Popular Science Monthly 1923-06: Vol 102 Iss 6

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er ‘ 5 : wi 2 ’ . -a x P | — —— al es : i os = k . a | we > a ec se RS Movie Mayflower Rides Mechanical Waves—page 47 25 CENTS How Science Traces Our Monkey Ancestry ("2° Be:

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Some of the Exclusive (patented) Comfort Giving Features that contribute to the popularity of the "EVD Union Suit “B.V.D.” shaped elastic insertions at shoulders and encircling waist make these cool, loose- fitting undergarments instantly responsive to your slightest move- ment. These ever- elastic insertions are knitted byus on spring needle machines from yarns spun from selec- ted cotton in our own yarn mill. “B. V. D.” elastic rein- forcement in the back of the waist band immeasurably streng- thens the wear of the garment at the point of greatest strain. The perfect “B.V. D.” closed crotch com- pletely covers the crotch and gives suffi- cient seat opening without surplus trunk length and uncomfort- able needless material at crotch. Union Suits Men’s, $1.50 and upward the suit Youths’, 85c the suit “ They know why they prefer “B.V.D.” HOSE Clear thinking fellows who have found thatit pays to keep “fit asa fiddle”’ are especially exacting in matters of personal comfort. They value the Unvarying Quality, Famous Fitand Long Wear assured by theB.V.D.” Red Woven Label. From raw material to finished product we practice ceaseless care so that every “B.V.D.” garment is of the quality that has brought world-wide preference for our product. The cool, durable nainsook of “B.V.D.” is woven in our own mills from selected cotton and finished in our bleachery. In our factories vigilant inspection guards every process of skillful cutting, sturdy stitching, well-sewn buttons and accurate finish. There is only one ‘‘B. V.D.’’ Underwear It is always identified by this Red Woven Label MADE FOR THE | nde Herk Reg US et Off ond Foreign Cato ' The B.V.D. Company, Inc., Mewitioete' Sole Makers of *B.V.D.’’ Underwear = dint. sash LOOSE-FITTING “B.V.D.” Coat Cut Undershirts and Knee Length Drawers are the “standby” of millions of men who wear two piece underwear “ B.V.D.”is the constant choice of these men be- cause they know that “B.V.D.” Coat Cut Undershirts and Knee Length Drawers are correctly cut as to size and that there is a shapeliness to the garments that makes them hang smoothly and evenly with neither too much nor too little fulness. The garments are tail- ored with noticeable balance and drape, re- - taining both,no matter how long worn or how often washed. These “B. V. D.” gar- ments are reinforced at points of possible strain — all seams sewn with lockstitch throughout andcannot unravel. Undershirts and Diawers 85c and upward the garment © 1923, The B.V.D. Company, Inc.

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a i, a ww FO mF , Inc. Popular Science Monthly — If you bought only one new Victor Record a week «ux» Victrola No. 300, electric, $290 Mahogany, oak or walnut | Other styles $25 to $1500 LA you would have such a treasury H of music as could compare only | with the great libraries and the i great art galleries of the world. My You would have a source of un- told satisfaction for your every need. The musical genius of the world is graved on Victor Records—not the printed page of music, but the music itself. @bnVictrola 0, fen opr. Look parted these trade -marks. Under the lid. On the label. Victor Talking Machine » Camden,N.J.

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Popular Science Monthly JUNE, 1923; Vol. 102, Copy; No. 6 $2.50 a Year 25 cents a struggle for control of the world. The story is told on page 34. Men have overcome most animate forces. But these vigorous and industrious organisms still attack us from every point. They are our greatest rivals in the control of nature. They are shorten- ing our food supply. They threaten life itself. Some eminent biologists believe that unless science stops their ravages, they will push us off this planet and become its dominant form of life. * * * HE idea is not as fantastic as it at first seems. Insects are millions of years older geologically than men. They persist because they are better fitted basicly than men for existence on earth. They are protected with defensive armor, multiply rapidly, and conceal themselves easily. Because of their smallness, men have neglected the dangers they present. Now they are resisting us. If they should defeat us, one wonders if, when the last man is gone, the insects will harness the sun’s rays and make microscopic engines to use the tremendous energy of atoms. x * x UT there is comfort in science. This is demonstrated in this month's. chapter of “The Story of Man and His World” on page 28. It unravels the history of man across the hundreds of thousands of years. Read _ it. See how science helped the progress of mankind along the way. See how man conquered the world because his mastery of science brought its forces under harness. Stop and consider the airplane, radio, the automobile and the sky- scraper. All of these have come from the labo- ratory into every-day use in our lifetime. The whole story of man shows that where there are human brains, human necessity will be met. * * * POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY | Me and insects are engaged in a bitter See Table of Contents on page 119 mo Published in New York City at 225 West Thirty-ninth Street of the owners of the New York Yankees, discusses on page 40 this science of baseball. Much as science has done for the sport, the future offers greater possibilities. The McGraw of the next generation may use speed- -testing machines, time measuring instruments, and brain-testing equip- ment to choose his players. * * * A STORY of an insidious old ogre is that told by Doctor James J. Walsh, famous scientist, on page 23. Unlike the ogres of fairy tales, this one is real—very real. His name is Fear. He penetrates every home in the country and eats at the hearts and minds of men and women. He clutches at the will, weakens the muscles, and depresses the brain. Ignorance is his weapon. But, as Doctor Walsh points out, science has a stronger weapon in Krouledge. And as men and women grow wiser, and lean more heavily on science, the ogre’s strength diminishes. Soon it will be as old fashioned to worry as it is for women to wear bustles. * * * ONSIDER your body—the mechanism you are trusting to see you through life. It is the most wonderfully constructed and intricately made machine in the world. Regular exercise is the lubrication that keeps it in smooth run- ning order. Are you keeping your machine in repair or are you letting it rust and wear away? Remember the billions of pores through which your body breathes. Exercise helps them get this breath, which is as necessary to life as that of the lungs. Look over the series of exercises demonstrated on page 44 by Senator Royal S. Copeland, until recently New York’s health commissioner. Try them. * * * How much do you know about science? It is the greatest power on earth. Its inventions and discover- les are constantly chang- ing human life. Study of science is good fuel ASEBALL players of today are not |, better men than those | ° ils possessions, and Canada, $2.50; foreign countries, $3. of 25 years ago. But eens as meee —_ matter ys pi at ey a st Office at New York chine ever produced der t t 87 t $s matter at the P : to i age in that pe- | Office Department, Canada. PrintedinU.S.Av power without — 665 . Copyright, 1923, bythe Modern Publishing Co. r10qd, as come inside The panes of this magazine must not be reprinted without permission. fed. Turn to page baseball’’— science. Col. T. L. Huston, one POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Issued monthly. Single copy, 25 cents. Yearly subscription to United States, 1. J. Fisher, President; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President O. ee Capen, Secretary and Treasurer for the brain. The brain must have fuel to func- tion properly. No ma- you know of science. and find out how much June, . —— e ws A SL ” ae 6

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onthly June, 1923 —_ Co SOX = 2 0 ar oO OK. XxX 2D 2 SEDER Spe Brief Bits of Comment by ; Y SAY Men of the Hour in Science ; 1S : h as fers next time ulp- P@oai TH RR +S xXx xX. Fee 2 that nous ‘airy 1€ is ntry and the ance : out, ledge. lean ° ngth : d to head WN pee« JAK - & & ¢ 1) A } o AA « 6 ma YY x Yoox ~eed Z DR. LEE DEFOREST, you Z scientist and inventor, who re- / t is i cently demonstrated success- /, > «(Of fully his new phonofilm, or f tely ’ g “talking movie’ machine / rcise é shown above: * Z i) “I don’t expect this machine run- b to replace the speaking stage ( e in : 4 or silent movies. But I claim | ) y it makes possible a new form ‘ vay: % of screen drama by introducing hich music and voice here and there 4 2 to produce dramatic and artis- get ® tic effects.” : that © The Times-World >1S€S i 3. | } alth ““leayayppypgaastil ‘ a F al .; * d: = cuca F WILLIAM W. KEEN, M.D., Emer- * ¥ PROFESSOR ALBERT EINSTEIN, 8 itus professor of Surgery, Jefferson : famous German scientist, announcing MN Medical College, Philadelphia: his newest theory—a startling ex- ice? “I hope to dispel the fears of some tension of his theory of relativity: earnest Christian people that ‘Science **I can tell you in one sentence what Its and the Scriptures’ are incompatible. it isabout. It concerns the connection ver- : I find no difficulty in believing in or relation between electricity and | both. Every year in a very long life, gravitation. It is grounded on the a Ang- devoted especially to scientific teach- retical speculations and discoveries o udy 4 ing and writing, has only strength- the English astronomer, Eddington. It ! ° ened my belief in both. is a purely mathematical theory, and fuel “To me and to many another be- therefore unexplainable to a layman. ‘ rain | ~ liever in Evolution, the Bible is the “The relation of electricity to ne Book of Books. It is a precious man- Atalay tPA “ -_ = r ual of Religion but not a textbook of way: athematically the two kinds ma- science. ieee down rules of conduct. : : : of fields —electrical field and gravita- ie It is an inspirer of Christian faith and ALFRED LUCAS, Director of the Chemical tional field—are placed under a uni- ff iced hope. It is the great revealer of God Department of the Egyptian Government, form viewpoint. The layman may >ing to man through Jesus Christ.” engaged in treating chemically the ancient ob- understand by this, in other words, 46 From “I Believe in God and jects taken from King Tutankhamen’s tomb: that the electrical and gravitational Evolution,’’ by Doctor Keen, pub- “The idea that there was anything super- fields are one and the same thing ® ® uch lished by J. B. Lippincott Com- natural about the death of Lord Carnarvon mathematically. The _theory is an pany, Philadelphia, Pa. is all bosh.” extension of the relativity theory.” Fes a XTxXyY 5 AONOROR sm = 84 1 2 A 7s ow Ieee

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Write for’. “Musings of Dr. Mu.” Licensed under Armstrong U, S. Pat. No. 1113149 Popular Science Monthly A. H. GREBE & CO. Inc. Richmond Hill, N. Y. Western Branch 451 East 3rd Street, Los Angeles, Cal. than Fe: Noth ing 0 comf good one | medi tific turbs othe mud thre will 10 f up : cros thoi hun gett N the roof fear trer we tair dan stri Ove son in

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY SUMNER N. BLOSSOM, Editor JUNE, 1923 FEAR—Man’s Greatest Bogie What It Does to Us; How to Conquer It; Every-Day Dreads that Undermine Health, Hamper Success, and Take the Joy out of Life By James J. Walsh, M.D., Ph.D., Sc.D. Professor of Physiological Psychology, Cathedral College, New York AX expedition sent to South America by the American Phar- maceutical Association has just announced the discovery of a drug } plant believed to be a cure for fear. If experiments bear out this be- lief, the new drug should prove one of the greatest boons to mankind. In this article Doctor Walsh, eminent New York physician and psychologist, points out how indul- ence in needless fears is a cause of much ill health. What he says is not theory. His statements are based on tests made by himself and other scientists. in recent years that more than half the ills from which mankind suffers are due more to fears and dreads than to the actual ailments themselves. Fear is one of man’s greatest enemies. Nothing else causes so much mental suffer- ing or so exaggerates physical pain and dis- comfort as this needless bogie. Happiness, good health, and success are impossible to one laboring under its distress. Fears, or dreads as they are called in medical terminology, or phobias in scien- tific language, are extremely common dis- turbers of the peace of mankind. The commonest of fears, typical of all others, is the dread of heights. Most Persons Dread the Heights It is easy to walk a plank laid across a muddy road. But if the plank is raised three feet from the ground, some persons will feel uneasiness in crossing it. If it is up 10 feet, most people will hesitate. If it is up 20 feet, only a very few will attempt to cross. And if it is up 30 or 40 feet, even though it is a foot wide, hardly one in a hundred of us would venture across without getting down on our hands and knees. Most men and women cannot stand at the edge of a precipice or on an unrailed roof without becoming very uneasy. We fear falling so much that our legs begin to tremble and our bodies to sway. Unless we step back, we have difficulty in main- taining erect positions and are in grave danger of falling over the edge. Most of us have this dread of heights to a striking degree. Usually it is possible to overcome the dread, except for those per- . : sons who suffer intensely from it. Does this picture of Capt. Charles Fitzgerald, famous Texas daredevil, make you The number of persons who gannot sit dizzy? If so, you are subject to the most common fear —the dread of height. Fitz- in the front row of a theater balcony seems gerald is shown balancing himself on one foot 20 stories above Broadway, New York 23 Prosser have come to realize 4 }

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24 almost incredible. And literally thousands find sitting in the front row of the gallery unendurable. I have patients who cannot stand close to the edge of a platform two or three steps high unless there is a railing. This fear has often been attributed to the fact that when one looks down from a height, it is hard to fix the vision; and without a fixed point of vision we are likely to feel ‘‘teetery.’’ There is some truth in this theory. But it is not the whole truth. Actually standing on a height is not necessary to produce uncomfortable feelings in many people. They need only imagine themselves standing at some elevated point to experience oppression at the pit of the stomach, a tightness around the chest, and curious feelings down the back. Fear, the Child of Imagination Most human beings experience the dread of heights if they merely look at a man standing at the edge of a precipitous rock or on the steel framework of a modern skyscraper. Capt. Charles H. Fitzgerald of Texas, who has gained fame as an aerialist, has made thousands of people shudder by his daredevil acts on lofty pinnacles over the streets of New York. The same feeling manifests itself fre- quently at the very sight of a picture of an individual in such position. For example, the sight of a well known picture of a little boy looking down from a tenth-story win- dow into the street makes many people feel very uncomfortable. My investigations have convinced me that this fear of heights is a state of mind, not a state of body, though undoubtedly the lack of a fixed object close at hand em- phasizes the fear and, in some people, in- itiates it. Dread Brings on Disease Next to the dread of heights, the most common fear is the dread of disease, es- pecially the fear of serious developments from symptoms already noticed. People have a tendency to suggest to themselves that they may have something seriously the matter with them. The consequence is a state of discouragement that interferes with proper breathing and exercise as well as the appetite. This is followed inevitably by physical disturbance that further increases the feeling of invalidism. The result is a vicious circle in which the victim becomes convinced he is suffering from some serious ailment. People subject to the dread of sickness are those who are cured of their ills by all sorts of remedies * now. and modes of treatment that really have no physical efficacy. What really happens is that they are cured of the fears that made them ill. When electricity was a nascent science, many such people were cured by absurd little Leyden jars that gave them a slight Martha Miller and a man-eating lion she killed in the Belgian Congo, Africa. When she faced an audience of men and women in Newark, N. J., cently this fearless huntress fainted dead away! shock, or by electric machines that we would consider scarcely more than toys Some were cured by imitation elec- trical appliances that had not an ion of electricity in them. Twenty-five years ago a great many persons were cured by wear- ing electric belts or electric batteries sup- posed to give off currents that reawakened the vitality and revivified ailing tissues. Pictures showed electric radiations running off in every direction from the electrical appliances. But only in the pictures was there any active radiation of electricity. People who suffer from fears find cures in each new digestive stimulant or nerve tonic, provided it is widely advertised. Fifty years ago various bitters were warranted to cure indi- Popular Science Monthly gestion and everything else. Then came the sarsaparillas that cured people by the million. Next were the whisky tonics, Since the war there has appeared a new crop of remedies supposed to be wonderful ex. tracts of plants. These remedies do no good to the body, but they produce a curious effect on the mind, because of the suggestion that goes with them. This serves to counteract the fears and induces people to resume their normal life, food, and exercise. Anything that overcomes their dread will cure them, Dirt Frightens arcther Large — In this age of sanitation, one of the most widespread of all fears is the dread of dirt. In many minds this is associated with the fear of microbes and of dis- ease. The extent to which it grips some persons is almost unbelievable, I have known men and women who, in efforts to avoid dirt and microbes, washed their hands so frequently that they rubbed the skin sore. One patient of mine refused to touch the handle of the outside door of my office. The attendant always had to open the door for him. Usually when the patient came to see me, he would say, “‘Doctor, do not ask me to shake hands with you; you shake hands with so many people.” I have seen another of my patients stand- ing outside of the storm door of a department store, with the temperature around zero, waiting for some one to come out so that she might slip in without touching the handle! Such persons are nuisances to trolley car conductors because they always try to get on and off cars without touching the han- dles. They never will hang to straps. Even Adults Dread the Dark This dread of dirt is most common in women, yet it possesses many men as well— the men, for example, who persistently wear gloves all the year round. An extremely common dread is that of the dark. Many men would be quite un- comfortable sleeping alone in a house with- out a light. Yet most of them would find it hard to explain their feeling. The dread of death is a univer- sal fear. And so by convention we use the word death as little as possible. We employ such terms (Turn to page 99) Miss Miller, intrepid hunter of big game, who fainted from stage fright before an audience, is shown*here with another of her 7. bagged during an adventurous expedition into African jungles with Dr. Carl E. Akeley (at the right) June, 1 estimat Buildir in the pressul sample strain. matica the st suppor 12 Tod possib! Stand: a mac of 12( possib and g actual to mé even | the re made In machi lathes bed : agains colum erts t colum agains presst portic is tra with « This will 1

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June, 1923 25 Making Safe Props for Skyscrapers

The arrow below points to one of the steel columns that support the tremen- dous load of the world’s tallest sky- scraper—the 785-foot Woolworth Building in New York. This one column alone holds up 4750 tons. To make sure that these supports’ will withstand such j enormous pres- ' sures safely, a Uncle Sam has lene OG D eats a ali L pertestes. & a .’ testing ma- 4

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aga ce crumples steel a Ht f q otiass as i SINGLE column of the Woolworth three or four pounds, while a million ut (! iF hay wena A Building in New York City sup- pounds is being exerted. If a load of f Le + ports a load of 4700 tons, or the 1200 tons is required to break a steel . i a wey & weight of half a mile of coal cars loaded column, the column is considered strong ni sant Mh) with 100 tons each. How did engineers enough to support a load of 300 tons anf +4 know how much steel to put into this safely. column so that it might safely support such Structural members may be divided a tremendous load? into two classes: those that are sub- The truth is, they did not know—ex- jected toa pull and those that are under actly. They could make only a close compression. The former offer fewer estimate. For, when the Woolworth difficulties in design, for if the en- Building was erected, no testing machines gineer knows the amount of pull in the world could approximate such a_ that the steel member must pressure. So the engineers tested smaller withstand and the strength of sample columns until they broke under the one square inch of the ma- strain. In this way they deduced mathe- terial, he need orly divide matically the approximate required size of the amount of the pull by the structural members that were to the strength of the support the world’s tallest skyscraper. square inch to deter- mine the required size 1200 Tons behind This Machine of the member. _ For compression Today a much closer approximation is members the cal- Courtesy Thompson Starrett Co,

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lathes used for turning steel. Uponalong length and are de- bed are mounted a movable tailpiece, termined by crush- against which one end of the sample steel ing in the new ma- column is braced, and a headpiece that ex- chine. erts the pressure at the other end of the column. A huge piston is brought to bear against the headpiece, exerting tremendous pressure through a fine film of oil. A pro- portionate amount of the pressure is transmitted through pipes filled with oil to a registering instrument. This device is so sensitive that it will register an added pressure of —_ 1 ae 1h a omy -— 2 ee) ae ome a, ee Er eet ere oe possible, for the United States Bureau of culation is more dif- inal 3 ad » { Standards has installed in its laboratory ficult. If a long are ties rh i ; - a machine that can exert a crushing force piece of steel is Hi i WY ; Hf | of 1200 tons. With this machine it is compressed from indi an a a a possible to crumple up giant sample beams both ends, the piece * a * and girders as if they were paper. By will bend and even- 199) LL gat li actual pressure tests engineers are now able tually break. One at 5 it t to make calculations that may produce _ side will pull apart ad 4 Ly i even more startling steel structures than and the other crum- iT s Wt i the remarkable skyscrapers that science has__ ple up. This bend- iti Telia made possible previously. ing and_ resulting In general appearance the new testing weakness increase Ld ] machine resembles one of the immense with the column’s TT ' 5

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How a steel girder bends and weakens under pressure of a thousand tons, as it is squeezed in the grip of the new testing machine, is shown at the left

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25 Making Gavels Is His Hobby _Twine-Cutting Hook Gpens HERE’S money as well as enjoyment in hobbies. So says A. E. Holmes, electrician of the national House of Repre- sentatives, whose hobby is making gavels. In his spare hours during adjournments of Congress, he spends his time at the lathe turning out the little wooden mallets. Holmes replaces the 100 or more gavels that are worn out during each term of Congress. He is shown above at work in his shop. At the left is John Welsh, chief clerk to the Capitol architect, examining a newly made Congressional word chopper. Apartment House Punching Bag Is Noiseless NOISELESS punching bag that can be adjusted to fit any door frame, has recently been invented for apartment house dwellers. The frame from which the punching bag pape, oO YES How punching bag hangs in doorway hangs is suspended by coilsprings from a second frame attached to cross pieces. These cross arms can be clamped to the door frame at any desired height. The coiled springs take up vibration and thus deaden the noise. Electric Hand Tool Holds Drill and Screwdriver (Di ter gee with two spfndles, one for boring guide holes and the other for driving screws, a new electrical screw- driving tool is especially useful in hanging doors, attaching hardware fittings and other similar work about the house. When the guide hole has been drilled, the tool need only be turned ahout to drive the screw. Both the drill and the screwdriver spindles are started and stopped by pressure on a pushbutton switch in the aluminum motor casing. An ingenious driving clutch engages the bit only when downward pressure is applied to the tool. This feature insures safety in operation. Weighs Less than Five Pounds Another valuable feature is that the action of the spindles can be reversed, making it possible to remove screws cleanly as well as drive them. The entire machine weighs less than five pounds, and may be operated easily with one hand. It is claimed it will drive a screw in one quarter of the time required by a hand brace. An automatic burn-out protection device prevents injury to the motor through over- loading either by accident or by careless- ness. Popular Science M onthly —___.. Parcels Quickly H OO K- SHAPED twine cutter re- cently perfected by a manufac- turer in Seattle, Wash., affords a quick means of opening parcels for inspection. When the hook is passed over the twine, a sharp knife blade is brought against the cord, and with a few slashes the parcels can be quickly opened. A Fifty-Mile Shadow A SHADOW 50 miles long, thrown by Mount Rainier, recently fell upon the city of Tacoma, Wash. So distinct was the shadow that it eclipsed the evergreen scenery between the peak and observers in the city. Because of atmospheric conditions, this phenomenon is rarely observed. Heat-Driven Fan Cools Rooms in Summer ~~ homes not provided with electricity a new fan propelled by the heat from a kerosene flame, is said to give sufficient air circulation to cool a room during the hot summer months. To operate the fan only a small quantity of kerosene is necessary—about as much as is used in an ordinary table lamp. Within the upright tube that supports the fan is a simple hot air engine. The heat from the flame below works the piston in an eccentric cylinder, which in turn con- veys two separate pistons alternately to the top. They turn the rotary shaft to which the fan blades are attached. The scant heat from the kerosene fond is sufficient to turn the fan at about 500 revolutions a minute. Kerosene lamp heat drives the fan “| Le Becaus Famou Great Invent 1 W: tk recognize | interest in Every 1 some kno’ and mech Itis ash edge of lat beable to: on a type many val a busy 0 remedy a ventilatio the work ment. T] of some ; may enal a new al on the m himrich. He's My kn and me responsil as a cal was stu gineerins of Calif analytic: was int chine, it used to | This other st draw pi I thoug drawing career a Pract work v toward my wor “A Ic attac A ty

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1S a] | the “els the the en in his ity 1a 10t ity rts he on n= he ch me 00 aj Why I Am an Inventor By “‘Rube’’ Goldberg “1 Lampoon Inventions Because | Love ‘em,’ Says Famous Cartoonist. His Great Ambition Is to Invent Something Useful ITH me, science and invention are W a serious business. I have made them a serious business because I recognize the fundamental human interest in such subjects. Every man should have some knowledge of science and mechanics. It is as helpful as a knowl- edge of law in business. To - beable to turn a small screw on a typewriter may save many valuable minutes in a busy office. Ability to remedy a simple matter of ventilation may speed up the work of an establish- ment. Then the knowledge of some scientific principle may enable a man to put a new and useful product on the market—may make him rich. He’s a Mechanic My knowledge of science and mechanics is largely responsible for my progress as a cartoonist. When I was studying mining en- gineering at the University of California, I took up analytical mechanics. I was introduced to a ma- chine, invented by one of the professors, used to determine the weight of the earth. This machine amused me, as it did every other student in the class, and I began to draw pictures of machines of my own that I thought were useless. These fantastic drawings were the beginnings of- my career as a cartoonist. Practically every American man likes to work with tools. I have this leaning toward mechanics and I have taken it into my work. The response has surprised me. “A lot of wasted energy could be used by attaching coffee grinders to turnstiles.” A_ typical Goldberg cartoon-invention 27 Do I Hear a Laugh? Goldberg, sketching one of his mechanical “‘nut’’ cartoons It has proved to me that we are living in an age of science and mechanism. One of my useless inventions was a me- chanical music turner. Every bashful man who has had to stand up before visitors and turn music for his wife or sweetheart will sympathize with my attempt to do away with this embarrassing nuisance. My idea was to have a foot pedal connect- ing with an arm for turning the pages. Of course it has not been put on the market. But may be, some time, it will be. The average man dislikes to carry an umbrella. Many throw them away as soon as it stops raining. Once I conceived the idea of inventing a folding umbrella that could be put in the pocket when not in use. It has never been perfected, but I still think it is a good idea. Do I hear a loud laugh? I have taken my place also among the thousands of Americans who have dreamed of a non-skid device for automobiles. My idea was to have a fifth wheel equipped with chains that could be dropped to the pavement beneath the car. I was sur- prised to find that two others had had the same idea before me. The thousands of men working on in- ventions in the country today get a lot of enjoyment seeing fantastic drawings of mechanical things. Why? Because they see the humorous side of many of their ROM time to time readers have written us complaining that “Rube” Goldberg lam- pooned invention. went to the famous newspaper cartoonist whose caricatures reach thousands of Americans daily and said: ‘‘Well, what about it>’’ Here is his answer: “Sure, I lampoon ’em! But I lampoon ’em because I love ’em—because I understand ’em. I lampoon them with the sympathetic under- standing of a father for his son. By nature | am an inventor. We all want to invent some- thing useful. The thousands of men working on inventions today get a lot of enjoyment seeing | fantastic drawings of mechanical things. Why? | Because they see the humorous side of their | own ideas. And I’m not convinced that I do not offer usable ideas now and then.” A Man’s Cartoonist Finally, the other day, we With Goldberg, science and invention are a serious business. He recognizes the fundamental human interest in me- chanical subjects. Upon the interest of American men in, science and invention he has built his success. own ideas, and I’m not con- vinced that I do not offer usable ideas now and then. Even the man who has not tried his hand at inven- tion generally has a home workshop. What is the first thing he shows a visitor? Usually it is some little contrivance he has rigged up. He is proud of it be- cause it shows he has some knowl- edge of mechanics. And he is always ready to laugh at one of my crazy mechanical cartoons. When a child breaks a toy, itis up to the father to fix it, or lose his reputation. A cartoon on the sub- ject is good for a laugh in nearly every American home. And what man hasn’t had the idea of inventing something to automatically stoke, shake, and clean his furnace? Some elaborate contrivance for doing so, pic- tured in a cartoon, is sure to tickle him. Usually he is sport enough to laugh at his pet theories. Crazy as some of my mechanical car- toons are, most of them are mechanically possible. The same is true of nearly every invention. I still have hopes of inventing something useful. Perhaps I may yet come across the big idea in working out some of my foolish cartoons. The field is wide and strange things happen. Article published by arrangement with McNaught Syndicate, Inc. “Grandma’s rocking-chair could run a ma- chine to dust off little Aleck,”” says Gold- berg. He says it’s mechanically possible

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"HOW SCIENCE TRACES The Wonder Story of Man’s Descent from Little, Catlike -Creatures that Skipped about in Trees Millions of Years Ago Fourth article in the series, “The Story of Man and His World” By E. E. Free, Ph.D. Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science and William K. Gregory, Ph.D. Curator of Comparative Anatomy, American Museum of Natural History AN and monkey are distant cousins. M Man and the gorilla are first cousins. Both of them developed out of common ancestors millions of years ago. In last month’s article we told how worms, fish, and reptiles, striving through millions of years, helped to invent and create the complex machinery of the human body; how the record of these inventions is still preserved with us. It was the story of creation, ieading up through the ages to man’s first animal ancestors. More than one million years ago there were already men in the world. It was about that long ago that the snows and frost of the great Ice Age crept down over the northern continents and buried them under hundreds of feet oi perpetual ice. New York and Wisconsin, England and Scandinavia, were like the Greenland and the North Pole of today. Yet underneath the _ sand and gravel scraped up by this great ice sheet and left behind it when it melted, Eng- lish scientists have found the signs of man —camp grounds and fireplaces and rude stone tools that prove unquestionably that men were there before the ice. Preglacial Men Probably these men were rather brutish, much more so than modern men. But they had begun, we cannot doubt, to have a hu- man brain. The fact that our familiar traditions of man’s creation cover a time so much shorter than this, is due to a very natural mistake. We inherit these traditions, through Greek or Jewish intermediaries, from the men of ancient Babylon, probably the first of all races to develop what we may call a civiliza- tion and certainly the first to attempt the formulation of a science and history of the world. These ancient his- toriaas followed, of course, their own racial traaitions. They confused the history of their own escape from savagery with the history of man. ‘“‘When we began,” they said to themselves, ‘‘there began all that is worth remembering in mankind.” And so they set down for the origin of the world what they remembered of the origin of the fertile plain on which they lived. All lands had been rescued, they thought, from the universal waters just as the swamps of Babylonia had been rescued when they were diked and drained. The human race began, they believed, in the pleasant garden lands to the eastward whence, they remembered dimly, they themselves had come a millennium or two before. This is why we have been taught that man is a creature of a scant six or seven millenniums. It is a mistake inherited from the self-centered sages of forgotten © Amer. Museum of Natural History Popular Science Monthy Babylon. It is true enough, of COUrse, for our civilization. It is not in the least try for man. The development of man began, 2g yj; have seen in previous chapters, mug farther back even than the English camp. ers and fire-users of a million years ago Man was not created suddenly out of noth. ing either in Eden or elsewhere nor on any definite date. Man is the culmination g the billion-year progress of evolving Life The body that he owns and uses was ip. vented for him by uncounted millions of his animal ancestors. Animal Shows First Human Tendencies But when did this body begin to be perceptibly human? When did the dis tinctive, manlike inventions begin to ap pear clearly in the forms of lower animals? Even for this we must go back much farther than a million years. We must go back, perhaps, 70 or 80 million years. Back in those times the country around the North Pole was warm. It was a pleas- ant land of flowers and grass carpets and thick forests of trees. Many animals lived in it, and among them, skipping about in the tree branches, were some little, catlike, big-eyed crea- tures like those we now call le- murs. They were remarkable chiefly be- cause they had the beginnings of a hand. They were, perceptibly and assuredly, the ancestors of man. In the American Museum of Natural History in New York City there are stored away several priceless fossil skeletons that belonged to some of these ancient lemurs. They were found in Wyoming. ‘They & OL represent, 14 cousins of t ancestor of | adventurous that migrate into North million yeal Misra Left behi were many These bran of them m America @ reached th especially these islan and did n¢ there yet. lemurs of today wh of their at of what tl were like. Many « we have s around tl creasing : they likec z la’ For si place chang bodie lived and hand and

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ont IN Tse, for St true much Camp. rs ago, f noth. On any tion of g Life Vas in. ions of encies to he e dig. tO ap. imals? much ust go round pleas- S and lived out in itlike, rea- hose 1 le- be- and. the ural ored that urs. hey June, 1923 represent, probably, one of the earliest cousins of the human stem; not a direct ancestor of either man or the apes, but an adventurous side branch of the family that migrated down out of the polar regions into North America perhaps 50 or. 60 million years ago. Migrations of Man’s Ancestors Left behind in the pleasant polar forests were many other branches of the family. These branches kept on developing. Some of them migrated from time to time into America and into Asia. A few of them reached the islands of the western Pacific, especially Madagascar, and they liked these islands so well that they stayed there and did not change very much. They are there yet. In the bodies of the living lemurs of these islands we can confirm today what we learn from the fossil bones of their ancestors. We can see something of what these earliest human predecessors were like. Many of the polar lemurs came down, we have said, into Asia. Perhaps the cold around the North Pole was already in- creasing and drove them out. Anyway, they liked Central Asia and settled in it. . For some reason it proved to be a favorable place for evolution. The Asian lemurs changed rapidly. They improved their bodies, especially their hands. They still lived in the trees as they had always done, and they ate insects and fruits. Good hands helped them to hold on to branches and to pick luscious grubs off the leaves. Presently the little lemurs had become monkeys. Here again we are helped to reconstruct the history of evolution by what biologists call “‘living fossils’—creatures that have lived on with little change so that we can catch and examine them today. Some of the lemur-monkeys migrated out of Asia just as their ancestors had migrated into it from the polar regions long before. They spread down into India and Africa and the islands of the Pacific. Like the lemurs in Madagascar, some of them lived on. They are the monkeys of the Old World forests. They are probably a good deal like their ancient Central Asian ancestors from which we ourselves have sprung. Asia the Cradle of Humanity Asia was still, somehow, a stimulus to evolution. Not all the lemur-monkeys had migrated out of it, and those that stayed kept on changing and improving. Gradu- ally they grew larger and stronger in body. Tree-living had already taught them to hold themselves erect and presently some of them climbed down out of the trees and learned to walk, rather awkwardly, on the ground. They had become apes. Of some of these apes of Central Asia, half tree-livers, half walkers on the ground, we have actual fossil bones. Several This scene, representing the prehistoric Neanderthal race of cavemen that lived in Europe the latter part of the glacial epoch, is based on scientific evidence in the form of fossil skeletons, flint implements, and the bones of extinct animals found with them species of them have been found in the rocks of northern India. A single tooth of a creature apparently much like the Asian ones was found recently in Nebraska. And, as before, we have the living fossils too. Some of the apes wandered out into southern Asia and into Africa. They be- came the chimpanzees and the gorillas, lution still went on. trees less and less; perhaps the climate was changing so that the forests were sparser and there were fewer trees to use. 29 OUR MONKEY ANCESTRY the latter undoubtedly the nearest living relatives of man. In the Asian homeland of our family, evo- The apes used the Brains of Apes Learn Cunning Anyway, the apes walked more often and better. Their brains, already trained for accuracy and quickness by their life in the trees, learned cunning and foresight so that they might escape the stronger animals on the ground. In 1891 the Dutch archeologist DuBois found two fossil bones and three teeth in some river gravels in the island of Java. One of the bones was a piece of a skull. It and the teeth are partly apelike, partly human. The other bone, which was that , of the thigh, shows that the creature walked erect. Under his scientific name of Pithe- canthropus erectus, “the man-ape who walked erect,’’ this creature occupies an extraordinarily important place in our knowledge of the history of man. The size of his brain is intermediate between that of the living apes and of man. His leg bone is clearly of human type. There is no doubt that when he was alive he was a creature much like the long sought ‘‘missing link’? between man and the apes. The theory of human evolution does not depend, however, upon this discovery. It would be quite absurd to base a theory so far-reaching and _ important upon nothing more substantial than five broken bits of bone, even though one of them be as eloquent as the skull. Man Proves His Origin The real evidence is much more impressive than this, much more certain. It is to be found most convincingly in the human body itself. The com- plete and detailed similarity in bodily structure between man and the apes; the presence in man’s body of scores of vestige organs, like the appendix; the demon- strated kinship between riot man and the living apes in the chemical comrposi- tion of their blood; facts like these have convinced the scientists that human evolution is a sure and proven truth. But the recovered bones of ‘the man-ape who walked erect,” do help to confirm what we have learned elsewhere. Long before DuBois’ discovery, scientists were sure that man had grown out of some kind of walking ape. The bones proved what we already knew. They showed us, un- mistakably, that the walking ape we be- lieved in had really lived. But Pithecanthropus was hardly a man; he was merely in process of becoming one, Who took the next and final step? We are still not entirely sure. The earliest recovered traces of man are those

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ee : = 7 | DaRK - SKINNED = WHITES OR _] MEDITERRANEANS English ones that we mentioned in the opening paragraphs of this chapter. But no one believes that man originated in England. It is probable that he began, as did all his monkey and apelike predeces- sors, in the highlands of Central Asia. The individual Pithecanthropus whose bones we have recovered was presumably a wanderer outward from this region. - Some of his cousins stayed at home and to them there came the same improving and relatively rapid development that the Asian surroundings had forced already upon the lemur and the monkey and the ape. Their brains grew and improved; they began the use of tools; fire was con- quered and put to work. The Asian origin of creatures like Pithe- canthropus is to be dated perhaps three or four million years ago. By another two or three million years—perhaps from one to two million years ago—there must have been living somewhere in Central Asia creatures who were essentially human. Survivors of the Ice Age It was some of these early humans, out- © ward wanderers like the Madagascar lemurs and the monkeys and Pithecanthropus, who got as far as England even before the Ice Age and who left there the camps and tools and fireplaces that modern scientists have found. Probably these wanderers were always few and transient. The Ice Age was soon upon them and they perished or fled. But the Ice Age, when it came, was not continuous. It consisted of four separate periods of cold and ice. Between these were three warmer periods; scores of thou- sands of years when the ice melted away ene” NEGROES BLOND WHITES OR NORDICS ORIGINAL HOME OF MAN IN ASIA and when plants and animals characteristic of the tropics lived well up toward the north of Europe. It is in gravels deposited during the first one of these warm inter- glacial periods that we find the earliest undoubted bones of man. In 1907 there was found in the valley of the Elenz River near Heidelberg, Ger- many, 80 feet below the surface of the soil, the jawbone of a man. This is the cele- brated “Heidelberg man.” The bone is unquestionably human, but it is not mod- ern. The chin is small and receding, the jaw is wide and massive, the muscles that once were attached to it were evidently very broad and powerful. Like Pithecan- thropus, this was a creature on the way from ape to man, but he was a long way nearer man than was Pithecanthropus. Skull Fragments Found in England There has been a similar find in Eng- land. At Piltdown, near the southeastern corner of the island, there were found, between 1911 and 1917, several fragments of a human skull, some teeth and part of a jawbone. The material is meager and im- perfect. Authorities differ as to just how the creature from whom these fragments came ought to be reconstructed. But few doubt that he was human or nearly so; far closer to man than to the apes. Within the past two years there has been a third find in Africa. In a cave in Rhoe desia the bones of still another very prim- itive man were found. It is possible that these may be fairly recent in years. But in type, in the character of creature repre- sented, they are very ancient. Their owners may have been more of our “living fossils’ —early types of men who lived for Popular Science Monthly CHINESE AUSTRALIAN BUSHMEN a while in the wilds of Africa, just as the lemurs and the apes have done. These three, the men of Heidelberg, of Piltdown, and of Rhodesia, are the prin- cipal types of very ancient men whose actual bones we have found. All of them were probably wanderers, parts of the far- flung line of explorers and adventurers who had crept slowly over the world out of the Asian home of their race, just as so many of their ancestors—monkey and ape and Pithecanthropus—had done before them. What these bones seem to mean is this: that during the long millenniums of the glacial period, while the ice sheets were alternately advancing and retreating over the face of Europe, men were developing in Asia, the continent where we have not yet dug very much, and from which we have recovered no remains. From these. Asian fastnesses, low types of men were seeping out over the world. Men pene- trated into Africa. Other men reached India and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Still others trickled into Europe and hung about the edges of the glaciers as they melted or advanced. When the Heidelberg Man Died | There were, you remember, four separate periods of advance of the ice. Between them the climate was warm. During the first of these warm periods the Heidelberg man died and left his bones for us. Then the ice of the second cold period came on and so far as we know the men of the Heidelberg race went out before it, never to return. Presently the ice retreated and advanced ‘and then retreated again. And during the warm period that followed, the third and / !\ June, 19 @se s last of must h laid di numer shapec doubte very | ning 0 ice age years to hav age, s The of He the hi ern ty famot rived many bones Wi Th than were was great some forek that ~ quite look eyes brov mor is ju to h; as si und for :

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as the arg, of » prin- whose ’ them he far- rs who of the many e and them. 3 this: of the } were y over loping ve not ch we these. were pene- ached )eean. hung they yarate tween ig the elberg Then me on of the never anced 1g the d and

' June, 1923

ESKIMOS AMERICAN INDIANS

SOUTH SEA ISLANDERS

THE MIGRATIONS OF MAN . WARD FROM THEIR ORIGINAL HOME THIS CHART SHOWS THE PROBABLE RELATIONS OF SOME OF THE MAIN RACES OF MANKIND TO EACH OTHER,AS WELL AS THE ROUTES THEY MAY HAVE FOLLOWED AS THEY SPREAD OUT=

Co ° Gee "< « ofe es . last of the interglacial periods, many men must have come into Europe. In the sands laid down at this time we begin to find numerous flinty stones, rudely chipped and shaped by hand, stones that were, un- doubtedly, the tools and weapons of some very primitive kind of man. The begin- ning of this last warm period between the ice ages cannot have been less than 125,000 years ago, and by that time Europe seems to have been well sprinkled with these sav- age, stone-using men. These newer men were not of the race of Heidelberg. They were much higher in the human scale, much nearer to the mod- ern type. They belonged to the race now famous as the Neanderthal, a name de- rived from that of the little valley in Ger- many in which some of the first of their bones were found in 1856. What Neanderthal Man Was Like These Neanderthal men were shorter than modern men. Their arms and legs were short. The trunk of the body also was short and thick, as though to give great strength. The face was broad and somewhat apelike, with a low retreating forehead and very little chin. It is probable that these men did not hold their heads quite erect, but bent forward, a little, looking out warily upon their world from eyes deep set under lowered and shaggy brows. It is clear that they were much more animal-like than modern men, but it is just as clear that they were men. Waves of these Neanderthal men seem to have rolled into Europe from Asia a‘most as soon as the ice was gone. They «eld it, undisputed, for more than 100,000 years; for more than 50 times as long as tke time that has passed since the days of Christ! Even the fourth and final return of the ice did not displace them. By about 70,000 years ago the last of the warm interglacial periods was over and the ice was beginning to come back. By about 50,000 years ago Europe was buried again almost as far south as the Alps. But the Neanderthal men stayed on. They hung about the margins of the ice sheet. We find their stone tools and their bones among the sand and gravel that the ice laid down. Our Forefathers Invade Europe They yielded, finally, not to nature but to man. About 20,000 years ago, after the ice had begun to retreat for the last time, but before it had entirely gone, there came into Europe another kind of men. These newcomers were men like ourselves. They came, apparently, in several waves, prob- ably at different times, perhaps by different routes. We believe that they came from the same Asian homeland out of which all the earlier migrations had poured. There were different races among them. A few were like negroes; some were round headed, probably dark white or yellowish brown; some were long-headed whites, much like the modern blond whites or Nordics. All of them were hunters. They seem to have found most of their food in the herds of wild horses, reindeer, and other animals that then ran wild all over Europe. These men fought the Neanderthals and vanquished them. The 100,000 years of low-browed cavemen were over. From now on, Europe was to be the home of men as large brained and as human as ourselves.

INCAS | For these hunters who took Europe away from the Neanderthals those 15 or 20 millenniums ago were artists as well as warriors. They could draw and paint and carve figures out of ivory or soft stone. All over France and Spain they left vivid and lifelike figures scratched on the rock or painted on the walls of dry and sheltered caves, where we can see them still. In those days the great hairy mammoth was still alive and these men saw and hunted him. They painted his likeness in scores of places in the caves; they scratched his out- line on many bits of bone. And so, though this great beast has been extinct for thou- sands of years, we have pictures of him almost as good as though he were still here to be photographed. One race of these artist-hunters was the famous Cro-Magnons, whose skeletons we have found. They were tall, well-formed, large brained; quite the equal of ourselves in the size, and apparently in the quality, of their brains. After the Ice Receded When these men first arrived in Europe, the ice was still there, but it was going. By about 12,000 or 15,000 years ago it had alto- gether gone. With it went the herds of rein- deer and the small wild horse. The food supply of the hunters vanished. And at the same time they faced dis- aster from without. New waves of men were coming in from Asia. These new men were not solitary hunters and cave dwellers. They lived in tribes and communities. They built villages. They knew some- thing of agriculture, enough to sow and harvest wheat and perhaps one or two (Turn to page 98)

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$2 New Auto-Refrigerator Needs No Ice ae ee ae | ELIEF for the housewife’s summertime worries that the iceman may fail to show up and the food will spoil is prom- ised through the perfection of an electrical auto-refrigerator in which liquid chemical is used in place of ice. The new apparatus consists of a cylindri- cal tube containing the refrigerating appa- ratus and surmounted by a small electric motor connected by a two-pin wall plug with a socket in the kitchen. The motor operates a pump that com- presses fluid methylchlorid and forces it How the new electrically driven refrigerating apparatus is attached to icebox through a nozzle into a lower compartment. There, under diminished pressure, the liquid chemical evaporates and quickly cools, producing a refrigerating effect. The vaporized methylene then rises to the upper chamber, where it is again con- densed and forced back to the same vapor- ization. The apparatus can be fitted into an ordinary refrigerator. An added fea- ture is a compartment in which bowls filled with water or mixtures for ice cream can be placed. After a short time the water or ice cream mixture is frozen. Smallest Soldering Iron for Radio Work A* ELECTRIC soldering iron that is only as large as a fountain pen has recently been perfected by a New York con- cern for use in radio and other work where small amounts of solder are required in difficult corners. The instrument has a platinum heating unit. Soft wire solder is used when operat- ing on small work. The tool is said to be the smallest soldering iron ever made. Maégnetized Screwdriver Is Useful for Car Owner O RECOVER bolts, nuts, screws, or other metal objects that drop into inaccessible places, the automobile owner will find a screwdriver that is magnetized a great convenience. All that is necessary to magnetize the tool is to hold it close to a dynamo for a few minutes, until it has becom: charged. Novel All-Year Hat Has Interchangeable Crowns A SERVICEABLE all-year hat for men, recently invented in England, can be converted from a winter hat to a summer one, simply by interchanging crowns and brim covers. The hat is made of a stiffened material serving as a base over which various kinds of covers may be drawn. A few seconds only is required to change from a felt to a waterproof or straw hat. © Pictorial Press Changing his hat from winter to summer style Popular Science Monthly Shaving Brush and Rubber Massage Combined ERVING the double _pur- pose of lathering and massaging the face, a novel combination shaving brush has recently been placed on the market by a Pittsburgh concern. The lather brush is slidably mounted in the handle go that it can be drawn back, simply by pull- ing a small pin. As the lather brush slides into the handle, a small mound of lather remains in the center for the rubber mag. sage. The combination brush Safety Spurs Keep Ladder from Slipping [ee Two spur brackets hold the ladder O PREVENT some of the thousands of accidents caused annually by the slipping and overturning of ladders, in-. genious safety spurs recently have been invented. They consist of two pointed, bent rods, clamped to the top of the ladder standards. By resting the points against the building or wall on which he is working, the painter or carpenter is assured of a support that will not slip. Even if the Tooting gives way, ew still will remain fastened to the wall. The long arms of the spurs serve as useful brackets to hold paint cans or tools. They also hold the ladder out from the building, giving ready access to the wall. Tons of Powder for Noses F gne—sengpid women used up twenty million pounds of face powder last year, the U. S. Department of Agriculture reports. This was about eight ounces for the average woman. SS

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{ onthly ibber brush ndle go y pull. | slides lather r mas- der ands the been Jane, 1923 COMPRESSED AIR TANKS : 33 Diving Sled to Salvage Treasures Wo till Wabi senegal — dddddddiddddddddiddddddcdddeadidddddceddededecdedeccdede censrasarasesnss WM Vly, N SEO yy ve "ww i. 5 vw v'r"”"Ti'' S 3 7 % wee ods, rds. ding nter will yay, the eful hey ing, ast ure for Mitte /1riitthe ea WM ME MMO GERMANY | Y i Preparing to use a novel “diving sled,’ designed to coast along the ocean floor at great depths, in attempts to salvage some of the millions in treasure sunk by her submarines during the war. Pulled by cables irom a towboai; the strange steel scooter is guided by a deep-sea diver, who sits in the _ cockpit, supported by a CL ddeccddddddddccde ELL dc Mdddddddddddachesdcddecc hooded back rest, and controls the rudders and planes. The controls consist of two rudders at the tail that steer the sled laterally, and two finlike elevating planes at the bow, by which obstructions can be hurdled. The body of the sled incloses compressed air tanks to supply the diver with air, as shown in the inset above, thus eliminating the usual airlines from the surface. The equip- ment also includes a lock containing the diver’s apparatus and food. Hermetically sealed incandescent lamps supply the illumi- nation for the search. It is claimed that the sled can be used at depths of 250 feet,

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34 Popular Science Monthly ill Ravenous Insect Hosts Science Gathers Forces for War to the Death on Invading Armies of Pests that Now Collect Costly Tribute in Food and Clothing By Harry A. Mount EFORE our eyes today is being fought B what scientists say is the most devastating war in the world’s history—a war more destructive to life and property than the recent great conflict of nations. It is the silent war between man and insects. From the four corners of the earth, vast invading hordes of bugs are slowly, surely, forcing their way into man’s domain. They are ravaging our fields, destroying our crops, robbing us of our food. By ruining forests they are literally gnawing away the roofs over our heads. By destroying wool and cotton they are eating the clothes from our backs. And, finally, by inoculating us with disease germs, they are even murdering us. They are threatening to push us off the planet—to take our places as the dominant life on earth. Every year one tribe of these invaders— the cotton boil weevil—collects a tribute of $10 from every man, woman, and child in the United States—money that represents a billion dollars’ worth of cotton destroyed annually. Another tribe—the potato bug— collects payment of 25 cents from every American, by destroying $25,000,000 worth of potatoes each year. The advancing foes are in- numerable, untiring, merciless. Not one of us can escape the tax they impose. Still the insects are not satisfied. They want the whole world. And now science has declared war in defense of mankind. It will be a war to the finish. Which will survive—man or insect? The formal declaration of war was made recently by Dr. L. O. Howard, Uncle Sam’s chief entomologist, who is leading an army of government scientists sent into the field to drive back the bug invaders. Sounding the warning that insects threaten to drive man from his habitations on earth, he called on the nation’s We have ignored them in the past because of their smallness, not realizing that was one of their very points of strength. Be- fore we can call this earth ours, we shall have to bring under subjection this insect horde, and that will require the highest scientific skill at our command.” Convincing proofs to substantiate these fears can be seen on every hand. While some of the most destructive insects are strangers to the average man, other dan- gerous enemies—the fly, the mosquito, and the cockroach—are familiar in hundreds The potato bug, by destroying $25,000,000 worth of potatoes each year, collects an annual toll of 25 cents from every individual in the United States Insect victories are numerous. Human victories few. A few years ago the cotton: boll weevil invaded our Southern border. A desperate fight for control of the cotton fields fol- lowed. Foot by foot, with poison and gas, our scientists have contested the advance of the weevil, and yet the pest has moved as steadily onward, and at last has reached the extreme limits of our cotton belt. Some scientists now despair of ever conquering him. That defeat alone costs the nation at least $1,000,000,000 a year, and you pay part of that huge sum young men to enlist in a world- wide campaign of self defense. “Man still is the dominant type on this terrestrial body,” said Doctor Howard. “He has over- come most opposing animate forces. He has subdued or turned to his own use nearly all living creatures. Yet there still remain the bacteria and the protozoa that carry disease, and the enormous force of injurious insects that **‘DQEFORE we can call this earth ours, we shall have to bring under sub- jection this insect horde; and that will require the highest scientific skill at our command. ’—Dr. L.O. HOWARD, Chief Entomologist, United States Department of Agriculture, leader in insect war. every time you buy any article containing cotton. Other pests are just as threaten- ing, although they have not yet tion. The European corn borer in- vaded New England several years ago. Now this pest has reached the edge of our great midwestern corn belt. Scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture attack him at every point and that constitute today his greatest rival for the control of nature. “By the introduction of sanitation, man has made notable progress in overcoming disease-carrying bacteria and protozoa. But the fight with the insects has been going decidedly against him. These enemies threaten his life daily. Rapidity of multiplication, power of concealment and many other factors contribute to their persistence. In many ways they are better fitted for life on earth than is man. “Insects are the only creatures capable of making a cooperative attack against us. of thousands of -households in the United States. Almost every one is familiar with mod- ern campaigns against the disease spreading housefly. Vast sums of money are spent by householders each year in buying screens and poisons to combat the fly. Yet flies are as numerous as ever. The fever carrying mosquito, against which man has battled for years, shows no signs of defeat. In fact, last year clouds of mosquitos reappeared in certain localities where they apparently had been wiped gut. say that within another decade the corn borer may carry disaster into that rich territory. The potato bug likewise has defeated the best efforts of science against it, adding $25,000,000 a year to the cost of this im- portant food crop. The bean beetle, a visitor from Mexico, is hampering thé important bean growing industry of the South. And this menace. is working northward and westward at the rate of 150 miles a year. That means that the bean beetle is conquering the United States at the rate of half a tier of states each season! caused such widespread destruc- © June, 1 Pi It is a Texas, y' is now d the Sout jnvasion ample 0 advanta portatio steamsh wagons- of our r The | tered th souther was det Texas, Sweet by thes abando by mat some ¢ has di taking and sl other h robbers caused lions y South tato al Ame for de small becom soon : Ameri the Sc velope of the half t! Str civiliz to the hoppe this p of th as ki been his t beetle borer today The and

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as mm @ TQ an vil ol- cle June, 1923 Push Man off T It is a far journey from Cochin China to Texas, yet the duckbilled blue beetle, which is now destroying the sweet potato crop of the South, successfully made the trip. The jnvasion of this pest affords a striking ex- ample of how insects travel. They take advantage of every new method of trans- portation devised by man. By railroads, steamship lines, freight cars, motor trucks, wagons—they advance into every corner of our rich country. The sweet potato beetle stealthily en- tered the United States through one of the southern ports. Before its presence was detected, it had spread through Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. Sweet potato crops, ruined by these beetles, have been ~ abandoned in the ground | lm iN by many farmers. In fr” f some cases the farmer has divided his crop, taking half for himself ae and surrendering the other half to the beetle robbers. The damage caused by this pest now runs into the mil- lions yearly and there is danger that the South may have to-abandon its sweet po- tato altogether. America indeed is a land of opportunity for destructive insects! Bugs that cause small damage in their native haunts become marauders on a large scale as soon as they reach the rich fields of America. Once in the cotton fields of the South the boll weevil rapidly de- veloped and multiplied on the rich food of the cotton bud until now it devours half the annual crop. Strangely enough, the conditions of civilization sometimes are unfavorable to the “home bugs.”’ Take the grass- hopper, for example. Some species of this pest are native to almost every section of the world. Once the grasshopper ruled as king of the insect hosts. Now he has been deposed by hundreds of claimants to his throne. One of these—the Japanese beetle, which, like the European corn borer, gained a foothold in the East-—— today is moving towards the Middle West. The codling moth, the brown tail moth, and the gypsy moth, attack and destroy backs. millions of dollars’ worth of fruit and fruit trees yearly. The Western pine beetle and other insect species have killed millions of forest, fruit, and shade trees. In all, 716 different species of injurious insects are listed among the invaders that the United States Bureau of Entomology is trying to combat with an “army” that The cotton weevil literally eats the shirts off our This arch enemy of man an- nually: destroys $1,000,000,000 worth of cotton, collecting a tribute ot $10 from every American his Planet? numbers less than one man to each species! Well, what are we going to do about it? The answer of science is—Fight. The government’s meet the bug on its » own ground—in the field. Whenever a serious outbreak of a new insect pest is dis- covered, a force of scien- tists is sent to the spot. The insects’ habits are studied at close range and then the work of extermina- tion is begun. The scientists are too few in numter to do all the fighting themselves. As a rule, the best they can do is to show the farmer how to combat the pest. The difficulty then is to get the farmer to carry on the work. boll Sometimes the farmer finds it cheaper to abandon his crop than fight. In that case the insect is left in undisputed possession of the field and, ultimately, the whole district. In addition to battles in the field, an effort is made to meet the invader at the border and there turn him back. The Secretary of Agriculture has arbitrary power to stop any product from corning into the country if he suspects it is carry- ing destructive pests. But despite the closest watch, the invaders are getting by. One invader that entomologists of the United States fear is the human devouring ant. The most ferocious of this species is found in Africa. They travel in huge armies and devour everything in their path, in- cluding men. A smaller variety, which has been said to eat babies in their cradles, is native to Argentina. We are not safe from the threat of such horrors as these. The Argentine ant already has found its way into England. We may be visited next. Is it any wonder, then, that serious- minded scientists are asking seriously: ‘‘Will man or insect survive?” i > oe ee es eee aa Regu hts A modern ‘“‘tank’”’ on the battle lire of man’s war against insects. This power sprayer is used to combat the onslaughts of bugs on our fruit orchards “No man’s land” in Massachusetts, where the European corn borer is quarantined by the government. from the territory marked by the sign Green corn is barred plan of campaign is to .

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36 Paddle Tennis, Newest Game School children in an exciting paddle tennis tournament at Washington Square, New York ADDLE tennis, a new game for every- body, originated by the Rev. Frank P. Beal, of New York City, provides a sub- stitute for lawn tennis for those who cannot afford to use expensive courts and rackets. A relatively small area marked out as a court, a few ropes stretched across for a net and homemade paddles of wood to serve as rackets, are all that is needed. The rules of the game are the same as those of tennis. The court, with dimensions just half of those of a regular court, can be readily laid out indoors for play during bad weather. A regular net is not necessary, for two chairs set on each side of the court with ropes stretched between serve as an ad- mirable substitute. Leaf-Shaped Spruce Used for Radio Loudspeaker O* THE many ingenious loudspeakers recently devised to give quality and tone in radio reproduction, perhaps the most novel is the invention of R. H. Mar- riott, United States naval radio aide, of Bremerton, Wash. It utilizes a thin leaf- shaped spruce board as a vibrating surface. The board is made of carefully selected Washington spruce, cut, braced, dried, and waterproofed to produce the desired tone and prevent warping. The panel is about 10 inches each way and is fastened to the frame. At the base of the leaf is attached an armature, actuated by the phone mag- nets in accordance with the current. The originator of paddle tennis shows how to play the game The wooden paddle is 14 inches long by 714 inches wide and is made of several layers of wood. Such a racket is inexpen- sive and easily made. Popular Science Monthly —. Dial Tool Shows Accuracy of Machine Parts A NEW precision tool recently perfected by a concern in Providence, R. L,, quickly and ac, curately tests the trueness of sur- faces of machine parts during the process of manu- facture. Any va- Yiations are re- corded on a dial. The tool has a lever, one end of which presses against a plunger on the dial mech- anism. The other end is brought into contact with the surface that is to be tested. When the turning of the work causes no movement of the dial, the work is true. The new tool is especially adapted for testing internal surfaces. Nooks and Corners of U. S. Remain Unexplored ITHIN the boundaries of the United States are areas that still remain unexplored. Many of the so-called ‘“‘al- coves” of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, for example, never have been penetrated. While many expeditions have explored and mapped the larger areas bor- dering this river, all have avoided these alcoves largely because of lack of water. On one of the plateaus in Utah there are also many places that never have been mapped. Similarly in the Olympic Moun- tains of Washington. Testing internal surface with dial indicator Compressed Air Feeds Corn to Hogs O FACILITATE the feeding of hogs that pass through Malden, Wash., by the carload, James McGarvey of that city has invented a pneumatic feeder that blows the grain into the hog cars and so dis- tributes it to the animals. A car carrying a supply of corn is pushed by a locomotive along a track adjacent to the standing stock train. Compressed air is conveyed from the locomotive through a hose to the feed car, where it passes through a hopper into which the grain is shoveled by workmen. As the grain is picked up by compressed air from the hopper, it is shot out through a nozzle that is inserted between the slats of the stock car. The hopper serves as a measure, and it is claimed that the use of this apparatus has resulted in a decided saving of time, labor, and feed. Compressed air, conveyed to the : an car through a hose from the locomotive, blows corn.through a flattene nozzle into a hog car on the opposite track June

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no for ed 1in al- she en ve PSe June, 1923 37 Models Show Uncle Sam’s Industries Above: Uncle Sam’s model makers at work on Department of Agriculture miniature exhibits for Brazil’s centen- nial celebration. At right: An animated model built by the Bureau of Public Roads, showing machines at work in a gravel pit INIATURE models of United M States industries, natural re- sources, and commerce formed an unusual million-dollar exhibit that at- tracted the attention of thousands of visi- tors from all parts of the globe at Brazil’s centennial celebration at Rio de Janeiro. The models were in the United States Building, which will be used later as a permanent embassy building. Many months of work were required to construct, technically accurate in every detail, the models that show faithfully this country’s industries. An entire building in Washington, D. C., was turned over to the Division of Exhibits, Department of Agri- culture, for the construction of its models Triple Hoist Lifts Limber Loads © National Photo for the centennial. This building was a busy hive of model makers. Coal mining operations, methods of dredging for gold, map making, shipbuild- ing, automobile manufacture, roadbuild- ing, the Postal Department’s activities, reclamation work, child welfare and educa- tion work, and a thousand other activities N UNUSUAL [igs and useful triple . hook hand hoist has been perfected by an Ohio manufacturer for elevating limber loads of great length, such as bundles of rattan, bamboo, wooden molding, wire and small metal bars or other flexible ma- terial that, although clumsily long, must be prevented from bending. The hoist is sus- pended from three one-half-ton plain trolleys running on an overhead rail. Chains from which three hooks are suspended, pass over sprocket wheels attached to a horizontal bar, at one end of which is the hoisting are realistieally pictured in this exhibit. An animated model built by the Bureau of Public Roads is particularly noteworthy. It is a perfect representation of actual work in a gravel pit, showing machinery for digging gravel, roadbuilding, highway drainage, and even a one-eighth-horsepower power house in operation. POISON We All Eat It Three chain hoists are wound on trolley bar mechanism. This mechanism is a simple chain hoist, operated by hand, which turns the bar and rolls up the chains evenly. ID you have your morning dose of poison today? *‘Poison?”’ youask. ‘‘Whatdo you mean?” Well, the truth is, that if you had bacon for breakfast, salt on your cereal, bloaters or kippers, rolls covered with icing, pepper on any of your food, or even a cup of coffee or tea, you had your morning dose of poison. Poison, of course, does not harm us if taken in sufficiently small amounts. Bacon contains a little saltpeter, an ounce being considered sufficient to kill. The Chinese commit suicide by eating a cupful of salt; bloaters and kippers contain formaldehyde; most cake or roll icings have prussic acid in them; cloves, nutmegs, horseradish, and a number of other herbs are poisonous if taken in large enough quantities; black pepper contains piperine —an alkaloid poison; and doctors agree that overindulgence in coffee is most in- jurious because of its caffein content.

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Will Radium Restore Youth? Power of Mysterious Energy to Renew Worn Body Cells Is Recognized by Physicians ONGER life. New hair on bald heads. A third set of natural teeth. : Renewed vigor of youth. These are a few of the prom- ises that the more optimistic radium experts are making for the use of radium emanation or radioactive waters in the treatment of disease and old age. And while recent glowing accounts of miraculous cures by radium therapy—as_ the new treatment is called—have not been accepted generally by the medical profession, there is a growing belief among physicians that radium emana- tion does have a definite place in medical treatment. The “Spark of Life’? Is it possible, as one physi- cian has suggested, that in radium may be found the “spark of life’—the mysterious electronic force that drives the life of the world? Constantly releasing mys- terious energies with which the » scientific world was not familiar until re- cently, radium, when introduced into the human system, produces a “kick” which, experts tell us, bombards our tired life cells into renewed activity. “The fact is,’ says Dr. C. Everett Field, director of the Radium Institute of New York and one of the more conservative radium therapists, “that radium does not do the healing. But, for that matter, neither does any other form of healing. The healing exists within the organism. And radium, I am convinced, in some cases, is the most efficient medicine to give needed stimulus to-the healing apparatus of diseased organisms.” Even now, Doctor Field believes, radioactive treatment may prolong life at least 15 years. For internal treatment two meth- ods are used—either doses of radio- active water, or the administration of extremely minute quantities of radium itself. In the first case either waters from springs examined and found to contain traces of radium are used, or radium is used to make ordinary water radioactive. The difficulty with spring waters is that they lose their radioactive power when bottled and transported and so lose their value when not con- sumed at their source. Radioactive Drinking Water Because of this fact, a group of physicians interested in the use of radium as a curative stimulant have invented an ingenious device for im- parting radioactive properties to ordinary water. As designed for use in the home, this instrument consists of a case containing an ar- rangement of glass tubes and vessels i ee Be sci — y iby **Saratoga Springs” in the home. This apparatus is said to make ordinary drinking water radioactive in which emanations from radium salts in solution are imparted to air, which is then mixed with the water. A much simpler apparatus, available for office use, somewhat resembles a hypo- dermic syringe, containing special capsules of radium salts. Pushing a plunger forces air through the radium capsules and into a glass of water and is said to make the water radioactive. The doses of radium in each case are constant, because radium emanates at a constant rate. and only a certain amount can be dissolved in water, no matter how many times a day the ap- Psi - = 4 MIXING CHAMBER WHERE air CARRYING RADIUM EMANATION iS MIXED WITH WATER Close-up rear view of new household apparatus for manufacturing radioactive water, showing arrangement of glass tubes for charging water with radium emanations Popular Science Monthly For office use, a handy syringe forces air through capsules of radium salts and into a glass of water, im- parting radioactivity, its sponsors claim, to the drink- ing water paratus is brought into use. These constant emanations have been one of the great marvels of science ever since Madame Curie isolated radium from uranium ore in 1898. One gram of radium emits 136,000,000,000 atoms a sec- ond. As each atom disrupts, what is known as_ an alpha ray is emitted. This resultant atom disrupts in turn, emitting another alpha ray. And so the process continues. In the meantime, the mass of radium deteriorates into radium ema- nations. Radium thus loses half. its strength in 1700 years and none of the original is left after 20,000 years of radia- tion. Radium, a salt rather than a metal, jis not a drug. It does not combine chem- ically with any known substance in the body. When taken in soluble form, 25 or 50 per cent of it remains in the body for four or five days. After that the rate of excretion is about only one per cent a day. Wherever it is located, it carries..on:'a constant bombardment in releasing ,, its energy, imparting strength to the tissues, cells, and protoplasma of: the body. And when once these begin to,.func- tion actively, they begin. to rebuild themselves. Radium Is a Stimulant . In external treatment by radium itself, emanations from a _ certain quantity of radium are allowed to focus on parts of the body. over the diseased organs. In this way the curative functions of the diseased portion are stimulated to activity. The atrophying of diseased tonsils has been the most successful use of this form of treatment. The cure of cancer by radium, while claimed by some physicians, is generally dis- credited at the present time. Whether radium treatment will prove able to restore youth to old age, grow new sets of teeth and per- form other marvels that its more ardent supporters predict for it, only time will tell. If radium treatment proves to facilitate the process of cell elimina- tion, it will have gone a long way toward delivering the world from its enemies of disease. Ju re pez ste tici nal im we at du er Sc T fin di e! m hi ey m— as p~s3 ot ff ->-> ~*~ TE

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ita —_/_ cc eS Ee YY eS ‘ ™’™ FD ™™ We ——. ' —_ oa Juné, 1923 pani enn nena re a. Here is one of the world’s most magnificent collections of gems—the Russian crown jewels, valued at more than half a billion dollars. In the center is the diamond studded crown of Russia, and beneath it the jeweled scepter of Catherine II, containing the famous Orloff diamond. Science soon may be able to duplicate all of these priceless gems OOM WANDA lI’ MM AWWoF'eojdrrnnaaAAaADAADA ADD wTFEE_ EE EER Science Duplicates Costly Gems French Academy of Science of the Japanese cultured pearl as a real pearl, science has taken another forward step in the production of synthetic or arti- ticial gems having all the attributes of the natural stones. So rapid has been the progress of science jn this direction that the dream of every woman who has visioned herself bedecked with glittering gems soon may be realized at a moderate cost. It is even possible that science can repro- duce such a wonderful collection as the crown jewels of Russia, valued at more than $500,000,000, now in the hands of the Soviet government. The Emerald Has Defied Duplication So far, science has reproduced four of the five aristocrats among precious stones—the diamond, ruby, sapphire, and pearl. The emerald has defied all laboratory experi- ments, but even its secret cannot remain hidden long. The cultured pearl is a pear] in fact. Itis made by the oyster in the same manner as the natural pearl. Science simply puts the oyster to work on a seed, or small bead, as a nucleus. This bead irritates the oyster, which covers the seed, layer on layer, with successive coatings of pearl. The Japanese scientist, Mikimoto, re- cently has achieved remarkable success with cultured pearls. His process involves the most delicate and skilful manipulation. The shell is removed from a pearl oyster and a bead of nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is laid on the outer shell-secreting skin. This skin is cut off and made to envelop the bead, or seed, as a sac. Then the sac is transp.anted and ~—— WU ITH the recent acceptance by the MOLTEN iRON AND CARBON SMALL CRUCIBLE, V_ / —_ One suc- WATER cessful ____. . method of (ee manufac- 5 turing diamond: is shown at left embedded in the body of an- other oyster. This oyster, with its pearl sac, is returned to the sea, where it remains for several years while suc- cessive coatings of pearl are secreted around the bead. The L\ size of the pearl thus formed depends on the time the oyster is left undisturbed. N The base of an artificial N ruby or a sapphire, like that of the genuine stones, is alu- mina, from which aluminum pots and pans are made. Briefly, the process is this: Powdered alumina is caused to fall in a current of oxygen, which carries it to a combustion chamber. There the powder melts and forms a pear-shaped mass of sapphire or ruby, according to the color introduced. From this mass is cut the synthetic stone of science. Artificial production of diamonds in a form fit for jewelry has been a baffling problem. Science has_ en- deavored to follow Nature’s volcanic process, but the pressure and tempera- ture necessary to convert black carbon, charcoal, lampblack, or burnt sugar, into glittering, crystallized carbon that con- stitutes the diamond is extremely difficult to attain in a laboratory. So far, the diamonds made by scientists have been no larger than the head of a pin. In 1893 a French chemist placed a mix- ture of pure iron and pure carbon in a cru- cible and subjected it to great heat. He then plunged the crucible into water, caus- ing it to cool rapidly. The sudden cooling » i S > gins The oyster builds a pearl around a bead inserted as a nucleus 39 2 > " ees » The im- } perial | Russian crown worn by the late Czar. It contains 32,800 car- ats of dia- monds, as well as pearls, emeralds, and rarest rubies caused a crust of solid iron to form around the still molten and expanding interior so that great pressure and heat were realized ) at the same time. Some of the carbon | formed into tiny diamonds. Still more recently another chemist fused up olivine, and stirred it with a graphine rod. When cooled, it was found to be in- crusted with small crystals of diamond. Science Promises Cheaper Diamonds In these partially successful experiments | in manufacturing the hardest of all precious | stones, science offers the promise that . | sooner or later it will evolve a process that will be simple and inexpensive. When that time arrives, and when the secrets of the emerald have been discovered, the laboratories of science may be able to duplicate the Russian crown jewels and other of the world’s precious gems.

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Popular Science Monthly How Scientific Baseball Here is Huston, the champion Yankee Colonel who has seen a thousand games of baseball Famous Owner of New York Yankees Tells “Inside” Secrets of Plays and Players that Draw Millions to the Nation’s Ballparks runners nearer the home plate have been By Col. a L. Huston RO retired. It’s a mean situation for every Who pays the highest salary in baseball—to Babe Ruth a lead of 2 to 0 in his favor, held the New York Giants Baia JOE BUSH, of the New York Yankees, with at his mercy in the first game of the 1922 World Series, until the eighth inning, and then Bancroft, the first man up in the eighth, cracked out the first ball pitched for a sizzling single. one but Burns. Every batter has some kind of a weakness and a pitcher must be able to find this weakness. For:instance, if he finds a cer- tain batter is hitting high balls, he must serve him low ones. If the batter finally gets the range on low balls, the pitcher must mix them up. He must keep the Groh, the second man up, hit the first ball safely. f batter guessing. Frisch, the third man up, also smashed out a hit f Every manager must know the mental on the first ball. } ‘ and physical habits of the players on the Meusel, next up, repeated hitting the first ball fi 2 \ rival team. He must know what his oppo- Bush offered, and the batting rally that won the game for the Giants was over. What caused this suddenly successful attack on Bush, who had the game practically won? It was an intentional change of tactics on the part of the Giants, a bit of the science of psychology applied to baseball. For baseball is a game of science. Psychol- ogy, mathematics, physiology, and physics are all important factors in the national sport. Of these psychology, the attempt to solve the human element in the gamé, is the most im- portant. Why Batter Passes First Ball Every baseball fan knows that the batter generally lets the first pitched ball go by without attempting to hit it, but few know the reason for this practice, which has become one of the unwritten rules of baseball. The reason is based on psychology. The batter knows the pitcher probably has not been able to gage him because his size, distance, position at the plate, and batting habits are different from the preceding batter or, in case he is the first man up in the game, he presents an unknown quantity to the pitcher. If, however, a pitcher is well warmed up and has the range of the batter, he puts the first ball directly over the plate, knowing the latter won’t at- tempt to hit it. Managers, quick to see a pitcher “grooving’’ the ball, then change tactics. Batters are ordered to hit the first ball pitched. Before the pitcher realizes that the batters are accepting his ‘“‘good one,” the batting rally is a thing of the past and the game is won. This was ably demon- strated by the Giants at the expense of the Yankees last year. So it is that psychology is applied to baseball. The game is a constant battle of wits between rival managers and players. All other things being equal, the team able to “outguess” the other wins. The “trapped ball’’ play offers another excellent example of psychology on the playing field. This is executed by letting a fly ball hit the ground and bounce into the hands, instead of making a clean catch in the air. George Burns, formerly of the Giants but now with Cincinnati, is the greatest exponent of this play in baseball today. . Burns is a psychologist. He knows he nents are expecting, and then do the un- expected. So baseball is a game of wits, with each team trying to outmaneuver the other. The science of physiology, too, ranks high in importance in its bearing on modern kase- ball. Players must be kept in perfect physical condition. Their stamina and speed must be maintained. Take the case of a pitcher who fails to keep in good condi- tion, who violates training rules or allows himself to be- ' Allen Sotheron, a first come toofat. He will not last string pitcher for the long. Opposing managers and Cleveland Indians last players will apply a few simple year, who was bunted out = ¢xneriments and the pitcher is of the American League. through. ee rns hat Gants ne, Bunting the ball to such a used the slow roller to Pitcher is a favorite way of knock him out of the wearing him out. After the game whenever he started pitcher has stooped over a few times to field a ball, his excess fat and shortness of breath begin to tell. He becomes physically upset % nN can always outguess base runners because he can change his mind at the last minute, a privilege denied them. Sup- pose there is a man on first base and another on second and the batter hits a fly ball to Burns. Burns knows that if the runners attempt to advance and he catches the ball on the fly, retiring the batter, he can throw either runner out. On the other hand, if the run- ners hold their bases, Burns lets the ball hit the ground, then traps it and simply throws to third base, forcing the man on second out. The third baseman throws to second, forcing out the man on first. This, of course, Ray Sv:.alk, star catcher of the Chicago White Sox, leaves the batter on first, who never goes after an impossible foul. Schalk has but in the meantime two fouls down to a science Jur (

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bas ad corTrwewmeoreY SS June, 1923 4 Is Played in the Big Leagues and the umpire announces a new pitcher. Bunting tactics were often used against “Bugs” Raymond with good effect. Phil Douglas also found it hard to field bunts. Allen Sotheron, who pitched last year for Cleveland, virtually was bunted out of the American League. He always kept in per- fect physical condition, but reaching to the ground for the ball upset him and he usually threw wild to first base as a result. Every team in the American League knew of this weakness and in consequence bunted him out of the game every time he started. The bunt is used also to tire out left the catcher and the first baseman. This leaves it up to the pitcher, who is forced to bend down on his left side and stretch with the left side muscles. No left hander can stand up long under such treatment. Condition and speed of baserunners is another important item of baseball physiology. A player must be at his _ best physically if . handed pitchers. A_ lett hander tires more quickly than a right hander, because he does all his work on the heart side of his body. This puts a severe strain on the muscles about the heart. To aggravate this strain, batters often will bunt a series of slow rollers down the right foul line, between Ty Cobb, of the Detroit Tigers, jumping for a high one in right field. Cobb is the greatest of all baserunners. He is one of three ball players who have stolen home in World Series games he is to have speed enough to beat out a hit to first base or a thrown ball to second base. When a player loses a fraction of a second of this speed, he usually drops out of the major leagues. He becomes what is called “one step slow.”? Fred Merkle, one of the stars of the game, dropped out when he “‘lost a step.” Instant coordination of mind and muscle is vitally necessary. Babe Ruth’s success at the bat is due to the fact that, when he is in trim, his coordination is perfect. Baseball is based on mathematics. The diamond is laid out along geometrical lines and every foot of it is carefully charted. As in battle, the players are stationed at the danger spots. The distance between bases, 90 feet, was figured out mathemati- cally on the basis of the speed of a batted or thrown ball as compared with the speed of an average baserunner. With the aid of a specially designed ma- chine, we have been able to determine that a ball can be thrown at a speed of 120 miles an hour, or 176 feet a second. Line drives often attain a speed of 220 feet a second. Grounders are slower, ranging from 65 miles an hour to the slow roller. The speed of fly balls has not been determined. Compare these speeds with the speed of the average fastrunner. The chances seem all against the player. But there is one thing that saves him—the time it takes to field the ball. The average fast runner can cover the distance between (Turn to page 101) The most remarkable photo of a baseball batting rally ever taken. With three men on bases, “Long George” Kelly of the New York Giants has just singled, driving in the winning runs in the last game of the 1922 World Series Baseball’s greatest psychologist, George Burns of the Cincinnati Reds, is shown at the right going after a fly ball. Will he make a fair catch of the fly, or “trap” it on the bounce? That’s what base- runners never have been able to answer | | } |

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42 Popular Science Monthly How Modern Science Identifies Babies Footprints at Birth Remain as Individual “‘Tag’’ through Life ERE’S a brand new baby who’s going to be hard to lose. He may possibly go astray tem- porarily in the shuffle of babies at the hos- pital. After he has learned to walk, he may run away. Perhaps kidnappers may get him, or he may be hit by an auto. And when he grows up he may go to war and lose his identification tag. But sooner or later, whether baby or grown up, he’s almost certain to be found, identified, and brought back to his parents. He’ll be found by his footprint—his baby footprint shown above, full of baby creases and wrinkles that will always remain his own indelible, individual ‘‘trade mark,’ no matter how big and how old he grows to be. Streetcars Haul How an infant’s foot- rint is made for identi- Reatlon at the New York Nursery and Child’s Hos- pital. The baby’s foot is pressed against a sensi- tized card that bears also the mother’s fingerprint. A preparation then is brushed over the imprint to bring out every line as shown at left By our footprints, that never lose their first characteristics, scientists say, we can be sorted out from tens of thousands of persons. Science has just placed its final stamp of approval on this form of identifi- cation, with the result that in New York state legislation has been proposed to make it illegal for any doctor to file a birth cer- tificate that does not include the foot- prints of the baby at birth, with the thumb- print of the mother. Footprinting of babies originated at the New York Nursery and Child’s Hospital nearly two years ago. Since then, more than 1600 baby footprints have been made in this institution. The method is extremely simple. Soon after a baby is born, his footprints and Truck-Trailers ts rn. tg ge S: We as Because of a scarcity of motor trucks and horses in Germany, Berlin street railways have devised this novel trailer-truck to haul heavy’ loads “@ is i —— ee ee ee 2 along streetcar tracks. The truck equipped with four auxiliary flanged railway wheels, is pulled by the ordinary street trolley cars Trrrrae Tawrws @ be most satisfactory. the mother’s fingerprints are made on the same card. The baby’s foot is pressed on a sensitized card. Then the nurse dips a brush into a tub of black compound and rubs the brush gently over the spot where the foot impression was made. As the black is rubbed in, slowly the print of the child’s foot appears. A coating of shellac mixture that serves as a preservative, then is sprayed over the print by means of an atomizer. Mrs. Mary E. Hamilton, New York City’s famous policewoman, who probably knows as much about finding missing per- sons as any one in America, predicts that eventually this plan of identification will be adopted by all the states. She believes it will simplify hundreds of problems that now baffle police departments and govern- ment officers in pursuing missing person investigations. Housewives Can Save Gas in Cooking | gtiendel experiments conducted by the United States Bureau of Standards show that: the average housewife wastes entirely too much gas in cooking. Since water in open vessels cannot reach a temperature above 212 degreés, prolonged violent boiling, with the consequent con- sumption of gas, is unnecessary. An economic rule to follow, the experimenters say, is to keep the gas flame on full until the water starts to boil, then reduce the size of the flame to a point where the water merely simmers. The best results were obtained by keep- ing the tip of the gas flame just touching the bottom of the vessel, without extend- ing up and around the sides. A distance of about 114 inches between the burner and the bottom of the container was found to Popular Science Monthly rl\i x7 WTiwTene yY”rNeEoNTrS GSES eS Jun a

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June, 1923 —_— Totally blind, yet inventor of a score of ingenious labor saving devices, H. S. Barlow, of Yonkers, N. Y. (right), is now ac- tive head of his own $300,000 manu- facturing cor- poration. When his eyes began to fail him, 10 years ago, Bar- low took up the use of tools asa recreation. He is shown here with a home wringer and gen- es / ' : eral domestic | ren power unit that ° he recently Robert Anderson, above, talented character actor for the marketed movies, spends his leisure hours making things with tools in the work- shop that he has installed in his home at Universal City. He is here adjusting a friction drive bench drill The most valua~ ble private collec- tion of rare birds in -the world is the hobby of Baldwin Palmer, Brooklyn, N. Y., manufac- turer. A prize of the collection is shown, in the hands of an at- tendant, ready to take a dose of cas- tor oil. Among Mr. Baldwin’s prizes is a pure white Indian peacock, said to be worth $10,000 June, 1923 ~oones, 45 / 4 nATRTYV YHA ULUcKWUmltC(CrM OCA CTT - \a | ene neeess es ae

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Below, lie on back, flat on clasp under head, raise right knee, touching it to left elbow; return to posi- tion and repeat with left knee andrightelbow; then raise both knees to touch both elbows NS ~~ All photos by courtesy ta N.Y. Evening World my ¥ pot c A ; ft 1 | § ] ane on aan —— al — ap . = an » Sow ae a> as oe oe ~ oe eer KEEP FIT! Popular Science M onthly EXERCISE Posed in Person by U. S. Senator Royal S. Copeland the country. OCTOR COPELAND, Commissioner of New York City, has attained a reputation as one of the foremost health as Health authorities of At left, for muscles of arms and sides: and swing alter- own rapidly Hold arms straight u nately up and eer At right, for muscles o f stomach and back: Swing armssmartly across chest, and then bend for- ward from waist -——~ - ."""\Se ODay, »%, N Wee Gawd emenene! Sc, ~ eee eo ' I ! J ' ‘ \ ' { ' ' \ ! t . 4 ‘ i ! ! u ' Above, lie on back, flat on floor, hands under hips, right leg straight up;__re- volve leg from hip, repeat with left leg keeping knee rigid; Note: Repeat ” each exercise i from five to 10 times For back, legs, and a8 chest: Stand erect, vw ! arms stretching up- Ws J ward; step fo.ward ¥ : with left foot; bend H forward smartly from \ hips, swinging arms : downward J ! Try This. Method of OW close to 100 per cent physical fitness are you? Dr. A. K. Aldinger, Director of Physical Educa- tion in the New York Public Schools, has prepared a series of tests. Allow yourself 30 points if you are free from remedi- able physical defects—that is, if your sight, hear- Try them on yourself. ing, and teeth are in gcod condition, if you breathe properly through your nose, and do not suffer from fallen arches. Sub- tract one point for slight defects in each of these classes, and two points for serious defects. Allow yourself 30 points more if your posture is correct. To test this, stand beside an upright curtain pole, as in the ac- companying sketch; if you stand as shown by the figure at left, your rating is only 15 points; if you stand as at right, your rating is 30 points. Let a friend judge of the exact rating you should have. You now have a possible 60 points. Then put yourself through the following four tests, totalling 40 points. Pull-Ups—10 Points Chin yourself as many times as you can. The first three pull-ups count one; each ad- ditional one counts one point; 12 therefore give you the total of 10 points. Above, lie on floor, face down, palms on floor at shoulder line; raise body from floor, supporting it on toes and forearms Above, sit flat on floor, arms extended; bend body halfway back, recover, bend all the way back June, 1° For ae 45S) No um oe 6 ee =] || * tre poi! thu full “ flo ba go sec Popular Science Monthly Jun

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thly June, 1923 ~oaaes, 45 o* ( oe of ? f ! 4 i ‘ e ° 2 ¢ nd Former Health Commissioner of New York Ye i (| a 2 \ on, ei 02 ‘ i] / } Peat t “N Q 14 \ | : st SX QO 4 i) j ~— \G > y _ e to KS “ a Q i \: t es a At right, for chest: Stand r) Q \ awe ~~ la ene 55: = erect, arms stretching up- QO { \ \ Poy aes a EN \ ‘se Zien ward; bring arms forward, 3 D ‘ \ \ iia, | a ani downward and back as far Wo \ / ~~ * \ as possible; return to origi- ‘ f * \ nal position with brisk §0 : \ \ } swing \ ' i | \ \ ! 4 / % ‘ ! A 4 ‘ { 1 ’ H ‘ H 1 t : Below, for legs: Begin 5 I with feet straight out, % a ' swing legs apart,bring a a \ together and pull ® : " knees up i] ] 1 t t 4 wie > Gl Te) enon on oo © Meet Above, stand erect, arms stretching sideways; step for- ward with right foot, bending the body forward and crossing forearms behind the right knee e e vf Testing Your Fitness yu? Grip—10 Points ca- Using an ordinary grip dynamometer, find out how la - strong your grip is. A grip of 30 pounds counts one . point; each additional 10 pounds counts one point; di- thus you must show 120 pounds grip to make the - full 10 points in this test. s 2) At left, for legs b. Basketball Goals—10 Points J and body mus- of Start with a basketball anywhere on the — , be. A us floor and begin to shoot, trying for as many pres ded; ge if baskets as you can make in 30 seconds. Each right knee, 1d goal counts one point. Ten goals in 30 bringing foot as c- seconds gives you 10 points. close to body as mn possible 15 Broad Jump—10 Points 1g In a standing broad jump, if you do three ct feet six inches, you get one point; every addi- a ° cs ° * tional six inches gives you one point, so that an eight-foot broad jump is required to give g you 10 points. The average man should score 70 points, 2. according to Senator Royal S. Copeland, 1- former Health Commissioner of New York e City, who especially posed for the series of exercises on this page. Above, for abdomen, neck, and back: Lie flat on floor, = clasping hands behind small of back; raise body, bend- ing upward from waist with heels and head on floor At left, palms on floor a slightly to rear, legs ex- - tended; raise body from oaile yf floor, resting on heels and 22s" ‘ palms, head back r Above, lie face down with palms resting on floor at shoulder line; raise body from floor, supporting it on palms and toes, head down June, 1923

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Answers to the questions asked in this article are published on page 104. EARLY every one wants to know N the fascinating facts about the world we live in. Most of us are anxious; to possess a background of knowl- edge, a reserve fund of general information outside the narrow limits of our own business or profession. Yet how many of us are really acquainted with the most common scientific facts about the things, the events, and the people around us? These wonderful facts of science have been literally locked away from us. They have been stored away in involved text- books or in bulky encyclopedias that repel, rather than attract us. We have passed them by; and as a result, we have tended to become narrow, one-sided. It is to give the busy man or woman a ready access to the every-day wonders of science, to present scientific facts in a simple, readable way, that PopuLaR SCIENCE MONTHLY has compiled thou- sands of questions that have come from our readers and fron school children throughout the country. The questions on tiis paige are typical of the queries received from our readers. There are no trick questions, no traps for the unwary. Taey will help test your mental equipment. Go over them. Find out where you are weak. You’ll discover in them a fascinating short cut to accurate knowledge—a liberal education in a nut- Henry Emerson Wetherill, of Audubon, Penn. And the re- markable part of it is that, although the invention of the machine was announced only recently, Doctor Wetherill, who is the inventor of nearly 50 practical devices, has used it for nearly a dozen years. The midget typewriter, it is claimed, does away with the ‘How Much Do You about Science? Thirty Questions and Answers to Test Your Knowledge The Human Machine—How Things Work—What Things Are Made Of ERE are three sets of 10 questions each, dealing with important. every-day facts of science. They have been selected from a mass of ques- tions asked by more than 6000 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY readers and by 20,000 students. How many can you answer? First. study the 30 questions, answer them to the best of your ability; then turn to the cor- rect answers on page 104. Grade yourseif 10 for each question an- swered correctly, and see how near you can come toa 100 score for each classification. The Human Machine HAT do you know about the won- derful mechanism of your body? 1. Why do we get tired? 2. How many hairs are on your head? 3. What makes hair turn gray? 4. How many bones are there in the human body? 5. Why does a bump come instead of a dent when you knock your head? 6. What causes fainting? 7. What makes us sneeze? 8. What is the average weight of babies at birth? Popular Science Monthly Know What Things Are Made Of OQ YOU know what the water you drink every day is made of? Probably vou do, but how familiar are you with other things that you use every day? 1. What is the difference between atoms and molecules? 2. What is iron? 3. What is radium? 4. What is the smallest measurable Cis- tance? 5. What is the heaviest substance known? 6. What is the lightest metal? 7. Why are gold coins made of impure gold? 8. What is coal? 9. What is smoke? 10. How is alcohol made? How Things Work Ho” much do you know of the things that are happening around you every day? See how many of tke following 10 questions you can answer. 1. Why does a rubber ball bounce? 2. Why do people standing in a moving streetcar fall forward when the car stops? 3. What makes a pitched besetall curve? 4. Why can flies walk cn the ceilir g? 5. Why are woolen clothes werner than cotton ones? 6. Why is ice placed in the top of a refriger- ator? . 7. Why are automobile tires more likely to blow out on a hot day? 8. Why do you see a gun flesh before you hear the report? 9. What makes the murmur ina seashell? 10. Why does cold glassware crack when ™ spinning peg with an ingenious series of marks by which, he asserts, it is possible, with some practice, to operate the contri- vance by the “‘touch system.” The letters are inked by a small spool revolving just above the wheel and surmount- ing the top guard, where it second fingers. Almost any rests between the first and - June, SSS SW’WIAEET DB. SSS ; put into boiling water? tt 9. What diseases have caused the greatest ie shell. number of deaths among the white race? Next month—the stars, the earth, “ Here they are. Go to it! 10. How do we eatch cold? every-day chemistry. od . Sst 9 . ° h World’s Smallest Typewriter Weighs Only an Ounce : Z nN \VE you a little typewriter in your and forefinger of the right hand. At- Another wire projects downward, resting i vest pocket? tached to the axle is a wire guard that onthe paper from which the wheel is held s The question may sound ridicu- fits between the first and second fingers, by asmall spring. The device is then op- , lous, but it isn’t as foolish as it sounds. permitting the wheel to revolve and erated like a hand stamp. The operator ‘ A one-ounce typewriter, small enough for serving at the same time as a brace. selects aletter by spinning the wheel. When ‘ you to carry in your vest this letter is directly over the ‘ pocket, has been perfected by paper, he presses down. Doctor f an unusual inventor, Dr. Wetherill has equipped the ‘ 1 plea, “I can’t write.” Near- sized type may be used. ly any one can learn to write Atrieht,Doc- Running a close second to with this simple device. tor Ts Doctor Wetherill’s typewriter The machine is simply a GOnecounce is a keyboard typewriting ma- disk, or wheel, faced with typewriter. chine, invented by F. G. Stall- letters and figures in rubber. Oe’ e oom man, of South Norwalk, Conn., The wheel containing them is ‘pth 4 ae that measures only five by made of aluminum, rotating on a small wooden peg or axle. In operation, this axle is grasped between the thumb machine weighing 214 pounds seven inches and weighs only 214 pounds. This machine is said to turn out letters nearly as wel] csstandard typewriters. AY . June. , | ee a nee ' Me

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hly June, 1923 Movies Stage Most Vivid Storm Ly WIAA WQ WE wv( 5 WS ) pete by tons of water and buffeted by the wind, these characters are clinging to the side of a replica of the “Mayflower” in the midst of the most vivid storm at sea ever staged for the films. Mechanical ingenuity, rare even for a Los Angeles movie director, has gone into the staging of this scene from a forthcom- ing photoplay based on the story of Miles Standish. The inset in upper right shows 4 scene on the ‘‘May- flower’s” deck, in- cluding one of the big tanks from which water is released with such force as to knock down _ the actors _ struggling through their parts is : nk TIREQTRUCTURE S nae 7 : ONS.COMPLETE), gg gn) tering reproduction of the ‘“Mayflower,”’ above, seems to float gracefully SS in a huge pool; but as a matter of fact, it has no bottom and is only half a hull mounted on the steel frame along which Charles Ray (star of the film) is shown walking at left. The whole structure rests on a ball- and-socket pivot and is raised on a concrete post supporting it at the center. A small engine tilts the frame, giving the ship an intricate pitch- ing ard rolling motion exactly like that of a storm-tossed vessel June, 1923

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PATTER SPR rg oR ROE A SON Ae ie fe a 48 "Tae problem of collecting and carrying large quantities of parcel post packages to and from the post office has been solved by a large coat and suit house in New York. It has installed specially designed electric trucks that can be operated, not only in the company’s building, but along paved streets as well. The body of the truck is made of steel and has one steel compartment. Mail sacks are loaded and unloaded through a hinged door at the side equipped with’ a lock. . The electric storage battery, com- posed of 12 cells, supplies power enough to drive loads weighing a ton. An automatic charging plug facilitates recharging. The body was designed to fit an elevator that carries the trucks from fioor to floor to collect parcels. Singing to Cure Deafness and Head Noises THAT humming and singing will cure head noises and make it possible for partially deaf persons to regain their hear- ing is the contention of Dr. Paul V. Wins- low, attending ear, nose, and throat sur- geon at the Brooklyn State Hospital, New York. After innumerable experiments, Doctor Winslow has prescribed a series of exercises in singing and humming. For example, he declares that it is excellent practice to hum the consonant ‘“‘M” in such a way that the lips can be felt vibrating, or to sing the vowel “‘E” for two-minute periods three times a day, placing the tone high up in the nasal chambers with a decided nasal twang. One deaf patient who could not hear his own voice is said to have sueceeded by this method in hearing voices three feet from his right ear and six inches from his left. 50 Courtesy Edison Monthly Above: Truck operating along the street. At left: Loading mail sacks Niagara Might Fill Ocean in a Million Years T WOULD take the Niagara River, flow- ing at the rate it now pours over the falls, more than a million years to fill the Pacific Ocean basin up to its present level. A German scientist has computed that ‘there are two hundred trillion gallons of water in the Pacific, sufficient to fill a hol- low globe 726 miles in diameter. Popular Science Monthly Automatic Copy Holder Guides the Typist quasomgyed that the copying of letters might be facilitated -for the typist if a pointer could be made to follow the characters along the lines of the copy to be typewritten, a Chicago concern has _per- fected an automatic copy holder that re- quires no conscious effort to operate, Pressing the keys and spacing bars of the typewriter moves a pointer along the lines. By the use of an attachment, the copy holder can be adjusted to any standard machine. Two flexible controls are at- tached to the spacing lever of the machine so that the horizontal indicator is moved down one line on the copy every time a line is spaced. In addition, a sliding ver- tical index pointer points out each character and space as it is typed. When the car- riage is moved back to the beginning of a line, the index pointer also moves back. ; A pointer moves from word to word as the typist copies Hollywood Has Egyptian Film Temple BEAUTIES of Egyptian temple archi- tecture and decoration have been re- produced in an elaborate new $800,000 film palace in Hollywood, Calif.:- >... The new theater is unique in that the building is set back 150 feet from the street and is fronted by a beautiful courtyard, 45 feet wide. This courtyard is lined on one side with attractive shops, and on the other by a high wall decorated with Egyptian hieroglyphics. The theater seats 1760 persons. Within, the auditorium is illuminated by reflected light from concealed lamps. Bee oe Courtyard and interior of the $800,000 Egyptian movie temple at Hollywood, Calif. June, 1 Inge Fore Fuel Brown, ing the tractiot lieve tl we sha our oil shale d tains. The shale | miting steam causin surface A si minins treme! ago W our s' fact t Louisi throu: meth« own, By minin close shale- grour are tl to 10 zone All are t eond fract to ca creat press T} in \ Popular Science M onthly June,

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ters Dist the ) be er- ite, the py rd at- ine ed 2 er- er ir- - June, 1923 Oil from Shale Mined by Steam Ingenious Method Forces Vaporized Fuel from Blasted Deposits has been invented by Wilson W. Hoover and Thomas E. Brown, of New York, of combin- ing the mining of shale and the ex- traction of oil from it. They be- lieve that the time will come when we shall be forced to get most of our oil fuel from the vast o‘l-bearing shale deposits of the Rocky Moun- tains. They plan first to break up the shale below the surface by dyna- miting, then to pass superheated steam through the broken deposits, causing vaporized oil to rise to the surface through conducting pipes. A similar method applied to the mining of sulphur has met with tremendous success. Only 20 years ago we imported practically all of our sulphur, notwithstanding the fact that large deposits occur in Louisiana and Texas. Today, through the use of the steam method, we not only produce our own, but export large quantities. By the Hoover-Brown plan of mining oil shales, a series of holes, close together, are drilled over a shale-bearing area. The under- ground oil-bearing shale deposits are then shattered by explosives up to 100 feet of the surface, creating a zone of fracture. All but two of the drilled holes are then sealed, one being used to conduct superheated steam to the fractured area of shale, the other to carry off distillates of petroleum created by the superheated steam under pressure. These petroleum distillates are deposited in various receptacles, being separated \" ENTIRELY new method Architect Substitutes Model Homes for Blueprints 1923 # ae od wr B $ be OlL ‘BEARIN G SHAL 3- —— ad P: | EXPLOSION BREAKS }e,... M Se UP SHALE Rana How oil, vaporized by superheated steam, is forced to the surface from blasted shale because they distill and condense at various degrees of temperature. The method is not financially practicable under present conditions, it is said; but Complete in detail, the architect’s model homes are placed ina setting of trees, lawns, and walks, showing prospective owners how their homes will look & | ; rs fips hae Y b . ~ since America’s oil supply is constantly growing less and the demand greater, it is expected to prove extremely valuable before many years. “URE that “seeing is believing,” Henry Woodsend, an English architect, has adopted the ingenious plan of building models of homes for his clients instead of trying to explain the intricate blueprints. The building of models for the purpose of instructing architectural students has been practised for several years at Colum- bia University, but application to the com- mercial field is a distinct innovation. Woodsend first draws up a set of plans in accordance with the wishes of his client. Then he constructs a cardboard model on a one-quarter or one-eighth inch scale, paints it and sets it in the midst of realistic minia- ture trees, lawns, and walks. The completed model shows in the minutest detail how the finished home will look. Before starting on that summer auto tour, you'll want to know about the season’s most useful auto camping acces- sories designed for comfort along the road. Look for all the latest ones, pictured in the July POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 1 @, eee woot

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oO 5 A New Wide-Ditch Cutter N INGENI- OUS new attachment for trench exca- vators permits one machine to cut ditches of various widths up to twice the width of the main machine. Two sloping shafts along each side of the bucket frameatre equipped with a series of cutters. These cutters scrape the dirt from the sides of the ditch and drop it into the bottom, where the buckets scoop it up. Power for the cutters is sup- plied by the en- gine that drives the bucket chains. The 24-inch excavator model, equipped with the cutter at- tachment, can dig 48-inch trenches in a single oper- ation. A larger model of the machine will cut a 72-inch ditch. Suit of Leather Armor Protects ‘‘Sand’’ Blaster How leather suit protects workman 6 ipo increased use of steel shot and grit as abrasives for ‘‘sand”’ blasting has necessitated the use of armored suits to protect workmen from the rebounding particles. The suit consists of a hood and an apron of chrome leather. The hood is equipped with a finely woven wire sight screen that permits free vision while protecting the eyes and face. Since the new abrasives are 214 times as heavy as sand, they strike a sharper blow and rebound with greater force. Notice cutter attachments at each side Popular Science M onthly I-=ODoHH8s8 12240560789 123456789 How Modern Numerals Were Evolved Dp” you know that numerals in the form we use today are a comparatively mod- ern development—no older than the tenth century? They began with a series of figures, each made up of straight lines, corresponding in number to the numeral quantity they were to represent. Thus a single vertical line was one, two horizontal lines represented two, and so on, as shown in the top row of the illustration above. Rapid motion in drawing these lines soon combined them, as shown in the middle row. Further slurring resulted in our modern numerals. Reading Printed Words on Charred Paper HE Bureau of Standards was called upon recently to find a method for de- ciphering written and printed matter con- tained on charred paper. ; The method finally used was to place the sheets between two photographic plates for two weeks. By this time a readable im- pression had been produced on both plates. This, it is claimed, was the result of gases given off by the paper, which affected the sensitive plates in the same way as light. The ink of the printed matter served as a cover that prevented free escape of the gases and therefore it left lighter traces, Fragile Moth Is World Wanderer HE spirit of adventure was no stronger in Columbus, or in the wandering no- mads of the desert, than in the mysterious Black Witch moth of the tropics, known scientifically as Erebus odora. Breeding in South America, thousands of these moths become possessed with wander- lust, mount in the air to lofty heights and sail blindly into the vast unknown for thousands of miles. _ The moths are large, with a wing expanse of from five to six inches. They are rich dark brown in color, mottled with varying shades and _ streaked ‘with indefinite lines of gray, brown, and black. ew An incomplete “eye spot” adorns each wing, The Black Witch’s power of flight is almost unbelievable. Specimens found during late summer in the northern -part of the United States show the effects of pro- longed flight. Exhausted by continual buffeting by air currents and attracted: by the glow of city lights, the moths come to earth at last, only to beat and break their wings against street lamps until they are but forlorn remnants of the beautiful crea- tures that started on the long journey northward. Dotted lines on this map show the long journeys taken by the gorgeous South Amer- ican. Black Witch moth at left June, Rot Fil HE ut design throug numbe brings Wit is ar which numb being Part | openi AY back is a1 and | side | the perst teler part Fe be v feet the —— — SC avd wet 665 Popular Science Monthly. — June, ze =z

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orm 1od- nth ach y in jere line ited y of in , as ing led de- on- the tes Ses the ht. 3a Z. ad of al vy to ir re A~ y June, 1923 Rotary ‘‘Telephone Boo Finds Numbers Quickly HE business man who values his min- utes will welcome a rotary index designed to save time lost in hunting through thick books to find a telephone number. A turn of the knob on this index brings the right number into view. Within a fabric or leather covered case is a roll of paper with ruled spaces upon which one may write names and telephone numbers, a certain portion of the strip being allotted to each letter of the alphabet. Part of this strip can be seen through an opening in the case. Pointer Does the Trick A pointer at the top of the case moves backward and forward in a slot below which is a row of letters, A to Z. Both pointer and roll are connected with a knob at the side of the case. When the pointer reaches the letter that begins the name of the person whose number is sought, the desired telephone number appears in the exposed part of the roll. Four hundred names and numbers may be written on the index strip, which is 10 feet long. It is readily removable so that the names may be typewritten. Turning the knob locates the number Two Fountain Pens and a Pencil in One OING the work of a number of pens and pencils, a single writing instru- ment, recently invented, combines a blue- ink fountain pen, a red-ink fountain pen, a pencil, and an eraser. Attached tubes hold two pens at one end and a pencil and eraser at the other. Each pen is slidably mounted, so that when pushed back, it slides out of the way of the pen that is being used. Red and blue ink pens combined June, 1923 ae a, 51 Electric Scrubber Polishes Desks OR _ ref.nishing such as school desks, workbenches, chopping blocks, and table tops re- quiring smooth and sanitary surfaces, an ingenious _ electric sandpapering, pol- ishing, and even a scrubbing machine recently has been perfected by a New York City concern. A one third horse- power electric motor turns a plate in the bottom of the machine at a speed of 208 revolutions a minute. To this spinning plate is attached the sandpaper, emery cloth, or other abrasive, the material used depending on the nature of the article being refinished. Both wood and marble can be polished with this device. It is claimed that one machine can perform tke work of 10 me n. Sardpaper, emery cloth, or other abra- sive is inserted in a cylindrical plate in the bottom of this electric polisher, as shown above Burglar Alarm Wedged under Door EDGED under the front door, a newly invented portable alarm provides an inexpensive yet efficient means of signaling the entrance of a burglar. The alarm is equipped with a bell, spring, and wedge. After the door is locked, the wedge is placed loosely under it. If the lock is jimmied and the door opened, the spring is released and the bell rings. The bell continues to ring even after the door has been closed. Bowlers Run Automatic Pin Boy | querented human in its operation, a new automatic pin boy for bowling alleys not only sets up the pins, but clears them away after the first ball and returns the ball to the bowler within 15 seconds. The machine is driven by electricity and uses 29 pins. Of these, 10 descend through holders and are placed. After placing the first set of pins, the machine is lifted off the alley by a bowler, who presses a button at the head of the alley. After the first ball has been rolled, the ma- chine is lowered again upon the pins that have remained standing. Electromagnets grasp their metallic tops. Themachine raises them out of the way, while a board au- tomatically sweeps the fallen pins into the pit. Finally, the pins are replaced in the exact position from which they were lifted, and the alley is ready for the second ball. Meanwhile another mechanism has picked up the ball and returned it. This automatic mechanical pin boy sets the ten pins, clears the ““dead”’ ones away after the first ball and returns the ball to the bowler —all at the press of a button i... 5 53 BMiieenee Chxsned Vaute See

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o es Midget Engine Pulls Seven MONG remarkable models exhibited recently at the Royal Horticultural Hall in London, was a small coal-driven locomotive able to pull seven people. The engine was the work of J. C. Creb- bin, a member of the Society of Model and Experimental Engineers. He claims that i + maf New Tool Trues Crankpin without Removing Shaft N INGENIOUS new tool to true up worn crankpins can be employed without removing the crankshaft from the engine. It consists of a rigid circular frame that carries a cutter and is turned about the shaftpin by means of a lever. To true the pin of a shaft, the lower half of the crankcase is removed and the con- necting rod is disconnected and pushed up into the cylinder. The tool is then applied by loosening a swing bolt and opening the frame. Within the frame is a cutting tool that cuts any grooves down flush and when dull can be removed from the frame. On the outside of the frame are a number of holes into which a lever can be success- ively inserted for turning the tool about the crankpin. The holes are sufficiently close together so that the cutter can be turned even in the cramped space within the crankcase. although it is only four feet long, it can draw four persons at a speed of 10 miles an hour. The designer claims that a full sized engine built on the same principles would pull 50 per cent more weight with the same amount of fuel than present powerful rail- way locomotives. Rural Districts Mapped by the Clock O MAKE every rural homestead a guide to automobile tourists and to facilitate merchandise deliveries, a simple numbering system has been perfected. A clock number sign- board with the name Popular Science Monthly. Small Camera Clamp Serves as Tripod A SMALL camera clamp that folds against the side of the instrument when not in use has recently been invented to eliminate the old cumbersome tripod. The clamp frame is hinged to the camera and the clamp is adjusted by means of a thumbscrew. To take a time ex- posure it is neces- sary only tolower the clamp, fasten it to a post, small tree, or shrub, and the: picture can be taken without diffi- culty. Because it folds into a small space the clamp can be used with a pocket camera without causing inconvenience. What about the Weather? VERYBODY talks about the weather, but how many people know about it? Do you know how tremendously a knowl- edge of weather conditions affects health, business, prices, weddings, and funerals? In next month’s issue—an unusual ‘ article by a famous government Weather Bureau official. Suppose Peter Smith, who lives two miles south of Alton, is sought. The town directory says that Smith’s address is **6-2-A Alton.” Taking the road running south, the first house two miles out should be the of the nearest town is used to locate any residence in a scat- tered community. All that is required is a watch, the ‘ap- proximate distance from a known cen- ter, and a knowl- edge of the points of the compass. Each character used on the clock number _ signboard has a definite mean- home of the person sought. The second house, six miles = from Alton, would be num- N' bered “6-6-B Alton.” — At the left, a clock map of. . - last a community. Below, |" anot how homes are lettered Tod 2A ALTON ing. The first tells the direction of the farm from the town used as a center; the second the dis- tance from the town, and the third the individual letter of the owner. Follow- ing these characters the name of the town used as a cen- ter is printed. Twelve o’clock on the watch is due north from the given center, and six o’clock due south. Each hour divides the neighboring countryside into a direction sector.

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June, 1923 Harnessing a Geyser’s Steam 53 Mirrors Guard Vault from Tunneling Safe Crackers ee S oe a) a AFE crackers will never visit a new lds ayy $75,000 bank vault in Hollywood, ee ‘ Calif., because they never will be able to we reach it undetected! od. The vault is located in the basement of the bank. Instead of being embedded solidly in concrete or masonry, it is set on concrete piers, leaving an open area beneath. In a gallery extending en- tirely around the vault mirrors are placed in such a way that they reflect the well- lighted area under the vault. Mirrors are also placed at the corners of the galleries so that a watchman in one passage can see what is going on in the others. The vault is of concrete and steel, lined with hardened steel, more than 110 tons of the metal being used in its construction. “Old Faithful’’ geyser in the Yellow- stone National Park and, above, the engine used to develop 1500 horse- ce power from steam vents in Geyser ra Canyon, Calif. Calif., an engine is delivering 1500 horse- power from steam taken directly from a ) geyser. The feat was accomplished after 10 er, years of experiment by John D. Grant, of it? Healdsburg, Calif., who believes the har- wl- nessing of geysers may eventually supply th, electric power to his state at a remarkably ls? low cost. In making use of volcanic steam, ial he is following the lead of Italian engineers ler who now are boring for steam in the flanks of Vesuvius and Etna. Grant obtains steam for his power by driving a hole about 214 inches in diameter into the throat of the fissure from which steam issues. The hole is driven at an wo angle of about 60 degrees and from 75 to wn 100 feet from the mouth of the geyser. is Drilling is done with a rotary drill, a two- ng inch pipe closely following the drill. wo At the surface end of the two-inch pipe he line a cap with an exhaust tap and a safety nt. — valve is screwed down. An inch pipe line les Conwy connects this cap with the engine. The m- OT satisfied with harnessing winds, power thus derived fs now being used to rivers, and even volcanoes, man at _ drill other holes. last has succeeded in putting to work Engineers estimate that approximately another of nature’s wonders—the geyser. Today in Geyser Canyon, Sonoma County, 1,500,000 horsepower may be produced by geysers in this canyon alone. How mirrors reflect the lighted area under the vault Engine Exhaust Operates Automobile Air Brakes A NEWLY developed air brake for automobiles, proclaimed a success after a truck equipped with the apparatus was driven from Chicago to New York, is hailed as one possible solution of the prob- lem of automotive braking. Just as the pneumatic brake made possible great speeds and sure stops on trains, it may eliminate many accidents now caused by faulty foot brakes. Pressure is obtained by tapping one of the engine cylinders. An accumulator attachment with a ball valve takes off some of the burned gases and delivers them to a reservoir. When a pressure of 75 pounds is reached in this reservoir, no further gases are admitted. In proportion to the amount of gases burned, the amount used for pressure is said to be so small as to cause force will be exerted on the pistons in the brake chambers. These brake chambers are located in front of each wheel and their Above: A heavy fire pistons are connected with rods that oper- ate levers connected with the brake drum. An air brake system, it is said, can be installed on pleasure cars as well as trucks without disturbing the hand and pedal arrangements already installed. In fact, the regular emergency brake is retained to prevent accidents due to possible faulty operation of the pneumatic brakes. ACCUMULATOR ON CYLINDER no noticeable effect on the running of the engine at Wilkins- burg, Pa., equipped motor. ret get’ . th air brakes an From the pressure reservoir the gases are Sasily controlled by led through pipes to a control valve at the wheel. By turning a handle, the driver can apply any desired pressure to the brakes. The farther the handle is turned, the more.’ agirl. At the right: How the air brake apparatus is in- stalled PIPE TO CONTROLS ON STEERING COLUMN

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Popular Science Monthly New Snake Tread Conquers Bumps PULLE Yy The diagram at left shows how chain suspension trans- mits the — truck weight to pulleys mounted on plung- ers supported by idler wheels. These wheels ride on the snake track —- 5~— Here is a section of the snake tread, showing flexible links con- nected through universal joints and equipped with curved shoes. Notice how the undulating tread worms its way about obstructions. Below, a tractor truck equipped with the new tread UNNING on a remarkable “snake” tread that literally worms its way around road obstructions, a new type of tractor truck recently was demon- strated before the joint Military Affairs Committee of Congress. The new tread will interest farmers and contractors who have to operate trucks over rough ground. Another ingenious feature of the ma- chine is its suspension system, which dis- tributes the weight of the body and load evenly along the tread without the use of leaf or coil springs. Ingenious Chain Suspension The body of the machine is supported at each side on a chain, which transmits the weight to pulleys mounted on plungers that move vertically. These plungers are supported by idler wheels bearing on the members may rotate in a horizontal plane, These links are coupled through universal snake track. thus providing for extreme flexibility. joints and thus are allowed wide latitude The lower end of the plungers bear on The snake track itself is made up of in movement. Each link of the trac cross members in such a -way that these a series of links to which shoes are attached. contains a reservoir of oil. The World’s Largest Lump of Coal Open_Nation-Wide War on» ; Deadly Diphtheria eM ASE ASE results obtained by the New York Health Department in stamp- ing out diphtheria during the past three years by the use of diphtheria bacteria as an anti- toxin, have encouraged those in charge of the work to launch a nationwide campaign to rid America of what once was its most dangerous child disease. During the past two years in every city in America, except New York, where the so- called Schick test has been used extensively, the average number of cases of diphtheria in the United States for the 10 years ending 1920 -was 132,000. In 1921 this number sud- denly increased to 149,000, and in 1922 to 209,000. During the same period the number of cases in New York City decreased and the diphtheria death rate was reduced from 22 in every 100,000 persons in 1919 to 16 every 100,000 in 1921. The Shick test is applied by vaccinating a child’s arm with a solution containing minced microbes of diphtheria. If the skin at the site of injection remains normal, it indicates that the child is already protected by nature against diphtheria. But if a trace of redness appears —_ ay me of coal, vn eh ey emp 2 is 10 feet ane from 12 to 36 hours after the “vaccination” e the largest eve t hi i t : ee , er tact, has been ‘plaged nl seneeamaeent SMohstond, tals. The we rshcneag and there 8 & distinct bodily reaction, it shows exhibition in the basement of the how the great lump was moved that.the child is not immune. ne Popular Sevence Manthh., June, -

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ake one ints oes. ead ns. rsal ude ack June, 1923 A Fireproof Gasoline Truck HE increase in the number of fires due to gasoline has led a Los Angeles oil concern to complete a tank truck said to be absolutely explosion-proof. The new truck has been pronounced the safest on the streets of Los Angeles by Fire Chief Todd. It has three compart- ments, each of which is equipped with a dome cap in which is a plug of fusible Re, - FUSIBLE PLUGS | My i f caer WILL | sToP|\ STEAM 2x0 | Above, dome caps with fusible plugs to permit escape of gasoline fumes under intense heat. At left, the tripper by which the driver from his seat can close the valves in case of fire metal that melts at a temperature of 185 degrees. In case the car is in a burning building, these plugs will melt, permitting the fumes of the heated gasoline to escape. A metal screen in the dome will prevent the flames from entering the tank. The arrangement is similar to a miner’s safety lamp where the gases entering the lamp can burn, but the flames cannot pass out through the screen that surrounds the lamp. Should a fire occur at the rear of the truck, a fusible link in a chain will melt, causing all valves to be automatically shut off. The opening of the rear door short cir- cuits the current for the engine and thus prevents driving away without shutting the gasoline valves and the door. Novel Typewriter Built in Units N INGENIOUS demountable type- writer recently perfected permits the use of carriages of varying lengths. on a single machine, and the interchanging of the parts of several machines. Easy. dis- assembling provides a ready means of cleaning the work- ing parts. By pulling out a locking member, the frame of the type- writer can be lifted from the action unit, exposing all work- ing parts. By re- leasing two catches, the carriage and rails can be removed and longer rails and a longer carriage sub- stituted. Thus a single machine will suffice to type wide charts and ledger June, 1925 sheets as well as ordinary letters. Should one part of a machine become worn out, a new part can be substituted easily. The new invention is designed to pro- vide a time and money saving acces- sory for the up-to- date office. The knockdown eg agg showing (at left) how the carriage is easily removed by releasing two end catches, and how the frame of the machine is lifted from the action unit, exposing work- ing parts 55 Rotor Winding Formed of Single Copper Sheet O ELIMINATE the loosening of the cross bars in the rotors of electric . motors, a Milwaukee, Wis., concern re- cently manufactured a rotor, the entire winding of which consists of a single sheet of copper. In the ordinary type of rotor, each cross bar is individually joined to end rings, thus making a number of .., joints that ff r often have a} —& tendency to} loosen. In the new rotor the en- tire winding consists of a single sheet of copper punched across in such a way as to form a series of protruding seg- ments. These segments are twisted so that when the winding is wrapped around the core, they will fit into the rotor slots. After wrapping, the two loose ends of the copper sheet are silver welded and the joint is then rehardened to restore the copper that has become softened in the welding process. The sheet is machine wrapped. Rotor winding cut from one piece of copper Machine Fumigates Leaves of Books Automatically ALVAGING books that have been ex- posed to contagious diseases may be possible soon as a result of the recent in- vention of a book fumigating machine by R. Oldham, of Salt Lake City, Utah. This machine automatically exposes the entire book, page by page, to the action of germ killing fumes. A book is dropped through a trapdoor in the top of the fumigating box, in such a way that the two covers of the book rest upon supporting lugs, allowing the leaves to hang suspended against operating rollers. The entire box is then filled with fumes and the operator, by turning a crank, sets the ma- chine to the proper size and causes the leaves to be moved from one cover to the other until all have been separated. Thus the fumes completely penetrate the book. 57 = TAITAING jin the ruinc of two long-forgotten

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PI a Eee a eae 56 Popular Science M onthly DUST—Where It Comes From inch of air breathed by per- sons on the Eastern coast, there are all the way from 5000 to 49,000 particles of dust. Uncle Sam’s Weather Bureau has just counted them. Our atmosphere is always loaded with dust. Without dust to reflect sun- light we should have no gorgeous sunsets, no twilights, no scenic mountain hazes. Without dust there would be almost no clouds, for dust particles form the centers about which moist- ure in the air con- denses. Where, does all the dust come from? Its most spectac- ular source is the duststorm, in which the soil of dry lands, picked up by high winds, is carried overland for miles. Scientists have just discovered that in the “Great Dustfall of 1920,” 2,000,000 tons of Colorado, Wy- oming, Kansas, and Nebraska soil was lifted thousands of feet, carried eastward by a terrific windstorm, and deposited in the region of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence drainage system. It fell in the form of dust particles during a snowstorm that lasted only two days! Imagine a_ freight train of 40,000 cars, each of 50 tons ca pacity, and all of them loaded with dust, and you have an idea of [ EVERY cubic ~ --—. ~ ~ 7. ~~. >, 7. - ~ ~~. eo atmosphere, reflecting sunlight. ~ -- ~~. } c ~ A wy, DUST RAISED TO CLOUDS } ' 1 DURING WIRD STORM HERE} A gorgeous sunset such as this is made possible by dust particles in the Without dust we should have no twilight the enormous quantity of grit that fell in that two-day storm. These astounding facts have been re- vealed in what probably is the first analysis of its kind in America, made by Pro- fessor Eric R. Miller and A. N. Winchell = = iF "aes : CAT 'S-TAIL CLOUDS: - HERE THE MOISTURE IN THE AIR TURNED TO SNOW AND CARRIED “THE DUST TO EARTH of the University of Wisconsin. In the city of Madison, Wis., the dust deposit aver- aged about 28 tons to the square mile, an amount that would fill 280 or- dinary automobile trucks. The par- ticles were so small that they could not be seen with the un- aided eye. Sweeping over Colorado and Wy- oming, -the destruc- tive wind in some places attained a velocity of 74 miles an hour. Whirling snow, dust, and sand halted traing in Colorado. In two days the storm reached the Great Lakes region, pre- vailing as far south as Little Rock, where dust sifted into offices, covering everything. The haze was observed as far east as Nash- ville, Tenn., and Columbus, Ohio. This dustfall igs said to have been the greatest of its kind ever recorded. Volcanoes are another source of the dust in our atmosphere. The great Krakatoa eruption near the island of Java in 1883, for example, hurled fine dust 80 milesintothe air, to be carried around the earth sev- eral times by winds of the upper atmosphere. Man, too, has a part in filling the air with dust. Every time we light a furnace fire, we start myriads of dust particles flying upward. Dustless air never has been found. © Ewing Galloway ss 2 72 re AREA WHERE DUST FELL ee MADISON ‘=e % CHICAGO O oo oo ae a oe te we ow, WS S eee ale n aes we eee eel : ree j i ‘ f This ma explains the “Great Dustfall of 1920.” Picked up from Western plains by a terrific windstorm and carried thousands of feet into the air, the dust was whirled eastward with the clouds, and finally dropped to earth -with a snowfall June, - A Sc A’; is uneart Yucat the m: archit! cially of the model Ameri of Na r « Popular Science M onthly June, 1

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June, 1923 Yucatan—E¢gypt’s ast Scientists Seek to Decipher era i Lost Maya Language T THE right is a model restoration of what is believed to be an ancient Maya temple unearthed in the ruined city of Chichen-Itza, Yucatan. Notice the pyramid construction of the massive foundation and the highly developed architecture, espe- cially in the form of the arches. This model stands in the American Museum of Natural History Center photo Harris & Ewi TTEMPTING to decipher ancient Maya picture writings, Dr. William Gates, pres- ident of the Maya So- ciety, is shown at the right analyzing the speech of a full blooded Quiche Indian, a direct descendant of the Mayas.’ In the instru- ment, known as a “‘ky- mograph,” the Indian’s voice sounds pass through tubes connect- ing his mouth and nose with styluses. These produce wave writings on a revolving smoked paper cylinder Ante AEEne TERRIER RO. it 3 ) OW Typical wave writings of the spoken words of the Quiche Indian, as recorded by the kymograph, above. Each line pictures the variations in veice vibrations in speaking a word. June, 1923 57 D'ce1ne in the ruins of two long-forgotten cities on the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, American archeologists expect soon to unearth secrets of a remarkable ancient Maya civilization that flourished on the American continent hundreds of years before the Christian era, surpassing in importance the recent discoveries in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. Meanwhile, Dr. William Gates, president of the Maya Society, is conducting a search for the key to the ancient Maya picture writings. Egypt’s archeological rivals are the cities of Usmal and Chichen-Itza. Curious stones, clay figures golden bells, weapons, and chairs are plentiful, giving evidence of an older civi- lization than that of Luxor ae IV Each word is stretched out for study at about 16 inches a second. By these word-graphs Doctor Gates hopes to dis- cover the long sought key to the Maya language

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58 Bank Has Armored Limousine see? cane eee eggs Br ems aan In this scar car, the bank mes- senger sits in a bucket seat next to the safe, as shown at right Woe transporting bonds and large sums of money, a California bank has recently placed in service an automobile that to all appearances is an ordinary limousine, but actually is a heavily armored moving safe. The tonneau of the car is made of steel plates that will resist rifle and pistol bullets. Only one entrance is provided. What appears to be a door on the left side, where robbers naturally would attempt to enter, is a decoy. In the place usually taken up by the rear seat is a built-in safe. The bank messenger sits on a small seat in front of the safe Novel Hand Tool Tests Hardness of Metal A HANDY new portable tester for determining the hardness of metals used in industries is a miniature of the standard tester. In it a steel ball is forced against the surface of the material under test, producing an indentation, the area of which is an indication of the degree of hardness. One of the jaws of the instrument is equipped with an anvil, while the other has a rigidly fastened ball of 3/32-inch diameter, When a lever above one of the pincher arms is depressed, these jaws are brought together by the hand power transmitted through a regulating spring. While the lever bears directly on one arm, the spring bears on the other. This is necessary since the pressure on the material under test must be constant. within easy reach of a number of armor protected portholes through which he can fire at any assailants. The glass used in the body is made of bullet proof glass. Should anything happen to the chauffeur, the messenger within can still control the car by means of secret switches located in front of his bucket seat. A separate brake system is also provided for his use. Popular Science Monthly Solderless Faucet for Oilcan Easily Made OME years ago H. B. Killefer, of Los Angeles, Calif., was fillingsza lamp from a five-gallon can of kerosene. The result was, as usual, some oil in the lamp, some on the outside of the can, some on the floor, and a little on his clothes. He de. cided that if a faucet could be invented that could be attached to a can when full, it would save a great deal of time and oil. A letter- file in which the paper was neatly punch- ed by means of a bevelled point gave him an idea. Could a tin can be perforated by the faucet itself? After experimenting with a good many models, he found a bevel that cut the tin neatly and quickly, and that might readily be sharpened by filing its edge. He placed a spiral flange on his cutter, and the rough places on the perforation acted as a screw-thread by means of which the flange could be forced inside the can. Next to the flange was a rubber washer, and outside that a nut, by which the washer could be tightened against the exterior of the tin. This makes the solderless faucet tight even against gasoline. It is claimed that several oil companies are adopting the device. TIN CAN Se RUBBER PACKING How faucet is inserted in can Tar Paper “Nailed’’ by Vulcanizer T° FACILITATE the laying of tar paper without nailing, M. L. Beeson, of Los Angeles, Calif., has invented a handy little machine that automatically vulcanizes the sheets to each other and to the roof. The sheets are laid so as to overlap, the joints being covered with a coating of liquid tar. The machine, which is heated to 600 degrees by an electric resistance coil, is moved along the joints, causing the sheets to adhere to each other and to the roof, whether the material is wood, con- crete, slate, or tin. Heated by an electric resistance coil, this vulcanizer passes over joints of overe lapping sheets of tar paper, fastening them to “ach other and to the roof meta @ June, 19 in t] H Vt., wk have { science popula Tt | mecha to dr: telescc and tc The greate astron astror ment. appar withit 66 A) the ¢ our 0 —str: mys But Por cit} enc Ove me for dir fle nis ins Popular Science Monthly fe gf™ | June, .

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408 om ult me she le. ed ny in ly rr, on ch id er of et eS ofa ty ' Oo @ June, 1923 Homespun Astronom How the craters of the moon appear in the “‘big eye” of a powerful telescope That’s the aim of a little group of industrial workers in Springfield, Vt., who have just succeeded, where experts have failed, in bringing the fascinating science of the heavens down to earth and popularizing it. It has remained for these 14 men mechanics and one woman stenographer to drag the wonder-revealing reflecting telescope out of exclusive observatories and to make it available on every hilltop. They have done it by conquering the greatest obstacle in the way of amateur astronomy—the telescope. A_ powerful astronomical telescope is a costly instru- ment. Modern manufacturing methods apparently have been unable to bring it within the means of the average man. “All right, then,” said these folks from the Green Mountain state; ‘“‘we’ll make our own telescopes.”” And they made them —strange instruments that look like stove pipes, water pipes, and dishwashers. But the blamed things work! Today the 15 would-be astronomers, ranging in age from 19 to 67, and most of them boasting a district school education, are unlocking the mysteries of the heavens with homemade tools! Here’s how it came about: Three years ago Russell W. Porter, an astronomer, returned to Her tnes astronomy for us all. A telescope is really just a big eye. While the pupil of an unaided eye re- ceives a beam of light only one tenth of an inch in diameter, the concave mirror of a six-inch reflector gathers in a beam 2500 times greater tonian reflector were pictured on the black- board and explained by Porter like this: ‘* “Telescope’ sounds too highbrow. Let’s call our instruments the ‘big eyes.’ For, after all, a telescope is nothing more than a great big eye—a concave mirror fastened to a board—to help us see distant objects.” The mountings devised for the “‘big eyes” - were ingenious. Some of the men made their stands from barrels filled with sand or castings; some used boxes; still others made wooden pedestals. Grinding the reflecting mirrors was ac- complished slowly by rubbing two pieces of plate glass together. The top piece of glass gradually became concave and the bottom convex. Delicate measurements 59 Amateurs Can Build *‘Stove Pipe’ Telescopes A stove pipe? Guess again. .-This strange ‘looking instrument is a powerful homemade telescope, shown with its creator, Oscar Marshall were made with painstaking ex- Springfield after an absence of many years devoted to astro- nomical work in the north polar regions. He found many of his old friends interested in his work. They wanted to know something about the mysteries of the heavens. But they had no instruments. “Let’s make them,” said Porter. The president of one of the city’s large industries, an amateur astronomer, added encouragement by turning over to them part of a base- ment in one of his buildings for a workshop. Under the direction of Mr. Porter, the 15 fledgling astronomers worked night after night, grinding mirrors and mounting their instruments. The principles of the New- June, 1923 Springfield telescope makers assembled at the top of one of the.Green Mountains for a night of exploring the heavens actness. The mirrors range from five to 10 inches aperture with focal lengths of about eight times the diameter. The complete instru- ments cost less than $30 each. Completion of the instruments was just the beginning in the tele- scope makers’ interest in astron- omy. There followed nights of exploration, when they would camp on some mountain top to get a close-up of moon and stars. Homespun astronomy —that’s their hobby. They tell the world it’s a science of wonders, avail- able to any man who will jump technical barriers. At left: A _ six-inch reflector made by a Springfield woman

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Popular Science Monthly Storing Half a Million Tons of Coal é . é . ‘ ~ ke en”: 7% ES Nearly half a million tons of anthracite is contained in this vast storage plant. See The coal, dumped from railroad cars into receiving hoppers beneath the track, is carried up by huge conveyors and discharged at the top of the continually rising piles Walls Built of Concrete “Lumber” Amateur Camera Men Can Make Their Own Movies OTION pictures said to be equal in M quality to those seen in theaters can now be taken and projected by amateurs in their own homes. A well known manufacturer has just announced the perfection of a complete movie outfit for amateurs consisting of an inexpensive motion picture kodak almost as simple in operation as the ordinary camera, and a projector for home use. Sixteen Pictures a Second The camera weighs only seven pounds. Its special lens enables photographs to be made under poor lighting conditions. It will take 16 pictures a second. The film for the new movie outfit is much smaller than standard films. Four hundred feet of it is equivalent to 1000 feet of standard reel. It is non-inflam- mable, and therefore safe to use in homes and schools. A coating of special emulsion permits a direct positive to be made from the film, thus effecting a great reduction in cost. Films after exposure are sent to the kodak company for development. Motor driven, the projector that throws the pictures on the screen is automatic in operation, the only attention necessary being the threading of films on the ma- chine. A 400-foot reel lasts for 16 minutes. Arrangements are being made to reduce standard films for use in the projector so that professional as well as amateur pictures may be shown in the home. Making movies with the new aes 4" } Erecting wall of concrete boards NEW kind of concrete “lumber” now manufactured in southern California, is being used successfully to replace wood for building. The standard size of a board of this type is 24 inches in width and 814 feet long. Each board has a three-inch concrete stud- ding along each edge to be used in joining. The outer edges of the studs are grooved so that they will mesh tightly with each other when shackle bolts are fastened through the holes. These holes occur every foot along the studs. “‘Board’”’ Has Steel Core Boards and studs are cast together in a single form. Each board is reinforced by a frame of welded steel wire and in the center of the stud is a one-quarter-inch deformed steel bar to which the wire is fastened. This frame is placed in the form, concrete is poured around it, and tamped in place. The top surface is then smoothed off and the “‘boards” are allowed to cure for 20 days. In erecting walls, the joining bolts can be utilized to hold wooden strips to which laths may be nailed. Floors are laid by placing the boards horizontally. This new material has been found especially adapted to the erection of small . buildings, such as garages. New Starter Saves Disk Records STARTING lever for phonographs, which can be adjusted to fit any type of machine using disk records, has recently been invented by E. W. Cornell, of Adrian, Mich., to provide a means of lowering the needle upon the record mechanically with- out injuring either. When the lever is pushed back, a cam operates to raise the sound arm so that the needle point will clear the record by about half an inch. When the starting lever is moved for- ward, the leverage thus obtained permits slow lowering of ‘the needle, thus prevent- ing a careless operator from scarring the record. Lever is screwed to sound arm June, 1 ] ] : STUNT SOHAL WA ss

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June, 1923 in a by a nter med ned. rete ace, and - 20 n be hich by und nall . 61 ddities in the News pride tiupip, “thy yy Vllypy, NMEA AQANAANE S San ti TESTS MOTOR IN WATER BARREL How a resourceiul salesman in Detroit, Mich., uses:a water barrel as a substitute for a lake in demonstrating the performance of an outboard motor for power rowboats or. canoes. Partly filling a barrel with water, he tilts it in a slanting position. Then he attaches the motor to a frame in such a way that the propeller revolves in the water ieleesiidhdieithbdbdatbddiaahidsdlsathasssbleddddddaddddds MMM (scaatccbdddaddssdbssddddddddddddia ichdecthaiahladddaddddssssbd ee Whe: ae STUDENTS LEARN HOW TO “MOTHER” BABIES Modern girl students are learning by practice how to be good mothers. This healthy baby, Jean Christie, is thriv- ing under the mothering of young co-eds specializing in home economics at the State College, Brookings, S. D. The college haseestablished a ‘“‘baby laboratory,” where the student applies her classroom learning in child care, child psychology, home management, and infant feeding by actually taking charge of a house and real baby. Baby Jean has six ‘‘mothers” a term—that means a new one about every 14 days COE MGNNAWMWAAA NAA WHERE TROLLEY CAR SERVES AS FIRE TRUCK A novel “fire trolley car” takes the place of a fire truck in VL ccc WO ce ccccccccccccnccccccdedadcdaaiaiaadaaaéz . protecting the homes of Park Point, a thickly settled island near Duluth, Minn. Since the trolley line extends THE: ONLY BLACK FACED LION KILLER IN CAPTIVITY 12 miles through the center of the narrow island, all build- This ferocious black-faced drill, first of its kind ever captured, is ings are within easy reach. When an alarm rings, a fire- one of the few animals that dares attack ation. He was brought to man-motorman runs the car out of the barn and picks up Philadelphia recently from West Africa volunteer firemen along the line

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62 ~—-—— Popular Science Monthly. Sky Police Force to Run Crime Planes to Earth By Fiorella La Guardia Congressman-elect from New York City and former Colonel of Aerial Police Reserve Tis most effective policeman of the future will be, not the beat-walking patrolman, but an aviator, equipped for long flight, if necessary, to “run to earth” thieves who may attempt to escape with their loot in airplanes! Probably not more than five, and cer- tainly not more than 10, years from now, the aerial policeman will be so familiar to you that you will think nothing unusual of his flight across the sky. Strange as it may seem, the mind of the criminal works faster than does the mind of the law in using new developments of science. In New York, as in some other cities, we experienced a somewhat severe awakening to this characteristic of the criminal mind. While our patrolmen were walking their beats as usual, suddenly a crime wave swept over the city. In broad daylight, desperate bandits robbed stores and looted warehouses in the busiest section of the city, rushing away to safety in high powered cars. For a time we were helpless, but finally ‘ were able to supply our patrol- men with automobiles in which they now patrol their beats. It was not long before the crime wave abated. The next refuge for crime, I predict, will be in the air. Thieves, burglars, and gunmen will attempt to use airplanes to make their getaway. And, when they do, I hope that the establish an aero police force with regular ‘‘sky beats” for patrolmen, but also we must change our laws so that it will be possible for x an aerial policeman \ to make an arrest in \ another state and hold his man until the proper regula- tions for extradition have been complied with. One of the chief From his man of Venice, functions of the aeri- al police force will be the detection of smuggling of liquor and drugs across the Canadian and Mex- ican boundary lines. On these boundaries, at regular intervals, can be established aerial police, who will hover high in the clouds, peer down through powerful telescopes, and spy on lawbreakers in ag z i 1 F larger cities of this country hipereity time to apprehend them be- will be ready for them. from the fore they can get away. The sky,’’ the smuggling of liquor and drugs sky patrdl- Police Now Helpless At present, the police of our large cities would be practi- cally helpless in combatting an “aerial crime wave.” Take New York City, for instance. Suppose a robbery should occur and the crook should soar away man has his gun ready in case he meets re- sistance when he lands into this country by airplane has grown to be a business of alarming proportions, and I look to see the establishment of an international aero police in the immediate future. The eventual equipment of our aerial police may re- semble that recently demon- pares to makea may soon be use liquor and drug smugglers at our borders from the scene of his crime in an airplane. Although we might be able to follow him, we could not make an arrest, for it would be only a matter of a few minutes until he was in another state. So we must not only strated at Venice, Calif. There the police observer, from his point of:vantage high in the air, not only saw all that went on below him, but he was also equipped with a para- chute with which he could descend quickly. oN ee Re ee : ea: off the parachute harness as he lands, the sky officer gives pursuit. eanwhile the police plane swoops down to aid in the chase int of vantage high in the air, the aerial police- Calif. ““spots’’ a criminal below and pre- uick parachute descent. This method by international police in capturing Fantastic ideas that the aerial police will be equipped with machine guns should be discouraged. The function of aerial police will be not to shoot down criminals, thus endangering the lives of innocent persons below him, but it will be literally to run down criminals, forcing them to earth at the first possible landing. There, the officer may have to rescrt to the use of a weapon in order to prevent desperate fugitives from making a getaway. The policing of the air is destined to come sooner than most of us suspect. It will re- quire a complete revision of some of our laws, and for that reason, if for no other, certainly it is high time for us to study the subject. Thickening Muscles Cause ‘“‘Old Age Pains’’ EDICAL science has made important progress recently in determining the causes of pains most of us experience as we grow older—pangs of limb and muscle usually characterized as “rheumatism” or “‘neuralgia.”” “Many of these pains,” says Dr. J. Madi- son Taylor, professor of applied therapeu- tics at Temple University, Philadelphia, “are not rheumatism or neuralgia at all, but a condition in which the fibers of the - muscles become thickened with connective tissue, making them less pliant than usual and pressing them, when moved, on nerves that pass through them. “Neuralgia is present,” he adds, “only where painful points may be found along the course of a nerve, especially where it emerges from bone. In the muscles, the pain is in the body of the muscle, especially at the thinnest and most expanded part. Wherever muscles interlap—at the head, neck, shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle—there the muscles show the greatest tendency to thicken. “The best method of diagnosing muscle thickening is by pressure of expert finger tips, which can detect whether there are painful points along the nerve course. The relief and cure lie not only in massage, heat, - pressure, and counter-irritation by blister- ing, but by digestive regulation as well.” Popular Science Monthly June, 19. Bk Worl 2000 It i that meth the n revee siona and | assal their judg June, 18

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thly F ee ee ee = Whe § | ee will olice thus sons 1 at ficer pon lveg me our ler, the int she cle la, June, 1923 BENNY LEONARD 3 1. I raise my right forearm, warding off the thug’s knife arm and pressing against his descending wrist By Benny Leonard World’s Lightweight Boxing Champion OBODY is immune from the attack of the hold-up man. In New York State alone there were more than 2000 convictions for assault last year. It is because that danger is ever present that I have devised a simple yet effective method of self defense which should stop the most powerful assailant. An analysis of the majority of hold-ups reveals that the usual weapons of profes- sional thugs are the pistol, the blackjack, and the knife. The two general methods of repelling assaults with these weapons depend for their success on how quickly the victim can judge at which part of his body the thug is 2. Next, I lock his upraised arm by passing my left arm around it and grasping my own right forearm aiming his weapon. The blackjack usually is directed at the head, the knife at the throat, and the pistol at the abdomen. The best defense against the blackjack or the knife is this: First, raise your right forearm to ward off the descending weapon arm and press against the attacker’s wrist. ‘Quickly pass your left forearm around his upraised arm and grasp your defending right forearm with the fingers of your left hand, thus locking his weapon arm in your two arms. Now, by pulling his arm toward you and bearing down upon it with your weight, you will find that you hold your assailant powerless. Sufficient pressure applied will break his arm. The success of this.counter attack de- pends on how quickly you can gain the 63 Tells of Science of Self Defense 3. Finally, I break his locked arm by pressing on it, using the full weight of my body to apply the pressure hold. The strength of your assailant counts for little. Should the attack be directed at the lower part of your body, grasp the wrist holding the weapon with your left hand, stepping toward the attacker with your right foot. Then draw the weapon arm forward, advance ‘our left foot and force the attacking arm under your right armpit, and across your chest, locking it by pres- sure applied by your upper right arm. By pressing sharply upon the thug’s arm with both hands, you can readily break it across your body. The pistol is usually directed at lower portions of the body. This requires rapid foot work in order to step out of the line of fire while grasping the wrist with the left hand preparatory to breaking the arm. Fire Department Wrecker Rescues Horse from Sewer June, 1923 2 6S eo @ 7% e Placed in a sling, the horse was hauled out by block .and tackle. ™ i * P Fs a ; | nd fe ‘ q y i> Pfs spending 20 hours in a sewer into which he had fallen, ‘‘Mike,”’ a veteran city service horse of Newark, N. J., was rescued recently through the resource- fulness of firemen and street department employees. To save the horse, the rescuers had to tear up a large section of pavement, dig down four feet and break a hole 10 feet long by four feet wide in the heavy brick roof of the sewer. When he fell into the manhole, “‘Mike’”’ wandered through the sewer for about 10 blocks. For eight hours firemen and police searched for him. When finally he was located, and the hole was dug in the sewer, he was placed in a sling by firemen, then hoisted to the street by a block and tackle attached to a fire department wrecker. He was uninjured, but’ it cost the city about $500 to rescue the $250 animal. 65

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5 Son nme 64 Popular Science Monthly Lining a Water-Filled Sluice How water in the power ditch is used for transporting the concrete with which the ditch is being lined. The concrete is carried in the huge steel tubs shown above. IGH up in the Sierra Mountains H near Placerville, Calif., where roads are scarce, engineers working on the El Dorado water power project have solved the problem of transporting materials by the adoption of big steel tubs as carriers. The tubs are used as barges to carry concrete with which an old 25-mile canal is being lined to serve as a power ditch. On account of the lack of roads, the water itself is made to carry the materials. At the upstream end of the ditch a lerge ‘ fF 7 crusher is located. Sand from this plant is put into the tubs and they are sent whirling downstrear: to the point where the material is needed. When the tubs are emptied, they are floated down to a derrick fixed at a point where the ditch is crossed by the main highway. Here they are hoisted out of the ditch and taken back to the crusher by motor truck. Two hundred of these tubs are being used on the job. Each has a carrying Machine Fills and Seals Envelopes MAILING machine that handles two inserts or inclosures, inserts them in an envelope, and seals the envelope ready for the mail at a rate of 4500 letters an hour,.is the result of 11 years’ work by Charles L. Lovercheck, of St. Louis. In one operation this machine handles two inserts from separate piles, puts them into an envelope, and seals it The envelope is picked up by a clamplike device placed at regular intervals on an endless chain. Operating at the same rate of speed is a twofold device that draws the two inclosures together at the center of the machine. Mechanical fingers, moving back and forth, then insert the folders in the en- velope and it passes on to be sealed and counted by a register, which is tripped by the filled envelope. Power is obtained from a small motor. It is estimated that the machine does the work of 10 expert fillers and makes pos- sible quantity letter production. The pic- ture at [eK gives a clear idea of the me- chine’s progressive action from the start to the finish. © Keystone On the left bank of the ditch is one of the “amas used for molding the semicircular lininz slabs. Liquid con- crete is shot into the forms to a thickness of two inches capacity of 3000 pounds, and when fully loaded, floats about eight inches out of water. The feat of lining the ditch with con- crete while water is flowing in it presents another interesting engineering problem. Pre-cast semicircular slabs of gunite are used as lining. These slabs are built on a semicircular steel form fitted along the edges with a slotted shoulder. By means of thumbscrews at the slots, each strand of the reinforcing mesh in the slab to be made is firmly held in place against the form. The forms are stationed along the banks of the ditch and gunite is shot onto them to a thickness of two inches. The form and its concrete slab are then lowered by derrick into the water-filled ditch. When the slab is in place, the wires are released at the thumbscrews and the form is lifted clear, leaving the slab in place. Forms Float to Next Job The forms are then floated downstream on a barge to another derrick, where they are picked up. Then nes are used again in the same way. The sections of lining are » ‘separated by spacer blocks at a fixed distance from the previous section, and after several hundred feet of section linings is put down, the water is shut off temporarily and gunite is shot into the spaces between the sections, making a complete concrete lining in the ditch. Tw Editor will be glad to supply, wherever possible, the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mentioned in~this ‘issue. June, 19 Mi W ate Fishi Are Spor LL s Not bathing ~ swimmin, latest in The fun have en tubes in to the i flated r ness tha easily © ders of and stt the wai at the suspend said to cially u: swimmirt pils. serve al: giving se ty agai the eve present peril of cramps Popular Science Monthly June, I

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June, 1923 65 Mermaid Swims in Safety Harness Water Suspenders, Fishing Balloons, Are Novel Summer Sport Inventions LL set for a high dive! Timid? Not a bit. This Atlantic City bathing beauty has donned safety swimming suspenders, the very latest in water sport accessories. The fun beginners and experts have enjoyed with auto tire tubes in the water has led to the invention of an in- flated rubber tube har- ness that can be fitted easily over the shoul- ders of the bather and strapped about the waist, as shown at the right. The : suspenders are said to be espe- cially useful to swimming pu- pils. They serve also in giving securi- ty against the ever- present peril of cramps AANA N ATTEMPTS to leap from a speeding train to a ladder hung from an airplane traveling at 100 miles an hour, Barney Rowe nearly came to grief. On his last attempt the ladder caught in a telephone pole, nearly wrecking the plane. Rowe is shown running along the top of the train UMA: 1LtA I 1) Yi Ml MLLELOODNUSDOMMLDLL CO de le I, Mee ISHING for bass with balloons has become a popular sport recently in California, because it combines the com- forts of shore fishing with the advan- tages of fishing from a boat, and also provides rifle practice. Three balloons filled with hydrogen carry the line far out over the lake or river, trailing live bait on the surface of the water. Pot shots with a rifle put the balloons out of commission when the bass is hooked 67 June, 1923 © ae f™ ; i Ze es & eo OF aes

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PEO I PRB eat Ene Hee ony espa me SPN PS ele a j 66 Popular Science Monthly | The World’s Largest Photo How Famous Sculptor Will Use _— ee, Granite Cliff as Sensitized Paper in Carving Confederate Memorial HE world’s larg- est photograph, projected by the world’s largest projec- tion lamp and printed on the granite side of Stone Mountain, Georgia, the world’s largest monolith. That is the stupendous project to be undertaken early this summer by Gutzon Borglum, the famous sculptor. The feat will be attempted as the first step in carving an immense memorial to the Confederate soldiers on the side of the moun- tain, a sheer granite cliff about 900 feet high and 1200 feet wide. By means of the photo- graph, the artist will obtain the correct propor- tions for his colossal figures. When finished, the memorial will show the Confederate army— infantry, artillery and cav- alry—passing in review before General Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and other leaders of the Confederacy. It will occupy a space 110 feet high by 700 feet wide. In making his gigantic photograph, Borglum will use the same chemicals and methods em- ployed by the ordinary photographer. The black night will be the sculptor’s dark- room; the granite face of the cliff his sensitized “‘paper.”” Where the ordi- nary photographer uses small quantities of develop- ing chemicals, the sculptor will use barrels of it. Borglum has already set up his projection machine at the:base of the mountain, 700 feet from the spot on the cliff where the figures will be carved. This lamp uses a slide five eighths of How Gutzon Borglum, famous. sculptor, will print a colossal photo- graph on the sensitized granite face of Stone Mountain. This photo- graph will serve as a attern far carving a ae Confederate me- morial. At the left is the projection machine an inch in size, but throws the figures in large detail on the cliff, Because of the upward projection at an angle of about 45 degrees, the huge figures will actually be dis- torted on the cliff. Yet this very distortion will make them appear in correct pro- portions tospectators below. With his projection ma- chine ready to throw the images on the face of the cliff, \,Borglum proposes to lower men down the moun- tainstle at night with several barrels of nitrate of siéver. This will be poured Popular Science Monthly of tl figur the mak hig of t the of chi lon} —-«5 on fe et June, -

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June, 1923 © *.. over part of the cliff to sensitize the gran- ite. The picture then will be projected on the sensitized surface and a time expusure of several hours will be taken. Several barrels of devel- oper then will be poured over the rock to ‘“‘set”’ the picture. Water will be poured over the whole from the top of the cliff to wash the picture. Sculptors will descend the face of the rock by cable and carve out the figures thus photographed. No attempt will be made to photograph the entire work at once. The plan is to make a series of photographs, each 110 feet high by 220 feet wide, projecting only part of the photograph at a time. changes in temperature. & _ How Concrete Form Is Used At right: head of Gen. Robert E used as reinforcements for concrete road- ways, are now being employed to prevent the cracking of the pavement due to settling of the roadbed and expansion resulting from Steed frames resembling mattresses and On a Mountainside Sketching the nine-foot ‘ - Lee on the face of Stone Mountain Some idea of the magni- tude of the carvings can be gained from the outline of General Lee’s head, shown on this page, which has already been sketched on the mountain. The head is nine feet high. The com- pleted figure of the general on his charger will be 82 feet high. All the other figures will be carved in equally heroic proportions. There will be about 1000 figures in all, including famous generals. The huge figures will be visible for miles, and will rival in colossal sculpture the Sphinx of Egypt. The most difficult problem in the huge task of carving the side of the mountain was getting the figures outlined. The 67 we (anaes ed sen cneag. lle simsbitite. siemens sculptor could not do it himself by being lowered over the side of the mountain, be- cause he would be so close to the face of the rock that he would lack perspective. The plan to photograph the figures on the mountain itself was evolved to solve this difficulty. Steel Mattresses to Preserve Automobile Highways At left: Assembling the reinforcing steel mattress at the aie of the road. The frame is formed by binding steel bars together with wire Below: How the mattress is laid on the roadbed. The i concrete mixture is oured In building a road by the new method, inte the ae the old roadbed is first excavated to a depth of eight inches, then rolled smooth. The 4 reinforcing form, consisting of steel bars bound together with wire, is assembled on the job and forms a framework 10 feet long, eight feet wide, and six inches deep. The form then is placed upon the previously construeted roadbed. The concrete mixture is poured in on the frame and said also to the surfacing completed as in the case of an unre- make the high- " inforced road. way immune ” Thus the steel takes up the strains that formerly from damage by fe were taken up by the concrete and that at times frost — an ad- i have caused very severe fractures, increasing the vantage in. ex- “ cost of maintenance. °. ia treme climates. e The completed highway consists of a series of It is claimed “ reinforced concrete slabs. A slight settling of the that the steel 4 roadbed will not cause the slabs to sink into the reinforcement h depression thus formed, it is *laimed, since the will double the Vf steel framework acts as a suppor.ing beam across _ life of a concrete d the roadway. This method of construction is road. June, 1923 Dav Radin BAlitne Annniumnrne 69

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RE SERIE AO ANNs ENON SH RENIN RTE PIE LTS TINS | he Oe IN SE on LONE AP ee NR 2 rennet 3 i a } 68 Popular Science Monthly Scientific Aids for the Housewife Just as an ordinary sponge absorbs water, this chemical sponge absorbs disagreeable odors. It is for use in refrig- erators, to prevent contami- nation of food by odors PEASMAAAVW. MHBARY MMPOG OMT LASALLE IAEA AEE AAA ANDANNADWW.PVSBAd-n_ RTD. Raw WWW r“rdW&«M,G- GWdTGDWEA_A_AHGAGAGMGFdHGHAP§\§WIWWW '"—"TFw Seen AAO MWA MMV A WEDD www Aw, Based on the theory that rubber will erase dirt from clothes just as it will erase pencil marks from paper, this washboard has a fluted rubber surface which, it is claimed, will ex- tract dirt like magic from the finest linen, silks, and laces Ingenious wire canning tongs aid in remov- A handy new dish- washing utensil con- sists of spiral brush- es in a wooden frame. The sticki- est fork can: be cleansed by insert- ing the tines be- tween the brushes BNW Attached to a rocking chair, the palm leaf fan shown moves up and down auto- matically as the chair rocks backward and forward. The motion is transmitted by means of ingeniously arranged shafts and bearings a, MMU MM bp, Wy N x ‘When the sink be- comes stopped up, this easily operated hand pump forces the sediment down through the pipe. No need for the housewife to call a plumber ing preserve jars from a steaming boil- er. The jaws of the tongs are sharpened to slip readily be- neath the jar These two rings are the new- est inventions for canning, The lower ring, of rubber, holds the preserving jar, while the upper metal ring with strong handle removes or tightens the cover This new electric wash- ing machine needs no wringer. Once the clothes are washed, the operator raises the clothes container to the top, where it whirls around until the clothes are as dry as if they had passed through a wringer Lightly capped preserve jars are placed in a water filled tank. When the water is pumped out, the partial vacuum produced sucks air from the jars and tightens the lids Besides supplying illumination, the electric lamp shown above contains an electric heater and a fan that serves as a dryer. All are mounted under a decorative shade \] R: Clearly casting more t’ For ing lon posed miles, fans. was th The nals, s these | radio first re A Thi radiot our 9 priva be at it suc radio natio prog! TUM Glo»

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lew: ing. ber, jar, ves h- no 1€ he 1e to Is e if June, 1923 Our Radio Editor Announces America’s First Radio Telephone Exchange Reflected Waves Promise Better Broadcasting By Jack Binns ADIO fans of Cleveland, Ohio, who R own crystal detector sets, got the surprise of their lives recently. Clearly and distinctly they heard broad- . casting station KDKA in Pittsburgh, Pa., more than 125 miles away! For days the apparent miracle of receiv- ing long distance broadcasts with sets sup- posed to have a range of only about 25 miles, thrilled and mystified the Cleveland fans. was this: And then the secret leaked out. It They were hearing the Pittsburgh sig- nals, surely enough; but they were hearing these signals reradiated to them by a new radio station located in Cleveland—the first real radiotelephone exchange! A Way to Saner Broadcasting This incident reopens the possibility that radiotelephony eventually may supersede our wired telephone system, and that private radiotelephone conversation may be attained at last. And, more than that, it suddenly unfolds a pathway toward sane radio broadcasting development on a national basis—the broadcasting of a single program throughout the country from one centrally located station. How? Simply through the discov- ery of a successful means of reradiating or relaying radio messages from one broadcasting station to another, just as a branch telephone exchange relays long distance messages from a centra! toll station. The new radio achievement devel- oped from a series of minor experi- ments that began six months ago, when engineers of a large manufacturing company that operates a series of im- portant broadcasting stations, started out to find the effect of simultaneous radiation of a program from Pitts- burgh on two different wave lengths. At about the same time this company decided to construct another broad- casting station in Cleveland, where conditions for distant reception had been peculiarly unfavorable, though it was within normal range of the Pitts- burgh station. Work on this station was going along steadily, when the engineer in charge had an idea: “Why not reradiate and relay our 100-meter Pittsburgh wave from this new station?” The idea was adopted. The necessary receiving equipment was installed at Cleveland, and was connected with the modulating system of the new Cleveland transmitter. The result was the surprise for Cleveland fans already mentioned. of an Just what is the immediate significance this achievement? We can find the swer, perhaps, by considering all pre- vious efforts at long distance radio control. The best illustration is the method by which the Princeton-Chicago football game at Chicago last fall was broadcasted in New York. Before the voices of the crowd and the announcer at the game could be radiated at th sp toll lines. New York, they had to be carried one ird the way across the continent by ecially prepared long distance telephone These vocal sounds had to be amplified first at the playing field, then at Jack Binns, world’s most popular writer on radio, contributing exclusively to Popular Science Monthly about six repeater stations in various cities between Chicago and New York. And, finally, to insure perfect results, no less than three pairs of cross country wires had to be reserved—one for actual use, a second as a standby in case of emergency, and the third for the exclusive use of control operators. Now, at a single stroke we have a new agency for linking our radio broadcasting stations and it is here that the value of a second development comes in. I refer to the recent remarkable experiments by Marconi with reflected wave telephony. Directing a Radio Beam Instead of radiating the controlling wave in every direction, why not use the greater directional efficiency of reflected waves, as developed by Marconi? Suppose, for example, the central station directs its reflected wave to another sta- tion on a 50-meter wavelength. The second station reradiates it for the benefit of radio fans in its territory on a 360- or 400- meter wave. There is no reason why this second station should not also automati- cally control another distant station me; 1 /i | fi b\ a \ operating with a reflected wave of still a different length, relaying the program originally sent out by the first station. In addition, each of the con- trolled relay stations might simultan- eously broadcast other programs at other wave lengths. In this manner broadcasting ‘could be operated most economically. _ National announce- ments could be radiated thus from || Washington. Ee. ' \ REVOLVING REFLECTORS MAKING A ) }COMPLETE “a REVOLUTION AT PREDETERMINED cana Marconi’s system of radio reflection \ may be compared to a lighthouse. We know that if we place reflectors behind a lamp so that its beams are concen- trated in one direction, the light will vs | INTERVALS lett t NSMITTER ‘ie 2 TA —+|—— 1 : | i _~ “AR ” i 7 4 1) i" - . \ Hag a — 4 i oe - | a reach a great distance. The same basic principle controls the radiation of the electromagnetic waves of radio. Experiments in 90-mile radio communication between London and that. reflected radio radiation triples SS > ange HE drawing above shows the con- struction of an experimental wireless reflector erected in Scotland. By revolv- ing reflector aerials, waves sent out by transmitters are reflected and radiated in any predetermined direction, as shown at the right. A reflector of this type at Pittsburgh has made possible the new radio exchange at Cleveland, Ohio, where messages radi- ated from Pittsburgh have been received and reradiated with surprising success. ie > Spel 3 oa eae the strength of signals at the receiver. Birmingham, England, have shown.

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SE Se Soeeneese: A GRR EEE LESLIE LE OE ROIS t SE RE ERE GIL ET OREN GA OLE On . ome . srt hE mittee tae ite scwinepane paseteory pens deen’ nd eNO ARN NN TP * EE aks eA OE Traffic Light in Glove OUR electric bulbs i: concealed in a ie wristlet are a new | invention to illumi- nate the white gloved hand of the traffic policemen and thus provide effective TRANSMISSION WIRE Popular Science Monthly f % Cork Float Controls night traffic signals. GUIDE TUBE P . i. etek tug econ Gasoline Indicator these lights is ob- (CORK FLOAT on Dashboard tained from _ small +-—-|_e storage batterieshung —~ FLOAT-= Ab TOmeeesers now may from the policeman’s => See a know the amount of gaso- belt. This current is LJ GASOLINE ADJUSTMENT SHEATH) ine in their cars without the led to two contacts on the hand. The white gloved hand of the traffic officer is lighted by the electrical appa- p> BATTERS, Huns ratus shown at right |% ‘ FROM BELT Novel Elliptic Truck Spring Needs No Lubrication A THREE-QUARTER elliptic truck spring that requires no lubrication and is said to possess wonderful shock ab- sorbing qualities consists of two members the lower of which has a full set of leaves and the upper only half a set, all bolted to the frame. Any distortion due to loading is absorbed by the unique arrangement of the leaves. How two sets of spring leaves are bolted to the truck frame Tractor Dredges EPLACING hundreds of workmen in the task of cleaning small streams clogged by spring floods, a motor tractor has been employed recently by the city How the gasoline indicator is controlled by a cork float in the tank necessity of getting out to in- spect the gage in the rear of it through the recent invention, by a manufacturer, of Dayton, Ohio, of a visible gage attached to the dash near the steering wheel. The gage can be attached to any make of car. by a cork float in the gasoline reservoir. causes a piston to push forward a flexible wire contained within a hollow tubing leading to the indicator unit. attached a red ball that indicates how high the float has risen and hence the amount of gasoline. arm permit the regulating of the piston movement so as to make the indicator readings conform to the size of the tank. The inventor believes that the new device will help motorists keep accurate tabs on their gasoline supply. It is actuated The rising of the float To this wire is Adjusting holes in the float fk First U. S. Fleet of Electric Taxis x o,, HE first American fleet of electric taxi- cabs has just been placed in service in New York City to serve particularly the theater district. The operating company plans to work the machines in two shifts, keeping them on Old Mill Streams of Rockford, IIl., to pull a road scraper through the muddy streams. The same tractor can be used to repair highways or push a snow plow. the job from 18 to 20 hours a day. Since two sets of batteries are used, the battery compartments are specially designed for rapid changing. The cars will have a daily operating radius of about 120 miles and a maximum speed of 25 miles an hour. New Dustless Water Gog¢les A NOVEL type of dustless goggles con- tains a circular chamber behind the glass. This chamber is partly filled with water so as to wash the inner surface of the glass. When the glass becomes fogged, the wearer nods his head, splashing the water over the glass. Resuming the erect posi- tion, the water returns to the bottom of the chamb«y and the fog or dust is gone. G) ] he tk of as ignitic locate easier Th a cle autor and | Th cours supp This two tensi tensi ame the | ignit drav noth clos¢ is a eire' h are’ of bro’ inte trol tior bre int in 1 ] sio! plu the the bri 1 mms eS © O&— & —_ — _ one

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June, 1923 71 ‘Why an Auto Engine Misses And How to Put Your Finger on Ignition Trouble when Your Motor Stalls—Explained by an Expert hangs over most motorists, always threatening them with the possibility of a stalled engine on a lonely road. Yet ignition trouble is really not hard to locate and remedy; and it is still easier to avoid ignition defects. The whole secret lies in gaining a clear idea of just what an automobile ignition system is and how it works. The heart of the system, of course, is the battery that supplies the electric current. This current passes through two electric circuits—a low tension circuit and a high tension circuit, connected by a magnetic coil. Intercepting the low tension circuit is the ignition switch, a sort of electrical drawbridge. When it is open, nothing happens. When it is closed, current from the battery is allowed to pass through the circuit. In the low tension circuit also are the breaker points—two points of metal that are alternately brought together and separated at intervals by a cam con- trolled by the revolu- | ‘anes trouble is 4 bugbear that

‘ re pa

& “ CP) SWITCH { LOW TENSION mNCYA

i By Harold F. Blanchard

POINTS . CIRCUIT w, 127) “i i! ° Nd ie J K\ bi F) tions of the engine. The y Fog breaker points govern ie a intervals between sparks 4) Re GROUND in the engine cylinders. i? Inserted in the high ten- ?

sion circuit are the spark plugs and the distributor that switches the current to them in turn by means of a brush. Now, to get a clear idea of how the whole system works, consider the wiring of the two circuits as two circular race- tracks, around which relay

aaet racers carrying . electric torches travel at lightning speed. Look at the diagram on this page. Every so often a runner climbs out of the battery, dashes through the breaker mechanism, then through the low tension side of the coil, and finally through the switch back into the battery, completing the circuit of the low tension wiring. Such a round trip is made every time the engine, acting through a rotating cam, separates the breaker points. From Coil to the Spark Plugs The trip of each runner is uneventful until he dashes through the coil. Here he jumps on the short end of a seesaw. As he does so, another runner seated on the other end of the seesaw starts around a second, high tension, circuit at 100 times the first runner’s speed. When the high tension runner reaches the middle of the distribu- tor, the brush; which really is a rotating switch, sweeps him to one of the spark plugs. Reaching his final goal—the cylin- der—he sets the charge on fire and then proceeds back to the coil by way oi the engine and the frame, as indicated by the dotted line in the illustration. HIG TENSION RCUIT

A Typical Ignition System ERE is a novel wiring diagram of a typical automobile ignition system, showing low tension and high tension cir- cuits in the form of two circular race tracks. The flow of electric current from the battery is represented by the runners. Cut out this diagram and tack it on the wall of your garage for future reference. It will save you time and trouble when your engine misses or stalls That’s the whole ignition system in a nutshell. The remarkable thing about it is the clockwork precision, the teamwork of the runners in the two circuits. This is due to the fact that the cam actuating the breaker points in the low tension circuit and the distributor brush in the high ten- sion circuit, are mounted on the same shaft and rotate in unison with the en- gine’s revolutions. At the exact moment that each cylinder is ready for a spark, the breaker points separate, causing a dying surge of current in tke low tension 'y_.side of the coil. This current reacts A <i magnetically on the high tension side of the coil and creates in it a current of extremely high voltage. The voltage is so high, in fact, that the current has no trouble in jumping the gap at the spark ‘plug points, and whenever it does this, it produces a spark that causes the ignition of the gas mixture in the cylinders. To avoid ignition troubles, the first point to remember is this: The low tension current is sub- ject to the same kind of ailments as is a system of house piping, only instead of leaky or clogged pipes and broken valves we have \\.,- in the wiring system defective insulation, short circuits, loose connections, and dirt for which to be on the lookout. i \ SA! f How to Find the Trouble I When your engine stalls, the first thing to do is to make sure that the trouble is in the ignition system. Tickle the carbureter to suis find out whether the gasoline is low. Always be pre- « pared for the unexpected. Often the simplest things prove most unex- pected. I remember once when foot operated (kick) switches were popular. I was driving along one night when suddenly my engine stopped. After a long search for the trou- ble, I found that my com- panion had accidentally kicked the switch off. On another occasion my engine died on a lonely road one black night because the ignition switch short circuited on the instrument board. If an engine is equipped with a high tension magneto, the first thing to do when it balks is disconnect the short circuiting wire leading from switch to magneto. When this is done, the engine must be shut off. In another case, where dry cells in the tool- box were used in connection with a magneto, it was found that a stalled engine was caused by one of the cells coming into con- tact with the metal side of the box. A half-hour drive through a heavy rain will cause the engine to stall, due to the fact that the moisture permeates the high tension insulation. The wiring must be thoroughly dried before the engine will run again. Another important point to remember when the engine stalls: Be sure the switch is on all the way. Some switches appear to be on when they are just a little bit off. Then go over the wiring carefully; first the TO SPARK PLUGS

T

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* orig rin Sao an sie mses nines ein: Mad OTROREA ea ES eenenetinenta nen - - eee ARO NI a ERE 72 low tension wiring, then the high tension wiring. Look for loose or dirty connec- tions, worn insulation, or strands of wire out of place. Dirty connections should be scraped with a knife or sandpapered. Loose connections should be screwed tightly. Wherever a wire has been wrapped around a binding post, be sure that a single strand has not gone astray and caused a short circuit. Insulation frequently chafes through, and the bare wire causes a short circuit. Feel all wires carefully for bare spots and tape any suspected places. Occa- sionally a wire will break within the insula- tion. The best thing is to replace it. Switch May Cause Stalled Engine One glance at the wiring diagram on page 71 will tell you that any trouble in the switch may cause a stalled engine. Where you are suspicious of the switch, it is a good plan temporarily to run a wire direct from the storage battery, connecting with the breaker mechanism and the low tension side of the coil. Dirty connections are most likely to occur at the battery, due to corrosion by sulphuric acid fumes escaping from the electrolyte. The remedy is to clean the battery connections carefully, wash them in ammonia, and coat them with vaseline. Loose connections are likely to cause trouble in the low tension circuit. Inci- dentally, much ignition trouble may be avoided by periodically tightening all igni- tion nuts. If you discover no loose con- nections, the next step is to remove the dis- tributor cap and examine the distributor and breaker mechanism. Usually the breaker is right under the distributor brush. The distributor should be clean and dry, and if it is not, should be wiped with a cloth moistened in gasoline. Have some one turn the engine over slowly while you watch the _ breaker mechanism function. On most cars the breaker points should separate about one sixty-fourth of an inch or a little less. See that the points actually separate and that they actually come together again. If the car is equipped with an ammeter, it should read “discharge” when the points are together and “charge” when they are separated; although if the engine is stalled, it is possible that the reading will not change. When Breaker Points Burn Away Breaker points gradually burn away as they are used. Their surfaces become jagged instead of smooth. These irregulari- ties disturb the adjustment and sometimes they wipe out the gap between the points completely. Or a little piece of metal may break off and lodge between the points, short circuiting them and stalling the en- gine. To smooth the surfaces of the points, dress them with a fine file or grind them on a fine emery wheel, then adjust them care- fully.. If the points are too far apart, the engine may miss at low speeds or may refuse to run at all. If they are too close together, the engine may miss at high speeds. Be sure the surfaces are free from grease. If the breaker points burn away rapidly, the condenser may be defective or loose. A broken condenser is usually indicated by a “discharge” reading on the ammeter when all lighting switches are open and the breaker points are separated. If the spring that holds the breaker to the cam breaks, or if the shaft on which the cam is mounted is loose in its bearings, the engine may balk. A loose distributor shaft is still more likely to cause missing. Sometimes the breaker cam becomes loose, due to the loosening of the screw that holds it to the shaft, causing a stalled engine. The same defect sometimes will cause the engine to give forth an occasional explosion as it is cranked. When the igni- Five Reasons Why an Engine Stalls BE SURE THE SWITCH 1S ON 1 ALL THE WAY INSULATION wee OF POINTS = BREAKER To ke TIGHTENING al M ip tion unit is driven from the pump shaft, a breakage in the pump coupling may stall the engine. Occasionally stalling is caused by the breaking down of a coil. In that case a low tension circuit may be in perfect order, yet no sparks will be generated in the high tension circuit. Even the main high ten- sion wire running from the coil to the dis- tributor may not supply a spark. If the engine stalls because of some fault in the high tension system, the trouble can be located easily. Be sure that the wire running from the coil to the distributor brush is properly connected and its insula- tion is in good condition. See that the Popular Science Monthly | distributor cap is dry and clean inside ang out, the brush in place and functioning properly, and the cap properly attached. Finally, see that wires and spark plugs are dry. Causes of Engine Misses A missing engine, in fact, almost all other ignition troubles, resemble those described for a stalled engine, only the trouble is less acute. The most common cause of missing is a defective spark plug. The defect may be a cracked porcelain or the sparking points may be too far apart or too close together, or the plug may be coated with carbon or oil soaked. Adjust the points, clean the porcelain of oil and carbon. If the porcelain is cracked, better buy a new plug. Sometimes an invisible hair crack will cause the trouble. The quickest way to determine which cylinder is missing is to open the petcocks or priming cups one by one while the en- gine is running. If the explosions in one cylinder feel weak or irregular when you place your thumb close to the cup opening, or if no flame is observed through the opening, that cylinder probably is the one that is missing. Other causes of ignition missing are de- fective high tension wires; high tension wires connected with the wrong plugs or with the wrong terminals on the distributor housing; partially wet wires; wet distrib- utor; loose distributor shaft; breaker points out of adjustment; condenser in need of repair, and, finally, a recurring short circuit in the low tension wiring or in the main wire running from the coil to the distributor brush. Suppose the insulation chafes off on one of the low tension wires and that occasion- ally the bare wire swings against the rear corner of the cylinder block. Whenever it makes good contact, it causes a miss in your engine. When the Engine Lacks Power Lack of engine power may be due to weak magnets in the magneto or to a very weak battery. Spark plug points or breaker points out of adjustment are other fre- quent causes of engine weakness. The right adjustment for spark plug points is the thickness of a thin dime. Trouble in the coil or in the condenser, or, in fact, any leak or derangement, is likely to show up as lost power, while not sufficient to cause a miss. For example, if the high tension wires are old, it is possible that most of the high tension current will leak through the wires to the atmosphere and that only enough will reach the spark plugs to run the engine feebly. Difficulties in Starting If the engine is hard to start, the very first place to look is at the breaker points. They may be too far apart or too close together. The best distance is a sixty- fourth to one one-hundreth inch apart. Wet wires, wet spark plugs, spark plug points too far apart, distributor dirty or brush badly worn are also common causes. When the engine balks only occasionally, the most likely cause is a wire that makes a temporary short cireuit. A particle of metal may short circuit the breaker points for a time and this must not be overlooked. There may be a defect in the breaker or distri-utor mechanism or if the ignition system is provided with a safety spark gap, it aay be short circuited—a drop of water will do it. Y ; y ¥ Y ; g

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ek ich ks n= ne ou ig, he ne le- on or or b- er 1g in e l= ir it a i am f mn we ee OO PH CP Se June, 1923 A straight upward pull quickly _ re- moves this valve cap, which is easier even than unscrew- ing. A spring holds the cap in place when it is pressed down over the valve nipple This celluloid windshield for the pro- _— Fs i tection of rear seat passengers rolls up Z into cylinders at the side when not in use. The side panels are adjustable BY A new type of .rubber tire, stretched over the wooden steering wheel, pro- vides a slipless grip for the driver’s hands oe hi Clamped to the steering post, this steering control for Fords acts through two cams to keep the front wheels from wabbling and prevent the wheel’s being jerked out of the driver’s hands over rough roads. An adjustable coilspring supplies the tension be- tween the cams a a ~~ T2035 een" A novel collapsible fabric bucket, with a spout and a bail, can be knocked down into a compact roll This condenser fastens to radiator cap and cools the hot engine vapors, returning the cool condensed liquid to the tank New Car Comforts for the Summer 73 An ingenious springless shock ab- | sorber for Fords, causes the wheel to stop for an instant when striking an obstruction. The backward swing of I} the suspension arm 248 takes up the shock We LEE EEE es VW” UWWHE This new turbine pump for Fords assures circulation of the water and reduces the possibility of overheating SCREEN DIRT SETTLES BAFFLE HERE - SEDIMENT DRAIN COCK Wat ATTACHED { HERE ! TO CARBURETER OR VACUUM TANK A baffle wall in this new gasoline filter causes impurities to drop to the bottom, where they can be drained off

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Tee GE en A vs ee een aah oto ce NEA a a NNR NCI PRL NY NPR apeeatiormetente raed amen! ‘ae. prc nnn aan ei aa en eB ch EP COT ARTIS URE ERENCE has more power when thrown into reverse than it has in low gear. To know whether this is true or not, one must be able to find the true ratio of his own car. This can be done quickly as follows: Jack up one rear wheel and divide the tire into 10 equal parts, numbered, as shown in Fig. 1. Relieve the hard compres- sion of the engine by opening the petcocks or screwing out the spark plugs, and turn over the motor with the crank, so that the No. 10 mark on the rear wheel corresponds with a stick driven in the ground to act as (5 is me men often say that a car Upkeep “Kinks” for the Car Then wash the front gently by unscrewing the nozzle so as to allow only a sluggish stream of water to flow. A violent spray of water should never be used for washing the outside of an automobile, because it is certain in time to damage the finish.—D. R. V. H. 3 ie REPLACE a piston in the cylinder of an engine is a trying one-man job unless some special form of compressor is used to counteract the spring of the piston rings. A simple expedient for overcoming this difficulty is to place an old ring over Popular Science Monthly Owner rear axle and a section of the hub, as wel] as the square feather key used. When this key becomes loose, it can be tightened by expanding it about the center of its length. This is done by drilling two cross holes \% in. in diameter and about 2 in. apart, center to center. The metal between these holes is then slit out either by hand or with a milling cutter. A hole is then drilled in the end of the key for a cone pointed setscrew, the end of which should come about the middle of the slot. It is obvious that after inserting the key in place, it can be expanded in the center by : June, they entered, by washing them out from behind with a stream of water (Fig. 3). as well as to expand and take up the slack in old worn wheels. The upper detail shows the end of a Ford You can then judge the the steering post. position of the wheel more easily than when there is nd fixed guide.—S. L. D. a pointer. Then throw the car into low screwing in the setscrew. The key still re- gear and turn the crank until the rear mains sufficiently strong, since its shearing Aut wheel has made one revolution, counting strength is far in excess of the driving power the turns of the crank and estimating the of the car.—W. B. B. IG fractional part of the last turn, if any. For one popular and much used car the - GRINDING a small needle valve such : low gear will be 6% turns of the crank to as in a carbureter, the stem may be uniqu one turn of the wheel. Repeat the opera- held in a fixture quickly made from either It tion for all the speeds and the reverse. The a No. 5 or a No. 6 tapered cotterpin. make correct ratio will be found in each instance The pin is drilled and split lengthwise, as large by multiplying the number of revolutions shown, the prongs being sprung egainst the ¢ of the crank by two, : the valve stem by knoe’ since the free wheel pushing a knurled ordin revolves twice as collar over them. and fast as it would The tool is rotated the v normally when two by rolling it be- ’ TI wheels are on the tween the palms of light ground. the hands. (Fig. 6.) beca A driver who obta knows his gear ratio UTOMOBILE caus can often take ad- fan belts that men vantage of the =. have a tendency to gue knowledge if stuck . me 4 “run off” are a $50, on a very har d pull 2. Chains prevent unpleasant bumper 3. Washing the radiator from the continual nuisance. - by reversing his car vibration inside Generally the only and pulling out trouble is due 4 ; backward. On to defective Western des ee ae MIDE RING ENOUGH YUM KNURLED belts or to tke up . TOENTER CYLINDER BORE ~ eee SLEEVE ’ ° y\ | erts many a big : ——_ Ome EL pulleys’ being disabled car has P) RRS ea out of line. The pla been towed to = \\ = tit belt usually will hy¢ a garage by a = \ YAN stay on the pul- sm “flivver” run- WLLL NN. suart leys and give Ri ning backward. A woe no trouble if lary —J.V.R. DRILLED HOLES SLOTS SCREW lower pulley an oy ——_¥ J is crowned a pe , ] , P wl ce Sateen ail —. = & “ automobile Li LZ VALVE at the center is fac bumper can be made some- bo reduced quickly what greater an and easily by than the di- wi the use of two PF ameter of the short lengths of 4. Replaci si . ae snned edges. pe strong, light heii al From an old hy chain, as shown inner tube cut on in Fig. 2. One end of each chain is fastened a piece about 3% in. in width. This rubber, wi to the chassis frame or extension and the which should be endless like an elastic. in other to the bumper cross member. band, is stretched over the lower pulley 8a To make sure that the vibration will be ‘ after the pulley has been coated with rim w thoroughly eliminated, take pains to string 7: Goounins lower fan 8. wee anite for —_ cement or gasket shellac, as shown in Fig. 7. be the chains tightly. They should draw in — eit Care should be taken to see that the band b the cross member of the bumper at least to is exactly in the middle of the pulley sur- a the same extent as it bends inward when _ the new ring on the piston, as at Fig. 4. face before the cement begins to dry. Ifthe = vibrating. This inward bend can be seen The pressure will compress the new ring upper pulley causes trouble, it may be tl in the photograph.—F. W. H. so that it can be worked into the cylinder. treated in the same way. ~ a This little kink saves both time and The rubber will have to be replaced in "Ts next time you unreel the hose to patience, especially when replacing pistons time, but it is easier to apply a new band b give the old bus a cleaning, don’t make with some of the patented oil seal rings, than to replace a belt while on the road. . the mistake of throwing water through the which are made up of several small rings - I radiator honeycomb from the front. The and are particularly hard to manage. i YOU experience difficulty in steering t small openings tend to break up the stream , your car accurately when backing, a t of water into a fine spray, with consequent ‘THE expanding key shown in Fig. 5. was __ notch or other mark made in the under side t damage to the ignition system. designed to overcome the difficulty of the rim, as shown in Fig. 8, may help. t The dead grasshoppers and beetles and caused when keys in the Ford rear axle Set the wheels exactly straight and then ‘ small chunks of mud that collect in the come loose and allow the wheel to wabble, make the notch in the rim directly back of radiator comb should be removed the way

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st . =~ FS. 2+ ae = sc — 7 ew — — a ~~ wey June, 1923 Arthur Wakeling. Editor | Cheap Motor Drives Speedy Sport Boat By George Arthur Luers Automotive and Mechanical Engineer IGHTNESS and_ speed, cheapness L and simplicity of construction are the outstanding features of this unique hydrosled. It is a sport boat the home worker can make without any elaborate equipment or large outlay for material, and, once built, the cost of upkeep is trifling. It can be knocked down for transportation in an ordinary touring car or even a runabout, and both launched and beached without the use of skids or a marine railway. The power plant is simply a Ford or other light automobile motor. This is used because it costs little and can always be obtained without difficulty, and not be- cause it is a type of motor to be recom- mended for marine purposes. These en- gines are available at a cost of from $15 to $50, depending upon their condition. In many cases the only work required to put one of them in fair running order is to fit new rings and tighten up the bearings. The design is a condensed plan of a somewhat similar hydrosled made for use on the smooth waters of the Potomac River. That one is much larger, however, and required an automobile engine of twice the horsepower of the Ford, so aa” } AND BEND that the greater weight makes it necessary to use special ; --P0* J WHITE CEDAR PLANKING The single step in the bottom is used primarily to give room for the power plant, but it also follows the marine trend in pro- viding a break in which the surface water is churned, with the result that the stern rides on bubbles or aerated water with less resistance than otherwise. ENGINE BEARERS \ \ - ‘ : | § STEEL PLATE } | ‘ i STEEL Re LATE ANO | ¥ Steen CaP | PLATE v To cool the motor it is advisable to use a small circulating pump driven from the pulley on the crankshaft. A simpler but not so positive a method is to use the scoop illustrated to keep a quantity of water in the water jacket. A small valve in the bottom of the outflow pipe allows ad- justments to be made in the flow to meet all possible conditions. The engine should not, however, be allowed to run for long periods when the boat is not in motion; otherwise the water will boil. The driveshaft connection is modified, as shown, to allow a section of steel pipe to be attached to serve as the tubular pro- peller shaft, and a thrust ball bearing is made a part of the connection to take the propeller thrust. The gasoline tank is mounted above the engine to provide the necessary gravity feed to the carbureter. The general construction of the hull is made clear in the hull dia- grams and is about as simple as could be devised. In fact, no steam bending is required for any of the surfaces, as bent work is usually more or less of a stumbling block for the amateur boatbuilder. It is advisable, however, that, in framing the hull, the builder obtain the assistance of some one who is familiar with boat — construction, unless he has 05-1 previously done similar work. | The hull planking is prefer- | ably white cedar in widths of facilities for hauling out the boat at the end of the season and storing it through the winter. Three men can lift out the power plant from this smaller hydrosled because it weighs only about 250 Ibs. The hull weighs about 200 lbs., includ- ing the seats and acces- sories. In fact, the boat, when disassembled, can be carried in an automo- bile by the simple expedi- ent of stowing the engine inside the car and lashing the hull to the rear or above the fenders. Twin rudders are used because some difficulty was experienced with the larger boat in an attempt Sl x a / +. ee Diagrams of the hull, showing the general arrangement of the frame and engine bearers to secure maximum lightness and simplicity of construction without the use of steam bending Sy :¢ - SEAT FOR THREE---- SHAFT LOG-** i ae 10 or 12 in., if boards that wide can be obtained. The advan- tage of using the wider plank- ing is that it lessens the amount of calking to be done. All the planking should be at least 4 in. thick. Cypress and spruce also can be used for the planking, and cypress has , the advantage of being easily obtained and cheap. Cypress planking, how- ever, should be % in. thick or more, well sup- ported. It is important to use only carefully se- lected material, and see that the strength is not sacrificed at any vital point, as the hull is sub- jected to considerable strain. to steer it with a single rudder. It was found that GASOLINE TANK | The planking is run longitudinally. The bend reeted by changing the engine to one side, but, as this would unbalance the boat, the twin rudder de- vice was adopted. In thorough trials it proved to be very satisfactory. the steering could be cor- ° Top and side views of the completely construction of the hull that gives a ‘‘planing’’ action and the twin rudders WATER OUTLET--=> 5 = gep0p = to insure control at high speed bled hydrosled. Note the steplike at the bow is obtained by making a number of saw cuts partly through the planking on the inside. While this reduces the strength of the planking, no damage is done to the (Turn to page 105) SS TE

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Ne RMT = SoS Me A. or eratpenrneentipremepestpaanainrneyamnnaes iM fs me Metin ~ 76 How to Paint Decorative Home Furniture By James S. Godfrey AINTING furniture is rapidly be- coming something of a national pas- time. It is relatively easy to do, costs little for materials, and when done with good taste, adds immensely to the attractiveness of the average home. So great is its popularity that a considerable variety of new furniture in the harmonious color, either lighter or darker than the body color, as shown. At B the flutes in the posts of the dressing table offer natural grooves into which to flow stripes of color. At C the edges of the drawers are painted and a similar border line placed on the top of the posts. A small center ornament adds interest to the drawer fronts. A molded table top usually “white” can now be bought, even in department stores, for the home worker to paint to suit himself. Chief among the advantages of enameling your own furniture is that you can finish each piece in the colors and with the de- signs best adapted for the par- ticular room and place in which it is to be used. The rich and original color effects that interior decorators obtain for wealthy clients by having individual sets finished to their own specifica- tions are equally at your com- mand. Then, too, you can often save money by refinishing old pieces Two examples of com- mercial painted fur- niture and a selection of simple designs in the modern style such as the home worker can invent for himself that perhaps have been stored in the attic for years or have been tolerated in the living rooms only be- cause it would cost too much to replace them. The possibilities along this line are endless. One home worker, for instance, remodeled an utterly unpromising wash- stand, long obsolete, and gave it a vermilion under coat and a black finish, rubbed down to show the glow of the red beneath, trans- forming it to a cabinet that has the charm of an Oriental antique and is fit for a fine reception hall or music room. Wood or wicker furniture for the porch, breakfast room, and nursery almost in- variably can be finished in enamel to good effect, since the pieces lend themselves to light tints and bright ornamentation. Bed- room sets:and many odd pieces can also be enameled, if the colors are chosen with dis- cretion, if the finishing is done carefully, and the banding, stenciling, or other deco- ration well considered and harmonious. Enameled furniture lends itself naturally - to painted borders and ornaments. Pro- vided the colors are harmonious, it does Serving table with black and red decora- tion on Pompeian blue and gold not take much decoration to lend distinc- tion to a painted piece. Often the style of the furniture suggests where the color should be applied. For in- stance, the foot ofa bed, as at A in the drawing} in the lower right-hand corner, might have flat panels of a contrasting or can be painted in several different ways, one of which is shown at D. Other methods of lining out and tinting drawer fronts are indicated at E and F. For more elaborate ornaments it is pos- sible to obtain stencils in hundreds of different styles and sizes at art stores and paint shops. Animal figures for nursery pieces, as well as floral and geometrical motives for general use, can be had. Transfers, or decalcomanias, as they are technically called, can be obtained sur- prisingly cheap if purchased in full sheets containing a number of duplicates of the one design, and to apply them is simplicity itself. It is not always easy, however, to find a place where they are sold, although they can always be ordered by mail from the manufacturers. The child’s bed shown on another page is decorated with decal- comanias. Make Your Own Decoration Usually it is better to get up an original design and cut a stencil or stencils for it, as described in detail in an article on page 78 of our February number. It is sometimes even quicker to transfer the units one at a time with carbon paper or by means of a pattern to the surface and paint them the desired colors. The more modern styles of painted fur- niture often make use of bold and colorful ornaments that are not at all difficult to prepare. Even a circle can be broken up with a few lines, as shown above, and de- veloped into an interesting ornament in the Popular Science Monthly : new style, provided colors are chosen thet go well together. The secret of success in enameling lieg largely in the proper preparation of the surfaces. The unfinished furniture sold for enameling, or any pieces that the home worker makes himself, are usually white. wood, poplar, birch, gumwood, or other close grained woods. Open grain woods, such as oak, chestnut, and yellow pine, are hard to finish smoothly in enamel, but are sometimes used in connection with novelty finishes. If you have unfinished pieces with which to deal, the first essential is to see that the wood is as smooth as it can be made by scraping and sanding. A little additional labor spent in this will be more than repaid by the time saved in later steps, as well as in the more _ satisfactory results. The ama- teur’s tendency is to rush through the preliminary steps. When you buy the enamel you in- tend to use, obtain at the same time the under coat that is recommended for use with it. It sometimes happens that you cannot obtain just the color you desire. In fact, some high grade enamels are sold in only a few colors. You can, how- ever, tint white, cream, gray, or other enamels with oil colors in tubes such as are sold for artist’s use. Mix turpentine with the oil color until it is like a thin paint, and then add a little at a time to the enamel, stirring it well, and testing until the tint or shade is what you wish. Under coatings are necessary to build up a good surface for the enamel, which is somewhat transparent, and they are, of course, cheaper than the enamel. The first or priming coat is often thinned with a little raw linseed oil. It should be well brushed into the wood and allowed to dry for 48 hours. Any puttying that is necessary should next be done and two or three more under = MUN) —| == Decorations that take advantage of the natural ‘‘breaks’’ coats applied, usually at full strength or thinned a little with turpentine. Each coat should be allowed to dry at least 24 hours and should be sanded lightly and dusted. The under coating should be approxi- mately the color of the finishing enamel and, (Turn to page 109)

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onthly | e n.thgt ing lieg of the old for + home white. ’ other woods, ne, are ut are ovelty which 1at the ide by itional n this 2 than 2 time steps, n the actory . ama- vy is to the teps. _ buy ou in- obtain me the Yr use t you desire. S are how- other such entine paint, o the until ild up ich is re, of e first ‘ith a > well Oo dry hould under June, 1923 ELL finished furniture, wood- work and floors add materi- ally to the beauty and attractiveness of your home. You, yourself, can easily refinish dingy, shabby, scratched wood. Our method in- volves practically no expense. All you need is a little time—a brush— and JOHNSON’S WOOD DYE Johnson’s Wood Dye is very easy to apply—itgoes on easily and quickly, without a lap or a streak. It penetrates deeply, bringing out the beauty of the grain without raising it—dries in 4 hours and does not rub off or smudge. Johnson’s Wood Dye is made in fourteen beautiful shades, all of which may be easily lightened or darkened—full directions on every label. FREE—Book on Wood Finishing This book tells how to finish wood in artistic stained and enameled effects. Gives practical suggestions on making your home attractive, cheery and invit- ing. Tells just what materials to use and how to apply them. This book is the work of experts—profusely illustrated —contains color charts—gives covering capacities, etc. Use coupon below. Our book tells how to refinish woodwork. Also tells about finishing and refinishing old furniture end woodwork. There is no particular trick in making a _ porch swing— you can easily do it yourself and finish it with Johnson’s Artistic Wood Finishes. Our book con- tains full information. S. C. JOHNSON & SON, Dept. P.S.6, Racine, Wis. “‘The Wood Finishing Authorities’’ (Canadian Factory—Brantford) Please send me free and postpaid your book on Home Beautifying and Wood Finishing. he P27 ini Pag D) 27-0) 2 2) ES rrr ; hg ees Be TiR Gl MINER EMIS Re 528 Se aia g a5 avis Sis Sd eres erTe NH ie sw ls polis) /sc aio ete oie acat aon a 8 rn ge seen en niki-re sand onto kee SE EEE EE eee eT for your family. how to finish them. . _—— RS ORS a a a ee eee ee ee Be Aca CARS PROPER TREATMENT | FOR FLOORS WOODWORK | arte FURNITURE ba uw ncINE WIS Fh 1V JOHNSON & SON } 17 Bring Out the Beauty of Your Home | Our book tells all about floors and_ linoleum. Old furniture can be made to harmonize with new by using the proper finish. Small odd pieces of modern furniture add greatly to the attractiveness of every home. You can make them yourself Our book tells y

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iret met atnitonas iv -atr aos eomernne- spanner aos erat paras eas a ase terete ma TET es a RS A REAR me ST INET IETS. 78 Popular Science Monthly Spanning Continent with a Two-Stage Set This Novel Radio Receiver Contains Bank Wound Tickler Coil EFORE entering into a description B and giving the hook-up of the coupler of my radio receiving set, I wish to give a brief outline of what has been accomplished with several of these tuning units now in use. I have built five of them and they are all uniformly good, because all have at one time or other picked up KHJ at Los Angeles, Calif., from Pennsylvania, 40 miles from Pittsburgh. I have heard him my- self, with one stage, five times within three months. The owner of one set, using two steps of audio frequency on six-volt tubes, claims to have heard that station at a dis- tance of 30 feet from his loudspeaker. Three of the couplers are being used with 1\%-volt dry battery tubes and the other two with six-volt tubes. The set cannot be beaten for selectivity, I feel confident, and the signal strength of distant stations is exceedingly good. I have 100 different broadcasting stations entered in my own log book. These sta- tions are scattered over 26 states and Canada, and one station in Cuba. I have picked up 30 different stations, one after another, in an evening, 20 of these while KDKA, 30 miles away, was going full blast. The accompanying sketches make only a brief description necessary. The rotors should be about 31% in. in diameter, and the space dn each side for wire should be about 54 in. wide. The wider rotors do not give as good results. The tickler is bank wound with No. 24 d.c.c. copper wire. Put on as many turns as the rotor will accommodate, two layers deep. I have found that there is very little, .00| MFD tA-B+B +B OET. AMP. The hook-up preferred by the author if any, difference between coils having 90 and 125 turns. Be sure, however, that your coil is bank wound; the sketch shows how the winding is applied. Beginning at the outer edge of the rotor, wind two turns; carry the third By Loyd B. Gangawere TOOTH= PICK... COUPLER NOTCH’ In SHAFT Wy 16 GA. SHEET |’ 7 BRASS-*| 77 BEARING | v4 BRASS.” BEARING SPRING Details of the tuning unit with its two rotors, one of them bank wound turn back on top of and between the first two; drop down beside the second turn with the fourth; place the fifth beside the third, and so on across the one side of the rotor. When the middle is reached, the wire is cut off and pushed through a hole into the middle of the rotor. The other side of the rotor is then wound the same way, beginning at the outer edge and winding toward the center, and the end is pushed through another hole. The ends of the two half windings are soldered to- gether. Be sure to wind the second half so that the winding will be in the same direction as the first when the halves are soldered. The secondary is a single-layer coil with 25 turns on each side. The outer ends of the wires in each case are carried through holes to the inside of the rotors and are soldered to the ends of the short shafts, of which there are two for each rotor. The ends of the shafts project slightly on the inside. A Good Job of Tapping The primary consists of an insulating composition or shellacked cardboard tube 4 in. in diameter, 214 in. long, wound with No. 22 d.c.c. or s.c.c. wire, tapped every five turns. A good job of tapping may be made by winding four turns on the tube, then laying a toothpick or sliver of wood diagonally across the winding and the un- wound part of the tube, carrying the fifth turn over it, the next four under, the next one over, and so on across the tube. The raised wires will be found very convenient for soldering the connections, and the wind- ing will be neater and tighter than is possible when taps are made by twisting out loop leads. In wiring the set, the connections with the secondary and tickler are made by soldering springs to the bearing standards, as shown. While this coupler works very well with almost any tickler hook-up, I am describing the hook-up that seems to me to give the best results. It is very selective and not particularly critical as to either plate or filament voltage. With my dry-cell tubes I have used all the way from 15 to 100 volts across the plate, generally using the higher plate voltages on the nearer stations. Referring to the hook-up, you will note that I have shown a .0005 variable con- denser across the primary. This is not necessary, but is an aid in tuning. The secondary variable condenser has a capacity of about .0005 mfd. and should have a three-plate Vernier shunted across it when fine tuning is desired. The .001 fixed condenser across the primary of the first transformer (or the phones, in case a detector only is used) seems to be a necessity if you wish to reach out long distances, while the condenser across the secondary is only of slight ad- vantage, and may be dispensed with. As to the arrangement of the set on the panel, the builder can suit himself. I have mounted several sets without primary con- densers on 6 by 24 in. panels, placing the coupler at the extreme left of the panel with the switch on the center line between and above the coupler dials. The second- ary condenser is placed about 4 in. to the ‘right of the secondary knob, and the rheo- CARBON o i) o Lac*” SHELF, PILE RHEO-. VERNIER.. =a COND. Panel layout for changing hook-ups easily stats and jacks occupy the right-hand end of the panel. For any one who wishes to try various hook-ups, the two-panel layout shown is excellent. It is only a matter of a few minutes’ time to change to any hook-up desired, as all the needed connections are brought out to binding posts. For experi- menting, this is just as convenient as a board mounted set. Rectifier for Charging Radio B Storage Batteries By Kenneth M. Swezey LL storage batteries require direct cur- rent for charging. In most city homes, however, alternating current is found be- cause it can be distributed by the electric light companies more easily than direct current. Therefore those who have radio sets or other appliances requiring small storage batteries have to carry their bat- teries to a charging station, unless some means is provided for reetifying the current at hand. Rectifiers of the Nodon, or electrolytic, type are the easiest for the amateur to con- How the rectifier is assembled and con- nected for ceeging a small radio B a storage ttery struct, although not very efficient for any but the smallest currents. Radio B bat- teries, or other batteries requiring but little current, can be readily charged with the rectifier to be described. The parts can be assembled at small expense and with little difficulty. The exact size of the parts used is not of great importance, but the dimersions men- tioned can be followed to advantage. Ob- tain a battery jar or other jar, 4 in. in diam- eter and 6 in. deep; one strip each of lead and aluminum about 1/16 in. thick, 2 in. wide, and 6 in. long; 4 binding posts; a (Turn to page 114) June

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nthly t Ssible t loop with le by lards, with ibing e the 1 not te or tubes Volts igher note con- - not The icity ve a vhen the the sed) 2ach nser ad- the ave 2on- the ane] een nd- the 1e0- June, 1923 HINK of your Radio receiving set as a kind of camera whose “film” is sensi- tive to sound waves in- stead of light. Developing this “film” into real“‘sound pictures” is the whole art of Radio usefulness and enjoyment. For this, no appara- tus has ever been evolved which gives results equal to those produced by Magna- vox Equipment. R2 Magnavox Radio ; (With 18-inch horn) This instrument is in- tended for those who wish the utmost in amplifying power; for clubs, hotels, dance halls, large audi- ences, etc. It requires only .6 of an ampere for the field. Price $60.00 R3 Magnavox Radio (With 14-inch horn) As illustrated The ideal instrument for use in homes, offices, amateur stations, etc. Same in principle and construc- tion as Type R2. Price $35.00 Model C Magnavox Power Amplifier As illustrated For use with the Mag- navox Radio and insures getting the largest possible power input. AC-2-C, 2-stage, $55.00 AC-3-C, 3-stage, $75.00 Magnavox Reproducers and Power Amplifiers can be used with any receiving set of good quality. With- out Magnavox, no receiv- ing set is complete. ese two devices have revolutionized ‘Radio’ The Magnavox Reproducer and the Magnavox Power Amplifier HE efficiency of Magnavox Radio apparatus is best realized by comparison with other in- struments constructed on less modern scientific principles. Magnavox products can be had of good dealers everywhere. Send for cepy of unusual booklet. The Magnavox Co., Oakland, California New York: 370 Seventh Avenue IAGNAVOX. Radio She Reproducer Sujoreme a a >

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ae ELT ENT LET EOE LS NBT | SER eet oe RUTTEN Wnts Se mS a SROENS eS nes + en rege ogee Popular Science Monthly By J. Edgar Mitchell Huntsville, Ala. (Awarded First Prize of $30 in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S Contest, ‘‘How I Got that Better Job’’) N MARCH, 1903, I launched my career with the Central Foundry and Machine Works, an enter- prising concern; doing a general repair business, as well as manu- facturing a line of woodworking machinery and gasoline and steam engines. I entered as a ma- chinist appren- tice at $2.50 a week with a $1 raise every six months. My first aim was to be an efficient ma- chinist, and my first job was cleaning foundry castings. Looking ahead, I began to wonder how a man could advance, and, after a few weeks’ experience, I formed the following practical conclusions, which I still consider valuable in instructing my boys today. l Never pay too much attention to * starting and quitting time. I have always considered it worth while to get to the shop in time to look over and plan my work for the day and I never neglected a job because quitting time was approaching. 2 Show a willingness to do things others * dislike. 3 Find the quickest and best way of ¢ doing things. J. Edgar Mitchell Your time is val- uable. 4 Learn your ¢ job first and then the man’s ahead of you. You'll be apt to get it. 5 Never ask ¢ for a raise. Qualify your- self, and your employer, if he is the right kind of an em- ployer, will.do the rest. Keep a * cool head atall times. You are certain to be “balled out” more than once. With these ideas clearly in my mind I worked and observed as I worked. On Sundays I would clean out the engine room and keep everything around our How I Rose from $2.50 a Week to $300 a Month boiler and engine room in tiptop shape. The boss liked this and put me in full charge of engine and boiler. However, I had to do this work on Sunday. I decided to paint the boiler front and all pipe lines one Sunday and when I got to the engine room, with a gallon bucket of paint on the ladder and the ladder on an oily floor, everything was blank for a few minutes and then everything was black. It was a job to get things in shape for Monday, but the boss admired my work and had a good laugh at my accident. Later on I was put on machine work and I began to borrow the boss’s books, learning all I could about tools and grinding them. I would often go over and sit with him evenings. Shortly I was put in charge of the apprentice boys, seven in all. I taught **I began to bor- row the boss’s ooks . Shortly T was put in charge of the apprentice WPL 114A Mp atte orld hagrey them how to grind their tools and how to get along without so much help. Some of my jobs were hard and required a lot of thinking, and often I had to do them in quick time—hard ones, such as turning the main bearings on a large steam engine without removing the shaft from engine. I won a first prize by sending a sketch of this job to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY in 1920, and a second prize for straightening a large steel connecting rod about 18 ft. long by heating and dropping on cross ties. Other awkward jobs were boring large flywheels in the engine room with a portable cylinder boring machine, and the babbitting of large main bearings with wooden mandrels and boring them with a portable cylinder boring machine. After I finished my apprenticeship, I was appointed foreman and also received several raises in wages before they were due. About this time I began to receive flattering offers from other concerns and it was quite a temptation to accept them, but my train- ing was not complete and hence my learn- ing capacity not so much as it would become. After remaining with this concern twelve years, I entered the automobile machinery business for myself. At present I am Di- rector of Service for L. Schiffman & Co., Dodge Brothers’ dealers for northern Alabama. I have had a wide range of experi- ence and my salary has ranged from $2.50 a week to $300 a month, but the esteem and confi- dence that the machine world places in me and my judgment have been as well worth striving for as the better job. Qualify yourself, render proficient serv- ice, and you will get that better job. Wins that Better Job by Designing Worm Gears By James Ellis Memphis, Tenn. (Awarded Second Prize of $20 in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S Contest, ‘‘How I Got that Better Job’’) Y OPPORTUNITY for a better job came in a small shop, as shops are measured today. The office force was one man, and he was the proprietor. There were three or four machinists, including myself. While our equipment was by no means new, it served the purpose well, and we had almost everything we needed. The policy of the shop was to tackle any- thing that there was any chance of handling successfully. This was possible because we had only the best of mechanics and could find a way to do the things that the other shops would not try. That was how we happened to get the worm gear job; the other shops sent Hawkins to us. Now, a worm gear looks to be a simple thing, yet the problem that Hawkins put up to us stumped all of us for a time. The boss went at the calculations as if it were a spur gear, and _ got along all right until it came to the threading of the worm. Old man Horace, to whom we put all the hard prob- lems, tried it for half a day, but threw up his hands in disgust. I remembered that in a hand- book I had re- cently purchased there were several pages devoted to worms and worm wheels. That. night I read them through and it was all] clear as day- (Turn to page 82) James Ellis . Patent II-7-05, Pending and ent Any oth

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ve ld er ve he le it Mutual Conductance The Correct Rating for Vacuum Tubes Gas Engines are rated by their horsepower—Electric Generators are rated by their watt or kilowatt output—Mazda Lamps are rated by their candle-power. All of these factors actually express the efficiency of the article for the purpose intended. In the past vacuum tubes have been known merely as Detectors .and Amplifiers. These terms indicated only the use for which the tube was nt, but in no way expressed its efficiency for either of these purposes. Though little known to the general public, there is a factor—MUTUAL CONDUCTANCE—which adequately and ac- curately expresses the efficiency of vacuum tubes. The new Cunning- C-301-A has the highest value of mutual conductance ever obt¢ inar g tube, and it is this factor that is responsible for its superior operation as an Amplifier. te . se y 3 ek 3 = .™ . Fe 5 \ ~ ie " —_ > ay siaxea : Snaitsy ; : ‘e é : fe « . Z # bs bon 2 Cem the standard tube for all makes of receiving sets For the assistance of the public, in obtaining true musical quality and actual reproduction in broadcast reception, this company will, from time to time, issue Service Bulletins explaining in a clear and simple manner the most important technical features that must be observed in the selection and operation of radio apparatus. Cunningham Service Bulletin No. 1 explains the use of the fact or mutual con- ductance as the standard rating for vacuum tubes. The information it con- tains should be thoroughly known to every owner of a radio set who is inter- ested in obtaining maximum efficiency with a given number of vacuum tubes. This bulletin will be mailed to you, free of charge, upon request. Write for Bulletin 1-P explaining the uses and advantages of the term Mutual Conductance wee as the correct rating for Vacuum Tubes Cunningham C-301 A Improved Amplifier Now $6.50 Filament Current 4 Amp,, Mutual Conductance—600 micrombos at 100 volts plate and 6 volts neg. grid potential _P Sea@e Cunningham tubes are atent Notice: covered by patents dated: 9 II-7-05, 1-15-07, 2-18-08, and others issued and ¢ Pending. Licensed for amateur, experimental : and entertainment use in radio communication. Any other use will be an infringement. Home Office: ~ 248 First Street San Francisco, Calif. The trade mark GE is the guarantee of these qual- ity tubes. Each tube is built to most rigid speci- fications. e Eastern Representative: 154 West Lake Street Chicago, II}linois

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Sa Sin ce a a RR Cae oe riper, mat aN e —~ whens Popular Science M onthly | | DYBRIE MARINE MOTORS. 997/50 Complete You can save money by install- ing a DuBrie in that new boat of yours—or in your old one. Save money in its low first cost, in its upkeep and in its economy of fuel consumption! Insure motor re- liability! Forget the annoyances of motor vibration! These and many other features of DuBrie power are explained in our new catalog. Adopted by the builders of ‘‘Miss America”’ Chris. Smith & Sons Boat Co. of Algonac, Mich., use the DuBrie motor in their 18 foot stock runabout. You can build this identical boat from complete set of plans fur- nished free with every motor. (Plans alone $15.) Specifications of ‘‘The World’s Most Flexible Marine Motor’’ Designed by Stanley R. DuBrie, a name famous on marine motors for 25 years. 1 cylin- der, 4 cycle, 5 H. P.; Bosch magneto with im- pulse starter or battery system, optional; hot spot manifold; 2-blade weedless or 3-blade regular propeller, optional; 44 Ford parts can be used for servicing; Holley or kingston carburetor, optional; 10 hours on 3 gallons of gasoline; 7 to 10 miles per heur; waterproof; weight, 100 pounds. Send now for your copy of complete catalogue! Dealers! Boatbuilders! Write for our special proposition! DUBRIE MARINE MOTORS 7458 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich. LOUISIANA DISTRIBUTORS Stauffer Eshelman & Co., Ltd., New Orleans, La. BETTER SHOP METHODS | —————__ Wins a Better Job by Designing Gears (Continued from page 80) light. I figured out what was wanted and drew it on a scrap of paper to show it to the boys in the morning. The boss was skeptical about it, but said that since I was the only one who was sure he was right, they would try my scheme. It worked, and I had the pleasure of explain- ing the method used. This particular problem should have caused no trouble. It would not have been any trouble at all had we been a little more prepared for those things that are likely to come into any shop. The center distance of the worm and its wheel was not fixed, although it was to be between 3 and4in. The inventor specified the pitch of the teeth, 34 in., and the diam- eter of the worm, 244 in. The ratio was to be between 40 and 45 to 1. In arriving at the dimensions of the worm and gear I first laid out the worm and the given center distance on a sheet of paper. The diameter of the worm was given, so it was necessary to see if the desired ratio could be had with the given center dis- tance. The pitch diameter of the worm was taken as 2 in., which gave a well propor- tioned tooth. The closest center distance, 3 in., gave a pitch diameter of 4 in. for the wheel, which, multiplied by 3.1416 and divided by the pitch, gave 33 % teeth. Not enough teeth. The widest permissible center distance, 4 in., gave a 6-in. pitch diameter for the wheel, which would have been right for 50 teeth. About midway between would give the correct ratio and 3 )% in. was selected as the center distance. This gave a pitch diameter of 5 in. and 42 teeth on the wheel, fulfilling all the requirements, A section of the worm wheel was carefully drawn, and the diameters for turning the blank were scaled from the drawing (Fig. 1). Needless to say, my ability to give Hawkins his worm and gear put me in good standing with him. . The machine he was developing required a number of worms and wheels in its makeup, so he would come to me for the data. I figured single thread and double thread wheels and even a triple thread wheel for him. The boys in the shop would give me the laugh, though, when I would give Hawkins ois FIG 3 Fig. 1 is the first worm gear Mr. Ellis designed, and Figs. 2, 3, and 4 illustrate the tricky grooved gear some figures and then in a few days he would come around the shop with a blue print showing the worm and wheel I had figured, but with the notation in the cor- ner, “John Hawkins, Engineer.”” Had I not been so young, this might have worried me, but I bided my time, and in the end was rewarded. I was sent on a job that took several weeks. During this time Hawkins had ordered a wheel divided in the center, or rather, with a space where a rope could be wound (Fig. 2). I had explained my method carefully to the boys, so a wheel was made and the center portion then cut away. The result was anything but satis- factory. They had gone about the prob- lem in the right manner, but had not put the pitch line in the right place! Figure 3 shows how the teeth looked. Upon my return I made one with the pitch line where it belonged (at A instead of B), and the teeth looked about as in Fig. 4. Now, the result of all this was that when Hawkins felt that he should begin making his machines in his own shop, he came to me to take charge of the work. When I told the boys about my new position, which was considerably better paid, I asked them if they remembered when they laughed at me, and if they could remember the quotation about who laughs last. Standardizes Tool By L. Malkovsky New York City (Awarded Third Prize of $10 in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S Contest, ‘‘How I Got that Better Job’’) T THE age of A 14 I started to learn a trade. I landed a job in a machine shop — ex- actly what I wanted. After serving a year or two, I was given machine work. The foreman, an old gen- tleman, was my chief instructor, and he used both hands and L. Malkovsky Grinding System speech in training me in shop methods. In a few months I thought I knew quite a bit about grinding tools. Unknown to the foreman, I had obtained from other men in the department some of their points on grinding tools and-finally I was the master of about forty-nine different meth- ods of tool grinding. This excess knowledge put me in such a bad fix that for a long time I got a chill every time some one mentioned tool grinding to me. Even today such differences in practice exist and my experience is that a surprising number of mechanics do not grind their tools to what is considered standard form. Among the things I learned were that | tools should be gripped as short as possible, set flat in the toolpost, and be on the center line of the work. If tools are below the (Turn to page 84) A _

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Ve onthly rate ays he a blue- | I had he cor- Had I worried he end several 1s had iter, or uld be od my wheel en cut t satis- - prob- ot put gure 3 on my h line of B), 4 when aking me to hen I sition, id, = | they »mber June, 1923 J ae are mW 8 Btoeelesesiatha: ." ’ a the Sixth Sense of Industry * T the door of the blazing furnace where the molten metal runs like fiery broth; where the heat of great vats of boiling rubber requires exact regulation; where the cold of commerce matches the freezing Arctic, I stand guard. I watch over the manufacturing processes of Industry. Whatever its needs I am ready. Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week I indicate, regulate, and control temperatures. In me is gathered the science of the centuries. I have taken the guess out of manufacturing, I have made manufacturing in vast quantities possible. Iamamoney saverandatimesaver. [amas accurate as a chronometer, as sturdy as a steel safe. Industry lives by heat. I regulate and control the life of Industry. I am Tycos Temperature Control—the Sixth Sense of Industry. Fos Wall Thermometers To help you maintain a temperature in your house conducive to good health, Zycos Quality Compasses To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Your dealer will show them to you. Canadian Plant TYCOS BUILDING TORONTO CANADA Tyeos Stormoguide Forecasts the weather Tycos engineers have effected substantial economics for manu- facturers in every line of industry by applying this Tycos “sixth sense.” Whatever your problem in the indicating, recording or control- Tycos in the Home Tycos Office Thermometers An aid in promoting ling of heat, there is a Tycos Instrument to serve you. Write us for literature on any instrument or type of instru- ment and it will be sent promptly and ourengineers will advise you on its application in your plant. Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the twenty-four hours ahead with dependable © accu- racy. Fever Thermometers A necessity in every home. human efficiency. Tycos Hygrometer To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmos- phere in your home cor- rect at all times. most good from your bath, Tycos Home Set Bake Oven Thermometer Candy Thermometer. Sug- ar Meter. The secret of ac- curate results in cooking. Ask us, on a postal, for booklets on any of the above. Taylor Instrument Companies Main Office and Factory ROCHESTER, N.Y., U.S. A. Jos Optical Pyrometer Tycos lemperature/nstruments INDICATING - RECORDING »: CONTROLLING

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Send for this booklet—on New Tools by Brown & Sharpe The New Tools described in this booklet are de- signed with typical Brown & Sharpe skill to meet certain present-day require- ments of every mechanic and shop owner, Such up-to-date tools as a single micrometer measuring from 2" to 6", a complete line of Micrometers covering a range from 0 to 24", and a 6" rule of Stainless Steel are a few of the New Tools this booklet describes. These New Toolsare direct helps toward better workmanship— they will benefit every man or shop which uses them, Learn about these helpful tools— write for this booklet today. With the booklet we shall be glad to send our No. 28 Small Tool Cat- alog if requested. BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO. Providence, R.I., U.S. A. ‘The IRWIN BOR family ~and why It’s a long step from the primitive boring tool to the modern IRWIN Auger Bit, forged from a bar of steel with a solid center running from shank to screw point. And now IRWIN makes another important step by designing special cutting heads for each boring purpose, calling them The IRWIN Bor Family. Each member of this family is named to make it easy for you to select the bit you need. Here they are:— THE LABG WILMINGTON 0 Protection This Tag plus the IRWIN Trade Mark which is stamped on the shank of every IRWIN Bit, is your Guarantee of a uality Product design throughout to give the highest possible service. TAPBOR —for tapping trees. REAMBOR — for enlarging holes. Ask for this MAINBOR —the Head of'the Family,—a general pur- pose bit. SPEEDBOR CARBOR —for heavy timbers. SMOOTHBOR —for cabinet work. ENDBOR —for hard wood, SUREBOR —for speedy, rough work. READYBOR —a single cutter, easy to sharpen. The various members of the IRWIN Bor Family are made in the length of twist and style of shank needed for every wood boring job. Ask your Dealer for further particulars about this unusual family or write direct giving Dealer’s name. The Irwin Auger Bit Co. Wilmington, Ohio Ihe RWIN Bit meee 9 at Office BETTER SHOP METHODS Simple Tool Grinding System (Continued from page 82) center line, they will spring and the meta] will crowd on top and thus will cause chattering and undue strain on the tools, Whenever pos- sible, the tool should be so set in position that if it should move under the stress of the cut, it will -move away from. the work rather than into it, as shown in Fig. 1. This will save both the tool and the job. Some mechanics finish grinding their tools on the diameter of the grindstone, as at Fig. 2, but this leaves a weak tool. In defense of the practice they will argue that it is easier to keep a tool sharp by stoning it with an oilstone as well as cheaper than taking the tool out and regrinding it. I believe this to be an expensive method. The cutting edge has very little support, wears out rapidly, and often chips out. However, it is of some advantage in cutting soft metal such as Babbitt or white metal. | bo ee P| a Fig. 2. Weak tool & = -TOOLPOST CORRECT METHOL Fig. 1. Placing a tool properly Incidentally, finish grind- ing your tools on the sides of the grindstone. To get the best results from a boring tool, the cutting edge should be on the center line of the body of the bar or a trifle above, as shown in Fig. 3. This also allows a larger body boring tool to be used. Whenever new men are hired, it is cus- tomary to question them about grinding tools. They don’t like this; in fact, tool grinding is a sen- sitive question with most of them. If you criticize the shape of one of their tools, they say they always have ground it in that way and. ob- tained good re- sults. To overcome this difficulty, I laid out a tool chart with the shapes of tools and cutting and clearance angles for various materials. These tools are machine ground and kept in the tool crib. When a man needs a tool, he goes to the crib, selects the tool desired, asks for it by number and de- posits a check for it. The men are in- structed to try to follow the original angles and clearances in regrinding these tools so as to help in maintaining a standard form ly held (above) and rightly held (below) the workman returns a tool, it is expected to be in reasonably the same shape, but if it is changed in any radical way, the fore- man is notified by the crib man, and this provides an opportunity for the foreman to give further instructions to the particular mechanic who needs it most. Plain sense in working out this system was a big help in getting me a better position. Popular Science Monthly June, 19 Fig. 3. ten Apne horse i for the tools throughout the plant. When. —— time | prac' | cons' | Whe varie Tl mak colla thr to | can

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Monthly June, 1925

pes eeensaeessnaarnananasasianniea

ee im Ex cK BETTER SHOP METHODS pond esis Indicator Shows Changes of One Thirty-Thousandth Inch B* MOUNTING asteel lever 22 in. long, Since 1882 when L. S. Starrett Metal as shown, I was able to show on an first introduced a line of ; Cause indicator dial deflections as small as one —— ne — hmsioge 4 i tools, thirty-thousandth inch. In other words, na IE, > es a if one end of a steel parallel was one thou- | the: latest, and beit impeove- site sandth of an inch thicker than the other, | ‘enninits in webs ed ceeeeetest . the indicator would register 30 points while |}. - tools. You will find some i | thirty of the newest Starrett i DLPOST Tools fully described in the | : : new Revised Supplement and ‘(HOD Catalog No. 22 “W”. Write for it—we will mail you a cted pieces are drawn

ut if downward and | C~ fore- carry with them y this the work, holding man it securely on the NS STAINLESS cular ae parallel block or aK » Na Hardened \ PARALLEL blocks. — B. H. e> Aan and | was \, BLOCK-- ; KASPER, Philadel- 0 0 2 spmmeaamanes tion. “ss.VISE. JAWS--°7 phia, Pa. , Tempered _s

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hed ad 5 renee —vilierrneneeniannnnaen anon ene steweennlbautone nnn TPE IT NCI MEI PEE it PRE LER Seana APOE oan > NRDARRRIGE OSE og See ore aare enantio ee te rceaoteneeeinennnaneioie CAEL WNL NOS PE CEM ES se OEE ES ry a * Pg SIRO Pee —, ERE STARA TR METALL FTIR gS eA pee eS SF rae em See eee eee oa FREE A Vitalic Bike Cap to boys who will write for it ‘“Why Don’t You wear and wear for years. of-tires. And when such makers as Excelsior, Iver Johnson and others specify only Vitalics as standard equip- ment for their finest bicycles, is it any wonder that boys for years have preferred them. For real endurance no tires equal Vitalics. ‘“Tougher than Elephant Hide” is a slogan that thousands of boys have proven for themselves. Whether it is on the new bicycle, or for the old— insist on Vitalics. Continental 1962 Liberty Street se ‘‘Mine are Six Years Old” Boys tell us how their Vitalics resist punctures, and Stand the hard use that only boys know how to give tires. are the best evidence we have of Vitalic quality. Such records of service and long lasting qualities are the kind of proofs that count most with buyers Rubber Works VITALICS?” Their letters us see tianiici ait Erie, Pa. VITALIC TRADE MAAN REE STERED Bicycle Tires “ TOUGHER THAN ELEPHANT HIDE pe Catalog FREE! mB Seeders Send for the MONARCH Lathe Catalog— fully illustrated—every type Lathe up to 30 inches swing. Illustrated here is the MONARCH Jr. Lathe—an accurate, compact, trouble proof Lathe for Inventors, Experimenters, Mechanics and Auto Repairmen. Fully equipped—semi- quick change gear—auto. safety de- vices. $245 $9" lathe— 2% ft. bed— “ with bench legs Also built with bed lengths upto 5 feet. Made in 11 inch swing size too, at slightly higher price. THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL CO. 401 Oak Street SIDNEY, Ohio HAND and MOTOR OPERATED 14 Sizes of Machines What it costs to bend pipe our way. Per bend. ke 1’’ pipe 5 cents 4’’ pipe 25 cents 2’’ pipe 10 cents 6°’ pipe 60 cents , 8’’ pipe $1.00 a Popular Science M onthly as Send for Catalogue. AMERICAN PIPE BENDING MACHINE CO. 51 Peari St. Boston, Mass. RN MONFY | DAS NOME YOU can make $15 to $60 weekly in your spare time writing show cards. No canvassing or soliciti We instruct you by our new simple Ginteannae system, pay you cash each week and guarantee you at d work, Write for full particulars and free et. WEST-ANGUS SHOW CARD SERVICE LIMITED Authorized Capital $1,250,000.00 63 Colborne Building Toronto, Can, BETTER SHOP METHODS Scale Holders Simplify Marking Long Lines on Shafting A SCALE held in two simple fixtures, as illustrated, simplifies the work of scribing long lines on shafts for fixed or feathered keyseats or similar purposes, The scale or straight edge can be of any suitable width or length, and the attach- ments are two cylindrical sections of stee] about 214 in. long for ordinary work, and longer for large work. Each is slotted accurately at right angles to the main axis and tapped for a setscrew. To lay off a keyway, the holders are clamped on a scale in such a way that they automatically gage the distance from the CYLINDRICAL STEEL HOLDERS ~...----""" CLAMP SCREW-.._ «4 These scale holders save time in scribing shafts for long keyseats edge of the key slot to the outside of the shaft. This distance is obtained by divid- ing in two the shaft diameter, less the width of the keyway. When the first line has been scribed, the second is obtained by setting the dividers to the width of the key, placing the tool at that distance on the opposite side of the shaft and scribing the lines. This method will serve for drawing an accurate line many feet in length.—G. A. LUERS. Heating Hot Water in the Shop A STEAM operated hot water heater for the shop can be made quite easily by any one who is handy with a pipe wrench. The construction is as shown. The steam and water pressure should be about the same, so that the steam and water will enter Rae the condensing CHECK VALVE ----->g chamber uni- formly. Should there be more than 10 lbs. dif- ference, the con- trol valve on the steam or water is choked down in order to reduce the pressure. The moment the hot water faucet is opened, Details of the water heatesr the check valves on the steam and water line open; and when it is closed, they check against each other. There is, therefore, no waste of condensation and the condensing chamber never gets hot. The device operates best in an upright position. If 1-in. pipe is used with 34-in. 3 a is PIPE~ 4 COPPER -- 78 | 4 CFT LONG TUBING— | 5 FT.LONG i mates ef WATER CONDENSATION; 4} SPIGOT | OUTLET REDUCING , COUPLING tubing inserted inside, practically the same , results will be obtained as when the larger pipe is used. A heater constructed in this way will serve 3¢-in. spigots. Several of these water heaters have been in constant use for a year and have proved quite satisfactory. H. W. PARKHAM. ela thr pla tig! stu the Wi the ta] of ral ly) ee ee a a

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* ing of the divid- ss the d, the viders e tool of the ethod many Shop eater easily pipe n. ld be . and enter nsing uni- hould more . dif- con- n the water down duce ment vater ened, alves eam osed, e is, and dt. ‘ight 4-in. ame | rger this een ved June, 1923

BETTER SHOP METHODS

Quick-Acting Dog Speeds Up Production on Lathe HEN a number of pieces of the same size are to be turned down in the lathe, the lathe dog illustrated will prove a time saver. This one was made from a shaft collar, slotted and drilled to take the eccentric jig

DRIVING ECCENTRIC JIG CLAMP

No wrench is required for tightening this operated, quick-acting eccentrically lathe dog clamp shown. The driving stud is a threaded piece of stock fastened to the face- plate with two nuts and washers. The operator does not need a wrench to tighten the dog or to take it off; the driving stud tightens the clamp on the work, and the heavier the cut the tighter the grip. When the work is finished, it is turned on the centers to clear the stud and a light tap on the clamp releases it. The use of this dog has been the means of a piecework operator’s increasing his rate materially.—S. A. MCDONALD, Brook- lyn, N. Y.

Screw Chuck for Wood Lathe HIS screw chuck for wood turning has the great advantage that the screw always is held firm and true and can be changed in about a minute when it be- comes worn or broken. Four of these chucks that I have made at various times for my own use have proved most satis- factory. The flange of the cast iron attachment is 4 in. in diameter and 3¢ in. thick; the body of it is turned to a size to suit the collar on the lathe and threaded to fit the spindle loosely. The steel plug that holds the head of the No. 16 wood screw can be ex- Section of chuck with tended, if desired, renewable screw so that the square head projects far enough to be turned with an ordinary wrench. Commercial chucks usually have a large screw tightened in place with a punch, so that when the screw becomes worn it is

| difficult to get in another screw and fasten it rigidy.—A. P. HOWELL,- Pacific Grove, Calif.

Bending Brags or Copper Pipe ees brass or copper pipe or tub- ing is facilitated by using a pipe tee | attached to a length of pipe, which serves | asa handle. The tubing is run through the tee, which serves as a bending tool.—F. B. |

Keep ’Em Running _ With NICHOLSON FILES Make summer touring, motorcycling and motor boating carefree, hence more enjoyable, by carrying the proper Files in your tool kit.

\ \ N\\ \ \ N\\ LOO AN \ \ \ Ln \\ SOO \\ \ //) ANY AY ( — a \ IAI (\\ Other tools are necessary, of course. But so many emer- gencies may be met —ill fit- ting parts adjusted, ignition connections made with NICHOLSON Files—that ex- pert mechanics rely upon them. And there’s' a NICHOLSON <File for every purpose — Your dealer will advise which and how many you need OL Sosy USA. (TRADE MARK Use a NICHOLSON Tungsten Point File to cut the super- hard metals in_ electrical systems. A NICHOLSON Fiat Bastard File belongs in every automo- bile repair kit. A NICHOLSON Half-Round File is handy for fitting parts. NICHOLSON FILE G PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND

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vyne nectar teasn ee ar ie NN I A ree vy a mage eecvome nye rane seen 1rore tg A Le PSPS EARL ON IS A ATE LO NOE ITI PO “T thought the ‘YANKEE’ No. 30 was the perfect Screw-driver —but the ‘YANKEE’ Quick Return No. 130 improves on , a 6 Saale): ee perfection”’ That’s what a foreman car- penter said about this new “YANKEE” Spiral Ratchet Screw-driver. Spring in handle brings it back automatically for next push. Holds bit in screw slot. . Fine for cramped places or one-hand jobs. .Right- and left- hand ratchets and rigid. Fur- nished with 3 sizes of bits. No. 130 Standard Size (illustrated) No. 131 Heavy Pattern No. 135 Light Pattern ““YANKEE”’ Tools Dealers everywhere sell Write for Free Tool Book I'lustrations and descriptions tell all about the entire line of ingenious “YANKEE” Tools that save your time and vour muscles. NORTH BROS. MFG. CO., Philadelphia, U.S. A. "YANKEE" TOOLS « Make BettOv Mechanicy’ THE HOME WORKSHOP a ——. New Motorboats from Old _ by Capt. E. Armitage M*Cann The second of the three articles of Captain McCann’s instructive series AVING fixed up the stern of our H dilapidated boat, as_ described last month, we shall now have a look at the bows. The deck of this boat is level, except for the slight sheer rising to both ends; but she will look more comely and be a better seaboat if we raise the bows from 1 to 1% ft. This will give them a good flare, so that when diving into a head sea, the boat will throw the water on one side, thus keeping it off the fore deck and from the cabin. Although a small boat, we want her to be able on occasion to go out to sea, no matter what the weather. This will not be so difficult. First, the two upper planks will have to be removed to the nearest butts, or, if there is none handy, to where joints can be made. Save these pieces to replace, or, if in bad condi- tion, to use as patterns for new pieces. Next, the stem will be lengthened by scarfing on a new piece of oak as shown at 1 in the illustration on the next page. The top part of the joint starts below the deck level. The stopwater, shown at 2, is hardly necessary here but is useful in under- water joints that cannot be satisfactorily calked. It consists of a hole bored across the crack of the joint and filled in with a soft wooden plug, which swells and prevents leakage. This piece must be very firmly bolted on, the boltheads being countersunk on the outside and the holes filled with wooden dowels. Always use washers under all nuts. Extension ribs will now have to be cut. Make the after pair first, fix them in posi- Fi -. 1. The bows are raised by splicing a new piece to the stem, ing extension ribs and planking. steam chest at the left tion by bolting them to the existing frames (ribs), then tack some laths onto the stem and the ribs on one side, to get the desired shape for the flare, and, using these as a mold, cut templets from thin wocd at the positions the intermediate frames will take. From these templets cut your frames from oak in pairs. It does not pay to make these frames by hand; get some one with a jig or band saw to cut them for you. See Note the homemade that they extend well down the old frames to which they are to be bolted. The old planks will now be replaced and the rest of the sides built up. This is not too easy a job, but with the aid of some thin wood for patterns and a steam box, any amateur can do it. Divide the height of the last frame into the number of planks to be used, according to their width, divide the space on the stem into the same num- ber of parts, tack a piece of thin wood on the outside of the last plank laid, mark off on it the line of joint and the depth fore and aft, as at 3, Fig. 2, and from this cut your new plank. Unless it is very flexible, it will have to be steamed before it will go on. The simplest form of steam box, as at 4, is four planks some 2 in. thick by, say, 7 ft. long and 12 in. wide. Nail these together in the form of a box, but before putting the last plank on, nail some light battens across the inside, so that two or more planks may rest on them, allowing the steam to circulate. From two short ends make plugs to fill in the ends, one to be removable. Calk all the joints. Get a piece of flexible steam pipe of a size to go over, or in, the bunghole of an old oil drum, the other end fitting into a hole in the bottom of your box. Fill the drum two thirds with water, and place it over a fire of any kind, the steam box being sup- ported over it and the two joined by the steam pipe. Leave the plank to be bent in the box from one to two hours, according to thickness, meanwhile shaping the plank for the other side in a similar manner. On examining the ends of the other re- maining planks where they meet the stem, we find that some cf them are rather shaky and many of the nails do not hold, but that they are not bad enough to need re- moving, if we can strengthen the joints. There is one plank, however, that is split away back; it will have to come out. So we cut it away from the stem, not minding how much we maul it, so long as we do not harm tke stem or neighboring planks. Then we ease it away from the planks above and below, being careful of the ribs as we proceed. That is, if it is fastened with turned over nails, we straighten them or cut the ends off, drive them back and remove them before doing any prying. If this plank has a butt, we will go back to it; if not, we will make one, remembering that a butt always comes just between two frames, and that one must not be above another unless Popular Science Monthly June, 1 ys = there : The cutting two e! made t lap; tl leaves hind t of oak plank both — Ha’ requil bows, with mont 96. | ends toget may and SCI ee ee ee ee as

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nthly eee a es

ot oO mvs or ee 8 = (Dome OD bee i i, June, 1925 —<—<—

THE HOME WORKSHOP

there are at least two planks between. The detail at 5 shows the method of cutting a butt.in fairly thin planks. The two ends are fastened and a saw cut is made through both planks where they over- lap; this ensures their meeting evenly and leaves just enough space for calking. Be- hind the butt there is a strengthening piece of oak from frame to frame, the depth of the plank and about the same thickness. To this both ends are securely nailed or riveted. Having put in this and any other planks required and completed building up the bows, we will strengthen the stem joints with a facing piece, as described last month, and shown at 6 in Fig. 3 on page 96. It fits snugly onto the stem and the ends of the planks, thus binding them together. A heavy piece of tarred paper may be placed with advantage under it, and in fact this is a good plan to adopt SCARF JOINT STEAM BOX

Lis BOARD FOR TEMPLET Fig. 2. How to splice the stem, make a ae Bi joint, construct a steam ion and lay the planking CLAMP" "LINE OF TOP PLANK with all joints; it keeps water out and is a preservative. If there is any doubt about the stem being strong enough to stand the buffeting of the sea and possible knocks into docks and other craft, a piece of oak may be fitted inside the stem and the planks nailed to it before putting on the outside plate. If the stem is in pretty good shape, a piece of brass shaped to fit round the bow and screwed onto the ends of the planks may be sufficient. Our boat has a number of loose looking butts. In the majority of cases this is only protruding calking, which we will dig out and then rub some paint in and recalk. Where they seem shaky, they will have to be fixed up. As a rule, a few brass screws will accomplish this, or possibly a piece half lapped over the butt will serve; but to do this you will either have to remove the nails or punch them halfway through the plank, reclinching on the inner side. The half lap should be about half the length of the strengthener inside, as at 7, Fig. 3. The diagram at 8 simply shows the usual construction of a stem and the joints to watch carefully for signs of rot. Another detail always to be observed in connection with stems is the shape of the rabbet for the ends of the planking, shown at 11. Every seam will have to be tested and recalked after all loose paint, putty, and cotton or oakum have been dug out. Spun cotton can be bought for this purpose and is the best for small boats. The butts must be calked first. Sufficient

Fun,—with Education! There’s nothing like having a “hobby” when it leads to worth-while results. The use of Tools gives you that mental rest so necessary after hours of hard study. The training of doing well any job you tackle is admirable discipline. The use of Good ’ Tools is bound to make a good craftsman. Stanley Tool Assortments The same tools that carpenters have used for years are now sold in Cabinets, Chests and Boxes. No. 904 Cabinet is shown here. Ask any hardware merchant to show you this cabinet, or write for Folder “7-F” illustrating many Stanley Tool Assortments. THE STANLEY RULE & LEVEL PLANT THE STANLEY WORKS, NEW BRITAIN, CONN. New York Chicago San Francisco Los Angeles Seattle STANLEY TOOLS

(Turn to page 90)

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**Red Devil’? Pliers made in 100 styles—one for every need. Known and used the world over. Style No. 1024—61% inch shown abcoe, $1.00. Red Devil Auger Bit The Harder the Wood The Faster It Cuts HE “RED DEVIL”’ cuts twice as fast as or- dinary auger bits.

You don’t have to push the “Red Devil” Bit to make it go througha piece of oak as quickly as an or- dinary bit will cut into soft pine.

The special con- struction of the worm makes thebit take hold quickly and strongly. It pulls itself into the wood in tractor fashion. The bit has a single scorer and just one cut- ting lip. This re- duces the friction fully one half. The one cutting lip takes up a chip twice as big as any ordinary double lip bit. The “Red Devil’? Au- ger Bit saves time be- cause it cuts fast — won’t clog—bores straight and true with or against the grain of any wood. “Red Devil’’ Auger Bit No. 2400—made in 20 sizes, from 3/16 to 24/16ths. Onsale at all good hardware dealers. If not in stock, send dealer’s name and 75c for a sample bit No. 2400, size 10/16ths.

The ‘‘Red Devil’’ mechan- ic’s tool booklet willl help you select the tools best suited for your particular purpose —send for it—it’s free. SMITH & HEMENWAY CO., Inc. Manufacturers of ‘‘Red Devil’’ Tools 264 Broadway New York, N. Y.

“Red Devil’? Glass Cutters—the glaziers’ standard tools of the world. “It’s all in the wheel.” Made in 40 styles. No.024 shown below, 204

Popular Science Monthly

THE HOME WORKSHOP

New Motorboats from Old (Continued from page 89) cotton should be used in the first place to fill the seam to about half its depth. If the seams are at all wide, this is done by loop- ing the cotton as you go along, as at 9. Having made a firm bed of this, the cracks should be given a coat of paint and then puttied level with the surface. Only the best white-lead putty should be used, and if it is required to dry very quickly, a little NAILING PIECE PROPER WAY OF CALKING

A 10 RIGHT WAY TO CUT RABBET |] ~ new sion lock plan one to h had

sky set ma eas wit ne? suc TI ap an we tee & 6 es ©

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nthly June, 1925 Ly ————, | THE HOME WORKSHOP New Motorboats from Old (Coninued from page 90) having rounded edzes along the top and down the after end to the gunwale. {f more work can be done on the boat, it is better to cut tne existing deck away at the level of the fore end of the cabin, erecting there a bulkhead, and rebuilding the deck at the level of the top of your new ribs. This will make a roomy exten- sion to the cabin and, forward of that, a locker for the chain and stores. If this plan is adopted, it will be necessary to cut one or more portholes for light. The rims to hold the glasses, whether to open or not, had better be bought ready made. As an addition or alternative, a little skylight can likewise be bought or made to set on the deck. If made, it will have to be a very nice piece of teakwood or perhaps mahogany joinery, as it must be strong, easily opened, yet watertight when shut. It is getting dark, so we will go home with a good appetite for supper, and in the next issue attend to the inside fittings and such like of our little ship. The third and last articlein this series will appear in the July issue.—THE EDITOR. Nailing Angular Joints HEN building a small, flat bottom duck boat, I found it quite diffi- cult to nail the bot- tom boards without having the nails go through one side or other of the thin planking. To over- come this, I cut a piece of 2 by 2 in. stock at one end to an angle equal to the angle made by the sides and bottom. Then, by holding the nail against this angular face, as shown, I was able to drive it in without a mishap. This idea can be adopted for any work where nails must be driven accurately at an angle.—ARTHUR M. SAmp, Milwaukee, Wis. The block serves as a nailing guide Spring and Paddle Keep Cement and Enamel Cans Covered ANS of tire cement, enamel, shellac, and other expensive fiuids are fitted with lids to prevent evaporation, but the lids are apt to be forced off by the pressure of expanding vapor. A simple means to prevent this is to use a coilspring and prop, as shown in the accompany- ing illustration, at the rear of the bench or shelf on which the cans or- dinarily are placed when left over- night or when not being used. Holes are drilled at heights to suit various containers and of a size to take rather loosely the small end of a paddle shaped piece of wood. The coiled spring holds down the paddle firmly on the lid, and, if the lid is missing, the wood itself will serve in place of “.—sS. M. C. ‘ HOLES DRILLED TO SUIT HEIGHT OF CANS BOARD This lid keeps volatile liquids covered Mr. Punch says: “‘A work bench without a good vise 1s almost as Jacking in equip- ment as a saw without a han- dle.”’ Bench Vise No. 168 Price, $7.40 Want two more hands? HEN put this Goodell-Pratt Vise on your work bench. It’s the equiva- lent of having two more hands, for it will hold any piece of work tight and rigid. The only bench vise made with two- guide-rod construction. These steel guide- rods are pressed into the movable steel jaws and run in long reamed holes back under the small anvil. Jaws open 2% inches. Weight 10 pounds. Iron parts are finished in red and black enamel; steel parts are polished. Other tools for amateur mechanics No matter what kind of work you want to do, no matter what the job, you'll find somewhere in the Goodell-Pratt line of 1500 Good Tools, the very tool made for that specific kind of work. The design, workmanship, and finish of all Goodell-Pratt tools make them splen- did investments for men who love good tools. Write for Catalog No. 15. Illustrates and describes the Goodell-Pratt line. You ought to have a copy. GOODELL-PRATT COMPANY Teamith Greenfield, Mass., U. S. A. GOODELL PRATT 1500 GOOD TOOLS

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nemo ayes ema pete ements: ee ST a aa = soa ea ATKINS , METAL CUTTING Atkins ‘“‘Non-Breakable’’ Hack Saw Blades “Best Hack Saw Blade I Ever Used ”’ That’s what you’ll say if you'll try an Atkins ‘“‘Non-Breakable” Blade in your hack saw frame, next time you have a difficult job of metal cutting. With these blades you can cut faster and easier, and avoid losses due to blade breakage. They are made of specially selected steel and tempered by an exclusive gas and oil process which gives them a_ harder, keener cutting edge and a tougher more flexible back. That’s the reason these blades have greater cutting capacity, hold their edge longer, and do not break. Prove it for yourself. Tell us what metal you cut, enclose ten cents and we'll send you a sample blade. Saws for Every Use When you need a hand saw, circular saw, band saw, pruning saw, metal-cutting machine, or any saw for cutting wood or metal—there’s an Atkins product that will save time, money and labor. ‘Write for our free booklets on the saws you require. Handy Book on Saws Sent You FREE formation. helpful. NOW! E.C. ATKINS & CO., Inc., Dept. D-20, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. Makers of Silver Steel Saws and Tools Send for It A 32 page book that’s full of | practical suggestions on metal- | cutting, and general shop in- | Every man who buys or uses saws will find it Send for it NOW. Just write your name and address on the margin of this page and mail it to us. | prints. THE HOME WORKSHOP aes Your Home dies Pay Large Dividends HENEVER you are planning a new project in your home workshop, it | will pay you to consult .the ever-growing ' list of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY blue- These represent the finest, clearest, what counts. Thumbnail sketches of the Home Work- spew erepeee for which blueprints have already been issued. See coupon below. and most practical set of working details for the home worker that has ever been published. Working with method and system is If you plan your work right, you can make your home workshop pay surprisingly large dividends, both in satis- faction and in money saved. And proper planning involves choosing problems that are worth while making and making them from a fully detailed and accurate drawing. Coupon for Ordering Blueprints Blueprint Service Dept. Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th St., New York GENTLEMEN: Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, I have checked below, for which I in- ae cents in stamps or coin: No. Title Price ge | eer asc (3 2. Smoking Cabinet..... ........ zsc (2 3. Book Trough End Table... ..25¢ O 4. 30-ft. Monoplane Glider.......50c¢ © S. Bitehen Cabinet. ............ 25c 6. V. T. Radio Receiving Set..... aoc «6 8. Shaving Cabinet............. 25c O 9. Arbor with Gate and Seats..... aoc «(63 a 250 11. Bench and Tilt-Top Table..... 25c O 12. Electric Washing Machine..... 25c. Re, re 25¢ O 14. Toy Train, Horse, and House..25c (© 15. Home Workshop Bench...... ae | 16. Inlaid Radio Cabinet......... 25e O 17. Cedar and Mahogany Chest...25c © 18. Telephone Table and Stool..... a 19. Grandfather’s Clock.......... 2s¢ ae Br 25c O 21. Colonial Writing Desk........ 2sc¢ 22. Girl’s Cabinet and Desk....... 25c¢ G Ra ein Adaraee .. .... 6 cess 25c O 24. Gateleg Table............... 2c OO ee ei Chu cinw. pay pieininiee Kes (Please print) RE C6 Gs SEERA SI Cun mb A bles OO ee wa Sd dee ES eee = GET A HOBBY MAKE MODELS Start a Home Workshop “Model Making,” by R. F. Yates, de- scribes the construction of gas-model engines, steam-engines, locomotives, boats, dynamos, turbines, railroads, guns, etc. Thirty chap- ters are devoted to models of various nature. It will help you to become a better me-- chanic. It will help you to do hard soldering, soft soldering, lathe work, tempering, drilling, pattern-making, etc. This isa book every amateur or professional mechanic and model maker should have. “Model Making" describes real engi- neering models, not toys. 400 Pages, 300 Illustrations. Practical, complete, easily understood. Price, Post- paid, $3.00 Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York —————————— TWENTIETH CENTURY Book of Recipes, Formulas and Processes This book of 800 pages is the most complete Book of Recipes ever published, giving thousands of recipes for the manu- facture of valuable articles for every-day use. Hints, Helps, Pracfical Ideas and Secret Processes covering every branch of the useful arts are given. 10,000 Practical Formulas—The Best Way to Make Everything A book to which you may turn with confi- dence that you will find what you are looking for. A mine of information, up-to-date in every respect. Contains an immense number of formulas that every one ought to have that are not found in any other work. Price $4.00 Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York furni can | parti finisk tive builc well

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nthly es a . June, 1923 — THE HOME WORKSHOP Building a Gateleg Table without Difficult Cabinet Work T= building of a gateleg table is one of the most interesting problems in furniture construction the home worker can undertake. It does not involve any particularly difficult cabinet work and the finished table almost always has a decora- tive quality that is in excess of what the builder expected. Few types of table, indeed, combine so well the useful and the decorative as gate- / \ Gateleg i ne ‘\ table as q x simplified \ for con- ' ' | struction = | in the \ —a_! home . Sonera are 7 workshop 25 leg tables. They serve particu'arly well in odd places as occasional tables. Enameled in light colors, they lend a gay and cheerful note to the porch, sun parlor, and break- fast room; finished in the natural wood, they grace the living room, reception hall, and sewing room. In construction a gateleg table is much simpler than appears at a casual glance. Not much experience is required to make one, especially if it has plain and substan- tial lines like that illustrated—a _ table especially designed “or the Home Work- shop series of blueprints by- Mr. George F. Kaercher, of Philadelphia, one of the regular designers for the Blueprint Ser- vice. Mr. Kaercher has been a furniture factory superintendent for a quarter of a century and brings a lifetime’s ex- perience in woodwork to bear on the preparation of designs such as this. If made of hard wood, such as red gum, (Turn to page 94) In your face to face contacts with people, your appearance, your bearing and many other things help you to make the right impression. But in your telephone contacts there is only one thing by which you can be judged—your speech. An effective telephone person- ality is to-day a business and social asset. E:verybody appreciates the person who speaks distinctly and pleasantly, neither too fast nor too slow, with a clear enunciation -of each word, with lips facing the mouthpiece and speaking into it. In business, this is the telephone personality which induces favorable action on the part of the listener. To the salesman it may mean the difference between an order and no order; between an interview toward Better Service A telephone personality “BELL SYSTEM™ AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy, One System, Universal Service, and all directed granted and an interview refused. Curiously enough, people who are careful to make themselves ef- fectively heard and understood face to face, often disregard the need for effectiveness in their tele- phone speech. Perhaps they shout, perhaps they mumble, perhaps they hold the mouthpiece far from their lips. And frequently they never realize that their carelessness has defeated the purpose of their talk. 4] The Bell System maintains for telephone users the best facilities that science, ‘modern equipment, skilled operation and careful man- agement can bring to telephone speech. But these facilities can be . fully effective only when they are properly used. Raise Silver Foxes Easy to raise. Larger profits than any other live stock rais- |; ing. Stands strictest investiga- tion. Recommended by Gov- ernment. 4 different plans. One will suit you. Comple‘e |.— description free. Send today. | C. T. DRYZ, Box 1013, Eagle River, Wis. - a Amazing Bargain! Joe Lincoin Wren House $1.00 er! attractive bird house — NLY wrens can use. ks like a miniature log cabin. Made of wood, tinted a soft brown color at attracts the wren, whore song is melodious and fiute- like; amus- ying ways make it a favorite. itde- ta bers obnox a of wren houses ‘: we ve are only $1.00—prepaid. (Wes _— $1.25.) At- ym A = flberaily * repay attention. ind $1.00 for each Lincoln Wren H louse you want. If you aren’t f Diichicd-enep back. Write now. John Lioyd Wright, inc., 738 N. Wells St., Chicago sthesbees Me sees at £i wi mink, Muskrats and other ‘atel Fis fur-bearing animals, in large 3 numbers, with our new, Fold- ing, Galvanized Steel Wire Tra} . It catches them like a fly-trap catches flies. Made in allsizes. Strong and durable. Write for Descriptive Price List, and our Free Booklet on best bait known for attracting all kinds of io J. FF. GREGORY, Dept.26, Lebanon, M DOLLARS IN BeREe jn ce; little capita 4p Binal ares j preed af year. m7 12 Ta titer 4 to 6.ittersa year. et eomentandiurelaee Baan py EG cash & an x Book free—write today. STANDARD FOOD & FUR ASS’N #7-C 6 Broadway ew York C'ty

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Se ee ee EPO E OL POE Phareasicttastaeeeatnnemecaee 4s ‘oh eit Hy | et q ne BES 18 SSSR TT RID SRDS ae hs Nt LRT a Wao SPLOT RARE SE Re Naa peter enrenieauenne 30 ene nian te sine TRADE >L Iz REG. YUREM AIZER You are always popular and sure of a good time if you can play some mu- sical instrument. By your- self, with your friends around the piano, in orchestras or bands—there is no end to the pleasure music will give you. there is no easier way to earn money in your spare time. Choose yourinstrument now and let Wurlitzer help you buy it and learn to play it. TryAny Instrument in Your OwnHome At OurExpense You may now have any known musical instrument for a week’s free trial in your own home. There is no obligation to buy— no expense for the trial. You may return the instrument at the end of a week if you decide not to keep it. Easy Payments The Wurlitzer plan makes it easy for you to own the instru- ment you want. Payments are conveniently arranged in small — sums—a few cents a day will pay. Wurlitzerinstruments areknown everywhere for their unusual tone quality and excellence of workmanship, They are used by the greatest professional musi- pane, bands and orchestras. L. Jacobs of Sousa’s Band, eee e’s Marine Band, and Chi- cago Grand Opera, says: “Iam proud to be the owner of one of your new cornets, It is itively superior to anything I have had inallmy years ofcornet playing.” Thousands of amateur musicians are playing on Wurlitzer instru- ments. Many of them could not have bought except through the Wurlitzer selling plan. Wurlitzer is the world’s greatest music house, with stores and dealers in all parts of the country. But no matter whcre you live you will receive the same service bymailasthough you lived next doorto the factory. Send for Free Catalog The greatest musical catalog ever published. Over 3000 ar- ticles — every instrument de- scribed and illustrated—many of them shown in full colors. Gives you all details of the Wurlitzer plan. Send the coupon today. The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co., Dept.A178 117 E. 4th St., Cincinnati 329 S. Wabash Ave. o 120W. 42nd St., NewYork 250 Stockton a Send me, absolutely free, your new illustrated catalog of musical instruments. Also tell me how I may try any instrument in my own home at your expense and how the Wurlitzer plan makes it ony for me to buy. No obligation. ie EEA en iech ae Gckhibad bbe ibeispekowcneotars seus Cc cite ecnn Gus Son ose pepueebhbseoss Siaceeuonaon Se ee S eenkene Et orate Nien treet eae reer ey rer ht al o Gopyright 1923, The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co. THE HOME WORKSHOP Building a Gateleg Table (Continued from page 93) birch, or one of the more expensive cabi- net woods, the table can be given a natural finish, but it is especially suitable for a painted finish. In that case it is made of whitewood, poplar, pine, or other soft wood. How to paint to the best advantage such pieces as this is told in an article on page 76. When extended, the round top is 3 ft. 6 in. in diameter and the table stands 2 ft. 5 in. high. The fixed top is only 14 in. wide, so that the table occupies little space when folded. It is, therefore, useful on porches, and in breakfast rooms, and other places where space is at a premium. The table and gate legs are 134 by 134 in. by 2 ft. 41% in., and the pivot legs, 134 by 134 by 165gin. The top gate rails are 7% by 214 by 121% in.; the bottom gate rails, 1% by 2 by 12% in. The gates, which are pivoted on dowels, should be perfectly square and true to insure the outside legs resting squarely on the floor when the gates are open. Small blocks screwed underneath the leaves act as stops to prevent the gates being opened too far. Two drawers 314 in. deep, 91% in. wide, and 16 in. long are ‘fitted in the ends of the table. To give sufficient depth for them, the side rails are 514 in. wide; in length, the side rails are 2 ft. 6 in. Where each short gate leg is pivoted under the rail, a filler piece % by 134 by 514 in. is at- tached to the rail with screws from the inside. Complete working details of this table, with alternative leg and top designs, are contained in Blueprint No. 24 of the Home Workshop series, together with a complete bill of materials. One of these convenient, time-saving prints can be obtained from the Blueprint Service Department, PopPu- LAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 West 39th Street, New York, for 25 cents. Many interesting variations are possible. The shape of the top can be made square, oblong, octagonal, or odd shaped, and the ae edge can be rounded ‘ or molded. A rule joint table ares leaf hinge can be used in place of the simpler method of hinging the leaves that is shown. Amateur cabinet makers usually avoid the rule joint hinge because it looks diffi- cult. As a matter of fact, the only trick in making it successfully is to lay out the joint so that the hinge pin is exactly at the point where the joint is to pivot. The pin represents the center from which the quarter round curves of the molded edges are swung, as shown in the accompanying illustration of a typical rule joint. In connection with this joint, use back-flap hinges with the knuckles let into the top. The legs themselves can be turned, or if the maker is handy with carving chisels, a simple and more or less rugged ball claw ornament can be carved as feet for the otherwise plain legs. Inlays can be used for ornamenting the top, although they go best with a light and delicate style of table, such as the smaller variety of gateleg about 2 ft. 4 in. high. This small (Continued on page 95) Rule joint as used for hinging table leaves Popular Science Monthly Here’s An Easy Way to do Cross- Cutting, Ripping, Mitering, Grooving, Grinding, Sanding, Drilling, Dadoing. Boice-Built Bench Saw Model 140 illustrated here and its attachments will do all of these things with ease, speed, precision and economy. Saws 7" dia. cut 24%" stock. Dado head 5" dia. cuts grooves 1" deep x 5%"' wide, maximum. Table elevates with screw adjustment. Motor 4 h.p. ball-bearing. Also cuts copper, brass, bakelite, tubing, rods, carbon, etc. Sold on Money-Back Guarantee. Write§today for circular and prices on this machine and also on Boice Junior Bench Saw, 4" Jointer, Motors and larger bench saw. W. B. & J. E. Boice Pe',? $5 Toledo, 0. "FOR te POS” buy 12,000 iTire& | pee only $9.70. tigtube 2 Tubes , much fess than pea eH of = $ x4 “oar x E R BE net One ABER ARs ey he] 30x3% = 7.40 = «12.55 i pen els service on good and | 32x3 }4 8.95 14.50 bad roads. You, too, can get | 31x4 10.15 16.40 t 12,000 Miles|i 83 1233 33x4 11.90 18.30 i Daring this cut-price sale, we | 34x4 2.30 19.35 | give zou absolutely Free a) 320x435 = 12.55 20.10 I tandard, brand new tube with 4 a every tire! 2 tubes free with 2 | 33x44 3.10 21.10 | Tires!_ Be sure to state if | 34x44 3.40 21.90 Straight side or clincher is | 35x434 = 13.90 22.95 wan 35x5 14.90 24.85 FREE Examination | 37:5 15.10 25.65 i D. for balance and allow e a If not abeotutely” eatiated, return unused ‘and we'll refand every centof your deposit! You takeno risk whatever! If you prefer to remit withor- Money -Back omens © [| Stewart Tireto. Dopt.217, 21st & Racine Ave.. Chicago Send pd deposit of 51 for for each, tire ordered. Seng caly $2 if you ! worry along on a small income Jad to anobe a much more? Why sacrifice perity calls you? Come into the big M Money Glaze, Priel show you ina few minutes time how to handle this business exactly like my Big Money “Makers do, Devote full time or spare tim 0 experience needed, I’ll give you the whole pian. and‘t talk, word for word, so you too will have a chance toearn $180 in two weeks like New- ton did, or $17 in one day like Cox, or @13 in 134 hours like Boyd or $15 a day like hosts ts of others, It’s easy with my amazing new sales p FREE AUTO AND CASH Bonus OFFERS peitions of homes need our new rand’’ Solid Aluminum Handle, Bi ig Cot ‘Gatlery S Set. It’s ONDER—the Newest Kitchen ~ replacing old Unsanitary, Unhealthy ang Geet doctors. Reports show 9 out of every 10 women 4 4 see it, want tte Silver-like finish—no seams, crevices we soeninae, to collect dirt and fortign meatier ore and Beauti: may pe ma construction—LO RIC aon’ tes Gift Free oor” customer. We ym Ae and coll daily. I need more sales everywhere. Wit q ick “ fin rite at once, Era Mfg. Co, Dept. 98A, 803 Madison St. Chicago segintiaaabes FIBRE LIMB soothing to your stump— strong, cool, neat, light. Easy payments. Braces for all Guaranteed 5 Years deformi- Send for Catalog Today. ties. P-BUCHSTEIN CO., 113 6th St., S., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. June, 15 cassis yersion ¢ edge arc Simpl table is leg. It tive, bu The g illustrat to the e is dowe top is a This finis!1, — = large ored sten two deco inte} han | Fev | moc

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nthly ay ~ 4 d here 3 with ia. cut 1yn with Also arbon, r, o, 0. —— rn ~J SS Ne ee ee ee eed Fare ANNSCoNoMoounor® og ;e = eee eee Iw — it. 8. 1i- N. June, 1923 — THE HOME WORKSHOP version of the gateleg often has a “‘piecrust’”’ edge around the top. Simpler than the standard type gateleg table is what is known as a “framed” gate- leg. It is not so craftsmanlike or decora- tive, but is very easy to make. The gates, as shown in the accompanying illustration, are merely two frames hinged to the ends. The frame connecting the ends is doweled securely to them and the fixed top is also doweled to the ends. This table looks well in an enameled finis’, as the flat surfaces of the ends offer a ——— eee eee ieee ere cewreeerwr—o OOrm—omeN ma 7 | ' ” sean Gt lca: ir ue snk“ i es ae ae | | b | im J NI Typical ‘‘framed’”’ gateleg table with painted ornament on the ends, made almost entirely of 7/8-in. stock fine field for ornamentation. If made of hard wood, the ends can be treated effec- tively with simple strap or chip carving, inlays, or delicate moldings. It is also pos- sible to enrich the ends with matched veneers of distinctive figure. A variation of the same type of table is illustrated in the small sketch. Note the two fixed legs in the center of the table ard the way the main bottom rail is fastened to the ends with a wedged mortise and tenon joint. Gateleg tables of oak were often made in Colonial days, and later walnut and maple were used. Commercial tables in natural finish are usually walnut, mahogany, gum, or birch stained to imitate mahogany or walnut. The popularity of painted models in the softer woods, however, is increas- ing. Often such tables have rather large and gaily col- ored ornaments a iy J er 4 gate‘eg with soli stenciled on the ends and two center two leaves. Such supports decorations add - interest to the table when the leaves are hanging down. Few radio receiving sets will have to be modified materially because of the new schedules assigning various wave lengtls between 222 and 545 meters to broadcast- ing stations. Shortening the aerial and using a condenser in series with the primary of the tuner will bring in the lower wave lengths, and the addition of 75- or 50-turn increase the wave-length range.—R. T. honeycomb coils or other loading coi's will | | Hundreds Have Answered This Call Call to Profit The Ruggles Go-Getter— 1,500 lbs. capacity ($795 chassis) f. 0. b. factory MBITIOUS men have been quick to recognize the op- portunity offered by the Rug- gles System of Transportation is the big business of today. Or you can start a profitable bus or express line, starting with one or more Ruggles Trucks and increasing as your business grows. Ruggles Trucks offer you a start in your own business on a smaller investment than any other worth- while enterprise you could enter. Business men recognize the repu- tation behind these trucks. The quality, dependability and service make Ruggles unquestionably the world’s greatest truck value. Economy. They have become transportation experts and are making money in this new calling. If the Ruggles Truck is not already represented in your com- munity there is an opportunity for you. You can start on small capital and enter a business that is recognized as sound and profit- able. Automotive transportation Ruggles chassis prices ranging from $795 for the 1,500 pound capacity Go-Getter to $2,195 for the 6,000 pound capacity 40H, offer unequaled value whether you are a dealer or buy for your own use. Write us today—get complete information and all literature. RUGGLES MOTOR TRUCK COMPANY, Saginaw, Michigan Canadian Factory: Ruggles Motor Truck Co., Ltd., London, Ontario RUGGLES The World’s Greatest Truck Value $25.00 in PRIZES See top of page 6 in front of book for details 49 [have averaged *7000 Per Year for Three Years—Have Made Over $90 PROFIT in One Day’”’ That is the statement of Frank DePries, one of our live-wire representatives. Keeton of Mississippi made 252 on his first sale. Vickers of Alabama made $118 in one week. Conant quit a $6,000 job to come with us. @) AGENTS WANTED >» We need more men like these, because the demand for our Super Fyr-Fyter is crowing by leaps and bounds. Sells to garages, stores, factories, schools, homes, hotels, auto owners. Approved by the Underwriters. If you are willing to work and ambitious to make some .eal money, get our plan. You need no experience, as we train you without cost for the work. No great capital required. Good territory going fast. Better write ur at once, THE FYR-FYTER COMPANY 1714 Fyr-Fyter Bldg., Dayton, Ohio We have a plan whereby our active workers can get a Ford without cost, in addition to their big cash earnings. Get the p !

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a GT wre ss cc SORT ay acne Popular Science Monthly Lightest per H. P. — with double the bearing surfaces LTHOUGH the ELTO isa A light weight motor — the lightest outboard motor per horse-power— it is built around big bearings — bearings twice as big as those of all other motors in the light weight class. And the life of any motor is in the bearings! A Full Extra H. P. The ELTO has an Extra Horse-power —3 full H. P. It is the only 3 H. P. light weight motor. Itis by far the fast- est motor. And while it is light, it is only as “light as right” with notan ounce of useless weight. Ole Evinrude, while bringing the weight of his perfected light twin down to easy portability, would not do so at the slightest sacrifice of safety, needed power or durability. Instant Starting Because there could be no relief from hard, stubborn and uncertain starting, without change of ignition, Ole Evin- rude made the change. The ELTO Starts on the first quarter turn under all conditions. No ropes or starting devices needed. Safe Rudder Steering —no possibility of dangerous pivot turning. No shaking steering handle. Tiller line steering from any part of the boat. Hands free except at turns. Enlightening Information Write us for ELTO Catalog —a book packed with in- teresting facts andillustrations which will show you how to judge outboard motor values. Dealers and Demonstrating Agents—a fine proposition awaits you in open terrritory. Write today! ELTO Outboard Motor Co. Dept. W. Manufacturers Home Milwaukee, Wis, THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Cut a Doorway through an Old Partition By A. E. Elling HE home worker frequently hesitates to cut in an extra doorway, no matter how much one may be needed, because he is at a loss to know exactly how to proceed. It really is not difficult to put in a new doorway, and if a little care is taken, the work will equal that of a carpenter. When the general position of the pro- posed opening has been chosen, tap the wall with a hammer to find out by the sound just where the studs are located. Studs are the upright pieces to which the laths are nailed, and they are usually 16 in. from center to center. If it is at all pos- sible, one side should be marked out quite near a stud; the other side will, of course, have to be cut according to the width of the door, as at A. Having plumbed down the first line, measure across 3 in. more than the width of the door, and measure up 31/4 in. more than the height of the door, and draw lines carefully on the wall. For example, if the Mt) esevereeny 3) = 3 = Fy 3 = a == = = = = = == = = = = Cc D Four steps in cutting, framing, and trimming a doorway in an old lath and plaster wall door is to be 2 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft. 6 in., the opening should be 2 ft. 9 in. by 6 ft. 914 in. Cut the plaster to the lines with a chisel and hammer, breaking out only an inch or so. Then, with a coarse compass saw, cut through the laths, so that you can tear down both lath and plaster. Mark guide lines on the other side of the wall exactly opposite and cut out in the same manner. I prefer a narrow compass saw for cut- ting the lath to a handsaw, as it does not bind so much. Some cut through the plaster as well as the lath with a saw, but I don’t consider it good practice, as the edge is at once taken off the saw. In fact, it is much harder work and no quicker. It takes only a few minutes to chip out the plaster sufficiently to expose the lath, as shown at B. It is comparatively easy to cut near the stud, but on the other side, where the laths may project as much as 7 in., care must be taken or the edge will be jagged. One way to prevent this is to attach a board about 7 ft. long close to the line with fine nails and cut down close to the edge of the board, so that the plaster will not be broken out where it might show. The next step is to cut out the studs with a handsaw. Then cut a piece of 2 by 4 in. and push it up in place to form the head. Cut two studs the right height for one side and one for the other, as indicated at C. The opening now should measure 2 ft. 9 by 6 ft. 7% in. Nail the head and sides squarely and tack to the studs any loose laths along the sides. The opening is now ready to receive the jambs. Set the jambs plumb with great care, as otherwise the door may develop an annoying habit of closing by itself. See (Continued on page 97) A Complete Machine Shop In One Tool The Jones Electric Drill can be clamped to a bench, and by means of the attachments, can be used for grinding, polishing, buff- ing, sawing, or light milling, counter. boring, etc. It’s just the tool for home use —powerful, compact drilling up to 4" thru steel. This drill is 10" in length, net weight 4 lbs., and is fitted with a No. 1 Jacobs Chuck. It sells: for the unusually low price of $25.00 without attachments. Attach- ments at slight additional cost. Write tc day for folder which completely dcscribes this most desirable tool. We also make the auto- matic bench drill press il- lustrated at left. It is a re- markable tool for home drilling, selling for only $45.00. Itis completely de- scribed in a folder. Write for it also. Agents Wanted JONES DRILL & SPECIALTY CORP. 245 Seventh Ave., New York Gives You $1.10 Profit! Our Representatives introduce our products with a first sale of beautiful combination sets of Toilet Articles, Soaps, etc., at half store prices. No fancy talk — they sell on sight. Make twenty to thirty sales a Easy to Average $100°° a Week "gy Could you ask more = while introducing is line establishing a permanent business for yourself? Another plan calls for no deliveries —no investment—no delays. You bank immediate profits, Also a winning plan, a premium to each sale. Write today for illustrated circulars explaining our unique plans. Act NOW. E.M.DAVIS CO. Dept.5706 CHICAGO You should see our Nifty Nine Package. ~ day with $1.10 profit oneach. _ Only $45.00 For This Job Complete Save exorbitant : freight ne-ha! olsterit » me parts, wood parts, bolt screws, etc. Flat radiator shell faroished made up. Designed low with lack of wind resistance. ice set up $90. Farther particulars on request. The Central Auto Supply Co. Eng. Dept. 122 Louisville, Ky. June, 19 F that th ‘badly. the jan to be u as spac which : hinges If th way ar and fit on. C casing it out f it to h with t' Gen woody jambs. plete | times. in wh and tl do th that i and t of mo a fair |

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mthly —a “ »p ed to nts, uff. iter. e use thru ight cobs price ‘ach- (day this June, 1923 ———— THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Cut a Doorway (Continued from page 96) that the head is level or the job will look ‘badly. The extra space allowed between the jambs and studs is to allow blocking to be used in plumbing the frame, as well as space for the hinges and lock blocks, which should always be inserted opposite hinges and lock, as at D. If the base pieces adjacent to the door- way are short, it is easiest to remove them and fit them back again after the casing is on. Otherwise, mark exactly where the casing comes on the face of the base, drive it out from the wall, putting a block behind it to hold it out, and cut down on the line with the point of the saw. Generally speaking, it is cheapest, if a woodworking mill is near by, to buy the jambs, door stops, saddle, and trim com- plete to suit the size of the door. Some- times old-fashioned trim has to be matched, in which event it must be made by hand, and then the home worker can profitably do the work himself. Remember always that it is not necessary to make moldings and trim in one piece. Several odd pieces of molding will often work together to make a fair match for old-fashioned trim. Rubber Cement Aids in Tracing of PREVENT tracing paper from slip- ping when small tracings are being made, spread some rubber cement around the drawing or print and press the tracing paper firmly over it. When the cement has set for a moment, the paper will be fixed firmly in place. After the tracing is finished remove it and rub the cement off gently with the dry fingertips.—L. B. ROBBINS. Wire Fence Rolls Up when Chicken Run Is Plowed T° PERMIT a long and narrow poultry run to be plowed and harrowed, some provision should be made for opening both ends of the run. Usually there is a wire gate at one end, but it costs too much to place a gate at the other end. An inex- pensive substitute for the second gate, which has_ been adopted by the Poultry Depart- , ment of Mac- Donald College, Canada, is a re- movable end sec- | tion. | The wire is at- tached permanent- ly to one outside end post and is then run across the ends of all the runs and attached temporarily to the various posts. The other end is fastened to a piece of angle iron, the 'ength of which is equal to the height of the fencing. A number of holes are bored in one L of the angle iron for fastening the strands of wire to it, and two holes are drilled on the other L, one near the top and the other near the bottom, for hook bolts that grip the fence post. Nuts on these bolts permit tightening the fencing. When plowing is necessary the end fence is rolled up and stands on end near the corner post to which it is permanently fastened.—W. A. Maw, Quebec, Can. pois The end fencing can be unhooked from one corner post { 5 Big HANES Features Hanes large, roomy armholes taped instead of turned under. Can’t curl or rip—but a friction-free surface that really wears. 2 Hanes webbing belt guaranteed 2-thread elastic webbing instead of single thread, gives more elasticity and greater strength. Specially sewed to prevent tears and rips. Hanes closed crotch is cut and stitched in a special way that really keeps it closed. That means added hot-weather comfort. 4 Hanes crotch lap buttons sewed on the seam. Won’t come off. 4 thicknesses of material instead of customary 2. No patch used. Hanes wide, full-length knees cut so as to give greatest freedom without bind- ing or creeping up the leg. ““HANES’’ is a hit in athletic unions! ALK about summer underwear—climb into “Hanes” at $1.00 and get the biggest athletic union suit value you ever had handed out! Every garment is backed by the nationally known “Hanes” guarantee. From the quality of the long-wearing nainsook, right down to the last stitch, you’ve got comfort and workmanship and service that never before has been sold for a dollar! Put “Hanes” in comparison for generous full size; for reinforced strain-points; for extra-strength-elastic webbing ; for buttons sewed to stay on; for buttonholes that last the life of the garment! Compare “Hanes,” we tell you, and know what you buy for $1.00! ‘“‘Hanes”’ is also made for little teilows from 2 to 16 years, in sizes 20 to 34. HANES GUARANTEE: We guarantee Hanes Underwear absolutely—every thread, stitch and button. We guarantee to return your money or give you a new garment if any seam breaks. If your dealer can’t fit you with “Hanes”? Underwear, write us immediately. P. H. HANES KNITTING CO., Winston-Salem, N. C. New York Office, 366 Broadway Nort: Wintor, Wear Names Winter Undorurtar Full Cut ATHLETIC UNION SUITS “LIGHTING FIXTURES” | Ready to hang. Direct from manufacturers. SALESMEN SELL LONG’ RANGE, low price radio receiving sets $10.00 monthly pay- ments. No investment, we finance responsible district representatives. Ten sales monthly Completely wired including assures you $350.00 steady monthly income. glassware. Every home a prospect. Our plan is sweeping Send for Catalogue No. 24 and the country. Don't wait to write; telegraph, giving references. OZARKA RADIO, 12 North Peoria Street, Chicago. Dealers’ proposition ERIE FIXTURE SUPPLY CO. Desk A, Erie, Pa. New Cord Tires Wren” ade b f the stan- by = at 74 U's. and are of the very m you will buy repeatedly from us. n en you . e lity and the brand you will be convinced. All are cord tires except 30x3 |, size. You can earn $15 to $50 a week writing show N.S : eards in yorr own home.—No canv: —A 22%4 N.S. ss 3 F leasant profitable profession — and quickly 33x4 N.S.ss. 24.65 33x5 - N.S.8s. 37.7 earnt by our new simple graphic block system. 34x4 N.8.ss. 25. 2x5 N.S8.s8. 33:7 Artistic ability not necessary.—We teach you $2x414N.S.ss. 29.85 35x5 N.S. ss. 7 Send No Money—We ship C, O. D. with privilege how, and supply you with work—Distance no object. Full particulars and booklet free. WILSON METHODS LIMITED—DEPT. © of examination. WEST SIDE TIRE WORKS 64 East Richmond, Toronto, Canada. 4445-49 W. Madison St., Dept. 31, Chicago, Il.

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How Science Traces Our Monkey Ancestry (Continued from page 31) other kinds of grain. These were the people whom scientists call Neolithic, the men of the New Stone Age, distinguishing them thus from the more ancient inhabi- tants, Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons and the rest, who are grouped together as the Paleolithics, or men of the Old Stone Age. Slowly, century by century, these newer Neolithic men spread over Europe, ab- sorbing or exterminating the Cro-Magnon hunter-artists who had preceded them. They crept along the seashore and up the river valleys. They built villages on stilts out over the water of the Swiss lakes. They made the huts and dugout dwellings of the Baltic lands and of prehistoric England. Gradually they learned the use of copper

THE LIVING RACES OF MANKIND NEOLITHIC MEN (EUROPE,12,000 YEARS AGO) I// THE HUNTER-ARTISTS OF THE OLD STONE AGE (EUROPE, 20.000 YEARS AGO)

RACES BEGIN TO SCATTER FROM THE ASIAN HOMELAND NEANDERTHAL MEN ( EUROPE, 125.000 YEARS AGO)

THE CAVE-MEN OF HEIDELBERG, PILTDOWN AND RHODESIA OVER YEARS AGO PITHECANTHROPUS, THE APE-MAN OF JAVA ABOUT 3.000.000 YEARS AGO: THE LIVING APES: CHIMPANZEE AND GORILLA ABOUT 20.00.00 — THE LIVING MONKEYS OF AFRICA AND INDIA ABOUT 40.000.000 YEARS AGO THE LIVING LEMURS OF MADAGASCAR. THE ANCIENT ASIAN LEMURS OF 60.000.000 YEARS AGO

Chart of the origin of man and then of bronze. One group of them developed the city-states of ancient Baby- lonia. Others began what was to be the great empire of Egypt. The world today is peopled by descend- ants of these Neolithics. From about 20,000 to about 10,000 years ago, wave after wave of them rolled out from Central Asia over the world. There were many races among them; the same races that still exist. Some went east and became the Mongolians, the Eskimos and the American Indians. Some went south and developed into the negroid peoples. Others went west and northwest and became the whites. And now let us trace in review the dis- cernible stages in the more recent ancestry of man. First are the little arctic lemurs and then the Central Asian monkeys. Next come the ground apes whose bones we have found in the North Indian hills. After them were the apelike men repre- (Continued on page 99) Popular Science Monthly

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) nthly a —— June, 1923 How Science Traces Our Monkey Ancestry (Continued from page 98) sented by Pithecanthropus and then the early men of Piltdown and of Heidelberg. Next are the cavemen of Neanderthal, the frst real conquerers of Europe. And finally we have the modern man—the Cro- Magnons of the Old Stone Age, the Neolithic agriculturists, the various races of today. And this bodily history is man’s mental history also. The monkey has already the beginnings of a human brain. The mind of man is his greatest possession, his sole and sufficient instrument for the conquest of the world. And this, too, has grown from small beginnings in lemur and monkey and ape. The modern students of psychology, of inhibitions, inversions, and unconscious fears, are beginning to learn what the evolutionist knows—man’s mind is built upon a basis of the monkey mind, no matter how far from the starting point it has since progressed. Next month—Man’s Conquest of the World—another amazing story in this fascinating romance. The dawn of human intelligence; man’s irresistible advance; his dis- covery of science; his primitive inge- nuity; his first agriculture, arts, and manufacturing — all this in another ab- sorbing chapter of Doctor Free’s absorb- ing and simply told story. It is a story you can’t afford to miss. Ask your newsdealer today to save your July POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. FOR FURTHER READING THE best book on the subject of this article is ‘‘Men of the Old Stone Age,’’ by Henry Fair- field Osborn (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1921). Scientific details of the views here presented regarding the animal ancestry of man will be found in ‘‘The Origin and Evolution of Human Dentition,”’ by William K. Gregory (Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1922). On Neolithic men see “The New Stone Age in Northern Europe,” by John M. Tyler (Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1921). Fear—Man’s Greatest Bogie (Continued from page 24) as “passed away” or “gone to a better world.”” During the war the soldiers said that a “buddy” who had been killed had “gone west” or was “over there.” Then there is the dread of inclosed places —claustrophobia, as it is technically called. This fear is what makes it difficult for some persons to sleep in the lower berth of a Pull- man car, though they sleep without diffi- culty in the upper. These same people avoid narrow streets lined by tall buildings and are afraid of closed telephone booths. Closely related is the fear known as agoraphobia, the Greek term for “fear of the market place’—dread of open spaces. I remember seeing in a dispensary a patient who could not cross Union Square in New York without being so uncomfort- able he would be almost overcome. He had to walk around the square, close to the buildings. Curiously enough, if he were accompanied even by a little child, that was su ficient to allay his fears. Some persons are afraid of pointed ob- jects. They cannot even endure pointed scissors in the house. Pointed knives, awls or files strike them with terror. They find it hard to explain their fear, though it is asso- ciated with the dread that they may do some harm to themselves or to others. Animals are often the innocent cause of human dreads. The typical instance is (Turn to page 100) Reverse. aluminum and nickel—a beauty. it’s a genuine Evinrude. 187 Evinrude Block, ° Cortland St., New York, N. Y. —boat- power in its finest form Waterways and watercraft offer new joys since Evinrude has perfected this light, quiet, compact, One pull of the Easy Starter and your boat glides smoothly away. No i hum as the miles slip swiftly astern. the i tg unthrobbing drive tells of perfect engineering—exact balance of parts—true Evinrude workmanship. Magneto-in-flywheel — no batteries — instant starting. Tilt-Up prevents damage by snags or shallows. And you know it’s right because See your sporting goods or hardware dealer today about the Evinrude line of detachable and built-in motors. EVINRUDE MOTOR CoO. DISTRIBUTORS: 80 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. “twin” motor. No vibration— Automatic Finished in Write for new catalog, Milwaukee, Wis. 211 Morrison St., Portland, Ore. 119 Broadway, Oakland, Calif. Weighs Only 40 lbs. but it’s Sturdy $25.00 in PRIZES See top of page 6 in front of book for details € t h Fi h. ise — — c. and Muskratsin bers E—w a Cc 1S paar new y folding, alvanized Wire Mesh Traps. They catch themlike a fly-trap catches flies. Madestrong, in allsizes. Write for catalog showing sketches ofour traps,many other specialties for fishermen, and booklet on best baiteknown. ALTON SUPPLY CO., E-40, St. Louis, Mo. SEND FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOG Our net price list. Full line of auto bodies and accesso- ries for Fords .at Wholesale Prices. Save big money on bodies by buying Direct from Factory. FOR Lite J ree 2 — - eye F Festory to ine P: INTERNATIONAL BODY WORKS, ‘te ‘wo Ohe a Dept. 4 ‘Ctteess, il. ‘O) a € ©: At this low price you get the efficiency of a $50 set. Itisatwo tube radio frequency receiver— picks up stations 1500 miles away under good conditions—everywhere—any time. This outfit can be operated with a dry cell or storage bat- tery. Cabinet is of solid mahogany and work- manship the finest throughout. Order direct or send for catalog. DEALERS —write for proposition—it's a winner. AGENTS—wa med TCKLY ere—write for territory THE MIDWEST RADIO COMPANY 808 Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio

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0 eet et et Ct et aes ep Oy ke imamate a r " aR SET on, ~~ Manhattan Genuine Bakelite Variometer Get those distant signals! OU can listen in on all those stations that have been’ so tantalizingly just out of range—you can greatly increase the pleasure de- rived from your radio reception. —By hooking up a Manhattan Genuine Bakelite Variometer on your set. Manhattan Genuine Bakelite Variocouplir Especially designed for broadcasting reception. Secures extremely high voltage on the grid because of the great number of turns of wire with a minimum clearance between rotor and stator. No inactive metal in the field— electrical losses are reduced to the lowest possible point. Genuine Bakelite moulded parts give perfect insulation with mechanical strength. Bakelite mounting block is furnished for attach- ing to panel or table. No contact troubles—the pig-tail connections on rotor prevent them. “‘Long wave”’ coupler is provided for by small collar on stator. Manhattan Variometers and Vario- couplers are mechanically and electrical- ly of highest quality. You get maximum value at a reasonable cost. Be sure you ask for Manhattan—the instruments of quality. Tt) i SEAL 1 pre _SPARKER And for your 201 A VACUUM TUBES the 4 cell Red Seal Sparker—steel clad is particularly satisfactory. An as- sembly of Red Seal batteries in a moist- ture-proof, stout container. Red Seal Sparkers also furnish dependable power for outdoor uses; for motor-boats, Fords, small lights, etc. Remember the name. Red Seal Sparker ANHATTAN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY CO.INC. Makers of the famous Red Seal Dry Batteries, Sparkers and Manhattan Radio Products Chicago San Francisco New York St. Louis i Fear—Man’s Greatest Bogie (Continued from page 99) woman’s dread of mice. There is the well- known story of the woman lion tamer who screamed and fled to the safety of a chair at the sight of a mouse. On the other hand, there are women for whom animals hold no terror, yet who are frightened by human beings. Consider the recent experience of Miss Martha Miller, of the American Museum of Natural His- tory. Returning from an exploring trip to the Belgian Congo, where she had shot lions and elephants, she went to Newark, N. J., to address an audience. At sight of the crowd, this otherwise fearless young woman, who thought nothing of facing a ferocious lion, fainted dead away! Some people are very much afraid of cats —so much so that even the presence of a cat in the room makes them extremely un- comfortable. A cat entering their sleeping quarters at night will awaken them. Curiously enough, some who are afraid of domestic cats have no special dread of the big cats—the lions and tigers in me- nageries. Dread of dogs also is strong in some people. A dog turned loose in a room will disturb them deeply. The more we know of dreads, the more we realize that the state of mind known as scrupulosity, or the dread of sin, should really be classed among fears such as dread of dirt and of falling from a height, rather than with any special spiritual state. Sometimes it is assumed that such scrupu- lous persons are better than others; as a matter of fact, they are only more nervous. Their condition is a real nervous affection and can only be treated successfully like the other dreads. Fear Can Be Conquered Just as the dread of heights is a typical example of the fears of mankind, so its conquest demonstrates best how to over- come such fears. Reasoning with fears is useless. They must be overcome by form- ing habits, patient y and persistently, to counteract them. Nearly all men who work on high build- ings have some dread of heights. Many of them suffer severely from it. Yet they learn to overcome it by practising self re- pression and control—will power. I knew a man with a really pitiable fear of the dark who had to take a job as night watchman in a lonely factory far out from town. He lost more than 30 pounds in weight before he gradually overcame his dread. But he did it. Another man with an awful dread of microbes became an ex- pert bacteriologist, though not without a protracted effort at self conquest. Practically any one can overcome a dread in just this way, provided he really wants to. If he is compelled to do it in order to support his family, then it becomes comparatively easy of accomplishment. But in any case, nerve to push through to successful self control is necessary. ‘For those who lack sufficient will power to overcome their dreads science soon may discover a cure. An expedition of scientists has just returned from South America with a new drug, caapi, which they believe will effect such a cure. If their claims are substantiated, the new drug will be one of the most important dis-. coveries in pharmaceutical history. (Doctor Walsh is preparing an article on will power, probably the best cure for fear, for an early issue of POPULAR SCI- ENCE MONTHLY. Popular Science Monthly PACENT UNIVERSAL PLUG _ is becoming the pop- ular summer entertainer, For most convenience, efficiency and enjoyment from your equip- ment, use Pacent Radio Essen- tials. The No. 40 Plug—a new Pacent Product—affords the most radio usefulness at its low cost. DON’T IMPROVISE—‘‘PACENTIZE”’ Write for Descriptive Bulletins (L6) PACENT ELECTRIC COMPANY, Inc. 22 Park Place, New York, N. Y. Pacent RADIO ESSENTIALS WLW BROADCASTING STATION 1 GROSLEX tro RA The H eight of Efficiency CROSLEY MODEL x -- 7552 For Sale by Best — Everywhere Write for catalog showing complete Cro:ley line NEWYORK OFFICE BOSTON OFFICE CHICAGO OFFICE Cc. Cc Smi Steger Bicg. ie Tribune B Bide. 929 Blue Hill Ave. 28 rE Jackson Bivd. 154 Nassau St. Dorchester R. A. Stemm, Mer. CROSLEY MANUFACTURING COMPANY 617 ALFRED STREE1 CINCINNATI, O. Remarkable ACE model V Regenerative $ Receivers 20 A Great Summer Seller Licensed under Armstrong U. S. Patent No. 1,113,149. The trade name ‘‘Crosley”’ is used by permission of the Crosley Mfg. Co. THE PRECISION EQUIPMENT CO. “Powel Crosley Jr:Prendent 617 GILBERT AVENUE CINCINNATI, O. CAN YOU DRAW? ee Earn Money Drawing Pictures Goportanity vad ay yy your po Se “MONEY Ey HUNCHES "FoR THe ° Byer — book here to . Listof Markets, etc. For the artist in the country as ell as the Sy Satisfaction Guaranteed. “Sead $1 TODAY for copy or send stamp for particulars. NOVEL ARE STUDIOS, Dept. A, 7 East 42nd St., NEW YORK CITY a CHARGE. YOUR BATTERY 7h HOMCHARGER POPULARLY PRICED — PAYS FOR ITSELF A senoror THE TNE AUTONATIG | ae \/s FREE BOOK 131 W.THIRD ST.- CINCINNAT!, OHID a = «€

Page 85

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June, 1923 Two Great Sports

ae and motorcycling —what better sport com- bination is there? Pick out your pet lake or stream — then speed to it, cool and comfortable, in a Harley- Davidson. With a motorcycle you can go to the out-of-the-way lakes — lakes of more fish and fewer fishermen — far from the main roads so crowded with automobiles. A vacation every week-end! And the travel-cost is only two cents a mile — “gas”, oil, tires and all! Pay-as-You-Ride. Most dealers have an Easy Payment Plan. Ask yours about it. Lower prices and 10 improvements on 1923 Harley-Davidsons. Write us for free literature. HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR CO. Milwaukee, Wisconsin

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Scientific Baseball (Continued from page 41) two bases in about 3% seconds. If this is shorter than the time it takes for a batted ball to travel to a player in the field, plus the time it takes the player to field it and throw it, plus the time elapsed in the flight of the ball from the fielder to the baseman, the runner is safe. That is why a slow grounder is safer than afast one. That also is why the player who becomes “‘one step slow” can’t stay in the big leagues. Baseball is a game of split seconds. Some of the most important plays are figured out with an infinitesimal fraction of a second as the margin of safety. . One of the plays figured out on a split-second basis is the famous ‘‘squeeze’”’ play, designed to bring a runner home from third base. When this play is to be attempted, the manager signals to the runner and batter. The runner has orders to lead off from third and start at full speed for the home plate with the first motion of the pitcher. The batter lays down a bunt along the right foul line. As he starts for first base, the runner from third is well on his way home. By the time the bunt can be fielded and thrown home by the pitcher or first baseman, the runner has slid across the plate. If the play suc- ceeds, it is by the narrowest of margins. Making a “Hit and Run” Play Another bit of split-second baseball strategy is the “hit and run” play. Witha runner on first base, the manager signals to him and to the batter at the plate that the next ball pitched must be hit. The runner starts with the first motion of the pitcher, in an attempt to reach third base. The batter must hit the ball to right field, so it will go behind the runner, and thus increase the distance of the throw to third base. When this play succeeds, it is by a very small margin. The batting rally I cited at the outset is a striking example of hit and run tactics. Every Giant player knew that the next man up would hit the fitst ball pitched, and acted accordingly. The chances of a runner in moving from one base to another also are figured out mathematically. Sincea ball can be thrown across the diamond in any direction in about one second, the runner must gain every possible advantage in the way of a long lead and a quick start. Third base is easier to steal than second. Because the second baseman and the shortstop must play a considerable distance from second, the runner on second base can take a longer lead. Famous Players Who Stole Home It is almost impossible to steal home; but it has been done. In the World Series of 1921 McNally and Meusel of the Yankees both stole home. The only other man who ever performed this spectacular feat in a World Series was Ty Cobb, the greatest of all baserunners, who put it over in the Detroit-Pittsburgh series of 1909. Walter Johnson’s fast ball, Christy Mathewson’s baffling curves, and Babe Ruth’s home runs, all come under the general head of physics in scientific base- ball. The speed of a pitched ball naturally depends on the force behind it. The curve depends on the direction in which the pitcher spins it, and the distance of a hit is determined by the driving force applied by (Turn to page 102)

101

JOHN PHILIP SOUSA

“I consider that complete equipment of Conn instruments enhances the musical value of any band at least fifty per cent.” g JOHN PHILIP Sousa. citi Conn Leadership HE great band leaders of the world, symphony or- chestra and grand opera con- ductors, as well as the masters of popular music, join Sousa in endorsing the supreme quality of Conn instruments. For fifty years Conn has been build- ing instruments of highest quality. At the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1892 and at every world exposition since then Conn instruments have won the highest awards. The Conn factory is the largest of its kind in the world. Conn is the only manufacturer of the every instrument used in the band. ‘More Conn saxophones are sold than any other make in the world. Many exclusive features give Conns a more brilliant tone, perfect scale, reliable action, a flexibility and easy blowing quality which makes it possible to master difficult music more quickly. Conn’s exclusive hydraulic pressure method of expanding all taper branches insures perfect proportions in every instrument and gives an interior surface smooth as glass, a perfect carriage for sound waves. FREE TRIAL; BASY PAT. MENTS. Write for details, mentioning instrument. C. G. Conn Ltd. 632 Conn Building Elkhart, Ind. Agents Throughout the Country. Factory Branches in Principal Cities

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Page 86

think of a simple practical idea A Fortune May be Yours if you can invent some new, practi- cal thing; or some new and im- proved method of doing an old thing. Opportunity Begs You to Reap the Rewards of Original Effort Protect your ideas; reap the prof- its from your own genius. Have you a new idea? Can you think of a new and useful invention? We can help you. Write quick for our new free book “Inventions and Trade Marks, their Protection and Exploitation’’ You'll be surprised. This great book tells you many very important and valu- able facts on securing Patents and Trade Marks, It Is Free If You Write Quick If you have an idea which you think is good, write us for FREE OPINION. This may save you considerable money. We help our clients to get the most profits from their ideas; we have facilities not controlled by others, and whiclrare a dis- tinct advantage to YOU. Patents Advertised Free In the magazine “Invention and Manufac- turing Supplement” published for Inven- tors. Sample copy free; subscription 50 cents a year. SEND FOR THIS FREE BOOK This book will show you how to proceed; what you should do—and why; it tells you many valuable facts about inventions and patents, and about our service. Don’t delay; write today. It may mean a fortune for you. Act Quick. American Industries, Inc. 515 Kresge Bld¢g., Washington, D.C. the batter, plus the force of the pitched ball as the bat crashes into it. The direction and elevation of the hit are determined by the angle at which the bat meets the ball. These natural laws the greatest hitters have closely studied. The result is that every big league team boasts of one or more accurate “‘place”’ hitters who can be depended to hit the ball to right field or left, as the occasion demands. The late Willie Keeler was the pioneer place hitter of baseball. When asked how he managed to hit safely so often, his characteristic reply was: “‘I hit’em where they ain’t.” Speaker's Marvelous Sense of Distance Tris Speaker understands the physics of baseball about as well as any man in the game. When a fly ball is hit to center field, he can tell at a glance exactly where it is going toland. He never overruns or under- runsa fly. Hisremarkable ability prevented Brooklyn from tying Cleveland in the eighth inning of the first game of the 1920 World Series in Brooklyn. Krueger, the first man up, hit along fly toward the center field fence that looked good for a three bagger. Speaker turned tail and ran nearly to the fence. There he whirled about at exactly the right spot and caught the fiy, without having slackened his speed by looking back. Ray Schalk is another great player who seems to have an uncanny judgment of flies. He never goes after an impossible foul fly behind the bat, but I have seen him catch some that looked impossible. Whenever he goes after one, it is his. Science on the diamond is an asset that players and managers and team owners are constantly studying and using to increase the popularity of baseball. Despite the columns written by baseball writers about the danger of too many home runs, the fact remains that the public likes powerful, scientific hitting and plenty of it. Babe Ruth alone can fill a grandstand. I think that proves my point. Speedometer Shaft and Motor Form Flexible Bench Tool FIXTURE that can be put to numer- ous uses about the bench such as drilling, grinding, and buffing, can be made from a speedometer shaft and a small electric fan motor. Fix the linked shaft to the end of the fan shaft and secure the shaft housing to the frame or motor housing. In the opposite PETAL OF OS *g SF a END LINK — ‘a BRACKET FAN MOTOR SPEEDOMETER SHAFT For drilling, grinding, or buffing small work end of the speedometer shaft any small chuck similar to a hand-drill chuck is fast- ened. A_ hollow cylindrical wooden handle about 114 in. in diameter is pro- vided by taping it on the end of the shaft housing or binding it with twine.—G. A. sestinndssaisiniacneeeiaagaalaglialii Scientific Baseball (Continued from page 101) Popular Scienc omthly iva ge , wos yr CFND FOR | , GEN THIS FORM DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form ‘‘EVIDENCE OF CON. CEPTION”’ to be signed and witnessed. A sample form together with printed instructions will show youjust how to work up your evi- dence and establish thesame before filing ap- plication for patent. As registered patent at- torneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and_Canada in thead- vancement of inventions. Our schedule of fees willbe found reasonable. ‘The form “Evidence of Conception,” sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent uponrequest. Ask for them,—a post card will do. PATENTS ANDO \WTRADE MARKS LL EC A ELLE, 274 Ouray Bldg. WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms ‘‘Evidence of Conception.” BARGAINS IN REBUILT MOTORS Limited stock, electric motors, rebuilt by our ownexperts and fully guaranteed, offered subject to prior sale, f. o. b. Chicago at the following extremely low prices: 1/8hp 1/6hp A C—$10.00 $12.00 DC— 11.50 13.50 * Repulsion induction type. Also a few larger sizes. Send Cash with order. Money back if not satisfied. Northwestern Electric Co. 410-20 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Il. 1/4hp *1/4hp *1/2hp ROS 858 oli Old, Low Prices! § Eallons 94:88 10 gallons *B-80 6 galio lions 9.95 must go up $00n= so order today! Send No Money ms 6.35 15 ga Shipped in plain wood -8 inch tubing 29c i = -2 inch tubing 38c foot Tm gg Cc. O. D. DON’T WAIT or you will have to PAY MORE! DORMAC MANUFACTURING COMPANY Dept. 196, cor. Racine & Roscoe Sts., Chicago PATENTS and TRADEMARKS We offer a strictly professional service to inventors and manufacturers in the protection of their patents and trademark rights. Vatidity and infringement investigations conducted. Correspondence solicited. Moderate fees. Preliminary advice without charge. No literature. MILO B. STEVENS & COMPANY Suite 400 Barrister Bldg., - WASHINGTON, D.C. Suite 337 B Monadnock Block, HICAGO ESTABLISHED 1864 PATENTS | TRADE-MARKS, COPYRIGHTS AND PATENT LITIGATION rite for advice .nd instruc- tions how to proceed, costs, etc. Hand Book with illustrations of 100 Mechanica! Movements sent free on request. ALBERT E. DIETERICH Patent Lawyer and Solicitor Successor to Fred G. Dieterich & Co. 60 Ouray Bidg. WASHINGTON, D. C. June, 192 NE wo fretsaw. work in and sav lengths The : When 1 disman' against the ber The | flywhee

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June, 1923 THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Build a Heavy Duty Bench Fretsaw By Joe V. Romig NE of the handiest tools for the home workshop is a heavy duty bench fretsaw. It will do a large variety of useful work in both wood and the softer metals, and saw blades can be bought in numerous lengths and widths. The saw illustrated costs little to build. When the blade is disconnected, it can be dismantled and the frame folded back against the wall so as to leave the top of the bench clear for other work. The double action treadle is coupled to a flywheel by means of a wooden connecting PLAN OF ARM \» GUIDE- 2 SQ. BRASS ob nr Side and front views of the fretsaw and ‘ details of the arm, yoke, slide, and guide rod. A wheel that will serve for the fly- wheel usually can be found in the junkyard. The saw arm is wood, shaped as shown, and is hinged to the wall at the back of the bench with two hinges. A saw yoke made of thin sheet metal is fastened to the outer end and is tapped for a screweye, to which is fastened the end of the spring. The slide and guide are simply a square length of steel running up and down in a square brass tube soldered to a flat brass screws in the edge of the treadle. The throw of the crankpin on the flywheel ‘should be about 6 in. and the total travel of the treadle at the points where the wire is connected with it should be about 3 in. As the saw blade is always pulled upward by the spring, the mechanism comes to rest with the treadle in a horizontal po- sition and therefore can be started with a light pressure of the foot. A Screw that Cannot Be Easily Taken Out | firbty: a petty thief had taken out the screws of my toolbox and helped himself to my tools, I devised the method illustrated of filing the heads of the screws so that they can be removed only with special effort. The two faces of the screw heads are filed down at an angle so that the screw- driver engages them when turning clock- wise, but slips when turning in the op- posite direction. The screws may then be tightened to any extent, but cannot be removed with a_ screwdriver.—A. SELETKZY, Catonsville, Md. _ Oe FLORSHEIM SHOE During warm summer days Florsheim Low Shoes give satisfying comfort. No gapping at the ankle— no slipping at the heel—cool because Skeleton Lined. Most Styles $10 Look for Name in Shoe BOOKLET ‘‘STYLES OF THE TIMES’’ ON REQUEST THE FLORSHEIM SHOE COMPANY Manufacturers « CHICAGO plate. The slide piece is slotted at each | end and drilled, as shown, for the pins | that hold the saw blade and treadle wire. | Each end of the treadle wire has an | elongated loop that slides on round headed | Save Your Tools| THE HANDIEST TOOL in the WORLD and Save Money! Be agazine A place for every Tool and ' Serew every Tool in a GERSTNER —— Driver Case will save both money and Large enough tohang » Tools. Astyle, size and price 4 to suit alltrades. Catalog free. © H. Gerstner & Sons Bi il 345 Columbia St., Dayton, Ohio | “(iit ‘anor wax GOor. Small enough to fix abell. Three blades, one awl, guaranteed. Fits any com- mon screw and makes holes. sk your send $1.25, prepaid. OLSON MFG. CO. 52 Commercial St., Worcester, Mass. When the Moon’s Shadow Touches the Earth —when one of the mysterious, terrific sun spots flares into activity—you can study these and a thousand other wonders of the sky with Bausch & Lomb TELESCOPES Made by America’s leading lens makers, backed by seventy years of opti- cal experience, Bausch & Lomb Telescopes are well-built, scientifically ac- curate and beautifully finished. They are equipped for both terrestrial and astronomical observation, and made in ranges of power from 24X to 120x. One of these beautiful instruments should be a part of the equipment of the country home, yacht club, school or country club. Write for literature describing these new telescopes—inspect them at your dealer’s. BAUSCH & LOMB OPTICAL CO, 600 St. Paul Street, Rochester, N. Y. New York Washington Chicago San Francisco London

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104 Popular Science M onthly No Punctures This Summer NSURE your tires against all punctures and thread leaks. Save money by get- ting double the mileage out of your old tires. Simply inject a 25c tube of Never- leak Tire Fluid into each tire and you can ride all summer without the least trouble from punctures, or porous conditions of the tires. Think of the time, trouble and money this will save. NEVERLEAK TIRE FLUID Heals Punctures on the Run It is the old reliable, guar- anteed tire fluid that has been giving entire satisfac- tion for over a quarter of a century. It never fails to do its work and by preserv- ing both the rubber and fabric, it doubles the life of your tires. Just try it. It must be entirely satisfactory in every way or you get your money back. Don’t allow your dealer to sell you something ‘‘just as good.’’ Be sure you get the original. Look for the signa- ture on-the yellow, green and white can. Buffalo Specialty Co. BUFFALO, N. Y. What Do You Know about Science? Following are correct answers to the questions on page 46 The Human Machine 1. We get tired because the muscle fibers get changed somehow so that they can no longer contract so strongly. Science does not know for sure whether this is because some necessary food material in the muscle fibers is used up or whether it is because the use of the fibers produces some poison- ous chemical in them that has to be taken away and dispelled by the blood. to 60,000 hairs in a full head of hair. Women may have as many as 70,000. 3. The color of the hair is due to thousands of little granules of colored substances put inside the growing hair by the hair cells in the scalp. When your hair turns gray, it means that these cells no longer make this substance. They are badly nourished. 4. There are 206 bones in the body, in- cluding the three little bones in each ear. 5. Any injury to the body sets blood flow- ing to the injured part in order to repair the damage. Some of this blood, or some fluid from it, usually leaks out of the blood vessels and seeps in among the fibers of the muscles and the other tissues. This makes the tissues swell and forms a bump. 6. Too little blood in the brain causes fainting. Suppose you are lying down and get up quickly. Most of the blood in your body suddenly drains down out of your head. The brain is deprived of blood, it runs out of oxygen and you faint. 7. Sneezing is an automatic device to keep insects and other dangerous things from getting into the lungs and the air passages leading to them. If anything touches the nerves in the lining of the nose, they send a message to the nerve center in the brain which controls the muscles of the chest. This center orders a sudden contraction of these muscles and the resulting sneeze blows out whatever touched the nerves. 8. In the United States the average for boys is seven pounds 10 ounces; for girls it is seven pounds 21% ounces. 9. Consumption or tuberculosis. Heart disease sometimes ranks ahead of tuber- culosis in the statistics, but heart failure is a general name for a great many diseases. 10. Colds are due to germs that grow in the tissues of the nose and throat so that these tissues get inflamed and swell up. These germs are always lurking about on the moist surfaces of the mouth and nose but when we are in good health they cannot get a foothold in the tissues. A severe fatigue, a spell of indigestion, a great chilling of the body or some other thing that lowers our vitality temporarily, may give the germ a chance to enter the tissues and get a start. Then we have a cold. What Things Are Made Of 1. The difference between atoms and molecules can be made clear by an example. Water is made up of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen. The smallest possible particle of water still has this com- position. It is a water molecule. It con- sists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen held together in a chemical com- bination. If you split this up, it is not a molecule any more. Neither is it water. It is merely some loose atoms of the single elements hydrogen and oxygeh. 2. Iron is a chemical element—a substance that cannot be split up into other .sub- stances except by disintegration of its atoms. 3. Radium also is a chemical element; one of the metals. Its extraordinary impor- tance in science is due to the fact that its atoms are explosive. A few billion of them explode every second, even in a very small piece of radium. And when one of them explodes, it breaks into an atom of the gas helium, which is thrown out with great 2. Men of the white race have from 40,000 © ————__ force, and an atom of another radioactive element called ‘‘niton.” 4. The smallest distance actually measured so far is the distance between the atoms jn a crystal of common salt. It is about 109 millionths of an inch. If a cube of salt an inch square were enlarged until it reached from New York to Chicago, the atoms in it would be a little over half an inch apart. 5. The metal osmium, which is a rare metal much like platinum. It weighs 22% times as much as an equal volume of water, 6. Lithium, which occurs as a chemical compound in lithia water. In the form of metal it is merely a chemical curiosity. Its specific gravity is about half that of water. 7. Because pure gold is too soft. Its molecules do not stick together ve tightly and too many of them would ru off and get lost when the coin was carried about and used. So a little copper is put into the gold. This makes the molecules of gold stick together more tightly so that the coin is harder. 8. Coal is an impure form of the chemical element carbon. When it burns, the carbon combines with the oxygen of the air. The impurities in the coal are left behind as ash. 9. Smoke is mostly little particles of car- bon that were not burned in the fire. Ifa fire burns very fast, and especially if the fuel is soft and easily broken up, like wood or soft coal, a lot of tiny carbon particles are torn off and carried up the chimney before they have time to catch fire and burn. 10. Alcohol is made by yeast, which is really a tiny living plant. A cake of com- pressed yeast contains billions of them. These plants convert sugar into alcohol. How Things Work 1. When you throw the ball down, the force with which it hits the pavement flattens one side of the ball. The rubber (or the compressed air inside) resists this flatten- ing. This push makes the ball rebound. 2. This is an instance of inertia. The standing people are moving with the car. They tend to keep on moving when it stops. The law of inertia is that matter at rest tends to remain at rest and matter in motion tends to remain in motion until some opposite force is applied to it. 3. The friction of the air. The pitcher gives the ballaspin. This spin causes more air friction on one side of the ball than on the other side and makes the ball curve. 4. Flies have little suckers on their feet by which they can stick to things. 5. Woolen clothes are warmer than cotton ones because they hold more air and hold it tighter. Air, when it cannot move, is a very poor conductor of heat. The layer of air entangled in the meshes of clothes prevents the body heat from escaping 6. The ice cools the air around it. This makes the air heavier and the cooled air sinks. Warm air comes up from the lower part of the refrigerator. There is thus a continual circulation of the air. 7. Pressure increases heat. Heat also increases pressure. If a tire gets hot, the air pressure inside it goes up. If the pres- sure rises too high or if the tire is weak anywhere, it may blow out. 8. Light travels about+a million times faster than sound does. The light is prac- tically instantaneous. The sound takes about five seconds for every mile. 9. The smooth walls of the inside of the shell cause a great many small echoes. When you hold the shell to your ear, some sounds from the street or the room get into it through the crack between it and your ear. These echo around inside and rumble like the waves. 10. Most solids swell a little when they are heated. Glassware does. A cold glass put into hot water swells; some parts more than others. This makes strains in the glass and breaks it. June, 1$ Chez hull b water The cedar hard 1 1 an. engine Eve gover! speed STEEL UNIVE! JOINT ‘ ‘ ‘ \ | SEC PIF Fu ond & na in a ee oe

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orce 1€s ces es. ar, ™m it ide are ut re he June, 1923 THE HOME WORKSHOP Cheap Motor Drives Sport Boat (Continued from page 75) hull because the bend is well above the water line. The transverse ribs are l-in. stock. White cedar can be used, as well as oak or other hard woods. The engine bearers are oak 1 in. thick, with steel plates to take the engine brackets. Every step in building the hull should be governed by the thought that the high speed developed by the hydrosled imposes " PROPELLER SHAFT ce I" GALY. IRON PIPE 2 ; 7 “ye BALL BEARING fm ‘SUZ a MS AS PINE “COUPLING b- 8-0" icin PROPELLER SHAFT > _--RUBBER HOSE PIPE tg -HOSE CLAMP & GALVANIZED SHEET IRON A |” Vi; ~~. + LL WATER SCOOP.» Details of the propeller shaft and bearing, the method of mounting the propeller, and the construction of the water scoop a strain that will quickly reveal any weak places. For this reason, each plank and beam should be fastened liberally with copper or galvanized nails, screws, or rivets. The shaft log or propeller shaft bearing must be fastened rigidly to the stern plank- with the engine. The weaving of the hull is accommodated to a considerable extent by the flexibility of the universal joint, which is retained for that purpose. The propeller should be of a high speed (Turn to page 106) ing and bored in fairly accurate alinement | f) TRADE-MARKS ATENT COPYRIGHTS Zo SPECIAL OFFE FREE OPINION AS TO PATENTABLE NATURE Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form **Record of Invention.’’ This should be signed and witnessed and if returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention, we will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. Our Three Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide BOOK HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Jerms, and 100 Mechanical Movements illustrated and de- scribed, Articles on Assignment or SALE OF PATENTS, Patent Practice and Procedure, g and Law Points for inventors. OUR TRADE MARK BOOK Shows the value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protection and gives information regarding Trade-Marks and. unfair competition in trade. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in all Foreign Countries. We secure Foreign Patents in shortest-time and lowest cost. LIST OF PATENT BUYERS SENT FREE IDFAS WANTED: Send for LIST OF PATENT BUYERS, containing unsolicited Letters from Manu- facturers and others WISHING TO BUY merito- rious patents. There isa great demand for NEEDED INVENTIONS. We endeavor to assist OUR clients in the commercial develop- ment of their inventions. SPECIALIZATION Our Staff The field of invention is so vast that it is impossible for any one to become an expert in all the different classes of invention. For this reason Victor J. Evans & Co. em- ploy a number of patent lawyers and mechanical experts who have been selected for their special knowledge and ability in certain lines of invention, THE VALUE OF YOUR PATENT Will depend much upon the skill and care with which your case is prepared and prosecuted in the United States Patent Office. Every case receives our best ellorts, and our work is done consistently, skillfully and thoroughly, as is evidenced by the many unsolicited letters of commendation received from our clients. We will furnish lists of clients from any State in the Union for whom we have secured patents, Our New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and San Francisco Offices We have established for the benefit of our clients Branch Offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, Ill., and San Francisco, Cal. These branch offices located in these large commercial cities, together with our Main Office located near the U. S. Patent Cffice, in Washington, enable us to more promptly handle the business of our clients, particularly as the branch offices are in constant touch with the Main Office. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms — oe ae 6. a = Om REE COUPONT SS 2 eee See > (nay (| VICTOR J. EVANS & CO.; NV } i Patent Attorneys Samii \ Vi ‘\ \ Mi ) -__ New York Offices Philadelphia Offices Pittsburgh Offices NS | . | 1007 Woolworth Bldg. 714-715 Liberty Bldg. 514 Empire Bldg. Sil i aN Hg, UD HN DY -NMGMO@sr 3s cesses. ress. ie rae Picea nmmnrecenmeinaas \ Chicago Offices, 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Offices, Hobart Bldg. i Main Offices, 760 9th Street, Washington, D.C. I Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books as described above. | r l | | 1 | | l ! \

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PROTECTED C UD ABR ALA ORM AA AR AA Abide INVENTION.” this form before you disclose your invention Patent office. patents, trade-marks, copyrights, etc. and by reasonable fees. nature, etc. A A L) ) 4 ) at ') os D. ». L) ) J Main Office, 6 Owen Bidg., Washington, D.C. your form ““TO RECORD YOUR INVENTION, are constantly being received. Manufacturers are always interested in any new device for which there is a market, which fills a long felt need, makes production possible at a lower cost, or which will do the work BETTER. There is undoubtedly a great demand to-day for really worth while inventions. Your First Step If you have an idea, send immediately for my blank form “TO RECORD You should serve your own best interests by filling out and signing determine and establish evidence of invention before filing an application in the U. S. A copy, with full instructions, will be gladly sent free on request. New Book ‘‘Successful Patents’’ Sent FREE Every man who has an invention or ever hopes to have one, should send for a copy of my book, “SUCCESSFUL PATENTS.” ; It describes my methods, fees and terms, gives information relative to assignment or sale of rights and instructions in detail. coupon to-day for a free copy of this book—or a postcard request will do. To the Man with an Idea I offer a comprebensive, experienced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection, and will endeavor to aid him in the commercial development ot his proposition—my ser vice is distinguished by over 12 years’ successful practice, and by thousands of satisfied clients Send sketch, or model, and description, for advice as to cost, opinion as to its patentable Preliminary advice gladly furnished without charge. 2276-D,Woolworth Bldg., New York City Please send me. without charge, or other obligation, a copv of your book, “SUCCESSFUL PATENTS,” ** and information concerning patents, etc. — Inquiries from Manufacturers and Others Who Are Looking for Good Ideas BY PATENTS YOUR TO ANY ONE. This document will help you It tells what everyone should know about Mail RICHARD B. OWEN, Patent Lawyer Branch Office

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==, THE HOME WORKSHOP

Cheap Motor Drives Sport Boat (Continued from page 105) type, preferably three-bladed, about 14 or 16 in. in diameter, with a 22-in. pitch. An 18-in. propeller will obviously give a

higher speed, but the additional load on the engine will make necessary more fre- act DIAYOKE CROSS ROD Feo ke ASSEMBLY)

Feours<--" 4” 3 STEEL PLATE--~ .m , “sit JE oe WASHER - [ = - = . ¥ ‘ 1, How the twin rudders are made and mount quent adjustments in the bearings to over- come the wear. With the position of the engine and pro- peller as shown, a speed of about 25 miles an hour can be obtained under favorable circumstances. To increase this speed it would seem necessary only to lower the position of the propeller, but as that would

The method of mountin gas tank and coils on a dash brac- ed by strap irons to the engine

involve tilting the engine, it is not advisable because the oiling would become difficult and uncertain. Success in constructing a boat such as this depends much upon the ingenuity of the builder, and all sorts of modifications are possible. While all important dimen- sions are given in the drawings, there is nothing hard and fast about them and they can be varied within limits to suit the ideas of the builder. (Valuable pointers on building hulls will be found in the series of articles by Captain McCann, ‘‘New Motorboats from Old,’’ the second of which appears this month, and in a description of a home- made sailing lark, by Mr. Stillman Taylor, on page 105 of the April issue.) —THE EDITOR.

MAny troubles experienced by beginners can be traced directly to faulty construc- tion or defective parts. Be careful that you thoroughly understand a wiring dia- gram before connecting a set. If your set does not work, it is sometimes advisable to tear out all wiring and do the job over again, using ordinary bell wire, which can be replaced with heavier wire when the hook-up has proved satisfactory.—J. C.

June, 19: ocala eae Kitck Roor w" ‘ the dir primari is appl and th and tc the ki effort | An equipn opene¢ and a away, terior

cee RAFAT — t

-_ 2a & a O&O OS

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nthly a, ne at er- \ro- les ble it he ld a ES TS of ils C= “SS @ is ry ct or S DO ct June, 1923 THE HOME WORKSHOP Kitchenette Closeted in Dining Room Saves Housewife’s Steps HEN space is limited, a kitchenette can often be closeted at one s‘de of the dining room, as illustrated. This is primarily an apartment house idea, but it is applicable to remodeling work, to two | and three story flats, to small cottages, and to large old-fasiioned houses where the kitchen requires too much time and effort to maintain. An area 2 by 8 ft. is all this closeted equipment requires. Three doors are opened during the preparation of meals, and after the dishes have been cleared away, these doors are closed and all ex- terior evidence of the kitchen is concealed. When serving —_—_=mmmen| meals, only the Scien “Tr lines at moon | 1 panpns j OBE ee j } iPortin 4 : : | ‘ | : } se ® 5 t ea Sane’ ib ui 9 Vis 4 Whee 3 ' i | i ' { : ech . : Ss ges The = kitch- enette open and closed and a plan showing the space saving layout + hi BY ELECTRIC FOOD E) LIGHT /~ CUPBOARD BINS ’ , ‘ae ' \ SERVING TABLE 'CEBOX UNDERNEATH PLAN center door need be partly open for access to dishes that have to be kept hot on the range. The kitchen is complete in all essentials. On. the left side is the sink, and extending from this to the side and rear is a copper drain of large size. In the center ‘s the range with glass partitioned cabinet above. To the right of this is the serving table or board, under which is a space for a small refrigerator, not shown in tke illustration. Access to the icebox is obtained by lifting up the serving board, which is hinged at the rear and can be fastened in the raised position by a hook on the edge. On the extreme right and behind the door frame are food containers, a cup- board, and two sliding bins for flour and meal. A strip about 4 ft. up extends around the inside and is fitted with kooks several inches apart for various kitchen utensils. At the center is an electric light. The shelving shown at the sides of the glass cabinet extends all the way up to the ceiling, and ample space is provided for canned foods, packages, pans, and china. Above the range and connecting with the chimney is a ventilator to keep the odors of cooking out of the dining room. _ Apart from its economy in space, this small kitchen saves countless steps and re- duces housework to a minimum.—G. A. . When all those thousands of other bright “up-and-comers” were writing for the Pressed Metal Book? (Je tells how to capitalize your own ingenuity—how to get cash for your clever thoughts. ) From all over the nation they came, and still are coming. It seems that almost everybody is suddenly (and most intelligently) interested in PRESSED METAL. Can you suggest some new way to utilize its practi- cally unlimited usefulness and economy? Just remember that Pressed Metal is anything that can be ‘produced by stamping from sheets of steel, brass, aluminum, copper or any other useful metal. The Pressed Metal Industry today totals about $20,000,000.00 a year. When it realizes its full field of utility by a wider public knowledge of its value as a public service, it will crowd ten times that annual output. Pressed Metal is one of the greatest blessings that American mechan- ical genius has given the world. Pencil tips are Pressed Metal. Auto and truck frames are Pressed Metal. Battery boxes, auto-bodies, washing machines and door-knobs are mostly Pressed Metal. You begin to get an idea of its wonderful range of use. SELL US AN IDEA of some new and practical way to utilize Pressed Metal. The Pressed Metal Trade Extension Council will promptly pay for every acceptable suggestion approved by our Engineering Advisory Board. . Please do not trifle with this, as our purpose is serious and constructive and in the public interest. The membership of the undersigned Council includes many of the largest manufacturing corporations in the United States and their purpose and plans are broad, businesslike and practical. The Plan briefly outlined above is already releasing the hidden genius and practical intelligence now bottled up in thousands of ambitious workers. After you receive the PRESSED METAL booklet, which, of course, you will write for immediately, you will follow this schedule : 1st: Get your inspiration, either by a flash or by deliberate study. 2nd: Formulate it so that it is perfectly plain. Sketch it if it wil help any. 3rd: Send it with no money and no references, to the cll Metal Trade Extension Council, as undersigned, and await the decision of the Pressed Metal Engineering Advisory Board. If you—but our space is used up—so you will have to get the rest of it out of the Pressed Metal Booklet. Write Right Away for the Free ? WHERE WERE YOU 9 : . es Sera’ BOOKLET Mere BOOKLET It contains full explanation of what we want from you and how you can get it to us in the way most profitable to you. It tells you HOW TO CAPITALIZE YOUR MECHANICAL TALENT or inventive genius—or maybe just your “good old common-sense.” It tells all the con- ditions and the amounts to be pa:d for t:e successful ideas, and also how to protect yourself against mis- appronriation of your creative thouzhts by others. WRITE TODAY. (A post card will do, but please .mak2 it easily ]gibl2 so it can be properly filed and acknowledged.) Address >t PRESSED METAL fxtctston COUNCIL 27 QUINCY STREET, CHICAGO @® You Can Save $35©& Recover it yourself, Custom tailor $4.45 ~ made tofit all makes and ParcelsPostpaid modcls. Roof % ( and quarters sewed together, with rear fasteners, } “4 welts and tacks, complete. Anybody can put it to work orschooland recreation ison JAM @ Ranger bicycle. Choiceof 44 stylesand ff sizes. 30 Days’ Free Trial. Express prepaid. (ax if desired. Saved ¥ JQMonthstoPay tine 'and cartare Vn easily meets the small payments, {hvng HA = on toh, a! Ly factory r le. . Write on. Give name, year, model n of your car. Mead srr: Gemeage Beet faith Toba Aik Coberts Coie, "? re — _—_ ———— > - They get best results when they use WHITING-ADAMS BRUSHES Mai es illustrate woman's activities, ries eines comes from using” WHITING-ADAMS BRUSHES Send for Illustrated Literature JOHN L.WHITING-J.J. ADAMS CO.,Boston,U.S.A. Brush Manufacturers for Over 113 Years and the Largest in the World

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HIGH SCHOOL ‘COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if you lack HANDICAPPED [orn You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of practically all worth-while positions demand High School train- ing. You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This course, which has been prepared by some of America’s leading professors, will | broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is com- | plete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all subjects given in a resident school and meets all requirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are care- | fully examined and coached. | USE SPARE TIME ONLY Most people idle away fifty hours a | week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge you will gain will well repay the time spent in study. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full particulars and Free Bulletin. American $chool Dept. H.A.75 Drexel Ave. and 58th $t., Chicago OS SS SS A, A A, A A FA CT A American School Dept. H.A.75, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago Send me full information on the subject checked and how you will help me win success. cots Architect eves Building Contractor eovses: Automobile Engineer ereeee Automobile Repairman evsced Civil Engineer oo Structural Engineer ecveee Business Manager eeeesCert. Public Accountant «....Accountant and Auditor eonsed Bookkeeper coves Draf: tamnam and Designer +-.-Blectrieal Engineer eee lectric Light & Power meso General Education teeeee Vocational Guidance soeeee eecees Business Law Shop Practice Writer Engineer Superintendent Manager Wame cae Address THE HOME WORKSHOP How I Improved My Homemade Loudspeaker for a Dollar By John A. Mahon I HAVE improved my homemade loud- speaker so that it compares favorably in volume, sweetness of tone, and absence of distortion with any of the high priced commercial loudspeakers on the market. Like many radio fans, I have been using a Baldwin C phone, modified by a simple adjustment such as I described in an article on page 107 of the March issue of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. To carry the improvement still further, I added a _perma- nent magnet, as shown. It is a magnet of the type used in auto mag- netos. A slot is cut with a hot knife in the top of the tele- phone to take one leg of the magnet, so that the magnet will fit loosely over the armature in the phone. The h “METAL SLEEVE other leg is held ~~ BRASS SUPPORT Powerful permanent magnet added _ to aldwin phone in a socket made of tin or brass, and supported by a brass rod attached to the brass sleeve of an ordinary phonograph horn adapter. In placing the magnet in position for use, tune in some station that is relatively weak. Then try out each side of the magnet to see which gives the louder tone. When this has been determined, place the other leg of the magnet in the socket. See that the magnet makes good contact by scraping off the purple varnish on top of the phone armature. That is all that is necessary. You will find the stations coming in much better than before. With 100 volts on my amplifier plate circuit, I have brought in New York sta- tions so loud that they could be heard for blocks away, and on local stations I use a detector tube alone, as otherwise the broad- casting would be unbearably !oud. The vent hole and the wingnut clamping attachment, shown in dotted lines in the illustration, is the adjusting device de- scribed in the article mentioned above; both improvements together give me a loud- speaker different from any on the market and one that has proved most satisfactory in regard to both volume and clearness. Radio Wave Trap Helps to Cut Down Interference ERY often the use of a “‘wave trap” will aid you in reducing interference from conflicting broadcasting stations. Such a device can easily be made by con- necting a variometer in the ground circuit in series with the tuning coil and connect- ing a variable condenser of about .001 mfd. in parallel with the variometer. The set is first adjusted to receive the desired station as clearly as possible and by further adjustment of the variometer and variable condenser, the undesired station can be tuned out. This is particularly useful when two broadcasting stations are located’so that their sigrials come in with about the same strength.—S. L. G. Sone pon hy nus Popular Science Monthly | ». Easy to Play Easy to Pay Clyde C. Doerr Director Clyde Doers and His Orchestra, makers of Victor Records for = True-Tone Saxophone Easiest of all wind instru. ng. Hear mentsto play and one of the Dosecher 10 - ; most beautiful. You can struments on , learn the scale in an hour's p your phono- = and play popular music in ph. few cael ay a can take ome Dlace i in a band within 90 days, if | you desire. Unrivalled for home ” geoet in big demand Foe 00) n big dem fi chestra dance music. — You may orderan ’ Free Trial Buescher Inst =f ment without paying in advance, and t it six days in your own home, without obli- gation. If perfectly satisfied, pay for it on easy payments. 75% of all popular phonograph records are played with Buescher instr uments. the Nation’s Record Makers. Saxophone Book Free After nearly 200 vears’ struments are almost entirely dis laced beg Saxophones inall nationally popular orchestras. Our tee Saxophone Book tells which Saxophone takes violin, A. and bass parts and — = you Maced ~ to kn os yd for your ntion the instrumen teres @ com: plete catalog will be mailed free. BUESCHER BAND 2 INSTRUMENT co. 3169 > Gusssber Block. ELKHART, INDIAKA Sax Invented the Saxophone Ask for pictures of Buescher Perfected It STUART'S PLAPAO- PADS are different from “ the truss, being mechanico- ¢ chemico applicators made RY self-adhesive purposely to J hold the distended muscles securely in place. No straps, buckles or spring attached ae —cannot slip, so cannot {= chafe or press against the pubic bone. Thousands have Siienuns successfully treated them- F “eo ile selves at home without | Reduced Gold Medal hindrance from work—most Fac-Simile }e eda! obstinate cases conquered. Grand Prix Soft as velvet—easy to sony inexpensive. Awarded Gold Medal and Grand Process of was “ natural, “4 — —‘ ra 0 gd use _ Rea" prove it by sending Trial o apao 2bso wey Write name on Coupon and send TODA FREE Plapao Co., 790 Stuart Bldg., St. sol Mo. IPED A255 bn eee ena esas eiekie esses 6406 es HW (Os -WATCHES- OF =) s Bd es Ia Genuine Diamonds UARAN- Send for Catalog. Everything fully A explained. Over 2,000 illustrations of Diamonds, Watches, Pearls, Gold Jew- elry, Silverware, ge Mes hB te. Wrist Watch “AS KSolld White Gold, 17Jewels, thers at 33) st "size. $150, guaranteed, "$39; 16 Jewels, 14-K, [OE TIS = BERTY BONDS ACCEPTED BROS & CO. isss The Old Reliable jt Jewelers DEPT. 100 to 108 N. State St., Chicago, Ill. Stores In Leading’ Cities $100 A WEEK Being made by users of Adams- Barre Equipment. We teach you trade, furnish equip- ment, start you in_ business. Mcdel E | Vulcanizer and equipment, $135. Will do the same “work as other $400. $600 outfits. Uses either sand b: or air bag, costs less than 25c day to operate. Easily do $ worth of work a day. Write for Model E circular or Equip- ment catalogue. Many other Models. Everything for the tire shop. State intentions. THE ADAMS-BARRE COMPANY 1244 North High Street COLUMBUS, OHIO MOTORCYCLE BARGAINS SAVE 257, to 65% on siaheity nnd sae Rebuflt Motor- Johnson Motor ie, Evans sens Cycles. Ricycles. eg for, Fred Free dy new Sate of un- +-— 5 and “ive | new machines, supplies, accessories, etc. . AMERICAN WOTOR CYCLE CO. Dept. 617, 2047 W. Chicago Ave... CHICAGO ft 9 ‘19 Cc e ORDER FRAT

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nthly - 8 ww aw Sse eee’ June, 1923 To use and introduce the greet- est improvement in Inner Tubes since autos were invented. Air gauge in valve stem of cvery Tube shows at a glance through the Un- breakable Transparent Valve Cover amount of air in tires. AiIR-GAGE‘:::/ Tubes —sell onsight to almostevery car owner because they save trouble, time, worry and expense. Add one-third to life of Tires. Paul salesmen make big profits selling direct to car owners. Our million dollar factory can use 600 mo at once. Experience not necessary. Big Tilustrated Free Book telis how the Paul Plan will etart you in this big. money-making business without capital. ree Book T THE | PAUL RUBBER oe. Dept. 54 Salisbury, N. C. — ——— RADIO & AUTO Storage Batteries CHARGED FROM LAMP SOCKET, for a FewCents with an F-FBATTERY CHARGER a Full WayeMagneticCharg er for105- de eee 1eA.C. Type A-K Charges to 120 Volts Of *‘B’’ ud Speaker Storege Batteries In Series inductively At onto Overni A t. Disconnec: one and Multiple Connections Vi . All Circuits Separate, Nothing Like f Made. F BATTERY CHARGERS are Complete Portable Automatic Charging Units. Infusible Rectitying brushes Maintain Uninterrupted Ser- | vice AtConstant Efficiency, while Full Wave Design Q) Eepreremnaie® rCharge. Jan aspeee: nee abtay | se Lome S ket; tleryTerminals & eiyiet hargedin Morning: or killie uire d I TTERYCH isCombinatior lag eg All Types But ‘‘B’’ Charge Auto Batteries. >, 3! hig t for aay ‘Batter ies& rapid Cra MMeTe feppties Tite Te lbs. rchase from DEALER, o: il Check for Prompt Rasa If for Pareel Post add Fos ee & Insurance Charge Cc Auto&RadioBatteries. ORD Af am te, Shi pede. *O. o. ORDER Now, or WRITE Immediately ror EE CHARGE! TSulletin 1%. FRANCE MFG. CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO, U.S.A. South Bend Bait 200000 FISH-PHOTO Contest aN Anyone may enter. To compete, catch one or several fish — photo— grevk, them, send photo to us. here’s no entrance fee. Contest now on—closes October 3lst. 273 prizes in all, totaling $2,000.00. } ed further particulars from any South Bend Bait dealer by asking Sor our Contest Book. Tells about prizes, rules, etc. If there is nota dealer near you, write us. « South Bend Bait Company 46 14535 High St.,South Bend, Ind. 4 a the New Sun Automatic Reg- j ulator and Timer for Ford Cars. Gives pro- ¢ per spark oe for every speed of motor. Does away with Spark Lever. Back-kick Im possible—Ineures in- y” stant start in all weather. Prevents fouling «f spark plugs and forming of car- bon. Engine remains clean ¢ giving more power on hills, § more sped On level roads $ at less cost. Grease. dirt 2 and waterproof—Fully : guaranteed. Sold on 30 days § 7 7 , . ~~ N trial. Retail price $3.50. @ Large income for active workers. Tremendous , sales opportunities. Every Ford owner will buy. q AUTO SUN PRODUCTS COMPANY. c Dept. 32 Cincinnatl, Ohio PPI ere" You, Too, Can Play the HAWAIIAN GUITAR ‘4 Just as the Natives Do- ’’ or ‘‘runs Three ee o'Clock in the Morn Seamblin oli METHOD SIMPLE AND POSITIVE The course of 52 lessons, when completed ,enables youf. - -' to play any piece of music--just as the natives dol j FREE sbcsnti a beautiful Hewaljen G tar.and all a necessary picks,p music. Start at once to master this Seindly owe sweet music. Just oun on a post Sendpartica ae of your tree Hawalian Sican Bananite and 52 lessons, THE HOME WORKSHOP -How to Paint Furniture (Continued from page 76) if necessary, it can be colored as heretofore described. For the enamel itself, the brush must be absolutely clean and free from dust. Al- though the enamel will flow on and level itself, it is important to brush it first with, then across, and finally with, the grain in order to spread a perfectly even film. If this is not done, the enamel will either refuse to dry thoroughly on the horizontal surfaces, or will run in a discouraging fashion on vertical or inclined surfaces. All coats of enamel but the last can be thinned with turpentine. Each coat is sandpapered and dusted after it is hard. The last coat is applied as it comes from the can. The question of how many coats to apply depends entirely upon the kind of work and how good a (finish is desired. For average work, from one to three coats of enamel are used. At least three should be used if a rubbed finish is desired, such as for good bedroom pieces. It is important to make sure, in that case, that the last coat is a grade of enamel intended for rub- bing. When dry, this coat should be rubbed either with No. O steel wool used dry, which is the most convenient method for the home _ worker, or with powdered pum- ice stone on a wad of soft cloth, an old piece of felt, or a regular rubbing felt. The cloth or felt is moistened with water, and the pum- ; 3 ice stone is sprinkled oe ae on it. Plenty of —— plainest water inust be used, Pace’ cttractive _~—and ail the surfaces must be rubbed uni- formly. Do not rub too long or too hard. Six or eight passes of the rubbing felt are ordinarily enough. Small, irregular sur- faces and moldings can be rubbed with pumice stone on cotton waste. If you wish to polish the surface, give it a further rubbing with rotten stone and oil, either a regular polishing oil or machine oil or white mineral oil. An imitation rubbed finish can be obtained without the labor of rubbing by using specially prepared ename!s that dry flat or with an eggshell gloss. To make a good job of enameling an old varnished piece of furniture, it is advisable to remove the varnish entirely. Failure to do this is one reason why refinished furni- ture sometimes chips 2nd cracks. When surfaces have been finished in other ways than varnishing, it is sufficient to wash them thoroughly so as to remove all grease and dirt, and then sandpaper until smooth and free from all traces of gloss. Oné or more undercoatings are then ap- plied, as the condition of the furniture seems to require, and the finishing is done as previously described. Wicker furniture should be cleaned as thoroughly as possible before attempting to paint it. The ideal way to finish it is to spray on the paint or enamel, which is a simple matter if a power or foot pump sprayer can be obtained. The spray drives the color into all the depressions without (Turn to page 110) EARLE E. LIEDERMAN as he is today Useless asa Rabbit’s Tail The best thing a rabbit can do with his tail is to sit on it. And that’s about as much use as some men make of their bodies. There are so many flat-chested, weak-kneed speci- mens walking the streets these days that a real live man is a curiosity... The average man of today has about as much ambition for exercise as a jelly-fish. If he runs 50 yards, he puffs like a steam engine, sits down and feels as though he were ready to die. And, take it from me, he isn’t far from it. Cut it out, fellows. Don't be a cake-eater. If you ever knew the joys of a real healthy body, you would start this minute to get one. And that is just what you are going to do. The undertaker has his eye on you, but give him the laugh and say: “Not yet, old boy.” The Gateway to Health It is open to you. Come on in and get busy. Yes, it means work, but Oh boy! what it brings to you. In just 30 days I am going to put one full inch on your biceps; yes, and two inches on your chest. But that is only the start. Now comes the real works. I am going to broaden your shoulders, fill out your chest and give you a pair of arms that carry a wallop. Meanwhile I work on your inner muscles surrounding your vital organs. Every breath you take brings a deep inhale of oxygen into your lungs, purifying your blood, so that your whole body will tairly tingle with new life. You will feel real pep in your old backbone. This is no idle talk. My treatment has stood the test of years and is now endorsed by experts as ab- solutely the shortest and only sure route to Health and Strength. I don’t promise results—I guaran- tee them. Come on now and make me prove it. Send for My New 64-Page Book “MUSCULAR DEVELOPMENT” It contains forty-three full-page photographs of my- self and some of the many prize-winning ——— I have t.ained. Some of these came to me as pitiful weaklings, imploring me to help them. Lo. k them over now and you will marvel at their present physicues. This book will prove an impetus and a real re nto you. It will thrill you through and through. 1 I ask is 10 cents to cover the cost of wrapping and hs ee and it is youts to keep. This will not obligate you at all, but for the sake of your future health and happiness, do not put it off. Send today—right now, before you turn this page. EARLE E. LIEDERVAN Dept. 1305, 309 Broadway, New York City EARLE E. LIEDERMAN Dept. 1306, 309 Broadway, New York City DEaR S1x:—I enclose herewith 10 cents, for which you are to send me, without any obligatio non my part whatever, a copy of your latest hook ‘Muscular Devel- opment.” (Please write or print plainly.) INGER... oc cc ccccccnccvccseectecoscosdesceevass pee Bereet... cecccecvccccvesceveci(escveve ce cnecvsaweee oe EA er ecm eee State

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| $95 an oat “Every hour I spent on my I. C. S. Course has been worth $95 to me! My position, my $5,000 a year income, my home, my family’s happiness—I owe it all to my spare-time training with the International Correspondence Schools!” Every mail brings letters from some of the thousands of I. C. S. students telling of promotions or increases in salary as the rewards of spare-time study. What are you doing with the hours after supper? Can you afford to let them slip by unimproved when you can easily make them mean so much? One hour a day spent with the I. C. S. will prepare you for the position you want in the work you like best. Yes, it will! Put it up to us to prove it. Mark and mail this coupon now! INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS sites Box 7644-C, Seranton, Penna. ut cost er obligation on my part, please tell me how I can a for the itio ~ AF, oe od cy on or in the subject before BUSINESS TRAINING DEPARTMENT Salesmanshi, Business Management iD Industrial Management Advertising Personne! Organizatien Better Letters — a Foreign Trade usiness Law Stenography and Typi Banking and Banking Law Business English val | Accountancy ( including C. P.A.) (Civil Service ee _ Accounting Railway Mail Clerk Common School Subjects Private | am ry High Scheel Subjects }Business Spanish { French Ilustrating TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT Electrical Engineering Architect Ei Lighting Blue Print Reading Mechanical Engineer Contractor and Builder Mechanical Draftsman |Machine Shop Practice Railroad Positions Gas Engine Operating Civil Engineer Surveying and Mt Metallurey 0 Min Steam Engineering ra] radio Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer Chemistry () Pharmacy |Automobile Work Airplane Engines griculture and Poultry Mathematics

Persons residing in Canada should send this co to ti International Correspondence Schools Canadian’ Limited, Montreal, Canada

MG 3 ipa ea sai SABIE idle aaa gw oe ten oe, remanent Tere el TUNE IN ONE AFTERNOON - . FREE Complete instructions for peaking E teal music bh a armo) onica Organ) sent Pans ~y any Am we First learn the scale—‘‘do, re, me, fa’” ete. Then try “‘Home Sweet Home.” : Diagrams and full explanations show | ....< you how you can do this easily with a <r HOHNER HARMONICA After you’ve done - you can play any tune you iy -- with chords a fall accompant- armonica is most it. lar is He the radio, Biggest hit of tne Peer now es. ork Orchestras. Bethe first boy in your ps geigeierbood to play a. G well Astonish your folks and to at the musi

for free instructions Send now

THE HOME WORKSHOP

How to Paint Furniture (Continued from page 109) the danger of runs that is always present when a brush is used. A good job can be done with a brush, however, if the enamel is thinned with turpentine and put on as dry as possible with an oval bristle brush. The brush should be applied with a rotary pressing movement to work the color in well. Often chairs enameled at home have a tendency to remain sticky. This can be avoided by thinning with turpentine each coat that is used for such surfaces as chair seats and table tops, and allowing it to be- come thoroughly hard before the next coat is applied. Enamels flow best at a temperature of about 70 degrees, and when drying require a certain amount of air, so that the room should not be shut up tightly. Leave either the windows or the doors open a little. Daylight is another requi- site, and the win- dow shades, therefore, should

be left up. The _ brushes : should be treated . a a with the utmost ments care, and kept between coats, or when not in use, with the bristles suspended in turpentine. After using, they should be cleaned with turpentine. The enamel cans_ should always be tightly closed. Your best efforts in enameling are apt to be spoiled if the surfaces are afterward washed with gasoline, turpentine, am- monia, or other strong cleanser, or even rubbed with many varieties of furniture polish. One leading manufacturer of enamels recommends that cleansing be done with the suds of neutral soap and soft, warm water applied with a sponge, to only a small surface at a time. The sponge is then squeezed dry and the suds wiped off with it. The surface is dried with a cha- mois skin. Sometimes it is not necessary to enamel an entire piece in order to give it charm and distinction. Bands or stripes of colors can be applied on pieces that are varnished or polished. Some of the leading furniture manufacturers are using this trick to give a touch of color to otherwise dark furniture. For instance, with a walnut bedroom set, rich gray-green stripes and bandings are often most attractive.

Paper Clips Prevent Blots AITING for the ink to dry on a tracing wastes considerable time. If a draftsman hurries, however, he is apt to blot one or more lines already draWn. To lessen the likelihood of blots, fasten several paper clips on the edges of the T-square, trian- gles, and irregular curve. These clips will raise the in- struments enough to keep them from coming in contact with the tracing cloth.—A. L.

Popular Science Monthly MOORE'S ‘32 SYSTEM In use in more Fred 300,000 offices Our FREE Book. MOORE’S MODERN METHODS is a practical book of 140 pages of information of great value to every one interested in office, factory, store, bank or outdoor record keeping. Illustrates and de- scribes 40 different, forms for short cuts in Loose Leaf Records of all kinds. when request is on your b’ let- This Book F REE terhead. Write your busines oan John C. Moore Corporation, 2081 Stone St., Rochester, N. Y. Manufacturers of Loose Leaf and Bound ecord Keeping Devices. For bruised or broken in nothing is so convenient as antiseptic, germicide and liniment in one container. M more efficient. — —— suffice. $1.25 Or post- pod a Libera! rial beadla, 10¢, postpaid. W.E. YOUNG, my SS AbsorbineJ THE ANTISEPTIC LINIMENT TRADE MARR AEGUS.PAL OFF “DON'T SHOUT” “T hear you. Ican hear now as wellasanybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I'vea pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had themin, myself, only that I hear all right.” The Morley Phone for the DEAF is to the ears ot glasses are to the e Invisible, comforta le. weightless and harmless Anyone can adjust It. Over one hundred thousand sold. Write for booklet and testimonials, THE MORLEY C0., Dept. 797, 26 Sonth 15th Street, Philadelphia

NEW SINGLE PHASE A. C. MOTORS \% H.P.—110 General Electric volt, 60 cycle, 4% U.P. $39.00 1725 _ =speed, Includes Pul- complete with ley 110-220 cord, plug and Volt Rep. Ind. grooved Type, 172§ ley = - $13.00 speed.” Above motor Remittance equipped wit must ac- buffer and QONEYEAR company all grinder $25.00 GUARANTEE orders. Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded ares Cataleg of Motors and Supplies FREE RE ELECTRIC CO., 625M So. Dearborn St., CHICAGO HAIR GROWS! When our Vacuum Cap is used a few minutes daily. Sent on 60 days’ FREE trial at our expense. Stops falling hair and dandruff. Science combined with common sense. No drugs or electricty. A postal brings illustrated booklet. Modern Vacuum Cap Co. 400 Barclay Denver, Colo.

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ithly , June, 1923

ON

TIRES FOR TUBE WITH De FREI EACH TIRE a Standard Tire Prices Smashed Again! —and some sensational cut, too! Think of it—two tires for almost the price of one and a FREE inner tube with each tire. No double treads or sewed tires. Thousands of customers are getting maximum mileage out of these tires, and you, too, can get up to 10,000 MILES Here’s a opportunity—if you act atonce, This is — lot selected for this record-breaking sale, er today—right now. They’re going fast. Compare These Amazing Reductions on Two Tires of Same Size SIZE 1 TIRE 2TIRES | SIZE 1TIRE 2 TIRES 28x3 $6.75 %. > 2 31x4 = $10.65 $17.49 89x3 7.25 82x4 11.86 19.75 80x3: \ g 25 i3 83x4 12.46 20.20 = 9.45 1s. ‘38 84x4 13.2 21.95

on larger sizes quoted on request. Prices f.0.b.Chicago. SEND NO MONEY! frsrtschicrtcomxcoueg. , or by Parcel Post after payment of C. O. Examise tr tires on Cy and if not Sheciately —_ aa rp unused our mone rom funded. Specity straight dide or piincher: ‘ACT NOW. ROCKWELL TIRE COMPANY 2506 S. Michigan Ave., Dept. 163-F, Chicago, tll.

Agents! $ 6-25 profit on every sale! How fm yin watches can you calla a day at $157 //: Jest ahew pout, our watch and collect out orate A it, We 0.D. for balance $8 5 S.pee our customer Bes Jeeves. a Watch. sins : oriet: Pe wadjasted 3 positions, as] wickas brid : Pay only $8.75 syrnolggic 1 eats when watch aor. ( pay pos’ alah “filed veer t chain FREE is month only—state whic bh ~ a) ey back gore a earce co Beas. 100, 3813 Michigea nent ©

Have You An INVENTION? If so the WORLD PROGRESS will show you how to PROTECT AND PROFIT FROM YOUR IDEAS This magazine is devoted entirely to the interests of Inventors. It opens the mysteries of Science and Invention to the student of every day prob- lems. Sample copy free. Also send for free book, “(WHAT TO INVENT”’ containing SUGGESTIONS TO INVENTORS from rominent inventors and scientists of Inventions Needed. We invite manufacturers and promoters to address us regarding any inve ntions or patents they may want. We will publish such inquiries without charge. Address WORLD PROGRESS PUB. CO., INC. Room 202 Victor Bidg. Washington, D. C. One year’s subscription $1,00 111

Just add cold water to the wder, sweeten and you have the most delicious and healthful drink you ever tasted! Costs less than one cent a glass! Favorite drink of millions for 17 years.

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THE HOME WORKSHOP

Barrel Head ‘‘Flyer’’ Is Speediest Model Yacht T= fastest and simplest model yacht that can be built, is one that has half a head of a cask or barrel for a hull. This does not make a beautiful hull, but it will beat most of the more elaborately built or hollowed-out models cf conventional and expensive types. Half or nearly half the head of a fair sized cask is needed. You will find one edge beveled more than the other, so cut the lesser bevel until both are alike. Then cut the cask head on a line parallel with the deck and about one quarter up from the bottom, as shown, and replace the piece with plug lead, sheet lead, or old pipe, hammered into shape as at A. Put the hull into water at least 2 ft. deep and see how it floats. It must be quite upright, with about 1 in. out of water, the deck being parallel with the waterline, or a trifle high astern. The rudder, to be fixed later on, will lower the stern a trifle. Shave

Cheap as this boat is to make, it poccesees exceptional speed and sailing qualities off the lead until*you have achieved this nice balance. Next, make a long and a short mest from tough 3¢-in. wood, and a short bow- sprit. Bore holes in the hull and step the masts firmly. Fasten the bowsprit with two fine nails or staples. The rudder, B, should be rather large and weighted at the end with sheet lead. Put two screw eyes in-the stern and two more, slightly open, in the rudder, hanging the rudder so that it will swing freely as the boat cants over to the wind. Make two long, light, tough spars, and sew or lace three-cornered sails to them. Fasten the spars as at C. Sew a hook at the tacks and an eye at the sheets. Dress- makers’ hooks and eyes will serve very well. Make a small wire ring at the end of the bowsprit for the fore tack, screw an eye in the deck for the main tack, and others for the fore and main sheets. Stretch the sails tight and, where the spars meet the masts, put eyes on the spars and hooks on the masts for connecting them. For the sheets you will need a piece of thin cord fastened to the corner of the sail and adjusted by a small cleat such as is used for fastening tent ropes—a piece of metal or wood with two holes in it, as at F. A hook and eye hold the sheet, as at G. If you prefer, you can have the sheet single and fasten it to two nails, as shown (Turn to page 112)

NEW Butter-Kist Machine Brings BIG Profits from SMALLER Investment ! UTTER-KIST now offers a new and wonderfully improved line of Popcorn Machines with the right model, exactly suited to the require- ments of your own business. And best of all—there’s a beautiful, brand-new model that sells at half what former models cost! It’s the Gold Mine—and it’s a beauty. Mahogany-finished cabinet —gleam- ing glass sides— polished nickel parts. Takes up little room. Works automa- tically. Produces thirty 10-cent packages an hour. Has special com- partment for peanuts—a chance for added profits. A better machine in every way! Pops more corn at same cost. And pops it under glass. No springs. Noiseless. Every part interchangeable. New and improved revolving electric sign. Butter-Kist Popcorn can make big profits for you. H. C. Wallace writes: “In one year we made a gross profit of $3484”. Many are making even more. And remember, out of every dollar’s worth you sell, you keep 65 cents as your profit! The Gold Mine Model is your oppor- tunity. Write for the Butter-Kist Easy Payment Plan. Mail the coupon. Butter-Kist Popcorn ‘*America’s Oldest Treat’’ j HOLCOMB & HOKE MFG. Co. World’s Largest Manufacturer} of Popcorn Machines and Peanut Toasters ‘ 2202 Van Buren St. Indianapolis

HOLCOMB & HOKE MFG. CO., 2202 Van Buren St., Indianapolis, Ind. Please send me, without obligation on my part, your free Butter-Kist book, 1 also want the Location Chart which I will fill out and return to you. Name Street City and State <<

Business

The coupon, filled-in, offers you an easy road to big profits. Obligates you in no way. Fill it in and mail TODAY. BUTTER-KIST Popcorn and Peanut seal

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Vee ~ ai a a A a Oe ee | i | | 4 if a | iq it | lowest possible cost. the price. WEAR W. L. = mh W LDOUCLAS Peay PEGGING SHOES WL. DOUGLAS Oo ANLOANT) PORTRAIT is the best known shoe e Mark in the worl t stands for the highest standard of quality, style and workmanship at the W. L, DOUGLASshoes are actually demanded year after year by more people than any other shoe in the world BECAUSE W. L. Douglas for forty-six years has been making surpassingly good shoes. The smart styles are the leaders everywhere. When you are looking for the best shoes for your money examine W. L. Douglas $7.00 and $8.00 shoes. nd are ichngirs yin J good value for SHOES AND SAVE MONEY. $55057 *8. &S9. SHOES foil NO MATTER WHERE YOU LIVE 4 shoedealerscan supply you withW.L. Douglas shoes. If not convenient to callatoneof our 116stores in the large cities, ask your shoe dealer for W.L.. Douglas shoes. Protection against unreasonable profits is guaranteed ~ 4 the name and price stamped on esoleof every pair before the shoes leave the factory. Refuse substitutes. e prices are the same everywhere. IF NOT FOR SALE IN YOUR Nits vtAtsOrag +4» VICINITY WRITE FOR CATALOG. Popular Science Monthly ge Ty shoes, write quick turn-over line. TO gyros rage ined If no dealer in your town handles W. L. Douglas today for exclusive rights to handle this quick-selling, $25.00 in PRIZE See top of page 6 in front of book for full details. brings genuine UNDERWOOD Yes, only $3 down puts this genuine standard Shipman -Ward Rebuilt Under- wood in your home. Then—small monthly payments, or if convenient, py, cash, Either way you get the world’s standard typewriter at a big cash saving. WHY PAY RENTAL? Think of it! You pay little more than rental, and the machine is yours! We offer the same chree models of the Underwood writer which are being made and sold by the Underwood Company today. B.. .: only difference is that Shipman-W achines are priced lower and are rebuilt like — by experts. You can’t tell them from brand new machines. Visible writin =the FULL LINE of typewriting is visible at times. STANDARD 4-ROW SINGLE SHIFT KEY- BOARD. Two color ribbon, back spacer, stencil de- vice, automatic ribbon reverse, tabulator, etc. TEN DAYS’ FREE TRIAL See for yourself! Try the typewriter. ten s. You must be satisfied or the entire trans- nm won't cost you pt nye y. Act today. Get = AL, 4 . cal and full particulars. wonPREE TRIAL COUPONe22 okeleg Emporium MAN-WARD MIG.CO A-214 Shipman Bldg., CHICAGO Send by return mail Bargain Offer No. A-214 of a Standard Visible Writing Underwood. This is not an order and does not obligate me to buy. powy 5 Name ee eeceerscee ec eeecceseeceseeeceee Street or R.F.D.No.....-0-cccesccccecé Poastoffice........+..- - State. ..cceve Tee ee eee ee 2 ee ee 2 $1.90]: ANSONIA Sunwatch Tells the Time and Points the Way Sportsmen, Campers, Scouts, Guides, Motorists and all outdoor people need a reliable Compass. The Ansonia Sunwatch is both Compass and Sun-dial. Tells correct time any- where in United States. Handsome brass case; fits vest pocket. $135 ANSONIA Gravity Clock The Keyless Timepiece Runs 36 hours by gravity and is rewound by raising movement to top of frame. No keys or springs. Suitable for home or office. Bronze or Verde finish. 10” high. Radium dial ¢ $1.50 extra. GET THEM FROM YOUR DEALER If he has none in stock, we will mail postpaid on receipt of price Prices for United States only ANSONIA CLOCK COMPANY 99 John Street, Dept. M. New York Makers of Fine Clocks for Half a Century THE HOME WORKSHOP Barrel Head ‘‘Flyer’’ Yacht (Continued from page 111) at H, but do not leave the end trailing in the water, as it is not shipshape. Hook the sails in position, see that they are set nice and flat, hoist your flag—the black flag suits her very well—put her in the water, and see her beat everything afloat. The proportions shown on the drawing are about right for sail area and balance, but the amount of lead required cannot be stated, as it varies with the size of the hull and the kind of wood used. You can estimate it roughly by floating the half head on the water and putting weights on it until it is more than half under. The rud- der also will have to be experimented with until the right size and weight are found. The boat may, of course, be rigged as a cutter or in any other way desired, but the rig described has been found to go well with the hull.—E. A. M. Simply Made Forge Is Useful Addition to Home Workshop A COMPLETE forge and blower can be made at little cost by any mechanic handy with snips, drill, chisel, and hammer. The body is the shell of a 10-gal. milk can or similar container. An old can will serve, as rust or smail holes are of no consequence. The opening, about half the width of the can, is cut with the snips. A support is made of gas pipe, three lengths being used. t 5 45 f BAKING TI BLOWER BRACKET BLOWER DETAIL MILKCAN SECTION —S "Yi . BEARING DETAIL L_ BLOWER The Loomapiote forge and details, showing how the blower, fan, and bearings are made Each is flattened at one end and riveted to the rim and then braced with tie rods. The blower has a casing made of two round baking tins. The farr is a circle of sheet iron with V-shaped notches cut out. The remaining fins are bent to form the fan blades. The fan is supported on a shaft carried by two thimbles or bearings at- tached to the casing. A sheet metal bracket supports the blower. A small pulley on the fan shaft is turned by a belt from another grooved wheel, such as the driving wheel of an old sewing ma- | chine. This wheel also is mounted on a sheet iron bracket fastened to the forge,andshould be provided with a handle. The forge bot- tom is lined with fire clay.—G. M. K. June, 19 a Nov OR el workb simpli one W simila for it. it: wood few ir the o the u from of th dista drill the | piece = | &

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thly . June, 1923 THE HOME WORKSHOP Novel Clamp for the Home Workbench Saves Time By L. Hahner OR 10 years I have been using the clamping device illustrated on my workbench. It has saved much time and simplified a variety of operations. Any one who will take the trouble of making a similar attachment will find constant use for it. It is constructed of two strips of hard wood about 3 in. wide. One should be a few inches less than the width of the bench; the other, about half as long, is nailed to the upper side of the first piece to keep it from bending. At a point about two thirds the width: of the bench from the front and the same distance from the lower end of the bench, drill a hole through the bench to receive the clamp screw. This can be simply a piece of 34-in. pipe about 8 in. long, with a BENCH.” Supplementing vise and handscrews, this cheaply made clamp has many uses in bench woodwork long thread at one end and a short one at the other. Into the latter a pipe T is screwed firmly and a suitable handle in- serted. The long thread engages an iron floor flange secured to the under side of the bench. The hole through the clamp for the pipe is located so that the end of the long arm is flush with the front edge of the bench. The short arm is supported at various heights by a step-shaped block of wood. The clamp can be swung in any direction and, if in the way, detached in a few moments. It can be adjusted much more quickly than a handscrew, since only one screw has to be manipulated, and it is par- ticularly useful for holding work that would be difficult to handle in any other way. For instance, if I wish to fasten a small board to the center of a wide one for drilling holes and driving screws, this clamp will hold the two together where the vise and handscrews would not serve. I often have to rip strips 1 in. wide, and this clamp holds them conveniently and securely. It is also valuable in assembling apparatus on a baseboard. To Repair a Broken Fountain- Pen Barrel or Cap A SPLIT or cracked fountain-pen barrel can be permanently and neatly re- paired by coating the damaged section with shellac and wrapping it with silk thread. The thread should be as nearly the color of the pen as can be obtained. Wind the thread as tightly as possible; the shellac will prevent the ends from un- shellac, rubbing it on well with the fin- gers. For best results the shellac should be thinned to the consistency of flowing | varnish.—E. H. TAYLOR, Howell, Tenn. Operate a Loud Speaker ; on One Tube Erla Radio Transformers Make This Possible The entire family listens to broadcasting, with the Erla Duo-Reflex circuit, the most powerful single-tube circuit ever built. Through a loud speaker, ample tone volume is provided, except for the most distant stations. And, for local reception, a loop aerial is effectively employed. The cost of this circuit is so modest as to make it available to every American home. Also it is so simple to construct and operate as to present no difficulties for even the most Erla radiofrequency trans- inexperienced individual. formers are at the forefront gieat® p ‘ ri of radio progress, assuring Tuning is extremely sharp and selective, undesired stations best results. Prices: Types being eliminated almost at-will. Remarkable as well is the ABI, 2, 3, $4; Reflex, $5. purity and clarity of tone, achieved through perfect modulation, plus the effective damping of parasitic noises, The heart of this and other guaranteed Erla circuits is the Erla radio frequency transformer. Overcoming the high capacitance of domestic vacuum tubes in unique degree, and with lowest inherent capacitance, it provides unequaled magnification without distortion. Our Bulletin No. 13, giving diagrams and instructions for building the Duo-Reflex circuit, may be obtained gratis from leading radio dealers. Or write us direct. Erla bezels are finished in bright nickel or dull black enamel. Telescoping rim fits E, K i Electrical Research Laboratories 14"tol4" panel. Madei — : I'and In*sibes. Brice, 20¢. Dept. F 2515 Michigan Ave., Chicago winding. Then apply another coat of JOQO2 COMBINATION MACHINE $ Complete machine with hard wood base less attach 1 12 om. “ . we motor, takes 8 or 10 inch saw, cute ‘ or rips three-inch stock, attachments for cutting bakelite metal, brass" ete., GRINDING - DRILLING. BUFFING - SANDING. Only modern method of manufacture ~~atier us to make such startling introductory offer on first 1000 chine sold, Fully guaranteed. Circular upon request. VENTOM MFG. CO., Dept. A, 722 Wall St., Wichita Falls, Texas. = 4) /, DO YOU LIKE TO DRAW? CARTOONISTS TRAINED BY W. L. EVANS are wound a layer at atime, with insula- | AKE Mi O hy EY tion wrapped between each layer. This - Stromberg-Carlson Radio Head Sets is the reason why Stromberg-Carlson Head Sets stand up under high plate voltages. Some of the cleverest cartoonists are former students. They had no experience before Other features of the Stromberg-Carlson enrolling, but worked at the lessons during Head Sets are— their spare time and found CARTOONIST Evans’ METHOD ‘‘easy to learn’’ and are The receivers are balanced as to volume— now making good money. _ It is not hard to both ears get the message. : learn to draw originals when shown in a The ear caps cover the ears —excluding practical way. outside noises. ee The School is recommended by well known The adjustment rod telescopes and there- contouatete Ranwaee they know the.students are , fore does not catch the ladies’ hair. = = If you like to ep aman | be able te , sell your drawings, send a sample of your wor Ask Your Dealer (either a copy or. an original) and let us see what you can do. We will send you the port- folio of cartoons and full details about the school. The Course is NOT EXPENSIVE THE W. L. EVANS SCHOOL OF CARTOONING Stromberg-Carison Telephone Mig. Co. Rochester, N. Y. $25 Leader Bldg, CLEVELAND, OHIO | i i

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ooh tee een it eng ae Se ee — ta tn 1S RRR rremOee ne se

0 DELIVERS won Collome liacls ——- = ~ rs * $ beg Sc NLY $1.00 brings this complete, scientific Violet Rays outfit to you. Treat yourself and family at home, save delay, costly doctors and medicines. Thousands use Violet Rays at home to relieve pain and sickness. The identical outfits doctors have bought from us for years and with which they successfully treat many ailments, including those listed below. QUICK RESULTS —No Medicine Violet Rays work quickly, it’s scientific, goes after the cause. That’s why results are quick, permanent. Dr. Duncan, Kewanee, III, writes, “Violet Rays is the finest thing I ever used . . . to relieve pain, treatments are so pleasant all my patients like it.’ Use it yourself at home, you save Doctor's bills. Beauty Aid magnetic beauty of health, no dieting, exercise or drugs. FREE book tells in detail how high-priced beauty specialists use it to improve scalp and skin. EARN CASH Men, women, without experience earn liberal profits in spare time showing Violet Rays to neighbors. Proves results first demonstra- tion, sells on sight. Get attractive offer and wholesale prices now. ‘sr FREE BOOK for Explains how Nikola Tesla discovered Violet Rays, how it works, why it heals. Tells what doctors and plain folks accomplish in conquering pain, disease and nervous trouble with Violet Rays. Reveals Marvelous Shows charts of human . body, explains where Scientific Discovery pains start, how to ban- ish them. Offered FREE for a limited time only. to introduce Violet Rays. Send for FREE copy. Check Your Ailment Below for Free Advice Here is a partial list of ailments successfully treated with Violet Ray: Brings natural, Catarrh Haw Fever Piles Chilblains Headache Rheumatism Colds Goitre Skin Diseuses Constipation Insomnia Sore Throat Earaches Lumbago Sprains Eczema Nervousness Tonsilitis Eve Diseases Neuritis Whooping Cough Failing Hair Paralysis Asthma Mail coupon—Send no money VI-REX ELECTRIC COMPANY 326 W. Madison Street, Dept 1506, Chicago Please send me without cost or obligation your free 4 book describing your VI-REX Violet Ray outfits, and details of your $1.00 offer. Popular Science Monthly

THE HOME WORKSHOP Rectifier for Radio B Batteries (Continued from page 78)

standard lamp socket; a 40-watt bulb; a wood cover for the jar; a connecting plug, and a length of wire sufficient to reach to the outlet to which you connect the recti- fier; and !,. lb. of ammonium phosphate. It is very important that the ammonium phosphate and the aluminum strip be as pure as obtainable, otherwise the rectifier will work poorly, if at all. The solution is made by dissolving the half pound of the chemical in two quarts of water. The construction is clearly shown in the illustration on page 80 and very little ex- planation is necessary. The wood cover had best be painted with pitch or asphaltum varnish, also all the joints, to prevent cor- rosion. Bend one end of each strip at about the l4-in. mark. Drill two holes in each of these bent ends and attach the strips to the under side of the cover, about 1 in. apart, with brass screws, as shown. Connecting the Rectifier Next, mount the four binding posts, two on each side, on the top. Fasten the socket in the center. After the rectifier is wired, the solution may be poured in the jar, to within abcut \% in. of the top, and the rectifier will be ready for operation. If the cover fits very tightly, it will be necessary to drill one or more vent holes to allow the gases to escape. Be sure that the aluminum plate of the rectifier is connected with the positive or “plus” pole of your battery. Otherwise you might ruin it by charging in the wrong direction. The size of batteries vary, but, when using a 40-watt lamp, a medium size bat- tery can be fully charged in a half hour; others in proportion. Be careful that the screws inserted on one side of the cover do not come in con- tact with screws projecting from the other side, as this might cause a short circuit. To prevent the creeping of the electrolyte, float a little paraffin oil on the surface.

Multiple Telephone Terminals add number of telephones within reason may be attached in parallel toa radio set without extra binding posts if two coil- springs are used as shown. A loop is formed on the end of each and con-

FASTEN TO BINDING POST ifr My sl i rl | | Zz PARALLEL Grail iN

Coilsprings serve as telephone connectors nected with a phone binding post. The phone terminals are then pressed between the coils, which clamp them sufficiently to. insure a good electrical connection. This device is useful primarily for crystal sets, where the phones are often connected in parallel instead of in series to lessen the re- sistence.—R. H. KAsprr, Philadelphia, Pa. Warren Radio Loop, Cut Away to Show Construction, Direction Finding A New Radio Pleasure I OCATE ships at sea, trace amateur stations to their ~ hiding places, direct your receiving in the full path of broadcasting stations. THE type B2537 or type BL2520 Warren Radio Loop, — the most compact, efficient, attractive loop aerial, is all you necd. Our new Bulletin U 102 explains the fascinating art of direction finding and gives hookups. A TYPE FOR EVERY- SET AT THE BEST DEALERS Pyee-A-737 (300-700 meters) 6 inches square—non-directional $10 ype-A-7236 135-1090 meters) 6 inches square—non- «<hrec . . . . . . . . Type-B-2537 (300-700 meters) 18 inches square—di' ectional $20 Type-BL-2520 (200-18,00 meters) with honeycomb coil. 1: inches square—directional . Send for Bulletin U-102 V-DE-CO RADIO MFG. CO. Dept. O, Asbury Park, N. J.

$8 to $16 a Day Take orders for new Serenola. Wonderful Invention. Does more than machines costing five times its price. Demand enor- mous. Easily carried with you any- where. “uilt in just like a suitcase, Fully Guaranteed. Low priced. Our New Plan ‘720! get your money daily. Territory given, Write for terms, PERRY-LUDLOW CO., S-1447, DAYTON, O. DRIVE This ,_, Beautiful RACEABOUT 2. INSTEAD OF YOUR OLD FORD Fiat or Bullet Nose Radiator. Choice of four colors, Send for complete Catalog of Auto Bodies, Ac- cessories and Speed Power Equipment. Direct from factory. CO., Lee St., Delphi, Ind.

ee AMERICAN TOP AND BOD

Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, ete., required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Popular Science Monthly, publisLed monthly at_New York, N. Y., for April 1, 1923, State of New York, County of New York, ss. Before me, a notary public, in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared O. B. Capen, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes end seys that he is the Business Manager of Popular Science Monthly and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publica- tion for the dute shown in the above — required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodi in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor, 2nd business managers are: Pub- lisher, The Modern Publishing Company, Inc., 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Editor, Sumner N. Blossom, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Managing Editor, Sumner N. Blossom, 225 West Thirty- ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Business Manager, O. B. Capen, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. 2. That the owners are: The Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Stockkolders of Popular Science Fublishing Cem- pany, Inc., Henry J. Fisher, 22 William Street, New York, N. Y.; Oliver B. Capen, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street New York, N. Y.; Robert Cade Wilson, 683 Springfield Avenue, Summit, N. J.; George B. Agnew, 22 WilNam Street, New York, N. Y.; Susan D. Bliss, 22 William Street, New York, N. Y. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: O. J. Ridenour, New York, N. Y.; Samuel Insul, Chicago, Ill. 4. at the two p:ragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they ——— upon the books of the company, but also, in cases where the stock- holder or security holder appears upon the books of the com- pany as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee 1s acting, is given; also that the said two parsgraphs contain state- ments embracing affiant’s full knowlecége and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not — upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capecity other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affant has no reason to believe that any other person, essociation, or cor- poration has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. (Signed) O. B. CAPEN, Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 26th day of March,1923. ‘ Paul M. Bone. (Seal) My Commission expires March 30, 1924. {

June, - apzeesoeese SEEECESSe Sey | 159

ee a nh le — a |

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hy June, 1923 AGENTS: $6 aii uP S:tias conemnineinl, coneeieie food flavors. Always fresh. 2 a tubes. Ten times je ky Oe et. 100% profit. Men or Women ean make big money. $200 " will find is at psn month. You wf '/ @scure repeater. Must satisfy customers or money Write for territory and gems onthe. Geta 4 orders ‘month ev. oy as steady lacome. American Products 15980 merican Bidg., Ciacizasti, @. makes of radio sets, parts and supplies, fully illus- trated. Play safe— buy standard equipment from « reliable house. .We ship ; from stock. Send $5.00 for Murdock Loud Speaker, includ- ing fibre horn, stand and adjustable phone unit. Requires no battery. JULIUS ANDRAE & SONS CO. In business since 1860 119 Michigan Street Milwaukee, Wis. THE HOME WORKSHOP Automatic Chicken Coop Door Opens for Hens at Sunrise By Dr. Ernest Bade N AUTOMATIC door for the chicken coop that will open after the hens are up in the early morning can easily be con- structed. It protects the chickens at night and at the same time permits them to get out for food and exercise at sunrise. In place of springs, which rust quickly, a set of levers, a stout cord, a weight, and a pair of hinges supply the mo- tive power. The device is so nearly foolproof that the one I built works as well now as the day it was first adjusted. A frame twice the height of the doorway is made from 1 by 2 in. strips. The inner vertical sides of the frame are provided with grooves in which the door, made either of zinc, galvanized iron, or wood, slides easily up and down. This door is provided on the inside with a small grain holder, above which are punched a few holes to admit light. Hinged to the lower cross member of the frame on the inside is a board as wide as the frame and 10 or 12 in. in depth. A round-headed screw in the edge of this board, preferably the edge that is later to be placed against the side of the coop, carries a loop at one end of a stiff wire. The wire should be long enough almost to reach the top of the frame. At the upper end of the wire is another loop, and slightly above it is placed a cross bar sunk about )% in. into the frame. Another round- headed screw is fastened to the center of this bar, and a wire bent around it in such a way that one end engages the Front view of the door, showing latch MAKE MONEY s AT HOME : you can earn from $1 to $2 an hour in your spare time writing show cards. Quickly and easily learned by our new simple “Instructograph” method. lo canvassing or soliciting; we teach you how, guarantee you steady work at home no matter where you live, and pay you cash each week particulars and Booklet Free. AMERICAN SHOW CARD SCHOOL 206 Ryrie Building Toronto, Can. FROM FACTORY TO YOU » AT NEW LOW PRICE The_ easiest moma raciest, most substantial wheel built—yours direct from factory—express prepaid—with 30 days’ free trial. sii 5p SHE BLACK BEAUTY pe td: formontbs Larg revatiety of tsovand colors SUNDRIES thing'for the bike at whnlenele preee Write for big catalog in colors, HAVERFORD CYCLE CO. OF PA: Dept. 386 Philadelphia Established 26 years. loop of the long | wire while the | other end hangs | downward. Near the top of the sliding door a_ metal knob or bolt is firmly fixed and another one is placed near the bottom. When the door is closed the long, freeend —— of the wire hang- The tilting platform ing from the cen- and a rear ter of the cross piece is bent so as to hook directly above the small upper knob. At the same time the hinged board in the rear should be raised approximately %4 in. A small piece of wire with a loop is at- (Turn to page 116) 115 What would you do in his place? The steeplejack lights his pipe and goes on painting Imagine, if you can, a steeplejack 487 feet above the street level. Hanging on by his teeth he is applying a more or less rough-and-ready coat of paint to a flagpole. Right in the midst of a busy morning’s painting an adventurous bee buzzes into the picture. In fact, there are two bees, both buzzing viciously. What should the steeplejack do? There being in the profession no local rules for buzzing bees, your average steeplejack probably would get the all- clear signal from below and slide proptly down to safety. But not Our Hero. He takes out his pipe, lights it, and goes on painting. “It soothes the nerves,” he says frankly about pipe smoking. We have no way of knowing what kind of tobacco the steeplejack pours into his pipe on these bee-buzzing occa- sions, but we have a feeling that it is Edgeworth. For Edgeworth does much to give the smoker a sense of calm and peace- ful security. Of course we wouldn’t care to go on record as claim- ing that smoking a can of Edgeworth is as good as a two- weeks rest cure in the mountains; but we would like to register very strongly the opinion that smoking any pipe makes life seem more worth living and that smoking a pipe filled with Edgeworth helps a lot. If you are interested in finding out more about Edgeworth, the most sen- sible plan is for you to let Larus & Brother Company send you some free samples so that you can try the tobacco for yourself. Just write your name and address down on a postcard and you will receive immediately generous helpings both of Edgeworth Plug Slice and Ready- Rubbed. If you will also include the name and address of your tobacco dealer, we will make it easier for you to get Edgeworth regularly. For the free samples address Larus & Brother Company, 59 South 21st Street, Richmond, Virginia. To Retail Tobacco Merchants: If your jobber cannot supply you with Edge- worth, Larus & Brother Compan will gladly send you prepaid by parcel post a one- or two-dozen carton of any size of Edgeworth Plug Slice or Ready- Rubbed for the same price you would pay the jobber.

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SA hd ON aT

Aaah eee DRA eR AY HEE eee IC IN TN

co ne i tl a ath lt el Buy Direct from soi U.S. Importers * Aud Save The ASTRA is the finest European Pistol and the equal of any similar American weapon retailing at $15 and $25 up! It is the standard of the Spanish Army, and after exhaustive tests was adopted by the French Army during the war. The ASTRA has heretofore always been sold through retail stores, but the competition of cheap cast iron pistols has forced us to sell Direct to You, ELIMINATING THREE PRO- FITS—Jobber, Wholesaler and Retailer! WARNING! Cast iron guns are very dan. gerous!) We Guarantee the ASTRA is of Drop-Forged Steel throughout! Before buying any weapon, INSIST on this guarantee. We also absolutely guarantee- the ASTRA against inferior workmanship! If you are not entirely satisfied, return within 10 days and we will immediately refund your money. SEND NO MONEY —unless you wish. Fill out coupon, write name and address plainly, showing gun you wish. We will ship by return mail. Protect Your Home and Loved Ones. "B95 With Triple 94 25 Caliber 4 safety 192° Tae Nagase 7K BOTH MODELS SHOOT i? a. > AMMUNITION .25 cal. model, 4% in. long by 3 ! ideal gun for a man or woman. gin, high—an Sabseomtial 32 cal. military model 6 ‘ain. long by 4 % in. high. Blue steel, beautifully balanced ,swift—accurate! Superb workmanship and materials throughout. A gun you will be proud to own. free catalog. Write for Mail This Coupon Today!

California Trading Company Dept.16, Terminal Bldg. Los Angeles, Cal. In a with the terms of your advertise- ae ASTRA AUTO- MATIC. I om enclosing money order for...... ibaveusev ewe Or, I will pay postman on arrival.

AGENTS 222% $60-$200 per week. Free sam- ples GOLD SIGN LETTERS for store and office windows. Anyone can put them on. Big demand every- where. Liberal offer to general! agents. METALLIC LETTER CO., 433A N. Clark, Chicago

New OLIVER With Standard Keyboard Here it is. Our NEW teen “eunfit Bocstisters” Model, with every modern en and inement including the Standard 3-ban board, so any typist can use it at once without loss of cae or output. The easiest machine and key- board for beginners. And we GUARANTEE to save you $75 to $50, or more, on the price of other standerd machines This fs the finest typewriter we have ever built. The fastest, most silent, easiest to operate. FREE TRIAL —Write Today We will send you this latest and greatest Oliver on FREE TRIAL for a week. Test it. Use it. Compare ts s , its typing, its appearance. Note the simple durability and strength. Then if you ars convinced it is the best writer you everused pay forit atour SPECIAL LOW PRICE ontime or for cash. If not return it atourexpense. You run no risk. CATALOG FPEE—WriteToday Write AT ONCE for o- FREE catalog, ozs edition. It will explain to you war Y and HOW we can .© sell you this new typewriter for $25 to $50 less than other standard ma- chines. Get our free trial offer, our terms and cash discount. request places you under no obligation. THE OLIVER TYPEWRITER COMPANY 1106 Oliver Typewriter Building Chicago

sent upon receipt of wanted.

Dept.C - - Selling men’s gas-mask “ GOODYEAR RAINCOATS $1.90 each, in dozenor gross lots. Sample $2.15. Agents (Write for our 6 best sellers.) GOODYEAR RUBBER M’F’G CO. 34 E. 9th Street, N. Y.C.

Almost as Easy to Carry as a Pair of Oars Makes a speedy power boat or plea- sure launch of any boat or canoe. A boy or girl can handle it. The whole family enjoy it. 2H. P. Twin Cylinder. Weighs Only 35 Lbs.

The Lightest, Speediest and Most Durable Outboard Motor in the orld. 16 to 50 pounds less than usual, yet guaranteed more durable, Has real carburetor, real magneto—no butterics to carry—spark and throttle control like auto, instant reverse, self tiltin Write for Free Catalog folder today. and ten other valuable features. JOHNSON MOTOR COMPANY 906 Sample Street Bend, Ind. EASTERN OFFICE—120 Broadway, New York City o)0 J) “WATER~BUG™ THE LIGHTEST, LIVELIEST BOAT MOTOR ON THE WATER.

| EN

$$$ THE HOME WORKSHOP

Se Asbnatie Chicken Coop Door (Continued from page 115) tached near the top and center cf the door and from it a strong cord is carried directly upward through a hole Lored in the upper member. Pulling on this cord will not raise the door as long as tke hock end of tke L lever is in place directly over the knob in the door, but when a slight yressure or weight is exerted or pliced cn tke hirged board, the hook moves out of the way and_ the board will then rise when the eord is pulled. When the loops and wires are ar- ranged correctly, this simple latch will be found foolproof. The whole frame is attached to the coop, in- side the doorway, and the cord is carried up and over two pulleys. A weight made with a can filled with pebbles is attached to the cord. At night, after a little grain has been placed in the grain box, the door is closed by being pulled downward and latched with the hook. Next morning the chickers, in going for the grain, trip the latch and the door opens. The food on the door lasts about a week, since as soon as the door is tripped the food goes out of reach.

Closing the door at night

Motor Truck Drives Pulley through Friction Wheel aesr power take-offs for utilizing the motor of a passenger or commercial automobile require the rear end of the car to be jacked up and fastened securely before the motor can be started cr tle clutch engaged. This is not necessary, however, with the attachment illustrated, which is suitable for concrete mixing, \\ {| casT IRON’ | = BLOCK [= : his structural © = ee << x SAN . \ BLOCK?

STEEL = at This power take-off makes it unnecessary to jack up the truck before using it as a power plant sawing, driving farm machinery, and other purposes. The car can be driven directly on the power take-off without any pre- liminary work. The friction pulley is simply a wide-' tired wagon or car wheel running in ball or roller bearings that are mounted below the shop or barn floor. A belt pulley is also keyed to the drive wheel shaft. The car, guided by two short planks spiked to the floor, is driven over the center of the friction wheel, and the front wheels are held in place against a suitable stop. Popular Science Monthly

—

$12 ti

Page 101

nthly la ke en ed ed Ss, id ts June, 1923 117 The Shipshape Home How To Do the Odd Jobs : Tue crackled or fig- Decorating ured effect on painted Painted Walls \ walls now so much in vogue can be ob- tained quite easily by the home worker. It does not require the services of an expert decorator. Patting the wet paint lightly with crumpled news- paper or wrapping paper or with a well- wrinkled but lintless rag is what does the trick. Usually two harmonious tones are used, one for the under coat and the other for the top coat, so that when the surface is figured, the under coat will show through the various lines and crackle marks. The first thing to do, therefore, is to select the colors desired and apply the first coat. If the wall has previously been painted, it is necessary only to clean the old paint thoroughly with soap and water. A newly plastered wall and certain kinds of wall- board must first be primed with a varnish size or size and flat oil paint mixed together. Many varie- ties of wall- board, how- ever, are al- ready primed, so that the under coat can be applied directly to them. N ot until the under coat is thoroughly dry should the finishing coat be started. Much of the success of the operation depends upon using good taste in selecting the colors, and it is worth while to go to considerable pains in making preliminary trials on a waste piece of plaster board, or even on a large sheet of heavy wrapping paper before finally settling on the finishing coat. For subdued, delicate effects, there should not be much difference between the two coats; it is sufficient to add a little color to the top coat to lighten, darken or brighten the paint used for the under coat, as seems most desirable. For more brilliant effects, such as for a nursery or a dark hallway, the contrast between the two coats can be much greater. Now paint a strip of the wall several feet wide, about as far as you can reach con- veniently without moving, and, while the paint is still wet, crumple up a newspaper sheet into a wad and tap the paint lightly, working from left to right and from the top down. Press the wad against the paint firmly enough so that the wrinkles will leave an impression, but do not shift it along the wall on the paint, as that will blur the effect. Keep turning the wad so as to present new surfaces to the paint. Then add another strip of color and proceed in the same way. When the paper becomes covered with paint, throw it away. The figured effect will vary according to how tightly the paper is crumpled and how hard it is pressed against the wall. A sharper effect can be obtained by using a’ stiffer paper, such as cheap wrapping (Turn to page 118) acetal Memo Pad WhatéI will need to make a good tube set Kellogg No. 605 variable conde Kellogg No. 2 tube socket lies Kellogg No. 505 miniature condenser oe i 903 mounting ellogg No. 609 radio resista A Kellogg No. 502 dial aes A Kellogg No. 69A head set A Kellogg No. 501 rheostat : Kellogg switch and switch points rN K : Kellogg No. 501 variocoupler /' A A A and B batteries and cabinet Detector tube ellogg radio equipment is recommended for several reasons First — It is easy to install and sim- ple to operate. Second — It is built of the highest grade material to give the best possible results. Third —- It is shania and mechan= ically correct and will last a life time. Fourth — It is built by the Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Co., who have man— ufactured high grade telephone equipment for the past 25 years. Fifth — Every Kellogg radio part is GUARANTEED by the manufacturer. “Use, is the test.” Get the above apparatus from your dealer Kellogg Switchboard and r Co., . Chicago Print Your Own cards, circulars, labels, tags, u menus vy book, paper. Press anger tt Fob Press $15 up. CUTS EXPEND INHAL ze) SMALL OUTL V-Qoy-ya AYSIU Yella Large shirt manufacturer wants agents hee complete line of shirts, pajam 1) and ee — —_— . bed soe Ad- OS rand--exclusive rmns--easy Oy sell. No experience or - peat re quired, priirely new proposit: te Medioon Shin Con Scie nro.) ¥.’ Pa “4 itself in short aon Will last , ——_. Easy to use, printed essent. Print for others, BIG | PROFIT. Write factory ODAY for press catalog, TYPE, cards, paper,envelopes, THE PRESS CO., D-33, Meriden, Conn. With Amazing New Invention No More Sweltering Kitchens in Summer — No More Fires to Build — No More Dirty Heavy Coal—No More Ashes in House—No More . Scuttles to Empty—No More Smelly, Sooty Oil Stoves to Clutter Kitchen. No More Spoiled Roasts, Bread or Cake from Uncertain Oven. Makes Your Range A REAL GAS STOVE An amazing new invention has ended forever the days models—fits any kind of cook stove or range without of woman’s slavery to all kinds of household drudgery, changes or drilling, Sets in firebox in one minute, The Oliver Oil-Gas Burner—makes any coal or wood Absolutely safe. Lasts a lifetime. range a real gas stove—on and off with a valve, Gives much or little heat—only when you want it—at a twist 30 Days Free Trial pe see Bakerightin your Youdon’thave to be satisfied with reading about the Won pital Bakin sa Oliver. You can test it for thirty days—use it in your de. F good os owe ova | bome~pake zie #8 8 in your own patented y -~4 better and quicker than ever before. No need for eaee- th - ing a hot fire going all day. You want a batch of bread ay ag? Bathe to receive Me Olivecs 's Special few introductory wilh or biscuits, alight fluffy and 30 Day Free Trial Offer, together with his attractive free cake or pies} or you Booklet, "New Kind of Heat.” No obligation. AGENTS . wish to prepare a meal But mail the aig gy simply turn a valve and Reo", If you want to earn @40 | light your fire. In a jiffy OL V E Sou c veo. to 850 a week sparetime, the oven isata fine even ° St. Louls $250 a week full time or | temperature—any de- 2007,00 Offices:sZ00 7-F SPwWebster | gree you want, Put in b+ ah Toronto Sree eo your roast or baking— quick fo sles lan and oer as cous can cppassessenssesese’ Sacasce: OLIVER BURNER & MACHINE CO. Exel sive ‘tern forget them. Come back ; Sus Gives t Budding, st. Lou , Mo. s when they are done — ewe Ki of Hest.’ * and also your @ turn the fire out instant- Send reer Pree iow price Ly Thie doce not & Oliver ei ly—and your kitchen is a ies in any way, cool end clean, = Fords Away = Name s I give Fords to my produc. Burns 95% Alr, , a ers. The big Summer Season 54@ a LL, ar: . Address __ ane Seaver frets Fits Any Stove 2 address mm on coupon. Mr. Ojiver’s wonderful , City. State. * invention is made in16 ; SS SSSERSSSSSRSSSSSSSBeeese

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De et sneha shite etn Seip cape , ret pee 42 Fittings included- —— opportunity of 1923. Mail it O Offer to Dealers, Garages, etc. fit all CARS {}. G. SAAL CO., oe 2 nee ¥ Bran Cw be cbse ke os Sleek Dept. 206, 1800 Montrose Avenue, CHICAGO §f Acdress...........00. 0.0 c ccc eee eeee 5000 More Driver AGENTS WANTED Guaranteed SALARY or Commissions! $50 tt $200 A WEEK TOP wasting your time on hard-to-sell SMALL PROFIT lines. What bigger opportunity for making money can you find than selling the ONLY auto lubricating system which uses heavy oil under 2000 Ibs. pressure! Greas: and oil-cuns, greasing systems, now out of date. “Onby 100% lubr cation” say engineers of the SAAL Heavy O11 System. 2000 Ibs. saactettt hte Pressure FORD,OVERLAND AIRED Me STAR,GRAY “7 ALL OTHER CARS 4 Agents! GET YCURS FREE! Complete outfit for your own car, SAAL OIL-SHOOTER and 42 fittings, given abso- lutely FREE! Territory rights will be granted to driver-agents first to start pro- ducing in every locality. 15 million SAALS” will be sold—$350,000,000.00 will be divided among our Agents. No money in waiting. den’t Ict others skim off all the cream. Get the facts, then act! Mail Coupon Today! Don’t Wait! Cees ees Pe ye H. G. SAAL CO., Dept. 206 1800 Montrose Avenue, Chicago If the opportunity for making money EASY TO USE AS AN OIL CAN Saves Repairs, Depreciation! Less than half price of other systems but pays for itself quick in repair bills and depreciation saved. Lubrcates steering. shackles. entire chassis. So easy to use you actually use it! Makes lubricating a white-collar job, and you get service-station results. Cheapest insurance * the car-owner can buy! 30 Days’ FREE TRIAL Cffer! Agents without selling experience are selling 9 out of 10 calls simply by following our in- structions. FREE TRIAL and money-back offer rets them ail. No investment, no weiting | | for your profits, no delivering or collecting. Sell dealers, garages, MNPUDIE STS. & selling the SAAL Heavy-Oil System is as DEALERS! leading auto-makers have £ big as you state, I want facts as marked adopted “SAALS” as standard equipment. X below: $tandard Oil Co., Western El ctric Co., and | O Salary offer to Driver-Agents. many similar corporations have equipped every O Commission Offer. truck with “SAALS."" Coupon brings biggest RA ON 1007 >* lubrication & O Free Outfit Offer. THE HOME WORKSHOP The Shipshape Home (Continued from page 117) paper; and a softer effect by using cloth. If any part of the surface is accidentally blurred, simply paint it over again and refinish. Any good commercial flat wall paint for interior decoration can be used with this process. Besides the attractiveness that comes from the endlessly varied figures, | this process has an additional advantage for walls in bad condition, because the irregular pattern tends to cover up cracks and blemishes far better than does a flat coat.—D. A. L. Braci ScREEN doors can be racing braced strongly and Doors neatly by using two heavy sheet iron angles about 34 in. wide and 6 in. long. One angle is screwed to the door stile and the other to the upper rail, and the two are then drawn together by means of a stove bolt through the bent up ends, as shown. The brace can always be tightened by setting up the screw with a screw- driver. This fixture is less unsightly than the frequently used method of carrying a heavy double wire across the frame and twisting it tight.— FREDERICK POTTER. vourF ORD {iis SPORT CAR $c. Other types down to $3.50. Famous sure fit, life- ne 41ze patterns and picture ‘instructions show how. ou can easily convert your Ford into this . it, Saucy Sport Car as hun- Get theJoy Out of Life | | ju. "See bere, Som worth of materia! from the bardwar: store. No neec to lay up the ca il PAL en con disc ee . Keen, Classy patterns, Pres: Uo-to the-Minute Wetal Streamline Rear only $6.40 delivered. Ruilt low, rides wonderfully easy, Order NOW while we can make good delivery. Send 5c coin for tilustratea prospectus of Sport Bodies,** Jifdy’’ Topa and **Gosum"’ Windshields. KUEMPEL CO.. 518 Kuempel Bidg., Guttenberg, lowa Win back your health, strength, vigor and vitality—the ability todo what you want to do, enjoy what you wish to en- joy, live as you like to live. It’s a joy you never can know while handicapped) »y miserable ailments or habits that take the tuck out of you and unfit you for work or play. You can't be wel- comed in the home, in society, business, anywhere, while youare burdened witt bad breath, pimply skin, catarrh, con stipation, indigestion, dyspepsia—crip pled with asthma, weak heart, weak lungs, rupture— wretched with nervous- ness, fear and the numerous other re- sults of violating Nature's Laws. (See consultation coupon.) It looks gloomy to you but cheer up—I can help you withg STRONGFORTISM The Modern Science of Health Pro motion will conquer your weak- nesses, banish your ailments and make you over into a real red blooded r-an. I guarartee it. Mark the items on the ccnsultation coupon STRONGFORT (write other zilments cn extra line) on which The Perfect Man you went special confidentiz! information send 10c ( PROMOTIO an te. free book. ** HEALTH. STRENGTH AND MENTAL of real men. Send fur my free book Right Now. TODAY. Improved Physical ond Health Specialist} LIONEL STRONGFORT pept'3s3° Newark, New Jersey Condensers FREE CONSULTATION COUPO Price List — — an pre- § FORT, Dept. 353, Newark, N. J.—Please . vents saggl a oosening. Se eae pook, {PL OMOTION and CONSERVATION OF Pie ae Guaranteed troubleproof, cannot HEALTH, STRENGTH AND MENTAL ENERGY,” for postage on 2 ef ft get out of lin: because stator which I enclose a 10¢ piece (one dime). Ihave marked (X) befor =3 £3 4 g plates are inserted into supporting the subject in which I am interested. - Rr 8 & te studs at 3 points and firmly locked -Colds -Catarrh -Gastritis 2 25 S$ & by punch-press. Plates of 20 ~Asthma -Blackheads a gauge, high conductor aluminum. “Hay Fever -Insomnia h 3 .00096 $1.50 Strongest, most durable and finest ~Obesity -Short Wind 5 00010 1.60 tuning adjustment. Bakelite end ~Headache -Flat Feet ’ 13 eer plates. Electric break-down -Fear -Stomach Circulation 3 .00025 2.25 $4.25 F tested. You can pay more, but you can- -Thinness Disorders -Skin Disorders 23 .0005 «3.25 5.00 § mot buy more service and quality, wer a. aioe” “ene «ont 4.00 6.0 | YerdePhint cad cats ste “Lumbago ea oo ae Liver ag - ~Neuralgia -Indigestion oulders ‘-Flat Chest -Nervousness ~-Lung Troubles ALL-METAL - Weaknesses Specify -Muscular Development -Great Strength -Deformity -Poor Memory Vacuum Tube SOCKETS Unbreakable, perfectly insu- lated. De your com a sockets chip, warp. and crack? Install these Wainart ALL- METAL. Sorkets and you “*buy once for a life-time.’’ Electri- cally tested. Connections all marked. Standard 4-prong con- tacts of rhosphor ronze. Henvily Fax oy eo bess ase and shell. ow only 50c Walnart Electric Mfg. Co. : Dept. 202 \ 1251-5 W. Van Buren St., CHICAGO -Rheumatism -Pimples -Falling Hair -Weak Eyes Describe -Diabetes -Female Disorders Stains are available in so many varieties, tints, and shades for the ama- teur painter, that it is difficult to choose the best one for a particular purpose. Oil stains are used quite often where no filling is desired and on soft woods. They are applied with a brush or a cloth and wiped off with a cloth, either immediately afterward or after an interval of ten or fifteen minutes. They go on evenly, although they are not so transparent and do not penetrate to the same extent as other stains. Oil or spirit stains are always recommended for use in staining old work. For small jobs where unusual coloring is needed, the home worker can frofitably mix a little oil stain himself. To cdo this it is necessary to have on hand a small amount, perhaps ten cents’ worth, of each of several powdered colors, such as raw umber, burnt sienna, Jampblack and bright green, yellow, red, and blue. These can be mixed with boiled linseed oil and a little turpentine to make endless color combinations. Water and acid stains are put cn with a brush or sponge. Since they penetrate the wood well and are thoroughly transparent, they are frequently used for hard woods be- fore filling. They have a tendency to “raise” the grain so that if they are to be used on a surface that s not to be filled, it is advisable to moisten the wood with plain water and after that has dried, to sand- paper it well before applying the stain. Spirit stains are applied like oil stains, but require somewhat quicker handling and Stains and Staining do not cover nearly as much surface as water | stain. They can be shellacked, waxed, or varnished almost immediately.—M. K. Popular Science Monthly — J Une, . kes bhi versa. a. = @& .3 tot bet

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thly th. lly ind for his hat es, ge che ks lat

~~’ ae Ow wv ES a wa June, 1923

In This Issue PAGE HN NMRCHT RIN oe a 5 apse dal puloves orsvin wea Relate bee Ne wi 2 A ae ois nc seed screws Bisoe Ae aeeo oreo Gis 21 OS ARS OORT ORIG OO me eee ener 23 By Dr, James J. Walsh, noted psychologist Safe Props for Skyscrapers: . .......<:s0.. 0002600 25 Making Gavels Is His Hobby................- 26 Rube Goldberg Talks on Inventions........... 27 By Rube Goldberg, nationally known cartoonist Science Traces Our Monkey Ancestry.......... 28 Article 4 in the series, ‘‘The Story of Man and His World,” By E. E. Free, Ph. D., and William K. Gregory, Pk. D; Dew Mito WGI GCrater... <6 isco s pees sens 32 Diving Sled to Salvage Treasures............. 33 Man’s Losing War with Insects............... 34 Paddle Tennis, Newest Game................ 36 Leaf-Shaped Spruce for Loudspeaker.......... 36 Corners of U.S. UNCZPlOTEG. «055.66 -0se sos vies 36 Compressed Air Feeds Corn to Hogs.......... 36 Models Show UW. S. Industries:.........5. 056 o06 0s 37 POISON —— WV AN) AG EE on. ois. kis'e 0c vo. oie ore sisigss 37 Triple Hoist litte Limber Loads.............. 37. Will Radium Restore Youth?................ 38 Science Duplicates Costly Gems.............. 39 SER eS ec cee eee 40 By Col. T. L. Huston, part owner of N.Y.Yankees How Science Identifies Babies................ 42 Streetcars Piaul Truck Travers... -. 666i s:6-0.0:5:0:0% 42 Housewives Can Save Gas in Cooking......... 42 MIGHHNCsS 1) TODBICS.. 6... os os os cn seisieeece 43 MGR MIE) TEMOTCIBO Ns oo 6. sive vgisio o's 0 00 w0is00eisi 44 How Much Do Vou Knowl... occ. ssc ecscee. 46 World’se Smallest. Typewriter. .......0.. 60 cccscec 46 Movies Stage Most Vivid Storm.............. 47 MNOCUINE: CUM ATCO BOSts:. 5 sc i0.5.0 o0's se0e.08 0 00 48 Hollywood Has Egyptian Film Temple........ 48 Singme tO Cure TCRINesS: «0... cscs e sees 48 AtUmEGMAliCc CODVUGIGET «...6 occ see se ececvas 48 Oil from Shale Mined by Steam............... 49 - Models Substituted for Blueprints............. 49 Mew Wyte Gent Cutter oo a.5 sis os cos tee ee o's 50 Fragile Moth Is World Wanderer.......... ce, ae Leather Armor Protects Sand Blaster.......... 50 Reading Printed Words in Charred Paper...... 50 How Numerals Were Evolved................ 50 Rotary Telephone Book Finds Numbers ...... 51 Electric Scrubber Polishes Desks.............. 51 Burglar Alarm Under Door.......... Snetelecicce: | Tam Automatic Bowling Pin Boy... .......6..000s08 51 Fountain Pens and Pencil in One.............. St Midget Engine Pulls Seven.............0c0cccee 52 New DOG) Prues CLAN O oo. osc ee ewe ees 52 Rural Districts Mapped by Clock............. 52 Harnessing a Geyser’s Steam................. 53 PES BONE (271 | a ae 53 Exhaust Operates Auto Air Brakes............ 53 New Snake Tread Conquers Bumps........... 54 World-6 cargest ump Of COal....... ..cscececess 54 Nation-Wide War on Diphtheria.............. 54 Fireproof Gasoline Truck.... SEE Tee 55 Typewriter Bult mm UNits.......... 066.0% cece 55 Rotor Winding of Single Copper Sheet......... 55 Machine Fumigates Books................... 55 Where Dust Comes From... ic cc cs cca e cess 56 Wacatean—Fevnt © BRival........ 0. ccksesevccss 57 Bank Has Armored Limousine................ 58 Solderless: Faucet for Oilcan..............s0%- 58 Tar Paper “‘Nailed’”’ by Vulcanizer............ 58 Hand Tool Tests Hardness of Metal........... 58 RONEN, FABLE OROING on 66165600 5.00630: 0 00s a ves 59 Storing Half Million Tons of Coal. ............ 60 Amateur Camera Men Make Own Movies ..... 60 Walls Built of Concrete ‘‘Lumber’’............ 60 Starter Saves Disk Records... .......0000005+ 60 Odditiessin the NEWS. 6.6. isis sews sees ess 61 Sky Police Force Runs Down Crime........... 62 Benny Leonard on Self Defense............... 63 By Benny Leonard, World’s Lightweight Champion Fire Department Rescues Horse from Sewer.... 63 Lining a Water-Filled Sluice.................. 64 Machine Fills and Seals Envelopes............ 64 Mermaid Swims in Safety Harness............ 65 World’s Largest Photo on Mountain yds eee Steel Mattresses to Save Roads............... 67 Aids for the Housewife................. ‘raw 68 America’s First Radiophone Central........... 69 By Jack Binns Tractor Dredges Mill Stream................. 70 First Fleet of Electric Cabs................... 70 Dustless Water Goggles...................... 70 Truck Spring Needs No Lubricatien........... 70 Gas IndicaterGn Dash... i... occ vccseecccs vi Traffic Light on Glove........... Staraht tk cis Eee 70 Why an Auto Engine Misses.;................ 71 By Harold F. Blanchard SURO IE RT COMIIOLEN, 5 6:65 ae desk osc sce eacace 73 Upkeep ‘‘Kinks’’ for the Car Owner........... 74 The Home Workshop . . Page 75 Better Shop Methods . . Page 80

NO yuice AND HERE a LIL. SAY, THE Gr rere Boy!! SMITHS ARE 3 COMIN OVER TuiGHT a LL SEE How)

WHATS UP= V/ LOOK BLUE,

Zi Does your set “ sign-off” because your battery quits ? Are you reminded—when a good program is on—that your outfit is of no further use until you lug the battery down town and back? Keep the battery at home, keep it full of pep and prolong its life with Tungar. Tungar—the go-between from house-lighting circuit to storage battery—puts an end to unheard and half-heard programs. Just connect Tungar—turn on the current and charge the battery while you sleep. Tungar is certain, clean, quiet. No moving parts to get out of order. Inexpensive to operate. Good for your auto battery too—the same Tungar. See Tungar at any good electrical shop, or write for literature. Address Section P6. Merchandise Department General Electric Company Bridgeport, Connecticut

HELLO, JOE.| /JUST TNIGHT MY BaATTRY GOES SouR, AN’ NOW I'LL HAVE TLUG 'T OUT To GET IT REZ CHARGED! ~ s wuy DO You Do 1T2—vusF YouR ELECTRICITY AND CHARGE IT /Y¥ YOURSELF HOME }

Tungar Battery Charger. Oper- ates on Alternating Current. 2 Ampere Outfits—$18.00 5 Ampere Outfits—$28.00 ( Prices east of the Rockies) Special attachment for charging 12 or 24 cell B” Storage Battery —$3.00 ~—fits either size Tungar.

Charge em at Home, with

A GENERAL ELECTRIC PRODUCT

35A—97D

“LITEWATE JUNIOR’ DRUM OUTFIT for Home Orchestra

“Dad” for the « Mother and YOuR boy will be proud when he first time with the new QWATERF1 the children will enjoy their summer this year if you pro- vide them with this sturdy, reliable motor boat that they can run in absolure —over » snags or in shallow water. Your week-end at the cottage will be a delight—you can reach the spot where they’ re biting without tiresome oar work. Write today for the story of this wonder- ful boat ‘‘1500 Miles in Canadian Wilds’’ DISAPPEARING PROPELLER BOAT CORPORATION 334 Robinson St., North Tonawanda, N.Y. — ne . “ae ae — Disappearing Propeller Boat Tht

School Orchestra Dance or Theatre Orchestra only $4goo $8.60 Down $5.00 Monthly Outfit contains one Lyon Healy Professional Bass Drum; one Lyon & Healy Professional Snare Drum; Ludwig Pedal; Snare Drum Stand; Pedal Cymbal and Holder; Chinese Crash Cymbal and Holder; Tone Block; Pair ef fine Sticks BIGGEST value ina complete outfit evereffered! Ittakes only practice to make you a Drummer— START NOW! You can practice with Player Piano or Phonograph and progress rapidly; soon give HOME DANCES; and in a couple of months be ready to step into the school or regular orchestra — and earn money evening if you care to, for details or remit first payment, and we will ship outfit en trial! For saie by your Music Merchant. LYON & HEALY, 72-78 Jackson Bivd., Chicago

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es Snel tla Aine tain is seh Ant ian RSS ilk capella emit inn Sie assis 50 120 Radiola V at a new low price: COMPLETE! Famous for distance! A three-tube receiver— tector with twostages ofamplification. Operates on dry batteries. Price includes all batteries, head- set and tubes, $142.50. Cuba Gets California with a Radiola V Havana, Cuba “You might be interested to know what we are getting with Radiola V. *‘Sevcral of our clients have received broad- cast programs at KHJ in Los Angeles, California. Wealso receive clearly stations as far as Reno, Denver, and Minneapolis. This symbol of Very truly yours, quality is your A. MARTIN-RIVERO, protection General Electric Company of Cuba’’ RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA Dept. 2081, 233 Broadway, New York Please send me your free Radio Booklet. Name Street Address City R. F. D. State Popular Science Monthly Gi UCC a \ _\ Ut OS EAL Broadway jazz down on the farm! Music of the big orchestras from every big town. Rainy days at the beach without an outdoor thing to do— but a concert, of the finest, coming in by radio. Peaceful days for tired vacationists — bright with entertainment. Lively parties for “the crowd” at far-away places. Church on Sunday. And the big league baseball news—right from the bleachers. What’s summer without a Radiola? Radiola V The summer cottage set—to perfection. It operates on dry batteries—anywhere—everywhere. Mighty good to look at—compact—attractive. Great for use with a loud speaker. And for big performance—two stages of amplification to bring in every word and note}; clear and distinct, over big distances. Sd .J e There's a Radiola . for every pase” at the nearest Radio or Electrical Store Radio Corporation of America Sales Department District Sales Offices 233 Broadway 10 So. LaSalle Street 433 California Street New York Chicago, Illinois San Francisco, California diola REG. U. S. PAT. OFF. ee A Re A ST RE SAE HE SS RN SN ARI COLOR PRINTING CO., NEW YORK

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Pegs ? : ; o cae ale i * , ants : ¥ : . a , : i ‘ f ; j a , gh : ‘ my * PEs * # 4 ry x : . ¢ 4 * te A sts * Oe ee ee Me ee a Sia tas alien meteeniareaiaaed LEB SOG" 9h a6 ph. OR ih ot PO Serena a LEED ILI NE EES LN No ALE AIOE ae ee = « ” * %, Ke « ’ . ‘ 2 « ” “ » << Die Pata ons * . * Me é ~ i ¢ 7 * ~ 24 ‘ pp Re to ge EP ee C ie PGS Be Ms * * &

“PATENTS Any new article, machine, design or improvement thereof, or any new combination of parts or improve- ments in any known article which increases its effi- ciency or usefulness, may be patented, if it involves invention. IF YOU HAVE ANY NEW IDEAS which you feel are useful, practical and novel, take prompt fey! é fl action toward protecting your rights. If you have invented any new machine, or new combination of parts or improvement, or new process or design, Send Drawing, Model or Description of it for information as to procedure to secure protection. WRITE TODAY FOR BLANK FORM Ls “Evidence of Conception to be returned to me with drawing, description or model of your idea. Promptly upon receipt by me of your idea I will write you fully as to procedure and costs. NO CHARGE FOR THE ABOVE INFORMATION All communications are held in strict confidence. My per- sonal, careful and thorough attention is given to each case. I offer you efficient, reliable and prompt service—based upon practical experience. Highest references. Write to-day for free book ‘‘How to Obtain a Patent.’’ This book will give you valuable information, and it may save you much time and effort. Send for it NOW. My practice is devoted exclusively to United States and foreign _—- and trade marks. Very probably I can help you. Write today. CLARENCE A. O’BRIEN, Registered Patent Attorney 125 Southern Building - - Washington, D. C. CLARENCE A. O’BRIEN, 125 Southern Bldg., Patent Attorney, Washington, D. C. Please send me your free booklet, ‘‘How to Obtain a Patent’’ and blank form ‘Evidence of Conception’’ without any obligation on my part. (WRITE PLAINLY)

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Like Putting a New Film in a Camera UTTING a “Refill” Shaving Stick into Colgate’s “Handy Grip” is very simple, and it is done in a few seconds. The “Handy Grip” lasts for years. “Refills”, threaded to fit it, cost you the price of the soap alone. There is no waste. In addition to its handiness and economy, Colgate’s makes a copious lather that softens the beard at the base, where the razor’s work is done. With hot water or cold, with soft water or hard, Colgate’s lathers quickly, and makes shav- ing easy. It leaves the face smooth, cool and refreshed. Send us 10c for the ‘‘Handy Grip’’, the metal container, and a trial-size shaving stick. Then buy ‘‘Refills’’ any- where, as you need them, for the price of the soap alone. Three months’ better shaving in each‘‘Refill’’, for less than the price of a day’s cigars. - COLGATE & CO., Dept.R 199 Fulton St., New York beers a aici etapa ian Peet arent a ee es 1p SFE IN Ig SONS RRRE ABR OST as aOR ah Sage SE here

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