Popular Science Monthly 1922-06: Vol 100 Iss 6

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“v1 RADIO-AUTOMOBILES-NEW INVENTIONS AY 11 1922 opular| 2:2: rscience Founded MONT” LAS 1872 2 DEPARTMENT low Radio Doubled the Joys of My Vacation” NE Secrets of Auto Camping—with Latest Motor Highway Map 25 cENTS

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Dd Popular Science Monthly

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inches long, and which, when | Popular Science Monthly June, 1922; 25 Cents a Copy; Vol. 100, No. 6 $3 a Year Published in New York City at 225 West Thirty-ninth Street My Three Years of Motor Camping Experiences of a Pioneer in the Game, Who Reveals the Most Useful Equipment for a Successful Motor Vacation By F. E. Brimmer, Author of ‘“Autocamping”’ HREE summers ago my wife and I made our first auto-camp- ing trip. It seemed to us a radi- cal and hazardous enterprise; but we soon discovered, as have hun- dreds of others in the past year or two, that this delightful method of vaca- tioning can be made to combine the adventure and healthfulness of Western frontier days with the comfort of a 1922 apartment hotel. We started, that first year, by pack- ing half the contents of our kitchen into the tonneau. Since then experience has taught us what should be taken. This experience may guide the beginner in selecting everything that is essential, without burdening himself with articles that take valuable room in the car and prove unnecessary to enjoyment. Home Comforts on the Road Nowadays when you climb into your car and take to the open road for a summer of motor gipsying, you need not leave home behind. You may take its comforts with you. With the increasing popularity of motor camping as the great vacation sport of a nation, there has appeared on the market within the past few months a host of mechanical devices to make roadside living easy for the amateur. If you make or purchase your outfit with care, - you can tour the country for four months or more without once stopping at little as possible, and still be commodious and water- proof. It should be pos- sible to put it up and take it down in five minutes at most—and this, if neces- sary, by one person. Get as much head room as pos- sible. Ifanadult canstand erect anywhere in the tent, living will be far more com- fortable. There should be one or two screened win- dows with curtains. I have discovered that all the usual tent materials a hotel, or realizing that you are “roughing it.” The Auto Tent—One of the most important of the new de- vices is the auto tent, which is made especially for comfortable shelter in motor camps. Some styles you attach to the car, while . others are pitched independently. Some are so adaptable that you may or may not attach them, whichever you desire; but all types are superior to the old style tent that was designed for other pur- poses. A good auto tent may be made as cozy as (and far cooler than) a summer cottage. In selecting the auto tent, I have found that the best way is to choose a model that will roll into a compact bundle, weigh as How to Start the Trip Right UTOMOBILE camping, within the past year or two, has become one of the most popular American vacation pastimes. In the accompanying article a pioneer among motor campers describes some of the essentials for a successful gipsy tour, which he learned in three years of actual experience. Those of you who are planning a summertime auto camping trip will find these suggestions helpful. In addition, our Home Workshop Department tells you this month just how you can make your own equipment. Instructions for converting a car into a “‘house on wheels” appear on page 77. You can learn how to make a tent, page 80; a camping table, page 101; a folding camping stove, page 102; or even a trailer for your car, page 103. And if you are interested in how motor gipsies live on the road, read the prize-winning letters on page 70 and pictures of modern motor caravans on page 71. June, 1922 hea S fn Be To unclamp the runningboard box from the car and convert it into a table with two shelves for cooking utensils, as shown above, takes only a minute During five years of gipsying all over the United States, the flivver tourist shown at the left has accumulated a moving natural history museum have their advantages. Balloon silk is costlier than canvas, but much lighter in weight and fully as efficient. Of course, both silk and canvas give better service when pitched in the shade, and a fly can be used to excellent ad- vantage if a long stay is made in one place. Army duck, double filled, in 29-inch width and 10- ounce weight, which has been waterproofed, has proved to be very satisfactory under all condi- tions, even in snow country. ‘Airplane cloth and silkette are other varieties of excellent tent- ing material offered the tourist. I have found that the color of a tent should be carefully con- sidered. White is conspicuous and hard on the eyes of the occu- 19 21 a independence of the feudal a... fe ats. De oo eee 6 uae 1 7]

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i Rtn Se isla ial WD Pra aie sed NN eS PE et ae TS LT ae rape eR goa S Sneak stat i et $s eM ON Dabas 20 Popular Science Monthly pants in sunlight, and at night every move of the persons in a lighted camp makes a shadow that reveals plainly what is going on in- side. Either brown, khaki, or green canvas blends bet- ter with the landscape. The light transmitted is easier on the eyes and the walls are more opaque when the camp is illuminated at night. The very latest tent for auto camping is a combina- tion tent and bed. In this style of camp the bed forms the foundation for the tent, supporting its poles or frame. We have used sev- eral styles of tent-bed com- the very latest auto-camp stoves, and a model that we found most efficient last summer, is the compressed acetylene-gas burner. It should be mentioned that this same gas may be used for lighting your camp, and indeed you may cook and illuminate simultaneously. When empty, the tank may be exchanged for a filled one. The tankisa cylinder 6 by 20 inches. The light has a maximum intensity of 500 candlepower, which is plenty strong enough to sew or read by in comfort. binations and find that from the standpoint of comfort there is little difference be- tween the combination and the tent itself. You can take your choice. The Auto-Camp Bed—Comfortable beds mean comfortable camps, and our experi- ence is that the double or single folding cot is excellent. We have used a double cot 52 inches wide, 78 inches long, and 18 inches high. When folded, this bed is 39 inches long, 10 inches wide, by 5 inches thick. We carry this in our car in place of the foot rail. The single cot of “automatic’”’ style is excellent. This automatically makes a level surface to sleep on, no matter how uneven the ground upon which the cot is placed. The tonneau, or ear bed, which is gener- ally suspended from the windshield to the rear of the car body, hanging over the seats, has its advantages. We have carried such a bed, weighing less than 8 pounds, and making a bundle about 4 inches in diameter, strapped to the top frame of our car. The tonneau bed is excellent for children, for an extra or emergency bed; but I cannot rec- ommend it for permanent sleeping quar- ters. It has little head room and is none too easy to get into. A Wide Choice of Beds The pneumatic, or air bed—sometimes called a “‘comfort sleeping pocket,” be- cause the air mattresses are covered with a waterproof blanket that snaps in place to form a pocket in which one sleeps—is an ideal auto-camper’s bed. When deflated and rolled, our double 42-inch air bed is about 12 inches {n diameter, 42 inches long, and the weight is about 25 pounds, depend- ing on the material of the waterproof cov- ering and the weight of the wool lining in this air sleeping pocket. On our double air bed my wife and our younger daughter, It’s just like home when the author sets u left, taking butter from his refrigerator bas cet, wW ‘ile his wife cooks lunch over a small gas burner. b> 4 These gipsies pack all their luggage in an odd single- wheeled trailer consisting of a case su that are attached to the rear of a chassis who was but six months old on her first trip, have slept in the comfort of home. The air mattresses taper thinner at the foot and an “inner wall’’ construction has done away with the sliding sensation of the first pneumatic beds. A pump, larger of cylin- der than a foot pump, but not nearly so effective and much lighter, comes with the air pocket. Personally I have always in- flated our double bed with my lungs,"which at most takes but five minutes. When Nights Are Chilly Some kind of bedding is needed with practically every style of bed. With our air bed we have used an eiderdown robe in cold weather. We also prefer a good woolen sleeping bag, or nest of two or three bags, to any ordinary wool blanket. Two 414-pound woolen bags, nested together and covered with a waterproof canvas, make ideal bedding. Auto-Camping Stoves—When the nights are chilly in high altitudes or during the cooler seasons, a collapsible, folding stove that burns wood has been indispensable to us. Baby has been undressed and dressed many times in the radius of its cheering warmth. The stove folds to 28 by 10 by 414 inches, including its eight feet of pipe, two elbows, damper, four legs, bottom, lid- lift, and top lid. Carried in a canvas case this wood stove is smaller than a suitcase. For cooking, a very popular automobile camping stove is the two-burner gasoline firemaker. You have the fuel with you, heat is obtained quickly, there is no odor, and our experience is that the stove is safe to use anywhere in camp. You may have the gasoline stove with oven, frypan, spider, breadpan, etc., making a complete kitchenette. One of cam He is seen at the extreme Their tent is of light balloon silk ported by bars Just a few items of the author’s equipment —a shot- gun that folds like a jack-knife, an axe and two steel knives with sheaths, and a compressed acety- lene-gas burner for cooking or lighting in the camp 1922 campin Refrigerator Basket—If you intend to set out motor gipsying with a baby, as we do, carry a refrigerator basket. With this basket icebox we carry our butter, fresh milk, fresh fruit, baby’s modified milk, fresh meat, and indeed all perishable food. In camp we have the same food that we would eat at home! What is more, this basket is built to be dustproof and most sanitary. It is an excellent place in which to keep the drinking water, iced tea, or fruit beverages. Kitchen Utensils that Pack Tightly The refrigerator basket has a varnished exterior of woven reed, and a metal lining (the ice compartment is detachable), while between the two is an insulation that is a non-conductor of heat. Cooling Utensils—By all means, do not take along your kitchen utensils. We found by sad experience that utensils col- lected from the kitchen ‘abinet never would become friendly on a camping trip, nor would they pack neatly together. We use a four-party aluminum set that com- prises everything we could need—frypans, plates, coffee-pot, several pots with covers and bails, ‘knives, forks, table- and tea- spoons, salt and pepper shakers, cups and bowls. And the whole thing nests to- gether, having detachable and folding handles, so that it packs in a canvas case 10 inches in diameter and about the same in height, while the weight is less than 10 pounds. We have recently used a runnifgboard box that is about 9 inches square by 33 Popular Science Monthly

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re ot sy « OD June, 19.22 2] inches long, and which, when unclamped from the car, can be changed in 60 seconds into a table 27 by 33 inches, with two shelves. Within is a complete set of oval heavy tin dishes and utensils, in- cluding a _ gasoline stove, oven, and frypans. Auto-Camp Furniture—As for furniture, we used to camp without a table, but this is not advisable. Fold- ing chairs are compact and light in weight. A folding cupboard is homelike and handy. Weshould not know how to live without our fold- ing washbasin. You may buy infants’ dressing-tables and bathtubs if you like. They all fold to almost noth- ing. We find it highly ad- visable to carry a regular motor first-aid kit in a steel box, and the feeling of se- curity that such a kit gives is worth much. Other useful articles for camp are an axe with sheath, two good steel knives with search. Association. Pick Your Camp Sites in Advance 6s HERE shall I find a good place to camp?” is the ever- lasting question that the gipsy motorist must answer at sundown, wherever the end of the day’s journey brings him—in city, town, or country. The motor camper is always on the lookout for a spot where he and his family may rest comfortably without disturbance and where simple necessities or conveniences for life out of doors are obtainable. Formerly he often wasted his time in vain But now hundreds of convenient campsites are being set aside by cities and communities in all parts of the country, especially by those located along America’s great transcon- tinental highways. Just how can you find these sites during your trip? It’s easy this season; for an official camping and campsite manual has just been compiled by the American Automobile This manual contains a list of more than 800 automobile campsites in all sections of the country, with exact location, description of equipment, and other detailed information for the motor camper, such autos the site will accommodate, water and wood supply, lighting facilities, playgrounds and amusements. By special arrangement with the American Automobile Association, PopuLAR ScrENCE Monrtu_y is able to supply readers with copies of this invaluable manual. request for a copy to the Automobile Camping Editor, Popu- lar Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York City, enclosing 50 cents and a self-addressed, stamped envelope. as the number of Send your independence of the feudal lord with all modern reser- vations. We live along the road and in municipal camp- ing parks just the same as at home; we sleep better, eat better, and feel better. It is our opinion that auto camping is becoming the most popular form of American vacation. sheaths, a matchbox of the waterproofed variety, and various personal toilet articles, hardware, mending outfits, and working tools. I always carry a fold- ing firearm—either a rifle or shotgun— that folds like a jack-knife. Then we have game in season and are protected at all times. A Candle Is the Simplest Camp Illumination—The simplest illu- mination is a candle, but be sure to take a plumber’s candle. This is large in diam- eter, short of height, and burns a long time with a good light. We set the candle in a frypan, where there is no danger if it over- turns. Or, better yet, carry it in a candle lantern. Many campers use a trouble light for camp, using electricity from the car battery. We can recommend the bat- teryless flashlamp for auto camping, for you are never fearful of exhausting a bat- tery. We have found the ideal light is produced by the acetylene-gas lamp. This can be turned high for letter-writing or sewing, having a maximum of 500 candlepower. Camping Trailer—The complete outfit for a protracted tour may seem bulky, but we have found that the trailer is excellent behind a heavy car and does not look too ungainly. It increases our gasbill about five per cent. The draw-pull of the aver- age trailer—which weighs about 750 pounds—is between 20 and 25 pounds on the level road. Most trailers fold flat and if they are to be protected from the dust they must be covered by a very tight canvas. Eat, Sleep, and Feel Better With the hundreds of modern camping conveniences to choose from, we take our home with us. The world of automobile roads is our front yard! We have the You can u nfold your auto bungalow and win a new lease of life in the open, even if it’s just for a day’s outing June, 1922 Pullman car conveniences are included in the motor- ized home at the left. Above is the interior view of the car, showing how upholstered seats are made into a curtained berth Horned Toad Can Live for Weeks without Food HE horned toad, rather than the camel, should be the prohibitionists’ emblem. That this animal can live for 119 days not only without water, but in an absolutely dry atmosphere, has been demonstrated by Prof. F. G. Hall of the University of Wis- consin. The scaly, impervious skin of the toad prevents evaporation from its body, it is found, while its organs are adapted to ex- crete insoluble crystals of uric acid instead of a fluid. Any water absorbed when the toad does take a drink, remains in the body, keeping the blood fluid almost in- definitely. How well the animal is pro- tected is shown by the fact that after four months in an atmosphere made absolutely dry by enclosing a pan of concentrated sulphuric acid in the container, the toad lost only 35 per cent of its weight. Under the same conditions an angleworm lost 65 per cent in four hours, and warm-blooded animals would have lost weight nearly as fast. Unlike the toad experimented upon by Professor Hall, the camel does not really do without a drink, but simply converts stored up fat into moisture. An Arab picks out a camel with a fat, well developed hump for travel in the desert. The camel will not drink on the journey; but at the end of the trip the hump is thin and shrunken. As the camel’s tissues start to dry, the oxygen dissolved in the blood attacks the fat, and changes it into water. Since part of this ‘“metabolic water’’ comes from the air, a pound of fat makes several pounds of fluid. ee are eee

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cas Sates Suite owt Ser i, ern ee ee ; wer ae ee Sat ee ee eee ” btm ee anes = Seer — Popular Science Monthly ide Soundings Save Ships from Reefs Depth of Water Is Now Measured by Timing Sound Vibrations Reflected from Ocean Bottom B* giving a sea captain constant knowledge of the depth of water under his ship’s keel, even while the vessel is steaming at high speed toward land, an echo sounding de- vice recently perfected by the United States Navy is expected to prevent liners from running aground in fogs. The device is based upon the fact that sound waves in water behave as they do in air. A vibration in the water is reflected from the ocean bottom exactly as a sound By measuring the time elapsing wave is reflected from a brick wall. By measuring the time required for a sound to travel from a sender at the keel of the ship to the ocean bottom and back again to micro- ‘phones on both sides of the vessel, the cap- tain can determine the depth to within a few feet of absolute accuracy. Since sound travels nearly 5000 feet a second in water, the time-measuring apparatus must be exceedingly accurate, and in fact time inter- vals of 1/1000 of a second can be recorded. The sound is produced by firing a cartridge under water. This cartridge is exploded by depress- ing an electric key on the navigating bridge. The same current starts the time recorder, which between the explosion of a cart- ridge at the ship’s keel and the return of the echo from the ocean bottom to microphones at the sides of the vessel, the captain, knowing the approximate velocity of sound in water, can determine the depth. The time-recording instrument is shown below is stopped by a relay actuated by the reflected sound wave from the bottom. Continous Soundings Possible If the bottom is rocky or uneven, the least TURNING 7% | j SOUND WA AVES | depth will be registered; and this, of course, is what the navigator wants to know. The new invention also makes possible a series of sound- ings only a few hundred feet apart. By the old method employing the hand lead or the sound- ing machine in which a heavy lead and many fathoms of wire must be reeled in after every east, readings every quarter mile are about the limit. By means of the intermittent sounds given by the new instrument, the knowledge that the water is becoming shallow will warn the navi- gator to change his course, or even to stop and anchor, long before the ship is in actual danger of touching bottom. The device also will make it possible to mea- sure spotsin the oceans of the world which here- tofore have remained unmeasured because of their great depths. One such spot is in the Gulf of Mexico, north of Yucatan. Electricity Measures Velocities in Trash-Filled Drainage Pipes FEW handfuls of salt and a voltmeter are enabling government engineers working near Dayton, Ohio, to measure the velocity of water in drainage pipes while transporting heavy loads of earth. Though there have been methods by which velocity of clean water can be deter- mined, no way of obtaining the speed of water carrying a heavy load of silt had ever been found until an engineer discovered an application for the fact that water becomes an excellent electrical conductor when salt is dissolved in it. In applying the test, a sheet of zinc and a sheet of copper were hung in the pipe, insulated from it and from each other. These were connected with a sensitive volt- meter, which would normally read about 0.2 volts. A pound of salt in a paper bag was then attached to a string and lowered near the ~ SUBMERGE OTOR ELECTRODES When salt, passing through the pipe, reaches submerged electrodes at the sutlet, its arrival is recorded by a jump in the voltmeter needle suction intake. The instant the sack en- time required for the salt to pass through tered the pipe, the cord was jerked from the engineer’s hand. This marked the time the salt started its journey. The paper bag was soon broken as it passed through the pump, and when the half dissolved salt struck the plates connected with the volt- meter, there was an unmistakable jump of potential to 0.5 volts. Thus it was possible to determine the the pipe by simply noting the time the salt was inserted at the pump and the time it arrived at the end of the pipe and caused a jump in the voltmeter needle. With the length of the pipe and the time taken for the salt to traverse it determined, the velocity of the stream was obtained. This method can be used in handling fresh water or non-conductive liquids. At the intake, salt § ina paper my is ettin into the pipe by a string. * Release o e string marks time of entry

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. -_— = = ew nr st ot ww F June, 1922 23 Boat and Auto Meet in “American Venice” Homes = 308 % =| OTOR boats and automobiles _ will meet in the basements of their owners’ resi- dences at Grayhaven—a modern Venice recently laid out as a restricted residence district of De- troit, Mich. Even the picturesque city on the Adriatic cannot boast such land-and-water ad- vantages the year round as this suburb combines. Every home will be fronted on one side by a lagoon, and on the other by a paved boulevard. When the family wants Arrangement of gar- ages and boatwells in the basements of Grayhaven residences, each of which is fronted on one side by a lagoon and on the other by a boulevard, is illustrated above to a boatwell underneath the house. The channel of the lagoons is lined with concrete and bor- dered by a sea wall. As there is a constant cur- rent through the lagoons, the water cannot become to go for a spin on the highways or for a ride on the river, they will sim- ply descend to the base- ment of their home and hop into their automobile or power boat. Grayhaven consists of an artificial island in the Detroit River, flanked on both sides by lagoons and tongues of land jutting out into the river. The island between the two strips of land is connected with the shore by a bridge that leads into an automobile road dividing the island into symmetrical halves. A jetty at the entrance of the upstream lagoon forces the current in the Detroit River to flow through a curved This bird’s-eye view of the ‘‘American Venice’’ shows how the Detroit River current, caught by a jetty, flows through a curved inlet and into one lagoon, then around the land end of the artificial island to the second lagoon, and back into the river inlet into this lagoon, then to the land end of the strip, under the connecting bridge, to the other lagoon and back to the river through a curved outlet. A House Accessible by Land or Water Every home will be accessible from the automobile road by a driveway leading to the garage in the basement of the house, and from the lagoon by a forebay leading Movie Camera Will Time Races Accurately HANKS to a few feet of moving-picture film, mechanically exact timing will be possible at future big track meets. The runners and the clock will be in view of the camera from start to finish. Timing to the hundredth of a second is assured, and the winner of a so-called ‘“‘dead heat’’ can be selected with certainty, even if he breaks the tape at the finish line less than an eighth of an inch ahead of his closest contestant. The moving-picture camera is focused simultaneously on a timing clock showing seconds and tenths of seconds, and on a Focused on clock and mirror, the camera records unmistakably the time of start and finish near-by mirror reflecting the start of the race. The clock and camera are set going be- fore the starter fires his pistol. The flash of the pistol, reflected in the mirror, is re- corded on the film, and the finish is photo- graphed directly, since the camera is placed squarely on the finish line. Timing each contestant is thus simply a matter of observing from the film the posi- tion of the time hand when the pistol flash is seen, and subtracting this reading from the reading when the runner crosses the line in front of the camera. stagnant. Residents can enjoy boating, canoeing, hy- droplaning, or swimming during the summer. In winter, when the lagoons are covered with a smooth sheet of ice, they may skate or enjoy the sport of iceboating. The garages will be large enough to hold two cars, while the boatwells will accommo- date a large launch or several smaller craft. The boatwells are provided with watertight gates and may be changed to drydocks by pumping out the water. By automobile the residents can reach the business section of Detroit in a few minutes, while launches carry them quickly to the river. Can We Live Forever in an Icebox? Yj Betees organisms might not be kept alive forever—a question raised by the famous experiments of Dr. Jacques Loeb with the “immortal” chicken tissues at the Rockefeller Institute—is now an- swered in the negative by this eminent biol- ogist, as a result of another series of re- markable experiments on ‘‘aseptic’’ flies. Writing one of the 12 interesting chapters in the volume, ‘‘Contemporary Science,” the ninety-ninth of the Modern Library Series (Boni & Liveright), Dr. Loeb re- marks that lowering the temperature of an organism lengthens its life, but that “higher organisms must die from internal causes, even if all chances of infection and all acci- dents are excluded.”’ Testing the theory that death is due toa series of chemical reactions, and that these reactions are affected by temperature, he arrives at these results: Aseptic flies, reared at a temperature of 30° C., had an average life of 21.15 days; at 20°, 54.3 days, and at 10°, 177.5 days. By lowering their temperature 20 de- grees, the duration of life was prolonged 900 per cent! “Unfortunately,’’ concludes the writer, “our body does not tolerate any consider- able lowering of its temperature.” ee cay en tree

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ee ee a ties ee he Br SO ee ee ee ee ikea eS Sears a OES voile RTE Pg 24 Popular Science Monthly “© =) re a D latest news of radio to the readers of Popular Science Monthly Crest of the Radio W ave By Jack Binns America’s First Wireless Hero and Most Famous Writer on Radio When Your Set Won’t Work wn) How to Hear the Longer Waves Jack Binns broadcasts the The “Whys”’ of a Crystal Detector Will Radio Swing the Next Election? eee “Will the manufacturers abandon their broadcasting programs as soon as the market has become so flooded with their apparatus that future sales are im- possible?’’ These are the two questions I have been asked most frequently since the radio- telephone swept over the country like a cyclone, carrying popular enthusiasm in its wake. When we take into consideration the following facts: first, that it takes $4000 a month to operate a typical broadcasting station; and, second, that the artists are not being paid for the radio entertainment they give, it will readily be seen that the answers are vital to us all. In fact, the problem appears so grave to all who, like myself, believe radio must have a marvelous future, that I am taking my first opportunity of talking with POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY readers to point out what I think the solution may be. A Utility, Not a Craze First, however, I want to impress upon you a realization of the fact that radio is neither a craze nor a toy. if radio just a passing craze?” that a family will drop a nickel in the box for an evening’s entertainment. The re- ceipts collected monthly would assuredly be enough to enable the operating com- panies to provide even more elaborate and costly entertainments than at present, and to pay the artists adequately. Will We Have Nichel-in-the-Slot Radio Receiving Sets? “But how could this be done?” you ask. ‘‘What is to stop anybody with a radio set from listening in?” Two ways are already recognized by experts as possible, but a combination of both of them would be best. In the first place, it is possible to so distort the voice transmitted by wireless telephony that it becomes absolutely unintelligible to every receiver that is not equipped with a trans- lating modulator pitched to the right de- gree of resonance. Then, in the second place, it is possible to rapidly change the wave length carrying the voice so that some phrases will be carried on one wave length and succeeding phrases on another. Thus only an automatically controlled re- ceiver could follow the rapid changes. A combination of these two systems would make it impossible for any one to be a “‘deadhead”’ at the radio-phone concerts. I am quite sure that the public will wel- come this innovation, when it comes. It will leave our receiving sets free to hear the ever increasing quantity of news and in- formation that many agencies will be eager to broadcast gratis, and it will put at our disposal, in addition, for a remarkably low price, musical entertainments far surpassing any program yet attempted. ‘““As Easy as A BC!” HAPPENED to be in a radio store the other day, and I overheard a young woman turn to a girl companion, and ex- claim: “Really, Blanche, it’s foolish to buy one of these radio phones. We’ll never be able to use it. Just listen to those awful names we’ve got to learn!”’ At the same moment, an ardent young amateur was asking a bewildered new sales- man whether he thought a variocoupler and tickler were better It is a very serious and important public utility which will gain in mag- nitude and value every day. But don’t let your enthusiasm for it lift you out of the realm of facts. NOW is the time for everybody to come back to earth, to become fa- miliar with the actual conditions of radio, and to plan sanely for the future. At present, profits from the sale of radio receiving apparatus cover the cost of broad- casting. But that cost, in the case of one cor- poration, reaches $288,- 000 a year. Free broad- casting services obviously cannot go on forever, at that scale, and surely some payment to the artists will have to be made ultimately. Now, in my opinion, there is only one solution to this problem. It lies in the probable attach- ment of a slot machine to every radio receiver— a machine so designed bewildering every day. necessary magazine. The Essential High Spots of Radio ACK BINNS, America’s most famous writer on radio, starts with this issue to cover the essential high spots of radio all? news for POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY readers. department will be an exclusive feature of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY in the magazine field. The mass of radio publications and articles becomes more You cannot read them all, you cannot digest them all, you cannot pick and choose among them to find just the information you most vitally need to keep abreast of the times and to make the most of your outfit. You will find POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, then, the one } It is a central clearing house for all the radio information that is most important to you. Jack Binns, keeping by profession in closest touch with radio developments, reports the new activities of chief public concern. Both he and Armstrong Perry contribute timely advice and illuminating explanations in terms that the non-technical man can under- stand. The Home Workshop Department supplies diagrams and descriptions important to the man who is making or improving his own radio set during spare hours at home. On page 4 of this issue you will find an outline of the other special radio services offered by the magazine, including blue- prints of radio sets to make at home, and POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY ’S standard broadcasting chart. for a regenerative set than a variocoupler and two variometers, and wouldn’t three honey- comb coils be the best of He was also in- quiring how many micro- farads capacity the sec- ondary oscillating circuit condenser should have. I listened with a great deal of interest, because I realized that just such situations as this might be, even now, profoundly discouraging thousands of potential radio fans. And my mind reverted to an incident of the pre- vious week,” when, with Louis Pacent and ‘‘Ed’’ Glavin, inventor of the radio-controlled automo- bile, I had acted as a judge in a radio compe- tition in Newark, N. J. One of the prizes in this competition was for the best homemade receiving set, using homemade parts exclusively. The competitors were all boys under 14 years of age. The boy who was ad- judged the winner had His radio ee ee es

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June, 1922 made a perfectly good working set out of a wooden soapbox. He had wound his coils ground two breakfast-food cardboard boxes. His condenser consisted of a num- ber of metal plates, spaced apart with washers. The detector was contained in a thimble, and the contact for it consisted of an ordinary safety-pin. This crude set, made up of odds and ends from the pantry and dressing-table, received music per- fectly. Don’t Let Terms Scare You I do not think anything better illustrates the simplicity of radio. Don’t be frightened by the technical terms that are applied to various apparatus. You'll soon learn that the things they describe are simple bits of wire, or plates of metal. Scientists have applied the technical terms simply for their own conve- mention, however, the peculiar conditions with which the new style of public speaker —the radio orator—must comply. In the first place, when a silver-tongued speaker, gifted with the natural power of swaying an audience, speaks into the microphone at a broadcasting station, he will have to learn a new form of address. Every time he raises his voice, he will have to take a couple of steps backward from the micro- phone, and when his voice dies down to a whisper, he will have to creep forward closer to the mouthpiece. If he does not do this, he will paralyze half a million re- ceivers when his voice mounts into a cres- cendo of sound, and the entire effect of his impassioned tones will have been destroyed because, once a vacuum tube has been nience. Radio is an infinitely bewildering mystery—but you don’t need to solve it to enjoy it. In fact within the next six months the radio receiving apparatus will be so simple that only one — adjustment will be necessary, and any child can work it. Electioneering by Radio HERE isn’t the slightest doubt in my mind that the next national election will be decided in the ether. _Politi- cians will be addressing larger audiences than they’ ever dreamed of. Woe betide the candidate who overlooks radio! The party with the best wire- less campaign will swing the election. In this connection, it is a very interesting fact that radio lends itself well to great ora- tory, provided the orator pre- pares himself for the peculiar conditions that prevail in the An Epochal Message Jack Binns at his desk, explaining the operation of a well known type of radio instrument—the variometer o radio studio. This point was made the other day in a chat I had with E. H. Armstrong, now world famous as the inventor of the regenerative circuit, which makes popular radio possible. It was just after Armstrong’s important victory in the Fed- eral courts. He told me about his new superregenerative cir- cuit that he has completed, which will revolutionize radio- phone reception by making it possible to get loudspeaking results without any outside wires anywhere. He added: “T was listening in on this set at my home in Yonkers, the other Sunday, and heard a sermon that was _ being preached in Pittsburg. The parson was a natural orator, and his words thundered out one moment, and the next they came in a mere whisper. The emotion-stirring modulations of his voice came to me as per- fectly as if I had been right beneath the pulpit, instead of three hundred miles away.” Howard Armstrong did not ACK BINNS, now the most popular expert on radio in America, is the man who flashed the first wireless rescue call ever sent from a sinking ship. His historic message, ““CQD—Come — Quick —Danger,’”’ speeding from the shattered wireless cabin of the sinking liner Republic spelled life for 1650 passengers. It was 5:30 a. m. on the morning of January 23, 1909, when the steamship Florida suddenly loomed out of a North Atlantic fog and crashed deep into the engine-room of the Republic. Three sides of the wireless shack were torn away by the col- lision. The lever of Binns’ sending key was broken, but passengers heard the crackle of the receiving wireless almost on the heels of the crash. Holding the key together with one hand, Binns pounded out a radio call that woke the Atlantic. The Florida disappeared in the fog. Binns realized he held in his hands the safety of every soul aboard. And then his set went dead. The inrushing water had reached the ship’s dynamos. Running aft, Binns discovered that the storeroom, where the storage batteries were kept, was already flooded with water, but in the darkness he dove into the wreckage and swam about until he found the batteries. These he connected : with his set, and for the next 36 hours he stuck at his key, plugs. This detector was_ never faltering until, by intensive, clever radio work, he guided nine vessels to where the Republic lay sinking, lost in the fog. Every passenger was saved. During the war, Binns was an in- structor of wireless and aviation in the Canadian Air Forces and later in England. 25 paralyzed, it takes fully 30 seconds for the tube to recover. In fact, this whole ques- tion of speaking to the radio audience needs a great deal of study. The Future Radio Star Just as the movies have developed a new style of acting, radio will develop a new style of oratory. And I venture to pre- dict that the great radio star of the future will be worth almost as big a salary as the movie queen of today. The man who can sway millions nightly, by the spoken word alone, without any of the personal magnet- ism and dramatic tricks that the skilled platform speaker uses, will indeed be a genius, much in demand at high prices. I shall never forget the first time I spoke over the ether. No words can adequately describe that forlorn sensation. There is utter lack of that personal touch that puts a speaker and audience in sympathy. I tried to be funny Just tell a really laughable joke, as I did that night, and have it fall on a vast, blank solemn void, and you'll know how I felt. They say campaign oratory has been standardized for years, and that it all sounds alike. But you may as well prepare yourselves, now, for a type of political speech in the next presidential campaign such as has never before been delivered. Your “Troubles” and Mine! O* course it’s exasperating to have your set give you trouble right in the midst of some snappy musical selection that is being played or sung in the distant broadcasting sta- tion. But when this happens, don’t get sore and blame the apparatus, or say radio has been overboomed. In ninety cases out of a hundred, the fault does not lie with the set itself. In all probability, you have overlooked some minor adjustment. Perhaps only those of us who suffered in the early days of wireless development realize what manufacturing miracles have been wrought in turning out the precise, finely tuned, simply adjusted radio sets you can buy to-day. When I first started in wireless work, the only detector that existed was the coherer—and a lot of inco- herent messages it brought me! It was a little glass tube, in which there were a number of iron filings between two silver placed directly in the second- ary circuit, and when the elec- tromagnetic waves were re- ceived on the aerial, they caused these filings to cohere and offer a path for a current from a local battery to pass through the local circuit aad operate the recording device. a ane errrian ptoreretai passe rarer vets

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a SA Ta a ea a FE 6 REINS a RSE: ‘ee eS EE a P ome eee Snecsanite 26 This little coherer was so sensitive that the vibration of the ship would operate it, and although I succeeded in working with one for a whole year, I never did really know whether I was getting wireless signals from some other ship, or just listening to our own ship’s complaints about the weather! At that, these meaningless messages tapped off on the tape by the vessel’s vibra- tions were interesting, because they broke up station at Arlington, Va.] with my short- wave tuner?” In a general way, there is only one way to do it, and that is by the use of load- ing coils. Loading coils are simply coils of wire, similar in every way to ordinary tuning coils. They add a certain amount of wire in condensed form to the aerial wire, thus increasing the total amount of induc- tance in the tuning circuit. Popular Science Monthly been obtained, because a regenerative ac- tion takes place between them. See articlein the Home Workshop Depart. ment, on how to make a honeycomb coil, Nature’s Electric Valve HAT is a crystal detector? Of what does it consist and how does it work? the monotony of the pio- neer wireless operator’s life. There were probably only a dozen or so radio- equipped ships—and the chances for any conver- sations among them were rare. The ether was, to all intents, one great . silence. And that was only 18 years ago! Later came the mag- netic and crystal types of detectors, and with them a multitude of instru- ments, every one of which was variable and had to be adjusted and readjusted. The opera- tion and appearance of a station became infinitely more puzzling to the lay- man than all the rest of the ship’s mechanism combined. At that time, tor instance, an induc- tance coil was a very im- posing thing, perhaps five feet high and six inches in diameter. Now, a coil doing exactly the same work is not more than two inches in diam- eter, and one inch high! This is a sample of the simplicity in design that has been achieved throughout the sets you now are using. So, when you are turning your tuner knob and tickler knob, and think you have a lot of complex tinkering to do, give a thought to the days when one had to make more The problem that embarrasses the Business Is Fine! You have never before been able to witness so spectacular an industrial event as is occurring under your eyes today. Had you ever thought of radio, six months ago, as having any particular interest to you personally? Probably not—and yet this spring radio has become a dominant business factor throughout the country. Do you realize that America is now spending about $5,000,000 a week for radio equipment? Do you know that the unfilled orders of one radio manufacturing company alone amount to $50,000,000 > Another conservative manufacturer expects to be turning out $25,000’s worth of receiving sets daily by the time this issue of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY reaches its readers! It is safe to estimate that in these times of depression, when people were sup not to have money to spend, the American public has already invested $100,000,000 in little boxes and tubes and coils of wire whose sole function is to bring entertainment or information into the home. And this is only the start. An annual radio business of $400,000,000 is confidently expected. The bare figures of the radio boom are as romantic as is the form of recreation which it brings. One manufacturer of a new loudspeaker made 18,000 sales within six weeks of the start of manufacture. Another con- cern will have to turn out 200,000 receiving outfits before catching up with orders already on the books. With an output of 100,000 vacuum tubes a month, something like “normal” production has been attained by a leading group of manufacturers. To attain it they have been working night and day shifts at top speed With the probable establishment of from 12 to 15 powerful broad-cast- ing stations that will-cover the entire country—not to mention a host of other public and independent stations—and with the certainty that improvements in apparatus will keep up sales for years to come, it is undeniable that radio has within a period of six months leaped up as a vast national utility on a par in promise with the automobile, the motion pictures, and with public services like the telephone and electric railways. And this has all happen:d since POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY launched its wireless campaign last November with the avowed purpose of “‘radio- izing” America. There has never been so spectacular a proof of the importance of science in current affairs, and of the necessity for every Since the advent of radio-telephone con- certs, the answer to this question is bound up in thestory of galena and its properties. Galena is an ore of lead, consisting of lead sulphide. It is in the crystalline form that this ore is best known to the wireless amateur and novice, although it has been known to man since the time of Pliny, the Roman naturalist. Now galena, when placed in an electric cir- cuit, has the remarkable and valuable property of rectification, or, in other words, it will permit a current to flow through it in only one direction. It completely checks the opposing current. Rapid Alternations This is a property that is urgently needed in wireless circuits, which deal exclusively with very high-frequency al- ternating currents. In fact, the frequency of the average radio currents received from the broad- casting stations through- out the country is at the rate of 833,333 cycles a second; which means that the current changes direction, or, in more exact terms, changes from positive to nega- tive—at the rate of 1,666,666 times a second. than a dozen skilled adjustments. man to keep up with its amazing progress. These current changes are so rapid that they To Get the Big Waves HE prompt action of the Federal authorities in inquiring into the condi- tions of the ether caused by the radiotele- phone broadcasting system, has done a great deal to place the new form of enter- tainment on a permanent basis and to eliminate the interference that would have quickly killed it before it had a chance to develop. Now we shall have a perfect policing of the air. One of the important results of the eonference, however, is the desire it has created in the army of radio novices to listen to the stations operating on the longer wave lengths. This is emphasized principally because the government broad- casting stations are using the longer wave lengths. Ever since the findings of the committee were published, I have been repeatedly asked the following general question: *‘How can I listen to WYCB [the station on Bedloe’s Island, New York] or NAA [the 28 mitted at present [ff novice, however, is just where to place this loading coil. It is embarrassing, too, to the experienced radio man, because the ques- tion cannot be answered in a general way. In the first place, if you are using a simple crystal detector with a single coil, it is a simple matter to put a honeycomb coil in the aerial circuit in series with the usual tuning coil. In this case the honeycomb coil will have to have sufficient inductance to make up for the difference between the normal wave-length range of the receiving set and the wave length of the station you wish to listen to. In the case of the more elaborate sets using vacuum tubes, it is not so easy to decide just where the loading coils should go, but it is a pretty safe bet that you will get the desired results if you load up the aerial, as in the simple sets just described, but with the addition, also, of a similar coil in the plate circuit. In the latter case it will be necessary to experiment until just the right position between the primary loading coil and the plate loading coil has exert an equal pull in either direction on the telephone diaphragm, and consequently the telephone would not respond to them. Now, if we can eliminate one half of them, say the positive half, and allow only the negative half to flow through the telephone, we shall hear the radio signals. Galena does just that. It performs its duty in exactly the same manner that a valve works in a waterpipe system. It per- mits the current to flow forward through the circuit, and stops any back flow. In other words, it transforms alternating cur- rent—which flows rapidly in both directions —into pulsating current flowing in only one direction, and thus enables the telephone to record what is passing through the air. For the purposes of wireless telegraphy, galena is a very sensitive detector, but for raaio-phone work it is not reliable at a greater distance than 25 miles. I have often been asked if there is any other crys- tal just as good. The answer is, no. The element silicon is almost as good, and the combination of zincite-bornite is not bad, but neither element equals galena. Popular Science M — 7 | eS Ee SU Ss A ot ee } me . —_ — _ _ -~—-— —_— ae ot me 6 ot em te ae ee oS ab

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thly > ac- art. coil, what ork? con- this P in dits is an ig of is in that Nn. to and has since the vhen - cir- cable ty of ther it a ough tion. 3 the NS that 1 in trhich with y al- f the rents road- yugh- t the les a leans unges more anges nega- cond. anges they ll in . the ently hem. hem, y the hone, is its iat a ; per- ough , - cur- tions y one hone e air. iphy, it for at a have crys- The 1 the bad, June, 1922 27 Uncle Sam “Gets Set” for Broadcasting Of 220 Radio Stations Owned by Our Government, Nine Are Now Transmitting News and Programs of Public Interest By Armstrong Perry very fact that private cor- dictionary contains the expression ‘‘free as air,”’ the words will be followed by the abbreviation obs., which means “obsolete, or no longer having its orig- inal meaning.” Persons who think that the air is still free have a rude awakening when they try to use it for sending messages to distant friends. In some countries plain citizens are not permitted to transmit messages by radio at all. In our country we can do so only if we have a license from the Depart- ment of Commerce. To obtain that license we must study radio until we can answer all the technical questions that a govern- ment examiner wishes to ask. Also, we must study the dot-and-dash code until we can prove in tests that |’ the next edition of the PO. Uncle Sam’s Radio-Phone Broadcasting Chain Locations of the government stations that are now transmitting telephone broadcasts are indicated on the above map. nifies Army station; ‘‘N,’’ Navy; ‘‘PO,’’ Post Office The small circles represent receiving range of crystal detector sets, the large of higher priced audion receiving sets. shows that the Post Office radiotelephone stations alone serve as the possible skeleton of a vast government broadcasting sys- tem that could be planned to cover the whole nation * ‘A’ ’ sig- partment. This chart porations have built up country-wide broadcasting services almost overnight, while the government is still fumbling with the idea, indicates again the value of private enterprise in devel- oping a new utility in the experimental stage. Most private corpora- tions have gone after the rights to the air wisely, aim- ing to give good service. There are more persons to- day kicking because other stations prevent their hear- ing the corporation broad- casts than there are kicking because these broadcasts are in the air. The cor- porations are entitled to the credit that belongs to the pioneer, the concern that strives to win popularity by doing something that is of real value to the people. we can receive and decode messages at the rate of 10 words a minute. The fact that we may have no desire to send or receive messages in Morse code makes no difference. Experience shows that Mrs. Jones, owning a transmitting set, might, if she did not know the code, fill the air along a stretch of seacoast so full of descriptions of millinery that Bill Jones, whose ship was sinking with a thousand passengers just over the black horizon, might not be able to bring to the attention of the nearest vessels and shore stations three letters, ‘““SOS.”’ Use of the Air Restricted But after passing the license examina- tion, Mrs. Jones would know the meaning of the buzzing dots and dashes that say: “Stop sending,’’ or, to be still more blunt: “Shut up—we need the air for disaster messages.” So, the air is no longer free. The man who wants to make a dollar has, of course, been the first to grasp the situation. Since the use of the air must be restricted and parceled out among the people, he has tried to make sure that he got his first. At the radio conference called by Secretary of Commerce Hoover at the request of President Harding, all who wanted to reserve portions of the ether were invited to present their cases. Some of the applications were interesting. For JN this article Armstrong Perry tells of the existing skeleton around which an ef- fective government broadcast- ing service can be built. Ina future issue he will describe astounding future possibili- ties of a national broadcasting system.—THE EDITOR. - government example, a mercantile concern wanted licenses for several hundred transmitting stations within what, from the standpoint of radio, is a comparatively small area. Even if this concern had built its stations, and the government had kept everybody else quiet within the territory, it is doubtful if even the best radio receiver could have - made anything intelligible out of a jumble of songs, dances and advertisements broad- casted from all these stations. Another concern, gigantic in its present operations in wire service, has already started to establish great radio broad- casting stations for the use of the public. Such great utilities under private control seem to be essential to the nation. The In the district school radio could start the day’s rogram with a lively march from a military band and a short talk on cur- rent events from the Bureau of Education —_— But when all is said and done, the fact remains that the future value and interest of radio to us all depends upon the government’s taking over its own share of the national broad- casting work. What we want is radio service for the people from the govern- ment of the people. Idle Hours Could Be Used Government ownership of radio facilities is a present fact, not atheory. The list of radio stations of the United States shows 220 stations already owned by our govern- ment on land or on moored ships. There is no home so isolated that it cannot hear a government radio station if it has a receiver adapted to the purpose. Many government radio stations are idle for a large part of the 24 hours. The departments controlling them are not averse to using them for the public good. Of course, all traffic handled is for the public benefit, but much of that trans- Recently the Navy Depart- ment undertook a once-a- week radio program for schools 29

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28 Popular Science Monthly mitted at present would not interest the individual listener. He would not care, for example, whether the Shipping Board vessel, Jeff Davis, called at Norfolk for orders, or proceeded direct to New Orleans, though indirectly that might be of suffi- cient importance to the public to justify a message from the Shipping Board’s headquarters in Washington to the_ Facts to Help You Choose Your Radio Set skerhits, os OW much must I pay for a radio receiving set? What will its range be? What will it look like when I install it? Of what will it consist? These questions have been asked so frequently by our readers that we publish herewith photographs of receiving sets of various prices, with conservative estimates of their “normal ’ range. well as did the buyer. Bureau of ig part of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, began delivering to the Post Office radio stations up-to-the- minute quotations several times a day and these are shot out immediately to the farmers, and any one else who cares to listen. The records show that the gain to individual farmers from. single quota- vessel at sea. After eaiitiadenel tions has sometimes such traffic is dis- Crystal Sets for around $75 amounted to hun- posed of, why should ; : dreds of dollars. But the government sta- Detector Set ge I aa _ the farmer needs more tion remain idle while §..c As a beginner’s outfit and for the wave lengths you wish to hear than than that. He can every owner Of a radio set is tuning up and down through the ether seeking a wider variety of entertain- ment and _ informa- Our interest in our senator and_ repre- sentative does not cease when we cast our bal- lot. We have much at stake in the problems they are tack- ling from day to day. Must we hear from them only through the newspapers? Why not listen to them talk, as the radio makes it We have govern- ment bands that make as good music as any that we pay foreign artists to pro- duce. Many Ameri- amateurs living near some broad- casting station the crystal detector set, costing around $25, is simple to adjust. This set consists of a tuning coil, a fixed condenser and phones. The receiving range of these crystal de- tion? tector sets, even with a good aerial, y is usually limited to 25 miles. No. 3 Outfits over $225 Use Loudspeakers possible to do? 4__For $225 and up, the finest sets are obtain- able, using a loudspeaking device as shown at the right. With a set of this type, containing an No. 4 excellent tuning unit and two stages of audio frequency amplification, broadcasting stations 500 miles away and, under good conditions, two or even three times that distance, should be heard. filament current control. casting station. of proper design, it should pick up radio-phone messages from stations 200 miles distant. cans would rather hear the Washington Marine Band, the band at the Presidio, or the seed and took chances on battleship bands in which inland mothers’ the results. sons are playing, than orchestras from Germany, Russia, and Italy. We have for produce and that the farmer accepted radio stations that can send the music to often was far below what the farmer could Public Health Service. us. We pay for these stations. not use them? The Post Office Department has given a splendid demon- stration of what public radio stations can do. Carrying in- formation to the public has been the Post Office’s business ever since there was one. In using the airplane and radio it is merely keeping abreast of the times. Across the conti- nent at intervals of a few hun- dred miles the Department has a complete chain of stations. Some time ago the Department of Agriculture was invited to send out through these radio stations information that the farmers need. Up to that time Solomon Buyupski, pur- chaser of the products of farm and ranch, had the advantage of being in closer touch with the market than Josh Slocum who plowed the soil, planted 30 The price that was offered Why have asked and received if he had known the state of the market at the moment as will the ‘crystal’? sets. The cabinet contains the variocoupler, single vari- able condenser and vacuum tube with Outside range, 50 to 100 miles. A loudspeaker cannot be used satisfactorily with this or set No. 3 unless very near a broad- A 200-Mile Range for $125 3—Receiving sets in the class of that shown at left cost about $125 and comprise a tuning device connected with a vacuum tube detector. A variocoupler and two variable air condensers are provided. If connected with an outside aerial Keeping You Up-to-Date in Radio WITH exclusive articles each month by two of America’s foremost authorities on radio—Armstrong Perry and Jack Binns—supplemented by a wide range of other helpful radio information, including broadcasting charts, a blueprint service, and answers to questions on wireless problems, “Popular Science Monthly is aiming to give readers the best all-round information and helpful radio service available. In addition, Popular Science Monthly’s new booklet, “The Standard Radio Guide,” is an invaluable supple- ment to the regular monthly radio articles. This booklet is now on sale for 50 cents. Our famous broadcasting chart of the United States, cor- rected up to date, and showing all the great wireless broad- casting stations you may want to hear, giving location, call letters, range and all other important details necessary to the owner of a receiving set, will be supplied by Popular Science Monthly’s Blueprint Department at a charge of 25 cents. In ordering this chart, send stamps, cash or money order to Blueprint Department, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York City. have, if he will ask for it, not only gov- ernment radio service that helps his pocket- book, but also service that feeds his brain, ' and makes farm life less isolated and lonely. The Navy was the first Department to inaugurate a broad- east service. Not claiming any juris- diction over land- lubbers, the naval officers began by ad- dressing their news broadcasts to “all naval vessels,” but a lot of shore folks who never smelled salt spray at once picked them up. In Washing- ton the Naval Air Sta- tion broadened itsser- vice and dem- onstrated the possibilities of radio as an aid to education Twice a week it opened for one hour inthe evening. It started with a concert and a 10-minute lecture by the Then there was more music, and after that «another brief lecture covering concisely some phase of radio or airplane development. One afternoon a week a program for public schools was broadcasted. This service demonstrated the tremendous educational possibilities that lie in the expansion of govern- ment broadcasting programs. What a help it would be to the teacher of a district school to be able to start the day with a peppy march from a military band, followed by a 15-minute talk from the Bureau of Educa- tion in which the current events that were of importance to the pupils and their homes were covered in such a way that the arithmetic, geography, spelling and reading lessons would be but the continuation of a history in which the pupils were conscious of playing a worthy part! = © r k es Popular Science Monthly Jur 410an

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thly 1yer, of 1 ig Dart- ture, r fo adio the. ions day ; Out the one to ords n to 1ers ota- mes 1un- But nore can ask rOV- vice ket- vice ain, life and the to ad- Not Tis- nd- val ad- ews ‘all ita vho salt ked ng- ta- 3er- 2m- the s of aid on Dek for the ith the vas “ief of nt. ols ice us nat rn- the to ith ary ute | ca- nts the ere the ing pils » J June, 1922 29 ©U.& U. An umbrella is used as a “ground” for this ‘‘radio ring’”’ receiving set, which is only one inch long and five eighths inch wide Similar units for both tuning and vacuum tube cabinets are included in this compact receiver. If the tubes go wrong, concerts can still be heard with the crystal detector shown in the center of the left hand cabinet. The set com- prises a detector and two stages of amplification Instruments that Lead Forward March of Radio | If an outdoor aerial is not available, a few turns of wire around a wooden frame indoors will make this ‘radio grand”’ deliver sounds as loud as a talking machine For ballrooms and auditoriums, where large volumes of sound are required, this cabinet combining radio and phonograph is proving effective. The rear of the box contains, on one side, a talking machine mechanism, and on the other a sensitive radio set. The aerial is the loop arranged over the cabinet June, 1922 = Ss This lyre-shaped antenna is designed for use in conjunction with the “radio grand” shown at the top of the page. The aerial is attractive in the home, while performing as effectively as an outside antenna. It is shown above connected with a sensitive receiver of the United States Signal Corps In the Army radio station, over which the Goddess of Liberty holds her torch in New York harbor, officers in charge have admirably combined a program of radio training for amateurs who will be needed in case of war, with a program of entertain- ment capable of reaching and interesting at least 20 per cent of the population of the United States. The Amateur Radio Reserve, a civilian organization fathered by the Department of the East, endeavors to make the Army radio entertainments widely useful. It is a fine piece of army and civilian co- operation. The government station puts the music, stories, lectures, and addresses into the air. The Reserve pulls them down for the home folks in a score or more of states. The show is heard as far south as Fort McPherson, Georgia, and as far west as Fort D. A. Russell in Wyoming. The distribution of government land radio stations is wider than most citizens know. Here is where they are: Alabama, 2; Arizona, 1; California, 9; Delaware, 1; District of Columbia,7; Florida, 8; Georgia, 3; Illinois, 4; Indiana, 1; Kansas, 2; Louisiana, 3; Maine, 2; Maryland, 8; Massachusetts, 4; Michigan, 6; Minnesota, 2; Missouri, 1; Ne- «braska, 3; Nevada, 2; New Hampshire, 2; New Jersey, 5; New York, 8; North Carolina, 3; Ohio, 3; Oklahoma, 1; Oregon, 3; Pennsylvania, 2; Rhode Island, 2; South Carolina, 3; Texas, 10; Utah, 1; Virginia, 6; Washington, 7; Wis- consin, 1; Wyoming, 2; Alaska, 27; Canal Zone, 5; China, 4; Cuba, 2; Guam, 1; Haiti, 1; Hawaii, 3; Navassa Island, West Indies, 1; Nicaragua, 1; Philippine Islands, 11; Porto Rico, 2; Samoa, 1; San Domingo, D. R., 1; Siberia, 1; Virgin Is- lands, 2. Not all of the government radio stations are equipped with radiotelephone trans- mitters, but they could be. And the service the radio-phone stations are now giving is only rudimentary. It is interest- ing as far as it goes. The foregoing description of what the government is now doing for the public in radio is written primarily because it suggests the vast future possibilities of government broad- casting, provided people demand this development and realize that the skeleton of the system is already’ within their control. Following are the government radio stations that transmit telephone broad- casts and their programs. It must be remembered that because of the rapid transitions in the development of broad- casting, this schedule may be changed at any moment. To keep up to the minute on government broadcasting, write to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S Information Department. NAVY Naval Air Station, Anacostia, D. C. Cail letters NOF. 360 and 1100 meters. Special programs of general interest. ARMY Signal Corps Station, Fort Wood, New York harbor. Call letters WVP. 1450 meters. Concerts 9 p.M. daily, gives some of the finest radio concerts that are put into the air anywhere. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT Washington, D.C. Call letters WWX. 1800 meters. 10A.M., weather report. 10:30 a.M., market reports. 7:30 p. M., market reports. 9:50 p.M., weather reports covering next 24 hours. Cincinnati, Ohio. Call letters KDQC. 4000 meters. Daily live stock market reports. Omaha, Nebraska. Callletters KDEF. 2500 meters. Daily live stock and grain reports. North Platte, Nebraska. Call letters KDHM. 4000 meters. Daily live stock market reports. Rock Springs, Wyoming. Call letters KDHN. 3000 meters. Live stock market reports. Elko, Nevada. Call letters KDEJ. 3000 meters. Daily live stock market reports. Reno, Nevada. Call letters KDEK. 3000 meters. 10 A.M., live stock market reports. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Broadcasts important health information through several of the most powerful private broadcasting stations. Heard from Cuba to New Brunswick and from mid-Atlantic to Nebraska via Eastern stations. 31 ayvnanding hie activities in BMuronea. f an 1 ent ag s rs ate Seem 6 gery arp tom — ee ~ anon =" 5 rama =" ODD nin Bah min ope a er wt nmaniour

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3

Popular Science Monthly ‘Shall We Trust America to Henry Ford? A Vivid Word Picture of the Master Mechanic, Who Will Tell, in Next Month's Issue, of His Vast Water Power Plans YJ ISUALIZE a spare, angular, yet singularly graceful man standing slightly less than six feet high; a man about 60 years old who has the alert- ness and enthusiasm of a boy; a man ob- livious of the past and intensely engaged with the present—and you catch a faint glimpse of Henry Ford. He Can't Be Pigeonholed Talk with Mr. Ford for five minutes and you will be impressed by the fact that he does not represent atype. Chat with him for an hour, study his various reactions to questions, his movements, his answers and his assertions, and it will dawn upon you that he defies casual analysis. You can- not readily classify and pigeonhole Henry Ford. You cannot say that he is this or that—for he is neither, and he is both. To expect a word portrait of Mr. Ford to be definite, clear, and true to life would be like expecting a cubist painting to be realistic. Whatever Mr. Ford may seem to be one minute, he is likely to prove himself not to be the next. And, after all, this is perhaps the key to Henry Ford. He is not cut to a pattern, physically or mentally. By Searle Hendee

IN the past year Henry Ford, the man, has become nearly as significant in national affairs as the Ford automobile had previously been. When you read Ford’s amazingly far reaching industrial program, outlined by Ford himself in the next issue of Popular Science Monthly, you will be glad to have been previously introduced, in the article herewith, to Henry Ford as he is today. This extraordinarily gripping picture of Ford’s life and power reveals a restless genius who, given a few tools like Muscle Shoals, might indeed make himself master of America’s industrial future and the prosperity of its citizens.

He does things not by rule or pre-estab- lished plan, but by setting out and doing them. Therefore even the panorama of his activities fails to disclose a definite picture of the real man. In wealth, publicity, industrial leader- ship, and perhaps even popularity, Mr. Ford occupies a foremost position in Amer- ica—if not in the world—today. Twenty years ago he was’an unknown farm-bred mechanic who was tinkering with a gas- engine and occasionally getting press mention as being a “promising young chauffeur.” A Marvel of Brain Power A few years ago it was common belief that Mr. Ford’s success was attributable to the “‘brains’’ in his organization. The light of recent events has shown this to be ridiculous. Tearing his organization to shreds in the hour of crisis, outwitting Wall Street, turning raw materials into money by working his vast plants 24 hours a day when the wheels of industry were gathering rust and cobwebs the world over, accumulating a bank balance of $150,000,000 so quickly that it made his enemies’ heads swim, and at the same time experimenting with bread formulas, tinkering with a 14-horsepower hydro- electric outfit with which to interest neigh- borhood boys in water power development, designing a new dual power locomotive unlike anything ever before seen, super- intending his 5000-acre farm, completing the largest and most modern blast furnaces in America, contesting the Newberry elec.

| From Farm Mechanic to the Richest Man in the World! SCAR on the face of Henry Ford, caused by a jagged piece of a bursting teakettle, remains today as the badge of an in- veterate tinkerer, with boundless cu- riosity and imagina- tion, who has con- | # ceived and devel- oped the most amazing industrial organization of our time. The youthful, gray-haired Henry Ford, who at the age of 60 is reaching

By gagging the kettle, Henry learned the power of steam

out to dominate America industrially, is the same exploring Henry who as a 10- year-old boy plugged up the spout of an earthenware teakettle with rags and paper, tied down the lid, and watched in- tently to see what would happen. He got results then with a vengeance, just as he gets them now. Henry Ford has been a tinkerer ever since he was old enough to wear trousers. In early childhood he delighted in taking watches, clocks, and other machinery to pieces, studying the mechanism and put- ting them together again. His desire to experiment often led him into trouble. On one occasion, Henry, aided by school- mates, built a dam across a brook near the school to obtain power for a water wheel. When the water backed up above the dam and flooded farmlands, the schoolmaster ordered the young engineers to destroy the dam. ‘When this is done,’’ he told them, “Henry, who is your ringleader, can re- main with me after school each day until I tire of his company.” That episode was one of the beginnings of Ford’s keen interest in water power that has grown into his present far reaching plans for rural water power and industrial development. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863. His father, William Ford, who had emi- grated from Ireland, was a farmer living between Dear- bornville and Fort Wayne, Mich., about 10 miles from Detroit. At the age of 17, a year after completing the eighth grade of school, young Ford went to Detroit and ob- tained a position with the Flower Manufacturing Company, makers of steam engines. He served his apprentice- ship, studying mechanical engineering in his spare time. After nine months he secured a more responsible position with the Drydocks Engine Company, makers of marine machin- ery. The illness of his father compelled him to return to the farm, where in leisure hours, he re- paired watches, clocks, and farm machinery and worked on the develop- ment of a horseless vehicle. In the winter of 1887 he built his first farm tractor from an old wagon body and odds and ends of dis- carded farm machinery. The following spring he married Clara Bryant, the daughter of a farmer. After three years on his PES own farm, Ford went to Detroit to perfect his horseless carriage. He ob-

His first power site on the creek angered . the farmers tained a position with the Edison Illumi- nating Company and spent his spare time in his home workshop, where he completed his first model in April, 1893. After a successful trial, a company was organized in Detroit with Ford as chief engineer. Ford built a racing car which he named *<QQ99,”’ : In the summer of 1902 a new company with larger capital was organized. This company sold its first commercial car that year and 165 cars the following year. Orders came in faster than they could be filled and the factory was enlarged. In 1905 the company began to pay 6 per cent dividends. From that time the Ford enterprise developed rapidly. At present, 4000 cars and tractors are turned out daily, or about one every 20 seconds. In addition to the three big plants at Highland Park, River Rouge, and Dear- born, which employ more than 66,000 men, Ford owns iron and coal mines, blast furnaces and steel works, a railroad system and more than 30 assembling plants in the United States and abroad. His works have their own power, heating and lighting. plants, fire department, tele- graph and telephone exchange, freight of- fices, hospital, mo- tion-picture studio, athletic field,schools, storesandnewspaper. During the war, Ford, although an outspoken pacifist,: devoted his gigantic plant to the manu- facture of material needed by the Gov- ernment for war pur- poses. His profits, aggregating $29,000,- 000, he returned to the Government.

Jun tion, layin Shoa prod Hare inspi endl Dea! these item whic to re has | grea In meni man to sl than wate intel Fore care obse ruin kais tive! grea pow is pe of p and com indt vast of 1 the him una any me par abil don and tati ace onl:

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thly > gas- Dress ung relief table The to be n to tting into is 24 ustry the lance made same lulas, ydro- eigh- ment, 10tive uper- leting naces elec. 1i- ne ed ed er. ed hy his iat ° ar. In nt rd nt, ut ar- es, ad ng ad. ing ‘le- ne of- no- lio, Is, er. ar, ist, itic nu- rial OV- ur - its, 0,- to June, 1922 tion, expanding his activities in Europe, laying plans for the development of Muscle Shoals, experimenting in the commercial production of alcohol, vacationing with Harding and Edison in the Cumberlands, inspiring a weekly magazine, receiving an endless procession of world notables at his Dearborn, Michigan, estate—doing all these and other things far too numerous to itemize, without even having an office in which to transact business or a memo pad to remind him what to do next, Mr. Ford has shown the Ford industries to be the greatest one-man organization in the world. Simplicity, Plus Power In the light of these dazzling achieve- ments, it is amazing to find in him a man of manifest simplicity who outwardly seems to shoulder no more responsibility or care than a boy of 14 tinkering with his first watch. A man of national prominence in a recent interview confidentially referred to Henry Ford as being drunk with power and careening toward destruction. ‘Ford is obsessed with the same mania that brought ruin and disgrace upon the German kaiser,”’ he asserted. To me, after seeing the man as he na- tively is, no characterization could be a greater libel. It is true that Mr. Ford is one of the most powerful men in the world today. He is perhaps the only man in America capable of pulling the country up by its boot-straps and rousing it from its present commercial coma. He might even be referred to as an industrial czar, for he exercises an influence vastly greater than is enjoyed by the rulers of many principalities. Yet Henry Ford the individual, as you meet and chat with him, impresses you as being as human and unassuming as it is possible for a man in any walk of life to be. By this I do not mean to imply that Mr. Ford is only partially conscious of his power, or his ability, to do almost anything that can be done through the use of brains, energy, and great wealth. He recognizes no limi- tation, the ‘‘impossible’’ means only the un- accomplished, and conventional obstacles only serve to encourage achievefnent. He's the “Boss” of His “Shop” This phase of his make-up may be illus- trated by a trait that is well known in the engineering department of the Ford Com- pany. Frequently Mr. Ford has a “bright idea.” He instructs his engineers to do something which past experience has shown to be an “impossibility.” For a few days, ‘or possibly a few weeks, much hard work is devoted on an ‘“‘utterly useless task.’ But eventually the engineering staff comes through with what Mr. Ford wants. The “impossible”? elements have been circum- vented. Usually it is the history of a big business that its founder gives way to new blood when a certain point is reached. Prac- tically every great commercial and indus- trial institution—the Standard Oil Com- pany, as one example—bears this out. Mr. Ford, however, is breaking the time- honored rule. He is demonstrating that he is as big as, and can grow fast enough to keep a little bigger than, the institution he has built. Two circumstances make this apparent. First, Mr. Ford is the ‘‘boss” of his “shop.” He is father of practically every move the firm makes. He is the Ford Company’s inventor, director, and financier. It is be- Tune. 1922 31 i * With dreams of his youth realized, Henry Ford, at the age of 60, contemplates the descendant of his early ‘“‘farm locomotive”’ on the lawn of his old home near Dearborn, Mich.—and dreams still more—this time of the future pro- duction of 1,000,000 farm tractors a year cause of this that he has never surrounded himself with great men. He insists upon doing his own thinking. Therefore ‘the company has always developed its own talent. Men prominent in the organization have grown up on the inside. Experts are never called in—they are never needed. In fact, it is one of Mr. Ford’s convictions that amateurs are better than professionals anyway, because they have the habit of going ahead and doing things through ignorance of the ‘‘fact’’ that they can’t be done. The second point is that vast and complicated as are the Ford interests, they are so completely under Mr. Ford’s thumb that they neither bewilder nor burden him. In becoming possibly the world’s richest man, in making himself one of the world’s most talked of figures, in building a motor- car plant that annually manufactures more automobiles than all other American factories combined, has Mr. Ford realized the ambition of his youth? Put this ques- tion to him and he will answer by telling you that he is going to build 1,000,000 farm tractors a year when he gets “set,’’ or that he is working on a new locomotive. In my case, he invited me to see the locomotive. And after all, what more significant an answer could he give? In Mr. Ford’s mind, the work he has thus far accomplished is preparatory to what he is going to do. ‘‘Where Are We Going?” | Just what is Henry Ford getting ready to do? This question may naturally follow. And imagine the start one receives, after putting this very question to Mr. Ford, to have him reply by asking in turn: ‘‘Where are we going?” I do not think Mr. Ford was consciously quoting Gerald Stanley Lee. Nevertheless to hear these words issue from his lips makes the query far from enigmatic. In Mr. Ford’s success there is much to inspire any one whose bent lies along me- chanical, industrial, or scientific lines. His beginning was neither in poverty nor afflu- ence. Asa farm boy he was the son of plain people of moderate circumstances. His interest, however, was not in following a plow hour after hour, or in doing other characteristic farm labor that offered no opportunity for exercise of the brain. So, in a small barn on the Dearborn, Michigan, farm, he began working on a “farm locomo- tive.” This led to the development of the present Ford motor-car and tractor. Concentrating on the Tractor Realizing that the automobile must pre- pare the way for the tractor, he concen- trated his attention on it. And now, after having built the world’s largest motor car plant, and after constructing some 200,000 farm tractors and placing them in service, he is “getting ready to manufacture” tractors. With these facts in mind, I asked Mr. Ford to outline briefly some of the points in his life which he considered significant. The conversation in its brevity and wording is entirely characteristic of Mr. Ford when replying to questions of purely personal nature. “The past doesn’t mean anything now. Today is what we are concerned with.” ‘“‘But,”’ I remonstrated, ‘“‘in your early ambitions and struggles, and in the way you overcame your problems, there must have been much that would be significant to many a young fellow today. What single thing would you impress today upon the minds of young men who are apt to make a fairly determined fight for success during the next generation?” “I’d tell them to spend their money on themselves.”’ . “What do you mean by that?”’ “T mean that this savings bank idea is 83 ahmed od rat scan Sn a fe here ee ee accanaiaioies at nethtin angela cnet ine ae jana Se aa

Page 16

32 fine for the bankers, but no good for any one else. ’ By this time Mr. Ford was getting rest- less. He likes a “snappy’’ interview, and this one was dragging out. He walked into his experimental laboratory, stepped up crosswise to the seat of an armchair, settled down grasshopper fashion on his heels and gazed into the trans- mission case of a Ford motor rest- ing on a block in front of him. “‘What is money good for, any- way?” hecontinued. “Itis no better than the use made of it. And you are not making use of it if you stow it away in a bank so that some other fellow makes money loaning it to a third per- son who puts it to work. Money for Happiness “Tell the young fellow to spend his money on himself. Get that last.’ “For instance!’ “If a boy wants a book and has the money with which to buy it, he should go ahead and get what he wants.” *“You mean that he should use his money for self improvement and advaneement.” “And happiness. Don’t for- that he ‘“‘knows”’ Henry Ford. Seek such a man and you will be convinced that few men have a deep insight into Mr. Ford, whereas Mr. Ford apparently has the faculty of “knowing” practically every one he meets. His power of remembering detail is well illustrated by an incident that occurred Popular Science Monthly if these tales are authentic they show a re. markable affinity between Henry Ford and gasoline engines. Balky motors, motors that simply won’t run, motors that have defied expert mechanics for hours, begin purring as melodiously as a family cat when Mr. Ford lays a hand on them. It is gaiq that he rarely seems to do more—that to al] appearances he does nothing at all—but that a motor is always full of life when he turns it over, It is well known that Mr. Ford is a man of strong likes and dislikes. Ifa thing is distastefy] to him, it is very distasteful. This phase of his character hag caused the impression to go forth that at times he manifests pro- nounced vindictiveness. The word is misused. When Ford Revolts For instance, there are certain established systems in political, commercial, and social fields against which Mr. Ford revolts, Manipulation, exploitation, and similar terms are not pleasing to him. And when he makes up his mind that a condition or movement is wrong, he is likely to let sane one know about it. For this reason Mr. Ford shows get that! That’s the only way to get ahead. Ifa boy’s old suit makes him look like a failure, he needs a new one a whole lot worse than he does a $50 savings ac- count.”’ **When should he borrow?” “Always borrow when you don’t need money.’’ “Thereby building up credit?” How to Keep Out of Debt “No. If one never borrows except when he doesn’t need money, he will never get in debt, because he will never borrow.”’ “Then you don’t believe in the plan of ‘saving’ by making instalment payments apply on an investment.” “You are referring to a young fellow buy- ingahome. Well, if he makes it a practice not to buy anything until the necessary money is in hand, the home can be pur- chased by the time he needs it.” You will recall that during a certain famous trial Mr. Ford asserted that he had never spent time studying history because history deals with the past, whereas he is concerned with the pres- ent. In general conver- Ford at the age of 30 in his first “‘horseless carriage,’? which he developed during spare hours in his home workshop early in his life and that has a direct bearing on his present activities. As a youth he spent much time reading semi-technical publications. In fact he still does, and shows a preference for magazines of the type of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. In one of these publications he found an illus- trated article that described the Ott (illum- inating gas) engine—at that time a new invention. A few years later one of these engines was imported from Europe by a Detroit man. After it had been in operation a short time, something went wrong and no one could be found who was able to start it. Finally Henry Ford .was called upon. Although he had never seen such a con- trivance before, his memory retained so vividly what he had read that he ‘‘knew” the motor before he touched it. In a few minutes the engine was running smoothly. Shortly afterward he began experimenting in the development of a gasoline motor— with the result we all know. Old timers around Dearborn have a Ford gas-engine story for every occasion. And little love for a certain clags of bankers, professional financiers, professional politicians, and cer- tain big interests. Thereis good lingness to take over the Muscle Shoals reason to believe, indeed, that in his wil- project, Mr. Ford is animated not entirely by a strong personal desire to control the enterprise. There are interests, however, for which Mr. Ford has contempt, and in order to prevent their plans of exploita- tion he would give almost anything to gain control. Concerned for the Public I was with Mr. Ford when he first learned that a movement had been launched which might lead to the state of Alabama taking over and operating Muscle Shoals. ‘‘That’s a fine idea,” instantly shot back Mr. Ford. ‘‘We are for that. We are ready to help any plan that will save Muscle Shoals to the people.” He then began to unfold an interesting plan whereby the state might finance the venture. Incidents of this sort frequently cause Mr. Ford to be referred to as a humani- tarian and benefactor. Such terms annoy him. He is in the habit sation he has a way of pushing aside references to past experiences as being irrelevant. And therefore it is not sur- prising to find him con- sistent to the point of ‘‘Tune In”’ for Ford’s Message to You “FORD'S is a marvelous program. It is one of the greatest _~ | have ever heard of,”’ says Thomas A. Edison. of doing what seems to him at the moment to be the right thing to do— the thing that fair-deal- ing and straightforward- ness seem to demand. To summarize briefly feeling that his own his- tory can be of little help to the coming genera- tion. Mr. Ford’s early life is more or less an open book, however, and there is no doubt that as much, if not more, of real interest is to be found in the man of to- day as in the boy of yesterday. Among men associated with him it is difficult, if not impossible, to find any one who will admit “He sees the nation, far and wide, simply dotted with little centers of water power development. Where- ever there is a stream, a waterfall, a rapid river, there will be a hydro- electric plant, surrounded by the wealth and beauty of the open country. Then fewer of us will live in the slums and soot of the city. More of us will be tilling the soil, raising crops, and earning money in between times in the local factories.” Thus Thomas A. Edison, in an interview in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY last month, characteriz- ed Henry Ford’s program for estab- lishing numberless little industrial agricultural centers all over the country. The accompanying article gives you a closer acquaintance with Henry Ford, the industrial giant who, in the next issue of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, tells in his own words the details of his vast water power projects. these few sidelights on — America’s outstanding © industrial leader: Mr. | Ford has no office,. no | job, no working hours. He is everywhere at once, thoroughly aware of everything that is go ing on in his plants an elsewhere—a man whose mind is a veritable pin- wheel of worth while ideas, a man who makes play of his work, who ab- hors waste, idleness, dirt, and drudgery. :

Page 17

onthly " W a re. rd and Motors t have _Degin t when is said it to all ning at always it over, at. “Mr. Shoals his wil- entirely trol the owever, , and in xploita- hing to learned d which a taking 10t back We are ill save He then whereby ly cause humani- Ss annoy he habit eems to ont to be to do— air-deal- forward- June, 1922

Plane Makes Landing Automatically epee ve an airplane solely by me- chanical means while the pilot’s hands are off the control stick has been accom- plished by means of a device perfected by Lieutenant Noakes, a British army flyer and specialist in low speed maneuvers. A long arm is pivoted to a cross member behind the axle of the landing gear, and is connected with the bottom of the control stick by a strong elastic cord. As the plane approaches the ground, the stick projects downward. When its end strikes the earth it automatically pulls back the control and ‘flattens out’’ the plane. By knowing the air speed and engine revolutions at which to glide in, and the moment to throttle down—which is indi- cated by the ground stick when it pulls back the control—the aviator can make a perfect landing almost automatically with- out touching the control stick.

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demand. > briefly | ights on | standing r: Mr. ffice, . no g hours. here at y aware iat is go- ants and an whose © ible pin- h_ while 10 makes , who ab- ess, dirt,

[Pi If You Could Only Grow Corn Like This! Cul nature faking, not superfarm- ing, is responsible for the largest ear of corn in the world, exhibited at a recent agricultural show. The giant ear looks as if it might have grown on a stalk, but as it is 37 inches long, and contains 82 rows of 225 kernels, or a total of 18,450 grains of corn, any farmer finding one like it in his fields would be in danger of heart failure. The ear was manufactured by laboriously gluing each kernel to a papier-m4ché cob.

Comfort for the Cyclist in Stormy Weather A NEW type of motorcycle windshield that protects the rider almost com- pletely from dust and rain and makes it possible to tour comfortably on two wheels, is made of a single sheet of thin aluminum, curved roughly to conform to the sweep of the handle-bars and the front forks and with its upper section pierced by a celluloid window. This window slides vertically, and may be opened or shut as desired. The sides of the shield are cut

The shield pro- tects the rider from head to away to permit ready access to the gas tank, affording freedom of movement. Small semicylindrical legshields also protect the rider’s legs up to the knees. In a preliminary test a motorcycle thus equipped was driven 50 miles through a winter storm. Hardly a speck of mud touched the driver.

Here’s Uncle Sam’s First Cast Steel Gun HE first suc-

cessful cannon made of cast steel in the United States, weighing 11,000 pounds, stands today in front of the foun- dry that made it, as a landmark in the development of steel. Today cannon are made from forged steel.

HAMMER HEAL

Steam Hammer Pulls Pile from Frozen Ground ULLING a 20-foot pile out of the ground with a steam hammer was the task ac- complished recently by a contractor of Detroit, Mich., when the usual method of pile removing had failed. After the derrick had proved itself powerless to budge the pile, the steam hammer was reversed, so that it struck upward. A three-quarter-inch steel cable was passed around it four times. This cable also passed through a U-bolt attached to the pile, and the derrick was fastened to a sling threaded through the head of the hammer. With the derrick pulling full force, the hammer delivered several short, quick blows on the tightened cable. The pile was raised several inches. This broke the grip of the frozen ground, and the pile was then removed by the derrick alone.

Microbes 2000 Years Old ICROBES over two thousand years old have been found in papyrus of the time of the Ptolemies. These organisms lay in- active for centuries yet were found to be virile and quick to multiply when sown upon gelatine.

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y= dogpower is the rating of a home- made auto conceived by Coy Watson, Jr., a 10-year-old boy of Los Angeles, Calif., who motors about town in a car “Dogmobile Tour’’—Latest Model propelled by a Belgian work dog. The patient animal operates a treadmill con- cealed in the large hood and with the aid of gearing drives the car at a very fair speed. Dogs of this breed are trained as work animals in Holland and Belgium, and the treadmill is no novelty to them. Coy’s dog en- joys the ride nearly as much as his young master, who finds it easy to avoid “engine trouble.” Four stout legs of a Belgian work dog, run- ning a treadmill, supply the motive power = Nee Pe ee *e = mn Train Plants Phone Poles in Roadless Country | gegen habeas 50-foot telephone poles with a railroad train was the original method adopted by W. H. Bolling, estimate fore- man cf a Sovtkera telephone company, in suuding a tine between north and south Bogalusa, La. There was no wagon road over which he could haul the poles and it seemed impos- sible to get them on the ground, to say nothing of erecting them. He sent out his construction gang and dug a line of post holes along the railroad track, and then started from Bogalusa with a work train consisting of a flatcar carrying the poles, the log loader, and an engine. Reaching a posthole, the loader lifted a pole off the car, lowered it into place, and held it while the gang shoveled in the dirt. The method proved a great time saver. 36 Tire Pump Device ‘‘Pours”’ Acid from Carboy NEW apparatus that delivers acid from carboys by air pressure supplied by a tire pump, simplifies the handling of sulphuric acid, where storage batteries are being refilled. The weight of a filled carboy is so great that it is difficult to pour the acid neatly, yet it is imperative that none of it be spilled because of its destructive action. In the new apparatus the delivery pipe runs to the bottom of the.carboy and its »\ HARD RUBBER TUBE gade—— AIR VALVE TO BATTERY STOP FLOW JAR ~~» ee ee ’ ” ACID CARBOY discharge end is curved downward. This pipe passes through a special cork or plug to which is attached the air tube connect- ing with the tire pump. The acid is drawn off by operating the pump, and by opening a relief valve in the air connection at the cork, thus releasing the small air pressure within the bottle, the flow may be in- stantly stopped. Popular Science Monthly Continuous Tread Stops » Jars on Cement Mixer A CONTINUOUS tread mounting for the portable cement mixer is said to eliminate harmful vibration and to produce . increased speed. It also eliminates the necessity of blocking wheels or laying planks for the unit. A 10-horsepower steam engine supplies the power, and all the operating levers are under the control of one man. The raising and lowering of the hopper and the travel of the bucket on the swinging crane is auto- matic, as in most modern mixers, but they can also be operated independently if de- sired. The rate of production of concrete can be controlled by a touch of the levers. Novel Safety Car Warns Reckless Drivers PAINTED white and covered with safety slogans conspicuously displayed, a “Safety First” campaign car makes regular runs over the suburban trolley lines near East St. Louis. By calling attention to the dangers of reckless driving near the trolley tracks, the use of the car, it is reported, has already reduced the number of accidents. ' Previously there had been collisions between autos and trolleys every day, resulting in heavy damage claims. Asa special service to readers, the Editor will be glad to supply the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mention in Popular Science Monthly oe ee ae Popular Science Monthly Jw a ti E y p n a t e k C t } s ( t initia, nit on a J

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- for d to duce . the ying plies 3 are ising -avel uto- they ' de- can fety a ular near 1 to the t is ions lay, June, 1922 . Bagh? / ge ve Vie bh 15, ann ie,‘ aKe F F Wwe Fee, Oy ; ae W ’ e : otk tt t a “ 3 ‘ 6 tae: ee : & > , ASS 4 he é ee i tigi Fy Threshing stops when the wandering birdman slides down to the wheatfield with the first pla in the t ip. Some gipsy flying outfits like that above make $100 a week, introducing aviation to Wauettea's cased a= Profits and Adventure in the Gipsy Flier’s Life Exciting New Profession of Sky Rovers, as Described by One of Them, Is Rousing America to Commercial Flying N T the Omaha air meet last year By M. W. Royse, of the Aero Club of America visitors because they made use of a field over a mile distant, with only a cowpath as a road leading to it. A more determined gipsy, how- ever, slid into a baseball park on the edge of town, and carried 14 passen- gers in a half day. Another gipsy, in Pennsylvania, having learned from experience that people will not patronize even an airplane off the main road, landed on a hillside and carried passengers from its slope rather than remain idle on a level field half a mile away. The ideal landing field is one facing the main street of a town. Such fields can often be found in the West. Busy merchants, farm- ers, and laborers are willing enough to stroll a block or two for a ride in the air, where they would refuse to walk a mile. a row of airplanes stood parked in one corner ofa field. They were not on display, for most of them were service planes—rough and hoary veterans of the air. The row of planes grew as late arrivals swooped down upon the field and drew up alongside. Spec- tators wondered to whom these planes belonged and for what pur- pose they were to be used. The mystery was soon solved. They were gipsy ships, belonging to a band of youthful gipsy flyers who had drifted into Omaha for the big air meet. Some had traveled all the way from Texas, others from New York, some from Florida, and still others from California—a trifling distance in their young lives. The gipsy flyer—roamer of the ERE’S the story o‘ a gipsy flier—one of the most romantic figures in American life today. Members of his profession, nearly 200 strong, are this summer soaring far and wide over the backwoods and small towns, spreading the gospel of aviation to communities where a birdman never hov- ered before, and earning their living as they fly. These are the pioneers in the cause of commercial flying. In next month’s issue, Glenn Curtiss, pioneer of pioneers, the man who has made a fortune from commercial flying, will tell of the young man’s oppor- tunities for a career in aviation. air, and pioneer of commercial avia- Once the gipsy decides to land tion in America—is a newcomer. He made his advent less than three years ago, but he has already made great progress. An aviator during the war, he naturally turned to civil flying for a profit after his discharge from the service, and in the brief period following he has covered every state in the Union, earning his living by carrying passengers and freight wherever opportunity offers. He has brought avia- tion home to millions of people who before his coming had never seen an airplane out- side of print, and he has carried thousands of passengers for their first thrilling flights through the air. Pilot and ‘‘Mech’ Show Teamwork A gipsy ship generally carries two men, the gipsy flier and his mechanic. The pilot handles the flying end of the business and his ‘‘mech” takes charge of the plane onthe ground. They cooperate, the pilot often helping his ‘‘mech’” on the motor repairs and the mechanic doing his best to coax indifferent spectators into taking a hop. Sometimes a gipsy ship carries two fliers, each taking his turn at flying and ground work. The methods of the gipsy fliers are not limited to any set formula. Each gipsy has his own peculiar methods, but some practices in the profession are common to us all. For instance, we usually start out with a nicely prepared itinerary. We lay out air routes, mark prospective towns to be visited, with dates of arrivals, and note towns with established airdromes. These plans, however, often miscarry and for good reason. Some towns that look good on a map turn out to be dilapidated old boom towns; other districts have been covered by previous gipsies, and still other portions of the country are inaccessible because of woods or other natural obstacles. A month after starting, the average gipsy may be 300 miles from where he planned to be—all of which makes the game in- teresting. The gipsy proceeds carefully. Upon reaching a town he hovers over it, observing its size and its layout, and determining whether there is an accessible landing field close by. The size of the town is important, for most of the larger towns have been visited by gipsies, and although work can still be found in these, the average gipsy prefers virgin territory. Small towns under 8000 population, often under 300, are the ones picked in this advanced stage of the game. He Should Land Close to Town If the gipsy’s visit is to be a successful one, the landing field should never be more than a mile from town, preferably at the outskirts and available to motor cars. A New York town, in the Adirondack coun- try, refused to take advantage of gipsy in a town, he attracts attention by sailing down low, buzzing over tops of buildings, and disturbing the inhabitants. He wants to make sure that the natives know of his arrival. Next, he swoops down to the field, taxis alongside the road, and is ready for business. A crowd usually gathers as soon as he lands and both pilot and “mech” are kept busy answering questions. The Crowd Needs Persuasion The next move, highly difficult, is to induce some one in the crowd to fly. Some pilots make special reductions for the first hops. Others give extra long rides—‘“‘test hops” they call them—and still others give free rides as a starter. One gipsy made a practice of offering the mayor of each town a free ride. If the mayor refused the invi- tation, some other prominent citizen was honored, preferably a minister, for pub- licity purposes; a doctor or prominent merchant as a last resort. Gipsies find people will fly more readily in a two- passenger bus. Most persons prefer com- pany on the first flight. During the first two seasons of gipsy flying, ex-service planes were used almost exclusively. The ‘Curtiss,’ the “Stand- ard,” and the “‘Canuck” —all service planes of one-passenger capacity—were cheap compared with the cost of new machines, and many were remodeled into two- passenger buses, sometimes with the same motors and often with more powerful June, 1922 ae ee ee eee ee ee a! | heen oiven the imnreacaion that fiving ig still 37 To these neonle he is aviation itself. the

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36 motors. Equipped with tool kits, spares, and luggage, they started off on their barn- storming careers. Naval ‘‘F” boats gave good service, carrying four passengers at one time. These were used with great success in the lake regions inaccessible to land planes. North- ern Wisconsin, as well as northern Minne- sota, saw its first gipsy when a flying boat arrived in port. The same estimate of the amount of business done by the average gipsy the country over would run around 35 passengers a week, con- sidering time lost by bad weather and other delays. The flying season usually lasts about 26 weeks—from late spring to late autumn. Some idea of a gipsy’s weekly income may be obtained from the following table, the Popular Science Monthly $3000 investment, and placed in reserve qa weekly replacement fund of $60, which will amount to the price of another $3000 ship at the end of two flying seasons. He hag also allowed himself living expenses, go that the $25 is clear velvet to him as owner and operator of the enterprise. Some pilots fail to lay aside a replace. ment fund, in which case the weekly income amounts to $85. was true along the St. Law- Many pilots have bettered rence River and around the lakes in northern New York. Some gipsies have gone in for more powerful planes, and with these they have invaded towns beyond the reach of the average pilot. Vermont, especially the Green Moun- tain country, remained virgin territory until late last sum- mer, when an’ enterprising young native of that sec- tion gave up his furniture business and turned to avia- tion. With the help of the Aero Club of America, he managed to find an efficient gipsy for a partner, and to purchase an airplane suitable for rough country. N a few years the town without an aviation landing field will How He Succeeded | be like the village that sleeps ‘‘ten miles from the railroad.” The gipsy fliers of today are the pioneers. the regular airplane routes, with scheduled flights, that will soon cover the United States like a network. Will your town be one of the air stations—or will you watch the planes pass overhead? A municipal landing field, built now, | will bring the speedy, luxurious air expresses of the future to | your door. At present there are only 115 permanent fields, and a thousand emergency fields—mostly golf-links and baseball diamonds—in the country. The future air roads will necessarily follow the landing fields. A smooth level field, at least 600 yards square, where the ground is firm under all weather conditions, marked with a white circle three feet wide and 100 feet in diameter, and with a wind indi- cator flying in one corner—these are the essentials. If possible, the field should be close to transportation facilities, both for passengers and freight. should be available, as well as gasoline, oil, and shop facilities. The hangar and machine shop can be added as the field develops. The present urgent need in the growth of American aviation and incidentally your own town is for a smooth, level field—a oom station for the advance guards of the transcontinental airliner. His problem was to slide into small fields and to get |} out of them again with short take-offs. Only a powerful motor could be depended on to do this with certainty, for failure to climb rapidly might result in a crash into trees, a telephone pole, or a hillside. These conditions kept gipsies who operated low powered buses out of that district, with the result that the ex- furniture dealer with his high-powered machine found | more work than he could handle. He now owns two planes, both of which, no doubt, will find enough work to keep them in the air most of the time. Passengers are often Does the Sky Gipsy Stop at Your Town? PARK ESaeuno—s Here is an ideal landing field. Note the circular marker and the wind indicator flying above the airdrome After them will come Electricity and water power this estimate of income; some have tripled it, others have fallen below the average, and a few have even lost money: but the average pilot has managed to finish the season with at least $1000 clear profit, with an additional $1500 laid aside toward the purchase of a new plane. Sources of Profit Income depends upon cau- tion in flying, care of machine, general management and luck. The best of managers sometimes finds himself mak- ing little headway, due to petty misfortunes. Incomes differ with territory. In the Middle West, pilots are still charging $15 for a flight, while in California and in Florida pilots are known to have carried passengers for $5. Tobe sure, $5 flights are of only five minutes’ dura- tion,. but the time lost be- tween flights makes a dis- tinct difference in the net profits. Last winter was a dull sea- son in Florida, due to the fact that pilots from all over the country congregated there to combine pleasure and profit. Nearly 30 gipsies located along the narrow strip of beach from Daytona to Mi- ami. Daytona alone _har- bored 10 of them. During the same winter months, however, three gipsies were kept busy continucusly, from shocked at the high prices charged by gipsies. They feel that $10 is an exorbitant price for a 10- minute hop... But they do not consider the great overhead and operating expenses of the gipsy outfit. The gipsy, it is true, earns fair returns, but at the same time the passenger is nearly always given his money’s worth. Some pilots have been known to cut down on the passenger’s time, but such cases are few, and the pilots soon learn that it pays in the long run to give each passenger his full measure. One Dollar a Minute There are several sources of income for the gipsy flier, but he depends chiefly upon passenger carrying. . Today the average rate for flying is one dollar a minute for a 10-minute hop. A pilot working steadily, with the cooperation of an efficient me- chanic, manages to make four hops an hour. There have been instances of gipsies carrying 35 passengers in eight hours of flying, but these are exceptionally “big’’ days. Many pilots carry 25 passengers a day, but not regularly day in and day out. A gipsy carrying 100 passengers a week is doing enormous business. A conservative ‘ [22 en | Genii estimates being based upon a 26-week season with an average business of 35 pas- sengers a week. Income, 35 flights a week at $10........ $350 The weekly expenses as follows: Gas consumption, 10 gallons an hour, at 40 cents a gallon... ......9.0++-..00 Oil consumption at one dollar a gallon, eS ere errr 8 Gas, for travel and waste, 20 gallons.... 8 Oil, for travel and waste, 2 gallons...... 2 Mechanic’s wages, a week.............. 35 a ee 75 Expenses, living, for pilot and mechanic. Insurance on $3000 (cost of the average ex-service plane), at 18% for six months 20 Overhauling engine, every 100 flying hours, by commercial aviationcompany 12 (Most gipsies attend to their own motor overhauling except for a complete over- haul twice during the season) Plane and hull redoped and revarnished, ONCE A VEAL... eee nese ceceescoes 5 Depreciation and replacement.......... 60 Interest on investment, $3000 at 7%... 8 Total, overhead and operating expenses. $325 Total gross income, from passenger work CT SS SS ee a 350 Net )profit, excluding wages of pilot and replacement of new ship............. The $25 net profit a week from passenger work alone is a fair profit when it is con- sidered that the gipsy has already paid himself a weekly wage of $75 for his own services as pilot, paid the interest on the early morning until sunset, carrying passengers off the ice | in the lake region of Minnesota and Wis- consin, at $15 a flight. Gipsies Usually Begin at Home Pilots who start out nowadays usually begin in their home states, charging the rates prevailing in their particular section of the country, and operating conserva- tively. Within a month they become accus- tomed to the game, and may be 400 miles away in fresh territory. But this method will soon be obsolete. Pilots already realize the necessity for localizing their sphere of operations. Immediate profits may be increased by barnstorming the country at large, but experienced gipsies are now looking for more permanent fields. They are slowly realizing that it is far better in the long run to cover 100 miles thoroughly and efficiently, than to barnstorm 1000 miles in a hit-or-miss way. The gipsy who decides to limit his sphere of operations, first chooses a site for his headquarters, usually the central and most important town in a district. From this base he covers the country for 100 miles around, working for a reputation. He Popular Science Monthly ctisratinimequmeeoea =a 6 me @

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nthly rve a h will ) ship e has S, 80 owner place- come ‘tered some have , and oney: ; has 2ason clear ional 1 the cau- hine, and agers mak- e to omes 1 the still ight, d in n to ; for S are lura- be- dis- net fact ’ the re to ‘ofit. ated » of har- ring ths, were rom iset, pice. Wis- ally the tion rva- cus- 1iles hod 1lize y at now ‘hey r in ghly 1000 his > for and rom 100 [ , lm x June, 1922 takes unusual pains to establish himself as a conservative commercial pilot, takes ad- vantage of every medium of publicity, and goes in for many side lines, such as aerial express, aerial advertising, and aerial photography. No commission is too small for him. He accepts work that nets him no immediate profit, for the sole purpose of establishing himself as an integral factor in the commercial life of the community. Gipsies, however, must take their schooling in the open country, traveling the gipsy trail without limiting them- selves to particular local- ities. This first step is essential to successful commercial flying. The gipsy, winging his way over the country at large, either becomes expert in the handling of his craft, or learns that he is not fit to become a pilot. There is no harder school of experience than the barnstorming school. Flying across country, over hills, badlands, woods, swamps, and lakes, landing in all types of fields, under all condi- tions, the gipsy becomes 'preeminently fitted for commercial avia- tion. He has run into all the difficulties likely to be encountered in the air. He has flown in rain, snow, and wind. Cloud and fog are no longer terrors. A bank of inno- cent white mist, far off on the horizon, flashes instant warning to him of a possible fog formation, and he is on the alert for it. Air Gipsies Are in Demand The last season showed a decrease among gipsies, due to the movements among the old timers, who are gradually entering the commercial field in permanent localities. Commercial companies are on the lookout for these men. At the end of the 1921 season there were 170 gipsy ships in the entire country. New recruits have been filling the vacancies left by gipsies who have moved up into commercial flying, but lack of flying schools has resulted in a decrease in the total number of active gipsies. | This little band of gipsies, q small as it is, piled up a |. . , record that compares favor- ably with the best European records. Eighty-eight air- craft companies, operating in the United States during 1920, are reported to have carried 115,163 passengers for a total distance of 3,000,- 000 miles. The gipsies far surpassed this record. Dur- ing the same period, the 200 gipsies carried over 210,000 passengers for a total of over 4,300,000 miles. Hardly any of the gipsies had large, smooth fields at their dis- posal, and most of their pas- sengers were carried from improvised fields . alongside hillsides, in swampy ground, or from plowed fields. Unfortunately, the gipsy sometimes be- comes known to the public through an accident. Newspapers have at times placed undue stress upon airplane acci- dents, with the result that the public has June, 1922 been given the impression that flying is still dangerous. Estimates of casualties for the past year, however, include very few fatali- ties, and during the last six months of 1920 only one gipsy crash resulted in deaths—a remarkable record when it is considered that over 210,000 passengers were carried under all conditions. Such accidents as have occurred empha- INS =a ae” il When a gipsy decides to land in a town, he swoops low, buzzing over the tops of buildings and arousing the entire community size the drastic need in this country for landing fields. Aviation to-day is in ex- actly the same position as the automobile industry was before the ‘‘good roads’’ movement began. The gipsy flier, roam- ing about the country, must blaze his own trails, find his own fields, and take the chances of the pioneer. In July, 1921, there were but 115 perma- nent airdromes and seaplane stations, and 2400 municipal, commercial, and emer- gency landing fields in the entire country— and the greater proportion of these were located in the more congested parts of the country. The state of New York, for in- stance, contains 28 commercial fields, four government field§, six aerial police fields, 19 municipal fields, and 58 emergency fields. But even in New York, especially. in the northern section of the state, the gipsy still covers long stretches of bad territory Ae > No commission is too small for the gipsy in establish- ing ‘“‘goodwill.’’ This pilot and his ‘mech’? ing a pig shipped by air from a neighboring farm are deliver- without a semblance of suitable landing grounds. The need for landing fields is the prime need of aviation today, and the gipsy, reaching all communities, brings home this need to millions of people who otherwise would never come in contact with aviation. lad ff 37 To these people he is aviation itself, the romantic pioneer aviator welcomed in all towns as the representative of the flying industry. Many a town has provided itself with an emergency field as a direct result of a gipsy visit and some have prepared municipal fields. With commercial aviation nearly at a standsti!] as far as passenger-carrying work is concerned, the gipsy continues to carry on, al- ways seeking new coun- try, always on the wing. He Stimulates Interest Tomorrow the gipsy flier may lay aside his traveling kit and confine himself to local commercial flying, but new gipsies will take his place, striking out for the thinly populated dis- tricts, learning their les- sons, gaining their ex- perience, and in their turn entering the com- mercial field. The gipsy continues to beat his independent way through the air, relying upon no one but himself, accepting little assistance fromthe world while he prepares the country for the new age of commercial aviation which is just appearing on the horizon. Skeleton Towers Load Grain Cars Quickly KELETON towers that will receive grain from wagons and railroad cars as rapidly as the most elaborate grain elevator, have recently been perfected to provide an inexpensive equipment for loading bulk grain on out-of-the-way sidings. The tower has neither storage capacity nor provision for cleaning the grain, but it will load from 1000 to 2000 bushels an hour. When in operation the grain is dumped— a truckload at a time—into a concrete receiving pit. From there it passes through a regulating gate into the elevator boot. Here it is picked up by a bucket and belt conveyor and lifted to the elevator head, from whence it falls into the boxcar. The loading spout ends in a flexible canvas tube that is thrust through the car door and used like a nozzle to distribute the grain equally to all parts of the car. eg ta ge a

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The backyard gives right of way for this toy railroad Electric Toy Train Carries Backyard Travelers de lrenma railways are growing out of the toy size. The latest model is run by an electric motor, and is big enough to carry a young engineer and all the kids in the neighborhood. The current is carried in the rails, which are insulated from the ground by wooden ties. The motor is of low power and little current is used, so that running the train is comparatively inexpensive and it is im- possible to increase the speed to a point where an accident might result on the sharp curves. East African Limousine Is One-Wheeled Chair IX Portuguese East Africa a one-wheeled roller chair is the acme of luxury in travel. It is the mark of the wealthy man, who seeks his comfort and travels in state, without caring a continental for expense. Man power is cheaper than gasoline in that part of the world, and good roads, even good footpaths, are so scarce that more than one wheel would be useless. Over the jungle trails the traveler is carried by his bearers for the greater part of the distance. Only when nearing a village can the porters lighten their load by resting the wheel on the ground. ONE of the the largest underground pump- ing plants in existence has been installed in a South African gold mine. It has a capacity of 8,000,000 gallonsa day. against the extremely high head of 2600 feet. Courtesy American Museum of Natural — Ny History ote Whale Headed Stork Links Two Families HE whale headed stork, found in Egypt, in the papyrus marshes of the Upper Nile, is an interesting “link” between two bird families— the stark and the herons. In appearance it is a gaunt, gray figure, standing nearly five feet high. Its huge bill similar in shape to a whale’s head, is tipped with a formidable curved beak. There are only five specimens of this bird in America, the fifth, pictured above, hav- ing been added recently to the exhibits of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Sea Lion Is on Trial HE sea lion is on trial for his life before the Bureau of Fisheries. He is charged by salmon canners with feeding upon sal- mon, destroying millions of dollars’ worth of food fish annually. But the sea lion is making an-able de-- fense. ‘He is of commercial value, and while he eats some salmon, investigations disclose that he also feeds upon the salmon’s enemies. The hair seal likewise was once charged with salmon killing, and almost wiped out before the Bureau discovered his chief food w snot fish. The blimp fire patrol, preparing for a 300-mile cruise Pony Blimp Helps Fight Forest Fires A PONY blimp, or small dirigible, is successfully helping airplanes and forest rangers keep down fire losses in the forests of Los Angeles County, Calif. The dirigible carries a fire fighting crew of three, and can land them in any small clearing near the fire. If sparks are flying, the crew is landed by a rope ladder while the blimp remains in the air to windward, where it stands by, waiting to pick up the fire fighters. The cruising range of the machine is about 320 miles. Here’s the First Woman Marine Engineer OR the first time in the annals of the sea a woman has become boss of the “‘black gang’’ on a seagoing ship. A license as a marine engineer has been granted to Mrs. Carlia S. Westcott, of Seattle, Wash., and she is now at work as chief engineer on a seagoing tug—no easy berth, as any sailor knows. Mrs. Westcott declares that women are particularly well fitted for steam engineer- ing, since the work is light, and the chief requirements are watchfulness and close attention to duty. ‘“‘Women make capable steam erigineers,”” says Mrs. Westcott, and proves it Popular Science Monthly Popular Science Monthly /

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»s and the The ~ ree, ‘ing rew imp e it

June, 1922

© Keystone Sign Marks Dinosaur Tracks HE footprints of a dinosaur, made in the mud millions of years ago and hard- ened to stone, have recently been un- covered on the bank of the river near Holyoke, Mass. A billboard picture and description now supply information to passers-by concerning the creature. AYA on the Stone Siabs Below will be found WA Z% TRACKS of the DINOSAUR MAMMOTH ANIMAL OF THE PREH/STORIC AGE. Tid DUNC SAiIIIA KL (9608 ABATED POR PRORESIC QW LANG, AND LONG IAPERING TARSAND WY MAN), DME Hie LBS WERE MUCH LOICER AWD SOUTER Tordve THE FORE Libs Ma OF Write RAG LOM BOUES SUC PORAS WALLER CLES OR ENTIRELY GA THE WIND MBS LIKE BUDS GEVERS WALESO OH ALL POUR LHABS, Stuck DintosAutin WERE LARGEST WERE REMRIVOROUS IEP VARIED O08 S128 FROM SPs CHES Bt TWO OR INBEE FEET LONG PC OTHERS AT LEAST 60 OR 70 SEET 180 CENCTM, WHICH ARE THE LAR EST MORE AND | ANIMALS RAALMEO THE LARGEST WHALES Ih LENGTH THOUGH WOT WN BULK i Atwral for On I Holyoke Chamber Commerce. MOSHE }

Rowing Keeps Him Young OLD a nine foot oar in each hand, grasping them by the tips of the handles. Now, raise them slowly, keeping the arms outstretched until the blades of the oars are higher than your head. At 66, George W. Lee, of Long Island City, performs this feat to demonstrate that rowing keeps a man young. Nearly 40 years ago Lee was the cham- pion oarsman of the world. Since then, he has rowed steadily and coached racing crews. Now, at the age when most men think a two-mile walk is too much for them, he can step in‘o a single-oared shell and set a pace few youngsters can equal. The secret? Just keep in training the year round, and row daily when- ever the ice is out of the river, says Lee.

: © Ewing Galloway The prow of the foundered yacht is seen

Lamp Cleaner TRUCK tower built in two telescoping sections, supporting a revolv- ing platform that rotates on a circular iron track, enables San Francisco lamp cleaners to work on all sides of street lamps without mov- ing the truck. A small electric winch hoists the tower.

between the two bags in the foreground June, 1922

How to Dance on Swords H°Y do Hindu street jugglers dance upon sword blades, whetted keen as razors? They step about the lattice of steel in perfect time to music, and when the dance is over there is not the slightest cut on their foot soles. . The secret lies in the fact that the blade of a sword is not perfectly smooth. Under a microscope a knife-blade looks like a saw. It is possible to press the palm of your hand upon it without cutting yourself, if you are careful not to move the hand across the blade. And this is the secret of the Hindu’s trick. Though he seems to dance, he never moves his feet along the sword blaces, but raises and lowers them slowly with a per- fectly vert’ zal motion.

dey) \ < id All-Metal Biplane Designed for Speed A LARGE all-metal airplane now being demonstrated ex- hibits the latest features of speed design as well as the The metal adaptation of all-metal construction to the biplane. used is understood to be duralumin. The wings are thick enough near the fuselage to permit internal bracing, becoming thin near the tips. The radiators are mounted on the sides, like luggage carriers in an automobile. Truss forms have been adopted for the interior struts, which are only four in number. The nose cap of the plane whirls with the propeller. Contrary to familiar practice, the lower wings of this biplane are much longer than the upper. The machine is driven by a 600-horsepower motor, and is said to be capable of 125 miles an hour. Airbags Raise Sunken Ship from Mud Nee huge airbags or pontoons recently raised a yacht from the mud of a river after attempts to salvage the vessel by cerrick had failed. The bags have rubber inner lining, walls of a double layer of heavy canvas, and are protected against shocks and abrasion by rope. Below the surface all are filled simul- taneously with air through a diver’s hose, and when inflated have sufficient buoyancy to pull a sunken ship from the grip of the mud and support it. The bags were attached to slings passed under the hull through holes dug by directing a high pressure stream of water against the river bottom under the ship. The enormous rubber balls were used also to raise from the ocean bottom the government ship Isis, wrecked off Florida.

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atten,

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40 Popular Science Monthly New Two-Cycle Auto Engine Runs on Castor Oil Direct Injection Design Combines Power with Fuel Economy By Harold F. Blanchard PERATING on any combustible O animal, vegetable, or mineral oil, a two-cycle, direct injection auto engine, recently perfected by.M.' Tartrais, a French engineer, has been performing so successfully as to forecast revolutionary advances in motor vehicle propulsion. The soundness of the design is indicated by the fact that the engine is being manu- factured by one of the leading French auto- mobile makers, whose racing cars have won worldwide fame because of their speed and stamina. The first three engines made are being used on Paris motor buses. Fuel Bills Cut in Half Although the newcomer has no carbure- tor nor high tension ignition system, it develops 50 horsepower at 1200 revolutions aminyte. It weighs 10 pounds to the horse- power—the same as the average standard automobile engine—and occupies the same amount of space; yet it is said to be twice as economical in fuel. There are two vertical cylinders, in which the operation is as follows: When the piston is at top dead center, liquid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, which is filled with pure air so hot that the fuel immediately takes fire. The high temperature of the air is due »artly to the fact that the walls of the compact combustion chamber are uncooled, and partly because the air is compressed to more than 300 pounds, or four times the pressure in the ordinary engine. The enginé resembles the usual two- cycle motorboat engine in that intake and exhaust ports are uncovered by the piston; yet it differs in the fact that these ports extend all around the cylin- der circumference. The exhaust open- ings form a ring just above the intake openings. The former are connected with the exhaust pipe and the latter with an air pump. As the piston proceeds on its down stroke after the fuel is injected and ignited, it uncovers the exhaust ports toward the end of its travel and most of the burned gases stream out through the openings. Then the piston FUEL MIXTURE READY FOR IGNITION SPENT GASES FORCED OUT HERE COMPRESSED AIR RUSHES INTO CYLINDERS SRR AR EAN an eeees & This diagram of the two cylinders shows how compressed air forces out exhaust residue at the bottom of the piston stroke . Siew ys Orie A nae “ TP | a . A anal ei ; Z 4 a z ; “ . . * ts ots ae Es uncovers the intake openings and pure air shoots in from all sides. Striking the coni- cal piston head, the air streams combine to form a column of pure air that rises to the top of the cylinder head, where it spreads out and flows down the cylinder walls and thus forces out the exhaust residue. The combustion chamber is also swept clear of gases by this action. Then the piston proceeds up on the compression stroke. Assoon asits progress closes intake and exhaust ports, compression begins. When the piston reaches top dead center, another charge of fuel is injected and an- other explosion ensues. There is a separate fuel pump for each cylinder and the amount of fuel it delivers may be varied by a hand or foot throttle. The air pump is located at the front and has a bore of about seven inches and a stroke of about four, whereas the cylinders of the engine are 4.7 by 5.9 inches. The air piston is double acting, supplying one cylinder on the up stroke and the other on the down stroke, a piston valve opening and closing the air ports of the pump. The fuel pumps for the two cylinders are mounted on the crankcase and driven from the water pump shaft, while the pump plungers are cam operated. To ignite the charge before the engine be- comes warm enough to run spontaneously A (KEROSENE) (ALCOHOL) é GASC TERM Hw @. Any combustible animal, vegetable, or mineral oil is said to be effective as fuel in the Tartrais two-stroke fuel injection engine shown here a little coil of wire brought to a white heat by a four-volt current is employed. The coil, placed in the combustion chamber, is mounted on the end of an insulated plug much like a spark plug. The two chief advantages of this engine are its economy and the fact that it will run on any combustible liquid. It will run at full load on less than 0.4 pounds of fuel to the horsepower an hour, whereas the best standard engines will consume about 0.6 pounds with throttle wide open. However, automobile engines are rarely run at full load, and with closed throttle the fuel con- sumption of the average standard engine is likely to increase to a pound of fuel] an hour, whereas the new engine at one quarter load has a fuel consumption of only .484 pound. Almost Any Oil Will Do This means that where a standard engine wi'l give a consumption of 20 miles a gallon, the Tartrais engine will give 40 miles— exactly twice the amount. The Tartrais engine will operate not only on gasoline, kerosene, and alcohol, but on various crude oils and coal-tar oils, cod liver oil, sperm oil, castor oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, cocoa oil, and others without any change in engine adjustment. It is considered very probable that the engine will gradually come into general use for automobiles, motor trucks, farm tract- ors, and airplanes. 235 ==

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eat The , is lug ‘ine run to est 0.6 rer, ‘ull on- 2 is ur, ad ne mn, on er il, ut he ‘t= June, 1922 Iron Smokestack Turns a Somersault OW did an iron smokestack at Mop- toursville, Pa., come to stand on its head? The stack fell unexpectedly, on a windless day, breaking in half at the point where a newer section of stack had been Turning a somersault, the upper por- tion of the stack landed upside down bolted to the old. The break was so sudden that the upper section turned a somersault on the way down, landing outside the bottom section. ' Since the stack guys were connected with the upper section, it is conjectured that at the moment the break occurred their weight acted as a force pulling directly downward, so that the top of the stack began to fall with greater velocity than the center, thus explaining the phenomenon. Bridge Permits Cars to Pass over Fire Hose INES of hose laid across the tracks usually tie up street cars in large city fires; but in Los Angeles, Calif., the trouble trucks of the street car lines carry protecting bridges that fit over the rails. These bridges are made of oak, covered with one-half inch strap iron, with openings in the center through which five lines of hose may be passed. 41 ef ae ™ nil Hy © U.S. Forest Service Beavers gnawed down an entire grove of aspens. Note that all the trees are felled-in the direction of the pond. One stump, shown at the right, was more than two feet in diameter HAT is said to be the largest tree ever felled by a beaver was recently discovered by rangers of the United States Forest Service in the Carson National Forest, New Mexico. The tree is an aspen, and the stump measures approximately 26 by 32 inches at the point where it was gnawed through by the industrious animal. Beavers seldom fell trees so large, for they are unable to move the trunk, even after they cut it into sections. But this Beaver Fells Aspen Two Feet Thick tree, nearly two feet in diameter, was evi- dently cut down for its branches. All the limbs and small twigs had been removed for food, or for building the dams and houses of the beaver colony, and only the trunk was left where it fell. The animal exhibited the usual beaver skill in felling this giant. It was dropped squarely in the direction of the beaver pond, in order that the animals would have a shorter distance to carry the branches. Miniature Glass Boiler Settles Disputes D jatdedeee a glass model was constructed recently by A. C. Lippincott, of New York City, no one knew exactly what went on inside a return tubular boiler while it was in operation. By looking through the & Boiler action 7 is observed throu gh glass walls glass walls of the ingenious mechanism, engineers can now settle disputed questions such as the path of the water circulation. The boiler is made accurately to scale. The shell is 15 inches long and 5% inches in diameter, with 28 tubes. Heat is produced either by a special electric heater, or by putting two blowtorches through the fire doors. The hot gases pass around the tubes and up the stack. Great difficulty was found in securing a glass that would withstand the pressures developed. wireless. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY will be glad to answer your queries about Simply mail your question, enclosing a_ self-addressed, stamped envelope. Make your inquiry as specific as possible. New Light Bulbs Have No Tips to Be Broken N the manufacture of the newest electric- light bulbs, the fragile tip is placed in a position at the base of the lamp, where it is no longer in constant danger of being knocked off. When the filaments, bracket, and sup- porting wires are assembled, a jet of air blows a hole through the stem through which the lamp can be exhausted. By the old method of manufacture, the globe was fused over the assembled stem and a glass tube inserted in the top of the bulb. Through this tube the air was pumped out. After the globe was exhausted, the tube was heated and pinched off, sealing the bulb, but leaving a fragile tip. In the new method, the globe is made without a tip and fused onto the stem. The tube leading to the air pump is then fused into the hole blown in the stem while it was being assembled. A SAFE parachute descent has been made from the height of only 75 feet. —— ne pS = ne EE igh RE AL DAE AA, Tee cee ee | | / : $ Se et

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42 Harvester Rakes, Loads, and Stacks Hay FLOOR OF STACKER s> WEBBED CONVEYOR Ss OF LOADER LS, ROM swath to stack with one fifth the usual labor, is the record claimed for a hay harvesting machine invented by the Russell brothers, for use on their farms near Winfield, Kans. The ma- chine rakes, loads and neatly stacks hay by a system that combines several oper- ations. The hay is taken from the ground by a toothed cylinder, and delivered to a webbed conveyor, which carries it to the top of the boxlike hay frame. This is hitched to the rear of the conveyor- loader. When the frame is full, a trip lever releases the teeth that hold the hay, and the stack slips off the floor to the ground, pushing open rear gates. The finished stacks are 40 feet in cir- cumference at bottom and contain from 3000 to 4000 pounds. Electric Light Numbers Film Negatives = marking and perfect identifi- cation of the commercial photographer’s negatives is claimed for a recently in- vented electric marker that will handle six negatives mechanically while one is being numbered with pencil or hand stylus. The negative to be marked is placed on a felt pad that covers the flat aluminum bed of the device, and the six numbering sten- cils at the top are manipulated until the proper numerals appear beneath the nickel guide along the top of the pad. Then a second’s pressure on an electric button flashes an electric light that is reflected through the stencil to the film. The film is then developed and the identification num- ber appears with the photograph. The light has printed it on the unexposed mar- gin of the film. Copra Cake for Beefsteak OPRA cake, the residue after the oil has been squeezed from the dried coconut meat, is as nourishing as beefsteak, say experts of the Rockefeller Foundation, who are trying to popularize the food among the natives of the Philippines. It is not only nourishing, but is said to prevent beri- beri, common among Orientals, who live chiefly on polished rice. Pump Now Dispenses Oil to the Motorist O™ like gasoline, can now be purchased from a pump dispenser that permits the motorist to see for himself that he re- ceives full measure and clean oi]. The portable tank container is designed to re- place the bottles from which oil is usually dispensed at filling stations. The pump works with an ordinary sucker rod attached to the handles on each side of the upright column. The glass container holds a quart of oil, and is shut off automatic- ally by a float valve in the top flange. Oil is released by a handle on top of the visible container. Oil is pumped into a one-quart glass container and dispensed by turning a handle Popular Science Montily Felt Brush Lengthens Life of Phonograph Records grrr peeign records that have been discarded as worn out can be played again after they have been cleaned with a newly invented brush that re- moves the dirt from the tiny tone grooves, declares its in- ventor, Alfred B. Kidder, of Canton, Ohio. The instru- ment is_ at- tached to the tone arm of the phonograph and consists of : a piece of soft felt, about an inch long and a half an inch thick, held against the record by a light steel spring. The felt is cut on a bevel, and the pressure of the spring is sufficient to force the soft material into the deepest crevices of the phonograph record’s tone grooves. S — The felt brush is at- tached to the tone arm Watertight Model Boat Built of Old Papers LD newspapers were the chief material used by L. M. Spaeth, a shipyard mechanic of Pitman, N. J., in building a detailed model of a tug. A pastepot and a pair of shears were his tools. He cut the old newspapers into strips two inches wide and laid them one on the other over a wooden model of a hull. After applying each layer of pasted strips, he dried the shell in the sun or in the oven of his stove. When the shell was about a quarter of an inch thick, he removed the wooden form. Four wooden bulkheads were inserted to keep the paper shell rigid, and a lead keel was poured in. Four cakes of paraffin were melted and used to make the inside of the paper hull waterproof. The outside was given several coats of shellac, varnish, and paint. , The deck was made of paper and linole- um was used for the cabins. An old mail- ing tube provided the smokestack and a pillbox the searchlight. IT is estimated that over one billion gallons of gasoline are wasted annually in this country through inaccurate adjustment of carburetors. Jw

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ife been layed ith a ; ate arm long t the elt is - the soft f the erial yard ng a e his into one of a isted or in of an orm. d to keel affin Je of tside nish, nole- nail- nda llons this it of June, 1922 Modern Rail Mill Kneads Huge Ingots into Miles of Tempered Steel By Ernest Welleck INETY-THREE years ago there were 16 miles of ED sae. N railroad track in America. oa ONS to leans Today, if all the main and side tracks in the Le oe ee oe in United States were joined into one continuous track, the i ri ae ribbon of rails would encircle the earth more than 15 times! And in the form of a single rail, it would be equal oe a, At this stage in the rolling mill, the long, snakelike rail travels to circular saws that cut it into standard lengths it. Instantly a reaction begins, the lake of liquid metal commences to bubble and boil, and a scum of slag is formed on top. For a period of 10 or 12 hours the molten mix- ture is allowed to boil, heated by in length to three times the distance from the earth to the moon! There, in a few words, is the romantic record of the steel rail, the conquerer of wildernesses, the builder of present-day civilization, without which our United States today would be impossible. Less than 100 years ago the rail, born spectacularly, was the lowly pioneer, push- ing inch by inch into out-of-the-way places, carrying civilization with it.. In its brief, dramatic career it has brought together the remote corners of the naticn, and has bound the world in a cord of steel, developing commerce, industry, and agriculture, and giving employment to millions. In 1920, 2,500,000 tons of steel were rolled into railroad tracks in the United States alone. The Creation of the Rail The spectacular creation of the modern rail, from its origin in the iron mine until it is spiked and bolted into tracks, is one of white hot furnaces of bubbling molten metal, showers of sparks, and crushing, massive machinery in vast steel mills. The story begins with the mining of the iron ore. This is crushed, usually at the mine, by huge machines and is then carried to the blast furnace. There the ore, which consists mainly of iron and oxygen with certain impurities, is reduced to iron and freed from its impurities. The blast furnace is filled with alternate layers of coke, iron ore, and limestone. Then a blast of air at a temperature of from 1200 to 1400° F. is blown through this mixture. The oxygen is taken from the ore, which is fluxed by the limestone, and the carbon of the coke combines with the free oxygen and is carried off by the blast. The metallic ron, still containing about four per cent of carbon and from % to1% per cent each of manganese and silicon, as well as small quantit es of phosphorus, trickles through the glowing mass of slag in the lower part of the blast furnace and into a basin lined with firebrick. From this the molten metal is drawn every five or six hours. , The iron, as it comes from the blast fur- nace, is carried in ladles to the gigantic mixer and poured into its firebrick-lined hold. This is done to equalize the slight variations in the metal as it comes from many heats and often from several fur- naces. From the mixer the thoroughly homogeneous mass of iron is tapped into big ladles in which it is carried to the open-hearth fur- nace to be trans- formed into steel. The open-hearth furnace is a shal- low basin, 35 or 40 feet long and 15 feet wide, lined with refractory brick and provided with a dolomite floor. When the time has come to charge the furnace, a layer of scrap iron and’ steel mixed with lime- stone is dumped in the basin. Then molten iron from the mixer is poured over the scrap and limestone, until it completely covers All the railroad tracks in the United States, if joined in one continuous track, would circle the earth more than 15 times ——— nanan mel

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Drawn from the blast furnace, the molten iron is carried hen variations in the metal have been equalized, the iron is poured again, as seen above in a ladle to a mixer. the flame of the gas forced into the furnace. Then the hearth is tapped and the molten metal, no longer iron, but steel, is allowed to run into a large ladle, from which it is poured into the ingot molds mounted on cars. After the metal, from which the open- hearth process has removed the excess carbon as well as any impurities—principal- ly silicon and phos- phorus—has become solid enough, the molds are stripped from the ingots. One after the other these ingots, weighing 414 tons each, are picked up by a_ powerful crane and _ lowered into “soaking pits,’ where they are al- lowed to remain for from 1% to two hours. In these pits, heated with gas, the it is reduced to stand- ard size for the rail or finishing mill. Next, it is carried to the blooming shears, which snip off all spongy or otherwise defective metal and cut the piece in halves. From the blooming mill the bloom travels to the reheating fur- nace, where it is brought to the proper temperature for the rail mill — between 1200 and 1400° F. Then the bloom starts cnits journey through many sets of rollers, which gradually, with much pressing and turning, work it into the form of a rail. From the last finishing ‘‘pass,”’ the long, snakelike and still white-hot rail travels to the hot saws and is sawed into rails of standard length, 33 feet each, with from 614 to seven inches allowed for shrinkage. From the saws the rails go to the cambering rolls soft cores of the ingots harden, while the chilled outside parts are brought to the temperature of the cores, giving the ingots a uniform texture and the same temperature inside and on the surface. The scene of the next chapter is the rolling mill. The tongs of a mighty crane seize one of the “‘soaked”’ ingots, lift it out of the pit and deposit it on the rolling table. The rotating rollers carry the white-hot ingot head on toward the first pair of rollers of the ‘“‘blooming”’ mill. Rollers Knead Glowing Ingot With a crash, accompanied by a shower of sparks, the head of the ingot is seized by the rollers, which are driven by a 5000- horsepower engine with a 150-ton flywheel. With irresistible force the ingot is slowly forced through the rollers and back again with reversed engine after having received a quarter turn before each pass. By this process the thickness of the metal is dimin- ished, its length correspondingly increased, while its texture is improved by the knead- ing between the rollers. During this opera- tion the rollers are constantly cooled by a shower of cold water. From the first set of rollers the white-hot block of steel, which is now called a “‘bloom,”’ is passed on to another mill with three rolls, each 40 inches in diameter. With each passing through these rollers the bloom grows thinner and longer until ladle to the open ¢ layer of scrap iron, steel, and limestone. chemical action turn the mixture to steel Thoroughly mixed, the iron is carried by the monster hearth furnace and poured over a Heat and for preliminary straightening, thence to the cooling beds, where they are laid on their sides to cool. After the rails have become sufficiently cool, they are carried to the powerful straightening presses, after which the holt holes are drilled and finished and the rails are given a final inspection. Each rail is stamped with the date, the letters or nu- merals indicating the nature of the steel, the heat, blow, or melt, and even the part of the ingot from which the steel of the rail was taken. Mod- ern standard ails weigh from 130 to 140 pounds a yard and in exceptional cases even more. It is believed that before long it will be found expedi- ent to increase the weight of rails to 200 pounds a yard. The first rails were made of iron in 1767 and ,jwere used for track’ purposes in an English coal mine. Before that ‘time wooden tracks were employed; these, how- Popular Science Monthly of cast iron were substituted for the wooden wheels originally used on mine trucks. In 1767 the Coalbrookdale iron works cast a quantity of iron rails or plates, each three feet long and four inches broad, with an upright flange at the inner side, to keep the wheels from running off the track. About 1820 the length of the rails was increased to 18 feet and their weight varied between 28 and 36 pounds a yard, according to the thickness of the rails. The evolution of the rail was not confined to a gradual increase in length and weight. Constant efforts were made to improve the form of the rails and more than 100 differ- ent forms were evolved and subjected to practical tests in actual use. The First American Railroad The invention of the steam locomotive at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the rapid development of railroads gave a tremendous impetus to the demand for track rails. The first American railroad was built from Carbondale to Honesdale, Pa., a distance of 16 miles, and the first successful run of a train was made on August 9, 1829. In the following year the total trackage in the United States reached 32 miles—a total length of rail of 64 miles. Up to 1867 only wrought-iron rails were used on American railways. At that time the Bessemer process of making steel by blowing air through molten cast iron con- tained in a pear-shaped converter was in- troduced and henceforth rails made of Bessemer steel began to gain in favor. In 1880, the Bessemer rail overtook the wrought-iron rail, and steel rails of a total weight of 852,000 long tons were produced, almost double the tonnage of wrought-iron rails manufactured in the same year. From that time on the use of wrought-iron rails was gradually abandoned except for nar- row-gage mine and quarry tracks. Open-Hearth Process Successful. The next milestone was reached when the open-hearth process of making steel was invented. In 1895 only 700 tons of rails were made of open-hearth steel. But, from year to year the tonnage of these rails in- creased. In 1910 the tonnage was 1,751,- 000, compared with 1,884,000 tons of Bes- semer rails; but two years later 2,105,000 tons of open-hearth steel were rolled into rails against 1,100,000 tons of Bessemer steel. In 1920 the steel works of the United States produced a total of more than 42,000,000 tons of steel, of which more than 2,500,000 tons were rolled into rails. Since 1900 the railroads of the United States have annually added, in the average, 4500 miles to their mileage, or 9000 miles of rails. . ‘ Ng F Pe $a “ Banca és ever, proved unsatis- From the cars factory when wheels shown at the left, steel and scra dumped into the open hearth furnace, a shallow basin 40 feet long and 15 feet wide iron are Panular Smannce Mani...

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onthly June, 1922 wooden KS. In cast a h three ith an eep the About reased etween to the nfined eight. . if ve the . ¢ J ag .\ bi pi. e — 4 : differ. 3 ) ee 3 Ka a 3S ted to a fy |. Bie : -—- me. iD - ind r3 ‘ : & a Silica Nicene . ~ 4 at id notive ome Tapping the open hearth furnace is like a display of fireworks. A Toads river of steel is set free and, splashing sprays of fire, pours into a mand gigantic bucket ilroad sdale, > first 1€ On ar the ached iles. were ae time = = Picked up by a carrier suspended from a ceil- el by ' RP ing track, the bucket passes from the furnace con- a and pours its contents into ingot molds aS in- mounted on small cars le of : F - In ie “ . "4 mj Ray When the white hot steel becomes solid the ep On a di enough, the molds are stripped from the total . ASR BB ; ingots, as shown at left, and the ingots are . ; : taised by a powerful crane uced, -iron From rails nar- W one after another, the 4l4-ton ingots are ‘‘Soaked’’ to the right temperature — lowered by the crane into “soaking pits” (at and consistency, the ingot now left) where the solid ingots are uniformly heated enters the rolling mill Rollers driven by a 5000-horsepower engine seize the head At last the steel bar, after passing through a succession of of the heavy ingot and with irresistible force knead it back rollers that gradually work it into shape, emerges in the and forth into a long narrow bar form of a rail, to be sawed into the correct lengths

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Popular Science Monthly Held Afloat by Cans, Wire Is Strung across Rough Waters WIRE REEL TOWING THE ROPE eras * F gersasoany three quarters of a mile of storm-tossed water, swept by strong tidal currents, between towers on Tatoosh Island and Cape Flattery, Wash., engineers recently strung an overhead telegraph wire from shore to shore, without permitting it to touch the bottom of the channel. Empty five-gallon oilcans turned the trick in the following manner: The span wire was wound on a reel on shore at the foot of the mainland tower. A brake on the reel prevented the wire from over-running, and an eye was spliced in the end of the wire. When everything was in readiness a power boat ran close to land and threw ATTACHING CAN FLOATS f ll Successive steps in stringing a span wire across three fourths of a mile of water from Tatoosh Island to Cape Flattery, Wash., without allowing a wire to touch bottom, are described in the picture above. placed at 400-foot intervals, served as floats ashore the end of a manila rope. After this was fastened into the eye of the span wire, the boat headed full speed for the op- posite shore, paying out the rope as it went, but keeping a fair strain upon it. On the shore the brake on the reel was set, and no wire allowed to run out. When the boat reached the island, the rope was run through a snatchblock at the top of a second tower, and passed to a gang of eight men, who hauled away. As the wire began to run out from the reel on the mainland, men in a small boat anchored 30 feet from shore fastened an empty five-gallon can to the eye-splice. Other cans were fastened to the wire at intervals of about 400 feet. CAN FLOATS — (400 FT. APART) / SNATCH BLOCK7*% SPLICING SHORE END OF ROPE ) Empty oil cans, Working rapidly, the linemen con- tinued this method until the eye splice passed through the snatchblock on the islandtower. The island end of the span was then spliced in place, and the span lifted with the usual lineman’s ‘“‘come- along,’”’ while the power boat cut the empty cans free from the wire as it slowly left the surface of the water. After it was strung, the wire success- fully withstood a 110-mile gale. Another wire slipped off one of the towers and tons of floating kelp caught in it while it was hanging in the water. When this kelp was cut off, it was found the wire had stretched nearly 17 feet. It is still in commission. Thin Ribbon of Steel, 300 Feet Long, Is Durable Belt Conveyor HE latest development in conveyors is a steel belt, .035 inches thick, which looks like a gigantic clockspring and is sometimes made in lengths of 300 feet. It is flexible enough to be installed in the usual manner, while its hard, smooth surface and tensile strength adapt it to difficult conveyor jobs. When installed as a conveyor with standard size pulleys the belt is subjected to a strain of 30,000 pounds to the ; 45 square inch when traveling over the pulleys. In service = it is flat and rigid. Ina short time its surface ac- quires such a polish that ! friction is said to be almost ye negligible. Steel belts used |, A "Y in the open air in the sugar, pulp and lumber industries of Sweden have not been damaged by rust, for while a thin rust film forms on the surface, it does not penetrate, but protects the steel from further injury. As compared with a flat rubber belt of the same width, the steel belt, it is claimed, possesses greater transverse rigidity and larger carrying capacity, since the edges, even with a one-sided load, will not sag downward. This allows a larger’area of the belt to be loaded. g RO ee CR oe os So on ordinary belts will not injure one of these ribbons of steel. Other advantages over apron conveyors and wire woven belts, it is claimed, are reduc- tion of power consump- tion and elimination of spilling materials through joints and in- terstices. The new belt is made of a flexible steel which is cold rolled, hardened, / ; a Only .035 inches thick and nearly this 500-pound steel belt will stand a strain of 30,000 pounds to the square inch when traveling over pulleys. sticky beet pulp is scraped clean from the belt conveyor is illus- trated at the left 300 feet long, Steel belts are said to have materially widened the field of the belt conveyor, since they are particularly adapted for hot, sticky, and abrasive materials. Material as sticky as hot sugar can be scraped off easily, it is claimed, while sharp cutting agents, like broken or powdered glass, can be conveyed without damaging the belt. Similarly, material too hot to be handled and tempered by a special process. It is designed in two ways— either with the convey- ing strand sliding on a wooden support like a trough and the return strand supported on - idlers, or with both strands carried on rollers in the usual fash- ion. The sliding type, with or without skirting boards, is used especially in saw- mills and wood-pulp mills, for carrying boards, logs, chips, sawdust, and charcoal. The resistance of the belt to rust and to chemical action has made it particularly useful in the fertilizer industry, .in‘which it has been adopted extensively abroad. How

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rill se es rs it ic- June, 1922 ©vu.&U Fishermen Catch Monster Why the octopus is dreaded by bathers in the tropics. A rare specimen, shown at the left, which recently fell. into the hands of New England fishermen. This monster devilfish has eight prehensile tentacles, each with double rows of suckers, and a large, horny beak like a parrot’s, with which it tears the prey held fast in the tentacles. A most unusual characteristic is a thin, umbrellalike membrane or web connecting the long, snakelike arms He’ll Ride on His Back Dragged by an auto flat on his back, from New York to Chicago, without stopping for the worst bumps or the roughest road, Hale Ruth of the former city expects to complete the 1000-mile journey uninjured. He will be pro- tected only by a football helmet and six thicknesses of leather. No skids will protect his body from the road. Tow ropes will be attached to a short crossbar under his heels Dutch Cheeses Roll Aboard Loading Dutch cheeses is like rolling balls in a bowling alley. Thanks to the fact that true Holland cheeses are as round, and nearly as hard, as cannon balls, they are loaded into barges by a simple gravity chute as shown below. This chute is the great-granddaddy of modern loading devices. Pivoting on a simple wooden horse, it bears an inter- esting resemblance to the great spout loaders seen on American waterfronts © Keystone Golf Has Its William Tell William Tell’s latest rival is Bob Morrison, of Los Angeles, champion “trick golfer” of California, who uses aman’s nose as a tee. Harry McNa- mara acts as the target © Ewing Galloway Egyptian Still Is Kickless The Egyptian still pictured at the left is used to purify waters of the Nile for drinking. To the water tank, car- ried by the vendor on the streets of Cairo, is attached a crude distilling apparatus Turn Off the Power First If a car catches fire, and there is a charged overhead wire, DON’T try to quench the blaze with water, as shown below, or you will invite disaster; for water is an excellent conductor of electricity

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TUNG by blinding spray and buffeted by heavy seas as they fight their way desperately to the aid of a wrecked vessel, lifesavers along our coasts will now have a powerful assistant in the form of the radio telephone. When the crew of a lifeboat, in the midst of a howling gale, are unable to see the wrecked ship toward which they are trying to steer, or to formulate a plan of rescue, observers on the shore or in the air can transmit information to them by wire- less. Radio telephones are soon to be installed on Uncle Sam’s new coast-guard cutters, it is said, as a result of practical tests recently conducted at Atlantic City, N. J., which demonstrated that a radio-telephone set can be carried in a 36-foot motor-driven self- bailing lifeboat and can send and receive within a radius of five miles. The action of the boat on the waves has no effect on the radio wave length nor on the audibility of the signals. While an ordinary aerial can be used at WITH ONE SIDE CONNECTED TO. METAL HULL in the teeth of a storm, a lifeboat crew, fighting its way to a sinking vessel, is guided from air and shore by radio telephone Radio Guides Lifesavers in Storm LOOP ANTENNA Y Popular Science Monthly Admiral Fiske Invents Pocket Bookcase OU can carry a 20-volume encyclopedia in your coat pocket if it is printed on the tabloid reading machine recently invented by Rear-Admiral Bradley M. Fiske, U. S. N., retired, and author of a recent book on inven- tion. Admiral Fiske, turning his genius to the field of printing, has produced a machine that he believes will reduce the cost of a book to about one sixtieth of its present value. Typesetting, bockbinding, and the rest of the customary processes are eliminated en- tirely. The typewritten pages of a book are reduced by photo-engraving to one hundredth their original size and printed on strips of paper two inches wide and five inches long. Printed on both sides, five such strips contain the reading matter of an entire novel. Ad- miral Fiske estimates that 10,000 copies of a 100,000-word book can be produced in this way for four cents a copy. The microscopic print is read by placing the. strips in a light aluminum frame, about six inches long and weighing less than five ounces, the shore station, the beat requires special equipment. Loose wires or antennae are impossible on a life- boat, since they would interfere with throwing lifelines and would prevent the boat from righting itself after an upset. Hence, coil loops, similar to’ those used by submarines for radio communica- tion, were adopted for sending and receiving. The metal keel of the lifeboat forms part of the radio-telephone loop. : The tests disclosed that the strength of the messages received on a lifeboat varied according to whether the boat was moving toward or away from the shore. Rear-Admiral Bradley M. Fiske, reading a minia- ture volume with the reading ma- chine (above) that he invented As is usual in loop sets, there were two “areas of extinction,” or places where no signals could be heard, when the boat turned in a circle. These areas, however, covered only about 10 degrees of are when the boat was far from land, and were not extensive enough to prohibit practical use. Five Pounds of Gold § &~ largest nugget ever found in the United States, containing five pounds of pure gold, was the bonanza discovered recently in Plumas County, Calif., by Joe Baccala and Billy Roedde, two elderly prospectors who have worked placer mines in the West for many years. The assay value of the gold is only $1648, but it is priced at more than five times that sum because of its record size. The story is that the finders wept for joy when they discovered it and refused to sell it until the streak of pay dirt in their claim pinched out and compelled them to do so. ' Larger nuggets have been found in the Ballarat Fields of Australia. The world’s record nugget weighed nearly 20 pounds. in California Nugget © Ewing Galioway Five pounds of pure gold are contained in this California nugget, the largest ever found in the United States to which a powerful reading-glass is at- tached. This glass is moved along the printed strips by the reader’s finger. The glass magnifies the characters until they become as large and easy to read as ordi- nary print. A roller on the frame brings the reading matter into focus. With this invention in general use, books and periodicals could be distributed broad- cast by airplane, and it would be possible for engineers and scientists to carry com- plete works of reference into the field. Enough reading matter might be sent in a letter, for two cents postage, to last a pros- pector for six months. A person who likes books, but who must move so often he can- not collect them, might carry a 50 or 100 volume library in a cigar box. Admiral Fiske, still full of enthusiasm for scientific discovery, is the inventor of the Fiske range-finder for use on big guns, which has been adopted by the navies of the world. His newest invention is the outgrowth of the admiral’s efforts to create an easy way of reading without too great a strain on the eyes. ee ee ae a el

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lia in 1 the d by 1ven- 0 the that »k to st of l en- < are edth s of long. itain Ad- of a this y the t six nces, — =~ tw I at- the The hey rdi- ings oks ade ible om- eld. na rOs- kes ‘an- 100 for the ins, the wth asy ‘ain ‘Tf the effect on our bodies

June, 1922 49 Are Little Hidden Glands Our Masters? Through Mysterious Chemical Laboratories in Human System Scientists May Find a Way to Remodel Our Personalities OW that the transmutation of ele- ments has been achieved, is the transmutation of human beings next on the program? Is sci- ence on the point of dis- covering a way to make over your entire person- lity at will? The latest scientific fad —one that is already suc- ceeding the vogue of vita- mines and psychoanalysis in universal .interest — would seem to answer “yes” to these questions. IN BUSINESS and souls of certain mys- terious little glands tucked away in various corners of the human system is as sweeping aS some scien- tists now assert, it would seem that some day we may be able to go to a “soul chemist,’’ learned in the delicate secrets of ADRENAL TYPE WOMAN VIRILE AND SUCCESSFUL

By John Walker Hazrington

ADRENAL TYPE MAN DARK SKIN, THICK COARSE HAIR, BROAD FACE Wy SHELLEY TYPE 1S HYPERTHYROID \ SWEETNESS OF CHILDHOOD MAINTAINED BY THYMUS

BIG-BONED GIANTS PRODUCED BY OVERACTION OF PITUITARY ee NAPOLEON GOVERNED BY PITUITARY GLAND a A PITUITARY TYPE ybESN\

HIGHGROW CHILDAS PINEAG TYPE, a b)

gland secretions, to obtain, (iwrerstiiat| [ADRENALS] [Pancreas | [ THYMuUs | [ THvROID | [piTurTaRY| | PINEAL |

according to our own specifications, an extra inch or two in height, more hair, brighter eyes, mag- particular variety of person or personality we want to become. For, in fact, it is person- ality itself—the complex, mysterious quality that makes us different from each other, and by which alone we succeed or fail in life—that some scientists believe to be explained, at last, by the new knowl- edge of the ‘‘ductless glands” that regulate our systems. The claims: of biologists who espouse the new gland theory in its most far-reaching aspects are indeed so amazing that they may turn topsy-turvy most of the stand- ards by which we judge or doctor our fellow beings. . Those who follow the path of the gland enthusiasts must do so over the shattered ramparts of much of our eyelashes to the innermost quirks of mind or soul, we are, according to this theory, creatures of our own ductless glands. Whether or not the majority of us are ready to acknowledge the sovereignty of these busy, automatic manufacturing chem- ists over our entire lives—whether or not we are ready to cede to them the mastery of our souls—we are bound to be fascinated by the new scientific discoveries that show us to be certainly, in some degree, under their invisible rule. Phantoms of People Your Glands Might Have Made You . HE ghost of every one of .the personalities netic charm, or whatever T pictured above, not to mention hundreds of others, lurks hidden in your body from birth, ready to seize upon you and make you over into a genius or a giant, or a dwarf in body or a child in mind—in fact, to change your whole life. This is one meaning of the new theory of glan- dular influence on our bodies and souls. If the theory is correct, then the character which you actually resemble among the ghostly group of persons-you-might-have-been depends on the mere chance of the glandular balance of your system, and the particular group of chemical secretions that finally get control of you Stationed at various parts of the body— in the neck, at the top of the kidneys, in the skull—these small groups of cells are con- stantly manufacturing certain chemical solutions and sending them through the blood stream to the parts of the body that need them. Some of the glands have their own pipe lines, or ducts, that dispatch their products; others cause their output to seep through the walls of the structure in which they are made. The latter are known as ductless, or internal secretion glands. The ductless glands for cen-

accepted psychology, medi- cine, philosophy, and ethics. The fuse that has set off the latest explosion of pop- ular interest in this biological subject, with its vocabulary of “hormones,” “endocrine S secretions,” ‘“‘pituitocentric personality,” etc., is a book, “The Glands Regulating Per- sonality” (Macmillan), by Dr. Louis Berman, physician and biological chemist at Colum- bia University. Many read- ers finish Doctor Berman’s book quite convinced that certain tiny chemical labora- tories in their bodies, such as the thyroid gland in the throat, are between them a sort of soviet dictatorship of the human system, making us what we are down to the last bit of nerve. and muscle. From the length and curve ” Has Fate Been Tracked to Its Lair in Your Own Body? CIENCE and history contain more real romance to the chapter than a whole year’s output of popular fiction. And one reason that history, frequently retold, yet remains fresh and fascinating, is that science continually comes to bat with new discoveries that necessitate the retelling of the history of achievements in completely revised terms. For instance, we may soon see history interpreted for us all over again in terms of ductless glands and internal secretions. Any arch villain, from the Roman emperor Nero to the ex-Kaiser of Germany, may be explained not as a consciously responsible criminal, but as the victim of tiny, chemical-producing cell groups in his own system which determine his temperament and acts. The whole history of a nation may be traced to the blindly officious activity of hidden centers of chemical production in the bodies not only of its leaders but of its citizens. Without being swept off their feet by the new theory of glan- dular control of personality, outlined on these pages, many readers race. Those who hold to the may feel, at least, that it has taken them another step or two ahead on the road to understanding of the great mysteries of life that and fate that we are forever seeking to solve.—The Editor. human turies have baffled physicians, but we now know that the fluids they produce tend to speed up our various bodily functions. Their active prin- ciples have therefore been named hormones, from the Greek words meaning some- thing that sets other things in motion. The arch conspirator of the gland system is the thyroid, which is just over the wind- pipe and quite near the larynx. It is really two or- row strip of tissue. The thy- roid is supposed to be a relic of the earliest stages in the development of the human Darwinian theory declare life originated from chemical action, probably in the sea, and that out of jelly-

gans, connected with a nar--

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Popular Science Monthly , OW those mysterious chemicals known as hormones, secreted by our ductless glands, rule the entire human system has recently had a remark- able public demonstration in New York. When the national commotion aroused by the arrival in America of Dr. Adolph Lorenz, world-famous bloodless surgeon of Vienna, had subsided, his host of patients were utterly astounded at the way this 68-year-old Samaritan worked like a dynamo, night and day, treating hundreds of crippled children with powerful mus- cular skill, and literally exhausting his younger associates by the pace he set for them. Calling a Halt on Old Age ‘How can a man of his age do it?” peo- ple asked. Then the secret came out. Lorenz, before sailing for this country, had undergone the now famous Steinach operation, by which the inroads of old age are said to be checked. This glowing, tireless, white haired miracle worker among crippled children, with his youthful, resil- ient physique, is apparently a notable living example of the in- fluence of hormones in making over a man’s body and spirit. When the gland theory was still in its infancy, Dr. A. A. Berthold, of the University of Gottingen, in Germany, found that certain glands of roosters, when removed and transplanted under the skin, still gave out a secretion of such potency that the vigor of the fowls was not affected in any way. Hence the great principle was established, as far back as 1849, that these glands had two secre- Doctor like masses finally came a fishlike Famous Surgeon Tells How Glands Renewed His Youth tions, one of which was a hormone derived from the interstitial glands. This discovery is used by Dr. Eugen Steinach, of Vienna, in the operation which, so far, is said to have helped many authors, actors, musicians, journalists, and financiers to regain their grip on life. The promise is held out that in advancing age laborers, me- chanics, clerks, farmers —everybody, in fact — may find in hospital or clinic the chance to recover the strength of earlier years for the tasks of life. Dr. Adolph Lorenz, as the most famous monument to the value of this opera- tion, consented recently to waive medical formalism and grant Popular Science Monthly an interview concerning it. “There is no mystery about it at all,” declared the Austrian surgeon. ‘Three weeks after I had submitted to the Stein- ach operation, in April of 1921, I felt the years dropping from me and the strength of my younger days returning. being, which escaped from the salt water, went through various changes, and became the ancestor of the human race. In the thyroid gland there is still manufactured a great deal of iodine, which is con- sidered to be a substitute for all the iodine that the sea creature had to have when he made his home in the waves. To this day, it is possible to change some varieties of water lizards, or newts, into land lizards, or salamanders, by feeding them a little thyroid extract. Often human beings who live on the shores of fresh water lakes are deficient in the iodine, and develop that swelling about the thyroid gland known as goiter. Thyroid Secretions Give You “Pep” The lack of thyroid secretions megns a dearth of “‘pep.”’” The thyroid gland is where the punch comes from. When it is working full time, we are self confident, on our toes with vibrant energy, and are ready to do our utmost. The thyroid would help us summon our powers until the whole wide universe is ours. ‘‘Without the thyroid,” writes Doctor Berman, ‘‘there can be no complexity of thought, no learning, no edu- cation.” It is the energizer of the system, and yet at times it may speed things up too much and rack the human machinery to pieces, if it gets beyond control. Another important factor in keeping up the tone of the body is the pituitary gland, which is in a bony cradle in the base of the brain known as the “Turkish saddle.” This - operations. “The operation itself is a very simple one. It consists in cutting a small white cord, or vessel, known as the vas deferens This is done by binding it at two points a short distance apart, and cutting the sec- tion thus separated. The effect is to stop the flow of a fluid containing both the cells that reproduce life and those mysterious bodies known as hormones. As their out- let no longer exists, the tissues secreting the life cells disappear, but the production of the hormones is greatly augmented. The hormones are then sent out into the blood stream like the hormones from other ductless glands, and they begin at once to invigorate the whole system. Steinach Operation Limited “Often as a result of this general toning up of the system, deafness due to old age is removed, the sight may be strengthened, and, in fact, the whole body may undergo regeneration. Of course. successful results cannot be ob- tained in every case, but as the operation is very simple, and can be performed with safety by any good surgeon observing all. the antiseptic precautions of modern science, the risk is really nothing. “Complete rejuvenation,” Dr. Lorenz added, “‘is not the portion of those who are Steinach patients. For the medical profession to hold out hope of Ponce de Leon’s search for eternal youth would be sheer folly, There is a certain restitu- tion of the powers of youth, but we do not get back anywhere near our'teens. There have not been enough cases yet for us to even predict the effect of the operation upon longevity. But it will un- doubtedly enable us to live more usefully up to the very end.”’ Operating six hours a day, Dr. Adolph Lorenz, in three months, treated 2203 patients at the N York City Free Clinic and performed more than 100 Each day he worked three hours at a stretch without rest, examining a new patient every 10 minutes; yet at the end of .the day he was still fresh, while his younger assistants were exhausted. The power of Dr. Lorenz’ hands, which have made him world famous as a bloodless surgeon, may be observed above gland has a little coffer or skull of its own, which so protects it that it is one of the most difficult organs of the body for the surgeon to reach. It looks like a grayish yellow pea, and, in fact, is not much to look at, at all. Among its duties is the regula- tion of the amount of salt in the blood. Here we hark back again to the ocean origin of man, for the blood is much like sea water, and, indeed, a salt solution is often used to take the place of heavy losses of this vital fluid. This gland regulates our growth and height, its activity or failure being held largely responsible for the giants and dwarfs of circus side shows, and for variations in size between more normal persons. When the pituitary gland is cut out, the action of the body slows down and we become cold- blooded and listless. Both the thyroid and the pituitary gland control growth, but the first affects the tissues, the second the bones. You know certain men who are always ready to fling themselves into a slugging match, even before the chip is knocked off their shoulders. We have had a Roosevelt whose hat was always in the ring. The quality that makes some men always ready ew for a fight or a frolic is due to the “glands of combat,’ the adrenals, which are so called because they are perched on top of the renal organs, or kidneys. Once thought to be merely little lumps of fat, they were later found to take a very important part in the play of life forces. The active principle, or hormone, of this gland, is adrenalin. It is thrown into your blood in a steady stream, when the sensation of fear comes. Nature thus makes an effort to flood your body with the chemical basis of courage. The coward, then, may be merely a person deficient in a reserve stock of this valuable substance of which valor is made. Why Some Women Are Mannish When the adrenals fail to function, we have the nervous breakdowns, the prostra- tions, those attacks of polite neurasthenia that require ocean trips,and Atlantic City in the summer, and Palm Beach when chill winds blow in the north. Women who have too much of the adrenal secretion become masculine and self-assertive, take to wear- ing mannish clothes and monocles, and be- come captains of industry. The adrenals, then, are very marked examples of how the mysteriously working glands are supposed to determine for you blindly, regardless of your wishes, just what sort of person you will be. One of the least understood of the glands is the thymus, which is in the chest, over the windpipe and not far from the region of the heart. It looks not unlike a reddis) - Popular Science Monthly» Jw bro’ are wit! wit! of t the mai suc me los

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ple ‘ite ns sa ec- op lls US ut- ng on ad. he ler to ng ge id, ay se. b- he an ay he rm ig. yr. on ts. Id ch er u- ut ar en en on. re o the nals, y are gans, (0 be were rtant The f this rown when thus h the vard, tina ce of ish , we stra- enia City chill have -ome vear- 1 be- nals, y the osed ss of you ands over on of dis) - June, 1922 prown sponge, when cut. The indications are that the thymus has something to do with the development of the muscles, and with the maintenance of the general tone of the body. In infancy, it serves to keep the intellect from budding too rapidly, and maintains the charming traits of childhood. An infant prodigy, in whom parents take such pride, is, according to this view, merely a young person whose thymus has lost its brake. “Ghost of the Third Eye” Abnormally brainy youngsters may trace their powers to the activity of another gland also—the pineal. Prehistoric fore- runners of the human race are supposed by science to have had an eye in the back of the head. This little lens to leeward has be- come, now, the pineal gland, situated in a bony socket under the pituitary gland. It . contains pigment similar to that which colors our eyes to-day. Once the pineal gland was hailed as the very seat of the soul, but the theory that gave it that designation has long since been thrown into the discard. This “ghost of the third eye,’ as Doctor Berman calls it, is one of the regulators of growth. When it is diseased, in children, the unfortunate sufferers are likely to loom up abnormally, as was the case with a cer- tain German boy of five years of age who in a few weeks could hold his own among boys of 14 or 15, and showed strange signs of precocity. The parathyroids are four tiny glands, no bigger than mustard seeds, which are really thrust into the substance of the thyroid itself. They serve as dampers to keep the nerves from becoming overstrung, and they also regulate the amount of lime assimilated by the system. Just as these small organs are responsible for keeping the lime from getting out of the storehouse of the system before it can go into bone making, so another important gland, the pancreas or sweetbread, attends to retaining the sugar supply. The sugar is drawn from the liver into the blood, the adrenals acting as pacemakers, while the Modern “Efficiency” In- vades Field of Palmistry MAES plaster casts of the palms of those who wish to learn what the future has in store for them is the modern method adopted by Madame de Sais, a seeress and fortune teller of Belgium. All applicants place their palms on a plaster mold, and from this imprint the seeress forecasts their character and future. The reading is dictated to a stenographer, tyved, and mailed to the person interested. pancreas does the handicapping. A com- mon disease due to troubles of the pancreas is diabetes, the result of the release of too much sugar into the system. To sum up, in the Council of the Glands there sit eight important members—the thyroid, the pituitary, the adrenals, the pineal, the interstitial, or sex glands, the thymus, the parathyroids, and the pan- creas, all of which normally act in friendly competition to maintain the delicate balance of our physical and spiritual being. They proceed very much like a meeting of a board of directors, some making motions which, even when seconded, may finally be voted down by the chemical ballots of the majority. When no one gland exercises too much influence, we grow up as normal human beings, but to complex variations in their workings Doctor Berman traces many of the most striking differences between us. If all the glands of the system stood the attacks of age equally well, there might be little trouble in enabling us mortals to repel the assaults of the years much better than we do. Here and there, however, owing to local causes, the glands often get into a wrangle, and the disposition of their human 51° host begins to suffer. He finds himself tak- ing on odd characteristics due to the weak- ness or the strength of the quarreling directorate. This often blind, but sometimes seem- ingly purposeful struggle of the glands may create geniuses, or it may create idiots. Four of the former—Napoleon, Caesar, Nietzsche, and Darwin—Doctor Berman explains in terms of their glands, mention- ing chiefly thyroid, pituitary, and adrenals as the source of their powers and failings. Glandular Influence Is Very Strong Cautious critics declare that many specialists will be skeptical of the more sweeping claims in this new theory that finds in the glands the wellsprings of our whole personality. But its exponents con- vince us, at least, that the glands all have remarkable effects at various stages of the careers of human beings; that these hidden organs certainly are kept under constant stress and strain in the lives of men and women who think, plan, and achieve in this world; and that old age results, in its final analysis, from a sort of general strike in this strange chain of little chemical factories. Airplane Tows Wing in Novel Test \ x \EK INCLINOMETER = Lays N interesting method of testing aero- foils, or airplane wings, in actual flight, devised by the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, is described by the committee as follows: “The method consists of lowering a large inverted aerofoil from an airplane in flight. Since the aerofoil is inverted, its “lift”? makes it tend to dive down, away from the flying plane, and the amount and direction of this force can be measured by the tension put upon the three steel wires from which the aerofoil is suspended and the angle at which they trail from the plane to the model.” It is expected that wings spreading 30 feet can soon be tested as quickly at a speed of 100 miles an hour as small scale models have been tested in a wind tunnel. The apparatus used for measuring the tension in the supporting wires consists of a steel tube connected by a pair of levers to Tension on three steel wires that suspend the inverted aerofoil from an airplane in flight, as shown above, is measured by the spring scale apparatus at the left a spring scale on the instrument board. In the center of the tube a windlass is attached for reeling up the wires. Two of these wires are fixed to the forward wing edge of the model, while the third leads to the rear of a wooden boom extending behind the aero- foil. The angle of attack at which the aerofoil cuts the air, is varied by reeling in the rear wire. The angle at which the model trails, is read by a telescope with a graduated circle attached to the fuselage of the upper plane. Improvements in airplane design have been dependent upon facts discovered by testing small models in wind tunnels. Until the present time airplane engineers have been hampered because their calcula- tions have been based on behavior of models only a twentieth, or at most a tenth, the size of the actual machine. Such calcula- tions have sometimes resulted disastrously. (PO init pene

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3: ew Tools Take — first spring burst of enthusiasm that carries thousands of American backyard gardeners over the planting sea- son often wanes into indifference because of the everlasting hoeing and weeding that turn the otherwise pleasant task into drudgery. But now modern scientific garden tools —newly designed wheel implements with effective attachments for speedy plowing, planting, and cultivating—are putting all- season fun into home gardening. Fifteen minutes a day with the new hand cultivator will keep the average “backyard farm” in first class condition. Scientific designing, especially in the past year, has given the home gardener not merely a hand power adaptation of the large horse-drawn and power implements of the farmer, but Popular Science Monthly Woe Out of Backyard Gardening also tools designed for his especial use. The first wheel hoes had a tendency to throw dirt over young plants and bury them. Slight but important changes in hoe blades, which are shaped not at all like an_ ordinary hand hoe, but more like an Australian tation of the farm- connie wie angs, these hoe attach- er’s modern power For deep cultiva- protect the young- ments cut off weeds at implements. It tion the above est plants. their roots and pulver- saves hours of teeth attachments This hoe is the most useful of all the tecting the plants Shaped like boomer- ize the soil while pro- Scientifically de- signed, the wheel hoe, with its at- tachments shown on this page, is a. hand power adap- wearisome drudg- ery in the garden are used. At the right is the planter attachments. It runs a thin sharp blade between rows one half or three quarters of an inch beneath the surface, cutting off weeds at their roots and at the same time pulverizing the surface of the soil. For deeper cultivation cultivator teeth are substituted. Modern design makes the teeth next to the row shorter and narrower than the outside teeth to prevent disturb- ing the plants, while a staggered arrange- ment prevents the teeth clogging with dead weeds and rubbish. Two strangely shaped plows are provided, which when placed with their points to- gether open a furrow with surprisingly little effort, and with positions reversed, cover up the same furrow again. A rake attachment is a back-saver of high order.° The teeth of the rake also are staggered.. A hand wheel pulverizer will save an enor- mous amount of labor in preparing the plowed scil for seeding. The planting attachment, which works like a large commercial planter, sows in straight narrow rows. Fur- thermore, the seeds. are deposited in the right number and at the right depth. Deep Snowdrifts Sawed from Highway SING crosscut saws for snow shovels, a small army of workmen this spring completed the removal of 40-foot snow- drifts that had blocked the Columbia River Highway, Oregon, since last November, and had threatened to close the road to tourist traffic until August or September. The snow had settled into a mass so com- pact that its removal appeared to be an almost hopeless task until some one sug- gested attacking it with a lumber saw, cutting the solid snow from the drifts. The snow was sawed into blocks about three feet square, which were hauled away by a team of mules. The compactness of the snow is indicated by the fact that it was dragged for a long distance without break- | ing to pieces. During the clearing of the highway, dozens of automobiles, abandoned by their owners last fall when the drifts became too deep for travel, were 3 uncovered. The ex- pense of making an open cut through this snow 40 feet deep amounted to _ several thousand dollars a mile, though the road was made only 10 feet wide, with occasional open spaces for turnouts. he oe ‘| ceeded in opening the The highway is a paved ne gh Sawing through solid banks of snow from 30 to 40 feet deep, cutting drifts into huge blocks, crews of workmen finally suc- Columbia River Highway boulevard, running along the Columbia River for 175 miles. Great blocks of snow sawed from drifts were hauled away by mules in Oregon in time for spring tourist travel. The highway had been blocked since last November, Midget Size Blowtorch Is Self Generating “ghee aniahanin without the pumps and valves that account for the bulk of the ordinary blowtorch, a newly perfected automatic torch seems toy size. The in- ventor claims that within a minute after it has been lighted with a match, it will operate without further attention from the user. The tiny torch is self generating. When the burner coil on the top of the torch is lighted, about a minute is required to burn out the gasoline that has been absorbed by an asbestos wick. Before the wick goes out, the torch burner is heated enough to generate its own gas, a small portion of which is forced out through a small aper- ture in the upright portion of the coil. The balance of the gas is forced downward into the torch body, maintaining constant pres- sure that forces the gasoline or alechol into the burner coil. Within a minute after it has been lighted, this tiny blowtorch operates - Re ee Bi J

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1g lade rs of z off time eeth 3 the ower ‘urb- nge- dead ded, ; to- ngly ‘sed, rake ‘der.* red. nor- the lent, arge s in Fur- are nber j

and the cted in- fter will the hen h is urn | by ;0es 1 to . of er- The nto res< nto

June,, 1922 How Gong and 250 Jacks Lowered Huge Iron ANG! A husky workman armed with an iron drumstick whacks a huge gong. At the signal, each of 250 men, stationed at hand jacks at equidistant intervals over a vast circular platter of sheet iron, turns the handle of his jack half a revolu- tion—and the great, thin platter settles a fraction of an inch, without bending or buckling. Such was the novel miethod re- cently used successfully by builders of a gas storage tank in Los Angeles, Calif., for slowly lowering a sheet of iron 273 feet in diameter a distance of three feet. This thin circle, form- ing the lining for the base of the tank, was built three feet above its concrete emplacement so that rivet- ers might work on both sides in assembling the plates. How the completed disk was lowered is described by the accom- panying photographs.

In the center of the iron disk was hung the huge gong shown above. When the gong sounded, 250 jacks were turned simultaneously

Turning his jack screw with a long handspike, each man walked in a half circle whenever the gong sounded

How the 250 jack screws were spaced at equidistant intervals over the circular iron sheet. Each black spot is a man at a jack. The men were always in line; thus if any man turned too much or too little, the error could be quickly corrected. At the left: is shown one of the jacks placed about the rim. Within the circle the jacks were passed in an inverted position through holes bored in the sheet metal —that is, the “‘top’”’ end of each jack rested on the con- crete emplacement; its base was bolted to the iron

Padded Detectives Teach Palize Dogs to Seize Fugitives’ Wrists

The trairer wears two thick pads, one extending from elbow to wrist, the other covering the hand

hold only at the wrist. AS a measure of self protection from stabbing 4 or clubbing, police dogs are now being trained to seize fleeing criminals by the wrists, and as the result of skilful training, are developing amazing cleverness in thug catching. A detective, wearing a padded suit, acts as the fugitive robber. The suit is shaped to teach the wrist hold. On each sleeve are two thick pads, one reaching from the elbow to the wrist, the other covering the hand. Thus the dog can catch

OMING—the day when you can run your car with any kind of oil for fuel—from castor to kerosene. Read about the new two-cycle, direct injection auto- mobile engine, in this issue.

ts : 52 ft ean 3 i tee

Because of the heavy padding, the dog attacking his trainer-fugitive can catch hold only at the wrist

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Popular Science Monthly | Electric Waves, Like Sun, Make Your Garden Grow LECTRICITY, if properly applied, will act as a partial substitute (for sun- light in raising crops. With the improved methods of applica- tion and _ control achieved by Robert S. MecCreery, the costs are said to have been reduced to a point that will make electrical farming practical, even in growing bulky crops such as corn and wheat. Sunlight is, of course, essential to plant growth, for it plays a necessary part in carbon assimila- tion, the process by which the plant builds up carbohydrates aie 5 as ee from carbon dioxide ke $ aR Se Sates oct ELECTRODES - TRANS “aie ; fied. some of the electrica} charges with a result- ing increase in growth. The usual method of installation is to place the transformer in a small portable weatherproof house, likeatelephone booth from which tempo- rary wires are run to the area to be electri- aie The current is used in each field about four hours each day, and a time clock on the transformer auto- matically throws the switches that change the current supply from one area to an- other. Under this system, the average cost of operations an acre, using the cur- J rent four hours a day in the atmosphere. But modern research shows that charges of electricity sent through the soil will stimu- late the plant so that it will grow larger, more quickly, and possess increased food value and sugar content. The value of electrical farming seems to lie in the fact that the earth currents ‘‘fix”’ atmospheric nitrogen directly around the plant roots. This provides fertilizer at the points where it is most needed. In its latest form, the electrification ap- paratus utilizes static electricity in the form of high frequency impulses like radio waves, which are collected at the plant roots by a metallic coating applied to the seeds before they are planted. The metallic element also collects stray earth currents emanating from the ‘‘grounds’’ of electric Current passes in waves through the ground between rows of metallic plates for on two sides of the planted field and is collected at the plant roots apparatus in the neighborhood. Enough seed for 20 acres can be coated in 10 min- utes, it is claimed. The electrical apparatus consists of an oscillation transformer with a rotary spark gap that converts an ordinary lighting voltage of from 110 to 220 volts into a high frequency high voltage current. The cur- rent is led over wires to rows of metal plates about three feet apart and nine inches deep at two sides of the field to be electrified. The current collecting on the metal plates produces an electrostatic region in the soil between the plates, thus distributing the charge uniformly throughout the field. The seeds, which have previously been coated with a metallic substance, absorb 100 days, and figuring the cost of power at eight centsa kilowatt hour, is reported to vary between 45 cents for rye and barley to 65 cents for cotton and corn, including the cost of coat- ing the seeds. The result is a marked increase in productivity. In a comparative test made on two adjoining fields of corn, the field treated with electricity sprouted four days: sooner, grew between 30 and 40 per cent more rapidly, and increased the germina- tion from 31 to 39 per cent. The increased grain production was estimated to be no less than 30 nor more than 40 per cent, so that the increased money value of the crop was between $25 and $35 an acre. The aver- age height of the electrified corn was over 10 feet, and the yield was 60 bushels to the acre. Gage Measures Cylindrical Work to a Split Hair greets cylindrical work to the thou- sandth of an inch while it is in motion in the lathe is something few mdchinists consider possible; yet such precision in measurement is claimed for a newly invented gage, even while the grinding- wheel is at work on the other side of the stock. The instrument is clamped to the bed of the lathe. A clamping and slotted adjust- ment arm in the frame allows it to touch the work at any desired angle. The measuring bar proper ends in a rotating steel cylinder that presses against the work, and the movements of the bar are registered automatically on the dial in thousandths of an inch. Automatic Machine Pastes Labels on Bottles glider of all sizes are automatically supplied with labels by means of a new machine that pastes the label on every bottle in exactly the same position—an im- portant feature if goods are to be displayed. The labels, carried in a box near the top of the machine, are removed one by one by “‘pickers’’-—gummed and automatically ap- plied to the bottles as fast as they can be fed to the machine. The label holder accommodates a thou- sand labels. Liquid paste is poured into the reservoir, in which a brass roll revolves to keep the gum at a flowing consistency. As the machine starts, a soft rubber roll connects with the brass gum roll and then swings forward to the label pickers, spread- ing a film of gum over their surface. Labels Pressed on Bottles The “pickers” take the labels out of the holder, the gum adhering to and pulling only the bottom label from the pack. While the pickers are at their highest point, the operator places an unlabeled bottle in the bottle rest underneath. Then, as the pickers start downward, a soft rubber cushioned grip finger swings down between the pickers and above the label, and this presses the center of the label firmly to the bottle. A pair of wipers then come in from On each revolution of the drive pul- ley this machine labels a bottle opposite sides and wipe the jabel. The operator removes the bottle from the. ma- chine and puts another in its place. The machine has a capacity of fiom 20 to 45 bottles a minute. D . mealan Gar:enae Bf... at

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Monthly F [OW slectricap a result- | growth, method nm is to nsformer portable house, 1e booth tempo- e run to » electri- t is used | about ch day, lock on er auto- ows the change supply 1 to an- Pr this average ions an he cur- ‘Ss a day Ss, and cost of -cents a et ween ents for of coat- ease in t made he field ur days. er cent srmina- creased be no ‘ent, so 1e crop 1e aver- over 10 he acre, tles The > ma- The to 45 June, 1922 Tips to Young Inventors from One Who Knows “The Little Improvements that the World Needs Are the Ones that Pay,” Advises Rudolph M. Hunter, America’s Third Inventor OT many years ago a__ bright- eyed man with a vivid imagina- tion stood on a street corner and watched a horsecar lumbering by. A little while later, cn another street, he observed a slowly moving cable car. Then he went home, shut himself in a work- room, sat up with sheets of figures and drawings far into the night seven days aweek and finally went to the heads of a street-car company, operating in Chicago. R. M. Hunter enough attention to the demands of the market. Most of them think too much of startling the world with something radical. “The young inventor should spend more time looking about him to see what is needed. The inventing can be done after the need is discovered. Then the market is ready to absorb the invention; and the in- ventor receives his financial reward at once. “All young men will say to themselves: ‘Well, how do I know what manufacturers want?’ First, I would advise the young man to select a business or an industry in which he can become interested. He should begin by learning everything about this industry. Let us assume the young man of whom we speak has selected con- crete construction work as his business. He gives it his undivided attention until he knows all its ramifications. Then he ap- plies to the United States Patent Office for copies of all the patents granted in con- crete work—from molds to mixtures. This information, coupled with what he has learned from observation, work, and books, gives him the foundation from which he may develop his own ideas. He knows what has been done in the line of improvement, and it will not be long before he will see where other improvements can be made in the development of machines and mixtures. The manufacturer is watching for young men who have suggestions for improve- ments and his ideas in patented form will be snapped up quickly.” Mr. Hunter called attention to the for- tune made by the inventor who thought out the idea of punching a hole in the head of the needle, and to the quarter of a million dollars that fell to another inventor who first amused his children with the “return ball’’—the little rubber ball on the “Why,” asked the man with the imagination, after he had introduced himself as R. M. Hunter, of Phila- delphia, “Why not propel your cars with electric motors? I have the plans here—” Apparently he was ahead ot the times and the men he was talking to weren’t ready to listen. But to-day the visionary Rudolph Melville Hunter is one of America’s leading’ inventors, and he is 100 per cent thorough bus- iness man and 100 per cent interested in practical mat- ters. His inven- tions run from dis- tillery plants to blast furnaces and gas-manufacturing processes. He is known as the third most prolific in- ventor in America, and is credited with having de- signed the first motion-picture projector, the first slot machine, nu- merous submarine devices, and an al- ternating trans- forming system .of electrical trans- mission. “Most young men,” he ex- plained, in a recent interview for Pop- ULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, “look to the impractical. They don’t give ©u.&U 90,000 80, 000 ee — 50,000 40,000 fet-=- : a +a. 30,000 ao = = 5 = 20,000 : 10,000 0 1860 1865 1870 1875, 1880 (885 VENTORS, young and old, whose efforts have been all but stifled during recent months by the inefficiency of the government Patent Office, will find promise of relief in the above chart, which gives assurance, more clearly than words, that the clogged machinery for granting patents is at last beginning to turn more rapidly. Beginning with 1920, the sharp and steady upward climb in the line denoting the number of patents granted, in relation to the increase in applications for patents, indicates not only a reduction in the heart- breaking delays that have spelled hard- ship and disappointment for hundreds of struggling inventors, but also a_ striking spurt in inventive energy since the World War. Incidentally, it may be noted from the chart that similar increases in in- ventive activity followed soon after the close of the Civil War and the Spanish- American War. But that there is still urgent need for drastic speeding up of the Patent Office machinery in making the best ideas of our inventors available is shown by the fact that at present there are 64,201 applications for mechanical patents awaiting action. The relief granted the Patent Office by Congress in the way of an increased appropriation will not expedite the handling of patents radically for one or two years, as it will take 70, 000 >on, cane San atin ~ 1890 §=—. 1895 / | pee) : wee we eo 1900 1905 5910 1915. 1920 Patent Office Speeds Its Clogged Wheels at least that long for government experts to clear their desks of the accumulations of the past 18 months, in addition to caring for new applications. Every year recently the Patent Office has been falling behind in disposing of ap- plications, until today it is swamped. The reason for this may be seen in the fact that the increase in applications for patents in 1921 over 1918 was 53 per cent—the equiv- alent of more than 30,000 additional appli- cations—while the increase in employees in the Patent Office from 1918 to 1921 was only 4.5 per cent, a reenforcement of expert workers that was entirely inadequate, and relief is only just in sight. Yet from under the ever accumulating mass of applications, the Patent Office, as the chart reveals, is striving desperately to extricate itself. The task has become in- creasingly difficult because of the rapid rise in popularity of the radio telephone, which has been reflected in hundreds of new appli- cations for radio patents in the past six months. During the past year an average of 100 applications a month in this line alone have been received. In this situation the encouraging feature right now for inventors is the fact that the number of patents granted, in proportion to the number of applications received, is actually increasing. long rubber thread. “Every young man in the world is a potential in- ventor,” he said. “Many inventions come spontane- ously, while others require many hours of work and considerable ex- periment. “The attention of every inventor in the world will turn to the devel- opment of means to insure greater production with less labor,’? Mr. Hunter predicted. “T expect to see such things as con- centrated foods do away with a kitch- en in the mod- ern home as the result of new chemical processes and new machin- ery. The work of the inventor will reach to new levels such as transmu- tation of elements. The day will come when a shovelful of coal will be made to surrender as much energy as we now receive from 1000 tons. “But the young inventor mustn’t bother with such big things,’’ he warned. “The little things are the ones that pay—the slight improve- ments on existing machines, the ‘specialties’ that sell readily. And above all, he must have patience.”

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\\\ \\\ \\ \ Beach \iys AVAMI Where to Go and How to Get There This Map of Our Highways Tells You Wirt you be one of the 10,000,000 tourists who will spend this summer’s holidays in the wood- lands of Uncle Sam’s great national parks? If so, you will want to know just how to get there— the most direct highways to follow and the camping places available along the route. The map above, prepared by the American Auto- mobile Association, will give you this information, picturing as it does the network of roads linking Ameri- ca’s playgrounds, as well as the convenient stops. Four million tourists, statistics show, spent 10,000,000 vacation days in our national forests last year. The opening of new national pleasure grounds, and availa- bility of ideal camping sites such as that shown at the left, will attract tourists in record numbers. Our New National Parks Beckon Auto Campers Uncle Sam Opens Magnificent Playgrounds to Motor Vacationists EEPING pace with the amazing in- crease in popularity of our national parks as summer play spots, Uncle Sam recently has opened remarkable new forest playgrounds for the pleasure of auto- mobile vacationists and campers who will this summer ramble over the highways of the United States in unprecedented thou- sands. No country in the world can boast such a variety cf national parks with such varied scenery as the United States. Our latest acquisitions include our only na- tional park in the East, embracing the only group of granite mountains on the Atlantic coast; the highest mountain in North America; the only active volcano in the United States proper; three volcanoes of world fame; a great and fascinating area in the Southwest, including the magnificent Zion National Park, still almost unknown territory to travelers; and finally the Grand Canyon National Park, popular for years, but only recently made a national park. Two of these parks lie outside the United States proper—the Mount McKin- ley National Park in Alaska and the Hawaii National Park with three world- famous volcanoes. Many of them, how- ever, are easily accessible to any family with an auto camping outfit, and can be visited the year round. The East's New Playground Of immediate interest to the greatest number cf people is the new Lafayette National Park in Maine, the only national park in the eastern half of the United States. Located on Mount Desert Island, near Bar Harbor, this forest playground is in the very heart of the summer resort section of seacoast America. The park itself em- braces about 10,000 acres, half of this having been donated recently by private in- dividuals. There are rugged granite moun- tains, deep gorges, open meadows, seacoast and woodland—in fact, few places in Amer- ica contain such a variety of scenery. There are 100 miles of trails through the park and a fine automobile road has been constructed around the island. The present plan is to make the feature of this park the encouragement of water sports. Within a few years it is expected hundreds of vacationists will come here and live in houseboats for the summer, just as in other national parks they travel and camp by automobile. Since the waters surrounding the island are government waters, the problem is greatly simplified. Many attractive islands and inlets sur- rounding the park may gradually be added to its domain. In the Southwest, land of the painted desert and the purple sage, two new na- tional parks have recently been dedicated. One of these, the Grand Canyon National Park, has long been familiar to most per- sons simply as the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, but the Zion National Park, in

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Miao. | 4 ‘ts 1er- ry. the 2en ure ter ted ind nd ers ont ed. ur- led ed 1a- ed. nal er- she “icine ————__— June, 1922 Here, on the south side of Mount McKinley in the new Alaska National Park, flow glaciers of great size, while on the north and west the mountain drops abruptly to grassy valleys. Mount McKmley rises 20,300 feet above sea level This 500-foot suspension bridge across the Colorado is an important develop- ment in the Grand Canyon Park southern Utah, is a new development that few have visited. The most important development in connection with the Grand Canyon Na- tional Park has been the erection of a 500- foot suspension bridge across the Colorado River for the use of trail riders. This now makes it possible for one to visit both the north and south sides of the Grand Canyon, which was not possible in the old’ days, unless one rode in a car suspended from a cable, a nerve racking experience for the uninitiated. The erection of this bridge is also important, since it means that one can visit Zion National Park, then cross The view from Precipice Path in Lafayette National Park, Maine (upper left), is one of rugged granite mountain sides and seacoast. Far different are the gorgeous deserts of Bryce Canyon in Zion Park, Utah (upper right), with its castle-like formations chiseled into sandstone and splashed with many colors and see both sides of the Grand Canyon. Starting from’ the railroad station at Lund, Utah, within 20 miles of Zion Na- tional Park itself, one comes into view of the West Temple, a great red and white monument of natural stone, towering nearly a mile above the canyon floor. Giant sandstone cliffs with brilliantly con- trasting colors make Zion Park a spot of rare keauty. These cliffs are often a bright red two thirds of the way up, with the sum- mits topped off with white rock. Occasion- ally at the base are purple hues. The new park contains approximately 120 square miles. The canyon of the Mukuntuweap River is about eight miles long, with walls rising to a height of 800 to 2000 feet on either side. Everywhere are these colossal monuments—the Vermilion Cliff joining the White Cliff, the Three Patriarchs, the Brown Wall, Angel’s Landing, and El] Gobernador. El Gober- nador is the remarkable monolith of the park, a great dome of red and white. Free Tourist Camping Ground Zion National Park and the journey to and from it give one a vivid idea of the great desert country of the West. A free tourist camping ground is provided, as well as a more permanent camp where regular lodging and meals may be obtained. If one desires to vary and extend his trip a little, he may visit Bryce Canyon, located to the northeast of Zion Park, and some- times called the most gorgeous spectacle in “The Temple of the Sun,” seen in the distance, is one of nature’s colossal monuments, in Zion Park the world. It is a canyon two miles wide by three miles long, cut 1000 feet deep in the plateau. All sorts of castle-like forma- tions have been chiseled into the sandstone and splashed with nearly every color, in- cluding reds, tans, and purples. As yet, few tourists have visited our Alaska national park, Mount McKinley, but with the completion of the railroad in that section more and more visitors will journey there in the summer. The park embraces the highest mountain in North America and will preserve at least a glimpse of primeval Alaska for posterity. Mount (Concluded on page 58)

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” How We Gipsied 2000 Miles on Our Motorcycle — 2000-mile road journey, with a tent A in the open air as your hotel at every stopping place! You immediately have visions of an automobile loaded down to the runningboards with tents, blankets, and camping paraphernalia, don’t you? But did you ever consider that such a camping trip over the _ high- By Sidney J. Hall and a little egg pan, two granite plates, two granite cups, two small granite bowls, knives, forks, teaspoons, dessertspoons, and a can-opener. Don’t forget the can- opener. Rather leave your tent behind! We carried also an axe, a folding camp lantern, a canvas water bucket, a one- placed the suitcase and my oilskin coat, On the large side-car carrier went the big duffle bag and the tent. A large strap held them down firmly to the carrier, while two ropes, fastened to the corners of the carrier, crossed, and secured to ringbolts on each side of the side-car, took much of the weight and held all snugly in ways is just as possible for a motorcycle and side-car as it is for an automobile, and that you can enjoy the thrilling, health-giving new sport of gas- oline gipsying on three wheels almost as comfortably as on four? We—my wife and I—proved that long jaunts on_ three wheels are not only possible, but thoroughly enjoyable, when we made the journey, without a hardship, from New York City to Denver, Colo., with our 1918 motorcycle and its side-car. Equipment and the means of transporting it, of course, were the chief considerations for a successful journey. The requirements were facilities for sleeping comfortably under adequate shelter and an outfit to provide ourselves with well-cooked meals. At the same time it was important that our equip- ment should be light enough to ride on the motorcycle and side-car without incon- veniencing driver or passenger. Our tent was of the satisfactory “‘sports- man’”’ pattern, of brown, waterproof ma- terial, seven feet long, five feet wide at the front end, two and a half feet wide at the rear end, five feet high at the peak, and two feet high at the bottom. The ground cloth was sewed in, making the tent com- pletely water-, wind- and snakeproof, while the two side windows and the door were protected with bobbinet to keep out mos- quitoes and other insects. When folded up, the tent measures about 12 by 18 by 4 inches, and weighs about eight pounds. We used six steel tent pegs and tenpenny nails, about six inches long, for the side pegs. Sleeps and Eats Provided For Our bedding consisted of two heavy wool blankets apiece, and about a dozen large horse-blanket pins to fasten the two pairs of b: ynkets into two sleeping bags. Our cook- ing equipment included a portable stove (qua:t size) burning kerosene, a coffee pot, a smal{ saucepan, an eight-inch frying-pan, We _camped the first night in a little sylvan glade off the main road. We found the best way to select a camp site was to drive a mile or so down some side road gallon canteen, and air pillows. All these, except, perhaps, the water bucket, are absolutely necessary equipment. Don’t depend on using the headlight of the ma- chine for illuminating the camp. It is all right up to a point, but you can’t carry it about with you. Packing Was a Simple. Matter How to carry all this impedimenta was a problem. We solved it in this way: We used two duffle bags and a small suitcase. Two blankets were packed in the bottom of each duffle bag. In one were packed our spare clothes (rolled up, service fashion), our toilet requisites, and sundry other items of equipment that would not be required immediately upon making camp. In the other and larger bag were packed all the things that ranked as camp equipment— including cooking utensils. The stove occupied its own tin box, while the tent, axe, and pegs were in the tent bag. The little suitcase was packed with the stove box, the cutlery, and one or two cans con- taining butter and the other soft food. The machine was provided with two carriers: one over the fear wheel of the motorcycle, and a larger one at the rear of the side-car. On the smaller carrier were place. Inside the side-car were placed the smaller duffle bag, the canteen, and a can of engine oil. The camera, maps, etc., rode easily in the crack of the side-car cushion, and the tent pole was lashed to the chassis. We weighed 1000 pounds all on, including passengers. I carried a full complement of tools for the motorcycle and spare drive chain links,a vulcanizing out- fit, a spare tube, a valve spring, valve insides, a spare spark plug, some tire tape and a roll of soft iron wire, together with a liberal supply of nuts and bolts. Once on the trip, my passen- ger complained of the side-car bumping down on the chassis whenever we passed over an unusually large jog in the road. This clearly denoted that the springs were overloaded. Instead of put- ting another leaf in the large C-springs of the side-car I procured an old tire and placed it between the side-car and the chassis, lashing it firmly in place. This acted as.a first-class shock absorber, and no further difficulty was experienced. The motorcycle purred steadily on, mak- ing from 100 to 150 miles every day. Gas, oil, water, and food were obtainable all along the route. Never were there more than 30, or at the very outside 40, miles run between gas stations. Water could always be obtained at the ranch houses. Above all, during the touring season we found there are lots of cars along the roads, and one can absclutely rely on getting help in case of mishap. This Investment Paid Big Dividends On our 2000-mile trip we averaged 40 miles to the gallon on gas, and 266 miles to the gallon on oil (this, I think, was rather too heavy consumption). Our food bill came to about 50 cents each a day, and our dividends were found at the end to have been new health, open-air recreation, ad- venture, and pure joy on a phenomenal scale—very satisfactory returns when one (Concluded from page 57) McKinley rises 20,300 feet above sea level. On the north and west sides the mountain drops precipitately to grassy valleys with an altitude of only 38000 feet—a spectacle unequaled by any other mountain area in the world. From the other sides of the mountain flow glaciers of great size. The wild animals are unusually abundant. There are herds of 1000 and 1500 caribou, or American reindeer, roaming the plateau. An ordinary day’s journey will show 500 or so mountain sheep, as well as moose and brown bear. The last of our new national parks is the Lassen Volcanic National Park in Cali- fornia, for which Congress made its first Uncle Sam Opens a New appropriation only last year. Lassen Peak, with its altitude of 10,465 feet, is the only active volcano in the United States. The last violent eruption occurred in 1915. Hot springs and mud geysers may be seen. The peak itself rises 5000 feet above the surrounding valleys. Eleven miles north- east is Cinder Cone, 600 feet from base to summit, and surrounding a crater 250 feet deep. Many volcanic bombs are strewn about. There is also the Devil’s Kitchen, a hillside and valley of mudpots and miniature mud volcanoes. One enters the park from Chester, an attractive little village, which in turn is reached by automobile stage considers the small capital invested. from Red Bluff or Chico. P ark With the completion of the Park-to-Park Highway, linking the national parks in the western half of the United States, many American tourists have taken the family auto- mobile and visited all of them in one season. Nor would it seem out of the way that the United States should begin to attract foreign tourists to American parks in much the same way that Europe has sought American tourists in past years. Switzerland is often said to live on its scen- ery and Canada’s fourth income maker is also said to be her scenery. The United States might well divert international travel to its parks, and to somé’extent this is being accomplished. Popular Science M onthly Stre as ¢ for : bee! ins} unc nicl wOl Th sur lar: the the

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‘onthly eC 1 coat, she big ap held ile two -arrier, n each of the gly in r «Were e bag, engine ., rode ide-car e was eighed luding 1ent of | spare ng out- spring, k plug, of soft liberal assen- ide-car -hassis or an road. it the f put- prings re and d the This r, and mak- inable » more es run lways ve all, there 1e can ase of lends 2d 40 les to ather 1 bill d our have , ad- nenal 1 one hico. mn of way, stern rican 2uto- . one way n to arks has ears. cen- er is ited onal this _ June, 1922 Street Corner ‘‘Cow’’ Gives Milk for a Nickel is get machines that dispense ice cold milk at every street corner may become _as common as the gum-vending machine, for a nickel-in-the-slot milkean has recently been invented and approved by health inspectors. The purchaser places an empty bottle under the neck of the machine, deposits a nickel, and pulls the lever. A_nickel’s worth of milk is poured into the bottle. The milk in the container is kept cold by a surrounding watertight tank filled with ice, on the principle of the water cooler. A large flushing box just over the spout thoroughly washes it with water after the bottle is removed. Cannon Balls Refused to Stay Chained ONG before the invention of the ma- chine gun made it possible for two or three soldiers to delay the advance of an entire regiment, a double barreled cannon, still preserved in a Georgia city, was de- signed to mow down an attacking force by companies and regiments. It was cast during the Civil War, but never saw service. The plan was to fire the two barrels sim- ultaneously, using two cannon balls chained together. As the barrels diverged at a very smal]! angle, it was expected that as the pro- No chain was strong enough to hold together two cannon s fired from double barrels jectiles separated they would extend the chain between them, cutting a path 20 feet wide through the enemy. In practice, however, the barrels could not be fired at exactly the same instant, and no chain could be forged strong enough to hold the cannon balls together. Salesman’s Auto Is Display Room B* turning the rear deck of his runabout into a dis- play room, an Amer- ican salesman is carrying heavy ma- chine tools direct to the prospect for demonstration. In this installation, a platform of oak boards 14% inch thick was bolted to the chassis and a special folding metal cover arranged for protection from rain and dust. The machine be- ing demonstrated is a new, compact grinder for auto repairs, extremely ac- curate. The grinding wheel is driven by a small electric motor, using power derived from the car’s storage batteries or an electric-light circuit. Machine Taps Eight Holes in 20 Seconds MULTITAPPING machine that will tap eight holes to a depth of one inch in 20 seconds, with an output on a typical axle job of 48 pieces an hour, is doing for tapping what the multidrilling press—now familiar in modern machine shops—has done for drilling. A feature of the invention is an inde- pendent change of speed to each individual spindle, so that the feed and rate of revolu- tion can be adjusted to the requirements of the hole being tapped. Taps not in use are thrown into neutral, saving wear and power. The number of holes that can be tapped at one setting ranges up to 24, and the average time of placing the jigs on the boring table is said to be about 55 seconds in the manufacture of automobile parts such as cylinder blocks and transmission cases. Blueprint Machine Sets New Speed Record N improved, continuous blJueprint machine, that will print from 24 to 30 inches a minute or about 300 square yards of blueprints a day, gains its speed by means of a double lamp and an improved arrange- This machine’s daily output is 300square yards of blueprints ment of feed rolls that keep the paper in contact with the printing roll over 92 per cent of its circumference. The cylinder is made of open mesh wire wound right and left from the center. These outward spirals stretch and spread the tracings and paper without attention, and the use of mesh makes a cooling fan unnecessary, since the heat generated by the lamps is promptly diffused. The lamps are placed within two inches of the paper to conserve current. As the intensity of illumination varies inversely with the square of the distance, with eight amperes of current at two inches the new model obtains exactly the same effect as the usual machine with its arclights set five inches from the paper. HE Editor will be glad to supply the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mentioned in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.

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60 Popular Science Monthly Five Coaches Ride on Six Trucks in “Articulated”? Train ——_ truck wheels of a new type that extend between passenger coaches so that the one truck supports the ends of two cars are a recent innoyation on the Great Northern Railroad in England, where, it is claimed, they have resulted in a saving in weight and greater riding com- fort. Five cars are permanently coupled, forming what is called an “articulated” train. Under each end of the ordinary car is a —— - BRRRBER EEL EtL Ose Pee Joe eh OEE four-wheel truck, making 10 trucks in a five-car train. In the new articulated train, the standard truck is placed near the ends of the front and rear cars in the usual manner, but at each of the four points where the intermediate cars are coupled is a single truck to which both car-ends are secured. This design eliminates four inter- mediate trucks. Beside the saving in dead- weight, which amounts to 14 tons, the greater distance between the wheels reduces the oscillation and jolting to a minimum. The ends of the truck underframes are supported on transverse rolled steel channel beams and to the center of each beam a steel bracket is bolted. The bracket igs made so as to constitute a universal cup- and-ball joint that permits the ends of the coaches to swivel upon it when rounding curves. The joint also takes the pull so that usual drawbar gear is dispensed with except for a short safety chain. Limousines Now Have Sliding Windshields 2 AesTURN WINGNUT TO RAISE PANE N automobile windshield that rises ver- tically, traveling in grooves in the front of a limousine, and controlled by turning a butterfly nut placed above the glass, is an innovation in several custom body jobs recently completed by an Ameri- can maker. The sliding pane is hung on two wires that run over pulleys in the upper corner of the frame to the reel in the center. Here’s a Screwdriver that Will Not Slip N inexpensive screwdriver that will not slip has been devised by employing a set of detachable shanks of various sizes that fit over the head of the screw. One end of each shank is formed into a circular head, with a web or wall across the center. This web fits into the slot of the screw, and is held in place by the wall of the shank, which fits so closely over the screwhead that slipping is impossible. The web-and-wall construction makes it possible, also, to use the tool for the re- moval of screws with broken heads. Don’t. Increase the Voltage If I feed a slightly higher voltage to my audion filament, will the signals be increased?—M. I. T. Unless conditions are exceptional, the answer is, no. Bulbs are designed for use on a potential of six volts and the only effect of increasing the voltage is to shorten the life of the filament. Distance of the Horizon How far away is the horizon when a man six feet tall stands on the shore at sea level?—A. J. C. According to figures prepared by the De- partment of Commerce, the imaginary hori- zon line would be 3 1-5 miles distant« Do You See Strange Shapes? What is the cause of the peculiar shapes that can be seen by some persons directly in front of their eyes? They appear to be of various forms and are always moving.—O. L. E. These spots are usually noticed on brilliant days in air that is full of floating dust par- ticles. ’ The particles are minute fibers and specks of dirt that have fallen upon the outer covering of the eye. If a person is able to bring this covering to a focus, the particles will appear as sharply defined images of peculiar shapes. Using Up the Battery Should a storage battery be used until it is totally discharged?—B. R. M. Lead batteries are harmed by full dis- charge, but the Edison nickel-iron cell will withstand over- and under-discharge without injury. Radio Valve and the Audion What is the difference between the radio valve and the audion?—T. A. Y. The valve, invented originally by Fleming, consists of a filament and a plate. Later DeForest conceived the idea of modulating the electron flow by inserting a third element called ‘‘the grid.’’ To this three-element vacuum tube he gave the name of “‘audion.”’ | - Some Frozen Fish Live Will you tell our science class whether fish can be killed by lowering the tem- perature of the water?—E. T. C. Scientists tell us that: some tropical fish can withstand a variation of only a few What Do You Want to Know? Ask Us about Your Radio Problems degrees of temperature in the water in which they live. Other species, generally of the lower orders, are apparently unharmed by extreme changes in temperature. Some fish may be frozen solid and later thawed out, without any injury whatsoever. The ‘‘Honeycomb”’ Tuning Coil What are the advantages of the ‘‘duo- lateral’’ or ‘‘honeycomb’”’ type of tuning coil?—J. C. In these coils, the wires of alternate layers are separated by turns of wires that precede and follow the alternate layers, and the turns of each layer cross adjoining layers always at an angle. This decreases the distributed capacity of the coil and reduces the coil re- sistance to high frequency radio wave currents. Linear Expansion Will you please onapy me with a list of materials having the greatest coeffi- cients of linear expansion?—D. V. D. Of the elements, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur; and of organic sub- stances, white wax, paraffin, gutta-percha, and hard rubber have the greatest coefficients in the order named. How Oxides Prevent Weld I should like to have you explain why it is necessary to rebuild a forge fire before welding iron if it happens that a metal such as copper has been previously heated in the coals?—R. E. B. Before two surfaces can be effectually welded they must be clean and free from metallic oxides. A very small quantity will prevent a union of the surfaces. When copper has been heated in a fire, some of the particles may remain only to be later heated and vaporized. If iron is placed in a flame containing copper, the latter will deposit on the iron surface and either prevent the union or weaken the completed joint? EVERY reasonable specific query in the field of general science addressed to the Information Department will receive a prompt reply. While lengthy replies cannot be given to complicated questions involving extensive research or computations, this department aims to be of maximum service in supplying information as to what books or other sources may contain answers to these questions. Legal and medical queries cannot be answered. A stamped addressed envelope must accom- pany each question, but the writer’s name will not be published if he so requests. Address the Information Editor, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th..Street, New York City. gual care rusk ¢TO1 whe accel and pav enpdw kk == OL es ot

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imum. eS are 1annel 2am a ket ig | cup- of the inding ull so | with ich the by ish ut, ist uS, ib- 1a, its June, 1922 61 ——— Henry Ford in next month’s POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, has a startling message for every city dweller. No reader should miss this interview with the outstanding figure in America’s industry. oe g eg | Safety Bumper Guards the Pedestrian | Reneaes platforms protected by heavy illuminated bumpers at each end guard pedestrians of Detroit, Mich., from careless automobile drivers. During the rush hours, certain crossings are blocked by crowds waiting for the street cars, and when a platform alone was installed, many accidents took place at night.. The safety bumper is built on an angle, and rises three feet four inches from the pavement. It is marked by two red lights. Rapid Winding Reel Adds Sport to Fishing A FISHING reel equipped with an en- larged, rapid-winding drum, against which the thumb can be pressed to serve as a brake in playing a fish, has just been in- vented by Lewis P. Mallow, of Wisconsin. Instead of using gears, the inventor has devised a reel consisting simply of a thin plate of metal of large diameter, with brackets to hold the line. The large diameter of the reel permits the line to be wound in so rapidly that the fastest swimming fish can get no slack, even when it heads directly for the fisherman. Propeller Bolt Holes Bored Accurately oe bolt holes in giant steamship propeller blades is a cheaper and speedier process since J. J. Hendricks, of Seattle, Wash., invented a combined cen- tering, graduating, and boring machine. Exactness is an essential in a machine of this sort, for the pitch or curve of a propeller blade is very carefully calculated. Unless each blade is bolted to the hub at exactly the right angle, the thrust of the propeller on the water will be diminished enough to reduce the speed of the ship by many miles an hour. Formerly an expert worked from 40 to 50 hours to locate and bore propeller bolt Clamped to the boring machine, the blade is adjusted by hand wheel holes. The new method completes the same work in 45 minutes. The blade is hoisted on the machine by a chain tackle hooked into the hole bored in the center of the blade. It is then clamped into place by three lugs on the face of the table, which accurately center the blade on the machine. The next step is to locate a mark cast into the rim, indicating the point from which the position of the bolt holes is calculated. Starting from this point, the blade is turned the proper number of degrees, minutes, and seconds of angle. This requires only a few seconds, because the lower rim of the re- volving table is graduated in degrees, and the adjusting hand wheel on the right is equipped with a Vernier scale graduated to seconds. As soon as the blade is in the proper position, a double-headed cutter is brought into action from below, cutting the hole. JAPANESE soldiers have increased two inches in average height since meat was added to rice diet as part of their rations. Golf Bags Have Special Compartment in Auto GOLF-BAG holder made of flat steel strips like a tall iron basket, and screwed to the runningboard of the family car provides a safe and convenient place for the bag. During the week, when the ma- chine is used solely as a town car, the holder may be removed by unscrewing two clamps that fasten the basket to the runningboard. The basket is finished to match the color of the car. Any number of baskets may be clamped ‘side by side on the runningboard, so that a whole foursome may travel to the game in one car, with plenty of room for the clubs and their feet. Trip Stops Engine when Tractor Bucks lchremdelpcte seb tractors have always given trouble to farmers operating the smaller models, but now Yorke Young, garageman of Sequin, Washington, has perfected a tripper device that breaks the ignition circuit and stops the engine as soon as the tractor starts to buck. The wire from the timer passes through a knife-edge switch, very lightly engaged, attached to a hollow brass pipe bolted to the engine frame. At the other end of the pipe is a heavy steel ball. When the tractor is in the proper position, the pipe slopes forward and the ball rests at the lower end. As soon as the tractor starts to year backward, however, the ball rolls down the pipe and opens the knife-edge switch, stopping the engine and automatically pre- venting an upset.

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62 Senin Will Litt New Metal Airship Air Is Ballast in Triple Hulled Dirigible Designed by Italian Expert to Combine Strength and Safety with Lifting Power N all-metal vacuum A airship, with air as ballast! Instead of a single thin envelope of gas-filled cloth, three rigid envelopes of duralumin metal, one inside the other, and all bracing one another. Instead of in- flammable hydrogen, the lifting power of a near vacuum, created by a suction pump. Such is the new dirigible invented and designed by Signor Vaugean, a leading Italian balloon expert in His ship is built with three hulls, one inside the other, all made airtight by shells of thin sheets of duralumin metal. Each hull is braced and crogg braced by hollow dural- umin tubes filled with compressed air to give them increased strength and stiffness. These three hulls can be exhausted of air independently. The center section js emptied of air altogether, A partial vacuum is created in the intermediate A. \VeeP ee 4 Gi 4 = suring agne an attempt to bring safety to airship travel and to remedy weaknesses that brought disaster to the Roma and the ZR-2. In principle and in design, Signor Vaugean’s dirigible, which will soon be built in Italy, is a complete departure from the gas-filled ships. Explosions and fires in midair will be impossible because there will be nothing about the ship to burn or ex- plode. Since there will be literally nothing inside the envelopes, the only way the ship . Photographs © Popular Science Publishing Co., Inc. Built in three sections and sepa- rated by skins of duralumin, as shown in the view above, the Vaugean vacuum airship is de- signed for strength and safety. Note the intricate network of girders consisting of hollow dur- alumin tubes filled with com- pressed air. The arrangement of the new dirigible is shown in the diagram at the right. At the left is the design of the Diesel type engines that propel the ship and rive the air-exhausting pumps partial vacuum will be equal to that of the same volume of hydrogen. Vacuum lift would have been generally employed long ago if inventors had been able to discover any way of making balloon walls strong enough to withstand an ex- ternal pressure of 15 pounds to the square inch, and at the same time almost as light as afew thicknesses of silk. Signor Vaugean claims to have solved the difficulty by us- envelope, while in the outer shell the air is heated—which makes it slightly lighter than the atmosphere, but keeps it at almost the same pressure. In this way the excess of external over internal pressure upon the airship is only a few pounds to the square inch, and while a total weight of 15 pounds to the square inch must be withstood by the entire structure, every girder and plate bears its share-of the load. The triple system of envelopes, in which Popular Science Monthly , can be damaged in flight is by a puncture in the outer skin. Theoretically, the vacu- um ship will not only be stronger than the gas filled ships, but will have lifting power almost as great, although built of heavier material. Thus, if suc- cessful, it will solve the knottiest problem that aeronautical engineers have had to meet —that of combining lifting capacity with the strength to assure an adequate margin of safety from collapse. Though hydrogen is the lightest substance known, it possesses some weight, and hence has a lift less than an absolute vacuum. Of course, it is impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum in a structure as large as an airship hull, but when the pressure of the air inside is reduced to about one pound to the square inch—which is well within the power of a good air pump—the lift of this ing the air to withstand air pressure! A New Hope on the Heels of Disaster AMERICA, appalled by the recent disaster to the airship Roma, and the earlier ZR-2 wreck, and all but dismayed in its efforts to develop the lighter than air craft as a com- mercial carrier, will watch with keen interest and encour- agement the construction of the vacuum airship invented by Signor Vaugean, Italian balloon expert. The principle and design on which this new passenger airliner is to be built, as described in the accompanying article, bring hope that the danger of collapse and the horror of fire in the air may finally be eliminated. Safety demands adequate strength of materials and construction, while commercial considerations call for the gréatest possible lifting power to make the airship a profit- able investment. Unfortunately, every pound put into ma- terial and construction for the sake of safety diminishes the lifting power of the airship by that much. The recent dis- asters seem to have demonstrated that primarily they were caused by an injudicious sacrifice of strength to lifting capacity. Theoretically, the Italian inventor’s new vacuum airship promises freedom from fire hazard as well as greatly in- creased strength of construction without sacrificing lifting power. If this promise is fulfilled, a revolutionary advance will have been made in aerial transportation. air becomes lighter and lighter toward the center, prevents the pressure from being concentrated wholly upon the outer envelope. Signor Vaugean declares that this system will re duce the load on any one surface of the ship to less than five pounds to the square inch, thus permit- ting the use of such thin sheets of duralumin that the all metal ship would have a high ceiling. To still further reduce the pressures, Signor Vau- gean employs progressive rarefaction of the hull’ interiors. At the ground level, where the atmos- phere is comparatively heavy, only a little air is pumped out—just enough to allow the ship to rise. As the ship moves upward, the air in the envelopes is rarefied more and more, until the flying level is reached at 10,000 feet. Here the pressure is about half that at the earth’s surface, and the danger of Jun ove! the per? new of | to |! At. air sup act the lev wil

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onthly June, 1922 | 63 overstraining the airship’s hull is very slight. At the same time, the reduced air resistance would permit great speed of flight. Four 300-horsepower Diesel-type engines of a new model, recently invented by Professor Garuffa, the action of the propellers and planes, for the ability to compress or rarefy the air in the hull at will, gives the airship captain complete control over the effective lift of his ship. n of Italy, will be used both to propel the ship and Once on the ground, all valves will be to run the air-exhausting pump. opened and the air admitted, so that the ° At high altitudes, the compressed ship will be.held securely in its berth by its own weight, without needing a mooring mast or a hangar. The airship is flat air withdrawn from the interior is supplied to the engine, the pumps It with acting as a supercharger, enabling bottomed and can be landed on any level ide the the engines to maintain ground ground. ight by level efficiency at great elevations. a Gs sets of In making a landing, the ship ee moe Each will gradually be brought to the ie Tremendous Speed Possible = It is apparent that the success of Signor | with Vaugean’s design depends upon exceptional work- > give manship, for the slightest leaking joint anywhere rength in the hull would cause great trouble. If such e three mechanical faults can be eliminated, however, sted of experts believe that the novel form of the hull, " ‘ and the ship’s ability to fly at a height two or ion is Lo three times that possible for the usual airship, gether will give it a speed of 215 miles an hour. At a. is r this rate passengers might travel from New 1ediata Yh York to London in 15 hours. Ti ro a With passengers, crew, and fuel for a flight of 18 hours the total load will be 50 tons, or with air ballast 54 tons. The ship will be 393 = feet long, 108 feet wide, and 108 feet high. The passenger saloon, placed aft, will accommodate 90 passengers, while the crew, numbering 23, will be carried forward. Only the weight involved by the very neces- sary strength appears to offer any serious draw- back to the practical success of the ship. Even should the first Vaugean airship prove unsuccessful, the experiment is one that has aroused the keenest interest among all the leading experts in aeronautics, and it is possible that it will serve as a model a e et Will this ‘‘vacu- : : um”’ airship be- a os come the model , for passenger li- ners of the future? A landing is made by admitting air. When the ship reaches the ground, all valves are ground by admitting air to the inter- air is mediate and central chambers. The ship opened and the flat-bottomed craft for the successful development of lighter ae will sink, instead of being forced down by is anchored by its own weight than air craft. most XCESS a n the he One Man and Dolly Can Bucket Loader Now Does the Shoveling aie Handle Biggest Wheel Be § man can safely handle the largest auto truck wheel by means of a newly ad designed dolly that has a lifting capacity parse of one ton, and that picks up a wheel from tals the bottom instead of from the top. pea After the truck has been jacked up, the holly projecting forks of the dolly are lowered lope. until they pass under the wheel. The lares 1 re r one » less | the rmit- thin that ould duce oo GOVELS are almost unnecessary tools any desired speed, and also moves the hull ° for the contractor who makes use of a _ loader itself along the road fast enough to yund new industrial loader that employs the keep pace with the other equipment. One m0S- bucket principle in filling wheelbarrows or man controls the loader, and the adjust- vely wagons with crushed stone or other loose ments include a method of raising or lower- ir is With one-ton lifting capacity, the material. ing the elevator buckets to conform to any ugh dolly raises the truck whee The machine is designed primarily for unevenness in the ground. rise. roadbuilding and concrete construction ard, crank handle is then turned until the wheel work, and consists of a sloping framework os is —_ on _ =. The dolly with itsload eight feet ie mean ine ‘sg at OU’LL understand your radio is then slipped out. conveyors. ese pick up the materia ? T 7: If the whee] is to be moved, the hooks and drop it into bins, from which it is dis- ; ry a lot a after = foot. are adjusted on the inner rim, andthe hand __ tributed by gravity. ; ney rmstrong pial s enter- yout nuts tightened. The advantages of this Double capacity from the concrete mixer taining articles in this and the , method is that it leaves the top of the wheel wherever the new machine is in use, is . ‘th’s ; : . ae July issue. or of free, so that a chain may be used to raise claimed by its inventors. the wheel to a tire press. A gasoline engine runs the conveyors at

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64 Streamlines New? Train Had ’Em in 1900! EEE fuselages and wing struts—the latest word in aeronaut- ical design—are largely responsible for increased flying speed; but how many airmen know that officials of a promi- nent Eastern railroad constructed and tested a streamlined train more than 20 years ago? The locomotive was not altered for the experiment, but the cars of the train were built with curved, sloping roofs and with sides as smooth and flush as possible. The rear of the train ended in a tapered point, while the sides were carried down as close to the roadbed as feasible, for the engineers fully realized how important it was to avoid air eddies beneath the train. The streamlined coaches’ better speed, the saving in time and fuel, were not sufficient to warrant rebuilding all the passenger coaches and so the plan was abandoned, to be revived again for air- planes and autos 20 years later. Will Bricklayers Discard Time-Honored Trowel? At last, after 7000 years, there are signs of a revolution in bricklaying methods. A fountain trowel with which one man can prepare a course for 18 bricks in the time formerly required to lay three, is being tested by Major Frank Gilbreth, of Mont- clair, N. J., apostle of the “‘one best way” in industry. The trowel consists of a light sheet-metal container filled with about two thirds cubic foot of mortar. A hand grip is provided at one end, and the old-fashioned mason’s trowel is slipped through a metal loop at the other end so that the mason can wield the instrument with both hands. The mortar is poured through a slit on the bottom of the container adjusted to the width of the course being laid. The amount of mortar spread on the bricks also can be controlled by the mason. Through a slit in the bottom of the con- tainer pours the right amount of mortar Trucks Dump Loads from Dock into Scow A DUMPING dock with a projecting apron of reenforced concrete, built at Detroit, Mich., allows motor trucks to dump their loads directly into the center of river scows beneath. Dumping is quicker, and there is no need to trim the load on the scows, as the earth piled in the center spreads out to the gun- wales by gravity, more evenly than it could be shoveled. The control of the load is said to be more certain than is possible where loading chutes are used. The city fathers expect the dock to pay for itself within a year. Popular Science Monthly Portable Radial Drill Arm Rides on Hand Truck A NEW portable ‘‘radial’’ that will hold any pneumatic or electric drill for work at any angle, consists of a substantial column and radial arm mounted on a hand- truck. The arm is equipped with a swivel} head that can be set at any angle or any position around a complete circle. The extreme height of the column is five feet six inches, and the length of the arm four feet six inches. The diameter of the drill table is 18 inches. The weight of the entire machine is 900 pounds, but ball- HAND FEED SCREW UNIVERSAL HEAD Rouen DRILLING HOLES RADIAL AI " EXTENSION» toate How the portable column and radial arm hold a drill for work at any angle bearing wheels on the hand trucks enable one man to push it about the shop without difficulty. When in use, the rolling platform is held firmly by braking plungers thrust down upon the floor by movement of the hand bars used for drawing the machine. For exceedingly heavy work, additional bearing surface is given by two crank-shaped bolts that may be screwed to the floor. Hand Tool Irons Out Dents in Automobile Rims A SIMPLE hand tool for straightening automobile rims removes the dents without breaking or damaging the rim. The device is a powerful wrench that straightens the dents by applying a steady pressure. Such pressure is far less Steady wrench pressure is less likely to damage the metal rim than a hammer likely to break the metal than the use of a hammer, and gives the operator better control over the work. The leverage is so great that the opera- tion is not difficult. GLASs used in: making milk-botties is tinted pink to give milk a rich anpearance. : (

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old for tial nd- ve] ny ive rm the the al]~ a | June, 1922 Do Neighbors Use Your Phone? Try This Bank [‘ your neighbors persist in making toll calls on your private telephone—and forget to pay—tie a bank to the receiver as a reminder. They will probably take the hint and drop in the proper coin. This suggestion has proved to be success- ful inavoiding embarrassing situations. A person calling Tied to the on a private phone, the wire usually ank is a re- minder would like to pay for the call, and the owner of the phone usually feels he is en- titled to the money. But because the phone is a private one, the former hesitates to offer money for its use, and out of neigh- borly courtesy the latter hesitates to re- ceive cash in payment. The bank is a silent reminder that the use of the phone is a business transaction, not a social courtesy. Python Kills Itself by Its Own Gluttony [paste by its own gluttony, a gigantic python that had swallowed a half-grown hog was killed recently in the French Congo as it lay helpless in the sun. The power of distention in the snake’s jaws and body were sufficient to allow it to swallow the pig, but the meal, once down, was so heavy, the snake could no longer drag itself over the ground. Before swallowing the pig, the python wrapped its coils round and round the animal’s body, breaking the bones by its terrific power of constriction. 65 Roadside Bath Teaches Home Comfort * ving? | " 3 ths te 3 " * aes - te Rs cal = Se aes Because only one farmhouse in seven is equipped with modern plumbing, even in the* prosperous sec- tions of the Middle West; the University of Missouri is now sending out a two-ton truck on which is demonstrated com- plete kitchen and bathroom equipment. The demonstration, given at any point along the road where a group of farmers can be assembled, reveals how easy it is to pipe in hot and cold running water and provide a drainpipe to lead it out. The truck carries complete plumbing arrangements with scaffolding built so that the rooms can be shown, fully equipped, on two floors. Air Valve to the Rescue when Gas Runs Low Y the use of a little air valve inserted in the gas-tank filler cap, the small car can now ramble right along on the last drop of gasoline in its tank, according to Dr. J. A. Baer, of Honesdale, Pa., the inventor. Many a small car has been stalled on a hill because the amount of gas in the tank VENT Pa WY SS ial LINN NG ISSSF SS Wii = EX WO SSS SS SSSSSG SS WA Yi Yi TESA DETAIL OF AIR VALVE Left: The valve inserted in the filler cap. Right: Cross section of valve was insufficient to flow by gravity to the carburetor. By attaching a tire pump to the new valve and forcing air into the tank, the motorist can convert a gravity system into practically a force-feed system. No need of turning around and backing uphill. THE arid deserts of Western Australia are being irrigated by artesian wells. FOUR FAMOUS MEN will talk to you in the July POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY Henry Ford Glenn Curtiss Jack Binns Armstrong Perry You Can't Afford to Miss Next Month's Issue © U. & U. Will Your Auto Bumper Pass This Test? [* you want to be reasonably sure you and your motor-car will survive a crash into a telegraph pole, equip your machine with one of the bumpers tested and passed by the Chicago Underwriters’ Laboratory. In the courtyard laboratory the bumper being tested is fastened to a strong steel framework representing the chassis, and a weight suspended from a boom high over- head is drawn back to the wall of the court- yard and released. The weight acts like a pendulum, and the force with which it strikes the bumper can be determined pre- cisely. Observers stand near by to note the result. If a bumper can withstand the impact of a 650-pound weight swinging through a 20-foot arc, scientists figure it will come out of most road collisions un- damaged. It has been found that the point of fail- ure is usually not in the bar of the bumper, but in the bolts with which it is attached to the chassis.

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2 3 ba ponerse rams oe iret ae 1 ni eae tee aan aS How Was This Strike Settled? Best Answers to Sam Loyd’s Brain Testers on This Page Will Win $25 in Prizes “QOMEHOW strikes were settled with less trouble in the old days,’ re- marked Smith. “Now, I remember that when I started my small brickyard, I en- gaged three men to do the work, agreeing to pay the foreman $1.10 a day, the handy man $1, and his helper 90 cents, so as to make the average wage $1 a day. “Together they agreed to perform 303 days’ work for $303, and they started off all right by each doing his first day’s work. But on the second day two of them organ- ized a union and asked for shorter hours with increased pay. Recog- nizing the justice of their demands, as explained by the committee, I increased the wages of two of the men so that all were satisfied. Then I apportioned the work so that at the end of the season each man re- ceived $101, and together they had performed just 303 days’ work.” Who can explain how Smith managed his strike so as to have it work out as he describes? A FIRST prize of $10 will be awarded for the best set of answers and an- alyses covering the three problems on this page; a second prize of $5 for the next best.set; and ten prizes of $1 for the 10 next best sets. Answers must be received not later than June 1, addressed to the Puzzle Editor, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York, N. Y. Answers to the June puzzles will ap- pear in the July issue; the names of prize-winners in September. Answers to February and March puz- zles appear on page 110 of this issue. Bits of Waste Cord Form 87-Pound Ball : HAT is said to be the world’s largest ball of twine shows the incredible amount of valuable material wasted by the average business. C. H. Stall of Cincinnati hus made his record ball of string, already more than 214 feet in diameter, in a few months from the twine formerly thrown away in a wholesale drug house. The ball now weighs 87 34 pounds, and it contains more than five miles of string. Stall is adding to the ball at the rate of several hundred feet a day. When the twine ball attains a diameter of six feet, it will be used as an exhibit in a “Thrift First’? campaign. Each Office Worker Can Have His Chair ‘‘Fitted’’ A NEW adjustable office chair in which the height of the seat from the floor and the height and angle of the back may be arranged to suit the individual, has re- cently been designed to reduce fatigue for the worker. The back is made low and gives support at the waist, leaving the arms and shoulders free. The chief purpose of the design is to keep the worker’s shoulders back, and his lungs expanded, and the angle of the back and seat is adjusted to that end. SWIVELS TO RESTFUL ANGLE BACK REST 4, ADJUSTED ” BE WINGNUT FOR HERE ae ADJUSTING : ait, \~ HEIGHT BY To eliminate fatigue, the height and back of the chair are adjustable Popular Science Monthly How Many Crossings? a thickly populated region the railroad magnate planned to have his system of tracks form as many junctions as possible. “You have done fairly well,” said the magnate to his engineer, when the latter submitted the plan shown above, “for your ~ tracks cross at 12 points; but why not do better? Make another layout and show me how you can produce the maximum number of crossing points with six straight tracks across the circle.” How many crossings will the engineer’s new sketch show? Clear the Field of Stars HERE is an astronomical problem based on the erratic flight of Donati’s comet. Commencing with the small white star, we are required to discover the shortest course through the centers of all the black stars, so as to mark them all off and end with the large white star. In how few moves, in straight lines, could the comet destroy the 62 black stars, be- ginning and ending with the white stars? Of course, ob- lique strokes are permissi- ble. We see how the feat is performed ... in 22 dashes, | but that may | be improved February Prize-Winners FIRST PRIZE—Ten Dollars: H. J. Eberth, Toledo, Ohio. : SECOND PRIZE—Five Dollars: Louis Dussere, ittsburg, Pa. ; ” The TEN ONE-DOLLAR PRIZES: A. L. Lin- coln, New York City; . E. Moffitt, Montezuma, Iowa; John B. De Coursey, Philadelphia, Pa.; Frank F. Smith, Cumberland, Md.; Melvin Bayles, Re- presa, Calif.; Glen Arthur Lowery, N. Concord, Ohio; Philip S. Fogg, Palo Alto, Calif.; Hector F. Beaupré, Montreal, Que.; J. R. Rollman, Encampment, Wyo.; Theodore M. Edison, Cambridge, Mass. March Prize-Winners FIRST PRIZE, Ten Dollars: Warren E. Shreffler, is. : eae) PRIZE, Five Dollars: Ira P. Denning, Oarne TEN * ONE-DOLLAR PRIZES: Herbert Wottrich, Brooklyn, N. Y.; H. L. McCollum, E. Liberty, Pa.; F. W. Fetterman, San Bernardino, Calif.; A. Milton Runyon, Plainfield, N. J.; R. 5. Brain, Detroit, Mich.; J. H. Coman, Durham, N. C.; Henry B. Kline, Rochester, N. Y.; Thomas Evans, New Haven, Conn.; A. C. Shenefelt, Pitcairn, Pa. A. W. Leek. Flushing, Long Island.

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/e 1 ll wt - emer vy § Ww 6 —™N ° Ss ae aS 6 June, 1922 Air Traffic Cop Now Aims Flashlight Accurately A POWERFUL hand flashlight with telescope sight is the latest device to aid the traffic policemen of the air to keep in touch with planes approaching the Croydon air station near London. The operator stands upon an open plat- form on a tower rising high above all the other buildings at the airdrome. In guiding the aircraft at night or in a fog he must flash a beam of light upon the plane and yet Cross hairs in the telescope sight show exactly where the searchlight is hitting the airplane avoid blinding the pilot’s eyes. This is the service performed by the telescope sight, which practically converts the searchlight into a gun. The cross hairs in the sight show exactly where the light is being focused on the plane, and it is easy to keep it on the wings, and away from the cockpit as the pilot glides along the beam to the landing field. Numerous Small Potatoes Form Four-Foot ‘‘Spud”’ HILE Dixie is the land of the sweet potato, the record for the largest Sweet potato ever grown now goes to Cali- fornia. Owned by Marie Moffett, of Los Angeles, the giant among tubers is four feet long, and weighs eight pounds. The record potato is really a number of potatoes that grew together. Instead of producing a total of eight or nine, the hill yielded only one. For this reason it is probable that if the giant potato were planted, next year’s harvest would produce potatoes no larger than the average. Sections Welded into a 72-F oot Screw 67 Held on V blocks, sections were welded into the long bar shown above. The lower photograph shows how the bar was delivered in a truss-shaped crate He” essential welding has become to the modern machinist was demon- strated in the manufacture of the longest screw ever machined—a bar 74 feet long and 45% inches in diameter, required for the rifling mechanism of a 16-inch naval gun. Because bars as long as this are not forged, a line of short sections was assembled and held in V blocks until the pieces were welded together by the thermite method. Shipping the bar proved to be a serious problem. The bar was very flexible, and would have been sprung or bent if any portion had been left unsupported. Placed inside a covering of four-by-four timbers, a trussed shipping crate, built like a small railroad bridge, was constructed around it. Three flatcars were required for the rail shipment. In making the actual delivery, the truss was mounted on two-wheeled trucks and towed by a small continuous tread tractor. A second tractor followed, acting as a brake on descending grades. This Railroad Motorcycle Is Safe for Inspector Rut for inspection service, so light that one man can readily handle it, a railroad motorcycle has just been perfected in response to a demand for a safe one-man car. The power plant is the same as that of a motorcycle, exceptithat the gearshift is operated by a lever instead of a pedal. This feature was adopted for safety. It enables the operator to sit at one side of, instead of astride, the motor. Thus, if the car should suddenly round a bend and meet a train, the driver could instantly slide off. Miniature Sewing Machine Has Fifty Parts a a sheet with a sewing machine small enough to be held in the palm of the hand is a demonstration of the practicability of a little mechanism This midget can hem a that sells in England for 80 cents. The number of working parts has been reduced to 50, and in spite of its small size the ma- chine uses standard needles. When in use, it is clamped to a table. The sewer guides the cloth with one hand, while with the other she turns the small hand wheel operating the mechanism.

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Popular Science Monthly How Radio Adds to the Joys of My Vacation Old-Time Camper Pictures a Wireless Receiver as Your Most Companionable Chum on Motor Trifss and Around Campfire ANY a tourist, old camper, or tenderfoot, is going to take with him on his vacation this year, as I am, the most entranc- ingly mysterious, continuously companion- able vacation chum that ever shared the front seat of the auto, the campfire, or the straw mat on the front porch of the summer cottage—namely, the radio receiver. For several years I have taken radio equipment with me on auto trips and camp- ing expeditions. Sometimes, if I am going to be but a short distance from a govern- ment station, my outfit consists of only a . crystal detector, a pair of phones, a hundred feet of copper wire and an iron peg. Wher- ever I stop the car for lunch, or settle down for a day or longer, I make a loop in the end of the wire and tie a stout cord into the loop. I take the other end of the cord and climb a tree or clam- vacation radio outfit. By Armstrong Perry On an auto tour, camping trip, or merely a day’s picnic this summer, a wireless receiver will bring you endless entertainment. article, a veteran camper and radio man tells how to make the most of your His helpful tips come from his own wide experience Photos courtesy Brent Daniels ber to the top of a cliff near by. Unless there is some one to pay out the wire as I climb, I put a stick through the coil and hang it up horizon- tally so that the wire will unwind without tangling as I pull. When I reach the highest point I can attain, I attach the cord. I make sure that it is long enough so that the end of the suspended wire will clear all branches and other ob- jects, for the radio currents have a way of leaking off into anything that touches the antenna. In wet weather, to prevent the current from running up the cord and down the tree like a squirrel, I oil the cord where it joins the wire. Oil and electricity do not mix any better than oil and water. A New Use for Your Fishpole The other end of the wire I attach to another tree in a similar manner, leaving enough dangling to reach the ground. Sometimes I bring the wire straight down from the first tree to the tent or auto, which lessens the amount of energy picked up from passing radio waves, but often works satisfactorily nevertheless. In a flat country where there are neither trees nor rocks, one of those long, jointed fishpoles will elevate the antenna wire at one end, while the auto top holds up the other. Or two poles can be used. Three guys of stout cord attached to stakes driven into the ground will hcld such a pole in position in spite of the weight cf the wire or a wind of ordinary velocity. The antenna installed, I attach my re- ceiving apparatus. If only detector and phones are used, I attach antenna wire and one phone cord tip to one binding post of the detector. To the other binding post I attach the other phone cord tip and a short piece of wire, which I lead to the iron spike From a suitcase of ordinary size on the rear seat of the car came messages and music picked from the sky Brent Daniels, of Washington, D.C., and his ‘‘talking suitcase’’ ready for campfire duty that I have driven into the ground, or to the engine or other heavy metal part of the car. The spike in the ground.is better if the earth is moist. If the soil is very dry, a ground connection on the engine is better. If the ground wire is fastened to the iron spike and the spike dropped into a pool or stream of water, the best results are ob- tained Such a crude outfit brings to my ears music and voices from powerful radio-tele- phone stations if they are in the center of a town—only four or five miles distant—on whose outskirts lam camping. It picks up dot-and-dash messages from government and commercial stations 100 miles or more away. It brings in the weather reports, which are of even greater importance when I am living out of doors than they are at home. Also it brings in the daily news via the ear instead cf the eye. Once, knowing the code, I heard a battle- ship calling a cruiser and I listened with bated breath for secret messages which it would be treason to reveal. One came: “Say bo, got anything on ice over there? Dryasell over here.”’ The same antenna and ground wire work equally well with more highly developed re- ceivers./ By taking along an ordinary loose coupler such as many beginners use, or any type of crystal detector set that in- cludes a tuner, I extend both my receiving distance and my ability to hear different transmitting stations. And when I take a regenerative receiver, which costs more, but is 10 times as effi- cient, I sometimes hear European sta- tions and can always hear all types of American radio-tele- graph and_= radio telephone _ stations within a wide radius. The regenerative set or any other set using vacuum tubes, can be carried with- out inconvenience, even in a small car. Its tubes must be lighted by a current In the following tery, except in a very recent type, which uses dry bat- teries for lighting the tube. The vac- uum tube can be connected as easily as the car lamps. The technical terms need not scare the radio novice.’ The dealer calls the radio storage battery the A battery, and the radio dry battery the B battery. The re- ceiving set has on its face plain letters show- ing where and how to connect the antenna, ground wire, phones, and wires from the batteries. Any one can make these con- nections after the dealer has given brief explanations either verbally or in print. When I get too old and too fat to climb trees, the vacuum tube set will be the only one to use, for it needs no high wires. A few turns of insulated wire around a wooden frame three feet square will answer every purpose except very long-distance recep- tion. Once I heard a station in France working when I was listening in at Wash- ington, D. C., with such an antenna, but ] had an amplifier that was more powerful than any one would be likely to carry on a vacation. Loop» Antennae Are Easily Carried These “loop antennas” lie fl-t on the auto top when not in use and stand upright when working. By turning one on its axis the user can bring in what he wants to hear with maximum loudness, and eliminate or at least reduce most of the noise that would interfere. The things that some of the little portable outfits do are miraculous, even when ex- plainable. A youthful inventor in Wash- ington took me out for a trip in his car. He had with him a suitcase of ordinary size. Way out in the country he put a pair of phones on my head. Out of the sky came my own name, followed by a musical © selection which I was assured by the speaker was being played for my especial delectation. ‘‘Where’s your antenna?” I gasped. “Inside,”’ he answered. ' He opened the case. There were half a dozen turns of wire around the inside. There was no ground connection, Half a dozen vacuum tubes were glowing faintly. from a storage bat- _ June, Takin bag 1 throu the n little : BY | weig was Vi the e frien¢ do w louds all ov A city coun days prac he ki was the 1 in hi of ¢ any inqt It w the

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ss len ry 1ce h- t J ful la he ht xis ar ld le X= h- Te of ne al ” he al June, 1922 Taking off the phones I discovered that the bag itself was talking right out loud through a hole in the side that proved to be the mouth of a small horn. Knowing a little about vacuum tubes, I began figuring. By rough calculation this apparatus, weighing less than the case that housed it, was multiplying the energy it grabbed from the ether by 10,000,000! Later, my young friend showed me what his receiver would do with a regular antenna and a full-sized loudspeaker. It could be heard all over a 10-acre lot. A physician from the same city was driving around the country in his car during such days of relaxation as a heavy practice left him. I found that he knew about as much of what was going on while he was on the road as he did while he was in his office. The answer was, of course, radio. Not seeing any antenna on the machine, I inquired where he concealed it. It was sewed into the lining of the top. Not long ago I saw a vaca- The loop antenna take a turn around the brace in the bow of the canoe, open the case and attach the end of the wire to a binding post marked ‘A.” You connect the batteries, drop a ground wire into the water, put on the phones, and the things you hear! There is a compact little transmitter in one side of the case and you can say things yourself if you want to—and have a license. —a few turns of wire around a wooden frame lies flat on the auto top when not in use and stands u right when work- ing tionist who was not satisfied merely to listen; he wanted to talk back. So he had erected masts at the front and rear of his car, as tall as they could be without raking the bridges under which he drove. These were equipped with regu- lar antenna spreaders holding four wires. As a good ground connection is essential in transmitting, a wire from the sending apparatus was attached to the engine of the car. But the vacation radio set that deserves the ace medal comes to you in an easy-to- carry case, with an additional little bundle. You take it out to the camp, using the re- ceiver in the car on the way. After putting the cance over, you cut the strings on the bundle. Out rolls a square of cloth and a few sticks. Any one who was a boy before he grew up remembers instantly how to put it together. It is a tailless kite. When you get the thing together, you discover that the string is a light copper wire. You fasten it to the bridle, give the kite a toss and up she goes. Before it reels out al] the wire, you check its upward flight, Drawn over a moonlit lake by a silken kite or. a wire string, they listen to music playing in the distant city The most entrancingly mysterious, continuously companionable vacation chum that ever shar a campfire is the radio receiver A cautious electrical company has issued a solemn warning against the use of metal kite strings, because of the fact that several small boys have been electrocuted by flying their wires against high tension transmission lines. A world famous tech- nical radio amateur let out an interesting little secret during the radio conference called by the Secretary of Com- merce. The secret is that a_ single-circuit receiver using a vac- uum tube operates also as a _ sending device. By put- ting a microphone (such as is found in the ordinary telephone _trans- mitter) in series with the ground wire, the receiver is changed to a radiotelephonetrans- mitter which may be heard over distances up to 30 miles. If a tele- graph key is installed in place of the microphone, dots and dashes may be transmitted for even greater distances. ting radio waves all the time they are receiving. produce signals. Receivers of this type are emit- The microphone or the key merely controls the emitted waves in such a way as to Now the present law says that no radio transmitter shall be operated without a license, but that receivers may be used with- out a license. Single-circuit vac- uum tube receivers are being pro- duced in large numbers, in re- sponse to the enormous demand for apparatus that is simple and easy to operate. Most of those who use them are ignorant of 69 **At every stop I climb high in a tree and attach a stout cord sus- pending 100 feet of copper wire. The other end of the wire I attach to another tree in a sim- ilar manner, leaving enough dangling to reach the ground”’ the fact that they are trans- mitting as well as receiving. Just what is their legal status? If the automobile tourist or camper, having equipped him- self with a single-circuit re- ceiver or any other that would transmit as well as receive, should slip a microphone into his hip pocket, he would have In flat country, a stout, jointed fish- pole will elevate the antenna wire at one end, while the auto top will hold the other something that might be of use in an emer- gency. And if his signals did not carry beyond the borders of his state nor inter- fere with the reception of signals coming from another state, he might not have any trouble with the radio authorities. The better way, of course, would be to secure an amateur license. Powder Operates Fuse in Circuit Breaker =! ee powder, instead of the usual fusible metal link in an electric circuit breaker, is used in a new invention installed on high tension power lines of the West. The use of powder makes the fuse repeat—that is, it opens the circuit for a second, then closes it again, which is im- portant in lines through remote places. When there is a temporary short circuit, heat produced in a small resistance wire at the fuse ignites the charge. When the ex- plosion destroys the tube and breaks the circuit, a swinging knife blade switch drops and closes it again. As a rule the electric surge that blows the switch also burns away the foreign substance causing the short circuit. If the short is more serious, the same action is repeated in two other similar switches, which usually clears the line.

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Se ee. eT Uni aA AB An RII ie T 5 8 alee ae RR eR RR LE, Fe ee Bi Mm: in ene 90 Popular Science Monthly How to Make the Most of a Gipsy Motor Trip You Can Profit This Summer by These Helpful Suggestions from Prize Winners in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S Contest By Browning Robinson By Edward E. Heermance Glenellyn, Il. First Prize NE family of three, one touring car, 17 days, 1130 miles. Debit: $58.97; credit: fun, rest, sport, health, and revived courage. We caught fish, made photos, swam, and tramped. We returned good as new and here’s how: Four hundred _ miles north of our Illinois home lie the wide spaces, merry lakes, pines, and cooling breezes of Wisconsin— ideal for gipsy motorists, as we discovered long ago. A Handy Road Map We cut the 35-cent state ee Radio Set Completes the Trailer Camp road map into pages about a the joys of a wireless telephone outfit on the gipsy motor tour, four by six inches, pasting them on muslin with three-eighth-inch spaces between, so that they could be studied with ease. Our tent was water- proofed, 714 by 10 feet ground area, seven feet high. A tape ridge ended in loops to which we attached ropes for swing- ing the tent between trees, or on crotched saplings. This saves poles and weight. No storm ever disturbed us. Tent, with sod cloth sewed in, rolls into a 13-pound package. as described by Armstrong Perry in his entertaining article on page 68, were experienced by Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Baskerville and their mother, of Rahway, N. J., during their long camping tour last summer—a trip interestingly recounted by Mrs. Baskerville in a letter to Popular Science Monthly. In the photograph above, Mrs. Baskerville is shown standing outside their bungalow trailer, “listening in” for the news from the outside world. How much real enjoyment the campers received from an inex- pensive crystal detector radio set, with a four-wire antenna strung above the top of the trailer, is described by Mrs. Baskerville in her letter: “Our wireless telephone outfit enabled us to hear the news of the day, baseball and football scores, weather reports and evening con- certs, sent out by several big transmitting stations and amateurs.” Of the expenses of the trip, she adds: makes the living reasonable. $6; two rooms and bath, from $12 to $15; breakfast, $2. “In the bungalow, with sizzling bacon and eggs for breakfast, a cold lunch, and a full dinner, the cost is only a fraction of the hotel charges. In fact, the cost of one night at a hotel wi pay the entire expenses of our little home for a week.”’ ‘‘Buying from the farmers At a hotel, dinner for three would be Hudson, N. Y. Second Prize N half a dozen auto camping trips I have used a five-passenger tour- ing car, carrying three or four passengers. The cost of my last trip, 1442 miles, was $96.24 for four passengers. s I use oversize tires, as I find that the tires sup- plied with a car are over- loaded with four passen- gers and camp equipment. My single pole tent measures nine by 12, and is usually attached to the car, but can be erected elsewhere. The tent hasa floor cloth sewed in, which keeps out insects and makes the tent warmer. To Waterproof Tent I waterproof the tent by dipping it in a mixture of one pound of paraffin dis- solved in six quarts of gasoline. For cooking purposes I use a two-burner gasoline campstove. The fuel is easy to obtain and the cooking utensils are kept clean. The campfire blackens cooking utensils .so that a lot of work has to be done before they can be packed. My camp equipment is We carried oak pegs to save time. The canvas floor cloth spread over leaves supported our beds, each consisting of one Cots that soak up quilt and one blanket. cold were discarded. Meals were prepared on a grate sup- ported by three folding iron sides. A reflector oven faced the flames or nestled against the closed side. We baked pastry, bread, and meats, just as at home. All cook- ing utensils nested inside the largest kettle with a canvas cover. The com.nissary was a wooden box fitting on the runningboard, held by two bolts with wingnuts. Its cover clamps down watertight on strips cut from an old inner tube. We lunched from it by the roadside or carried it to the fire- side in camp. Every Wisconsin road was numbered on the map and there were numerous guideposts. Twen- ty-two miles an hour proved the best cruising speed. Toward evening we usually located in some grove near water, pitched camp, swam, ate, and turned in for dreamless sleep. An hour for breakfast and packing saw us traveling again after contributing 50 cents to the farmer (if anything). Our permanent camps in the north were in pine groves, moonlighted, and on various lakes and rivers. runningb wider an to open. carry all More Gipsies with New Ideas | following readers deserve special commenda- tion for their interesting contributions in POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’s “‘Gipsy Motorist’”’ contest: MRS. ANNA BRONNE, North Woodbury, Conn. F. D. CRITES, Richland Center, Wis. - CC. D. DAVIS, 63d and Oxford Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. ELIZABETH UMHOLTZ, 310 Lee St., Bristol, Va. ANNA C. HOPTON, 311 Summit Ave., Syracuse, N. Y. JESSIE WARD, 1116 S. Sixth St., La Crosse, Wis. MRS. MAXINE G. HENSHAW, 50 Dresden St., Springfield, Mass. GEORGE E. PAYSON, Alexandria, Indiana. JOSEPHINE L. BRIMMER, Cazenovia, N. Y. ROBERTA F. DIXON, 412 W. 129th St., New York SUSAN S. ALBURTIS, Chevy Chase, Md. W. S. VOSBURGH,, 1580 Madison St., Oakland, Calif. ROY E. DAVIS, 230 W. Williams St., Delaware, Ohio. JESSIE B. MILFORD, Box 273, Toms River, N. J. EDWIN SMITH, Whitby, Ontario, Canada. wae 4 H. DAVIS, 230 W. Williams St., Delaware, io. Helpful excerpts from letters contributed by several of these readers will be found on page 108. carried principally in two boxes the same length as oards of car, a couple of inches d as high as will allow the doors The boxes are held on the run- ningboards with two stove bolts, and they cots, blankets, tent pegs, etc. Tools are carried in a toolbox mounted on a beard clipped to the brackets of a channel-bar bumper in front of radiator. The campstove, two suitcases, and food boxes are carried in the tonneau. I have army ponchos for rain- coats and also as part of the bed- ding. They button readily into a sleeping bag and with a heavy woolen blanket are usually suffi- cient covering for summer nights in the Adirondacks. I also carry extra lighter cotton blankets for cooler weather. is necessary to have as much bed- ding underneath as over one, so the blankets are folded lengthwise and we sleep in the middle. A sweater answers for a pillow. In the past three years we have toured the Adirondacks, the Green Mountains, the White Mountains, part of Maine, and a. part of Pennsylvania. In using cots, it June

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thly ance auto lave our- e or cost 1442 four as [ sup- ver- sen- ent. tent and cted las a hich and ont it by re of dis- s of ses I oline 1 is the kept pfire nsils as to n be nt is two ches oors run- they ete. lbox d to -bar The food eau. ain- ped- toa avy uffi- xhts arry for 3, it yed- , SO wise ave een ins, June, 1922 Luxury is added to traveling comfort in the motor- ized home pictured above. Here the family and guests may pass the hours in a richly furnished drawing-room with beveled plate-glass windows, or may view the scenery from an observation com- partment in the rear Designed on the lines of a Pull- man sleeper, this substantial car makes an ideal permanent travel- ing home, outfitted for the long- est tours. At the right is a view of the interior bis fs ee itsiead This spacious room, with wide aisle between beds is mounted on a Ford chassis. These bodies, ready for appli- cation, have recently been placed on the market Home Comforts ol Wheels in Modern Motor Caravan “PMOURING bungalows,’ mounted on automobile chasses and combining all home conveniences with the delights of adventure on the road, are increasingly popular with summer vacationists. Read, in the Home Workshop, page 77, detailed instructions telling how you can transform your own car into a modern motor caravan. Remarkably compact, yet com- pletely equipped, the above camp-on-wheels, now on the market, can be attached as a trailer behind your automobile. The camp may be folded up in a few minutes While the noonday meal is being prepared over the gasoline stove just behind him, the driver is cheered by appetizing odors of roast chicken as he guides his caravan over the highways For additional sleeping accommodations, two comfortable upper berths are hung from the caravan roof, to which they are tightly strapped in the daytime

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72 Popular Science Monthly , Fold Your Apartment Kitchenette into a Table A COMPLETE kitchenette, folded compactly into an attractive table, as shown below, saves pantry space in the ever dwindling apartment. The table top swings back on hinges and rests on brackets. One side is swung down also, to give convenient access to electric grill, toaster, and cooker, dishes and cooking utensils. mett Ore. Stat rece onst spee sult jnar a Ey, A i ELECTRIC SOCKETS | . ces ty | Ff hy, = ‘& Ke ; t* - a. A; . lh) ee! Nir) ae and Pressing the sides of was the cover seals the jelly out glass airtight without { acti paraffining; pressing Bee on the center of the lid cor makes its removal the possible By turning the dials of this counting device, fastened to the tele- phone base with a bracket, the number of calls is recorded ing qui asst As a special service to readers, the Editor will be glad to supply the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mentioned in Popular Science Monthly This cup, useful in the In this nutmeg grater the we sickroom ffor heating liquids, contains an elec- tric heating element the temperature of which is nutmeg is fastened to the crank handle, which, when turned, rubs the nut against the grating surface controlled by a switch For this electrically heated producer of marcelled waves, the heating mem- ber is a rod with spiral corrugations against which the hair is pressed Instead of pressing this electric iron down on a coat, the coat is pressed against the inverted iron, which is supported by a_ stand To sharpen your carving knife or bread knife, draw the cutting edge between the two corundum wheels of this sharpener Ne ov th oho | has es ~_ _ -_ ea ee 62 This vegetable steamer works on the iris-diaphragm principle and fits any pot. The vegetables, resting on the perforated device, do not touch the water While this electric heater is de- signed to take the chill out of the air in cool weather, it may also be used for toasting bread or heating water Linoleum to be cut is placed between the bottom plate and the circular cutting disk of the device shown above, which follows the line along which the material is to be cut. The cutter is guided by a convenient handle

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ews Se lS ‘Vv oVe y : June, 1922 Engineers Hang 500-Foot Bridge in 13 Hours! Every Beam and Cable, Cut in Advance, Fits to the Fraction of an Inch as Long Suspension Structure Is Assembled hours a 500-foot suspension bridge across the Willa- mette River, at Oregon City, Ore., engineers of the Oregon State Highway Bridge Service recently gave an amazing dem- onstration of the construction speeds now obtainable as a re- sult of modern methods of prelim- inary mathematical calculation. Every beam, cable, hanger, and plank in the entire structure was cut to the exact size and laid out on the river bank before any actual building was attempted. Because every element in the complicated structure fitted to the fraction of an inch, the build- ing was accomplished almost as quickly as an automobile can be assembled. Fy roses 500 in 13 working A Temporary Structure Speed in the work was neces- sary because an old _ suspen- sion bridge,’ built across the Willamette in 1888, was to be taken down and replaced by a new arch viaduct, and it was necessary to build a temporary footbridge to allow hundreds of people to cross the river to their work. Traffic could not be sus- pended, even for a day, and it was also necessary to avoid inter- - ference with navigation on the river. The first step in building the temporary bridge was to frame the towers. On each bank of the river six piles, each 90 feet long, were laid horizon- — The bridge during construction, showing floor beams being suspended from the two main cables by hangers of carefully calculated length tally and bolted together. Emplacements — consisting of substantial timber foot- ings embedded on solid rock —were prepared, and the towers, hoisted in place bya floating derrick, were braced and guyed. The instant this was accomplished, two gangs of men set to work, one gang erecting the ap- proaches while the second swung the suspension span. Two parallel wire cables, each composed of four one- inch ropes, were passed beam was suspended from two cpposite hangers by slipping each end into a U bolt already clamped to the lower end of each hanger. To the beams, spaced at equal distances by a space gage, four 2 by 12 inch planks were spiked lightly. This process was repeated in ‘suspending and planking each of the 48 floor beams, providing a temporary footway across the bridge by which material could be carried out as the ccnstruc- tion proceeded. In the mean- time the framed approaches to the bridge were being bolted into place, all the wooden truss mem- bers having been shaped pre- viously. The crew that followed the men laying the floor beams, put down the permanent deck. As a result of this concerted effort, the bridge was opened to the public without any inter- rupticn of traffic. The details of the construction offer an interesting example of the engineering design of a tem- porary structure. This bridge is not intended to remain in service more than a year—hence the ex- tensive use of wood, especially in the towers. Bridge Holds 500 Persons The span is for pedestrian traffic only, and is planned to carry a maximum live load of 500 persons at 160 pounds each —that is, about as many people as could crowd upon the bridge. It is built with a factor of safety enabling it to support three times the maximum load. For example, each of the eight strands in the main cables will with- stand a tension of 58 tons. The combined weight of the bridge and its maximum live load will produce a total tension of 160 tons in the cables. Dividing by eight, each strand need carry only 20 tons—about a third of its safe working load. The main span is 496 feet between towers, with a navigational clearance of 75 feet at low across the river and over the towers, then fastened to anchorages. Two men then climbed to the top of each tower, placed a plank across the cables, and took their positions at the ends of the plank, each man straddling one of the cables. To these men were handed the hang- ers, or vertical ropes with which the road- way was to be hung to the cables. hangers had already been cut to the correct length and fitted with clamps ready to attach to the cables. The workmen moved out along the bridge, fastening the hangers as they went, while a second crew of two men following, laid the framework and spiked down a temporary roadway as fast as the hangers were fixed. The In constructing the roadway, each floor This and the other tower were framed on the ground and hoisted into position. Above is the completed bridge water. Each of the 48 hangers is of six-strand flow steel cable with hemp cen- ters. Since these must often ‘bear heavy loads for a few seconds at a time, the fac- tor of safety is raised to five. The stiffening truss is of laminated timbers, and is 10 feet wide by 10 feet high. All joints are bolted and spiked. To maintain street clearance under the ap- ‘ proaches, the angles of ap- - proach vary from a grade of 20 per cent on one side of the river to 14 per cent on the other. While this might not be tolerated for a per- manent bridge, the variance is of no consequence for this temporary structure.

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Popular Science Monthly How Your Auto May. Become a Roadside Bedroom Any motor camper can reduce the bulk of his outfit by means of a convertible auto body that can be transformed into comfortable sleeping quarters for two. A door cut in the rear of the body drops to the level of the car floor, the rear seat moves forward —and you have a roomy roadside bedroom

This miniature traffic Designed to _ resist cop fastened just a ie’ ow every method of the above the taillight ; go gh se a thief, this tire lock is raises its right or left agate: _y ‘ made with solid body arm to signal which “ en and three - point way the car will turn a ae < shackle of steel

S

As a special service to readers, the Editor will

Cleaning upholstery of your be glad to supply the names and addresses The glare shield shown above car is light work with this of manufacturers of devices mentioned in can be adjusted quickly by hand vacuum cleaner. The Popular Science Monthly means of a small lever within dustbag hangs from the arm easy reach of the driver

Rattling of the tire chain and un- Touch a button and a small electric light behind This emergency gasoline can fits mecessary wear are prevented by the glass tube of this aluminum oil gage shines into the space beside the regular this safety hook, which takes up the through, revealing how much oil still remains tank of the Ford car, and is locked slack. A small lever locks chain in the crankcase | by turning the spring handle

This auto lavatory for the long tour Take the baby with you. He can Stretched about the tire and held consists of a reservoir bolted to the ride in comfort and safety in this fast by cement to the center of the chassis frame and a faucet that newly designed high chair strapped tire surface, this new tread is good folds under the runningboard to the auto seat for 1000 miles — "6 Peete £8 8. ee | Tae

Ju

S Rhee et eR ase Ket co ©

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eld the ood. June, 1922 Five-Unit Mower Cuts Uneven Lawns = = RASS on uneven ground where the usual power lawnmower cannot oper- ate may be mowed by a newly invented machine in which mowers are driven in units of five. Each cutting unit is inde- pendently connected with the drawhbar, and, by means of an extension from the front of the tractor, is pulled instead of pushed, so that each unit is free to float over the ground without carrying the weight of the frame. The end units will ride banks or drop down slopes at an angle of 30 degrees or more, cutting the grass perfectly. Two smaller units drawn directly behind the three forward units cut the grass in the spaces that would otherwise be left by the gaps between the units. Airplane Gas Tanks ‘‘Crash”’ in Safety Tests IRPLANE gas tanks from all over the world are “crashing’’ at Aldershot, England, in attempts to win the $9000 prize offered by the British Air Ministry for a gasoline tank that will not catch fire nor leak after an airplane smashup. Filled with gasoline, and fitted with every sort of shock absorber and lining that the ingenuity of inventors can devise, the tanks shoot down a 60-foot rail inclined at 45 degrees, attaining a velocity of 50 miles an hour. At the bottom, they are released to crash upon a solid concrete bed. Previously, of course, the tanks have been subjected to the fire of guns loaded with incendiary bullets, armor-piercing shells, and explosive ammunition. i tere X' INGLINED TRACK™ Traveling at 50 miles an hour, the tank crashes into concrete Te. Villainous Cuckoo Lays Eggs of Any Size FOR ingenious villainy, the cuckoo holds the prize among birds. It lays its eggs in the nests of other birds, then, as soon as the young cuckoos hatch, it lifts the other nestlings on its back and throws them from the nest or robs them of the food brought back by their parents. Why do not parent birds recognize the cuckoo egg, and refuse to rear it, since the size, color, and markings of the eggs of all birds differ? The reason is that the cuckoo seems to have the ability to lay eggs of the same size as those already in the nest, whether they are large orsmall. This rare power of “egg control’’ is possessed by a hen at Hazelwood, Ohio. This hen has laid one egg 3 4 inches in diameter, it is said, and a second only aninch long. They are pictured above. 15 ‘‘Third Hand’’ Holds Your Telephone Receiver IFT your telephone receiver off the hook, and a newly invented holder will pick it out of your hand and carry it higher, placing it against your ear and leaving you with both hands free to make notes while you telephone. A Z-shaped supporting arm is clamped on the telephone upright and the shank of the Amechanic- al arm lifts the receiver to your ear receiver. As the phone is picked up, this pivots on the lower end and a stop on the lower bracket prevents it from falling after the phone is at the level of the ear. This height, and the distance between the phone and the mouthpiece, can be adjusted to suit the user. No springs or ratchets are used. Torch Converts Cactus into Cattle Food OBBING cholla cactus and prickly pear of their spines with portable burners has converted a dangerous cattle menace into palatable food for live stock, and has saved the lives of thousands of steers in drought stricken areas of the Southwest. Cactus is abundant, and once it is de- prived of its thorns, cattle thrive upon the plants, which supply water as well as food when springs dry and other vegetation is killed by drought. A cactus burner weighs less than a dozen pounds and is easily operated by one man. The outfit is strapped to his back, so that his hands are free to guide hig horse or manipulate the torch. The tank holds > : . 2 MRS Fe ec ee ee ae ee Distillate is forced by air pressure through a pipe to the burner about 21% gallons of distillate, which is forced by air pressure through a long iron pipe to the burner. The air and oil are mixed so as to throw an intense flame for a distance of three or four feet, hot enough to burn off the dry spines almost instantly. THE greatest recorded depth in the Pacifie Ocean is 31,614 feet-—near Guam. ar

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apenas omy, rmmenmngyne nga emma ee on ———— fy

76 Submarine Torch Saves Cities from Water Divers Mend Great Main with Electric Burners in 53 Feet of Water '\ , J ORKING desperately in six-hour shifts, in the murky depths of New York harbor, three divers, using a newly designed oxyelectric torch to repair a broken cast-iron water main, recently saved 110,000 residents of Staten Island from a serious water famine. In the gloom and muck of the river bottom, where the pipe lay buried in 26 feet of mud, the divers, with steadily flaming torches, cut through 30 feet of metal from 154 to 314 inches thick, re- moved a broken section of pipe 12 feet long, and replaced it with a new section, relieving a serious situation in a third of the time that would have been required by sawing and cutting with pneumatic tools. The broken main is a siphon made up of flexibly jointed 12-foot sections crossing the harbor at the Narrows between Long Island and the Borough of Richmond. It was broken by a harbor dredge that dropped its spud, or vertical anchoring pile, on or near the pipe, knocking a hole in one section. Tons of Mud Dredged Away To permit the divers to work on the break, 26 feet of mud covering the pipe was dredged away. It was then necessary to remove the broken section under 53 feet of water, without disturbing adjoining lengths. The divers worked simultaneously at three points. First they completely severed an adjoining pipe length. To cut the joint at the other end of the cracked section they were forced to cut away the upper sector of a bell, or flare, 314 inches thick. Before they could reach this bell, they found it necessary to make two cuts and release an encircling wrought-iron band 1 inches thick and four inches wide. Then to cut the lower portion of the pipe, a diver crawled inside the main, which he could enter only after the fracture had been en- larged. In the face of these difficulties, the efficiency of the new torch made it possible to complete the cutting in nine working days. Once the cracked section was cut loose and removed, the repair was completed by lowering a new section into place, and mak- ing the joint watertight by packing it with lead wool—also a new invention. To hold the new section firmly, encircling steel collars were placed over the bell ends and drawn together by long, threaded bolts. Cutting cast iron under water is a new achievement. W. E. Kirk and R._E. Chapman, of New York City, had worked for several years on a torch for this purpose. Their invention was inspired by under- water cutting torches invented in Germany, which, while unsuccessful, had proved that an oxyacetylene torch, when equipped with a bell-shaped shield over the burner, would burn under water if it was ignited at the surface and carried below in a position permitting expanding gases in the bell to force the water out of and away from the flame. However, if the position of the mouth of the bell allowed the water to enter, or if the pressure was not great enough to keep the water back, the torch

MUDLINE Sg NOUNEY, - A eis WEIGHTED. BEAMS ——> é

= ELECTRIC ARC apyoowe NT A ————— Crna SS

CABLE FROM ELECTRIC GENERATOR was extinguished and it was necessary to carry it to the surface to be relighted. By a radical change in design, Kirk and Chapman devised a torch that could be lighted under water. The unstable acety- lene was eliminated and ‘tthe electrical features of the torch became the principal

Popular Science Monthly Famine

SUCTION INTAKE GRID With the flames of their oxyelectric torches blazing steadily in 53 feet of water, three divers swiftly cut out and removed a 12-foot section of cast-iron water main in the manner shown above rather than a subsidiary part of the appe< ratus. In cutting, the metal is fused by an electric arc, and then cut by a blast of “cutting gas.’ This flame is hot enough toturn water into steam, creating a zone of vapor within which the electric are does its work. Inside the bell there is a carbon electrode through which pass two

The broken removal. A diver is demonstrating the use of the electric torch for outside cuts ipe section after its small brass tubes that feed the cutting gas at the point of the arc. The gas is supplied from the surface by a hose, within which are the electrical connec- tions. One wire goes to the carbon electrode and the other side of the elec- tric current supply is connected with the work to be cut.

How the Torch Is Lighted To light the torch, the diver simply touches the tip of the electrode to the work, then draws it back about a quarter of aninch. The arc invariably results. Tostop cutting, the electrode is drawn beyond the arcing range. The temperature of the electric arc is nearly twice that of any oxyacetylene flame.

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ithly 1€ NY RN Ww DONG June, 1922 ome Workshop New and Useful Things for the Practical Man to Make Converting Your Car for Auto Camping HE broad highway and the wide spaces of the country now lure the auto campers. Some of them will pile tent, blankets, mattresses, food and camp paraphernalia into their cars and set out, trusting to good luck for smil- ing skies and pleasant camping grounds. The wiser ones, if they ‘have the time and means, will convert their car for auto camping by building a special body with bunks, table, lockers, stove, and some or all of the conveniences in this outfit that Mr. Luers has designed espe- cially to help the readers of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY make their own auto- mobile camping equipment at a cost of less than $100.—THE EDITOR. UTO camping is a comparatively new a and most delightful form of outdoor life. It permits the enjoyment of all the zest and pleasure of camping with- out the labor of packing equipment and supplies over long and weary trails. To have a separate body for your auto- mobile especially de- signed for auto camp- ing is most desirable. It will prevent any pos- sibility of the original body of the car being disfigured by rough us- age, and it allows you to keep your camping equipment together in a compact way, so that whenever you desire to make an_ excursion there need be no tedi- ous gathering together and stowing away of the thousand and one necessities for camping in comfort. The body that is illustrated has these advantages. It is installed as a separate unit after the car body has been demounted. This is possible because in practically every car the body is a unit that extends to the dash, or edge of the cowl. By the removal of the body bolts and possibly the rear fenders, the body may be detached, leaving the chassis, which contains all t= 4 Pens WHEEL BASE FRAM —— . or RAME SPACE ae “Re FRAME \ fit ia v ar gs NY ro "Ke j After the correct chassis dimensions of your car have been filled in on By G. A. Luers necessary operating parts, such as the gas tank, battery, and steering gear. By means of similar bolts the camping body is secured to the chassis frame, in which no additional bolt holes have to be drilled. A change of bodies does not require much time, espe- cially if hoisting equipment is available to lift them. The use of this camping body may not extend beyond two periods yearly. It can be constructed in leisure time, without All outdoors belongs to the auto camper who has a car like this interfering with the use of the car, and placed in readiness to practically the last detail, by carefully planning the work and obtaining correct measurements of the frame and the exact location of the steering gear, gearshift, brake, and other details. These measurements should be made most accurately and placed on the blank diagram below to form a basis for all the dimensions of the finished body. Inasmuch as no two makes of cars have similar measurements, the over-all dis- tances shown should be regarded only as approximate. They must be modified to suit the individual chassis to which the body is to be fitted. The most essential OOME LIGHT DRIVER'S COMPARTMENT DETACHED i i ——1—3) (tie [ DOOR —| t) ' ! j BUNKS ~ i] J 4 ! aameme 4 vi +— HINGED SEAT “Rivers SEAT 4 - ‘ a. re COMPARTMENTS REAR VIEW FRONT VIEW * — as shown in the other drawings dimensions are those indicated on the blank chart. The chief material required in construc- tion is wood. The wooden framing and flooring combine lightness with the flexi- bility required to withstand the twisting stresses incidental to travel over uneven roads. The covering and side curtains should be of waterproof canvas or rubberized can- vas; this will maintain a comparatively light overhead weight and prevent the out- fit being top heavy. The body, sides, rear, and doors are of any good grade of tough, pliable wallboard, though -in. wood sheathing can be sub- stituted. In several special bodies with which the writer has helped, the use of wall- board has proved es- pecially satisfactory; it is adapted to rapid construction because of the conveniently large area of the sheets. When painted, this ma- terial is practically weatherproof, and the smooth, even appear- ance justifies its use, even if it is a little more difficult to obtain than wood. In the arrangement of the body shown in the lower right-hand sketch, accommodations for two persons are provided. Provision for four bunks is possible by making the combined table and pantry removable so that berths may be lowered at night. The driver’s compartment is separated from the inside for convenience. It is more interesting and comfortable for the camp- ers to occupy the seat facing forward. Three outside lockers, two at the sides, === o> = = 20-4 a 7 leans ROOF, f oe SOE 8 REAR 0 Y oRoPS ff" o-"""") REMOVARLE ® grocecced the blank diagram, you can plan an auto camping body

Page 62

a ae eee ns Be, ame RE 78 forward of the wheels, and one at the rear, are essential to hold small articles, such as clothing, food supplies, fuel and oils, hunt- ing and fishing paraphernalia. These are large and commodious and, being set low, do not tend to make the car top heavy. Illumination is by means of a top light or dome, connected with the battery as most convenient. Lights for reading, writing, and other work are placed on the walls in- side, if desired. The side coverings should permit ample ventilation for hot nights, but provide close-spaced turn-fasteners so that they can be buckled down tightly when cool weather is encountered and it is desired to heat the inside of the car by means of one of those indispensable oilstove heaters. It is an easy matter to arrange netting inside the side curtains for safeguarding against mosquitoes and other insects. Follow Diagrams Carefully Sufficient detail is shown in the sketches to enable the builder to determine the amounts of materials for an average car and by adding 15 per cent to this, he will be assured of more than that required, even if his car is of a somewhat longer wheel base. In the plan shown i ~ the a. cost ess than _ ba = $100, depending

cm | F YW} 4 somewhat upon 44 lpi the fittings used. Sh og | The wood, canvas, aia i‘ and wallboard are / the least expensive : items, while the i} /\O:i hardware will OUTLINE OF HOOD prove the more costly. Where hinges, fastenings, catches, etc., are available and do not have to be purchased, the cost will be cut almost 50 per cent.? The cost for labor, if it is desired to have Front of driver’s com- partment Popular Science M onthly :

TANK OPENING) PEDAL BOARD | Ff | T | | | | | | | |

OO

How to construct the floor, frame, bunks, wheel housings and combination table, pantry, and storage lockers | | | j t = | | BUNKS | 4 PARTLY BATTERY _—| | | SLATTED FOLDED . OPENING - PIVOT’ FRAMES i F ae ' FLOOR DIAGRAM CLL LLL) ALTERNATE POSITIONS \ yt? Y ag EF LO goo) od MATTRESSES’ STRAPS || SHEET METAL ; - “i AND COVERS HOUSING FOR REAR ey a. WHEE FA | 7 WHEELS FLOOR. BEAMS S Fe ‘AR FRAME. i Niles sais L aiiaeiticliedaneiee » ° ° il Q | BRACES —~ e 3° & ma 1 _ ° ° 18 2715 oan — ' |

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the pre- con- 2 in. ame. ‘tent 1ceal rand fully aces. ould dark too -Oom- does ent. ig is *k in 1 the le to nted: $-in. Then shelf and. the ork- 2-in. for ably The ager two it nine legs are 1 of all are 3 to elf, the so ear rm Ise

June, 1922 long wood screws in place of nails to fasten the whole bench together. The head for the machine equipment is made of hard wood, as shown. Holes are drilled through it and fitted with brass bushings, in which the spindle runs. The Details | of head- stock and tail- stock

spindle, threaded at each end, is of steel. The long thread is for carrying the grinding wheels, the disk grinder, and buffing wheels, and the short front thread is for the face- plates and chucks. A 3-in. pulley is fast- ened with screws to the spindle between the two bearings. The base for the head is made by bolting two pieces of wood against its sides with long bolts. All the woodwork should be planed square. The construction of the tailstock is novel and simple. A piece of flat iron is bent in the blacksmith shop to the dimensions in- dicated and is then fastened to the flat wooden block with wood screws. The block is mortised to receive this iron piece, and the projection of the iron between the shears at both ends keeps the tailstock in perfect alinement with the headstock at all times. A 1-in. bolt, nut, and washer are used to clamp it down on the shears. The T-rest is made of steel and wood as shown, a slotted piece of wood being used

¥

Bench Talks Systematic Planning Will Save You. Many an Hour in Your Home Workshop

By Arthur Wakeling I" is surprising how often the amateur mechanic—and sometimes even the pro- fessional—makes his work much harder than it should be simply because of lack of system. Frequently this is due to lack of knowledge or experience; sometimes it is a matter of carelessness and haste in plan- ning the project thoroughly at the outset. A few principles in the field of wood- working will show what I mean. A good foreman always will lay out parts in pairs whenever __ possible; for instance, the top and bottom, the front and back, and the ends will be made the same, if it can be arranged in any way. All similar joints will be made exactly alike in any particular piece of work; for ex- YY —WCJCWvEeE2EE ample, the rabbets Wf fw «W(KAAU"|eqea—Fe#z”z

\\S

N

tion. of this came up in connection with the designing of the radio cabinet described in last month’s POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. As originally laid out, the joint between the top and ends and the bottom and ends was as shown in the sketch at the left. It was quickly seen that this would involve a waste of time, for the reason that the top and the bottom would be alike in neither size nor shape; that the ends, while alike in size, would each have the top edge square and the bottom edge rab-

_ beted; and that the fF tie: ~—sd Yaabbetsin the top and QZ: “in the end would not \N SS | | aa Lala 4 $* BORE | \ 6

= WOODEN DISK 4} GRINDER PLATE BRASS BUSHING-2 REQ. * The wooden shears or lathe bed, headstock

WORKTABLE

spindle, T-rest, worktable, and other details fora base. This rest can be moved in and out or swung at any desired angle. The shears are made of hard wood, care- fully dressed straight and true. The pieces are 34 by 244 in. by 3 ft. The tail end is clamped with one %-in. bolt to a rest block or shor: leg. The front end is slipped over the headstock and is clamped in place with through bolts 14 in. in diameter. The suffice for this machine, as the lathe is short and work can be done without difficulty as far to the right as the tailstock will go. A wooden connecting rod couples the treadle and the wheel, and a %-in. leather belt drives the pulley. The method for making the worktable to be used in connection with the saw is clearly shown in the detail drawing. The angle braces are of sheet steel screwed to the bottom of the table and have slots that slip over two %-in. bolts, which run through the headstock and clamp the braces tightly to the sides of the head. For draft work on patterns, the table can be slanted to suit requirements. A small 2 or 3 in. scroll chuck mounted on a faceplate will be found a valuable addi- tion on many small jobs of turning up brass and fiber, polishing, and the like. Other uses will constantly be found for this exceptionally useful little home workshop combination machine.

Preventing Breakage of Drills Aes breakage of small drills can be prevented by the use of blocks as shown by the accompanying drawing. Each block should be bored through with a bit a trifle larger in diameter than the drill that is to be used, after a larger hole has first been bored | wooDEN OCK> from the bottom ®2S4 up for a short dis- tance to provide a place for the chips. / The use of these ~ blocks will permit the drill to make the first ‘bite’ into the metal without springing and will speed up the work, as well as increase the life of the drills.—P. H.

SMALL DRILL

Block supports drill

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Make a Wall Tent for Your r “HE points to look for in a tent are not many, but they all are very im- portant, for a comfortable and happy vacation in the woods or at the shore. The best all-around tent is the standard wall tent of the United States Government specifications. A tent of this kind is easy to set up, has a pitch sufficient to shed rain well, can be securely guyed to stand a heavy gale, and, if well made and water- proofed, will be found cool on hot days and dry in bad weather. The most satisfactory size is dependent upon the number of persons to be sheltered. A 7 by 9 ft. wall tent will be about right for two, while the 914 by 11) ft. tent illus- trated is big enough for four, and is often preferred for a party of two because of its comparative spaciousness. This tent is shown set up with a fly, although the latter is not essential; it will, however, be found a good addition. If you SW SIDE WALLS 3” neon LOGE - 4 |» eaeginteaciglede te : : H ‘ a Hf ¥ ren SiruapeeD | ogi at a. SEAM gt van | DOUBLE | * STITCHED » DOUBLE . £ STITCHED § § STITCHED Oh Pees © on ore eee mera) coserssees Gooeeces=es « RIDGE CAP H (oS ee j---------4 b i . os ee wt 4 EYELET x a ll > ad We" 4 ‘ SEW SIDE WALLS 3 FROM EDGE REENFORCING PATCH How the roof section is sewed want a fly, allow 22 yds. of material for making it. The fly may be set up over the tent to form a double roof, or, better yet, used over the front entrance to serve as an awning. Under it the cooking may be done on rainy days and in hot weather it forms a nice porch. In choosing the material for a tent of this kind, do not make the common mistake of getting too heavy goods. LEight-ounce double twisted or filled canvas duck is about right. You can buy brown duck if you prefer that color, or dye the material after it is made up. To make the tent, you will require 54 yds. of cotton duck. This comes in 29-in. width only. Begin by making the five sections illustrated, afterward sewing them together to form the front and back walls, the roof, and side walls. All the sewing can be done on an ordinary household sewing machine, using the heaviest thread the machine will carry, and stitching each lapped seam along each edge. This makes a strong and durable tent. For sewing the eyelets, use common string, waxed, and overcast the stitches. An edge of 1 in. should be allowed all around the outside for making lapped seams. The front is fitted with a door flap and while the back wall may also have one, if desired, the tent is usually made with a closed rear wall. That the front flap may be closed in stormy weatber, one side laps over the other a few inches. This makes all snug and tight when the tie straps are tied across the door flap. Eyelets are worked in over grommet rings as shown in detail drawings. By C. S. Taylor The call of the open spaces The roof section is simply a rectangular piece, with the extra reenforcement or ridge cap across the center. This is not essential, but it makes the tent stronger in its weakest point, where the ridge pole comes. The drawing shows all details and dimensions necessary. The side-wall sec- tions are then made as shown and sewed to the front and back walls. When all sections are completed, sew the front section to the roof section, lapping them so that the edges of the cloth are in- side. Start at the ridge or point and end at the side walls. Sew on the back wall in the same way. The side walls are then attached in the same way, lapping all edges inside and stitching along each edge to make a strong joint. While not strictly necessary, a sod-cloth is desirable. This is simply a strip of can- vas 9 in. wide sewed to the bottom edge of the tent all around. Stores and camp sup- plies may be placed on the sod-cloth to hold it down and keep out insects, cold, and rain. For a tent of this size, 41 linear feet of 9-in., or 14 yds. of 29-in. canvas will be required. The inside edge should be hemmed. To set up the tent, 50 feet of 3/16-in. manila rope will be required for guys, 12 metal slides, and 24 wooden or metal tent pegs or stakes. The stamped steel pegs are best, for they hold better and can be used over and over again; but wooden stakes can be made from any hard woods, ash or hickory being the most desirable of them. If a brown or forest green color is wanted for the tent, buy a few packages of dye for cotton and dye the tent after it is made up and before water- proofing it. REENFORCING PATCH TOP OF WALL LAP UNDER ROOF 3° FROM EDGE a Pe AND STITCH ALONG EACH EDGE OF SEAN m— 265° 27 ek 27 = 27°" —>——265 }~—3:0°—>| ! a i) v u oS ied. Bw a oe rf 4 = —_ 7 >| 7 Wesé 7 SEW THIS LAPPED EDGE LAP THIS EOGE | ON INSIDE UNDER BACK WALL OF FRONT WALL AND \ STITCH ON EACH EDGE SIDE WALL AP OF SEAM We FRONT WALL DOUBLE STITCHED The front section and the side wall Popular Science Monthly Summer Trip Waterproofing preparations can be bought ready to use or you can make your own, as I have done. To waterproof, dissolve '4 lb. alum in 4 gals. boiling rainwater. If no rainwater js obtainable, put a small handful of borax in the water. Ina separate tub dissolve \% lb. of lead acetate (sugar of lead) in 4 gals. water. Let both solutions stand until clear, then pour off the alum solution and add the sugar of lead solution to it, using a clean tub or other receptacle. Let stand a few hours and pour off the clear liquor. Then thoroughly saturate the canvas, working the cloth with the hands until it is soaked through. Squeeze out, rinse in clear water, and stretch on a line to dry. Sugar of lead is a poison, but only if taken internally. There is no danger in using the chemicals as outlined and most cloths are waterproofed by their use. The tent treated in this manner CYELET a 3 POST SPIKE HOLE } 6" J y ° > CC fil 3 OSE POLE-2*k 3" REENFORCED CANVAS RIDGE POLE-2% 3 RIDGE CAP GROMMET RING ON EACH SIDE) i z 2 ROUND : wih SPIKE it oe HOLE 9 2 cence y EYELET DETAIL ; ‘ EYELET ¥3 4 ST Py gPOST «© BY OVERCASTING ROUND i SPIKE STITCH OFF TOP OF ‘| Hove aL} Hoe Rioct Pout Tl. ~ The ridge pole and cap, tent poles, and eyelet details will not only be waterprooi, but also fire- proof to a considerable extent. To set up the tent, lay the ridge pole on the ground, with the spikes of the posts through the holes in it and hoist up the tent with the ridge attached. Now fasten the four corner guys.a little to the front and set taut with the slides; then peg down the guys until all are taut and are taking the strain evenly. In damp weather the ropes will shrink and draw too tightly on the tent. They should, therefore, be eased a little when it begins to rain and tightened to take up the slack when the ropes dry out. Paint Preserves Machinery HE steel and iron of machinery of all kinds, unless otherwise protected, re- quire painting wherever possible for pur- poses of preservation. Before painting a metal surface, the greatest care should be taken to clean it well. Scrape through rust spots to the metal with scrapers or wire brushes, and give the surface a final scrubbing with dry brushes. Remove every trace of oil and grease. Two or three coats of paint should be well brushed on. See that any cracks are filled with the pigment. Red lead, which is believed to protect iron from rusting, is expensive and the color is often objectionable, although the addition of a small amount of lampblack will im- prove both the color and working qualities. The paints made of iron oxide pigments are quite satisfactory, because they combine cheapness and a high degree of durability. Any good oil paint will be serviceable if carefully applied.—H. D.

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onthly Ought r Own, nin 4 ater is rax in Y Ib. gals. clear, id the clean a few Then rking oaked vater, f lead nally. als as oofed anner LE RMED TING fire- le on 20sts tent the d set the the opes ent. ittle take June, 1922 CONN RBADIO | Ernest Pechin Cornet Soloist Pictured here are some of the artists a ring in Conn Radio Concerts. Above—Frank Westphal’s Rainbow Garden Orchestra, Chicago. Brass Choir San Francisco Symphony Orchestra THIRD OF NATIONAL SERIES—Friday Evening, May 19 44 13 Mathew Amaturo — radio concerts have taken the nation by already played; Benne Henton, Charles Randall, Saxophone Soloist storm! Our programs of March 17 and April John Leick, Mable Keith Leick and Fred Tait have 14 by America’s leading dance orchestras and given solos. More of their calibre are to appear. nationally famed soloists have occasioned universal Travelers on shipboard 1500 miles from the Atlan- admiration for Conn enterprise. tic and Pacific coasts, people in Notthern Canada and Isham Jones, Joseph Smith, Frank Westphal, Hal in Centrat America will enjoy the same music which Nichols, D. C. Rosebrook and their orchestras have will be heard throughout the United States May 19, Think of it—Conn Ltd. is entertaining people by wireless a quarter of the way around the globe ill New York, Station WJZ; Chi » Station KYW; D » Station ZAF; ng Aan a 9 : San Francisco, Station KDN; Pittsburgh, Station KDKA; Kenees Chey, Sueney Station \_ ° Detroit, Station WW); New Orleans, Station WAAB; Seattle, Wash., Station KGB Conn dealers are entertaining at radiophone concerts. Watch for local announcements. Write to Corn Ltd. now for new saxophone book; FREE. Tells why the Conn is the worli’s finest, choice of the tamous artists on the radio programs. 632 Conn Building C.G. CONN, LTD. Elkhart, Indiana Agencies in All Large Cities Conn New York Co., 233-5-7 W. 47th Se, Conn Chicago Co., 62 E. Van Buren St. Conn Detroit Co., 243 E. Grand River Ave. © Conn Seattle Co., 1609 Third Ave. Conn New Orleans Co., 317 Baronne St. Conn Portland Co., 127 Tenth St. Conn Cleveland Co., 1220 Huron Road ( John Dolan } Cornet Soloist S — — ee? Simone Mantia ¢ L 4 Calatet WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH GRADE BAND AND ORCHESTRA INSTRUMENTS g

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Exploring—1922 Style! you go. built-in Distributors : 69 Cortlandt Street, New York, N. Y 780 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Mass. 440 Market Street, San Francisco, Cal. 221 Morrison Street, Portland, Ore. EVINRUD ROSPECTING strange waterways —seeking new and camping places—seasons at the waterside offer scores of added joys when there’s an Evinrude in the family. fishing grounds Just a twirl of the flywheel and away Swiftly, too, for only heavy, engines equal FEvinrude’s famous power and speed. Two Evinrude models—the Standard, for rugged, year the sportsman’s Lightweight, weighing only 50 pounds complete—are on display at your sporting goods and hardware dealers. "round service; or See them, or write for free catalog describing the Built-in-Flywheel Magneto, Tilt-up Attachment and other Evinrude features. EVINRUDE MOTOR COMPANY 680 Evinrude Building, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Evinrude Outings No, 3— Hunting the wild water lily. Standard and Lightweight DETACHABLE MOTORS FOR WATERCRAFT - EXPERIMENTAL WIRELESS STATIONS By P. E. EpELMAN. The theory design, construction and operation is fully treated, including Wireless Telephony, Vacuum Tube, and quenched spark systems. 24 chapters, 167 illus. Price, $3.00 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 West 39th St., New York b 4 deo) We Save You 50 % UNDERWOOD, ROYAL. SILENT Le C- SMITE Self-starting | Anal NGTONS” ete; cash ere Rebuilt Guaran How to Become a Successful Electrician By Prof. T. O’'Conor Sloane. The studies tobe followed, methods of work, field of operation and the requirements of the successful electrician are pointed out «? — ex- —- 202 pages. Illustrated.............. e, $1.50 ‘opular Science Monthly - 225 West 39th Py | se York LEARN PIANO SHORT COURSE -:- EASY TO LEARN Play by Note in 8 Weeks for Sample L VV % WRITE iti ‘Sinte Berbers Scene Views att FREE oO. i. SCHMAHL muse SERVICE, Box 441-K Santa Barbara, California Popular Science Monthly THE HOME WORKSHOP Win a Bonus for Your ‘‘Best Ideas’’ H°” many excellent ideas have you run across in your work with tools? Wouldn’t some of them help the other fellow in his work? If so, why not send in your good suggestions to the Home Workshop Editor, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, and compete for the monthly “‘Best Idea” prizes? The new contest begins next month and runs until September. In ad- dition to the regular space rates, prizes of $15.00 and $10.00 will be awarded in July, August, and Sep- tember, as a bonus for especially useful ideas sent in by readers. Keep the articles as short as possible and illustrate them withsketches or photographs, or both. The June prize- winners in the contest just ended are: FIRST. PRIZE, $15: Henry S. Laraby, New Haven, Conn. (See page 86.) SECOND PRIZE, $10: Mrs. H. A. Smith, Dexter, Ia. (See below.) THE CRAFTSMAN PENCIL It’sdifferent from others. Mechanically perfect. Beautiful in appearance. Sells for only 50c, complete with clip and extra leads. AGENTS—Earn $35% to $500 3 neck crt mony wonderful pencil. Everybody buys. Latest and best automatic pencil. Send 50c for sample and our propositi Be WILLIAMS, Fety. Agt., If you are employed in office or factory = you can ™| make a lot of extra pen Our age: mon efficiency of the craftoman gis it ition. loney 668 Washington Bivd., Chicago How to Make a Pullman Play Table for Children By Mrs. H. A. Smith (Second ‘‘Best Idea’’ Prize for June) M* husband has made a piece of fur- niture that I am sure would be a great help to every mother of two or more children. Our little folks sit at this table by the hour and amuse themselves with the paints, pencils, scissors, and toys that are kept stored in a drawer that slides out either way beneath the table top. The dimensions we found best are as follows, although others might be just as a i ae wim. .. se wee Small children will play contentedly by the hour at this table suitable: Length 40 or 42 in.; width 26 in.; table top, 17 by 26 in.; height, table and seat backs, 25 in.; height of seats, 11 in. The table and seats are connected at the bottom by a 1 by 4 in. board along each side. The whole is movable and is narrow enough to go through any ordinary door- way. The children therefore can use it in any room or on the porch, as desired. Sort steel arbors do not ruck up when driven into castiron or steel work if both arbor and hole are previously smeared with dry lead. Ponular NSeience Moanthl,,

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1e) fur- ea 10re able the are out > as ind the ach OW or- in en th red June, 1922 a THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Make a Bench Soldering Copper for Small Work * pen an experimenter and especially a radio enthusiast needs a small solder- ing iron that will go into close corners. Such an iron, however, usually cools too quickly. The sketch shows one that stays hot, goes readily into corners, and also is easy to make. It is really a tiny bunsen burner with a handle slipped over it and a small soldering copper fastened in front. Take a piece of 4-in. brass tubing 414 in. long and slit 14 in. at one end, in two or four places, using a hacksaw. Hammer the slit end all around until the diameter has been reduced to about %in. Cut off a 114- in. length from a piece of tubing just large + TuBI RIVETEDTO NG N SLITAND BRASS BRASSPLA ~ PLUGOF = MWOODEN NARROWED STRIPS. RIVET. DRIVEN IN> a NX47 Small bunsen burner keeps copper hot enough to slip over the piece previously prepared. Drill three 14-in. holes spaced equal distances apart around the middle of this piece and slip it over the first piece for a distance of about 14 in. Solder the two together. Fill one end of a piece of 14-in. tubing 1144 in. long with solder and drill a 1/64-in. hole through the solder. Then push this end into the larger piece until it reaches the 14- in. holes in that piece and solder it there. Slip a wooden handle 34 or 1 in. in diameter over the long 14>in. tubing so that the nar- rowed end projects from 14 tolin. Drive in two brass strips about 1/16 in. thick and 134 in. long between the handle and the tubing for a distance of 14 in., bend them over and rivet their other ends to a 1-in. disk of 1/16-in. or thicker brass. To this rivet a U-shaped piece of brass, the inside of the U being about in. across. This must be drilled and tapped for a screw to hold the soldering copper, which may be of any shape desired. A gas tube is slipped on the other end. I have used the soldering iron I have at present for more than a year and do not think I could get along without it in the work I am doing.—D. GILLESPIE. Shot Cleans Spark Plugs CRAPING carbon from a spark plug is a slow job and if not carefully done may injure the plug. By the simple SPARK-PLUG TO BE CLEANED CLEANER FILLED WITH Y2THIMBLEFUL OF No lO. SHOT CORK (BOT ~ CORK Shaking the shot loosens the carbon % method illustrated, one may easily, quickly, and safely clean a foul plug. The shell of an old spark plug, two corks, and half a thimbleful of No. 10 shot are used. Remove a cork, pour in a little gasoline and screw the shell to the plug that is to be cleaned, and shake well. The tiny pellets loosen the carbon, while the gasoline washes it off.—T. H. LINTHICUM. How I increased my output and income with Corona Mail the coupon for your copy of this fas- cinating booklet. Learn how this wonder- ful little Personal Writing Machine is helping men and women to success “ M“ corona paid for itself four times in a single month.”—“Two hours of work each night netted me more than eight hours of hard work during the day.” ‘Six evenings’ work more than paid for the machine.” These are just a few extracts from interest- ing experiences of Corona owners. Many more are told in a new illustrated booklet which also describes in detail this little 6% pound typewriter which has become “pri- vatesecretary” to nearly half a million people. The Sturdiest of all typewriters No typewriter in the world has proved itself able to stand the punishment Corona has taken during its sixteen years ot service, including a remark- able war record. Yet for all its sturdiness, Cor- ona weighs but 6% pounds and can be carried with you anywhere in its neat case. For $55 in easy payments, or $50 cash, you, too, can own a Corona. The coupon will bring you full particulars. CORONA The Personal Writing Machine TRADE MARK Built by CORONA TYPEWRITER CO., Inc- 108 Main Street, Groton, N.Y. coupon for your copy of booklet No. 612 in- cluding details of the Own-a-Corona Plan of easy monthly payments. Corona Typewriter Co., Inc. Groton, N.Y. Name Address____ Fold it up-take it with you-typewrite anywhere

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RRL AP TRON Ae AN RNS RAT BRENT RR ND Nm WOOD DYE For Coloring Wood ITH Johnson’s Wood Dye inexpensive soft woods, such as pine, cypress, fir, etc., may be finished so they are as beautiful and artistic as hard- wood. Johnson’s Wood Dye is very easy to apply—it goes on easily and quickly, without a lap or a streak. It pene- trates deeply, bringing out the beauty of the grain without raising it—dries in 4 hours and does not rub off or smudge. Johnson’s Wood Dye is made in four- teen beautiful shades, all of which may be easily lightened or darkened— full directions on every label. Insist upon Johnson’s Wood Dye— there’s no substitute. FREE-This Book on Home Beautifying This book tells how to finish wood in artistic stained and enameled effects. Gives practical suggestions on making your home artistic, cheery and invit- ing. Tells just what materials to use and how to apply them. Includes color card—gives covering capacities, etc. Use coupon below. 2 Ee A AO oe eA a OT "7 | S.C. JOHNSON & SON, Dept. PS 6, | | Racine, Wis. (Canadian Factory—Brantford) | Please send me free and postpaid your Instruction Book on Home Beautifying and Wood Finishing. \ The best dealer in paints here is.................. | i EEL s+. Ss5ccekchasrssbocsatiecosbassce i i ECL cn Shes dbinen sess nceb beeen seeks i t ' ae THE HOME WORKSHOP HAVING is made easier for a man who has a cabinet like the one illustrated. He can keep his razors, mug, shaving soap, strop, and accessories in the cabinet, ready for use without the least waste of time. The whole cabinet can be swung around on casters so as to get the best light, and, if artificial light has to be used, provision is made for a series of ten minia- ture electric bulbs set in the frame around the mirror so that a perfectly even, shad- owless illumination is thrown on the face. The cabinet should 3 Everythin be made of any suit- handy an able soft wood and ® fine light finished in one of the many standard white or cream enamels. If it is not to be placed in the bathroom, a cabinet hard wood in a natural finish should be used, such as oak or birch. The construction has been arranged in such a way that a minimum of work is necessary. Simple joints have been used in base, pedestal, and cabinet, and the moldings are either stock patterns that can be purchased at any lumber dealer or are so designed that the amateur mechanic can make them himself with ordinary carpenter’s tools. The cabinet proper is 14 in. wide, 10 in. deep, and 12 in. high. It has a plate-glass shelf 5 in. wide supported on small stand- ard nickel-plated shelf supports. The base is a plain piece of %-in. board with four feet screwed on cornerwise. The post is made of four tapered %-in. pieces making a column 5 in. square at the bottom and 3 in. at thetop. Planted on this column are \4-in. thick corner strips, which give the effect of panel work and conceal the joints in the pedestal. Biseosnt Shows Working Details of This Unusually Attractive Shaving Stand with an Illuminated Mirror The cabinet is attached to the pedestal and the mirror post is fastened to the cabinet simply and ingeniously with wood screws that are invisible when the work is completed. Before making the mirror frame it is well to obtain the mirror that is to be used and then plan so that the frame fits the glass. If desired, a small wooden or metal shaving mirror and stand may be purchased and mounted on the cab- inet. ‘ The lighting of the We mirror is accom- || or plished by the use of 7 ten small electric _ lights, the exact type, size, base, and wiring _ __being indicated on ‘=. the blueprint. If a ‘“\ metal frame is pur- chased or it is not a desired to use the small lamps, two tubular or candle- _\. flame 110-volt lamps ““ should be mounted on each side of the mirror. The blueprint of the shaving-stand, like most of the others in the Home Workshop Service Department’s series, will be sent to any address for 25 cents. This cost represents only that of blueprinting, postage, and handling; the relatively heavier charges of designing and drafting are met by POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY as a sup- plementary service for home workers who wish plans on a larger scale and more detailed than it is possible to pre- sent in the magazine itself. In ordering blueprints, please address the Home Workshop Service Department, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York. It is not necessary to use the coupon if you do not wish to mutilate your copy of the magazine, but be sure and specify which print you wish. Popular Science Monthly Efficient Crystal Receiving Set “screening” exist. detector. the telephone head set. panying coupon in ordering. eee r CITY & STATE TR A A SS Ce - fication, send for Blueprint No. 6. OR radio enthusiasts who wish to make a crystal receiving set, the Home Workshop’ Service Department has prepared a blueprint showing the exact details of construction of an un- usually efficient set of this kind. . It will serve well for the reception of broadcast- ing within a radius of 25 miles, provided no unusual conditions of interference or The features of the set are: 1. A special variocoupler of simple construc- tion. 2. A variable step-by-step condenser that can be made at home. 3. A duplex The only large item of expense will be The’ blueprint contains drawings of the most suitable aerial and a complete bill of materials. Please use the accom- If you wish to make a vacuum tube set with or without two stages of ampli- Coupon for Ordering Blueprints Home Workshop Service Dept. Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th St., New York GENTLEMEN: Send me the blueprint, or blueprints, T have checked below, for which I en- close....cents in stamps or coin: No. Title Price 1. Sewing-Table........... seahe O 2. Smoking Cabinet......... 25c OC 3. Book Trough End Table....25c CO 4. 30-ft, Monoplane Glider... .50c i) 5. Kitchen Cabinet.......... ase L 6. V.T. Radio Receiving Set..25c CJ 7. Crystal Receiving Set ...... 25c O 8. Shaving Cabinet........... 25c CJ NINO soars fas OG eG aver eta ss calle wie oi fel Se cisis {Please print)

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hly A el ee ed Se ae SO ee ee eee June, 19¥z THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Build a Typewriter Desk that Takes Up Little Room By Clifford A. Butterworth ‘Tas small typewriter desk is designed . for those who use a typewriter at home but for whom the ordinary large desk is usually out of the question because of lack of space. The desk is lower than a table, provides a place to keep the machine when it is not in use, and is small enough to fit in an out-of-the-way corner. It is 21 in. long, 16 in. deep, and 41 in. high. Inside it is 15 in. by 19 in. and 12 in. high; that provides plenty of space for any machine. A good wood to use is oak, though a softer wood, such as whitewood or cypress, may be used if desired. Thestockis 7% in., except for the legs, which are 1 4 in. square, and for the drawer, which is 14 and 4 in. The sides and back are made first. The back is 18 in. wide and 20 in. long. After the sides have been glued together, two ake SsTOCK ry LEGS- Is x15" _———— _ 20° -——————1 i) \N H// MMI 4] \ \\} TA Wi At \ DRAWER. SECTION mmm SIDE VIEW Front and end views of the desk cleats are screwed on. One supports the desk bottom and is 1 in. wide and % in. thick; and the other, on which the drawer slides, is 1 4in. wide and %in. thick. The upper cleat also serves as a drawer guide. The legs are tapered at the bottom to 1 in. square, beginning at a joint just below the side stretchers. The stretchers are : doweled or mortised in place. The drop leaf is 21 in. long and 1314 in. wide. It should be well doweled and glued with 2-in. end battens to prevent its warp- ing. When open, the drop leaf is sup- ported by a brass chain at each side. A still neater fastening is by means of com- bination desk-lid supports and hinges. The drawer sides are of %-in. stock and are fastened to the front with glue and nails, the joint being made as shown in the drawer plan. The bottom is of \-in. stock or three-ply veneer. There are several ways in which the desk may be finished. The easiest method is to use a varnish stain of the desired shade. For a better finish the wood is first stained, then filled, if oak, and then shellacked and varnished. It is also pos- sible to get easily applied stains such as are used on mission furniture. SMALL dies can be tempered to a light straw color if heated to the point of just fusing wire solder before quenching. ‘WHEN A GOOD ° HOUSE MEAN of) 075 8 THE MOST.” (oj, “5 , / Fs P , vA / F ¢ . “HIE WHO LOOKS BEFORE HE PF TOSS LEAPS BUILDS OF CYPRESS cof: ¢ commen AND BUILDS FOR KEEPS.” 7 The Eternal” A New Cypress Home Plan (free) | The latest addition to the inter- nationally famous Cypress Pocket Library (‘that guide, counselor and friend of all home- lovers’) is the entirely new Volume 44. It is the Cypress Colonial Book. It gives you Complete full-size Working Drawings, on a double plan sheet supplement, covering every detail of the beautiful dwelling pictured above. The design, by an emi- nent architect, is original and exclusive with us— for you. Complete specifications are included. In addition there are 22 historically authentic sketches by a well known artist, depicting Colo- nial costumes, dances, manners, furniture, silver, architecture, interior schemes, military attire, etc. Also much valuable editorial matter. The com- plete booklet comes to you on request, free with our compliments. Will you write us freely of your hopes and plans? We are here to help. SOUTHERN CYPRESS MFRS’. ASSN. s = 1249 Poydras Building, New Orleans, Louisiana “ (GZ, ot 1249 Graham Building, Jacksonville, Florida i fa

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Two May Use The Same Instrument Bring entertainment, concerts, lectures and the latest news to your home. While comfortably reclining in your easy chair, you can enjoy the voices of great singers and orators FREE—and any other member of the family can share your pleasure if you have a re- ceiving set and a No. 2-A Stromberg-Carlson Rapio HEAD SET You do not require an expensive receiving set to get musical and voice tones accurately and distinctly if equipped with one of these fine instruments—made with scientific precision by a company engaged for 28 years in the manufacture of telephone, and kindred appa- ratus. These head sets are equipped with spring wire webbed covered head band with a slide and swivel adjustment and removable spring stirrups, permitting quick separation of receivers for the use of the one set by two per- sons. Strong—serviceable. Adapted for use with any Radio Receiving outfit. Ask your dealer—or will be sent upon re- cei pt vf price. Satisfaction guaranteed. . 2-A Radio Head Set, $7.50. Send the Coupon below for FREE BOOKLET fully describing Our Radio Head Sets Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Mfg. Co. Rochester, N. Y.-Chicago-Kansas City-Toronto Address nearest office Stromberg-Carlson Telephone Mig. Co. Send booklet of Radio Head Sets.

| Name.... —

i EEE OT OE,

Popular Science Monthly

THE HOME WORKSHOP

Toolmaker’s Improved V Block Has Wide Range of Utility By Henry S. Laraby (First ‘‘Best Idea’’ Prize for June) HILE there are small V blocks on the market, they often prove not large enough for certain classes of work; they also have neither a V in the end nor a plate for use when grinding a number of identical pieces. Another feature of the block I have made for myself is the hole, which allows the block to be put on a lug to center the V. This is not found in commercial blocks. The stock should be soft’ or tool steel, pack hardened \ in. deep, finished by grinding all over. All V’s must be cen- trally located from sides. Test them with a 10-in. round bar and indicator. The hole is used for setting the V’s cen- trally on the lathe faceplate and therefore

NOTE ~ SCREW HOLES COUNTERBORED

Machinists doing fine work will appreciate this V block must be absolutely central with the V’s. _ Grind the hole out on an internal grinder. The sizes given are what might be called “‘tool crib’”’ sizes. Every mechanic has his | own ideas about the dimensions of the tools he makes to keep in his own chest. Tool-chest sizes are usually 314 in. long, 234 in. wide, and 2 in. high. In addition to the parts shown in the accompanying drawings, four -in. screws 9/16 in. long, two 14-in. screws 1 in. long, and two }4-in. screws 2) in. long are required. All the V runouts are 1/16 in. wide; the square runouts, 1/82 in. The 14-in. holes

SCREW HOLES COUNTERSUNK 7 % HOLES Digs PLATE TO Hef 5. >| > Zio|| FitsioT = iene 2. 2A rf ~ns| _ ot .—_ 37° _ vp ore of stonpe a Py ; and a piate are aiso - Bae ly STRAP -2 REQ are threaded right through the block and counterbored 1% in. deep the size of the screw body, to keep the thread from draw- ing out. The screw holes must, of course, be laid out so as to clear the side slots, which are 3% in. wide and 3/16 in. deep. The 1%-in. screw holes in the plate must be countersunk to take the screw heads flush, and the holes must line up with the corre- sponding holes in the block. The wide utility of the block is obvious, | whether it is used in connection with the lathe faceplate, lathe chuck, or magnetic chuck.

1 Jewel Burlington

t Si d 21 and Sapphire Jewels quate ~4 raw © , hs, ear Gold nis Case 1 lnctadiog — B. R. Dial) usted to Bupitigne’¢ Onlys JOO Down Only One Dollar Down wi will Poe Stes mast watch manufacture. ase oe A, — oe y payenen ew tch—is sold to you at a price much lower than that of other hi pace v7atches. ides, you the finest thin model desi gna let latest ast atylee in watch cases. Write for F and our SPECIAL OFFER today. Writes. Get the Burlington Watch Book—write peter. FF wind out about this at special offer which made for only - limited time. Y:

‘ou will know a — deal more about watch buying when you read’ thi this book. You will be able to “‘steer clear’’ of the over- =a es apo | which are no better. — for itch book and our special offer TODAY ! lington Watch Company Dept. A136, 19th St., and Marshall Blvd., Chicago

eaRanger built, ¥. » The Finest bicycle ever ityles. colors. sizes; made in our new factory. SAVE ° (i eracrense OS ad Mead 922 Senray xen ADVANCE T}QOR LOCKING HANDLES for FORD Closed Cars Installed toe b by by anzone, They fit in place of ori; handi ‘ord Owners delighted Left | han dle locks automatically, t Sond locks with key. Agents: Beau- tiful sample pair, fully guaranteed, furnished with full particulars. $4,50 Canada. ck, money order or C. O. D. C.B. HAVEN CO., 548E. Fort St. Detroit, Mich., or Windsor, Ont. Ye Easy and Economical

in, BurLP your wireless station. ; on the ABC sectional sys- tem. Start with just the first UNIT—(a complete receiving : ‘ outfit in itself) Whenever you ‘ wish, add other ABC UNITS —just like a sectional bookcase —without discarding a thing!

Ask your radio or electrical dealer about this exclusive fea- ture of ABC UNITS.

Sy JEWETT MEG. CorRP. Canadian Pacific Building New York

' June,

————— _-— Toy

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nthly Bessicn ' June, 1922 | ! | | | | THE HOME WORKSHOP _- Toy Submarine Will Travel Long Distance under the Water By Donald W. Clark HIS submarine is built of wood and driven by rubber bands used in the same way that rubber is used on model airplanes. It will travel about 50 ft. under water, then come up and run several feet on the surface. The cork prevents it from going too deep and getting lost. The middle part should be cut from a piece of wood, 34 in. square and 18 in. long. Cut the sides from Yin. wood and nail them to the square piece. A small block WATER LINE. WHEN : — ‘ORK SUBMERGED —7 ° SHAFTZ WATER LINE WHEN AT REST KH 7 DIVING FIN Plan, elevations, and details of the sub- mersible and mold for lead weight _iLn=ps? PROPELLERZ LEAD WEIGHT mS 4 BEARING supports the “‘periscope” and the cork float is attached to its upper end. The drawings make the rest clear. To operate, unhook the front end of the rubber motor, place it on a hook in your hand drill, stretch it to twice its length, and wind slowly until the rubber begins to turn hard, at the same time letting it back gradually to its normal length. The drill handle should be turned to the right and the proper number of turns required will be learned through experience. When the motor is wound up, place the boat in the water and let go of propeller. Numerous trials of this model proved that it works well, and it is surprising the number of times the boat can be run with- out the rubber giving out. The bands tend to stick together somewhat, but this inter- feres very little. The boat will dive under or run on the surface according to the position of the diving fin. The rear fin is necessary to counteract the front one and to keep the propeller under. Hinged Blocks with a Padlock Prevent Removal of Oars Tre blocks of wood shaped as shown form a convenient means for locking oars and oarlocks. The pieces are hinged Vy me // Li i WS —— LOCK AND CHAIN This device will prevent your boat from ing ‘‘borrowed’’ without permission at one end and connected at the other with a hasp and staple. A recess is gouged out of one of the blocks to provide a place for the oarlocks.—C. P. Guardians of the Circuits The telephone at your elbow seems so simple an instrument, it does its work so quietly and quickly, that it is difficult to realize the vast and complex equipment, the deli- cate and manifold adjustments, the ceaseless human care “behind the scenes’ in the central offices. Behind the scenes is the terminal of all the underground and over- head lines on the streets and high- ways. Here are the cable vaults; the great steel frames containing the thousands of separate wires and fuses for the subscribers’ lines; the dynamos and storage batteries ; the giant switchboards through which your telephone is connected with the other thirteen million tele- phones in the Bell System. And here, in charge of this equipment, are the guardians of the “BELL SYSTEM” AMERICAN TELEPHONE_AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy, One System, Universal Service, and all directed toward Better Service circuits—the wire chief and his assistants—master electricians and experts in telephony. Their first duty is the prevention of “trouble.” By day and by night they are con- stantly testing the central office equipment, the overhead and under- ground lines, the subscribers’ indi- vidual wires. And when, from some cause beyond control, “‘trou- ble” does occur, nine times out of ten it is repaired before the tele- phone subscriber suffers the slightest inconvenience. It is the skill of the men behind the scenes, together with scientific development and construction, efh- cient maintenance and operation, which make it possible for you to rely upon the telephone day and night. fast. Don’t Pass This Up— A Route of These Scales Will Make You Big Money If thie bac only’a coin controlled automatic Weigh- nie BUT with the new Or Colonial Advertising Scale you can also sel) adverti sing $2 independent of | the weighing mechanism. A Sell the 6 spaces and your, income from one chine ie $144 per y and the pennies taken in ror the weighing mechanism, are etre, —$5 to $20 per mon! You can easily install a route of 20 or 25 scales in your city. ncome Your le for work. Write or wire for full eS ulars. The Colonial Metal Products Co., Inc. 141 Edison St., Syracuse, N.Y. Be Your Own Boss. een ocale w ould be worth $5 to $20 per ace to 6 merchants at month ar. is9x3 "and is placed on a drum at top 1 e igure out your in: le or an time Head Receivers, Microphones, Keys, Jacks, Etc. STATE AND 64TH STS., CHICAGO, U. S, A. WIRELESS MANUFACTURED BY « * COMPANY ek er AUTOMOBILE REPAIRING Made Easy. By Victor W. Pace. A thoroughly prac- tical book containing complete directions for er = pairs to all parts of = wr nengh gh mechanism. 1,05 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 25 W. 39th St., New York City. | STRETCH Facey ll w tcl. Dad ott belo Meas elcr-r. Pandiculation, or stretching, is Nature's own method of toning the nervous system, eliminating congestions and rejuvenating the body. How this interesting discovery is being successfully applied to build strong, eracet healthy bodies, to increase the height, if desir- ed, and to treat disease and correct deformi- ties is clearly: explained and illustrated i inour free booklet, “Stretching for Health.”’ Shows how a few minutes a day will keep your body fit, improve your figure and increase your health and efficiency. Write for it, giving your age and height. THE PANDICULATOR COMPANY Founders of the Science of Pandiculation 3872 Prospect Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 8 RRO de EE Ae 14 RS SI

Page 72

orf fer few we eS rer es Fe Se eer Se S&S | SF eee ee SSeS eS ee *feiafedeledeteda et $ JAA Down iN s This Lp Beenie ew Typewriter oyna seapapeers ys payments. We will typewriter to you for ten days’ free trial. The Pe is Standard in size, appearance, con- struction and mechanical operation, with an action so smooth and a touch so responsive as to be a source of constant — to me, experienced operator, and making the progress of the novice immeasurably easier. It turns out beautiful work. The type is clear, clean-cut, hard; the alignment and spacing are utterly perfect. The speed crowd the Anne ¥ — simple in construction, it ney “pen roof, sturdy will last a business life- aoe It embodies the a and experience of me- ical geniuses who have been making typewriters and typewriter improvements for generations, Every Operating Feature The Annell’ has every late-style feature and modern operating convenience — each letter completely visible as written (together with all the previous pene). Back S Specs, yo Two-Color Ribbon, Rig ht- and Left- Shift Key, Shift Lock, Margin Release, Adjustable Line Spacing, Adjustable Margin Stops, Paper Release, Automatic Line Spacer on Carriage Return, Adjustable Paper Fingers, etc., also the 42-key, 84-character Universal eyboard. - og cover and all extras shipped with a ma- chine Big Saving—Over a Year to Pay We are the _, company selling a Standard 42- key, 4-Row, Brand- ewriter direct to the user by mail - gn ty wage holesale price of other m~ - grade typewriters. Oe eons Lag) low rice and monthly payment plan enable you to buy a and-new typewriter easily and convensently—over a year to pay. Fully Guaranteed We protect you with an ironclad guarantee against any flaw in material or workmanship. No Risk—10-Day Free Trial We will prove its high-grade quality by sendin the Annell’ to you for ten days’ trial. Use it on any o your work. If not aennelney. ae the machine to us. We will refund the oo gs charges and any money you have og »_and the trial will cost you geting. You are only judge. Could anything be airer Send for Information, or Send the Coupon Send coupon or a postal today for full informa- tion about the greatest of all typewriter offers. Don’t miss it. Act now. ANNELL’ TYPEWRITER CO. 625 No. 230 East Ohio Street, Chicag 2, NOT AN ORDER -MAIL TODAY GN ANNELL’ TYPEWRITER CO. d 625 No. 230 East Ohio Street, Chicago. end me complete information about your wonderful typewriter offer. This places me under no obligation. is unlimited; no operator can - DonrSweATOVER ANITCHEN STOVE! excuse any more forfussing me end faming ot overs. pot No peed - See ta f So sancsoicle — ; er eras r Fenty it pit inetantiy whew n.d ears want heat, even, money, WORKSHOP ; Shotgun Shell Forms Dial of This Ingenious Micrometer By Francis H. Van Hise THE HOME oe my own use I constructed a mi- crometer that is made up chiefly of pipe fittings and a brass shotgun shell. The general appearance of the instrument is shown in the illustration. The drawing explains just how the head was assembled and the dial marked. The spindle A is a piece of 14-in. steel rod, threaded at one end. This passes Measurements to 1/200 in. are made with this 2-in. micrometer through the piece B, which is a cap fitting on the short piece of pipe, C. This piece screws into the pipe tee, D. After tapping the cap B so that it was a very tight fit for the spindle, I split it with a hacksaw as far as the point marked G. The dial E is a 12-gage brass shotgun shell. To lay it out, I removed the face- plate. of my lathe and divided it into 8 equal parts. Then I turned a piece of wood to fit into the open end of the shell and placed this in the lathe, fastening a lathe dog to the outer end of the stick and tying it as tightly as possible. I revolved the head of the lathe until a pointer at- tached to the lathe was exactly in line with one of the marks on the faceplate. Next, I adjusted a very sharp diamond-pointed tool, laid on its side, so that it would just scratch the brass shell, and fed the carriage by hand so as to make a fine and accurate line the length of the shell. After marking out the eight lines in this fashion, I turned the tool and made the lines around the shell, 44 in. apart. When : & i . jz INCHES the shell had been fitted to the spindle, I used a nut from an old sight-feed lubricator (F) to lock it and to serve as a handle. Holding the spindle true is accomplished by B. } The anvil is adjustable, as shown in the photograph. The pointer J is held to the pipe tee by a screw and two pins. The spindle should have 25 threads to an inch if the micrometer is to read in (Concluded on page 89) Popular Science Monthly - Where No Car Could Follow AR from the monotony of the crowded city—away from the automobile-infested, dusty main-roads—out where the air is cleaner, the grass greener and the picnic places more inviting —why, man, there’s a new world waiting to be explored by you, your pal and a Harley-Davidson! =aDavidson ‘hampion Motorcycle Harle “Worlds And, to all the pleasures and thrills of the “greatest sport in the world,” the Harley-Davidson adds economy. Fifty miles for a dollar—gas, oil, tires and all—that’s all it costs. Think of the fun you can have with a Harley-Davidson at so small a cost this summer. . Your local dealer will give you a free demonstration of the Harley- Davidson. Also the reduced prices and an easy payment plan. Or write us for illustrated literature. Attractive dealer proposition for wunassigned territories. Address Desk A-2. HARLEY-DAVIDSON MOTOR CO. MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN CONSTRUCTION OF INDUCTION COILS and Transformers. By S. Curtis. Open and closed core transformers are both taken up. Price 25 cents Popular Science Monthly - 225 West 39th Street. New York Send Your Name and We 1} Send You a Lachnite i pont cfnite Moumied in 60 name and say: gnentme ia iy "send See iteht to your bome. Whentt —. iF, 7 aa. ag the postman onde then wear the [Jj friends can tell |} we will return your | it. But, if you pene to buy it—send us $2.50 a month fy an’ 18.75 has been > name Tell us which of the | Today sciia god pf hy - J ua i Ss ee —_—_— cet oy - = ° O ct ae —"* t= oe we 22 2 oe DD .neatam Geasenmnre Bint

Page 73

cle

June, ——

Radio Hook-Ups In this book are shown all the best circuits for damped and undamped wave receiving sets, buzzer, spark coil and transformer sending equipment, as well as vacuum tube telegraph and telephone transmitters, wavemeters, vacuum tube measuring instruments, audibility meters, etc. Price, 75 cents POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street New York City, N. Y. sve WIRELESS PHONE Learn to make your owncomplete wireless phone. It's easy. Hear concerts, lectures, latest news, messages, etc., miles and miles away. Full course with FREE personal instruction tells youhow. Any boy can understand it. Success Guaranteed. Waitt Fifeand tion, A post card will do. GELATT INSTITUTE, 1935 North Park Ave., Dept. 2, Philadelphia, Pa.

tinental messages, at eo er

vue * THERE'S MONEY INIT ® SJE=LEARN TELEGRAPHY=ic -___-_-MORSE AND WIRELES in half usual time, at trifling cost, with th d 1A PEACH YOURSELF Transmitter THE OMNIGRAPH. Sends ne woodertal utomatic peed just as an expert oper: r 2) ment, and leading Universities, Colleges and Telegraph Schools. ~~ me Nk A eg OMNIGRAPH MFG. CoO. =.

Building and Flying an Aeroplane A practical handbook covering the var n, construction and operation of aeroplanes and gliders. loth, 150 pages. 50 illustrations. Price, $1.60 Postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 W. 39th Street, New York City UNION TOOL CHESTS Just the thing for carpenters, electricians. garage men, and me- chanics. Keep tools safe from rust, dust, or theft. Strongly made. Ask for booklet illustrat- ing and describing more than fty styles and sizes and outlin- ing our satisfaction or money back policy. UNION TOOL CHEST CO. 24 Mill St., Rochester, N. Y. N. Y.

orse or Con- 18 Hudson Street, NEW YORK Se ON EE Ns a A ONO te OE WD Tir FIR OS

Page 74

SR: NN a SR LO WR ee me EEN 4 lO ce Na a eae ae Send for this ~ FREE BOOK Get this big free book that gives all kinds of valuable hints and in- formation on shop practices. Tells you how to increase production and how to get more service from your metal cutting saws. Gives full in- formation on selecting the proper saw to fit the job. Besides this, the book is chock full of other valuable time and money-saving suggestions. Learn about the Atkins Non-Break- able Hack Saw Blade, which cuts faster and easier without breakage. When you send for your book, if you enclose 10 cents and tell us your work, we'll send you a sample of either 8 or 9 inch blade. Don’t Throw Away 26 Per Cent Added Service Atkins KWIK-KUT power hack saw machines use 76 percent. of the blade at every stroke and cut cleaner and faster. Other machines use just 50 percent. Think what this extra 26 percent. means in a year! The “Saw In the Shop” gives you full details. Books on All Saw Problems It makes no difference for what pur- pose you use saws—wood or metal, we have free books which will help you. Send for one or more books— “Atkins Metal Saws,” “Atkins Hack Saw Chart,” ‘Atkins Metal Cutting Machines,” etc. Tell us what use you make of saws. Fill in the coupon. Get started toward greater saw efficiency. £. C. ATKINS & CO., Inc., Dept. R., Indianapolis, Ind. I am interested in saws for......ccecscecs Please send ‘‘The Saw in the Shop” and other booklets to PIPE. cach Ghwaubsinb 0s wes ese seebbeve Popular Science Monthly Tea-Foil Castings Serve Many Purposes I DO not believe that the utility of tea- foil is generally recognized. I have made good use of it in casting small patent models as well as_ several serviceable articles. It possesses characteristics that render it especially adaptable. It is easily melted and may be cast in wood molds. The cast- ing can quite easily be dressed and refined with an emery-wheel, fine files, and emery- paper. A little buffing will give it a neat finish. It is tough and may be used for many purposes where the strain will not be excessive. Poplar is the best wood I have found for molds. It is easily shaped and does not burn out as readily as does a more resinous wood. If the molds are properly made, they may be used many times. To suggest methods of handling the ma- terial, I will give a brief explanation and sketches of some simple projects I have made. Figures 1 and 2 show a choke but- ton for an auto. The dotted Jines in Figure 1 explain how the holes were bored and shaped to make the mold for the button THE HOME WORKSHOP TOP OF POURED METAL TUBE -----A> WIRE WIRE TO T CHOKE i JOINTS MUST VALVE BE TIGHT FIG 2 Mold for an automobile choke button and two small cast knobs proper. Figure 2 shows the mold with the guide and choke wire in place, ready for pouring. The guide is a metal tube 234 in. long, spread at the top to form a binder in the metal. The wire is passed through the tube and coiled slightly. All joints must be tight or the metal will run through. Figure 3 shows knobs made in about the same manner as the choke button. In these projects the mold is split off after the metal has cooled. Where several articles are to be made alike, the poplar molds may be made in parts and used over and over again.—GEORGE N. WEAVER. How to Make a Small Telescope TH telescope described By Jule W. Dennis in this article was made by the writer and has been used in study- ing the moon and the planets. First obtain a common spectacle lens of 4 or 5 ft. focal length. It should be one of the old flat type which has much better defining power than the new greatly curved type of lens. The focal length is easily found by hold- ing the lens in the sun and measuring the distance from the lens to the point where the light comes to a small clear circle. Also secure a small double convex lens "HE COMPLETE TELESCOPE CONVEX EYE LEN SECTION OF EYEPIECE END tightly inside the telescope tube at right angles and bore a 5%-in. hole in the center of it. Make a round tube of tin 3 in. long and 5g in. outside diameter. Solder one end into the salve-box and the other into the round piece of sheet iron. Push the whole into the telescope tube, sheet-iron guide first, until the box is flush with the end; then solder firmly. This will form the guide in which the eyepiece tube slides. I. Two more tin w tubes are needed, one 4 in. long, which will slide easily in the eyepiece guide, b> WASHER WITH 4” HOLE SOLDERED TO I* TUBE SOLDERED T-TUBE 7 z CEYEPIECE GUIDE such as is used in the view-finder of a cam- era. Havea tinner make a sheet-iron tube, 2 in. in diameter and 3 in. shorter than the focal length of the spectacle lens, or ob- ‘ ject glass. A section of good 2-in. rain- water drainpipe could be used for this pur- pose. From a drug-store buy two 1-oz. salve- boxes; these will fit snugly in the tube. Get a smaller salve-box about 1 in. in diameter and grind the object glass on a grindstone to fit inside it. Cut the bottom out of the small box, leaving only a small ring on which to seat the lens. Cut a hole in one of the large boxes just large enough so that the small box will fit into it. Solder the small box into the large one and then solder them both into one end of the tele- scope tube, with the bottom of the box in- side. Seat the object glass in the small box, using a piece of round spring wire to hold it in place. Take the other large box and cut a round hole in the center of it, 54 in. in diameter. \ Mounting the lens and_ assembling the parts hes a round piece of heavy sheet iron to fit yo t% LENS—— Si and a tube 1 in. Jong, PAE. E « aan. oe which must fit tightly “ Pe, 1) in the 4-in. tube. Sol- JECTION OF OBJECT GLASS END WIRE RING der a round piece of LARGE BOX sheet iron or a washer SMALL BOX J eoxf to one end of the 1-in. SOLDERED’ COVER tube. This washer should have a \4-in. hole in it. Now seat your eye lens against the washer and fasten it in place with a piece of spring wire, like the object glass. Push the 1-in. tube into the 4-in. tube, and the whole into the guide. Before the telescope is used, it should be blackened inside with lampblack or liquid stove-polish to prevent reflections. The tube will look much better if covered on the outside with imitation leather. The tele- scope may be mounted on a tripod, if desired. To ascertain the magnifying power, | divide the focal length of the object glass by the focal length of the eyeglass, the result being the magnifying power. For the | writer’s 5-ft. telescope the magnifying powe~ is 80 diameters. To focus or the moon or other object, slide the eye tube in and out until the image is clearly defined. .

Page 75

AL UA ype ind ind nd the ole ide ad; ly. the the les. ;in ed, ich de, ole be id he le- or, iss he he ng ge

June, 1922

irre get the most em ure out of wireless you will want a loud speaker. Then you can entertain a group of friends —hear the wireless tele- phone programs clearly all over the room—actu- ally danceto wireless music —just like a phonograph. All loud speakers re- quire vacuum tube ampli- fication. The heart of the amplifier .is the trans- former. ACME Transformers havebeen brought to a high de- gree of efficiency through years of specialization on this one product. They amplify wire- less telephone without detract- ing from the original tonevalue. Acme transformers are for sale separately and also incor- porated in complete Acme Instruments. The ACMEFONE, illustrat- ed below, is a complete long range installation. It includes in one handsome cabinet, the tuner for selecting the particu- lar station you want to hear, the equipment for three vacu- um tubes to amplify (or mag- nify) the sounds, and a loud speaker which sends the voice and music clearly all over the room. The price is only $80.00. Theonly additional equipment you will need isan aerial, three vacuum tubes, two ‘‘B’’ bat- teries and a storage battery. The work of installation has been reduced to the mininum. Simply put up a simple aerial, insert tubes, hook on batteries and you are ready to listen. Other Acme Apparatus in- cludes vacuum tube detector and amplifier equipment, de- signed to hook on to your pres- ent receiving equipment and prepare the way for a loud speaker. Acme apparatus is backed by the reputation of the oldest manufacturer of transmitting apparatus in the country and is for sale at all radio dealers. ACME APPARATUS CO. CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Transformer and Radio ngineers and Manufacturers

THE HOME WORKSHOP A Folding Game Case for Chess and Checkers Players | ete those who play chess and checkers, this folding game set will provide an interesting problem in woodwork. The case itself is a shallow box, cut in two and hinged in the middle. There are two wooden flaps at the ends that serve the double purpose of retaining the chessmen in their respective places and forming one end of the box when it is closed. The chessmen may be turned from box- wood, ivory, ebony, or metal, with the ex-

MADE FROM + HARD WOOD SANDPAPERED & VARNISHED

Kat IN paves XN Ld a” ii. ai 5 SR wmv, AND GLUED

~~ se = S¥'ouTswe ——+>} , f | HINGES—-<—, j HINGES we ; = “SQUARES EITHER PAINTED R 4 OR CUT OUT OF LIGHT AND PAWN N 1. DARK WOOD SESEG 34 CASE FOLDED CHESSMEN FULL SIZE CASTLE KNIGHT BISHOP QUEEN KING 2 5 oO “a

After the flaps are shut the box folds together compactly ception of the four knights. The base of these latter may be turned, but the horses will have to be carved. For such small chessmen, a very simple design may be used, and if a lathe is not available, all the pieces may be carved from %-in. dowels. A pin is provided at the bottom of each piece to fit holes drilled in the center of each square. Similar holes are arranged around the margin to hold ‘‘taken’’ pieces. The checkers are turned or sawed from a dowel and stained or enameled.—C. W.

Resurfacing Old Oilstones _o an oilstone becomes glassy or “hard” in spots and is too oily, there are several methods for restoring it to serviceability. To remove the surplus oil, place the stone near a hot stove and when it is thoroughly warmed, rub it on a cement sidewalk or floor, using a little sharp sand and water as an abrasive. It may be necessary to con- tinue the rubbing for fifteen minutes. Sometimes it will be found sufficient to rub the oilstone a few times with kerosene and turpentine instead of the usual oil.—C. C. SPREEN.

a ee ee et ee RE Es Oe ae ae ei

RSS O you want one book that you can keep asa storehouse of Radio informa- tion? Then send for Modern Radio ! Modern Radio is unlike any radio catalogue published before. If you are looking for simple, complete, ready-to-operate sets to receive the wireless telephone broadcasting, you will find them in Modern Radio. If you are looking for a clearly written, comprehensive up-to-the- minute explanation of the theory and practice of wireless you will find it in Modern Radio. If you want to know how to build a C. W. or I. C. W. Set, you will find the informa- tion in Modern Radio—written by an entirely unbiased expert. If you want the latest prices and descrip- tion of any set, instrument or part, used in radio to-day —there it is at your finger tips in Modern Radio. Modern Radio contains 196 pages, devoted entirely to wireless and covering every phase of the art. Handsomely illustrated throughout. Edition limited to 10,000 copies. The information and experience of experts incorporated in this cata- logue is invaluable to every amateur. To prevent any copies from going to mere curiosity seekers, however, we are making a nominal charge of 35c which will be refunded on re- ceipt of your first order of $5.00 or over. Modern Radio is the biggest 35 cents worth in radio to-day. It will save you many times its price in time and trouble. ‘Send for your copy now! The coupon below is for your conveniece. CONTINENTAL RADIO & ELEC.CORP agen St., New York

CONTINENTAL RADIO & ELECTRICAL CORP. Dept. P 6—6 Warren Street, New York Gentlemen : Send me by return mail a copy of your new catalogue, Modern Radio. I enclose 35c to share the actual cost which will be applied to my first order of $5.00 or over.

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Page 76

a 9 1, ‘‘F-E’’ Amplifier Transformer. An audio frequency transformer, designed to give maximum amplification without distortion, and suita- ble for use with high impedance amplifying vacuum tubes. Model 120, $7.50 2. ‘‘F-E’’ Universal Radioplug. This plug has innumerable use in vacuum tube | receiving and sending sets. Can be used with spade | tips, pin tips or solid wire connections. lose or break. Model 103, $1.75 3. ‘‘F-E’’ Telephone Jacks. : For use in amplifier, loud speaker and similar appa- ratus. Model 116—Open Circuit Code $0.55 Model 117—Closed Circuit 0.75 Model 118—Two Circuit 0.90 4. ‘“F-E’’ Junior Antenna Insulator. For radio receiving Antennas. Made of glazed porce- lain, substantial and rugged. Model 145—$0.25. 5. ‘‘F-E’’ Radio Tube Socket. Aluminum shell, German silver contacts, insulated base. Especially adapted for) radio as well as audio frequency amplifiers, detectors, etc. Price, $0.75. No parts to 251 to 255 Fourth Avenue Parts Will Make Quality Radio Outfits Are you one of the hundred thousand people who are about to build your own radio outfit and get in on the most fascinating sport in the world. It is easy to build your own receiving set and it can be done at a low cost and will give absolute satisfaction pro- vided the materials and parts which you use are correctly designed. Freed-EisemannApparatusis DesignedbyEngineers Who Designed Apparatus Now in Use by U. S. Navy The following parts are of the finest quality material designed by experts to give perfect results in radio apparatus. Order these parts by number and they will be shipped immediately. “‘F-E’’ Radio Telephone Antenna Outfit. Complete antenna equipment; may be used with any radio receiving set. | fit comprises all necessary antenna wire, in- sulated wire, switches, ground clamp and sim- ple instructions for putting up. ARE YOU BUILDING A POPULAR SCIENCE RADIO OUTFIT? | Thousands of people have ordered POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’s Blueprint to make their own radio outfit. All 4 the above parts are guaranteed to give satisfaction. arts. t Order from your dealer to-day. If your dealer has not yet received his stock, send money-order or check direct to us. FREED-EISEMANN RADIO CORPORATION Manufacturers of the Nationally famous ‘‘Marvel”’. Complete with phones and aerial equipment This out. Model 128. . $2 50 6. “‘F-E’’ Dubilier Condensers. These are built of the best mica and pure tin foil. The condensers are compressed and impregnated in paraffin. Capacities are permanent and losses ex- tremely small. Price, $0.35. 7. ‘*F-E’’ Condensers. Made of pure tin foil and special dielectric material. For use in crystal or tube circuits. Model 106—Grid Condenser, capacity 0.0005.... $0.30 Model 107—Telephone Condenser, capacity DES NERS 055 Sous ca eSbarn ooh sobwen cn 6 oi 8. ‘‘F-E’’ Rheostat. For surface or back of panel mounting Maximum resistance about 6 ohms; carrying capacity 2 amperes. | ! | Can be used _ in filament circuit of two vacuum tubes in parallel. Model 139, $1.25. 9. ‘‘F-E’’ Dubilier Condensers. Same internal construction as No. 6. Is supplied with spring clips and holder for grid leak or Crystal detector. Price, $.75 Demand Freed-Eisemann New York City $15.00 Cut out this ad and mail it to us, with your name and address (no monev}¥ and we will send you our FAMOUS KARNAK RAZOR by return mail, postpaid. You may use the razor for 30 days FREE; then, it you like it, pay us $1.85. If you don’t like it return it. SEND NO MONEY. MORE COMPANY, Department 397, St. Louis, Mo. Convert Your Bicycle Into a Motor Cycle _ _ byusing a Steffey Motor Attach- EN §, ment. Simplest machine on the ZN] ANY market. F its any ordinary bi- ST is cycle. Easily attached. Prac- tical—Successful. Send stamp for circulars. STEFFEY MFG. CO. Dept. S, 5025 Brown St., Phila., Pa. —not atoy, 410-420 So. Hoyne Avenue MOTOR-BARGAIN ¥, hp A. C., Fan-Cooled Split phase 110 volt 60 cycle Rated 4 hp, but tested at the factory for 50% over load. Motor weighs 24 Ibs. bare but a sturdy, high power electric motor, suitable for operating bench lathes and drill presses, grinders, radio sets, washing machinery, churns, cross separators, big NORTHWESTERN ELECTRIC CO. $13.50 .B CHICAGO ventilating fans and the like. Operates at 1740 rpm. Guaranteed for 1 year Every motor shipped has wired to itthe manufacturer’s Guaranteed Service Tag, which entitles the pur- chaser to a new motor should any defects de- velop within one year, also to expert advice at any time during the life of the et $95, ) Same motor, with Grinder and Buff—6 inch motor wheel and7 inch Buff complete with cord RED sc 5% 64 65-4 21515 5 > Chicago, Ill. Popular Science Monthly THE HOME WORKSHOP No Cement Used in Making This Waterproof Rubber Envelope ee three years I have used in the locker of my car a waterproof envelope for my license and papers made from an old inner tube without the use of cement. Use a fairly good tube and cut slits as | shown in the upper left-hand sketch. Then bq 16" —____»| ‘ ———BAND B Po sure ———BAND A ; Qe) XA ENDS FOLDED OVER AND BANDED WITH SLIT BANDA: é 4% Ok> ROLLED DRAWING ROLLED. WITH ENDS EwveLore MADE FROM SLITOPEN ROLLED WITH, ENDS WITH SLIT BANDS INNER TUBE A pouch for papers and a roll for drawings fold as shown in the two upper right-hand drawings. To make a roll for drawings, cut slits in a tube that has been opened from end to end and fold as shown in the lower sketches. ; The now time-honored use of inner tubes for re-soling and -heeling rubber shoes is another idea well worth while, for if the rubber is applied with two coats of cement, the soles and heels will wear like iron.—W. W. PARRY. A Milling Cutter Guard IFFICULTY arose in a machine-shop because stock that was being cut off in one milling machine protruded into the path of another. A wire guard was then END OF STOCK FROM NEXT CUTTER TO MILLING MACHINE How the guard is made and used against the side of the arbor. The radius of the bottom loops of the guard was great enough to keep the vertical part clear of the cutter.—W. SAUL. Cutting Large Holes in Plate ” cutting large holes in plate, or in fact, in any material, I found it a good idea to make and use a tool like that illustrated. It can be used on a lathe, drill press, or even in conjunction with a hand brace. It is easy to adjust and saves the pur- chasing of large drills. The tool is a METAL PLATE This tool has a wide range of adjustment piece of 34 by 34 in. tool steel, shaped as shown. All that is necessary is to drill a small center hole tosuit the pilot and set the tool to the required diameter.—J. H. Moore. made so as to fit over the beam and bear | Popular Science M onthly June, —_-——— “He TT he k in t! fille —. ty tian. t L

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cker my nner and cut wer ibes L0es r if 3 of like hop f in the hen RD ear | lius vas art ww ict, L to nat ole the nthly June, 1922 —_— — THE HOME WORKSHOP ‘Heeling Down’’ a Sailboat with a Water-Filled Barrel HE difficulty of passing a low bridge won’t worry the amateur boatman if he knows the fisherman’s little trick shown in the accompanying illustration. A barrel filled with water will provide sufficient A 8 TO 8 A ass Two examples of how the barrel expedient saves time and labor weight to heel down a good sized sailboat. Another use of the same expedient is in making repairs to the boat’s bottom instead of beaching the boat.—J. D. G. Vise for Tennis Rackets OR holding tennis rackets that are to be restrung, I find that the homemade vise shown in the accompanying illustration is as satisfactory as any I have ever used. For re- stringing LEATHER rackets LEATHER 44] FAA LEATHER STOVE WING = : a BOLT HINGE, Uh DETAIL OF CLAMP The wooden vise jaws are hinged to the bench and drawn together with a stovebolt and wingnut. Leather facings are glued on to protect the racket handle from injury.—JOHN M. LANG. Woodworking Bench Clamp FOR quickly jointing the edges of boards on the bench an adjustable bench clamp, made either of tough hard wood, or of iron or brass at least 14 in. thick may be used. The pressure of the board against the Vform- | ed by the levers CLAMPS: tends to foreethem apart and conse- . quently their round Adjustment, is auto- ends press tightly against the wood to be planed. By ad- justing the clamps boards all of stock thick- nesses can be accommodated.—R. T. J. a eo oT A PORN ES Mi A lea NN TS, ay Lae ML MN) Be gs ble Loading” repeating rifle A Stevens “Visi. | (price $15.00) ) has the same 1 gecuracy found | § in model 415, | } pictured below, j The gun behind the man An amusing incident in the history of American marksmanship Once when picked teams, —— vatious national armies or guardsmen, met at Bisley, England, to shoot for the Palma Trophy, the United States team was furnished with Stevens barrels. When the American team won the Trophy, however, there was bitterness expressed. The English claimed that it was not the man behind the gun—but the gun behind the man which carried victory. In this brief incident is packed one of the big secrets of Stevens success~—dccurdcy. The secret is in the barrel Stevens uses a special process, slow scraping system of reaming, the final ae cutting a depth of only one-half of a thousandth of an inch. It’s a slow method of rifling a barrel; it takes long, painstaking | work. But when it’s finished the barrel is accurate. No flaws, | | no protuding peat gems Don’t forget that. After being bored and rifled, every Stevens barrel goes through an intricate polishing process. This gives a finish which repels pitting and leading, and retains permanently its original accuracy. You economize three ways on a Stevens HI Remember this: when you buy a Stevens, you get the last word Hi in accuracy; you get a gun that will last a lifetime; and you get that gun at an exceptionally low price. Stevens manufactures a complete line of small bore rifles and shotguns of every description. Ask at your dealer’s or write for the interesting catalog describing in detail our complete line. Address J. STEVENS ARMS COMPANY Department C117 Chicopee Falls, Mass. Owned and ated by the Savage Arms Corporation Executive and Export Offices: 50 Church Street, New York The famous Stevens Guarantee I Every firearm turned out by the J. Stevens Arms Co. ' has attached a tag on which is printed the Stevens or outdoor rifle team— guarantee. This tag is your insurance for Stevens qual- designed particularly for ity and workmanship. Read carefully this guarantee. such service. Retail price, } ] including tax, ~ Stevens Stevens No. 414 Ideal Armory” Model—used by almost every indoor a tere ene rian or tan: | | Me ltdemelaer hme lelnt 2 LT Rag Jaz a. thee, Te’ v2 Years You can complete I Christensen Schools in most cities, or Learn by Mail. Write for Booklet, or money-making teacher’s opportunity. 22 E. Jackson St. this simplified Hi School Course at hom of two Meets all or entrance to coll sod edie feof erent netted Bed Le PRAY AMERICAN SCHOOL Dept. H..A-75 Drexel Ave. and 58th St. CHICAGO} CHRISTENSEN SCHOOL Chicago, Ill. ° RADION Hard Rubber resists warping. Preferred for high- To Radio Dealers class sets. Costs no more than materials which have inferior insulating properties. RADION sheets in black, brown, and mahoganite (mahogany grain) 3/16 inch and 4% inch thick. . Storage Battery Jars and Parts, large tubes for Variometers,. Rods and all standard moulded parts, June, 1922 N WM 37200) (0), Betas | oF wal=) Gira k ale me ori k ata) * RADION standard Dials, Sockets, Bases, Aerial Insulators, Knobs, Tubes, Switch Handles, Dealers write at once for information American Hard Rubber Company ll Mercer Street New York. N.Y. aeediinithitindicn tiinidemdiaaiidinie tt ok ee ee. | ee ae eG 95

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| i Wireless Concerts atHome from far and near. The latest news, market and weather reports now broadcasted by radio by our Government. Stations all about you 275 page No. 16 Radio Catalog—just out. ‘‘Send 25c in coin carefully tacrmicat wrapped for your copy of this wonderful book, the most unusual and complete catalog ever put between the pages of two covers. Not sent otherwise. It is not only a catalog, but a wonderful text book on radio. Enormous cost and tremendous demand prevents further distribution at a less retainer.” Ever since the year 1909 Duck’s Radio Catalog has blazed the way with everything worth-while and dependable in radio. This catalog eclipses all previous editions. It is all other catalogs in one. No other is even half as large. The complete catalog of the Radio Corporation, with a wealth of scientific data and diagrams, showing how to build powerful radio telephone transmitters, the Remler, Murdock, and in fact all other catalogs, are in this catalog. “Over fifty pages of the latest hook-ups (wiring diagrams), and invaluable and up-to-date data and information on radio, including important instructions for building antenna.” Radio Sets Cost Very Little Complete sets sell for as little’as $20—some even less. Today there are thousands bringing into their homes music, concerts and news hundreds of miles away, and with a loud speaker to replace the receivers on the ears, the entire family may clearly and distinctly enjoy the entertainment. DUCK’S NEW TYPE “CQ” RECEIVER An Epoch Making Contribution in Radio Reception Combining the Utmost Selectivity and Simplicity of Operation Our new Type ‘“‘CQ”’ receiver with detector and two step amplifier is truly a DeLuxe Receiver. Cabinet of genuine mahogany,::-handsomely finished in its natural color. Formica panel. All connections from rear. No set offered to the public today combines so many dominating features. On the basis of intrinsic worth we are warranted in asking twice the price. Extreme sim- plicity in operation, sharp and selective tuning, clear and sweet reception of music and speech, the entire elimina- tion of body capacity effects, none of the minutely pains- taking adjustments characteristic of so many receiving sets on the market, permanence of adjustment,—these are among the dominating and much to be desired fea- tures that characterize our ‘‘CQ"’ Receiver. In tests here Schenectady, N. Y., Atlanta, Ga., and Newark, N. J., from 400 to 700 miles distant came in with sufficient strength to be audible in any part of a room 12x 15feet. Chicago, Pittsburgh and Indianapolis were plainly audible in receivers. Pamphlet describing this receiver mailed for 2c in stamps. This rule necessary to prevent avalanche use- less queries. a Rote ONO 5255 Sis dons ose cee oes oaeiRe $85.00 NoTE:—The above receiver is complete excepting the usual accessories. These comprise detector and amplifier bulb, $18.00; two ‘‘B”’ batteries, $3.50; storage battery, $15.00; antenna material approx- imately $12.00, a head set as selected. Western Electric from stock at $15.00. SOCKETS DIALS RHEOSTATS (Attractive Discounts to Dealers) We can accept and fill from stock orders in most any quantity for the following items: Hear the CATALOG §O te The Wilbam B. Duck Uo No. A 700 Bakelite three-inch knob and dial, 3/16 in. shaft............. 0... cc cegee eee $1.00 No. A 701 Bakelite three-inch knob and dial, 14 in. shaft... ............ cece ee eee eee 1.00 No. A 666 Bakelite Moulded Socket, with highly polished metal receptacle mounted into ASP, MIN OOMNSCHIONS ATOM COD GT ABR. a oc. os occ ccc cca c ctw eceseesescve 1.00 No. A 650 Filament Rheostat. One of the very best on the market...............--. 1.00 The above items will have refinements found on few others of a competitive nature. Our mould capacity on these items is very big. Dealers should address Dept. K. DEALERS———— We want live responsible dealers in every city and town in the United States, both for the sale of our extensive line of radio apparatus and all other worth while lines of radio goods on all of which - can aunts attractive discounts. We can offer you facilities and advantages that no other radio ouse can offer. THE WILLIAM B. DUCK CO., 224-228 Superior St., Toledo, Ohio Popular Science M onthly The Best Book for Home Experiments How to Make Things Electrical This wonderful book is a’ storehouse of ideas for things to make at home. It contains directions and plans for making over 200 electrical articles and experiments. It tells how to make home appliances such as a vacuum cleaner, toaster, doorbells, night lights, coffee pots, sewing machine motor. It gives dozens of fascinating experiments, tells how to make and charge storage batteries. A Special Radio Chapter tells how to make two distinct Radio sets. Every man who wants to make a radio set or add to his present set should get this book. Price $2.50, Postpaid 428 Pages Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York THE HOME WORKSHOP How I Made Bank-Wound Coils for Short-Wave Reception By Harry L. Gray Fa Ore t COME, or lateral wound, tun- ing coils, have been found to be very efficient in all wave lengths above 450 meters and to give results on broadcasting waves equal to those obtained from the ordinary loose coupler or double slide tuner. The common types of tuning devices are limited in their range, but the station equipped to use honeycomb coils can pick up messages from 200 meters to 20,000 meters merely by the substitution of proper BINDING STRIP OF ZINC OR BRASS Front and side views of a bank-wound coil coils in the coil mounting. It should be noted, however, that the honeycomb coils are covered by U. S. letters patent. In winding my own coils I found that the size of wire makes little difference except as to the space taken up. Numbers 22, 24, or 26 wire will give equal results as far as an amateur can perceive. My coils for receiv- ing broadcasts at 360 meters were made as follows: I secured a wooden block that could be fitted tightly inside a pasteboard tube 2 in. in diameter. The pasteboard tube was cut to a width of 1 in. After the tube had been slid over the block, I drilled a series of small holes, 4 SECONDARY POSTS \. SWINGING Front, side and top views of coil mounting in. apart, completely around the edge of the tube on both edges. Into these holes pegs or brads were driven, leaving them pro- jecting about 14 in. The spacing of the pegs I found to be the same on all coils whatever their wave length, but the thick- ness of the winding varies with the amount of winding applied. The coil was wound according tothe wind- ing diagram. I attached theend of the wire (Continued on page 95) ~ Popular Science Monthly ce peEwericee ~ —

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‘onthly ———___ —_., Coils 1 . tun- - Very > 450 asting n the buner, S are cation . pick 0,000 roper coil Id be coils it the pt as 24, or as an ceiv- de as ld be 2 in. Ss cut r the 0s, 4 thhy June, 1922 THE HOME WORKSHOP How I Made Bank-Wound Coils for Short-Wave Reception (Continued from page 94) to one peg taken at random, counted off the eighth peg on the opposite side and carried the wire to that point. Then I counted off eight more on thestarting side, ledthe wireto that, and so on. The pattern for each coil was arranged so that after each revo- lution of the winding the wire appeared om GZ 258 4 TT \ ' ry 71013 at the peg just be- fore the one used to start the preced- ing round. This form of winding was continued lay- er upon layer until the desired length had been applied, which, in the case of the broadcasting coil, was 155 ft. of No. 24 wire. The exact amount of wire needed, I found, depended on the aerial, the capacity of the condens- ers used, and other tuning devices, and the figures given above are approximate. After the coil had been completed, it was well coated with the best quality of white shellac obtainable. | xccee co. I discovered it was y “srs better to leave the coil uncoated rather than use an inferior grade of shellac. Finally the cir- cular coil had to be arrangedso that it could be plugged in or out of the coil | //1| mounting. To do /i/| this, I took a block Winding diagrams is ~F «7 *% BRASS Putt w'RES SOLOESLO TO TUBING s ae YBN 1 UA WH, Ay in. by lin. by 1% in. and at a point 5 in. from one flat side chamfered slightly to give a finished effect. Then on the side opposite the chamfer I scribed an arc that agrees with the outer surface of the finished winding. I bored two \-in. holes through each block and in the holes drove a piece of \-in. brass rod. Then I rounded off one end and attached the ends of the coil winding to the other ends, as shown in the diagrams. The coils were held rigidly to the coil block by zinc or brass saddles that passed up from iceiiciecitiiies the flat side of the loading Dlock, over and through the inside of the coil and down the other side of the block, '‘ Fe IBRASS TUBING > ce! GLARED | 24 nr The coil blocks and the connections in coil mountings HONEYCOMB COIL fastened. Although not es- sential, an added finish was given to the coils by covering their outer surface with a strip of thin fiber board. After the coils were completed, a mount- ing was provided so that the one coil could (Concluded on page 96) of hard wood 1% |- a ee ————————. For Perfect Service It’s only a question of time until you will install a Radio Set—it’s the coming means of communication. When you do, don’t neglect the quality of the batteries you select—they must be made right— built for Radio requirements to give perfect results. That’s the very reason you’ll find Uni- versal Batteries on so many Radio Sets. The extra heavy plates and separators 3443 So. LaSalle Street jo e- ee ob [EARN FNGINEERING Courses, 3 months to 2 years—practical - technical training underexperts. Not a Trade School, but a practical-technical calle e teaching electricity, steam, gas, auto- electric, armature wi ting. Extensive laboratory and shop. Degrees aw: a teen — night sessions. Enroll any time. FINLAY “ENGINEERING COLLEGE, 1002 Indiana Ave., Kansas City, Mo. where they were | June, 1922 EHIS MARK! Police departments, factories, banks and industries everywhere are adopting the finger print method of identification. ta : BE A FINGER PRINT EXPERT You can train yourself at home in spare time. Write for Free reports telling o of the uses of Ly prints and how you can learn this profitable profession, sitions ranteed. U. S. SCHOOL OF FINGER PRINTS ROOM 44A, 7003 N. CLARK ST., CHICAGO, ILL. Jearn SignJettering | Ted O) g (8) 98 ery UsMethoa”™ Patented Mechanical Device— Have a business of your: — soruees from si $2,000 to to as 088 a sierra ng store wis ows, w cards, established business work in 80 days. we gui ou step by step. guaranteed. rite today. _ AMERICAN “SCHOOL OF LETTERIN Dept. B Omaha, a no stencils. ee RC ENTE A AG, A AUR CRE ey a ps OS A Se yy Oy Universal Batteries also Furnished in Sealed Glass Cells. Write for Bulletin 82 Batteries for all kinds of work TYPE WR TYPE RR WR GO Amp........ccccee $15.00 Me GOBMBe ee ccccscvtege $19.00 ee? ere 17.50 eR ee ee 21.00 WE 105 Alm... co sc ctesiccce 21.00 WEE 30S Fea 66 8 00 WE ss 25.50 Universal Battery Co., Jobbers and Dealers wanted to handle our Radio Line UNIVERSAL 95 Use sy Universal Batteries On Your Radio Set used on Universal Batteries insures longer life and better service. When you install your Set don’t ex- periment—buy Universal Batteries in the beginning and then you will never be annoyed or disappointed with results. Clear distinct messages will be the outcome. Be sure and say Universal—if your dealer cannot supply you order direct. Chicago, Ill. Home Training FOR BEGINNERS Foremost school of its kind ind in the world. open for — Trained” men. You can serge odaar hE" BURGESS ¢ ELECTRICAL, SCHOOL WANTED! RAILWAY MAIL CLERKS Examinations soon. $1600 to $2300 a year. Steady life-time job. . Common education wsenesessessscescessen, sufficient. No ‘pull’ neces- % oer Mail cou- Pypeesson Civil Service School, ept. 166, Rochester, N.Y. % pon for Cata- Sirs: Send me without charge your % "tos. Catalog, describing this and other % U. S. Government positions. * NQMC... cccccccccccvcccerscesseeseese jv ST PTTTTTT TT eh 97 ———, i.e Se GE 2. GaP aD gee rem Rae RL URN A MES aN AS ab SR OT Fe 8 Oe te

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96 Don’t forget your ley-Hot! VACUUM PRODUCTS Keeps Contents Piping Hot 24 Hours Icy-cold 3 Days Made in America, of American Materials by American Labor **Built for Lifetime Service” Experienced campers always check over equipment before starting, so nothing may be forgotten. It saves discomfort later. Remember to take an Icy-Hot, oraday. Have fresh, icy-cold, safe water always. coffee on early morning fishing trips. Corrugated Bickel-plated bettie Save camp cooking. Put hot “srub” in Icy-Hots to eat piping hot hours later. Hikers, tourists, motorists, allneed Icy-Hots. Icy-Hots are tested for efficiency and guaranteed. Strong protected int ! Aine TAN bisiiaal: TT 229 420 construction. Styles and Cermgated prices for everyone. Sold by = dealers everywhere. THE ICY-HOT BOTTLE COMPANY 199 W. 2ND ST.. CINCINNATI 183-E Motor Restaurant, Completely equipped as shown. Clamps te aute running board. Complete service for 6 people. 4 Qa = ¢ Mail this 7 Coupon! al ° € The Icy-Hot catalog illustrat ¢ The ood ‘deumnben —— oO ‘ed ¢ icy-Hot Icy-Hots all temperature ¢ Bottle Co., tested and guaranteed ? Cincinnati, Ohio. tokeep hot things hot an Meat Wcans o Send Illustrated Icy- things icy-cold 3 e i Hot Catalog. days. Look for ? trademark ? on bottom. Po Ee ara Sennett . ¢ ° hoc cGs Sohee ewe en eke sere - € aha CeabiiRi onic saiavsccwdicescepe whether your trip is a month - Take hot ° THE HOME WORKSHOP How I Made Bank-Wound Coils for Short-Wave Reception (Concluded from page 95) be substituted for the other in changing wave lengths and also in order that one coil could be swung sidewise for closer tuning. These mountings I made to accom- modate either two or three coils, according to the circuits in use. For the two-coil mounting, said to be equal in its effects to a loose coupler, the drawings show the measurements and the method of assem- bly I used. I secured two pieces of hard PRIMARY LOADING COIL SECONDARY LOADING COIL OPEN OPEN SWITCH SWITCH FOR LONG WAVES FOR LONG WAVES Coils used for loading a loose- coupled circuit wood, well dried, 214 in. by 1% in. and 1% in. thick. One of these was for the permanent mount and the other the swinging mount. ‘I took two other pieces 23 in. by 1% in. by 4 in. thick for top and bottom supports and attached the coil mounts as shown in the drawing. In one face of each of the mounts I bored two holes 3/16 in. in diameter completely through the wood. ThenI obtained some short lengths of brass tubing, 3/16 in. outside ‘diameter and % in. inside diameter and soldered a 2-in. length of flexible cord to each tube, inserting a tube in each of the four holes with the flexible cord leading toward the back. A good assortment of these coils was assembled in my case by winding six or eight sets with a difference of five layers in each set. That is, in the broadcast coil just described about ten layers were needed. With these coils I experimented until I found the proper combination for every station, whether it is an amateur of 200 meters or one of the transatlantic stations with 14,000 meters. Comfortable Camp Bunks Made from Sacks and Saplings SIMPLE but comfortable camp bunk may be made from two sacks and a few saplings. Two rails are provided, 2 ft. longer than the sacks, and slipped in- side them and through slits at the bottom corners. Two stout forked sticks are sunk into the ground, a little more than the length of the sacks apart. Then two short | saplings are leaned at an angle into the forks, and the rails are dropped across these slanting sticks.—W. J. BEACH. - DIAMONDS- WATCHES \ N Oy -\-) = Cod on S852 =3 9) 8 | LOFTIS \i BROS.&CO. {s:3 X Genuine Diamonds °2424"" Send for Catalog ' Pocerthing explained. Over 2,000 illus- ep trations of Diamond-setJewelry,Pearls tA 7 Watches, ete, Any article sent prepaid § NY for Free Examination. Sati ion . refunded. Our f Buying Power for Chain Stores and our large Fiat ‘Order House * ( guaranteed or money Popular Science Monthly ‘ enables us to make lower prices than smalli concerns, MD) LIBERTY BONDS ACCEPTED AT PAR 4§ The handsome articles shown are te Gold, $100. 3—White Gold, or G $75. S—White Gold, $75. 10-—White Gold, or Green Gol iamond set in White Gola, $37.50. 11—Yellow Gold, Diamond set in White Gold, $150. 6— WEDDING RING: Platinum, $25; Green or Yellow. % 7—-WATCH, 17-Jewel 12—-WRIST WATCH, Weeost towel: $36; 11 Jewel, $45, CREDIT TERMS: 2.2 ast FTIS™ Seem * 108 N. State St., Chicago, Ill. BROS & CO, iss (858 Stores in Lead raxt WIOLET RAY TREATMENTS AT HOHE Tells you how to conquer weaknesses caused by im- poverished blood, poor circu- : lation.and disordered nerves; ; How toenergize every cell and tissue to healthy activity and build a healthy, well-developed body. Sent Without Obligation It is the most Comtesse book ever prepared on the home vreatment of disease by Violet ay method. RA-TONE THE VIOLET RAY FOR THE HOME Is the most highly developed home treatment of its kind available at any price. .You can read in our book of the marvelous results obtained in more than a hundred ailments and can expect similar benefits. Merely send stamps to cover mailing. RA-TONE ELECTRIC Co. 611 Park Place West, Detroit, Mich. ES and Distributors Wanted—. € a We want an intelligent man or woman in every community todemonstrate Ra-Tone treatment. All or part time. Fine op- portunity for exclusive sales distributors, LV, : oices thru the air Enjoy the thrill of wireless telephone every day right in your own home. Listen to concerts, dance music, news, sporting results, crop reports, time signals, etc., sent free of charge from the big broadcasting stations. Get our new handsomely illustrated book “Wireless Telephone in Your Home.” It tells in non-technical language just what you want to know about wireless. It shows the locations of all the principal broadcasting sta- tions. It illustrates and describes modern inexpensive receiving outfits that you can operate without previous experience. Send 25c. for your copy today. Where's the nearest mail box? A.H.CORWIN & CO. Dept. P6 Newark.N.J. * ecrce ee Popular Science Monthly on meatcieatiaiediia.

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June, 1922 | | THE HOME WORKSHOP | Government Experts Tell How | to Make a Radio Set for $10 By Franklin S. Keating EN dollars, according to wireless ex- perts in the Bureau of Standards, will build a receiving set that will permit an amateur to listenin on signals from navy stations 200 miles away and from broadcasting stations 25 miles distant. The set is one that can be built at home, the final cost depending on the clever- ness of the worker with the tools and materials available. The knowledge of radio gained in the construction and operation of this set will form a sound basis for later sets of freater power and receiving range. '—THE EDITOR. OU can build a $10 radio set, consist- ing of tuning coil, crystal detector, and phone, as planned by government wireless experts, by following these detailed direc- tions. For the tuner secure a cardboard tube 4in.in diameter. The cores around which linoleum is wound are ideal for this pur- pose and can usually be obtained free at a housefurnishing store. If not procurable there, the round cardboard boxes of certain kinds of breakfast foods, while thinner, can be used if handled carefully. For the coil secure 4 lb. No. 24 double cotton-covered copper wire. If this size is not available, the next size above or below will make but little difference. Begin- ning at a point 14 in. from one end of the tube, punch two holes through the card- board. Put one end of the wire down through one hole and up through the other, until the end is firmly anchored, leaving about 12 in. for the connections. Wind on 10 turns of wire tightly and closely, and then, while holding the turns, arrange a loop for a tap. Do this by punching two holes, as at the beginning, and passing down and up through them a 6-in.. loop of the wire. With this done, wind on 10 more turns and take off another loop. But instead of taking off the second loop directly beneath the first, “stagger” it about %in. This makes it easier to carry the connections to the switch points without short circuiting them. Continue winding in the same manner until the seventieth turn, making six taps in all. Then, commencing with the seventy- first turn and continuing for 10 turns, take off a tap from each turn. At the last tap, anchor the wire firmly, leave 12 in. for the end connection, and cut the wire from the spool. Use Brass Screws for Switches Now lay the tuner aside while the other parts are finished. Secure a piece of wood 14 in. thick, 5 in. wide and 8 in. long to be used as the panel. Remove two binding posts from old dry cells and attach to the panel at points 2 in. apart. Drill the first hole for the top binding post 14 in. from the top and 14 in. from the left-hand edge. Next, lay out the two switches with their handles and the necessary switch points. For the handles, drill two holes at the same height as the lower left-hand binding post, 3 and 6 in. respectively from the left-hand side. With these holes as a center, draw a circle 114 in. in radius to locate the switch points. Switch points can be made by taking 18 (Continued on page 98) June, 1922 ee em eS OE TT A Ne NR Ne a EN AE Ae RE SARS NC W L.DOUGLAS FOR MEN AND WOMEN YOU CAN ALWAYS SAVE MONEY BY WEARING W.L.DOUGLAS SHOES SOLD DIRECT FROM FACTORY TO YOU AT ONE PROFIT ~ T STAMPING THE RETAIL PRICE Pose AT THE FACTORY THE STAMPED PRICE IS YOUR PROTECTION AGAINST eti/ UNREASONABLE PROFITS Our $7.00 and $8.00 shoes are excep- | W-L- Dougias name tionally good values. There is one point wee — is = we wish to impress upon you that is se meg s os . wae] worth dollars for you to remember. "id , + a rn f e W. L. Douglas shoes are put into all ne ich 5 r of our stores at factory cost. We donot | ' a ghest = te make one cent of profit until the shoes | ° —* e ‘— {| are sold to you. When you buy shoes Tue tan ‘i sie at any one of our stores you pay only bo eee one small retail profit. in giving to the con- $700 & $8.00 SHOES ALSO MANY STYLES AT $5.00 & $600 WHEN YOU BUY W.L.DOUGLAS SHOES CONSIDER THE EXTRA QUALITY YOV RECEIVE FOR THE PRICE PAID W. L. Douglas shoes are made of the best and finest selected leathers the market affords. We employ the high- est paid, skilled shoemakers, all work- “| ing with an honest determination to make the best shoes for the price that money can buy. When you need shoes look for a W.L. Douglas store. We own 108 stores lo- cated in the principal cities. You will find in our stores many kindsand styles of high-class, fine shoes that we believe are better shoe values for the money than you can buy elsewhere. | No matter where you live, shoe dealers cansupply youwithW.L.Douglasshoes. They cost no more in San Francisco than they doin New York. Insist upon having W. L. Douglas shoes with the name and retail price stamped on the lo sole. Do not take a substitute and pay Pie one or two extra profits. Order direct w, 1. Dougias Shoe Co., from the factory and save money. 124 Spark St., Brockton. Mass. sumer the equiva: lent of the price paid for the goods. Catalog Free. 5 Sty ee er nN cw , Crotch Union Suits (Pat. © Youths’ $1.00 the suit. NS NT) OT PELE Se eR ee ERE SE Biers Ek eS MADE FOR THE BEST RETAIL TRADE + (Tratte Mark Reg US Pat Off and Foreign Countries) - “The BVD:Red Woven Label is the Trade Mark by which The BVD. Company assures you the far-famed comfort, long wear and dependable quality of its product The BV.D.Company New York * SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF “BNV.D> UNDERWEAR ae ae y —— shirts nee Lengt | U.S.A.)Men’s$1.50the suit, “20> Drawers, 85 the garment. “B.V.D” Sleeveless Closed vee rn nt Se

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‘Dont toll me you never had a chance! “Four years ago you and I worked at the same bench, I realized that to get ahead I needed special training, and decided to let the International Correspondence Schools help me. I wanted you to do the same, but you said, ‘Aw, forget it!’ You had the same chance I had, but you turned it down. No, Jim, you can’t expect more money until you've trained yourself to handle bigger work.” There are lots of “Jims” in the world— in stores, factories, offices, everywhere. Are you one of them? Wake up! Every time you see an I. C. S. coupon your chance is staring you in the face. Don’t turn it down. Right now over one hundred thousand men are preparing themselves for bigger jobs and better pay through I. C. S. courses. You can join them and get in line for promotion. Mark and mail this coupon, and find out how. oem ae eo ae aber ink —— — ..— . INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7686-B Scranton, Pa. Without cost or obligation, please explain how I can qualify for the position or in the subject before which J] have marked an X in the list below: Business Management Electrical Engineering Salesmanship Mechanical Engineering Advertising Mechanical Drafting Illustrating Civil Engineering Surveying and Mapping Steam Engineering (] Architecture (J Architectural Draftsman Contractor and Builder (J Plumbing and Heating (J Machine Shop Practice Bookkeeping Cost Accounting Income Tax Accounting Accountancy [_] Stenography [) Traffic Management [_] Civil Service [] Railway Mail Clerk Toolmaker |] Business English C Chemistry Business Correspondent (J Mine Foreman French CJ Automobiles _] Spanish a) ae aoe Engines JCommon School Subjects ( Wireless {J High School Subjects (Pharmacy Name Street Address City State Occupation, Persons residing in Canada should send this coupon to the International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Limited, Montreal, Canada. PRACTICAL AMATEUR WIRELESS STATIONS This book contains best suggestions of thirty-three experi- menters on building, installing and operating experimental stations for radio communication. Profusely illustrated, 136 pp. Price 75c POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street, New York City, N. Y. 10c CHARGES Storage Battery At Home With an F-F BATTERY BOOSTER, which is a Full Wave Mag- netic Rectifier, with Ammeter, for 105-125 Volt 60 a A.C. having Infus- ible Carbon Rectifying Br BattoryJust as it Peepers Pare ah on hgter ocminaty Ibe’ o Charged in Morn: No skill required. AMMETER climates Ge elimina’ matic Charging Unit. . Gone W. sedBattor , Compact FortableAvin- 1, feccnoUe . CLEVELAND, One U. S.A. ing ask for F: ROTAR FRANCE MFG. C | | the heads down to a flat surface. THE HOME WORKSHOP: Government’s Cheap Radio Set (Continued from page 97) 34-in. round head brass screws and filing They are inserted in holes drilled along the circle, separated by a distance equal to the diam- eter of the head. The taps taken from the single turns are fastened to the left-hand switch and those from the ‘“‘tenth’’ turns to the switch on the right. The switch arms or handles may be purchased from a supply store or can be made by sawing a slice from a broom handle with a piece of brass rod or bolt passing through the wood to the back of the panel. The brass contact can be cut to shape and fastened to the under side of the piece of wood in such a way as to make contact with the bolt. The wiring of the panel is then completed by carrying a wire from the ground binding The Bureau of Standard’s crys- tal set post—the lower one—to the left-hand switch arm, and connecting the upper binding post—the aerial—to the right- hand switch arm. All that now remains are the detector, condenser, and the bind- ing posts for the telephone. The detector consists of a piece of galena held securely by wood screws to the base and a fine spring wire attached te a movable arm so that the position of the wire can be changed. The spring wire—an E mandolin string may be used—is wound several times around a small finishing nail after the latter has been slipped through the binding posts. A piece of cork or wood may be used for the knob of the detector or a very good handle can be made by softening sealing-wax and molding it to the desired shape before it hardens. Attach the detector on the ex- tension of the base near the back and the two binding posts for the phone near the front edge. Complete the wiring for the set by connecting the ground binding post with the left phone binding post and the antenna post with one side of the de- tector. Connect the other side of the de- tector with the remaining post of the phones and the work is done. While not necessary to the operation of the set, a fixed condenser placed across the phones will bring in the signals clearer and slightly louder. It is simply made. Obtain some tinfoil and waxed paper. Cut four sheets of the tinfoil 4 by 3 in. and the waxed paper 434 by 334 in. Lay down a sheet of the paper and in the center of it place a sheet of the foil, holding the latter in place by a drop of shellac. Connect the tinfoil with the outside by small strips of the same material 2 by 14 in., placing them alternately at one corner and then the other, sb that after laying down the four sheets of tinfoil and five sheets of waxed paper, there will be two sets of connec- tions. Place a piece of stiff cardboard on top and bottom and bind the whole with tape. (Concluded on page 99) Popular Science Monthly Catalogue HIS FREE catalogue tells you the kind of a Wireless Telephone to own, so that you receive inyour own home all the latest new 8, music, church services, lectures—everything broadcasted throughout the United States, Every home will soon have a wireless tele- phone outfit. We now offer complete outfits from $15 up. Everyone interested in radio should see our low prices on parts and accessories. Writefor this book. Learn about the miracleinvention ofthe age. Easy toin- stall, as simple to operate as a regular telephone. One copy of this booklet is yours, free. Write for your copy. Address Dept—R. 5 Montgomery Ward & Co. Kansas City Chicago St. Paul Print Your Own fool, bape circulars R } labels, ' tags, menus A Pre ress $id up. GUTS EXPENSE IN HALE, UTLAY. Pays for itself in short time. Will last y pene. Easy to use, prin essent. Print for others, BiG PROFIT. Write factory ODAY for press catalog, TYPE , cards, paper,envelopes, THEPRESS CO., 0-33, Meriden, Conn. SEND STAMPS FOR CATALOG BUCHSTEIN’S FIBRE LIMB soothing to your stump— strong, cool, neat, light. Easy payments. Braces y for all Guaranteed 5 Years deformi- Send for Catalog Today. ties. \p-BUCHSTEIN CO., 113 6th St. S., MINNEAPOLIS, MINN, Make Money at Home Making Beautiful Animal Toys: We show you how— interesting : work. Complete working draw- ings and instructions, postpaid $1. DEKALB DESIGNING CO., Toy Dept. 10, Decatur, Ga. We will train you to write show cards. or soliciting; we supply you with work; distance no object; you can earn from $15 to $50 a week, WILSON METHODS, Limited Dept. C 64 East Richmond, Toronto, Canada No canvassing HAIR GROWS When nourished ONA- TURE’S WAY. No Ton- ics, Salves, Drugs or Electricity. Wesendour Vacuum Cap on 60 days FREE TRIAL to people who show that they are willing and able to pay if satisfactory. Used ten minutes daily. Try it 60 days at our expense. Booklet on Hair and its growth mailed free Sealed MODERN VACUUM CAP CoO., _ 400 Barclay Blk.” DENVER, COLO. — ae sae = VN | gee]

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SN OE I NN SAO EY OPT EEE OY te RR i ber . Uhly June, 1922 99 | | Wireless wire Government’s Cheap Radio Set in the Ce | THE HOME WORKSHOP (Concluded from page 98) Home \ ae | Fasten each set of connections together — a -— and lay them under the binding posts for | t eresti oO : > | | written in pron tochal- Ke the phones. cal language for the A single phone receiver can be pur- man buying a small Radiophone Receiving 2p! Set. to listen to Opera, News, Repwte dae chased for as low as 65 cents, but for best | tures, Concerts, etc., by results a Baldwin phone costing about $6 Lee DeForest, Ph. D. D.Sc. { should be used with the outfit. This is the e 4 © ' the world's foremost inventor and ete ae most expensive part of the set, but is well | adio field. Contains: 1, i | | of Wireless, Its Value in ie he worth the cost. a om of — ape § eo mae. ~ iene. ~~ A test buzzer is a worthy addition to any mu lustrated with Photographs and sketches. Covers | set. Connect a dry cell with an ordinary ° van i . . Send 15e fortnow. OY Stout Witelens. doorbell — with bell removed — and a DeForest Radio Tel. & Tel. Co. homemade. switch of any kind. Lead a L U A c- 1381 Sedgwick Ave. 7 wire from the vibrating point of the bell et S hnswer aaa a A to the ground wire and attach itthere. If e ue | Your Questions iagram o buzzer set aa On Radio “THOUSANDS of new enthusiasts are saving themselves dollars SWITCH and disappointments by putting their problems up to Ship Owners. y Ship Owners Radio Service was or- ganized for the installation and up- keep of the radio equipment of the GROUND vessels of the U.S. Shipping Board BINDING : ke pping ’ 3 PLUMBING, HEATING and POST |] U.S. Navy and the private steam- WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS — oe os hae t each of the Cut your cost in half | a the crystal is in good adjustment, a loud Complete inf. mM ed ’ ome Catalogue "A" | bury will be heard in the phones when the | FREE ON REQUEST buzzer is operated. Ifthe buzz is heard in | the set, then wireless signals within the ‘ SATISFACTION LAMPLOUGH BEAUMONT COMPANY range of the set will also be heard. offices there are thoroughly trained Guaranreeo —-99-a So. Portland Ave. Brooklyn, N. Y. In constructing the aerial, height and || professional radio men who know ¥: | length are the factors that affect the receiv- || every phase of their business. These pn - ing distance. An aerial 60 ft. high is twice | men know from actual experience Old down ( y as good as one only 40 ft. high. The single '| the past performance of each piece — Qos wire of No. 14 bare copper should be made | of apparatus. IB O steady that it rides rough water with ¢ase—so as long as possible, preferably over 100 ft. | die—so strongly built, that it lasts for years — It is not necessary that both ends be of | This Knowledge is Yours she. of factory. “Od Towns’ are’ the lenert-crloss th height. If the end farthest from | zht. = gay A — FP. og ———- a DURING the past year we have carefully ts. aes at 5 acacia edie the house can be attached to a tree or mast, tested and studied the leading types of ces OLD TOWN CANOE CO. the lower end can be sloped so that it leads | Home Radio Phone Receivers. Our men are all 1296 MainStreet | _ Old Town, Maine, U.S. A. directly to the instruments. |] far better qualified to advise you in purchas- | - The principal parts with their costs are |] ing the RIGHT equipment, than are others g quipme: iN, as follows: | who know little of the science. — — , s We carry a complete stock of the leading i : Wire Ne 2g 95 Revgforaeta---#5 |] cquipment which we can guarantee as tore: | Switch bolts and 7 | er .75 |] sults and service. , EM sinis ies +0500 rome for aerial .. 39 } i Test buser.. ‘30 Tinfol 2. “10 |} Get this Fascinating Booklet 4 Dry battery....... .30 oe 4.50 Written on plain English giving all the par- : |] ticulars for setting up YOUR Home Re- 7" || ceiver—contains complete directions, latest , : “ KMANE TOBACCO Where to Buy Home || prices—in fact everything 7 “om tokens, oo YMAY p . in non-technical language. Fill in the cou- ¥ “Sock U.S. PAT. OFF. POUCH Workshop Equipment | pon now and enclose 6 cents in stamps for K Tobeceo Hiih and Materials | your copy. eeps fobacco : ight ANY times in your home work- ifP OWNER yAnDiest. ——_ a a shop you will ask, ‘Where can | the -marnet. ms easily at pull o buy this part?” To help you with such “~ tip ve phd penitent problems, the Home Workshop De- RADIO SERVICE INC. tight. Folds generous supply partment offers two suggestions: — | 80 Washington St., New York * pcan ged cr ap — The first is = consult - display 1] Branch Offices and Dealers Everywhere gi : i tising in this maga- , . . ‘i aoe coe. SS Se eae eee “The Largest Radio Chain ) cigar, drug, listed just what you need. Store System in the World. leather andsport- The second is to send a letter of in- | --------------r-- > ing goods stores. quiry addressed to the Information | | SORSINC, 80 Washington St.,New York, N.Y. If dealer Department, Popular Science Monthly, Herewith 6 cents in stamps for cannot 225 West 39th St., New York, enclosing | my copy of your latest booklet. supply a stamped and self-addressed return send $1.25 envelope. The Home Workshop De- oa for most partment’s library contains reference Genuine Sued popular books, catalogues, price lists, and data es Rubber Lined. ; size. of all kinds in regard to almost every Made and Fully Guaranteed by article used by mechanics. THE F. S. MILLS CO., Inc., Gloversville, N. Y. PS 6-2 SE ETRE, TEES: NE TLDS RECESS Rie ie thee aes ee sence tT. s Se 5 5 ELE, ARES ceo is ie oe i ay) he ae iia - - «=e tet ~ a |

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100 Fathers — Encourage your boys to own a MAGNAVOX

| | |

aWirelessTelephony Age OUR boy is liv- ing in the dawn of a new day! Widen his mental horizon — stimulate his ambition —in- crease his sense of responsibility —by giving him the use of the “world’s greatest tool of progress,” a wireless telephone. Thanks to the Mag- navox Radio, any re- ceiving set will now serve the entire fam- ily — reproducing loud and clear the splendid programs broadcasted daily in all parts of the country. Without a Magnavox Radio Radio no wireless receiv. brings it ing set is complete. MMA GNAVOX Any radio dealer will de- monstrate for you, or write to us for descriptive booklet and name of nearest dealer. The Magnavox Co. Oakland, California N.Y. Office: Ae Sate — ws Penn. Terminal Bldg. gee oe

— Weare entering upon | . adio tells it”

THE HOME WORKSHOP

Four Ways to Erect an Aerial for | Your Radio Receiving Set Louis S. McNamara 9 pete are two main points to be con- sidered in laying out and constructing an aerial. They are: Make it as high as possible and as near 125 ft. in length as facilities will permit. One wire will do as well as two or more. The exact manner of erecting the radio aerial will depend on the location of near-by objects from which the wire can be strung. A tree is perhaps the most accessible of anchorages for aerials, but to get best re- sults a mast should be erected in the top of the tree in order to elevate the aerial above all branches. If this is not possible, the aerial can be swung from one of the branches, providing the wire is well insu- lated from the tree. Next to a tree a wooden mast, made by nailing together two 2 by 4’sto form a4 by4,

BUILDING ~~.

PLUGS WITH |) HOLES DRILLED)| INENDS

Windmill and tree supports makes a good aerial post. Two sections, each 20 ft. long, with a 3-ft. splice, will give a mast about 30 ft. high. Such a mast should be prevented from buckling by 3 guy wires attached at or near the splice, although this is not essential if the mast is in a protected place or if the wire span is not long. But the best aerial mast of all, the most easily erected and the most permanent, is the pipe mast. This can be lifted to any height, providing the bottom section selected is large enough and that plenty of guys are used. In making a pipe mast the height will determine the size of the bottom section. If a height of about 35 ft. is desired, start with a 2-in. pipe as in the illustration. At one end screw on a pipe cross and in each of the side taps screw a plug with a 14-in. hole drilled in its head. At the remaining open tap put in a 2- to 134-in. reducer for the next section of pipe. The holes in the plugs are for the guy wires. By thus reducing the size of the pipe in each successive section the aerial mast may be octal up until the final section is 34 in. in diameter. All bending strains will be taken up by the guy wires. The bottom section should be embedded for about 18 in. in solid concrete and the whole pipe well covered with red lead to (Continued on page 101) Popular Science Monthly Put on like Plaster |< Wears like Iron \W -waterproof fireproof resilient oe noiseless dust —- less

A composition material easily applied in lastic form over practically any kind of floor. Laid about %% inch thick. Imperial Floor does not crack, peel or come loose from foundation, Acontinuous, fine grained, smooth, non-slipping surface. Nocrevices to gather grease, dirt, dust disease germs or moisture. Ideal Floor for Kitchen, Pantry, Bath Room, Laundry, Porch, Garage, Restaurant, Theater, Hotel, Factory, Office Building, Raiiroad Sta- tion, Hospital—w herever a beautiful, substantial floor is desired. Several practical colors. Full information and sample FREE ‘of your first and second choice of color. Imperial Floor Co., 61-63 East Ave., Rochester, N.Y A.Success for 15 Years TAP DRILL SIZES This New Handy Time Saver Disc screw threads and tap drill sizes will ae 4 matically give the correct size of any 4 A drill to be used when using ony ind ofat ™ tap dell sizes for U. S. Standard cores; ‘Tak. E. 4 Standard for automobile work; drill sizes for an all Di taps also tap drill and ‘body drill sizes for fy machine screws \fogether with a complete table of y¥ decimal equivalénts by sixty-fourths of an inch. rinted on the very it pressed fibre size 32; — with printed Instructions. 25 cents post- D. A. ROGERS, 3604 Stevens Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn, RADIO PANELS Cut exactly to size and shipped within 12 hours. % inch thick $.01'%c per - uare inch, 5/16 inch .02c. Made of the highest grade black fibre. his material possesses high di electric strength, is Unbreakable, easy to work Special offer 6x6x!4

inexpensive, and takes a nice finish. -50c. We pay postage. RADIO INSTRUMENT & PANEL CO., Box 75, CICERO, ILLINOIS 30 R28. : 448 Sed ,

Qouwvored free oe 3 y seer sororalnzoEoss ead

Wheets, pe, horns. ui Na Le Send No vast So end corms: Mead“! Dept. wi0s Chicago FLY Young man, learn aviation and prepare yourself for the future. Build your own plane learn how to construct and fly aircraft. ur motorey cis ine. We furnish very reasonable all the je parts to to build this wonderful little Meteorplane. and fly. Send = plete pot of Bn ‘prints, and price ist of all parts IRWIN AIRCRAFT co., Sacramento, Cal. Sto

SEND FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOG

For Ford ond Chevrolet ~prices from $27.85 up “3 pe biag BRR INTERNATIONAL BODY. WORKS 914 W. Ohio St., Dept.8, Chicago, Ill.

CUSTOM TAILOR MADE TO FIT YOUR INDIVIDUAL CAR Made in our custom shops after your order is received. We ship a in2or3 days. Per- 4.4 ect fit guaranteed when cor- mae ave rect name, year and model of Paid caris given. You can easily al apply it yourself. We furnish instructions and all necessary tacks, welts afd fasteners. Our catalog No. 10 with samples is free for the asking. LIBERTY TOP & TIRE CO., Dept. E-8, Cincinnati, 0. We Pay $9 a Day Taking orders for Music . Chest. A marvelous in- vention. Does more than machines costing ten times its price. Easily carried with you anywhere. BIG OPPORTUNITY for any man working spare time or full time. y to take orders on account of low price. Biggest proposi- tion ever ered to our Special Representatives. Write for demonstrati sample, terms and territory. THOMAS MFG. CO., Chest 447, Dayton, Ohio.

Popular Science Monthly

Page 85

June, 1922

THE HOME WORKSHOP |

Four Ways to Erect an Aerial | (Continued from page 100) | prevent rusting. If galvanized pipe is used | | it need not be painted. | | The presence of so many guys is an asset ' to any station. Each guy wire should be | insulated at top and bottom by a simple | corrugated strain insulator. Then, if de- | sired, all the wires can be connected with one lead-in wire, thus making a secondary aerial. This secondary aerial could be con- nected with a switch inside the receiving station for use when stations with longer wave lengths are to be tuned in. Radio amateurs who live on farms where windmills are used for water pumping are already supplied with an excellent antenna mast. One end of the aerial can be fastened to the top platform of the mill; and the other carried to a hook on the house near the instruments, which completes the aerial. On all the foregoing types of aerial sus- pensions, with the exceptions of the tree and windmill anchorages, a pulley should be provided for lifting and emOr the wire A galvanized metal pulley and a 3¢-in. rope will be sufficient. The rope will last longer if it is tarred, but as the expense of tarring advantage is somewhat doubtful.

Serviceable Camping Table Folds Up Compactly for Shipment | gli tourists devise much ingenious camping equipment that can be ac- / commodated in the limited space inside their cars. The folding table illustrated be- low is an example of a serviceable table. When extended, it is of good size, but

LEGS SWING

+ END VIEW= bl d Table open an Coe closed

folded, it is a compact package, easily car- ried inside the car. Two large leaves are hinged to a narrow center board, to which the legs are also secured by means of centering pins. To close the table, the legs are turned around beneath the center board and the side leaves are folded against them.—G. A.

Quick Grip for Lathe Work Helps Speed Up Production AN expedient occasionally useful in lathe work on small parts is that shown in the accompany- 0. ing illustration. “a When the head y of the cap screw ‘ or nut is loosened n- half a turn, the an split washer is ed lifted off and the part can then Y be slipped off over re the cap - screw be head or _ nut, a which is smaller he than the diameter of the hole through the ; : pieces being machined.

will nearly equal the cost of new rope, the |

June, 1922 ee ee EN AS NERDY CMP PCT OE be De

THe. PLORS Wem

The Fesler—Style M-87 ey Nee HEN you view your first pair of Sr Florsheim Shoes—remember that their ZO splendid appearance, you so greatly ad- EAS mire, is not merely a surface finish; but es a “built-in” quality that will endure for Ais chien of constant hard wear. oils Florsheim Low Shoes are Skeleton Lined and EAT) Non-slip—they fil the ankle and hug the heel. \ = | = f The Florsheim Shoe, $10—A few styles, $11 and $12 AN ad Booklet “Styles of the Times” on request THE FLORSHEIM SHOE CO. Manufacturers Chicago DA Fc Fors SHOE

BUILDING AND FLYING AN AEROPLANE By CHARLES B. HAYWARD. A practical handbook covering the design, construction and operation of aero- planes and gliders. 150 pazes. Price, $1.60 Popular Science Month!y, 225 West 39th Street, New York

Jimmy’s Diary Monday, May 8th “After school hopped on bike and went fishin’ with Frank Morey. Comin’ home late for supper had a unkture. S-s-s-s-s-s she went and stopt. Gee, I was ucky. It was in the tire I had put Neverleak Tire Fluid in three weeks before. Didn’t loose any air because Neverleak stopt the leak.” A 25c tube of Neverleak saves expensive repairs and makes tires last longer, At all bicycle and repair shops, FREE—Send for handy Neverleak Pencil Clip. In attractive colors, holds pencil firmly in place. BUFFALO SPECIALTY CO. 110 Ellicott Street BUFFALO, N. Y. NEVERLEAK AIRE FLUID. (EALS PUNCTURES ON THE RUN.’

C3 we rata

Don’t be without the ase of ty tHe fing Set while your battery fs being charged by some Service Station. Get a Valley < Charger and one a battery right at home at one-tenth ~~ on a to your home lamp socket — | dick taperin tonnage ay bite je 3 you wil a pering c e which jus' mes ttery, but cannot over- farm it ins any way. Sone - has no troublesome be and w your automobile battery as well as radio Satisfaction Guaranteed. If your local dis- tributor cannot supply you, write direct te VALLEY ELECTRIG COMPANY, Departmen 8T. LOUIS, *mo. ee + ee. Valley Electric Co., Dept. P St. Louis, Mo. Gentlemen: I am qpetesing, spsn order (gp check) for 12. ge for which ‘send me a Valle re with Battery ee A aval If not y, will return it and get money

$12 nd $15 F.0.B.St.Louis | <NODE EET OE ee oe te eR ee RE, SS5-200 = PRA . ‘Le peti Pais BRS vs

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FREE} Stop that leak this new way To mend leaky hose; the neck of a water bottle; breken crockery; torn sheet music; to wrap a golf club; to insulate wires; to seal preserving jars—use Tirro, the new waterproofed mending tape. Bauer & Black—special- ists in tapes for 28 years —make it. Extra strong, extra sticky. Clings to glass, metal, rubber, paper, china. Mends some things tem- porarily, others perma- nently. The Handy Andy of the home and garage. You can color it to match the article mended. Try it. “Won- derful!” you'll say. Three Sizes. Small, 15c; Me- a THE HOME WORKSHOP Knobs Fitted to Honeycomb Coils Improve Radio Set 6 lapeae amateurs using honeycomb coils on homemade sets know from experi- ence that to place the hand on them when receiving ‘‘kills’’ the wave length. This of each coil. Take off the outside strip that runs mf Popular Science Monthly AUTO OWNERS WANTED To introduce the best automobile ® tires in the world. Made under \ our new and exclusive Internal \\, Hydraulic Expansion Process \\j that eliminates Blow-out— Stone- Bruise—Rim-Cut and enables us to } sell our tires under a Trial strip difficulty, which is due to the added capac- ) 10,000 Mile Guarantee +4 = he ity of the -hand may be largely prevented We want an agent. in every com: ail cou- i . i : munity to use eephalow, merely by fitting a small knob on the front wonderful oe Ass he low prices to all motor car owners. | Write for booklet describing this new Ej] process and ee our amazing around the coil by loosening both the screws Introductory Offer to owner agents. Hydro-United Tire Co. HONEYCOMB COIL: Dept. 74—Chicago Sanfrancisco Pottstown, » & woovel’ KNOS How the knobs are attached to the coil that hold it in place. Then use the strip as a guide or template for cutting another strip from thick, oiled cardboard, such as often is used for cheap notebook covers. Put this underneath the original strip and fasten a knob to both by means of glue and a small, flat-headed screw. One of the hard rubber knobs on a dis- carded circular wall switch makes a good knob, as it is already tapped for a small screw. If you have access to a lathe, make the knobs of hard rubber or wood, which looks nearly as well as rubber if given a coat of black lacquer. Put these knobs on your set of honeycombs and you’ll never take them off.—J. M. ROLSTON. Sheet-Iron Stove for Automobile Campers Folds Compactly OMPARED with the _ cobblestone method of spilling the beans, camp cook- ing with this stove is far more convenient. I have found it very satisfactory and it HOW TO PAINT Our book gives a complete course of eins, en- abling any one to learn to paint good signs. HY NOT MAKE YOUR OWN either for your Dusinees or for others? Contents: Alphabets, Composition, One Pony ng tions, How to Mix Paints, Show Cards, Window Signs, Banners, Board and Wall Signs, Ready Made Letters, Gilding, Commercial Art and Tricks of the Trade— Contains 100 alphabets and designs. Cloth bound, size 7 x 5 inches, Price $1.00 postpaid. J. $. Ogilvie Pub. Co., 206 Rose St., New York SEXUAL KNOWLEDGE ILLUSTRATED By } og A SCOT? rT ALL M. wD. PhD. Wtwen ws mp man pe Every young woman should know | 00 Whate every young husband and Every young wife should know Postpaid hat ere arent should know Mailed | in plain not h bind ing—3. pages—many ilhstrations AMERICAN PUB. CO.,617 Winston Bidg., Philadelphia RAISE BELGIAN HARES Flemish Giants —New Zealand Reds, Checkered Giants, Etc FOR US---BIG PROFITS, #*s'¥,"4 vlessantiy furnish high inte stock and pay. y a $7. oot $19.50 upward a pair and hi f iH] you ‘raiss. Use back yard, ce ‘ robe charges fora Mlustrated Latalce FREE! AMERICAN. HARE BREEDERS ASSN, . dium, 25c; Large, 60c has the additional advantage of folding | [188:D. Market st. Newark, N. J. At Drug Stores up so as to fit under the rear seat of the car. cr a ; The construction is shown clearly in the ey il bead beteeneet hana PS M6-22 . t buyers he Tirro MAIL THIS » drawing. A light gage iron is used and the to better quality and value! € For Free Strip ON napeniaied FREE—84-Page | BAUER @ BLACK, See xe BAND CATALOG 2500 Dearborn St., Chicago; a ctures gescribes s; Prices everything see ma ee a erom aid sed by Army and to | Mail me a strip of Tirro. : - Navy Sold by Yeading msie mer trial. Ba: ‘ payments g monic merchants ove ine ¥ Wats for todayt | alte cua, LYON & HEALY, 57-854 Jackson Blvd, CHICAGO Address a $ MOTO CYCLE We have the e% Boy cm as largest fi | City oe en ae 40 R jused motorcycles oem Se ea ey sn the country at the lowest prices. Send for catalog. We are the largest and only exclu- sive motorcycle supply house MAKE FORD INTO SPORT CAR P in the world. Repai a spe- cialty. Send us your machine / to be overhauled. Motors Red-i-Kut ‘68 40 ~ and castings tor airships and ° * . er Nair | railway velocipedes. We Exchange Motorcycles. — —=—FOLD9 THUS A stove like this insures a good campfire Harry R. Greer Co., 555 McLaran Ave., St. Louis, Mo, Send for This corners are reenforced where indicated with 1 by 3/16 in. flat-iron straps. All the hinges should be well riveted; the covers are loosely riveted, so that they may be turned to open or close the holes in the top of the stove.—ARTHUR F Cox. ter factory cost. Order NOW from showing bodies, tops, windenielde mailed for 5c coin. Be: MPEL BLOG... this ad. fiestrated Tt. IKUEMPEL CO., 86 KU! GUTTENBERG, IOWA; 414-page 238 illustrations Contents:—Electricity and Magne- tism; Batteries; Direct and Alter- nating Currents; Dynamos and Moters; Elec\roplating ; Meters; Lamps; ormers; Insulation; Electric Cars; Transmission; etc, Just slip a dollar bill into an envelope, and mail it with this ad- vertisement and your name and address. This Handbook will come byreturn mail. Money back if desired. international Correspondence Sthools Box 7689-B, Scranton, Penna. Drilling Oversize Holes NY twist drill will bore an oversized hole if it is ground slightly off center. The amount of ‘oversize’ depends, of course, on how much off center the tool is ground.—H. B. Folds flat and fits one. Don't miss it, Sent by pe—for e: a and throat. It is worth all the cost to locate ing eye, ear, nose x cinder in the Popular Science Monthly

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al Ma a il i] eves SO eo

Sf Gennes

EE a”, ————”S”—<“—~SS ea@ameo @ ome ath tt 6

— June, 1922 AN INCOME

FOR LIFE Do you want it? Then send for this free book. It shows how the man and woman of average means can buy outright, with two years to ay, high-grade Pg on and dividend paying securities such as U. S. Steel, Westinghouse, Western Union, ete. This interesting book explains in detuil how— 1 You can buy five times as much with your ¢ available cash. 2 You can take immediate advantage of * present low gboees of high-grade securities. 3. You get al ee and market increases from date of purchase. 4 You have two years to pay through this * new monthly payment plan. 5 You are absolutely protected against fluc- ¢ tuations and are guaranteed against call for additional funds. You can start ‘‘An Income for Life’? by small monthly payments which you will never miss. The business man or woman, farmer, teacher, me- chanic, in fact, every one who is thinking of his fu- ture and will lay aside $10, $15, $25 a month or more can take advantage of the present opportu- nity to secure high grade securities at bargain prices

and start building “An Income for Life.’’ Don't fail to write for this valu- able book to-day—it's more than worth while. It means “AN INCOME FOR LIFE.” Investment Securities Co. Suite 436, Moffat Bldg. Detroit, - Mich. GET THIS BOOK FREE

Investment Securitics Cp.

WHY WORK FOR OTHERS? BE YOUR OWN BOSS IN THE AMUSEMENT BUSINESS! OUR GAMES MAKE BIG MONEY in Parks, Resorts, Beaches, Carnivals, Fairs, Arcades, Church Festivals, Picnic Grounds, anywhere people congregate for amusement. Experience unnecessary. Small capital starts you.

P. J. McAndrews did $166 first day. E. E. Rhoades took in $116 first day. Frank L, Moses made $51 first night. John Renner cleared $7000—Hundreds of others in all parts of the country! WHY NOT YOU? WRITE TODAY FQR CATALOGUE PENN NOVELTY CO., Dept.B 908 Buttonwood St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Saiieelllliednenentittaieaethanatathaniehat ed tai et Lt, ed

| to the outer ends of the axle to maintain

q60-$209 a _ Free mples GOLD SIGN LETTERS for — fronts and office 5 i hm AGENT I .c windows Anyone can put them on No experience necessary. Big demand. LIBERAL OFFER TO GENERAL AGENTS. METALLIC LETTER CO., 433A N. CLARK ST., CHICAGO “Lighting Fixtures” Ready to hang. Direct from man- ufacturers. Completely wired including glass- ware. Send for Catalogue No. 24 and Dealers’ proposition ERIE FIXTURE SUPPLY CO. Desk A, Erie, Pa.

THE HOME WORKSHOP

Try Building This Camping Trailer for Your Car M2422 of parts of old automobiles, this camping trailer costs little to build and is easily towed. It rides on two ball-bearing wheels of small size, preferably the 30 by 3 in. tire size. A standard front axle, with a spring of | the Ford type, or two springs of the semi- elliptic type, are used to protect the con- tents of the trailer and to make it free FASTENERS WATERPROOF COVER Ready for

SSS SSS the trip Se F< ee | - SPRING ATTACHMENT

CAR FRONT AXLE 7 } DETACHABLE jf AND SPRING HITCH running. The attachment to the car con- sists of an oak or hickory tongue securely fastened to the axle with bolted wrought- iron straps and a pivoted detachable joint at the rear edge of the body of the towing- car. Two diagonal struts from the tongue the axle at right angles to the tongue are required. The bolted connections with the | arms of the wheel spindles should be made substantial and the wheels brought parallel to the tongue. A rectangular body 3 ft. wide, 5 ft. long, with an oak beam through the center, is secured to the spring by means of the U- shaped spring fasteners. At the front end of the body a special linked spring support is attached to overcome any tipping of the body on the running gear. This spring is

CONNECTION OF STEERING"ARM ~~

TOWING CONNECTIONS OR COUPLING SPRING FORGED vO SHAPE

PG “SPRING SUPPORT CONNECTION OF TONGUE AND AXLE

Details of construc- tion

simply a leaf from one of the front springs forged to shape. the front spring by the removal of several leaves unless the trailer is to be heavily | loaded. The cover for the trailer is a piece of waterproof or oiled canvas secured by means of eyelets on turn fasteners. While this trailer is suggested for camping and touring purposes, much hauling can be done with it, and due to the detachable connection it is quickly hitched and always in readiness for occasional hauling jobs about the home or farm.—A. L. S. L.

June, 1922

OPIS OS OE SAL LS ELE ts OE REIS It is advisable to lighten | MOP PDEA 2 EES SOO TERE LS” tS O oe Fe ew ee eee S352 s ERA ba &

103 Electrical Experts EARN $12 to $30 a Day

What's YOUR Future? Trained “Electrical Experts” are in great demand at the highest salaries, and the op- portunities for advancement and a big success in this line are the greatest ever known. “Electrical Experts’’ can earn $70 to $200 a week. Fit yourself for one of these big paying positions— BE AN “ELECTRICAL EXPERT” Today even the ordinary electrician—the “screw driver’ kind—is making money—big money. Butit’s the trained man—the man who knows the whys and wherefores of Electricity—the ‘ ‘Elec trical Expert’’—who is picked out to ‘‘boss’’ ordinary electricians—to boss the big jobs—the jobs that pay. $3,000 TO $10,000 A YEAR Get in line for one of these “Big jobs,” by enrolling now for my easily-learned, quickly grasped, right-up-to-the-minute, Spare-Time Home-Study Course in Practical Electricity. AGE OR LACK OF EXPERIENCE NO DRAWBACK You don’t have to be a College man; you don’t have to be a High School Graduate. My course in Electricity i is the most simple, thorough, and success- ful in existence and offers every man regardless of age, education, or previous experience, the chance to become, in a very short time, an “Electrical Expert,” able to make from $70 to $200 a week. | GIVE YOU A REAL TRAINING As Chief Engineer of the Chicago Engineering Works, I know exactly the kind of training a man needs to get the best positions at the highest salaries. Hundreds of my. students are now earning $3,500 to $10,000. Many are now successful ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORS. YOUR SUCCESS GUARANTEED So sure am I that you can learn electricity—so sure am I that after studying with me you can get into the “big money” class in electrical work, that I will guarantee under Bond to return every ‘single penny paid me in tuition if, when you have finished my Course, you are not satisfied it was the best investment you ever made. FREE—ELECTRICAL WORKING OUTFIT—FREE I give each student a Splendid Outfit of Electrical Tools, Materials and Measuring Instruments abso- lutely FREE. ‘With me you do practical work right at the start—at home. You start right in after the first few lessons to WORK AT YOUR PROFES- SION in a practical way. FREE RADIO COURSE An up-to-the-minute course in Wireless Telephony and Telegraphy given free with my great Electrical Course—two Courses for the price of one. Coupon brings particulars. GET STARTED NOW—MAIL COUPON I will send you a valuable book entitled ‘‘How to Become an Electrical Expert,’’ and full particulars of my free outfit if you will send this coupon now. L. L. COOKE, Chief Engineer, CHICAGO ENGINEERING WORKS Dept. 3-A 2150 Lawrence Ave. CHICAGO, U. S. A. a ee ae ee CHIEF ENGINEER COOKE Chicago Engineering Works t 4 Dept. 3-A, 2150 Sunnyside Ave., CHICAGO, ILL. § I Dear Sir: You may send me entirely free and fully § t prepaid, a copy of your book, ‘‘How to Become an i Electrical Expert,’’ and particulars about your | Home Study Courses in Electricity and Radio. OMCs. oo chee eV ht0dee Levene eves ermeNS | 1 BRUOOES sks kone sar hase ecennes sane |

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104

Popular Science Monthly

will give our opinion as to its

PATENTS SECURE A PATENT, send for Our Guide Book, HOW TO GET A PATENT, sent Free on request. etc. Send model or sketch and description of your invention and we patentable nature. : I a RANDOLPH & CO. 0 130 F St. N. W., Washington, D. C. : eR ee IF YOU HAVE AN INVENTION and DESIRE TO LEARN HOW TO Tells our Terms, Methods,

PATENTS Booklet Free Highest References Promptness Assured Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary examinatfon of Patent Office records and report as to patentability. All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention

624 F St., Washington, D. C.

WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer |

PATENTS TRADE-MARKS COPYRIGHTS Send for our free book of patent information Beale & Park %5.S:is"rtases,2.¢ Ideas developed. Experimental ma- chinery built. RICHARDSON & ROGERS, Albee Bldg., Washington Practice in all Courts TRADE MARKS COPYRIGHTS The better kind of Handicraft for Handy Girls With suggestions for the girl who likes to make things. Also for the camp fire girl and the one who likes to play and work out of doors. Price, postpaid, $2.15. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York City

“DON'T SHOUT” “T hear you. Ican hear now as wellasanybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I'vea pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right.” The Morley Phone for the DEAF is to the ears what glasses are to the eyes. Invisible, comfortable, weightless and harmless. Abyone can adjust it. Over one hundred thousand sold. Write for booklet and testimonials. THE MORLEY CO, Dept. 797, 26 South 15th Street, Philadelphia INVENTORS who derive largest ts know and heed certain I simple but vital facts before applying for \

Our book Patent-Sense . for Inventors and Man- | ufacturers, gives those facts; free. Write EY Lacey & Lacey, 648 F St. Washington.D.c. ESTABLISHED 1869 PATENTS Send us sketch or model for patentabilit: upinion and exact cost of patent. Our boo! ‘How to Obtain a Patent” Sent Free on re-

thos

every inventor should know. Th ‘3, who are our clients, are our references. CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE, 25 Years’ Experience 427 7th St. Washington, D. C.

Arithmetic of Electricity A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules. $1.50 Postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street New York

U.S. A PATENTS

ta pyran’ . ~ Sg Sd), Tr AC vt 0 FOR

1 A BEARINGS a TILLER ROPE *° DRIVING FLYWHEEL HANDLE RUDDER

DRIVING GEAR PROPELLER Top and side views of propelling mechanism which may be made from two clevises. See that the mountings are rigid, so that there will be as little play-as possible, and provide the stern bearing with a gland and stuffing to prevent leakage. The hand lever is a heavy stick of wood, 2 ft. or more in length, hinged to the bottom of the boat. Make a connecting rod of iron, so that moving the handle back and forth will drive the gear, pinion, flywheel, and propeller. The steering-gear is operated by two pedals hinged to the bottom of the boat.—SHERMAN TERRY. oS

—— Popular Science Monthly

..

Page 89

Cia | Ne .. my ie p it y we Se Ne ON a a ww

l J

une, 1922

THE HOME WORKSHOP

You Can Cast Farther if You Use Tapered Leaders APERED leaders for trout fishing are such an improvement over the ordinary level calibered leaders that, once they are used, they will always occupy first place in the angler’s outfit. The gut may be bought at any well- supplied sporting goods establishment in a quantity known as a “‘hank,”’ usually com- posed of 100 strands.of gut, each from 10 to i How the leaders are tied together 15 in. long. When tied together into lengths of from 6 to 9 ft., these form the leaders. In making a tapered leader, one third should be of the heaviest strands found in the hank, the middle portion of a medium thickness, and the remaining length the finest of all. Select hard, round, and smooth strands; avoid those with inequalities. Before tying them into the leader, they should be soaked in warm, but not hot,

* water. The knot used will readily be understood from the illustration. The ends AA are the long ends; the ends BB are the short ends. Pull the knots tight and then pull the two together, severing the loose ends with a sharp knife. The hook can be connected more readily to a leader of this type, and the length of the cast is greatly increased. This is caused by the heavier part of the leader forcing forward at the cast, thus finally impelling the thinner forward portion ahead, much as when a long whip is cracked. An addi- tional 10 or 15 ft. can be added to a cast with a tapered leader if a tapered line is also used.— ROBERT PAGE LINCOLN.

Removing Rusted Screws WE are often confronted with the prob- lem of removing broken screws, studs, or bolts, the heads of which have been twisted off or, as sometimes happens, sawed off. This is often a difficult task, especially when the threads are rusted from years of service. The screw may also be in a difficult position to get at. I have in mind an experience which proved the practicability of the little tool ae ) ee _— BROKEN STUD shown in the illustration. A %-in. stud had been twisted off the steam chest of a large engine and was rusted in place. After the engineer had tried in vain to back it out with a punch, I was called in. All I did was to drill a 4-in. hole in the center of the stud about 34 in. deep, drive in the tool and back out the screw with a heavy wrench. The tool is made from a hardened tool steel bit. It is advisable to make one 5/16 in. square and another % in. square. If the tool works loose, it can easily be A wrench turns the tool

# souare TOOL STEEL

driven in tighter after each pull on the wrench.—C. W. CASTLE.

June, 1922 ®

De eee PUN OMT: LAE EBS SORE Se PE RE i BOY is nied

Po OPT SAE OES EM ts GE OILS 2 5 ER ES: Swe 4: rat eT ree: ea Se = Po aa + Pena k yee rE

TRADE-MARKS AND oe) AA aa

PATENTS << Sciahes SPECIAL OFF E PATENTABLE NATURE Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form *‘Record of Invention.’”’ This should be signed and witnessed and if returned to us. together with model or sketch and description of the invention, we will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. Our Three Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide BOOK HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Contains full instructions regarding U. S. Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Movements illustrated and de- scribed, Articles on Assignment or SALE OF PATENTS, Patent Practice and Procedure, and Law Points for inventors. OUR TRADE MARK BOOK Shows the value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protection and gives information regarding unfair competition. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in all Foreign Countries. Write for our illustrated Guide Book on Foreign Patents. Send for List of Patent Buyers containing unsolicited Letters from Manufacturers and others Wishing to Buy Patents. SPECIALIZATION Our Staff The field pf invention is so vast that it is impossible for any one to become an expert in all the different classes of invention. Only those skilled in the class to which the invention relates are capable of rendering efficient service. For this reason Victor J. Evans & Co. employ a number of patent lawyers and mechanical experts who have been selected for their special knowledge and ability in certain lines of invention. Each case is placed in charge of experts in the classes to which the invention relates, THE VALUE OF YOUR PATENT Will depend much upon the skill and care with which your case is prosecuted in the United States Patent Office. We spare neither time nor pains to secure the broadest possible patents that the inventions will warrant. That every case entrusted to us receives our best efforts, and that our work is done consistently, skillfully and thor- oughly is evidenced by the many unsolicited letters of commendation that we receive constantly from our clients. We will furnish upon request lists of clients from any State in the Union for whom we have secured patents. Our New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and San Francisco Offices Owing to the growth of our business we have established for the benefit of our clients Branch Offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburg, Pa., Chicago, Ill., and San Francisco, Cal. These branch offices being located in these large commercial cities, together with our Main Office located near the U.S. Patent Office, in Washington, enables us to more promptly handle the business of our clients, par- ticularly as the branch offices are in constant touch with the Main Office and fully equipped to handle patent business in all its branches. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms AWN HIN iM VICTOR J. EVANS & CO. ‘i i Patent Attorneys New York Offices Philade Offices Pittsburgh Offices 1007 Woolworth Bldg. 714-715 Liberty Bldg. 514 Empire Bldg, Chicago Offices 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Cfices, Hobart Bldg. 111} i \{! iil Main Offices, 760 9th Street, Washington, D.C. | Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books as described above. rh nee

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Learn Drafting Drafting offers exceptional opportunities to boys and young men because drafting itself not only commands good pay, but it is the first step towards success in Mechanical or Structural Engineering or Architecture. And drafting is just the kind of work a boy likes to do. There is an easy, delightful way in which you can learn right at home in spare time. For 30 years the Inter- national Correspondence Schools have been giving boys just the training they need for success in Drafting and more than 300 other subjects. Let the I. C. S. help you. Choose the work you like best in the coupon, then mark and mail it. This doesn’t obligate you in the least but it will bring you information that will start you on a successful career. This is your chance. Don’t let it slip by. Mark and mail this coupon now. — a oe = TEAR OUT HERE — — — — — International Correspondence Schools Box 7687-B, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me complete information about the subject which I have checked below: C1) DRAFTING LL) CARTOONING [.) AUTOMOBILES LL) CHEMISTRY L) ADVERTISING [} SALESMANSHIP [) ELECTRICITY (J SURVEYING LJ) WIRELESS NSS Ste Ocoee pips Address ............ Positive Practical Lightning Protection JACOBUS Type J.S.W. The vacuum aerial protector, for use in place of the costly ground switch in wireless receiving stations. Passes National Underwriters 1equirements; see,elec- trical report No. 5763. 2.00 from you: dealer or direct. APEX ELECTRICAL SPECIALTY CO., 7734 Orange St., Newark, N. J. Standard Underwoods 5-Year Guarantee Yes, pie aders Standard Visible Writ ing U wood eowky oe rebuilt, at : mucb less ey bom factory yours & fers. 3. 60down and then easy monthly payments. # 10 Days’ FREE Trial Try it for 10 days’ at our risk. Money-back guarantee, Send now . for free book Big bargain offer. Tyeeemre EMPORIUM, A-214 Shipmn Building SHIPMAN-WARD MFG. CO. Chicago, Illinois | THE HOME WORKSHOP Bracing Steering-Post against Vibration and Breakage | Be berce the steering-post on a Ford or other similar car is equipped with la long unsupported column, vibration is | excessive and tiresome. The vibration is also detrimental to the steering post, caus- | ing it sometimes to break off at the base. To overcome this, a simple form of brace can be added to clamp the post rigidly against the upper edge of the cowl, thereby TUBING SPLIT AND Split tubing supports BENT TO SHAPE he post steadying it and hence providing more comfort for the driver and preventing the premature breaking at the bottom. A piece of steel or brass tubing about 34 in. outside diameter is split as indicated and bent to form a footing for the brace, with a clamp to surround the post and fasten with a bolt. The ends that support the post against the dash are about 10 in. apart. In making this brace, cut the clamp end for the steer- ing-post and secure this first, leaving an excess of length to secure to the dash. These are then bent to fit and the excess is cut off. Avoid having the brace bend the post when attached in position.—A. E. G. How to Make a Compression Tester Quickly and Cheaply I HAVE found a simple substitute for the compression tester, which operates by putting it in place of the spark-plug, placing a pressure gage on it, and having some one turn the engine Rial TIRE- Popular Science Monthly f amous Watch—the watch you can second of the day. Itisanew, Buys this world- Elgin rely upon every thin, open - face dust-proof model, 12 size movement. Handsome gold-filled case, guaranteed for . 20 years. Only $13.98—no advance over the standard Cash le e—our amazingly low credit terms only 3.98 upon receipt and $1 a month for 10 months. Buy it now! ' e Luxe Catalog Free Contains the most won- derful assortment of Watches, Diamonds and other jewelry. Send for your copy today. Address ept. 472-L. . Capital, $1,000,000 “The House of Quali LV W. r SWEET. INC 4 ae D eS ‘BOWLEGSand KNOCK-KNEES* UNSIGHTLY SEND FOR BOOKLET SHOWING PHOTOS OF MEN WITH AND WITHOUT The Perfect Leg Forms x Oe © 2 Eels, Rabbits, Skunk, Weasel, a Cc Mink, Muskrats etc., in] 9 numbers, with ou! new, fol ing, galvanized Steel Wire Traps. They catch them like a fly-trap catches flies. Made in yr 7 Sp durable. Write for Descriptive Price Lis booklet on best bait known for attracting the kinds NM fish, J. F.GREGORY, Dept. 26, LEBANON, 25 Miles Per Hour! is record of our stock ‘} car, using our special n 1922 motor. Anybody can assem- Over against com- pression. It was made from the shell of a spark-plug and the stem of an old inner tube. I placed a rubber gasket in the shell, filed the stem so that it would go into the shell also, put a small washer over the stem, and locked it in place with a locknut on the spark-plug shell. I then removed the valve-core and it was ready to use. It works perfectly and, in addition to that, costs nothing.—D. E. DARLING. Sectional view By plating a worn-out three-cornered file flat on a piece of iron and striking iv with a hammer so as to break off a small portion, I generally find a sharp corner left on one of the pieces that will cut glass as well as most commercial cutters. ble this car. Send 30 cents for plans, in- structions and price list of parts. 7a can earn from $1 to $2 an hour in your time writing show cards. ickly and only te learned by our new, simple “Instructograph” method. No canvassing or soliciting; we teach you how, guarantee you steady work ieee no matter where you live, and pay you cash each w Full particulars and Booklet free AMERICAN SHOW CARD SCHOOL 206 Ryric Building Toronto, Can. It adds another use to the worn-out. file—T. MCLAREN. BLANK ¢ wa tty tes : PISTOL Jun a li T V d y C d F } li ? I s f 4 2 t i « ] ‘ ( ( 1 i ( keel iceicis Monthly arama itl

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La IY OS OPT ALE ERS SET Se EDs 2 EAE LE REE” ily 10 yn- nd or 28S tions ithly June, 1922 To the Man With an Idea I offer a most comprehensive, ex- perienced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Pre- liminary advice gladly furnished with- out charge, My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately advise clients as to prob- able patentability before they go to any expense, Booklet of valuable information and form for properly disclosing your idea, free on request. Write today. RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington, D.C. 2276-D Woolworth Building New York City phe poundso'’ fight- in‘ black bass caught on a South Bend BASS- ORENO—‘ ee | _— -get- ter’’ made. Send f “Fishing— What Baitsand When” our new book. Tells what baits for what fish. Gives expert fishing «lata. ppt petal ao it. Sent F s it. HERES THE BAIT SOUTH BEND BAIT CO. 14514 High St... South Bend, Ind. Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, etc., required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of Popular Science ba a ie =a monthly at New York, N. Y., for April 1 , 192 State of New York, County of New York, ss.’ Before me, a notary public, in and for the State and county aforesaid, personally appeared O. B. Capen, who, having been duly sworn according tu law, deposes and says that he is the Business Manager of the ‘Popular Science Monthly and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, etc., of the aforesaid publica- tion for the — shown in the above caption, required the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 44 ae a and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this orm to wit: 1. That =e names and addresses of the publisher, editor, and business managers are: Pub- odern Publishing se ad Inc., 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Editor, Kenneth : West Thirty-ninth Street, New Yo rk, a. Be anaging Editor, Kenneth W. Payne, 225 West Thurty-ninth 8 Street, New York, N. Y. Business Manager, O. Cyeea,,, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. ¥. That the ota are: The Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc., 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Stockholders of Popular Science Pub- lishing Comeens,, ‘Inc., Henry J. Fisher, 22 William Street, New York, N. : Oliver 2. Capen, 25 West Thirty- ninth Street, New York, N. Y.; Robert Saas Wilson, 683 -s Ye wt Agnew, 22 William Street, New York, N. Y.: Susan D. Bliss, 22 William Street, New York, N. Y. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other Kod holders own- ~ or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount bon mortgages, or other securities are: O. J. Rigenour New York, N. Y.; Samuel Insul, Chicago, Il. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, givi the names of the owners, stockholders, and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the compan 7 but also, in cases’ where the stockholder or security — appears upon the books of the company as geet in any other fiduciary relation, ae noms of the person or corpora- tion for whom such trustee cting, is given; also that the said two peregragme woe Ly statements embracing afflant's ledge and belief as to the circumstances and condi- not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, stock and securities in a capacity other tt than t that of a bona fide owner; and ao afflant has no reason to believe that any other association, or corporation has any interest deen or or indirect in the said stock, bonds, or other securities than as so stated by him. (Signed) O. B. Capen, Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 30th day of March, 1922. Arthur A. Blauvelt, Queens Gatr— i900, New York County—101, New York Reg. 3) (Seal.) My commission expires aed 30, 1923. a RS FG ET June, 1922 . Let Your Camera Help Pay for Your Trip! OUR vacation this summer—wheth- er you are planning for short outings or for the long motor camping tour— won't be complete without a camera and plenty of films. And while you’ re taking pictures, why not let your camera help pay your vacation expenses? Earn While You Play N the course of your summer outings you will visit new towns and cities, you will see new sights, and you will undoubtedly run across one or more scientific or mechanical achievement that will interest other readers of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. Interesting photographs of new in- ventions, engineering triumphs, or per- sonal adventure win $50 in Prizes Each Month! END your photographs along to POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. If they are sufficient- ly newsy and instructive, they will be paid for at regular rates, even if they fail to win a prize. How Others Did It! ERE are the prize-winning pictures in the June contest, as they appear on other pages in this issue. Study them and you will find out the kind of photos that carry the winning punch: FIRST PRIZE, $25—W. K. Crosson, Detroit, Mich. j “Steam Ham- mer Pulls Pile from Frozen Ground” (see page 33). SECOND PRIZE, $15—Miss Grace T. Hadley, New York City. Subject— ‘Fold Your Apartment Kitchenette into a Table” (see page 72). THIRD PRIZE, $10—Mrs. Thomas Baskerville, Rahway, N. J. Subject— “Radio Set Completes the Trailer Camp”’ (see page 70). Will you be a prize-winner for July? Leather Traces Support Swing | a pair of old harness traces are availa- ble, an unusually good swing for chil- dren can quickly be constructed. Fasten two rings to the limb of a tree, beam, or other support, hook the traces to them and screw the lower ends of the traces to a board seat. This swing will not twist like a rope one and can be removed without untying a num- ber of hard knots. —CHARLES BLACK, JR. 7 —s , ome * F Oe ee aes FF OTE SOLER as a was Dy eggs +) Easy / You can learn ina few weeks True-Tone Instruments have helped make famous such well known professionals as Tom Brown, Art Hickman, Clyde Doerr, Donald Clark, Clay Smith, Guy Holmes, Du- ane Sawyer and thou- sands of others, TieTaee Saxophone Easiest of all wind instruments to play and one of the most beautiful. You can learn the scale in an hour’s practice and play popular~ music in a few weeks, Practice is a pleasure because you learn so quickly. You can take your place in a band within 90 days, if you so desire, Unrivaled for home entertainment, church, lodge or school. In big demand for orchestra dance music. A Saxophone will enable you to take an important part in the musical development of your community. It increases your popularity and your opportunities, as well as your pleasure. Free Trial — Easy Payments You may order any Buescher Saxophone, Cornet, Trumpet, Trombone or other Band or Orchestral Instrument without paying in advance, and try it six days in your own home, without obli- gation. If perfectly satisfied, pay for it on easy pays ments to suit your convenience. Mention the instru- ment interested in and a complete catalog will be mailed free. Buescher-Grand Cornet The Buescher-Grand Cornet is exceptionally easy to blow, yet possesses a tone of wonderful volume. If you expect to learn to play a Cornet, you should by all means have a good instrument. With a Buescher -Grand, you own an instrument similar to that with which the greatest cornetists of America made their reputations. Saxophone Book Free Tells what each Saxophone is best adapted for; when to use singly, in quartettes, sextettes, octettes, or in regular band or Saxophone Band, and how to transpose for cello parts in orchestra. ‘Send for free copy. BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT CO. Makers of E in Band and Orchestra Instruments 3149 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Indiana nee y= BAND INSTRUMENT CO, 149 Buescher Block, Elkhart, indiana nae mail to me Saxophone Book. Shall we also send you free Complete Catalog of all Buescher True-Tone Brass Band Instruments? Name... Croco rere eee ee He eeseeeSEFOESOPOH SHOE SO®D fe PT er ere Terr err i Inctrument I play ie... ....ccccccvrvccsscosvessoseee oe \e 199

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APPEARANCE HE appearance of Brown & Sharpe Machinists’ Tools is in keeping with their superior accuracy and dependa- bility. them. Add this micrometer to your kit. continual source of pride. It reflects the careful workmanship which produces Its splendid finish will be a The thorough reliability of this accurate measuring instrument will give you the confidence to carry through the most difficult tasks with sureness and speed. Your dealer will gladly show you this tool. Ask him for our No. 28 Catalog or write us direct. BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO., Providence, R.1I., U.S. A. BROWN & SHARPE MACHINISTS’ TOOLS The First Precision Tools in America The Best Precision Tools Today HOMCHARGE YOUR BATTERY for A Nickle «5 A perfect rectifier at last, fully auto- matic and fool-proof in every respect. It can be onerated by anyone. The Homcharger successfully meets all charging conditions, and is the only rectifier combining the fol- lowing essential Homcharging features. 1. Self polarizing. Connect battery either way and it will always charge. No danger of reverse charging, ruined battery or burnt out Rectifier, an exclusive feature. 2. No delicate bulbs to break or burn out. Only one moving and two wearing parts. These are replaceable as a unit, after thousands of hours use, for one dollar. Unaffected by temperature changes. Cannot be injured by rough handling. 3. Operation stops and consumption of current ceases immediately upon disconnecting battery, another exclusive feature. 4. The only charger costing less than $100.00 that will fully charge a battery over night. Gives attery a taper charge—exactly as recommended by battery manufacturers. Won't harm your battery even though left connected indefinitely. 5. Highest efficiency of any three or six cell charger made. 6. No danger of fire. writers. Approved by the Under- ATTENTION, MOTORISTS. Send for special Bulletin 58 showing how easy it is to ‘‘Homcharge” your battery. For sale by all radio, electrical and accessory dealers or shipped express prepaid $18. 50 Ser purchase Orice.. .........icccscccecse $20 West of the Rockies. THE AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL DEVICES CO., 131 West Third St,, Cincinnati, Ohio. Branch Offices—New gy Pa Chicago—Pittsburgh —Los An geles—New Orleans—Detroit-- Toronto. ee, | It Will Pay You to Own A MONARCH JUNIOR Lathe “The Biggest Little Lathe Built’’ There are hundreds of things made of metal or wood, for the shop, automobile and home, that you can make with a MONARCH JUNIOR lathe. This sturdy dependable small engine lathe, guaranteed to do work with 1/1000 of an inch accuracy, was especially de- signed for inventors, experimenters and small shop owners who need a lathe of their own, The Greatest Achievement in Lathe Building MONARCH JUNIOR With Bench 9 in. Engine Lathe $225 ; —" It is easy to learn to operate the MONARCH JUNIOR and even beginners can’t jam it. It is equipped in every detail same as the big MONARCH and is guaranteed to do all small work that any other lathe will do. You can find room for a MONARCH JUNIOR practically anywhere in a small shop or work-room in your home. Write to- day for catalog and full information about this remarkable—low priced engine lathe. THE MONARCH MACHINE TOOL CO. inane aciiaans Monthly | sized table. 401 Oak Street - - = Sidney, O. Gipsy Motorists Tell How They Did It Here are a few auto camping tips from : letters submitted by readers of POPULAR |\ ; SCIENCE MONTHLY’S “‘Gipsy Motorist” | contest. | on page 70 of this issue. Prize-winning letters appear Cupboard Door as a Table RUNNINGBOARD cupboard, I found, is a necessity for the gipsy tour. Make it by bolting a board to the front and back fenders, just high enough to allow the doors to open. To the top of this hinge a board for a lid so that when it is | opened it will serve as a table. In front of the front door of the car build a cupboard as high as the fender. This will be large enough for two shelves. The door is hinged to the same board as the other cupboard door, and when let down will make a good These tables are held in place by light chains that are tacked inside the cupboard.—JESSIE WARD, La Crosse, Wis. A Trailer from Old Wheels HE trailer that we used on our camping trip to Miami, Florida, was built from the axle and wheels of an old broken-down automobile and a box slightly longer than an average bedspring. On the trailer we carried blankets for ourselves and the children, who slept on a bed made above the seats in the ‘‘day coach.” Our tent was a sheet of heavy muslin, dipped in oil and dried, which was large enough to cover both cars and a seven-foot space between. It was held up by a ridge pole bolted to two supporting sticks. At Miami I earned some cash and all the fruit we wanted by picking grapefruit outside the city, where we were permitted to camp free of charge.—Mrs. ANNA BRONNE. An Auto ‘‘Berth de Luxe’’ | = August, three students and a dog found freedom and history along the Tuxedo Trail, the Shenandoah Valley Pike, and its connecting roads. Our car, a sedan, carried six blankets, three sofa cushions, two sheets, four camp chairs, food box, five-gallon water jug, tent, three kit bags, and cameras. The bed, accommodating two, was made inside the car as follows: Removing both seat cushions from the car, we set up two camp chairs in place of the rear one. On these chairs, we adjusted the rear cushion. In the aisle, back of the front seat, the other two camp chairs were placed and the food box rested upon these. On these, we lay-the front seat cushion, thus forming a compact, soft mat- tress even with the windows of the car. By opening the front windows, and stretching a pole between, we completed the length of the bed, and had a berth de luxe.—R. T. Dixon, New York City. How to Win Hospitality ie a roadster, my husband and I took our first camping trip last summer. With the help of the maps of the American Auto- mobile Association we planned our route from our home in Chevy Chase, Md., to Jw Green Cove on the Maine Coast, follow- ing the shore closely in New England. Re- turning, we passed through the White | (Concluded on page 109) | | |. i

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rom LAR ist’’ 2ear ipsy the h to this it is it of oard arge ged oard rood lace the Wis. ping rom own shan ‘ we the ove slin, arge foot idge At ruit the Amp dog the ike, ets, mp ant, ed, the ons 3 in sle, mp ted eat at- By ing . of 7: FN EIS TG: EE FF TS OES RE SE ats a as) ce 2 8 June, 1922 ‘ By buying direct from us ql save from 25% to 40% on new Columbia motors, and as high as 50% on Fuerst-Friedman rebuilt motors. You save retailer’s profit—you save retailer’s high sales cost—and you get motors fully guaranteed for one year. No matter what your motor requirements are, from tiny buffing motors to heavy-duty factory motors, we have a new or rebuilt motor to suit your exact needs. And the cost is from 25% to 50% less than you would pay elsewhere. Send for our big free motor book—see for yourself the savings you get by buying from us. It tells all about our twenty years of successful motor service—all about many vast engineering projects we have handled. Ask for Book No.90—the price regulator on new and rebuilt motors. Electrical Machinery of all kinds promptly repaired or taken in exchange. THE FUERST-FRIEDMAN CO., CLEVELAND, OHIO ** Reliability Built In’’ COLUMBIA MOTORS ie e ° Six Machines in One ~—bench grinder, polish- er, buffer, sander, dri and Saw, for working in wood and soft metals. giaawa 6°" and 8° eand dace, a 88’’ chuck. Top easily removed. ountable on separate base wit tor. Extremely compact; be oo zh So Qn mo! ONLY serviceable; decidedly pract! $3785 ht, 10” N ‘ “10° a1 lbs. Basie “ariven with 1-4 hp. n' Shipping Depts., Manual Training Schools, Laboratories, Private Shops, ater Machine fally guaranteed. W. & J. BOICE, 112 23d St., Toledo, Ohio . Only $45.00 For This Job Complete Save exorbitant freight half rates and one- 4 Sp a Bodies knock- d di - Sim- 0 . Any onecan All Parts Complete assemble this job. Complete with hood, radiator shell, instrument board, upholstering, metal parts, wood parts, bolt screws, etc. Flat radiator shell furnished made up. Designed low with lack cf wind resistance. Price set up $90, further particulars on request. Po nek We Th: Central Auto Supply Co. Eng. Dept. 122 Louisville, Ky. “OR ALL PURPOSES STANDARD MANUFAGTURERS NEW MOTORS “exer ALL SIZES UP TO SH-P. We Specialize In Small Motors € Generators ALL PHASES AND FREQUENCIES N STOCK AT ALL TIMES ve Mail Order Small Motor deaiers Largest excius inthe world CHAS. 4. JOHNSTON, Box §§Z). West End, Pittsburgh,Pa. WIRELESS, TELEPHONE GENERATURS 500 VOLT- 100 WATT - 3400 R.P.M. FOR MOUNTING MOTOR GENERATOR, SETS. TESY ASBESTOS We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any quantity. We produce all grades at our world famous BELL ASBESTOS MINES, in Canada. We also card fibres, spin yarns, weave cloths. and make all sorts of Asbestos products, For anything you want in Asbestos turn to Keasbey & Mattison Company Dept. S-4, AMBLER, PENNA., U.S. A. Owners of the World’s Largest Asbestos Mines Gipsy Motorists Tell How They Did It (Concluded from page 108) Mountains; down the “washboard road”’ of the Connecticut River valley to Spring- field; over the Mohawk Trail to North Adams; through the Berkshires by way of Pittsfield to New York; then to Phila- delphia, Baltimore, and home. Near sundown we usually drove a mile or two from the main highway and asked permission to camp near a prosperous farm- house. We were never refused. That hos- pitality is universal with our rural popula- tion is not the least that we learned on our trip. Appreciation, however, must be shown to have this hospitality continue. We showed ours by never building a fire without permission; leaving our campsite clean; sending back some word from our next camp and keeping our hosts posted as to our movements, as they were invariably interested in our future. Wherever we camped we left friends and received a hearty invitation to return. The pleasure of camping for the future generations of gipsy motorists depends on the consideration shown by the present- day camper.—SuSAN S. ALBURTIS, Chevy Chase, Md. Ideas for the Long Trip HREE of our own inventions that greatly reduced the cost, bulk and weight of our equipment for a 5800-mile trip from New Hampshire to San Francisco last fall, were as follows: Auto Bed. Materials: four S irons; two boards (1 by 3 by 40 inches) through which holes were bored; 50 feet of window cord. Two S irons hung over each side of the car support the two boards through which the rope is strung taut. When two auto cushions are placed upon the taut rope they fill the space between tops of the two seats. One end of a canvas (5 by 8) folded under the rear cushion, is then drawn tightly over all and fastened to the upper nuts on the windshield. Boards and rope, when released from irons, collapse into a small space. A comfortable bed for two people. Cost, five dollars. Cooking Outfit. Wicker suitcase contain- ing frypan, two kettles, coffee-pot, four aluminum plates; three food containers, washbasin. Elastic tape, sewed on in- side of cover, provided pockets for table- ware, Cost, three dollars. Sleeping-Bags. Each sleeping-bag was made from a bed quilt, folded lengthwise, sewed across one end and three fourths up one side. Cost, nothing.—W. L. Vos- BURGH, Oakland, Calif. A Homemade Camp Outfit 8 at auto camping trip was so successful last year that my wife, who had never camped before, is enthusiastically helping plan another one this year. We made a poleless auto tent by ripping an old peak tent and using the best part of it to make a 7 by 10 ft. shelter with flap to cover the car. We used a waterproof prep- aration liberally on the roof and not a drop of water came through this 30-year-old canvas, although we had three “‘drenchers’”’ on our tour. Our stove consisted of a two-hole top of a laundry stove, held up by a galvanized iron back bound with heavy wire, with two side walls hinged to it in order to pack flat. —GEORGE E. Payson, Alexandria, Ind. 199 Supervision by a Wageless Worker Supervision makes a machine (and its operator) produce, but .supervision costs money unless done automatically by a Veeder Counter. A counter that costs a few dollars will watch operations at your machine for many years. You'll get a record of each piece produced; you'll get what you ought to get from the operator with a Veeddu COUNTER Hundreds of inventors and ma- chine users know Veeder Count- ers as “the little machines that make the big machines measure up to their capacity.” The above Revolution Set-Back Counter .records the output of any machine where a shaft-revolution indi- cates an operation. Sets back to zero from any figure by turning knob once round. Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as required. Price with four figure-wheels, as illustrated, $10.00 —subject to discount. Cut less than one-half size. Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Counter, to record reciprocating move- ments as on punch presses, $11.50 (list). Smaller counters at prices from $2.00 up. The Hand Tally illustrated below is used for counting anything from number of people attending a ball game, to number of packages in aninventory. In the public place it counts persons; in the factory or store it counts stock; in the “‘open”’ it may count anything from cattle on a ranch, to poles on a telephone line! Registers one for each pressure of the thumb lever; counts up to 10,000, then repeats. Can be set back to zero from any figure by turning knob once round. Size, exclusive of finger ring, 2 inches greatest diameter. Price, $5.00. Write us about that count- ing problem of yours— it’s already answered in the Veeder Booklet; copy free. The Veeder Mfg. Co., 44 Sargeant St., Hartford, Conn. _—_— TT

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ee ee a Change the Blades Just Like a Safety Razor When the blades of a pair of Neverslip Pliers become nicked or broken by accident—just change ’em like the blades of a safety razor. As you have probably noticed, most pliers are made from one piece of metal. Pliers and cut- ting edges all made at the same time. No wonder they dull quickly and soon have to be thrown away. That’s why we make Neverslip Pliers with crucible steel cutting edges. Crucible gives a sharp, keen edge that lasts twice as long as ordinary pliers. But when the edges finally become worn you may quickly and easily replace them with a brand new set of blades at a trifling cost. Moreover Neverslip Pliers are absolutely guaranteed to outlast and outcut any plier made—and when it comes down to a matter of price, Neverslips cost no more than the short-lived pliers you’ve been buying only to throw away as soon as they become worn. Most hardware dealers have ’em. THE NEVERSLIP WORKS New Brunswick New Jersey NEVERSLIP side cutting pliers Neverslip Pliers are furnished in six, seven and eight inch sizes If you use pliers or buy them for somebody else to use, you'll be interested in our book- let, “Procrastination is Not the Only Thief of Time’’. It’s mailed free upon request. Do you want a copy? 112 | | Answers to Sam Loyd Brain Testers Following are the correct solutions to Sam Loyd’s puzzles that appeared in | April and May issues. A brand new set | of puzzles to answer, and the names of | prize-winnersin the February and March | | contests, appear on page 66. Answers to April Puzzles HOW DID THE RACE END? The winning car won by a distance of 4 4/5 miles. Meeting seven times in a six-mile race around a mile track, as shown at the four-furlong mark, proves that the winner must have gone five times as fast as the loser. Therefore, as the winner completed six miles, the loser had gone but one and a fifth miles, losing the race by exactly 4 4/5 miles. THE STEEPLE CLIMBER When the climber had climbed in five spurts of six minutes each and fallen back in five jiffies, he had consumed 30 minutes and five jiffies, and had risen 15 feet. The remaining four feet and eight inches he covered in 4 2/3 minutes. On the last spurt there was no backward slip. The total time consumed, therefore, in reaching the top of the steeple was 34 minutes, 40 seconds, and 5 jiffies. HOW MANY WEIGHTS? Four weights—1/5 oz., 3/5 oz., 1 4/5 ozs., and 5 2/50zs. The numbers 3 3, 9, and 27 are a progressive series with 3 as multi- plier. The smallest weight weighed one quantity. Adding the 3/5 oz. made it pos- sible to weigh the three next higher quan- tities. Adding the 1 4/5 oz. weight made it possible to weigh the nine next higher quan- tities. The final addition of the 5 2/5 oz. weight made it possible to weigh the 27 next higher lots. Answers to May .Puzzles THE FALSE ALARM The alarm went off at either 2 14/148 minutes past 5, or at 25 25/1438 minutes past 12 o’clock, two of those 143 different times when the hands might be reversed and yet be in natural positions on a correctly ad- justed and true running timepiece. SAWING LOGS The eight-foot logs required five cuts to produce 16-inch lengths, whereas two of the four-foot logs would require but four cuts. ‘‘Three times longer” is equivalent to “four times as long,” so the five cuts of an eight-foot hardwood log would take just five times as long as the cutting up of two four-foot logs of soft wood. At the estab- lished rate an hour for his labor, the man would be paid an even $12 for cutting up the second cord of wood. THE METAL SQUARE 7 } 1 The accompanying diagram - 2 shows) how the metal worker produced his odd- shaped piece from three pieces of a square. Pieces [ 3 1 and 2, dropped down, } will just fit in with 3 to [ form the original square. [ ....... _— s el A Torch with Hundreds of Profitable Uses TORIT ACETYLENE TORCH No. 13 Produces a Hot Instant Flame. For radiator and battery repairing, for soldering electrical connections, ts, pans, etc.; for preheating fenders, tempering tools, joining brass tubing, removing rusty bolts and nuts; for light brazing and hundreds of other uses. A Practical Outfit for Every Mechanic Uses Acetylene Gas Only Complete with 4 different tips and i $7. 50 copper, rubber tubing and tank connection. ST. PAUL WELDING & MFG. CO. 164 W. 3rd St., st Paul, Minn. OVER ying PROFIT Weekly Above Expenses All over the U. S. and Canada, we are es- tablishing vulcaniz- ing service stations. We instruct you and furnish the most modern methods and equipment. THE ANDERSON Known the World Over. We have 34 schools in U. S. and 4 in Canada. is One near School pays you $5 per day while learning the sta’ 4 whieb ye you start in. ¥ our town elsewhere on small ta ital. "Write for full particulars TODAY THE ANDERSON STEAM VULCANIZER co. Manufacturers of Modern Tire Repair Equipmen 101 Williams Bidg. indianapolis, ‘v. s.a. MOTORCYCLE BARGAINS SAVE 25% to 65% on Slightly used and Rebuilt Motor- Grates, Side Cars, Johnson Motor heels, Evans Power Cycles. Bicycles. _ o_o : oe 4] ane oney Saving Message, listing hun- dreds of Bargains in used, rebuilt and new machines,supplies, a es, etc. AMERICAN MOTOR CYCLE CO. Dept. 615, 2047 W. Chicago Ave., CHICAGO $20 Brings You HB Battery Charger Pay balance on easy monthly terms. a Kg MATTEO bs izes for pe or 32 batteries. Easy te A ; operate. Write for infor. = mation. Ask about HB —4/ Atr a Sotons” Tire Buff (Be | i —, Hobart Bros. Co. Box P6, Troy, Ohio _HB 10-Battery Charger : WHEEL-O-TIME ; Adjustable Steering Wheel p) WATCH HOLDER , y for “4 watch gut fone Care i Better service th - sive dashboard clock for only. $1.00 bill postpaid or -O.D. Handsomely made and a nick ee Money back guarantee. Opport y for Agi Ss. WHEEL-O-TIME CO. 19s Eart Avenue Ay ~ |S Master Keys| Only keys of their kind in existence—(patent- ed.) Open and test thousands of different locks. Tell you instantly if your door or padlocks are burglar p:oof. Serve in emer- gencies, too. Thousands of sets in daily use among detectives, policemen, contractors, locksmiths, firemen, mechanics, travellers, home and hotel owners, etc. Give feeling of security and am worth many times their cost. Novel key chain FREE 1 today. Master Key Co,, 109 Manhattan Biock, iitwaukee, Wiss COLD PIPE BENDERS Standard of the World HAND and MOTOR . OPERATED 14 sizes of machines What it costs to bend pipe our way, per bend Models E & F l-in. Pipe, 5cents 4-in, Pipe, 25 cents 2-in. Pipe,10 cents om. - 60 cents 8-in. Pipe, American Pipe Salter Machine Co. Send for catalogue 51 Pearl St. Boston, Mass. Popular Science Monthly pos the

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and and Send Wis. rid and ‘ED ; of 1es it ipe LY» nd cents cents A= 2 eT RE CURE CV, MET NE, Bes £3: OEP OEE June, 1922 The Shipshape Home | How to Do the Odd Jobs ~ || Ir a window-shade will | not run up as far as desired and the spring seems weak, pull the shade down as far as possible. Lift out the roller and roll up the shade by hand. Replace it carefully in the little brackets. The tension will then probably be tight enough. More tension can be given to the spring, if necessary, by repeating the operation. If there is too much tension or “spring,” reverse the process. Let the shade go right up as far as it will go, lift it from the brack- ets, and unwind half the length of the shade by hand.—R. D. Window Shades WHEN the spring of a window-shade breaks, the shade is usually thrown away as worth- less. I have found a simple method of repairing them that will save the handy man many a dollar. Usually the break occurs at the point B, where one end of the spring is connected with the wooden roller. With a knife or light tool tap along the roller A to find where the hollow part enclosing the inside spring ends. When = this point has been as found, cut a hole with mi j\ the knife, as at C. | Remove the nail that holds the broken end, _ and with the pliers straighten and bend an eye in the end of the spring. Ther nail it back in place as at D. The roller will then be as good as new. If the spring should break again, it is an easy matter to repeat the operation.—J. DE SANTIS. Spring Rollers To handle a long, nar- | Hints on row stencil on a ceiling, Stenciling tack it on a yardstick or fasten it on with side edge of the stencil and the yardstick a coat of shellac and press them together | with weights for about 10 minutes. If you wish to cut a stencil and have no regular paper on hand, use a heavy grade of common paper. The backs of catalogs make very good small stencils, although short lived. Use two coats of shellac, cut your design, and give the stencil at least two more coats of shellac after it is cut. A safety-razor blade makes a good tool with which to cut a stencil. In cutting stencils, lay them on either zinc or glass to | insure clean lines. After you are through, | clean your stencil thoroughly and give it a | thin coat of shellac. It should be hung out of the way.—C. O. Soots. | | \ | shellac. Give the out- | | | Tichteni To clean and restore ightening | the elasticity of the Cane Seats | cane seats of chairs, turn the chair bottom upward, and with hot water—and soap if needed—wash well, so that the cane is thoroughly soaked, without, however, getting any water on the wood- work. Let the cane dry in the air, and it will be as tight and firm as new, provided, of course, it is not broken.—S. M. IN SCHOOL OR SHOP—this Outfit will Start You Right Thousands of Young Men Have Bought this Book 180 pages of easily understood —infor- mation and special tables invaluable to machinists’ sppren- tices and students ‘copy sent postpaid to any addtew 75 centa In learning to work metals within close limits, here’s two good rules for every beginner: Be sure of your fools. Be sure of your methods, Starrett Tools and the Star- tett Book for Machinists’ Apprentices will start you out right on both counts. Copy of Starrett Catalog No.22‘*W"’ describing and illustrating 2100 fine precision tools—also copy of specia Supplement to the Catalog showing latest additions to the Starrett ine— sent free on request. THE L. S. STARRETT CO. The World's Greatea Toolmaters Mamnfscrwrers of Hack Saws Uncace led ATHOL, MASS. Starrett Tool Set, No. 901 | Especially designed for use by mudents and an Prencices. A choroughly set of fine cools tecommended by instructors and maser machin- tots. See the Scarrets Catalog No. 2 for detaile, 42-307 2—GET BUSY” MAKE SCREENS WITH PRESSED STEEL IAMOND CORNERS No mortises, mitres, screws or tacks required. Unbreakable screen,hinges attached,made in afew minutes. Big profits ‘ing screens to order. Sample set by mail, 50c postpaid. DIAMOND HARDWARE MFG.Co. 224 FOURTH AVE., PITTSBURGH. PA, The eo “*Five-in-One’”’ Slide Rule is a combination Mannheim, Polymet- ric, Tog-Log. Binary, Add and, Sab- tract Slide Rule. It will instantly add, \ subtract, multiply and divide any com- \\ bination of whole numbers, fractions, | mixed numbers and decimals. Gives every root and power, also Logs, Sines ade of aluminum with scales on white celluloid. Size 4 in. Approved and adopted by colleges. Brice with . Leatherette Case 60c. extra. Cata- logue Free, Gilson Slide Rule Co., Niles, Mich. auto owner in each locality to L| Extra-Pi ee Ti a Mell an res. Make he money part or full time. ae perience needed. Sam Sections Furnished. GUARANTEED 10,000 Miles (No Seconds). Han . Finest Shi; roval. FREE: TIRES FOR YOUR CAR fhe, Ast. $0 Sate alae be, epee rs quick for specia Agents Offer and Low Wholesale 3 MELLINGER TIRE & RUBBER CO. 962 North Oak St. Kansas City, Mo. We Pay $6 a Day MEN OR WOMEN to act as our Exclusive Sales Representative in your territory. Your work will be to introduce ZANOL Products, the well-known, high-quality household products. Justa few orders a day will make youa profit of $36 a week. Some of our Representatives * are making from $40 to $54a week. If you can’t devote all your time you can work two hours or six hours a day and make from $2 to $4 for every day you work. No capital needed, no experience neces- sary. You simply show samples and take the orders. Just send your name and we will send you all the details of our offer, and show you how you can have a business that will bring you a big income. ALBERT MILLS, Gea. Manager, Employment Department 6555 American Bidg., Cincinnati, Ohie. How to Run a Lathe 9” x3’ Lathe An 80- page book 11” x4’ Lathe . } aad 13” xS’ Lathe 15’ x6’ Lathe REDUCED PRICES Back to Normalcy—20% Further Reduction SOUTH BEND LATHES—EST. 1906 SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS, 433 E. Madison St., SOUTH BEND, IND. a a 16’x 8’ Lathe $452.00 $512.00 18”x10’ Lathe 656.00 721.00 21”x12’ Lathe 848.00 923.00 atte. Chatge Gear $176.00 $216.00 228.00 273.00 304.00 354.00 376.00 431.00 Free Catalog No. 67 24”’x14’ Lathe 1140.00 1230.00 : pe ie |

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} sae Popular Science Monthly THE HOME WORKSHOP a ‘Making Money with Tools Only the highest grade rubber, fabric, com- pounds and workman- ship can get that life and speed into your sturdy, non-skid Vitalics. A*= you making money with your home workshop? If you are not, thousands of other home workers are, and you will be interested in knowing how they do it. To learn their methods, watch this department for the next few months, because, starting in July, it will have one of the most remarkable series of articles on this subject ever published. These were submitted by readers of Poputar Science Monrtnty in the con- test, ““How I Made Money with My Tools.” Each one tells exactly, con- cretely, and most entertainingly how some man is earning extra money with his tools. The awards have been made as fol- lows: First Prize, $50, Peter Petkoff, Minneapolis, Minn. Second Prize, $25, D. J. Spencer, Price, Utah. Third Prize, $15, Edward Jones, Frankfort, Mich. Tougher than Elephant hide ~and lively too Making Inlaid Fruit Bowl from * Piece of Crown Molding HREE feet of crown molding and a little inlay, the cost of which should not exceed 40 cents, will make a fruit bowl fit to grace any sideboard. Plane and scrape smooth the back and | | IP! And you’re off to the lead on Vitalics. edges of the strip of molding, sandpaper- 4 They’re right there when it comes to snap ing until it is as smooth as it can be made. | and speed. An octagonal bevel is then planed on the ; With trim, lively Vitalics on your wheel, you need never trail along in the rear because of a clumsy, hard-riding tire. The specially woven, flexible 1444 ounce fabric and tough, springy rubber gives them a resiliency that only Vitalics have. Stock molding and a band of inlay costing 40 cents make this attractive bowl Up hill and down—over smooth roads or rough —dry roads and wet—Vitalic Tires carry you smoothly, easily, in comfort and safety. 4x STRIP Never a porous tire or loose tread; rarely a WITH 4 INLAY puncture or stone bruise. And wear?—well, that’s one of the big reasons the makers of such good bicycles as Black Beauty, Columbia, Dayton, Emblem, Excelsior, Indian, Iver- Johnson, Pierce and Yale use Vitalics on their better grade wheels. Vitalic life is long life. Ask your Vitalic dealer. . bottom, the marking being done with the CONTINENTAL RUBBER WORKS bevel held against the square side. The 1914 Liberty St. Erie, Pa. same bevel is also cut on the top, the bevel % being held against the curved side. Saees shawn This free book- The sides for the bowl should be cut very “ let is ry : carefully in a miter box, which can easily be © you wo ike to e The know just how sturd ee made from three strips of wood. a rs hid : “s Vitalics are ‘made, i eu pieces should be glued together and held ane een : a eS Hy @ with a large rubber band around the top of SESEREREEERESS ‘ EESEERESERESRRERERERESE SORES PR? the bowl. Turn the kowl upside down while drying. The stem and base are constructed as | shown. The top border is of thin wood | grooved for a strip of commercial banded inlay. If a combination plane is not avail- | ~ able, the groove may be marked out with a | very sharp marking gage and then chiseled. & pl @ The bordering strip is glued to the top of the bowl and also nailed with small brads driven in through the groove where the inlay is to be placed. Finish the bowl with mahogany or wal- nut stain, shellacked and varnished, or waxed. A piece of felt should.be glued to the base.—GLADSTONE CALIFF. : ART COLOR PRINTING CO., NEW YORK es * y x — ba Mes Theos.

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ur er do ch ow ble er of n- n- Ww th ol- er, es, ind a d not wl fit c and aper- nade. n the lin lo this owl | TRIP INLAY h the The bevel very ly be The held op of lown d as wood nded vail- ith a eled. op of rads » the wal- l, or od to | . CAR, ER, —— _ —_ ™ yee 8 ens ? . = i c -— ‘ is he Take a Kodak with you It’s all so easy the Kodak way, and the pictures, precious at the time, will be priceless to you: later. You can spend your vacation and have it, too—ini pictures. Autographic Kodaks $6.50 up ¢ ~ ‘ © 9s ? of oe Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. 2ve Kodak City

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“That’s a beauty’ Here’s a rim wrench made for its job. Not the slightest doubt of that. Strong, husky, yet beautifully finished. And every tool in the Goodell-Pratt Auto Kit is made with these two considerations—strength and fitness for the job; a finish that makes each a pleasure to use. There’s money to be saved in working on your own car. There’s real fun if you have good tools. And these are good. Put up in a neat, non- rattling kit with strap and buckle—a place for each and each in its place. Drop in at any good hardware store and ask to see Goodell-Pratt auto tools. Write to us for free booklet **Tools for the Motorist.’’ Goodell-Pratt Company Greenfield, Mass., U. S. A.

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ih acm aN aie. “POL.