like the smell of naphthalene, which is the chemical from which moth balls are made. 9. To allow the excess of water to run away. The roots of plants have to breathe just as all other living matter does. So they must have a certain amount of air in the soil. If the soil is full of water, the roots suffocate and die. 10. Yeast is composed of many millions of tiny one-celled living plants. When yeast grows the cells multiply by division, each cell dividing into twe new cells which go off independently. The Story of the Mind 1. The outside layer or grey matter, the part that does all the real thinking, consists of nearly ten billion separate nerve cells. Each of these cells has its own tail-like nerve fiber. The great mass of these sepa- rate fibers makes up the inside or white part of the brain. 2. Our nervous system is made up of separate living cells. The nerves are out- growths from these cells, each nerve being a bundle of fibers and each fiber being a sort of long, thin tail that grows out from a living cell. 3. Scientists believe that thought con- sists of nerve messages passed around among the nerve cells in the grey matter of the brain. Your eye sees the words on this page and a message of them is flashed by your eye nerve to your brain. That starts a lot of other brain cells into opera- tion and they pass messages back and forth. 4. The higher animals can. In certain mat- ters like getting food or escaping from ene- mies they can think almost as well as we can. 5. A healthy nerve is always ready to carry a message just as soon as it is given one. Ifthe body isin bad condition for some reason, the nerves sometimes get too ready for orders, like a racer making false starts. This makes what we call nervousness. 6. One of the modern theories of psy- chology is that our minds may contain ideas or mental tendencies of which we are not ordinarily conscious but which never- theless influence what we do and think. Suppose you are about to drink some soup. Automatically you pick up the proper spoon. Your unconscious mind picks up the spoon for you without your thinking about it at all. 7. It is a method developed in the last few years of finding out what is going on in | one’s unconscious mind. 8. The movements of the sleep-walker | are under the control, temporarily, of his | unconscious mind. The conscious part of his mind is asleep and knows nothing about what is going on. 9. A person blushes because all the little blood vessels of the face expand and be- come gorged with blood, the color of which shows through the skin. The enlargement of the blood vessels is due to a nerve order from the brain. 10. Yes, probably more than they learn during any later years. They not only learn how to move their muscles and how to use their eyes and other senses and how to make their bodies do what they want them to, but they also learn many mental habits. Popular Science M onthly SS wae SSN yy ND FOR Si THIS FORM: DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form *‘EVIDENCE OF CON. CEPTION”’ to be signed and witnessed. A sample form together with printed instructions will show youjust how to work up your evi- dence and establish thesame before filing ap- plication for patent. As registered patent at- § torneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and_Canada in the ad- vancement of inventions. Our schedule of fees willbe found reasonable. ‘The form ‘Evidence of Conception,’”’ sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent uponrequest. Ask for them,—a post card will do. PATENTS AND N TRADE MARKS i teeintactiaienemienteniineanimamieenemne 274 Ouray Bldg. WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms ‘‘Evidence of Conception.” PATENTS Booklet Free Highest References Promptness Assured Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary examination of Patent Office records and report as to patentability. All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer. 624 F St., Washington, D. C. PATENTS Send us sketch or model for patentability «@Pinion and exact cost of patent. Our boo How to Obtain a Patent” Sent Free on re- quest. It tells how to apply for Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, Copyrights, etc.; gives information on Patent Procedure; lis_ what every inventor should know. Th d I 8, who are our clients, are our references. CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE, 25 Years‘ Experience 437 7th St. Washington, D. C. who derive larg. est profits know and heed certain f wy so é applying for Patents. Ou rope haus gives those facts: ir Write yy oni a aang ee. 648 F St., Washington, D. C. ESTABLISHED 1869- PATENTS TRADE-MARKS, COPYRIGHTS AND PATENT LITIGATION rite for advice and instruc- tions how to proceed, costs, etc. Hand Book with illustrations of 100 Mechanical Ovements sent free on request. ALBERT E. DIETERICH Patent Lawyer and Solicitor Successor to Fred G. Dieterich & Co. 60 Ouray Bldg. . WASHINGTON, D. C. ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules, all of the simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic. 200 pp. Price, $1.50. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 224W. 39th St. :: NEW YORK pad ¢ for a ‘ ing hi takins they ' to res aban¢ scien’ lowe 1 =

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badl a August, 1923 How to Take a Bath. (Continued from page 45) pad case of “shingles,” the, popular name for a common skin irritation. On question- ing him, I found that he was in the habit of taking three cold baths a day, believing they would “toughen” him. All he needed to restore his skin to normal condition was abandonment of these literally shocking | baths. Here are a few of the most important scientific rules for bathing which, if fol- lowed, will be found beneficial: 1—Take a short bath. 2—Spend as much time drying the skin as you spent in wetting it. 3—Bathe in water at body temperature, or as near body temperature as possible. 4—Do not bathe while perspiring freely. 5—Do not wet the hair every time you bathe. Scientifically, there is even a right and a wrong way to get into a bath. Whether it is a shower or tub bath, the hands should be placed in the water first. Next, moisten the arms and shoulders, then the body. Wet the feet and legs last, and finally im- merse the body, rubbing it lightly with the | hands. Move the body constantly while you are in the bath. In addition, care should be used both in the selection and application of soap, which if it is of poor grade or is used too fre- quently, will roughen the skin and cause irritation. The rule concerning avoidance of shock in bathing should be followed closely by persons suffering from weak hearts or thickened blood. Fat persons upset their circulation and incidentally their disposi- tions by taking cold baths in summer. Thin persons cannot afford to lose the heat ex- tracted by a cold bath, and if they follow the practice they will lose weight. If relief from heat is sought a short Turkish bath is better than a plunge into icy water. Beach Bathing There are many common-sense rules for summer-resort bathing which, if followed, would add much to the benefits of a vaca- tion. At the beach, exercise moderately before going in, and continue to exercise by swim- ming or splashing while you are in the water. When you come out, exercise in the air for a few minutes before dressing, and do not lie in a wet bathing suit to bake in the sun. Don’t always blame the water for faults that may be your own. Many cases of ptomaine poisoning and cramps, for in- stance, have been attributed to poisonous materials in swimming water, when as a matter of fact the disturbance is caused by over-sensitive skin nerves. ‘‘Goose-flesh”’ and cold perspiration after sudden fright, are common evidences of the close associa- tion of the sensitive skin and the nervous system. Nerves and digestion are not the only things that are impaired by improper bathing. Sleep also falls victim to un- scientific baths. One sleeps soundly when there is a warm glow of perspiration. When the skin is dry, sleep is disturbed because this dryness upsets the even balance between bodily heat and the evaporation of perspiration at the surface. When the skin is thus inactive the kidneys and lungs must bear a greater burden. Bathe intelligently, then, rather than often, for health. Men died like flies Wherever hard, gruel- ling tasks can be lifted fromhuman shoulders by electricity, human life is enriched. Gen- eral Electric Com- pany designs and manufactures ma- chinery by which elec- tricity is generated and put to work. TheGreat Pyramidwas built, according to Herodotus, by the bitter toil of 100,000 men for twenty years. Men died like flies. The world does progress. A modern skyscraper goes up in a fraction of a year—work- men furnishing the skill and General Electric motors the muscle. 99 GENERAL ELECTRIC $25.00 in PRIZES See top of page 4 in front of book for details SECURE A PATENT, send for Our Guide Book, HOW TO GET A PATENT, sent free on request. etc. Send model or sketch and description of your invention and we will give our opinion as to its y patentable nature. ; RANDOLPH & CO. easel 1 130 F St., N. W., Washington, D. C. IF YOU HAVE AN INVENTION and DESIRE TO LEARN HOW TO Tells our Terms, Methods,

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PARA OE aR NE ence 100

ite Bis (ele) i COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if you lack HANDICAPPED LlighSchool training. You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of practically all worth-while positions demand High School train- ] ing. You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- plete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all subjects given in a resident school and meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- fully examined and coached. USE SPARE TIMEONLY Most people idle away fifty hours a week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin, American School Dept, H-C.75 Drexel Ave. and 58th S$t., Chicage Se SS CA A SS A A TS ST TS American School Dept. H.C.75, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago Send me full information on the subject checked and how you will help me win success, ow Architect oman Building Contractor ...Automobile Engineer ee Automobile Repairman ...Civil Engineer envied Structural Engineer eseese Business Manager eoneed Cert. Public Decountant aimee Accountant and Auditor

Shop Practice Writer Engineer Pp eueeee Draftsman and Designer «....lectrical Engineer «...Klectric Light & Power e.-.General Education ae ~.. -Voeational Guidance owe Business Law erveee

Address

THE HOME WORKSHOP Wooden Reel Saves Wear and Tear on Garden Hose gated lawns would be kept in better condition during the hot summer months if the garden hose could be moved from the back yard to the front of the house ona reel instead of by the primitive but com- mon method of carrying it in a wet, muddy coil over the shoulder. To make a suit- able reel requires only a small amount of 1-in. wood and a little spare time. Two disks 12 in. in diameter are cut out to form the ends of the reel and bored toreceive the broomstick shaft. The drum is then made by nailing on 1 by 1-in. strips as shown in detail below. The hose guides are 2)4 in. wide at the center and taper to 114 in. at their outer ends. The uprights that form the bearings for the wooden shaft are securely held to the base with five screws each and the whole is further braced by five iron braces,

HANDLE--f-°""

Details of the hose reel and stand, designed to carry about 60 ft. of 34-in. rubber hose placed as indicated. A crankshaft is mor- tised on to the shaft. The whole may be mounted on a plat- form with small iron wheels, if desired. The reel will carry about 60 ft. of 34-in. rubber hose. Ifa greater length is to be used, make the drum 36 in. long and 15 in. in diameter, so that the center of gravity will remain low and there will be no danger of tipping over.—E. E. Scott, Pittsfield, Mass. Building a Radio Set N CONSTRUCTING a radio set it is not necessary to follow directions to the letter. The tuning coils can be wound on tubes of various sizes from 3 to 5 in. with wire of any size from No. 26 to No. 20 covered by any suitable type. of insulation. Primary coils should have at least 30 turns; secondary coils 40 to 60, and tickler coils 50 to 75 turns. All leads should be as short as possible. In no instance should the plate leads run parallel to the grid leads. It is advisable to place the filament leads toward the front of the set and the plate and grid leads as far away as possible—J.C. -

Popular Science Monthly -

WHITING ates BRUSHES A brush expert saysthey are the best Hair Brushesmade. They are penetrating. They go all through the hair to the roots and stimulate growth. They make a beautiful radiantsheen. The glory of woman is made | more glorious with Whiting-Adams Hair es. | Send for Illustrated Literature JOHN L. WHITING-J. J. ADAMS CO. Boston, U.S.A. Brush Manufacturers for Over 114 Years and the Largest in the World

SM Stop Using a Truss STUART'S PLAPAO- PADS are different from the truss, being mechanico- chemico applicators made self-adhesive purposely to hold the distended muscles securely in place. No straps, buckles or spring attached —cannot slip, so cannot chafe or press against the pubic bone. Thousands have successfully treated them- selves at home without Keduced hindrance from work—most Fac-Simile

Reduced Fac-Simile Gold Medal obstinate cases conquered. Grand Prix oom, as velvet—easy toa ay —nespensive. Awarded Gold Medal and Grand Process of weeen ery » natural, so afterwards no further use for trusses. prove it by sending Trial of Plapzo : broluvel REE Write name on Coupon and send TODAY Plapao Co., 790 Stuart Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. Perera eee ee er see eeseeeesee eres seeeessesen es. mail will bring Free Trial Plapao.

Only $45.00 For This Job Complete rbitant freight Save exorbi mot J iz

‘i Rot Paper Patterns ‘om ped « thie’ ob “Complete with hood, radiator shell, foment board, uphois etal parts, ts, bolt ser: te. Flat radiator shell faroiahed made “ Designed low with viack of wind resistance. Pri: u 8! ice set up $90. e.. particulars on request. The Central Auto Supply Ce. Eng. Dept. 122 Louisville, Ky.

SELL COAL TO YOUR TRADE in car-load lots. Earn week’s pay in an hour Sideline sales- men wanted, Washington Coal Co., Stock Yards Sta., Dept. AH, Chicago

For 58 years these little marchers have led band instrument buyers to better quality and value! Everything for the BAND PLAYER! astic k to world’s finest

Prat Ng Navy, Victor trument inte: EVO ts. Sold b strument interes n leading music merchants everywhere. Writs nay pastnent , LYON & HEALY, 72 80 Jackson Blyd., CHICAGO AGENTS 222% PROFIT $60-$200 per week. Free sam- ples GOLD SIGN LETTERS for store and office windows. Anyone can put them on. Big demand every- where. Liberal offer to general agents. METALLIC LETTER CO., 433A N. Clark, Chicago a ag oR eo 3 3 “<

eS 8 3 [- Fy ~ vile Beg mn a} ro

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August, 1923 THE HOME WORKSHOP Power Plant Drives Lawnmower (Continued from page 76) it is through this mechanism that the mower is elevated. The elevating lever and pull rod are mounted on the left handle, as shown. The motor is mounted so that the driv- ing pulley extends outside the frame, and the jack shaft pulley is similarly mounted. These small 114 hp. motors run at their most efficient speed at about 600 RPM, and the sizes of all wheels and pulleys are de- stgned for a speed of about 214 miles an hour. The jack shaft is laid in two brass bear- ings, bolted to the round section of the frame, as shown, and kept in place by the hub of the pulley and the pinned collar on the shaft. In the center of this shaft is fastened the 5-in. sprocket wheel for the drive chain. In order to eliminate a bulky and cum- bersome clutch, a belt tightener is used to tighten the motor belt and it also acts as a friction clutch. The idler pulley is mounted on a swinging bracket and is pulled in place by the right-hand lever. Both operating levers are mounted on a 5%-in. threaded bar, which also braces the top of the handles. Each lever has a bent latch arrangement that holds the lever up and in place when it is elevated. This is accomplished by the pivot point’s going just a little beyond or over the center. The hit-and-miss type of engine needs no spark or throttle control. Exhaust Fan Carries off Heat of Summer Cooking Snag and ranges equipped with hoods or canopies can be fitted quite easily with an electric fan to exhaust the heated air. The details can be arranged to suit the various types of hoods in use. In the installation shown the top ring for the fan connection is 2)4 in. in outside FAN-GAS —— ao. E PROJECTION “SCRENS, FLUE 23" OUTSIDE & FAN CAP 2" INSIDE "LONG MOTOR CANOPY STOVE PLUG & SWITCH In this installation an old vacumn cleaner fan draws the hot air from beneath the canopy diameter, 1, in. thick, and 5¢ in. wide. The lower half of the fan case of a vacuum cleaner fan was attached to this ring with three 14-in. screws. A 2-in. stovepipe connects the outside of the discharge end of the fan case to the chimney. Arrange a motor cord and plug to make connection to a convenient outlet.— WILLIAM F. WEBER, Indianapolis, Ind. Varnishing Cannot be Hurried O HURRY the process of varnishing invites failure. If a second coat is ap- plied before the first one is thoroughly hard, the varnish is apt to crack. If driers are added to the varnish to hurry its drying qualities, it is likely to cause pinholes and other defects.—S. M. E. 101 Learn Mechanics In 8 Weeks At Sweeney's HY not make your work play by working at what wat you like? If you like machinery, if you are mechani- . cally inclined, and are game, are not afraid of working in grease, gasoline, you and I will get along together fine. I cannot teach any man a trade if he does not like his work. If you don’t like to work in the dirt, grease, among machinery, you are not mechani- cally inclined. If you are, write me, and write me NOW! Don’t put it off, but get busy, get your pencil, fill out the coupon in the corner, and mail it to me for my book. GET INTO THE AUTOMOBILE BUSINESS BY THE Sweeney System of Practical Experience The Great Million-Dollar School, world-famous, and the success of my thousands of graduates are due to the Sweeney system This is what you get here and can’t get anywhere else. I have taught over 60,000 men to be expert repair men, chauffeurs, tractor engineers, garage owners, etc. I am proud of the fact that I was selected by the U.S. Government to train 5,000 men for mechanical work in the service. I teach by using tools not books. You learn as you do the real work with your hands, Be Your Own Boss I estimate at least 20,000 Sweeney trained men are in business for themselves. Twelve million automobiles are running. Countless opportunities everywhere. Learn Practical Electricit If you prefer electrical work I have y the finest practical electrical course in the United States. You can qualify in three months for a real job by the Sweeney System of Practical Experience. You don’t need to be an engineer or scientist to install, operate and repair all kinds of electrical machinery. We teach with tools. You learn by actually working on our $150,000 special equipment in this world-famous Million-Dollar Trade School where we have turned out 60,000 trained mechanics. | PAY YOUR RAILWAY FARE §2",2y,P"2 8% Se you live I rebate your fare, thus making it as easy for you to come here as if this Million- dollar school were located in your own town. Simply send name today for my big 64-page catalog. Shows hundreds FREE of pictures of men at work in the school. Tells all about wages, profits, opportunities in auto and tractor and electric business, Explains step by step how you learn. Interesting letters from graduates 8’ telling how they made good. Shows how men come from all over 88s Site \\, pew" Rass ack the world to this big school. Makes you want to join the crowd. a® — gu ¥ oe be Tells everything you want to know. No cost, no obligation. Clip a the coupon, or a postcard will do. Get the catalog now—that’s the first step. Don’t put it off one minute. No colored students accepted. fy SWEENEY, President Sell TIRES DIRECT FROM FACTORY \\i We want one auto ownerin each locality to use and advertise Armour Cords, You 3 7a make bigmoney and get your own tires Free by simply sending us orders from friends and neighbors. No Capital or Experience needed. é deliver and collect direct. Pay you daily. MostLibera!Tire Guarantee Ever Written Armour Cords are Bonded against Accidental Damage, Wear and Tear, Tread Separation, Blis- tering, Blow-Outs and Rim-Cutting for 10,000 miles, Weare actual manufactur- ers. Write today for Great Special Offer to Agents and low Factory Prices, ARMOUR TIRE & RUBBER CO. Dept .56B DAYTON, 0. RDN NS NN Bi EVE FAN has been looking for this ironfor both radio and home use. Operates on A. C.or D.C. current ee GUARANTEED one year, Sent anywherein U.S or Canada Parcel Post: prepaid on receipt of money order for $2.28. FANS Seaksionp scene RADIO BARGAINS UA. ie OF: 09-055 tee Ob = 61 OF-Vere) XS ii FROM YOUR CRYSTAL SET? M. P. M. (Million Point Mineral) is the most wonderful crystal ever discov- ered. Equip your set wit P. M. Crystal and astonish your friends with its performance. Has record of receiving from 200 to 1200 miles. Send 25c and name of your radio dealer for sample unmounted crystal. 35c for mounted. Insist upon M. P. M. M. P. M. SALES CO., Dept. P-S., 247 So. Central Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.

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102 St. Louis smoker moves into second place With 405 cans to his credit Mr. Thurston smokes his way towards the lead Mr. Byron Thurston of St. Louis is more than qualified for membership in the Edgeworth Club. But his posi- tion in the championship-smoker class is not so well established. Mr. Thurs- ton’s interesting letter follows: Hotel Garni, St. Louis, Mo. Larus & Brother Company, Richmond, Va. Gentlemen: I have often heard of great smokers of one kind of tobacco. I have smoked 405 cans of Edgeworth Plug Slice 35c size without changing. Now if you know of any better record I would be glad to hear from you. I smoke one can of tobacco in two days and enjoy every pipeful. Yours truly, (Signed) Byron Thurston. More than a year ago an Edgeworth smoker from Burlington, Vermont, Mr. H. F. Baldwin, wrote in suggesting that he had smoked more Edgeworth than any other living man. At that time he had smoked over 1000 cans of the same size purchased by Mr. Thurs- ton, distributed over a_ period of nearly a score of years. So while it appears today that Mr. Thurston is well behind the leader, if he continues smoking a can every two days, it may be only a matter of years before he will be well in ad- vance of the entire field. Edgeworth has something about it that holds smokers. AEE GRAY EAN CRUD ia never tried Larus& Brother Company will you free sam- ples of both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Ready Rubbed. Just drop a postcard to Larus & Brother Company, 59 South 21st Street, Richmond, Va., and the free samples will be forwarded to you promptly. If you will also include the name and address of your regular tobacco dealer, | your courtesy will be appreciated. Edgeworth is sold in various sizes to . suit the needs and means of all pur- chasers. Both Edgeworth Plug Slice and Ready-Rubbed come in small, pocket-size packages, in attractive tin humidors and in handy in-between sizes. ' . To Retail Tobacco Merchants: If your jobber cannot supply you with Edge- worth, Larus & Brother Company will gladly send you prepaid by parcel post a one- or two-dozen carton of any size of Plug Slice or Ready-Rubbed for the same price you would pay the jobber. If you have | Edgeworth, be glad to send | THE HOME WORKSHOP Novel Bait Pail Keeps Minnows Alive in Hot Weather USE the homemade minnow bucket illustrated on the hottest days of the season without losing more than two or three out of the hundred or more minnows the pail holds. It is made from a peanut Sufficient water to cover the minnows is always retained at the bottom of the inner pail can and a pail and costs less than 50 cents. The construction is made clear in the illustrations. The three extension lips at the top edge of the inner pail are covered with soft rubber tubing. I have now added three heavy escutcheon pins to the outer bucket so that they engage the lips and prevent the pail from shifting. The outfit is enameled blue on the outside and white on the inside and then baked. After two years’ hard use, it is still in excellent condi- tion.—F. F. Howe, Milwaukee, Wis. NO. 14 GALVANIZED IRON WIRE RUBBER TUBF Bracket details Hose Holder Saves Time A 14-IN. brass rod 14 in. long sharpened at one end, and fitted with a clip made of 18 or 20-gage brass at the other, is an » excellent holder for the garden hose. The pointed end is pressed into the ground and the nozzle slipped into the clip. This holder holds the nozzle in any desired position, and when one part of the lawn has been sprinkled the whole contrivance, nozzle and all, is turned as on a pivot so as to water another section. It takes only a few min- utes to shape the rod and clip and solder the two together.—J. M. W. How holder is made and used Using Radio Power Tubes ” ORDER to obtain very loud results from a radio loud speaker, a power tube can be used in the last audio frequency stage set and 150 to 300 volts applied to the plate circuit of that tube. More than 100 volts should not be used in any plate circuit, however, where an ordinary transformer and phones are used.—F. C. A. Popular Science Monthly - NEW CORDS 10000 10000 10000 MILES Scene eee Sensational New Cord Tire Sale! Our big volume business enables us to eell brand new Cord tires at lowest prices, Don’t miss this Sale. Every Cord guaranteed first quality and new. Order yoursea- son’s supply now ard cut your tire cost in two. Thoue sands of steady customers getting 10,000 Miles full mileage and you, too, can get Size Cords Tubes Size ords Tubes CS $5.95... $1.05 34x4.... $11.75... $1.65 30x34... 6.90. 1:25 32x4% 13.70... 2.00 33x44... 14.40... 2.10 a, ae 34x434... 14.90... 2.15 K 10.65... 1.45 35x44... 15.40... 2.25 aA ee 11.20... 2.50 SEND NO MONEY Just send your name and sizes of tires wanted. Don't wait! Price soon to go up. Take advantage of this sen- sational tire sale. Shipment C.O.D. Section unwrapzed for inspection. Order now. Dept. . 62 SUPREME TIRE CO., 3234 W. Jackson Bivd., Chicago BARGAINS IN REBUILT MOTORS Limited stock, electric motors, rebuilt by our ownexperts and fully guaranteed, offered subject to prior sale, f. o. b. Chicago at the following extremely low prices: 1/8hp 1/6hp A C—$10.00 $12.00 D C— 11.50 13.50 * Repulsion induction type. Also a few larger sizes. Send Cash with order. Money back if not satisfied. Northwestern Electric Co. 410-20 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Ill, 1/4hp *1/4hp *1/2hp | FREE *2.AGENTS!| ae |) e , ’ / . ‘ f | ‘ - ON ecr, all, Parki lights, i lights, troublelights; ALL IN ONE.” Write for information and how to one — A 549 Sheridan Rd., CHICAGO HAIR GROWS! When our Vacuum Cap is used a few minutes daily. Sent on 60 days’ FREE trial at our expense. Stops falling hair and dandruff. Science combined with common sense. No drugs or electricty. A postal brings illustrated booklet. Modern Vacuum Cap Co. 400 Barclay Denver, Colo. W. C. Perkins & Co., Dept.?01 “LIGHTING FIXTURES” Ready to hang. Direct from manufacturers. Completely wired including glassware, Send for Catalogue No. 24 and : Dealers’ proposition i ERIE FIXTURE SUPPLY CO. Desk A, Erie, Pa. Recover it yourself. Custom tailor e — = tofit = | ParcelsPostpaid modcls. Roof and quarters sewed together, with rear fasteners, welts and tacks, complete. Anybody can put it on. Give name, year, model number of your car. Catalog FREE. Agents wanted. S 2 LIBERTY TOP& TIRE CO Dept.E8 Cincinnati,O, August You Every0! musica! popula! y/ = It’ is tl easies! the aic chargé few W The S home ' ; ‘ 5 t ‘ 4 ( | | |

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fonthly- | August, 1923 You Are Welcome Everywhere Everyone should possess the ability to play some musical instrument. It will greatly increase your popularity and personal satisfaction. You are wel- come everywhere with a sweet-toned BUESCHE: sed Saxophone

he It'is the one instrument anyone can learn to play— nd easiest of all musical instruments to master. With —— the aid of the first 3 lessons, which are sent without : charge, the scale can be mastered in an hour; ina few weeks you can be playing popular music. S A Wonderful Entertainer The Saxophone is the most popular instrument for Ss home entertainment, church, lodge or school. You may readily add to your income if you desire, as Saxophone players are always in demand for ject dance orchestras, ing FREE Trial—EASY Payments You may try any Buescher Saxophone, Cornet hp Trumpet or Trombone or other Band or Orchestral 7.00 Instrument six days in your own home without obli- i tion. If perfectly satisfied, pay for it on easy payments, eee Send for free Saxophone Book or complete catalog, men- tioning instrument in which you are interested. (89) 1 BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT CO. eT. Makers of Everything in Band and Orchestra Instruments 3189 Buescher Block Elkhart, Indiana

A YEAR EASY TO MAKE We want men to take orders for the best value line of | all wool made-to- measure suits and over- coats. $5.00 commission on every sale. We beat **’em all’’ in quality, style and fit. Write at once for all details. MEYERS BROS. INC., 2104 MARKET ST. ESTAB._1865 PHILADELPHIA, PA.

THE HOME WORKSHOP

oes om home the antiseptic germicidal liniment inone container is easiest to carry; dependable for a greater variety of emergencies; safe and pleasant to use and | genes against thehost’s lack of necessary preparations. $1.25 at druggists or postpaid. Lib- eral trial bottle, postpaid, roc.

‘o W._F. YOUNG, Inc. oie 350 Lyman Street lo. _ Sprinsfield, Mass.

” AbsorbineJ! THE ANTISEPTIC LINIMENT

You, Too, Can Play the HAWAIIAN GUITAR res

». Just as the Natives Do— Only Four Motions—Which You Master Quicke —_ ¥8 You Play Real Music Your First Lesson ! : 0 previous musical knowledge neces -- no boresome <‘scales’’ or ‘‘runs’’. Be popular--play "Peggy O'Neill’’ **Three o’Clock in the Morning’’,’ Stumbling” -any music J QUR METHOD SIMPLE AND POSITIVE The course of 52 lesso’ hen comp! ,enabl: [oma to play any piece of music--guet os ape dol hae FREE a beautiful Hawaiian oe necessary picks. plays weirdly sweet music. Just write, ona = :*"Send particulars of your free Haw: uitar Offer and 52 lessons.’’ And mail today First Hawaiian Conservatory of Music. inc. e e New York C Desk 46, 233 B’way, (Woolworth Bldg.

Auto Provides Light for Summer Cottage or Camp By H. H. Parker Y INSTALLING an extra lead from the starting battery, an automobile can be used quite satisfactorily for lighting a small country shack or cottage or a camp while on a summer trip. Care must be taken, of course, that the battery is not ex- hausted through over use, but if the ma- chine is being used normally every day the battery will be sufficiently charged to take care of the extra demands upon it. One 21-candle headlight bulb with a reflector gives ample light for reading. This article is, indeed, being written with the aid of such a lamp and a combination house and garage has been lighted in this way without ever exhausting the battery or re- quiring outside charge to be given it. For ordinary use lamps of less candlepower will suffice. Room always can be found somewhere under the dash of the car to screw a stock

¥ BRASS CLIP FOR BATTERY TERMINAL Standard fixtures are used in arranging an auto lighting system for summer use type 110-volt porcelain wall socket. Stock fixtures such as this are easily adapted to the low voltage circuit and are much more substantial than the small auto lighting fittings. This socket connects with a battery ter- minal but a fuse should be installed be- tween to guard against accidental outside short circuits. Another porcelain socket 10-ampere fuse plug can be used for this; it can be screwed under the machine or bolted to the frame, or under the dash. In the latter case it is best to combine the two sockets by using a porcelain base double fuse block. See that the two sockets are connected in series instead of parallel, as when two fuses are used. Most machines have the single wire ground system, so one fuse is sufficient. A heavy and well insulated battery lead, preferably of single conductor armored cable, should be used. Some sort of clamp can be made of heavy sheet brass to fit over the battery terminal; the shape will depend upon the make of battery. If well tinned with solder, corrosion from the battery acid will be largely prevented. One terminal cf the dash socket is grounded by means of a curved brass plate extending from the ter- minal screw to a bolt holding the socket to the dash. Attach leads from the attachment plug and connect up the lights. As the voltage is only 6 or 12 volts, fairly large leads must be used if they are run any distance, other- (Turn to page 104)

EARLE E. LIEDERMAN as he is today Gee! But It’s Great To Be Healthy! Up in the morning brimming with pep. Eat like a kid and off for the day’s work feeling like a race horse. You don't care how much work awaits you, for that’s what you crave—hard work and plenty of it. And when the day is over, are you tired? I should say not. Those days are gone forever. That’s the way Sapa sarees man acts. His broad chest breathes deep with oxygen purifying his blood so that his very body tingles with life. His brain is clear and his eyes sparkle. He hasa spring to his step and a confidence to tackle anything at any time. Pity the Weakling Don’t you feel sorry for those poor fellows dragging along through life with a neglected body? They are up and around a full half hour in the morning before they are half awake. They taste a bite of food and call it a breakfast. Shuffle off to work and drag through the day. It’s no wonder so few of them ever succeed. No- body wants a dead one hanging around. It’s the live ones that count. Strength Is Yours Wake up fellows and look the facts in the face. It’s up to you right now. What do you plan to be—a live one or a dead one? Health and strength are yours if you'll work for them, so why choose a life of suffering and failure? Exercise will do it. By that I mean the right kind of exercise. Yes, your body needs it just as much as it does food. If you don’t get it you soon develop into a flat-chested, narrow-shouldered weakling with a brain that needs all kinds of stimulants and foolish treatments to make it act. I know what I am talking about. I haven't devoted all these years for nothing. Come to me and give me the facts and I'll transform that body of yours so you won't know it. I will broaden your shoulders, fill out your chest, and give you the arms and legs of a real man. Meanwhile, I work on the muscles in and around your vital organs, making your heart pump rich, pure blood and putting real pep in your old backbone. This is no idle talk. I don’t promise these things—I guarantee them. If you doubt me, come on and make me prove it. That's what I like. Send for My New 64-Page Book “Muscular Development” It contains forty-three full page photographs of my- self and some of the many prize-winning pupils I have trained. Some of these came to me as pitiful weaklings, imploring me to help them. Look them over now and you will marvel at their present physiques. This book will prove an impetus and a real inspiration to you. It will thrill you through and through. All I ask is 10 cents to cover the cost of wrapping and mailing and it is yours to keep. This will not obligate you at all, but for the sake of your future health and happiness, do not put it off. Send to-day—right now, before you turn this EARLE E. LIEDERMAN Dept. 1308, 305 Broadway, New York City EARLE E. LIEDERMAN Dept. 1308, 305 Broadway, New York City DEAR Str:—I enclose herewith 10 cents for which you are to send me, without any obligation om my part whatever, a copy of your latest book, ‘Muscular De- velopment.” Please write or print plainly. PE sok ke eeat ee cba sna Raa eerTer as ob 66s esi tdadne teen chenetesaseueaenee MR is sar uss ody) Oreos gran wie Radia OLE STAMB sé sinccues

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SEE RRO Ea TS 104 Popular Science Monthly . No Money Down While other watch dealers are raising their prices, asking you for larger monthly payments, and mak- ing payment terms harder for you to meet, we are offering you our new model Santa Fe Special, no advance in price, no money down, easier terms and smaller monthly payments. WE realize the war is over and in order to double our business we MUST give you pre war inducements, better prices, easier terms and smaller payments. L 0 OK Adjusted to Positions Adjusted to Temperature Aitasied to Isochronism Adjusted to the Second SSS Thin Model. All Sizes Without one penny of advance payment let us place in your hands to see, to examine, to inspect, to ad- mire, to approve, a real masterpiece in watch crea- tion. A Watch which passes the most rigid inspec- tion and measures up to the exacting requirements of the great Santa Fe ilway System, and other great American trunk lines. Page 12 of our Watch Book is of Special Interest to You Ask for our Watch Book free—then select the Watch you would like to see, either the famous Santa Fe Special or the 6 position Bunn Special, and let us explain our easy payment plan and send the watch express prepaid for you to examine. No Money Down. Remember—No money down—easy payments buys a master timepiece—a 21 Jewel guaranteed for a life- time at about half the price you pay for a similar — of other makes. No money down—a wonder offer. SANTA FE WATCH COMPANY 880 Thomas Bidg., Topeka, Kansas (Home of the Great Santa Fe Railway) A Letter, Post Card or this Coupon Will Bring My Beautiful Free Watch Book SANTA FE WATCH CO. 880 Thomas Bldg., Topeka, Kansas Please send me your New Watch Book with the understanding that this request does not obligate me in any way. Seem em eee ww ew seme wees eeraseeeeeeeeeeseee Pending THE FAVORITE A perfected radio cabinet. A powerful generator of radio waves. Eliminates static and danger from lightning. No loop, no aerial, no ground or other attachments necessary; has good range, provides for sharp selective tuning, operates any good hook-up with any good vacuum tube, Carries and conceals all batteries and equipment and is a beautiful piece of household furniture. Write for descriptive matter an‘ prices. MANUFACTURED BY G. A. BARTHOLOMEW, 409 Guardian Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. WILL LEASE SHOP RIGHTS. THE HOME WORKSHOP Auto Provides Light, (Continued from page 103) wise there will be too great a voltage drop. All lights must, of course, be connected in parallel and no more should be burned at one time than needed. Bayonet base auto lighting bulbs are easily adapted to stock pattern screw sockets by means of a swivel attachment plug, which can be bought for about 17 cents, and a double bayonet base connector. Saw the con- nector tube in two just below the fiber plug holding the cen- ter plunger; un- screw the fiber cap of the attach- ment plug and discard it; then fasten the inner sleeve and the swivel cap with a drop of solder so that the cap can- not turn. Cut a narrow strip of spring brass to fit up into the center terminal hole of the plug, clamp the outer end under the lower terminal screw and bend down the inside end so that it can make contact with the con- nector plunger when this is sol- dered into the sleeve. It will be found that the connector tube, if filed slightly, will make a close fit into the attach- ment plug screw sleeve, to which it is to be soldered. Then screw the plug into a standard socket and the low voltage bulb can be pushed in. Another method is to use the brass base of a burned-out 110-volt globe. Solder a brass strip to the outside of the base and solder the bayonet base of the auto bulb to the other end, bending the strip so that the bulb will be centrally placed over the base. Then solder the small wire coming up from the center base terminal to the center ter- minal of the bulb. The disadvantage of this is that if the lamp should burn out, another cannot be placed immediately, unless all lamps on hand have been so con- verted and supplied with screw bases. A pendant key socket with swivel plug adaptor makes a good combination, as the light can be switched on or off at pleasure. A spotlight on the end of a long lead is use- ful about camp as it can be clamped to a tree or other support and will throw a bril- liant light in any direction. SPOTLIGHT CLAMPED TO TREE BRANCH Auto light adapters and other details Many unusually helpful woodworking articles will appear in forthcoming issues of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. One will tell how to make inexpensive but fine looking picture frames; another will give a unique method of making neat tables with plain nailed and screwed joints for the home; a third will provide com- plete details for a mission table and desk. . wpaval a BOOKS ELECTRICITY Construction of Small Al- ternating Current Motors By PROF. A. E. WATSON Brown University This book contains complete in- structions for building small alter- nating current motors in several sizes. The designs will be found in harmony with those of the very best manufacturers and they can be worked out by the amateur for making useful instruments. Clear, concise directions and_ careful drawings are features of this book. Fully Illustrated. Price, $1.50 —_—— With 110- Volt Alternating Current By J. D. ADAMS Here at last is a book that devel- ops a practical working familiarity with the alternating current—the form in which electricity is used in every home. The author shows how this can be done in an inter- esting and inexpensive way. The only way to gain a thorough understanding of electricity as it is used commercially is by direct personal experiment. The knowl- edge thus gained is of vastly more value and importance than that acquired from the performance of the stereotyped series of battery experiments so uniformly described in the text-books. 256 pages, 135 illustrations. Price, postpaid, $1.75 Armature Winding By DAVID P. MORETON A practical analysis of armature windings for direct-current and alternating-current machines, in- cluding rules and diagrams for reconnecting induction motor arm- atures; profusely illustrated with wiring diagrams and photographs of coil-winding apparatus. This volume is particularly adapted for the purpose of home study and self instruction. 204 pages, 232 illustrations, flexible binding Price, postpaid, $2.10 ‘Small Motors, Transform- ers and Electromagnets By H. M. STOLLER, B. E., M. S. Unique, giving typical complete detailed designs and actual con- struction methods. Practical, tells how to rewind used motors for changes in voltage, speed, fre- quency, etc. Authoritative, yet simply written, and equally valu- able for the amateur, repair man and electrical engineer. 328 pages, Price, postpaid, $2.65 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street, New York City August: ia _ Sol 1 be h locatic depen heat 1 other’ make in fa with } as shi use 0 being the u the from ofac tacl soutl the | Tl is 12 wide The mad

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fonthly: | August, 1923 —= -——s THE HOME WORKSHOP TL. U Solar Bathhouse Provides for — Sun and Shower Baths a pet PORTRAIT f. zn Y A is the best known shoe trade mark in the world. | HE combined sun _and shower bath- It stands for the highest standard of quality at the ae house illustrated, is one I built in a lowest possible cost. For economy and satisfactory location where the sun’s heat could be service, wear shoes that bear this trade mark. | depended upon most of the year. This W.L. DOUGLAS constant endeavor for 47 years |. heat is utilized for taking the chill off the has been to make reliable, well made, stylish shoes |; otherwise ice-cold water sufficiently to at reasonable prices. The satisfactory service andthe | tor 5 make bathing a pleasure. The water is, protection afforded by the name and price stamped in fact, usually too warm unless mixed on the sole of every pair have with cold water. The mixture is regulated, cota Sve Mean Pade - the people confidence i as shown in the upper photograph, by the AT THE FACTORY in W. L. Douglas shoes. or. use of two globe valves, the warm water If you have been paying high al being drawn from prices for shoes, examine the nd the upper end and W. L. Douglas $7.00 and $8.00 ry the cold water shoes. They are exceptionally i i A good value and will give you 8 from = -s we: — : satisfactory service. ir, . pare 9 - e WEAR W. L. DOUGLAS SHOES =. : ie end of i AND SAVE MONEY. ESTABLISHED 1876 soo | [apelin $5565758.&59, SHOES {i , $1.50 The bathhouse U" £.° 0. , & WOMEN is 12 ft. long, 8 ft. $4.50 & $5.00 SHOES FOR BOYS 4 high. WE WOULD BE GLAD TO HAVE YOU VISIT 10. _ and oe 18 W. L. Douglas factories at Brockton, Mass., examine the high grade e upper moor 1s leathers used, and see how carefully good shoes are made by skilled made of 1 by 4 in. shoemakers under the supervision of experienced men, all working with an ‘ent honest determination to make the best shoes | that can be produced for the price. WL, ASK YOUR DEALER FOR W. L. DOUGLAS SHOES. et ns ene IF HE CANNOT SUPPLY YOU . ° W. LDuugas Shee Ca. Yy eum aaeeren WRITE FOR CATALOG. 126 Spak Seat Uectaen, Hans. 1e AGAINST TO MERCHANTS: If no dealer in gown town handles W. L. Douglas d iulWldihi = UNREASONABLE PROFITS a ie exclusive rights to handle this quick-selling, ve ee n-ove " r sit ‘h it E| : $ a I.) re it $3 of ee y ———OOOO_—_—— Water | the coil of d d a sufficiently: to make shower- athing enjoyable a: ANSONIA dressed boards, the edges of which were S h painted before the boards were nailed. The = SA fe- unwatc parapet around the floor is about 3 ft. TY A high and, ot course, the top is open, so | Tells the Time that one can expose the entire body to the $ . beneficial rays of the sun. Steps lead from brin Ss enuine and Points the W ay e pow 1 the shower bathroom on the first floor to Sportsmen, Campers, Scouts, Guides, ; the roof. Motorists and all outdoor people r The sun water heater in this case con- U N D ERWO OD need a reliable Compass. ‘ sists of five 8-ft. lengths and two 4-ft. Ths Aneania Seemmatals te hada Coen lengths of 1-in. galvanized pipe connected standard Shipman "Ward R ae sien and Sun-dial. Tells correct time any- ‘ as shown, and }%-in. pipes carry the water wood in your home. venient, pay cash, where in United States. indoors to a short length of rubber hose a a page agp ye pte Handsome brass case; fits vest pocket. ! and a bath spray. Where the sun is not typewriter at a big cash saving. so hot, more or larger pipes can be WHY PAY RENTAL? $ 1 3 50 1g used and provision must be made for sa tt aeons eae ee ae on ee _ 5 draining the pipes at the end of the chree models of the Underwood ybewriter : E . ‘ w re oe oy le season.—E. W. WILLAT, Culver City, Calif. Gompany today. | The ee “is that ANSONIA 2 Ta ta eebcae mackie, Vamie weling G ‘ z eer pr LINE ot asedine is visible at all ravity = m- times. STANDARD 4-ROW SINGLE SHIFT KEY- To Prevent Tools from Rolling gt oe Clock ets CREWDRIVERS, files, scrapers, and hg capcnnsy — = banal on The Keyless Timepiece }. other tools that have a constant ten- ee. Se ee ee” ae ai Oe Runs 36 hours by gravity deney to roll off the bench or machine can our. bi illustrated seatelog a and $a particulars. and is rewound by raising y be j ‘ee te NOW penen f° OA8 of e improve "4 rame, o keys o THE HANDLE IS DRILLED OFF CENTFR the “ 1 = === FREE TRIAL COUPON*=== ‘pian. Saicbhe fox AND A LEAD PLUG OR BRASS ROD er ony cL home or office. Bronze an é , ewriter Emporium ae INSERTED - «* dient of weight- SHIPM A N WARD MFG. CO or Pa finis il r =. ing one side of “ aa. = the handle. A C-214 Shipman Bldg., CHICAGO | hole is drilled off | § Send by return mail Bargain Offer No.C-214 § GET THEM FROM YOUR DEALER center into the g of a Standard Visible Writing Underwood. g If he has none in stock, we will g This is not an order and does not obligate g mail postpaid on receipt of price handle, as shown, g meto buy. g Prices for United States only gay ag U Name........ adie ANSONIA CLOCK COMPANY yin se = hi ; Street or R.F.D.No.. eeereeceseeeeseee® : 99 John Street, Dept. M. New York LY eh a . P ffice see ve State : Makers of Fine Clocks for Half a Century ty iw Titrtrtrtrtrtititiitiiitity TT il lid id

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ca om Db Rl RNs ino 106 outfits at factory prices A few cents a day will pay. CS _ WuRtzes AUSH \' You may have any in- strument for a week’s free trial in your own home. No obligation. No expense for trial. Send (i the coupon. ¥ = at ~ and complete to you, Say T f , —_ —— ie, San ue? rtf Ci) Hiner The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co., nept, C178 117 E. 4th St., Cincinnati —329 So. Wabash Ave., Chicago 120 W.42nd5t. » New York—250 StocktonSt., San Francisco Send me your new catalog, which illustrates and describes every known musical i instrument, many of them shown in full colors, all at lowest factory prices, Also tell me how I may have any instru- ment on a week’s trial in my own home at your expense and without obligation, and may pay for it on your special easy payment plan, Name — Address (State instrument in sohsh you us are eopectaily én cially interested) @ume Copyright 1922, The Feud erliteer Co. cman THE HOME WORKSHOP Small Ornamental Fountain Made of Cement or Plaster A SMALL fountain for the conservatory, sun porch, or sheltered nook in the garden can be made without much difficulty from either waterproofed plaster of Paris or cement. If piped water from the house main cannot conveniently be obtained, a tank can be installed in the pedestal and compressed air pumped into it to operate the fountain spray when desired. To make the basin, first form a core from strong wire netting of about 14-in. mesh. Bend a )4-in. square or round bar of iron into a ring the size of the outside rim and wire the netting to it, bending the mesh over to make a curved edge. Cut a hole 2 or 3 in. in diameter in the center for the pipe and another for the plug. Support the basin temporarily in a hole in the ground or in some other convenient This decorative fountain, made without the use of molds, is operated either by the house water supply or by compressed air way and, if you wish a cement fountain, mix one part of cement with two of sand. If it is to look like marble, use good plaster of Paris that you know is fresh and has not been exposed to dampness. The process is the same with either, so I shall describe only the plaster process. Mix a bucket of the plaster to the con- sistency of thick cream. Dip a piece of burlap, previously cut to fit the inside of the basin, into the plaster and quickly lay it in position, covering all the netting, including the curved edge. The burlap may be laid on in pieces, if preferred. Pour in the rest of the plaster and smooth it over with your hand and a piece of wood cut to fit the curve of the basin. napeet until there is a smooth layer about 14 in. thick. Plaster sets very quickly net plicit be worked successfully when once it has begun to set. Leave the basin at least two days to get hard and then turn it over carefully and give the outside a similar coat, first sprink- ling with water the plaster previously laid. There are several ways of waterproofing the basin. One of the best is to coat it with mica and collodion. Make the mica perfectly white by boiling it in hydrochloric acid. See that it is finely ground and sifted and then mix it with diluted collodion to the consistency of oil paint, and apply it with a soft brush. This will give a fine silvery luster. The plaster must be thor- oughly dry before the waterproofing is applied. If you don’t wish to attempt this, (Continued on page 107) Popular Science Monthly’ Lg BOS FUL BODIES at WHOLESALE Suro SUPPLIES | Big sig Free FoR ALL CARS catalo Send for catalog “M,” it shows over 3000 bargains in repair parts, tops, radiators and general accessories for Fords ani all other cars. All standard quality. Nemco Bargain Supply House 65 N. Peoria St. CHICAGO, ILL. A NEW WAY TO GETYOUR CLOTHES ABSOLUTELY FREE fime~sometfing aiferen nt. better, bige offer F aed wrote. Low edn. i. =_ than any offe thes— bigger cash profits—express or poste age paid on everything. Rouete PAY Fidelity Bodies $29.85 sn for Fords on Chevrolet **490” Ours is a new and better -six stylish, real cloth les—FREE jored fashion gs inal wh everything FR it arog us eline a posse 8 00 AGENTS! * ongrit § $100 to $200 a Week! i Take orders for the only auto jubr- cation which forces Heavy Oil at 2 i pounds bs bydrealh ic ie pressure int to =>" es grease gents: Write for free Tau opportunity 1007, Lubrication mee ride and last longer. Chass now a White-callar Job, with wee service- station a "Si in- rs' sf tnt ducement h locality. Write today. 4 H. G. SAAL CO., 1800 M Shoatress Ave., Dept. 406, CHIcaco OS A IS ES I RS MU Bs 3a A es eee — CHARGE YOUR BATTERY ao(RADIO ok AUTO) B) at HOME foraNICKEL Thee HOMCHARGER POPULARLY PRICED — PAYS FOR ITSELF SEND FOR THE AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL FREE BOOK 131 w.tHIRD ST.- CINCINNATI, OHIO ~ Our net price list. Full line of auto bodies and accesso- ries for Fords at Wholesale Prices. Save r big money on * _ bodies by_ buying Direct from Factory. FOR ply ol ow ape . yo. foster to INTERNATIONAL BODY WORKS, v4 W. Ohies $0 Dest H ‘Chicago, iit.

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is |S t ns pa > a Sa eee ql & slr a™r SS 1 lee August, 1923 OWN - INE GENU! — | ASTRA Automatic Buy direct from sole U.S. Im: J porters end Gayve 1, Recognized by authorities as the finest Euros an Pistol. The standard of the Spanish Army pnd after exhaustive tests was adopted by the French during the War. The equal of any similar American weapon which sells for twice the price. You save Jobber, Wholesalerand Retailer profits py ordering direct from us at these special prices. 28 CALIBER 32 CALIBER ; 95 ‘7 Shot 71095 AUTOMATIC fry AUTOMATIC including Extra Magatine ayriety 9-25 Both Models Shoot Any Standard Ammunition ~ RNINGI! Cast fron guns are very danger- owt'we uarantee every ASTRA to be brand new and of Drop-Forged Steel Throu Before buying any weapon, INSIST on th ate antee. We also absolutely quarentee the ASTRA inferior workmanship! If you are not en- agin tistied. return within 10 days and we will immediately refund your money. SEND NO MONEY —unless you wish. Just write your name and sre ard ils You pay oe posthan (plu retu : mage) when it arrives. Write for our new fre- arms catalog. California Trading Company Dept.18, Terminal Bldg. Loe Angeles, Cal. *‘4Napoleon’’ Guaranteed — Filled clear profit every/ Sale, and you can — 2 sell oe a ou on / 7 Jewels $7.45, sell for $12.45. Adjusted (Dealers ask $20forit). eee ee SAAR eT Pa 4 Gold-filled‘‘Pocket- ff]! to-pocket’’ vest i || cl ree with every watch. i Move- ase ment is > is genu- iy} } grade T-Jewel, ine Elgin, thinnest justed, ge mode lev . 14k gold-filled. Agents Wanted! Take orders, collect or profit, no waiting or delivering. li instructions with your sample. Pay agents’ \ Send No Money 2° 39ers, WO price, $7.45 when delivered. We th . Not one cent for cha’ UNIVERSAL WATCH COMPANY Dept.324 1857 Armitage Avenue, CHICAGO IEEBRESSERE EES Rolling Bath Tub with water heater For homes or summer cottages. Full size white enamel tub, nickeled 12-gal. tank. Closes up in space 3 ft. square. On cas- ters—roll it anywhere. Heater attach- ment for kerosene, gasoline or gas. Water heats quickly. Waste drains through hose attached to temporar; nent outlet. Simple. Guaranteed. > Write for 30-Day Free Trial offer. Po Roberts Metallic aN fs Bath Tub Co. Oo. A. 22 ie rum Ave. bean Detroit, Mich. Ask about the Roberts Oil Bur- ner. Fits any cook stove or base-burner. MOTORCYCLE BARGAINS SAVE 25% to 65% on Biehtly used and Rebulflt Motor- qoes Side Cars, Johnson Motor heels, Evans Power Cycles. Bicycles. Send for Free Bargain Bulletin and Money Saving Mes » isting hun- dreds of Bargains in used, rebuilt and oew machines, supplies, accessories, etc. - AMERICAN MOTOR CYCLE CO. Dept. 817, 2047 W. Chicago Ave., CHICAGO Drive 100 Tacks and Save $25.00 soap. THE HOME WORKSHOP Small Ornamental Fountain (Continued from page 106) paint the basin with a hot solution of soft Let it dry thoroughly and then coat it with waterproof varnish or paint. Build a pedestal for the basin to suit its location and your own taste. You can ornament it with plaster ornaments or wooden carving and moldings. If the basin is plaster of Paris, paint the pedestal white, and if the basin is cement, coat the pedestal with a wash of cement and water. If you have not been able to pipe water to the fountain, provide a space in the pedestal for a square or round tank. Fas- ten a pipe in the center so that it comes to within an inch of the bottom, as shown, and on top solder a thimble with one small hole, if you wish a single spray, or more for a multiple spray. In one corner solder a short pipe to take a tire valve and also place a tap or plug at the bottom to drain off the water occasionally. It is well to place a strainer over the bottom of the fountain pipe. Set the tank in the pedestal and place the basin on it so that the pipe is in the center and a plug goes through the other hole. Fill in around the pipes with plaster or cement. To operate, unscrew the cap A and fill the tank one third with water. Close the cap and the valve B and pump air into the tank with a tire pump, as at C. You must have considerably more air than water space, as air is compressible and water is not. Then turn the tap B and the water will come up as afountain. The height can be regulated so that it will not be too high at first and too low later on. When all the water has left the tank, open cap A and repeat the process. The tank and all the joints must be strong and airtight to with- stand the pressure and, of course, the ped- estal must be strong and rigid to sustain the weight—A. E. McCann. How to Build a Pergola Backstop for the Tennis Court By B. Francis Dashiell Mechanical Engineer TOP CROSS PIECES or LS xi” STRIP “gntienn backstops add much to the attractiveness of the home tennis court and are not a great deal more expensive to build than the more or less plain and crude type often used. 107 One of the World’s Largest Manufacturers withunlimited resources Builds Cunningham Tubes ORTY- THREE A Specially yearsago Designed Tube the carbon fila- For Every ment electric Radio Use lamp, at that time considered the finest de- velopment in the electrical art, came into general use. The important and ever-grow- ing demand resulted in the build- ing and expansion of mighty factories, and the improvement of factory methods, until today the tungsten filament gas-filled lamp yields eight times the candle power for the same elec- tric input. In recent years these same highly skilled manufacturers have been devoting a part of their factories, and applying their engineering talent gained through years of experience, to the production of vacuum tubes. The new Cunningham _ type C-301-A, Amplifier and Detector rep- resents a combination of these years of manufacturing experience, and the engineering ability contributed by that great scientific organization, the Research Laboratory of the General Electric Company. The low filament current of only one-fourth of an ampere and the ex- tremely high mutual conductance of 700 micro-mhos, make the C-301-A the most efficient vacuum tube ever built for amateur and entertainment use in radio. e Cunningham Patent Notice : tubes are covered by patents dated 11-7-05, 1-15-07, 2-18-08, and others issued and pending. Licensed for amateur, experimental and entertainment use in radio communication. Any other use will be an infringement. Ford Top Recoverings, $5.25 of to $11; Chevrolet or Over- The possibility of planting shrubs and Etligs n die: : : ° 5 ss0- Other Ces Bae ot, Al ae climbing roses beside each column, or at rds with plate glass lights. Our i he backstops , ed Leather Cushion Gad Back Ushelncsen covers up unsightly least the outside columns of t P f | Home Office: Eastern Representative: _ ushions and Backs, and wears like Buck Skin, from $2.00 | adds further to the general appearance of | 6h Wines Street Chicago, !inois ‘ to$5.00each. Side Curtains that open with doors $11.90 up. th d | z ‘ " og 7 it Covers $3.15 to $32.00. Quality the best and guaranteed e grounds. , d San Francisco, Calif. . . Printed instructions given how to apply. Send for samples. Prices above include delivery at your door. Eastern The length of the backstops will depen Satara (Farm poe 108 abs aaa ill. MUTO EQUIPMENT CO., 1059 Se. Broadway, LOS ANGELES, CALIF.

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; he | ' 108 “There’s One Man We're Going to Keep” “Ed Wilson, there, is one of the most ambitious men inthe plant. I notice that he never fools away his spare time. He studies his International Correspondence Schools course every chance he gets. “It’s been the making of him, too. He hasn't been here nearly so long as Tom Downey, who was laid off yesterday, but he knows ten times as much about this business. ‘I’m going to give him Tom’s job at a raise in salary. He’s the kind of man we want around here.” tiga do you stand in your shop or office? Are you an Ed Wilson or a Tom Downey? Are you going up? Or down? -No matter where you live, the International Cor- respondence Schools will come to you. No matter what your handicaps or how small your means, we have a plan to meet your circumstances. No matter how limited your previous education, the simply- written, wonderfully-illustrated I. C. S. textbooks make it easy to learn. _ This is all we ask: Without cost, without obligat- ing yourself in any way, put it up to us to prove how we can help you. Just mark and mail this coupon. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7649-C, Scranten, Penna. Without cost or obligation on my part, please tell me how I can qualify for the position or in the subject before which I have marked an X: BUSINESS TRAINING COURSES Business Management Salesmanship Industrial Management Advertising Personnel Organization Better Letters Traffic Management Foreign Trade Business Law Stenography and Typing Banking and Banking Law Accountancy (including C.P.A.) Nicholson Cost Accounting Bookkeeping Business English Civil Service Railway Mail Clerk Common School Subjects Private Secretary High School Subjects Business Spanish {) French Illustrating TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COURSES Electrical Engineering Architect Electric Lighting Blue Print Reading Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman Architectural Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Concrete Builder Railroad Positions Structural Engineer Gas Engine Operating Chemistry () Pharmacy Civil Engineer Automobile Work Surveying and Mapping Airplane Engines Metallurgy © Mining Agriculture and Poultry Steam Engineering 1 Radio Mathematics 3°27 23 Ee Oe re eee Persons residing in Canada should send this coupon to the International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal, Canada. Our big stocks of standard makes of radio sets, parts and supplies enables us to make prompt shipment from stock. Play safe— buy standard equipment from areliable house. No cut price material. Send $1.25 for Univernier for close tuning—men- tion size of Condenser or Variometer shaft; $2.00 for 6-phone plug. JULIUS ANDRAE & SONS CO. In business since 1860 119 Michigan Street Milwaukee, Wis. oS FORD +32 SPORT CA ONLY Other types down to $3 50 Famous sure fit, Aeg+: iife-9 40 size patterns end picture instructions show how. You can easily convert your Ford into this fast, saucy Sport Car as hun- dieds have done nein A e ° 'e 5 M } Rear only $6.40 delivered Built low rides wontertalt easy, Order NOW while we can make good delivery. Sendséc coin Jor tllustrated KOEME of Sport Bodies, ** Jifdy’’ Topa and *‘Gosum"’ Windshields UEMPEL CO., 520 Kuempel Bidg., Guttenberg, lowa el 110 THE HOME WORKSHOP Building a Pergola Backstop (Continued from page 107) upon the grounds and the space devoted to the court or courts. Sufficient space should be left behind the end lines to allow playing margin. The columns divide each backstop into panels 10 ft. square. A small concrete foundation should be made for each column and two long anchor bolts set in place be- fore the cement hardens. Have the tops flush with the surface of the ground and all on the same level. Dressed lumber, 1 by 12 in. by 10 ft. is used for building up the box-like columns, each of which is provided with a cap and base of 2-in. material. The cap is 2 ft. long and the base 3 ft. long, both 18 in. wide. They are attached to the columns with nails and screws, and the joints are covered with half-round molding. Two long parallel beams, 114 by 12 in., run the entire length of the backstop, across the tops of the columns. They stand on edge, 14 in. apart. Notches 1 in. deep are cut in the lower edges, where they fit over the top caps of the columns. The ends project 3 ft. beyond the end columns and are cut to the same shape as the decorative pergola pieces on top. If there is any other pergola work on the grounds, the same design should be adhered to. The cross pieces are 7% in. by 9 in. by 3 ft. 6 in. and are notched 2 in. deep to fit over the top edges of the long beams. They are spaced 1 ft. apart. A dressed strip 2 by 2 in. by 10 ft. is placed between the columns at the bottom and rests on the edges of the base pieces, and strips 1 in. square by 10 ft. long are nailed to the inside faces of the columns to provide nailing strips for the ends of the netting. Four lengths of 14-in. galvanized iron pipe, each 5 ft. 4 in. long, are joined at the center with a cross fitting and are bolted in place with pipe locknuts to form a large cross support for the netting. Poultry netting 5 ft. wide is used to fill the spaces between the columns. Where the edges join at the horizontal member of the cross pipe, they are bound to it with soft iron wire. The lower edge of the netting is tacked tightly to the lower cross support, the ends to the 1 by 1 in. strips, and the top is supported by wire fastened to the bot- toms of the cross pieces. Paint the woodwork with two or three coats of white lead and oil paint, and the wire netting and pipes with dark or black outside enamel. Ladder Bracket for Painting N PAINTING the side of a house or other building it is not always conve- nient to erect a scaffold, especially if the work is to be done by one man. In such cases, a plank supported _be- tween two lad- der brackets will) usually serve. The brackets are cut from steel plates, as shown, the pro- jecting ends are bent to form hooks, and chains fastened to the outside corners.—A. K. Popular Science Monthy azzical Clown laysa CONN Insist on a Conn and you'll learn to play quickly. For half acen- tury Conn instruments of every kind forband and orchestra have been used and endorsed by the world’s greatest artists because they are —easier to play ect in toneand tune ——— —— in as —perfectly balance eauti- fully finished. More Conn saxophones are sold thanany othermake in the world, The great jazz kings and popular record makers prefer nns for their exclusive fea- tures. Free Trial; Easy Payments. Write for details, mentioning instrument. Conn violins possess wonder- ful tone. C. G. CONN, Ltds 832 Conn Bldg. Elkhart, Ind. WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH GRADE BAND AND ORCHESTRA INSTRUMENTS How to Select Safe Bonds Every investor wishing to learn about bonds of absolute safety yet paying an attractive yield (ranging ashighas7%) should write at once for this book, which will besent for the asking. It has been prepared by George M. Forman & Company. YOUR COPY NOW READY ki th Georg thy y A ey ee with gound fnvestmente, and an attractive ee. Just a er W' rip; ‘our Co} teresting book, "How to Select Rate Bonds.’* GEORGE M. FORMAN & COMPANY, Dept. 838 105 W. Monroe Street, Chicago, tll, *38 Years Without Loss to a Customer’® “DON'T SHOUT” ‘“‘T hear you. Ican hear now as wellasanybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I'vea pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right.” The Morley Phone for the DEAF is to the ears what weightless and harmless. Anyone can adjust It. Over one hundred thousand sold. Write for booklet and testimonials. THE MORLEY CU., Dept. 797, 26 Sonth 15th Street, Philadelphia Have You An INVENTION? If sothe WORLD PROGRESS will show you how to Protect and Profit From Your Ideas This magazine is devoted entirely to the interests of In- ventors. Sample copy free. One year’s subscription $1.00. Also send for free book, “WHAT TO INVENT”’ containing Suggestions to Investors from prominent inventors and scientists of Inventions Needed. We in- vite manufacturers and promoters to address us regard- ing any inventions or patents they may want. WORLD PROGRESS PUB. CO., INC. Room 202 Victor Bldg. Washington, D. C. AUTOMATIC TIMER d_ Cars — positively prevents all timer or For trouble—Automatically gives proper spark for all speeds—Does away with spark lever. Back-kick practically im- possible—No more broken arms or ruined starting systems—saves gaso- line, gives more power—easier start- ing—steadier pulling. Sold on mon- ey back guarantee—Every Ford ow- at $3.50. Agents wanted. Big profits. OQDUCTSCO., Dept.55 Cincinnati, 0. ner will bay AUTO SUN Paii Cracke canvas. cracks V the othe in all la and ma The pla glue siz ordinar: of heav: For s heavy | size to into sti pasting dry ca wall. with a1 straigh cut. th sharp and p' make Wh prime paint ooctas Popular Science Mong}, Aug

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and sold, iladelphia AT = am ta IN? s w to of In- iption inent fe in- gard- D. C. — ee a |mer park ark im- 3 or aSO- art- on- oW- its. August, 1923 — The Shipshape Home How to Do the Odd Jobs To paint successfully a plaster wall that is badly cracked re- quires covering the wall with muslin or canvas. Sandpaper down the edges of the cracks wherever one edge extends beyond the other and cut out any loose parts. Fill in all large openings with plaster of Paris and make the wall as smooth as possible. The plaster should then be given a coat of glue size, either a commercial variety or ordinary glue size mixed with about }4 pt. of heavy molasses to each gallon of size. For sticking the muslin to the wall, use a heavy flour paste with about 1 pt. of glue size to a bucket of paste. Cut the canvas into strips as long as necessary and, after pasting a width of plaster, hang a sheet of dry canvas and press it firmly against the wall. Apply the next strip in the same way with an overlap of about lin. Then placea straight edge on the overlapped portion and cut through the two thicknesses with a sharp knife. Remove the two waste edges and paste down the edges of the strips to make a neat butt joint. When the canvas is thoroughly dry, prime it and apply the finishing coats of paint as on any other wall.—F. B. E. Painting Cracked Walls BeEcausE of the exces- sive wear on wooden kitchen floors, they re- quire unusual care to keep them looking well. A varnished floor is the most brilliant in appearance and is often preferred, although considerable work is entailed in keeping it incondition. Tostart with, the floor should have two or three coats ot first class stand- ard floor varnish and another coat should be given every four or six months. Probably the easiest and simplest method of treating the kitchen floor is to oil it fre- quently with boiled linseed oil thinned with turpentine. If it is desired to keep the color very light, use about equal quantities of the oil and turpentine. If the proportion of oil is increased, the finish will have more body and will be darker. If a still darker finish is desired, add a small quantity of dry color, such as raw umber, burnt umber, or burnt sienna. Two coats should be given, espe- cially if a half and half mixture is used at the first application, and the floor should be oiled at regular intervals.—C. N. J. Kitchen Floors In staining wood- work it is often neces- sary to compensate for the varying color of the natural wood. Soft woods sometimes show light and dark bands in the one piece and usually some boards of almost any kind of wood will prove to be different in color or distinctly harder or softer than the rest of the stock. The simplest way to overcome this un- even coloring is to give the harder spots an extra coat of stain when the first coat is dry. Blend the edges into the main color. Another method that is perhaps quicker when a large amount of staining has to be done is to dilute some of the stain fer use on the softer and darker parts and strengthen another part of the stain to color the hard Tricks in Staining and lighter portions.—D. Y. H. Monj}), dngust, 1923 Price cutto go actual postage BOXING This great course sold for $5. Sales grew fast—so we cut the price to $3.85. That boosted our ‘enrolfments still higher. Now Marshall Stillman says, “Cut the price to $1.97.” Think of it!—Over 80 complete lessons in Boxing, Jiu Jitsu and Wrestling for only $1.97. The greatest secrets of the ring, the best blows and guards used by the top-notchers—the Jack Dempsey Triple, the Benny Leonard Triple, the Fitz- simmons Shift. All the fine points of feinting, ducking, clinching, breaking-ground, judging distance and timing. Three rounds of shadow boxing, combining all the best blows used by professionals. Instructions on how to train, with questions and answers. ‘The international Sporting Club Rules for Boxing. Muscle-building and other special exercises for development. Wrestling and Jiu-jitsu also—how to subdue an armed opponent, how to break a strangle hold, the Gotch Toe old, the Stetcher Scissor Hold, etc. All for $1.97. There are over 240 i!lustrations in this great course. It is finely printed on good paper. With the course you get FREE a history of 69 great Prize Fighters with their pictures and “inside” stories. 10-Day Trial—Send No Money Simply fill in and mail the coupon. When you have the course in your hands, deposit 97 cents plus actual postage with the postman. Use the course for 10 days—try it out thoroughly. At the end of ten days, either send us the small balance of $1 in final payment, or return the course, and we'll send your deposit back at once. Mail the coupon now. nn ee ee MARSHALL STILLMAN ASSOCIATION Dept. 1123-H, 42nd St., and Madison Ave., New York You may send me on approval the Marshall Stillman Course. I will deposit 97 cents (plus actual postage) with the postman, with the understanding that if, after 10 days, 1 wish to return the course, I may do so and my money will be instantly refunded. If I keep the course I am simply to send you $1 in final payment. Do EE OE Ce PE OE ROE PIR TC CC Canadian and foreign orders must be accompanied by cash ($1.97 U. S. funds) subject to money back guarantee if not entirely satisfactory. Salesmen *10 or more per day N. F. BORN, VIRGINIA Made $204.00 last weék selling direct to wearer our guaranteed, all-wool, tailored-to-measure suits and over-coats at $24.50 and $28.50 Latest styles; finest fabrics; linings and trimmings High Grade serge or po Beoon Our 25 years experience, perfect equip- ment, organization, and financial stren enable us to turn outsuch Superior Gare ments that sales are easy and repeat orders sure. No experience necessary, weteach youhow, Exceptionally Liberal Profits paid you daily atthe time each sale is made. We deliver amd collect, Complete, attractiveoutfi absolutely free to salesmen with acceptable references, Territory rapidly being taken up, Make application today for our Fallline—ready early in July. INTERSTATE TAILORS 403 Pike St. Cincinnati, Ohio Warren Radio Loop, Cut Away to Show ‘onstruction. For Camping Grayvee and Vacation Use iS? feladas a Warren Radio Loop you can easily take your present set with you to camp, shore or mountain, or you can build a very compact portable set. The Warren Loop fits insidea small cabinet and combines aerial and tuning device. All enclosed so that damp, dirt and rough usage cinnot harm it. Various types according to your requirements. Write for Bulletin U-102. A TYPE FOR EVCRY SET AT THE BEST DEALERS Type-A-737 (300-700 meters) 6 inches sqnare—non-directional $10 yee A122 er (176-1000 meters) 6 inches square—non., | ajrectiona : : e . . . ° . Type-B-2537 (300-700 meters) 18 inches square—directional $20 Type-BL-2520 (200-18,00" meters) with honeycomb coil. inches square—directional . = - “ - Send for Bulletin U-102 V-DE-CO RADIO MFG. CO. Dept. O, Asbury Park, N. J. duce the great- est improve- mentin Inner Tubes since autos were a glance through the Unbreakable Trans- i parent Valve Cover amount of air in tires. (5) AiR-GAGE ‘tx; Tubes —sell on sight to almost every car owner because they save trouble, time, worry and expense. Add one-third to life of tires. Paul semen make big profits selling direct to car owners. Our million dollar factory can use 600 more sales- men at once. Experience not necessary. Big illustrated Free Book telis how the Paui Pian will start you in this big money- making business without capital. Write for Free Book Today. THE PAUL RUBBER CO., vdcpt.54, Salisbury, N.C. NE Style OLIVER NOW READY Every trained typist can operate the new Oliver without loss of speed or output. Why? Because it has the Standard W cegeeyeeres 3-Bank y SSR SWesee Keyboard Send today for catal explaining this new 1922 . typewriter. The New Oliver—Quiet Speedster— is the crown- ing achievement of 28 years of manufacturing. Absolutely standard 3-bank keyboard, almost silent action, AND un- uestionably the most durable typewriter built. You'll like the beautiful, clear, legible typing of the Oliver. The perfect alignment and the symmetrical spacing. No typing equals it. SAVE $25 to $50 The superb new model Oliver is offered at the lowest price and on the easiest terms ever offered for a FIRST QUALITY standard typewriter. It has every modern improvement a many original features. Simplified construction and efficient manufacturing make it possible for us to make our money- saving offer on the NEW Oliver. A Week’s Free Trial — Send for Details S¢i.the FASES shout our, FREE TRIAL OFFER. Our catalog ex- plains all. No money in advance. Terms as low as $5 a month if you decide tobuy. Return at our expense if not delighted. Cc AT ALOG FREE It illustrates every detail and explains fully all the features of the New Oliver, the Quiet Speedster with the standard 3- bank keyboard, the most durable of all typewriters. Learn WHY and HOW you can save $25 to $50, or more, on each machine—the world’s best. No charge. No obligation. THE OLIVER TYPEWRITER COMPANY 110B Oliver Typewriter Building Chicago

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A A i AAA ‘Edens Says Use Nu-Gas Up-to-date homes being built with- KS out coal bins because there’s a ~ better, cleaner, easier way to cook, bake and heat, by burning free air. *‘Don’t: buy coal at present price,’’ says a Domestic Science Expert. Don’t buy it at any price. You can get far better results by burning free air and oil in the way science has recently discovered. The government does it; the big ships do it; factories do it; and new homes are being built without coal bins or wood-sheds because their owners have adopted the new, clean, dustless, dirt- less, laborless device which fits in any stove. Oil and Free Air Make Wonder Heat Science has shown that one part of coal oil (kerosene) the cheapest of fuels, can be mixed with twenty parts of =~ a ae get | burner) and the result is a wonderful heating and cooking gas. Cheaper than g;: * city gas. No fires to build. Heats at twist of the wrist. ree a ge a le _oscthon Heats largest rooms in a few moments on coldest ss : morning. Heatsoven evenly for baking. - odirt, os pete set pe Yona ty gh ape or fs » Sav i- : . A “degen peng peg = pote to save by having all the heat you want but GENTS way has been found to cut use- OMly when you need it. Learn cheap way to Make 650 to 6200a | Jess parts, sothat, ofallburners, Have the warmest, cleanest, cosiest home in week. Fullorspare t wes ,) town. Just say “‘send Nu-Heat information time.Personalco- | the NU-HEAT (the latest one) * ee BPE can opemtion. Write is the bestand lower in price. In- Free. Mention if you have heater, range or : Tyee furnace. No obligation to you whatever. quick for exclus- | stalledina jiffyin your present ive territory and range, heater, furnace—then you ° © ae ae case | are no longer a slave to coal and Wade Hill Manufacturing Co. : wood and the expense, labor and Dept. 841, St. Louis, Mo. A twist of the wrist FF on arising. Intense fire almost instantly Popular Science M onthly DRIVE This ,_, Beautiful RACEABOUT 302 from 44 Styles, colors J and sizes, famous Ranger bic,cles. f Gcitvered tree rovail, express R : Factory Prices. You can easily Save $10 tc $25. (iM Months toPay {,{Si'sivance trst 12 4 often advance "') deposit. Foys can earn small payments. Whieeis, lamps, horns, equipmentat f haif usual e Send No Money. Write for fomtal Dect, prices and terms: INSTEAD OF YOUR OLD FORD Fiat or Bullet Nose Radiator. Choice of four colors. Send for complete Catalog , of Auto Bodies, Ac- cessories and Speed Power Equipment. Direct from factory. : ! i Soaeee Se AMERICAN TOP AND BODY CO., Lee St., Delphi, Ind, Mead ('¢.comeany zzz. NG) Make Your Own RADIO POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Will Furnish a Reliable Blueprint The vacuum tube set with two stages of amplification, from rear of panel For men who like to make things at home with tools POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is now publishing, in addi- tion to its popular woodworking plans, an invaluable radio blueprint. This blueprint is easy to understand; the receiv- ing set described requires the purchase of the fewest possible number of parts. Should Receive 500 Miles Under favorable conditions, if a long, high aerial is used, this receiving outfit will receive 500 miles. The blueprint contains working drawings, instructions, and bill of materials of a two-stage re- generative receiving set that a profes- sional would be proud to own. It com- prises a variocoupler and an Armstrong two-variometer-regenerative tuning cir- cuit coupled, if desired, with two stages of audio frequency amplification. The tuning coils have been selected be- cause of the ease with which they may be constructed at home. In this set has been incorporated the best features of several types of outfits. It Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., N. Y. City Enclosed is 25¢ for which please send me the blueprint of the two-stage regen- erative receiving set. MMOLE ECE Leh ona ecebsescknwkicw: eeenes will tune from 180 meters to about 600 meters with remarkable sharpness and EI el CAG LS ncaa s sew k wae wias selectivity. P.S. Aug. 1923 THE HOME WORKSHOP Ornamental Hand Wrought Hall Light Costs Little to Make A DECORATIVE hanging hall lamp to replace the ordinary frosted globe droplight so often used in porch, hall, arch. way, or den, can be made from a bottle anq a piece of brass from 1/32 to 1/16 in. thick. Choose a quart size or larger bottle of an artistic green, brown, or other color, ag seems most desirable. Cut off the top and bottom by holding a glass cutter stationary on a small block and turning the bottle GLOBE MADE GLASS COLORED GLASS BOTTLE CUT WITH AGLASS CUTTER An old bottle and some sheet brass, artistically hammered or tinted, make this porch or hall lamp against it with the left hand. The globe should be about 4 in. in diameter and 7 in. long. Form a strip of brass into rings for the top. and bottom of the holder and fasten with small split rivets. Small brackets are riveted to the lower ring to hold the glass, and the two rings are connected by means of strips. Then make up the upper mem- ber, as shown, to hold the light socket. Provide ventilating holes and fasten a metal strap to the upper disk for holding the supporting chain. To provide an artistic finish for the brass surfaces, either go over them with green tinted shellac after the parts are made up, or hammer the brass before cutting it up with the round end of a ball-peen hammer to give the beaten appearance of hand hammered metal.—C. L. F. Polishing Fine Furniture 7s freshening up fine furniture, whether varnished or French polished, a veteran furniture finisher recommends mixing 4 oz. of vinegar, a dessertspoon of sul- phuric acid, 2 oz. of butter of antimony, 2 oz. of white mineral oil, and 1 teaspoon of French chalk in a pint of water. Add the ingredients to the water in the order given, apply with a rag, and dry the surfaces with a soft cloth. Turpentine, vinegar, denatured alcohol and raw linseed oil in equal parts is another standard mixture Popular Science Monthly tll

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ce Monthy > a ght Hall Make all lamp to sted globe hall, arch. bottle and 6 in. thick, 0ttle of an * color, ag he top and stationar the bottle brass, make e globe nd 7 in, for the | fasten cets are e glass, means r mem- socket. sten a holding e brass | green ide up, r it up ammer hand e hether eteran ‘ing 4 f sul- ony, 2 00n of ld the piven, rfaces negar, oil in xture («THE HOME WORKSHOP Home Garage Workbench has Light Angle-Iron Frame HE frame of this useful and easily made bench for the home garage or workshop jg 2-in. angle iron. The two front legs are cut roughly 40 in. long, and the back legs, 48 in. long. All four are then cut 13, in. deep at one end and the feet are bent, as shown, while hot. The legs are then cut to the exact lengthsindicated. The rails are mitered at the corners, placed together andrivet holes 14 in. in diameter drilled. = aT | 2 | tii I OX es ma pete L This angle-iron bench, although small, is strong and serviceable and inexpensive to build Holes spaced 3 in. apart are also drilled in the four end rails to take wood screws for attaching the top and the lower shelf. The frame is next riveted together and the cleated wooden top, preferably 7-in. will do for the shelf. The back is then fitted and fastened with screws through the back legs, and the small shelf and brackets added. The top can be left natural or oiled, the other woodwork painted or shellacked, and the ironwork painted or enameled black, gray or other color, as preferred.—H. L. Exceptional Features to Appear Next Month ANY articles of exceptional value to the home worker will appear in the September POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. One will tell how to make a baby’s combination crib and play pen. Another will give complete details for making a one-tube radio receiving set of the Flewelling type. A third will show a unique arrangement for installing light machine tools in the home workshop. A fourthwill | present a novel method for build- | ing at small cost a powerful com- | pound microscope. There will be a page of twelve hints on repairing your auto, and the usual features, including maple, is fastened in place. Pine or cypress | How to Get 43-Plate Condenser = for Long Antenna— | Not Used as a Rule 1 b Duo-Reflex simplicity 23-Plate Condenser 7[— assures neat, compact, cabi- net installation. Detailed blue prints are on sale by dealers at 25c per set [ Erla radio frequency trans- formers maintain unequaled amplification over a wave- band of 200 to 900 meters. AB I, 2, 3, $4. Reflex, $5 Dealers and Jobbers= Erla leadership in research paves the way to increased sales. Jobbers—write for our liberal terms and discounts ERL - sual 6-Volt A-Battery Use Duo- Reflex Hook-Up and Erla Transformers You will never know the full range and power of a single tube until you have operated Duo-Reflex, the most power- ful single-tube circuit ever built. Under conditions at all favorable, a wide compass of sta- tions is brought in through a loud speaker, and headphones extend the range from coast to coast. Especially designed for Duo-Reflex, and the major essential of its power is the Erla radio frequency reflex transformer, one of the greatest improvements in years. Complete instructions for building Duo-Reflex are given in Erla Bulletin No. 13, obtainable gratis from leading radio dealers. Or write us, giving your dealer’s name. Electrical Research Laboratories Dept.F 2515 Michigan Ave., Chicago eeestiecmsnnetseemaemmes so eames seemed couldn ccee $25 in Prizes See top of page four in front of book for details the Shipshape Home. Punctures, thread leaks and porous con- ditions of the tires will never trouble you again and you can make your tires abso- lutely leak-proof by simply injecting into each tire a 25c tube of NEVERLEAK TIRE FLUID Heals Punctures on the Run Riders everywhere demand this old reliable tire fluid. It does away entirely with all plugging and patching and will double the mileage of your tires. Just try it. If it is not entirely satisfactory in every way, you get your money back. Be sure you get the original. Look for the signature on the yellow, green and white tube. BUFFA! O SPECIALTY COMPANY 116 Liquid Veneer Bldg. Buffalo, N. Y. —- | + 1 a Te | Ait Q a Compare—Then Buy Test the magnets in each head set. See how far they will pick up their diaphragms. Then you will find that Stromberg- Carlson Head Sets have powerful mag- nets. Those powerful magnets with the equally powerful windings are two reasons why they are unexcelled for long-distance reception. Stromberg-Carlson Radio Head Sets have other distinctive features:— The receivers are layer wound and layer insulated. The ear caps cover the ears. The receivers are balanced as to volume. The adjustment rods telescope. Order Stromberg-Carlson apparatus through your electrical merchandise dealer or write for descriptive circular. Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Mfg. Co. Rochester, New York AUG 10 1923 Reo USP ot

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“No man likes to géo0 running around trying to findsomeonewith a bench drill whenever he wants to bore a hole. Have your own drill,’’ Popular Science Mo Bench Drill No. 490 Price, $17.00 When you want to drill * ~ metal— SE this Goodell-Pratt Bench Drill. The big feature is the intermittent friction feed. This can be set to regulate the proper pressure for the size drill-point you are using, thus minimizing the chances of drill-point breakage. Has two speeds. You can change from one to the other by merely turning the shifter knob on the frame. The chuck is all steel, with three jaws that hold drill-points of all sizes up to %-inch diameter. Eight steel drill points from 1-16 to 11-64 inch are included with this bench drill. All gears cut from solid blanks, carefully fitted to run smoothly. The adjustable table has a turned and polished top. Iron parts finished in red and black en- amel, steel parts are polished. Height above table, 18 inches. Weight 1434 pounds. 1499 other good tools Among the 1500 good tools that Goodell-Pratt make are many that every amateur mechanic should own. Write for complete catalog that illustrates and describes the complete Goodell-Pratt line. It’s free. GOODELL-PRATT COMPANY Greenfield, Mass., U.S. A. a GOODELL PRATT 1500 GOOD TOOLS In This Issue Editorial They Say— How Man Steals Jove’s Thunder By Raymond J. Brown My Views on Evolution By William Jennings Bryan How Speech and Writing Began By E. E. Free, Ph.D. Power Corked in Small Bottle Experimenting with Steam Airplanes New Auto Uses Oil for Fuel Flying Fields on Ocean Liners How I Make Inventions Pay By Frank Mulig How to Fight Mosquitoes By Abram H. Cornish America to View Eclipses Electric Truck as Sprinkler Tail Holder for Cleaning Fish Auto Chassis on Pivots Snap-on Rubber Heels. Adjustable Hinge for Doors Seat Signals for Theaters. Sanitary Comb Cleaner Small Glider Serves as Target Templates for Factory Charts New Exerciser for the Eyes X-Ray Miracles in Industry How Master Scales Are Tested New Oftical ‘Instrument Army Develops Talking Gas Mask Many Closet Hooks in One Pistol Oil Can First Aid Iodine Pen World’s Longest Suspension Bridge Postman Invents Pack Holder Magnet Tool for Tempering Steel Pot Handles Made of String Folding Pocket Tooth Brush New Power Lawnmower Folding Music Rack Fits Chair Novel Exerciser Hangs in Doorway Small Sailboat Racing Comes Back By George A. Corry Electricity as Pneumonia Cure Shredder with Removable Knives Candle Clock Comes into Style Bathing Cap as Hat Protector Pineapples Flourish under Paper Lift Scafféld Simplifies Painting Auto Power Raises Wrecked Ship New Binocular Magnifying Glass Replacing Rotted Telegraph Poles Wooden Pegs Save Railroad Ties How to Take a Bath By Guy Otis Brewster, M.D. Great Oil Gusher Demolishes Well Compressed Air Tests Model Planes Electric Water Heater for Kitchen Largest ‘‘Upside Down” Telescope Garage Washer Sprays Soapy Water. How Much Do You Know About Science? Mining Radium from Petrified Trees How Nature Designs Living Gliders Harvester Travels on Land or Sea Window Wiper for Street Cars Rubber Bands from Old Tires Simple Scissors Sharpener Hub Tire Absorbs Shocks Cheese Cloth Dries Camera Prints Your Brakes and Your Safety By F. A. Platte Using Goats to Test Stock Feed Housing Bats to Fight Mosquitoes hans Operate Cuban Lottery A Two-Acre White H Witches Mark Salem Boundaries Registering Human Pedigrees. By U.S. Senator Arthur Capper A Page of Household Accessories Postmaster General as Radio Fan Portable Loop Aerial Radio Set Dog Hears Broadcast Bat Calls Automatic Radio on Liner Majestic Submarine-€rew“Enjoys Radio............... Around the Radio Circuits By Jack Binns Interesting People and Their Work Oddities in the News Fighting the Hay Fever Sneeze............... Safety Door for Electric Switches New Safety_Stepladder Piles that Drive Themselves New Sharpener for Chisels Orchestra Attachment for Piano Huge Wheels Drive New Motor Plow World’s Largest Electric Shovel. ., Flower Pots that Dissolve Foot Pressure Controls Radiator Steam Pressure Electric Cooker How to Repair Electric Appliances Uncle Sam’s New Zeppelin Court Summons Padlocked to Car Low Oil Alarm for Automobiles Fiel from Gas, Water, Oil and Air Handy Auto Wrench Puncture Vine Is Death to Tires Machine Paints Highway Lines. Luxury in Motor Caravans Useful New Aids for Auto Owners How to Keep Your Car Young By Harold F. Blanchard | ; Building a Profitable Jobbing Business. The Home Workshop . . Page 73 Better Shop Methods . . Page 78 ART COLOR PRINTING CO., NEW YORK