Popular Science Monthly 1922-01: Vol 100 Iss 1

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Popular Science an We Live One Hundred Years?-See DrHuber on “Hobbies That Lengthen Your Life’ (Fage30 JANUARY 200 Pictures of New Inventions 25 CENTS

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ewlaan E rn MoreMoney ! Get into the automobile business to make big money. No limit for trained men. 10 million autos, trucks, tractors now in use. All need repairing, over-hauling—millions to be rebuilt. Motorists must econo- mize—make their cars last twice as long. 50 million tires to be retreaded—put into longer use. Millions of batteries must be replaced. Right now this spells the greatest money making opportunity in the world for ambitious, red-blooded “‘go-getting’’ men. No Experience Necessary C - Make a start—that's the thing! Ina few short weeks under guaranteed training, you can become a first-class, all-around practical auto and tractor mechanic, capable of filling any garage-job at bigger pay. Or, you can quickly become an auto electrician and double your earnings. You can go into business for yourself—start a garage—electric service station—tire-repair shop—battery station—or welding ott shop. You can sell cars, trucks, tractors, farm-lighting systems or engines. 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Rj 9 Eee i ay your 2 in- s of nthly | JANUARY 200 Pictures of New Inventions Popular Science Monthly January, 1922; Vol. 100, No. 1 25 Cents a Copy; $3 a Year Published in New York City at 225 West Thirty-ninth Street = =e Motor-Ship Brings Us New Prosperity at Sea Experts Claim Use of Diesel Engines Will Convert America's Idle Freighters into Profit-Payers S history, as wrought out in the life and works of the automobile, to repeat itself in the case of the motor-ship? Will America soon lead the world in motor-ship building and operation? You may recall that the first few chapters of automobile history were far from flatter- ing to American enterprise. For several years we just stood with mouths agape watching European manufacturers helping themselves to all the motor-car business in sight. But when we did come out of our trance, we swept the board. Sea Supremacy at Stake In the matter of the motor-ship we have surpassed the remarkable record for apathy and incapacity established at the beginning of the automobile industry. Just a few weeks ago William Denman, former presi- dent of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, told a select committee of the House of Representatives that if Columbia wanted to hold her job as ‘‘Gem of the Ocean,” she would have to hump herself—building motor-ships by the gross. He predicted that unless the United States builds millions of tons of motor-ships, or converts steamships into motor-ships, we shall lose the battle for maritime — supremacy and shall not f have even a minor share of the world’s sea carriage. Again, Charles E. Lucke, January, 1922 By Charles Frederick Carter | | Wea reader’s pocket- book is skimpier than it ought to be, because of the huge losses incurred month- ly by the Shipping Board in operating our emergency fleet. Every reader is bound to be interested, therefore, in this article telling how, in the opinion of many ex- perts, we might convert our shipping losses into profits and, incidentally, realize our dream of making America the Merchant Queen of the Sea.—The Editor. professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia University, New York City, re- cently told a gathering of engineers and naval architects that it has “taken some years to convince American shipping inter- ests that the motor-ship is reliable; that America can build satisfactory engines without copying European models; and that American shipping interests have now reached the point of accepting the situa- tion.” Professor Lucke also predicted that American motor-ship construction and Operation will soon lead the world. Shipping Board Has One Motor-Ship The United States Shipping Board’s first and only motor-ship, the William Penn, completed after three years’ delay, was in New York not long ago, loading for a voyage to the Far East—a voyage to compare the Penn’s per- formance with that of ‘the Eclipse, a stepsister steamship. This tryout of motor The American motor-ship “‘William Penn” is cut away above to show the port and starboard Diesel engines. Each of these en- gines will develop 2250 horsepower with less than half the fuel consumption of a steam-engine of equal capacity. The saving in fuel effected by Diesel engines in a 17,000-ton ship on a voyage of 15,000 miles is estimated at more than $30,000 19 OW 25 CENTS RESO TOI SIT Tn

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20 versus steam seems somewhat like a demonstration of the well-known fact that two plus two equals four; for before it be- gan, thousands of steamships were tied up in the harbors of the world for lack of cargoes at living rates, whereas only one motor-ship was idle because of inability to get a cargo at a profit. Other motor-ships, constituting 1.7 per cent of the world’s tonnage, were busy as the proverbial nailer earning divi- motor-ship would do well with only .7 of a ton a day. For a voyage of 15,500 miles the cost of fuel for a steamship the size of the William Penn would be $45,900, while the Penn would need but $15,260 worth. Extended to the 2536 steamships of 12,797,000 tons now burning oil under their boilers, the waste of the world’s rapidly diminishing supply of oil, as com- pared with the potential saving attainable Popular Science Monthly completed in European yards in 1920, Standardized craft of 15,000 tons capacity and 14 knots speed are normal and regular products, costing less a net ton cargo capacity than steamers. No fewer than twelve of the leading British shipowners are having motor-ships ranging up to 14,000 tons built, while still larger vessels are under consideration. The same ten- dency is noted in Continental countries, As for Germany, the dends for their owners, while the steamships still in service found it hard to come out even, te to say nothing of earn- ing dividends. Still, if William Penn wants to humiliate its stepsister by a demon- stration of superiority, there can be no valid objection. It is no more than an elabora- tion of the results of the trial trip when the allie os S seve: fact that the existing fleet of steamers had to be surrendered to the Allies may be the determining factor of the sea. Unencum- bered by unprofitable steamships, the Ger- mans are constructing Diesel - driven _ ships with great energy. One new yard with 19 ways is devoted exclusively. Saber to this type of con- William Penn made a mile an hour better speed than the Eclipse on 300 per cent less fuel consumption. Bearing in mind that the cost of fuel constitutes 43 per cent of the expense of operating a ship, it will be seen that this was no mean feat. The prodigy which accomplished this is 455 feet long, 60 feet beam, 36 feet 8 inches deep, with a displacement, loaded, of 17,100 tons. Her two main Diesel engines, driving twin screws, have four cylinders with bores of 29% inches and a stroke of 4514 inches. At 115 revolutions a minute they develop 4500 horsepower. The bronze propellers are 13 feet 6 inches in diameter. Just to show how easily an American motor-ship can be handled, the William Penn’s engines were reversed from full speed ahead to full speed astern in thirty-two seconds. ; There are three Diesel auxiliary engines, each of 100 horsepower. Only one of these is needed at sea, but in port two are In use for handling cargo and other little chores. The engine-room crew consists of fourteen men. All the machinery below decks was built in Copen- hagen. The only American ma- chinery is the ten 30-horsepower Westinghouse motors driving the cargo winches. Comparisons Are Startling The William Penn made 12.6 knots on its trial trip as com- pared with speeds of 7.7 to 10.8 knots by six stepsister steamships from the same shipyard. When it comes to earning capacity, the comparison is still more startling. It has been calculated that a motor-ship of the size of the William Penn can earn 66 per cent more on dead weight capac- - ity, or 55 per cent more when carrying bulk cargo than a steamship of the same size. Under conditions enabling the steamship to earn 11.2 per cent a year, a motor-ship of the same size would earn 17.4 per cent. Translated into dollars, this means that where a steamship would be able to earn $218,500 net in a year, a motor-ship would earn a net profit of $374,000. At sea the steamship would burn 35.65 tons of oil a day; the motor-ship would need but 14.95 tons. In port the steamer would burn 5.5 tons of oil a day, while the Of the 1157 motor-ships in service during 1929, only 27 flew the American flag. The boat in the circle represents America’s motor-ship tonnage, as com- pared with the world’s tonnage represented by the big ship. In the first six months of 1921, 321 motor-ships were added and America’s share rose to 12% by substituting motor-ships of equal ton- nage, becomes appalling. But the light is dawning at last on the shipping world. Lloyd’s Register recently reported that 194 motor-ships of 503,844 gross tons were building. Steamships, no longer profitable, are being converted into motor-ships that promptly become revenue producers. A typical case is the Swedish steamship Augusta, which failed to earn profits until she was refitted with a Diesel engine. When it comes to new construction, the motor-ship is virtually the only kind of craft considered abroad. A large number of orders for steamships have been can- celled in the last few months, but no orders for motor-ships have been countermanded. The big builders are spending millions to increase the capacity of their shops to turn out Diesel engines. Some twenty large motor-ships were The “Yngaren,”’ above. is equipped with 3000 horse- power Diesel engines, mak- ing it the highest powered motor-ship now in service. Maritime experts figure that with such vessels freight can be transported 60 per cent cheaper than by steam- engine-driven ships. At the right is a Diesel engine of the type installed in motor- ships struction, and the older yards are devoting particular attention to motor-ships. And America? Well, it begins to look as if Professor Lucke would prove a good prophet. At last reports nineteen motor- ships of 143,850 tons dead weight capac- ity and 44,520-shaft horsepower were building in American yards. The biggest single order was for four ore-carriers of 20,000 tons dead weight capacity and 114% knots speed. In addition, a dozen or more steamships were being con- verted into motor-ships. No fewer than sixteen firms are building Diesel engines, while 120 others either have licenses for building Diesel engines of European design or are experimenting with original designs. Why American Ships Lie Idle The Pacific Coast is taking particular notice that while American steamers are lying idle there, foreign motor-ships are carrying wheat from Vancouver to Liver- pool via the Panama Canal and making money at it. The Pacific people are not unfamiliar with the motor-ship, for they built about eighty of them during the war. Most of them, however, were underpowered wooden auxiliary craft, unsuitable for ordinary commercial purposes. Several full-powered wooden motor-ships gave splendid service and are still in regular operation. Altogether it would appear that in the future the motor-ship will rule the waves. ° restoring the flag to tecte stron gun | was | of tl tank on ¢ calles struc dura! and that braci 49 fe feet.

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ar le st ar re re T= ng ot ey re ry ry ral ps ‘ill at rill January, 1922 21 Mysterious Rays from Human {LL science soon re- veal the nature of a mysterious power of the hu- man eye more amazing than sight itself? Probably every one has experienced an almost in- tolerable sensation under the which he believes conclu- sively proves that the human eye possesses an invisible energy, powerful enough to move objects. A delicate solenoid of fine copper wire wound on a celluloid cylinder is sus- pended from an unspun silk fiber fourteen inches long. The upper end of the silk is attached to a cork placed in the end of a long glass tube and the lower end is fastened in a metal yoke near a small electromagnet. The object is to bring the solenoid to rest after it has been set in motion. The entire system is enclosed in a double glass jar, covered with metal leaf. The space between the jars is filled with water or paraffin lest the bodily heat of the experimenter should influence the result. On each side of the vessel the metal coating is scraped from one small spot. These openings are faced by insulated metal plates connected with a Leyden jar, which places an electrical potential prolonged stare of another Lr person’s eyes. If one person “cap looks into another person’s eyes, one of them must at Sas eee last avert his gaze. puindzan yeh i. Dr. Charles Russ, an emi- or paraffin nent British bacteriologist, e Aue has constructed a device plate Eye Move Solenoid ee -| TYPE OF APPARATUS USED | _ |IN RECENT EXPERIMENTS | Ay © Modern Publishing Company Dr. Russ’s apparatus consists of a double glass jar containing a solenoid that is ree to turn when the vision is directed through the slit across the air space inside the double vessel. Another opening is made for the eye. If the experimenter looks at one end of the solenoid as soon as the plates are charged, it will turn away from him, says Dr. Russ. If he looks at the other end, that end will move away. No motion results if the eyes rest on the center. To enable the observer to more easily watch the effect, a pointer hung from the solenoid moves over a dial graduated in degrees. force propelled from the eye in the act of vision, which produces a tiny electric charge on the swinging solenoid. Of the nature of this energy he is not certain, although, since no effect is ob- tained in the dark, he thinks that the “emanation” is a refraction or a concen- tration of some unknown ray in light. . Drawing by G. H. Davis Dr. Russ believes there is a ray of Newest Armored Battle Plane-Carries Thirty Machine Guns (Aas t iis thirty machine guns, and with its crew of three aviators pro- tected by three-sixteenth-inch steel armor strong enough to deflect rifle and machine- gun bullets, a formidable military airplane was recently demonstrated before officers of the United States Army. Like the tank it is designed to attack infantry. The plane was built by John M. Larsen on Central Point, Long Island, and is called the J-L attack plane. It is con- structed throughout of American-made duralumin, the light, tough aluminum alloy, and is a monoplane with cantilever wings that require no external bracing. Its wing spread is 49 feet; length over all, 32 feet. The cruising speed is The interior, looking rearward, where sixteen of the guns are mounted about 140 miles an hour, and its radius of action 400 miles. The plane is driven by a Liberty motor. Larsen declares that the plane can be maneuvered as readily as the single-seater combat machine and can be put through such stunts as the Immelmann turn, though The armored J-L attack plane, of all-metal construction, has a cruising speed of 140 miles an our. Its radius of action is 400 miles. Twelve machine guns are immediately behind the pilot’s seat, sixteen are mounted in the tail of the fuselage, and two on the forward part of the cockpit it weighs five thousand pounds when fully equipped. The armament is arranged in two sections. Twelve machine guns are im- mediately behind the pilot’s seat, and sixteen more are mounted in the tail of the fuselage. The remaining two guns are mounted and fired independently from the forward part of the cockpit, either by the pilot or the gunner. The main batteries are fired by means of three levers, two of which fire a section at atime. The third, the master lever, fires all twenty-eight guns at once. As each gun can fire fifteen hun- dred shots a minute, the plane is able to spray more than forty thousand shots a minute into a body of in- fantry caught in the open. With three levers pilot and gunner control twenty-eight guns

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22 Popular Science Monthly Drivers Motor for Hours through Poisonous Gas in Old Mine to Test Hudson Tunnel Ventilation Give Blood to Prove Air Will Be Fresh in Two-Mile Tube NGINEERS who are building the nine thousand-foot tunnel driveway for ve- hicles under the Hudson River between New York City and New Jersey want to be sure that the tube will be sup- plied with enough fresh air, and accordingly in an abandoned coal- mine, one hundred and thirty feet below ground, at Bruceton, Penn- sylvania, they are testing a repro- duction of the ventilating system designed for the Hudson project. Effects of Gases Studied The effects of automobile ex- haust gases on the human system are being studied by means of medical examination of drivers who are actually running cars in a miniature tunnel, in which have been reproduced conditions that will be met in the larger project. The experimental tunnel is shaped like an oval race-track four hun- dred feet in diameter. The cross section is nine feet wide and eight feet high. Along the ceiling is an air-duct three feet high, and below the floor is another duct two and a half feet high. In proportion to the length of the tunnel, these dimensions are in the ex- act scale of the driveway under the Hudson. Hour after hour, ten small automobiles, spaced forty feet apart, circle the track at a speed of ten miles an hour. Sometimes the gas mixture is deliberately enriched until each car is emitting clouds of smoke; 4 : a ae ee The amount of carbon monoxide absorbed by drivers is determined by examination of their blood imme- diately after the tests at other times a correct mixture is used. The tests continue until the engineers are sure that the ventilation will be sufficient to supply enough fresh air, no matter how careless drivers may be. Exhaustive tests have revealed that the amount of carbon monoxide, the poisonous constituent of exhaust gases, averages about 7 per cent of the total volume, and that the health of drivers using an enclosed tunnel requires that the proportion of the poison in the air be reduced to less than four parts in ten thousand. To maintain this percentage, 2100 cubic feet of fresh air is pumped into the experimental tunnel every minute. During the tests sensitive in- struments in all parts of the tun- nel analyze the air to determine its temperature, humidity, veloc- ity, and pressure, as well as con- centration of gases emitted by the moving cars. Forty-eight air- sampling tubes obtain samples for chemical analysis. Drivers Give Their Blood Each driver is examined, before and after his run,-by physicians and experts of the Bureau of Mines, who specialize in the effect of poisonous gases on the human system. The amount of carbon monoxide absorbed by a driver is deter- mined by testing a few drops of his blood. The results of these tests will provide a basis for ventilating systems in proposed vehicular tunnels in other parts of the United States. In order to be sure that the means finally adopted will make vehicular tunnels safe under every condition, the engineers have abused the system, reduc- ing the flow of air, increasing the amount of smoke, etc. Sensitive apparatus measures the quan- tity and quality of air in various parts of the tunnel. Experiments have revealed that where the concentra- tion of carbon mon- oxide does not exceed four parts in ten thousand parts of air, no harmful effects are noticeable Ten small cars, running forty feet apart, circle the tunnel track at ten miles an hour Air from forty-eight sampling tubes is analyzed to determine concentration of exhaust gases Jani miles ern | by ! deliv dow} equi thre twee orde rope thre nece thre to ¢ heac larg its « ‘foot can whil the | pair so t the orde lowe gray der if sma seat on Spri ible or | Us dur pro out sinc ton the Sevi

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an n= C= n= 1e r- PRS. ‘foot level, a smaller engine January, 1922 Mechanical Arms Deliver ECHANICAL railroad order-deliv- M erers installed along seventy-eight miles of the Idaho division of the North- ern Pacific are proving to be time-savers by replacing the old hoop system of delivery. Trains no longer need to slow down to pick up orders. The deliverer is a thirteen-foot post equipped with a movable carrier with three pairs of arms, be- tween which the train orders are fastened on a rope. These arms are at three levels and, when necessary, can deliver three copies of an order to a train. In double heading, for example, a large engine can pick up its order from a twelve- can use a ten-foot level, while the train-crew uses the eight-foot height. The top arm of each pair is fitted with a spring so that it flies up against the post as soon as the order is taken, while the lower arm drops by gravity. When an or- der is placed, the car- Orders Courtesy ot ‘‘Railway Age” Arms extending at three different heights from a post beside the railroad track hold canvas bags containing orders that are caught as the train passes 23 as lrains Pass rier is lowered and a two-foot piece of cord with a spring clip on each end is fastened over the hooks of the carrier arms. The carrier is then raised to the proper height. The order is in a water- proof canvas bag attached to the center of the cord. The catcher on the locomotive consists of a steel rod, to which is riveted a flat piece of steel shaped in the form of a num- ber of inverted V’s, the points projecting ’ outward and forward. A V-shaped spring in front of these points prevents the rope holding an order from dropping out after having once entered the space between the teeth. In actual operation, the impact of the bar moving at thirty miles an hour wraps the rope around the catcher so tightly that dropping orders is almost unknown. Besides saving time, the device prevents accidents to trainmen. FIFTY-ONE million tons of almost pure iron, in the form of loose blocks ready for the smelter, have been discovered in the Lake Athabasca region. Invalids Can Travel Far in Electric Chair this electrical invalid chair the patient may obtain fresh air, if not exercise. A small electric motor installed beneath the seat will drive the chair for several miles, on one charging of the storage battery. Springs on all wheels are sufficiently flex- The invalid may ride as comfortably as if he were in an automobile ible to cushion any unevenness of the road or pathways over which the chair travels. UsE of aluminum as a substitute for copper during the war has led to greatly increased production throughout the world. The output has risen more than 100 per cent since 1914. One hundred and ninety-three thousand tons of metal was refined in 1920, with the United States leading production by seventy-three thousand tons. Popular Science Monthly Gives Lectures by Radio T the request of the Westing- house Electric & Manufactur- ing Company, which is inaugurat- ing a radiophone service from its plant at Newark, New Jersey, POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, once every four or five weeks, is supplying entertainment in the form of talks by the editor on de- velopments in the scientific world. These wireless lectures are heard over a radius of 600 to 1000 miles. They are part of a big nightly program of broadcasted news, | musical features, and speeches. | Three 400- horsepower Liberty engines geared to a sin- gle shaft drive ~~ an eighteen - foot propeller Three Liberties Geared to One Propeller HREE four - hundred - horsepower Liberty engines geared to a single eighteen-foot propeller make up the new power unit that may assure non-stop flights from New York to Liverpool in twenty hours. The unit was put through careful tests recently at the Gallaudet shops in Warwick, Connecticut. It is expected that airplanes with three or more of these units, with a total of four thousand horsepower, will have a non-stop cruising radius sufficient to cross the Atlantic carrying twelve tons of passengers or freight. The safety of flight is increased by gear- ing three engines to one shaft, since a fail- ure of any one engine will not necessitate a forced landing. While the speed of the plane will be reduced, it will still be able to proceed. The use of the larger propeller simplifies design and reduces propeller slip, which is, needless to say, an important factor in airplane efficiency. As a special service to readers, the Editor will be glad to supply the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mentioned in Popular Science Monthly

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Popular Scvence Monthly "Planes without Engines Climb the Air Like Birds Using Movements of the Wind, German Gliders Soar for Miles without Power and Add New Chapter to Romance of Aviation ( va we fly without engines? Less than a year ago Popular Science Monthly put this question, and answered it by showing what had been done along this line in Germany. The conclusion reached at that time was that, “although we cannot yet sail like the albatross for hours on end, we can cover very respectable distances by gliding from an elevated point.” Since then, the second annual glid- ing competition has been held in By Stanley Yale Beach, Ph.B. record by a flight of five minutes and thirty-two seconds. Koller, on the Ba- varian Aero Club’s monoplane, this year made the distance record of 4200 meters (2.6 miles) measured in a straight line, though he actually traveled more than this, since he described circles in the course of his flight. Immediately after the competition had

Germany under the auspices of the Scientific Society for Aeronautics, and the results have been so remark- able that we shall have to modify the first part of the conclusion to read: “Man has already sailed like the albatross and has circled, as does the buzzard, over one third of an hour at a stretch.” For these enthusiastic German experimenters have gone far beyond the gliding performances of Lilienthal and other pioneers and have achieved a very spectacularly different thing—true soaring flight. Gliding, as every one knows, is sim- ply descending under the influence of gravity on a gentle gradient, and often with the assistance of slightly rising currents of air. Soaring, on the other hand, is true flight without power; it takes advantage of pulsa- tions and other movements of the wind to obtain not only horizontal motion but actual climb as on an invisible staircase. A Spur to Progress This return to first principles was occasioned in Germany by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which limited the Germans to 150 regular motor-driven machines to be used on commercial air lines. In attempting to elip Germany’s wings, the Allies have been the means of promoting scientific progress in aviation that probably never would have been accomplished otherwise. About a dozen competitors entered the first competition held in August and Sep- tember, 1920, and only one noteworthy record flight was made. So great was the interest, however, that last fall over two score contestants participated and broke records many times over. The outstanding figure in both compe- titions was Engineer Klemperer with his motorless monoplane called the “Black Devil.” It is constructed along the lines of the Junkers’ cantilever monoplane, but of light plywood instead of duralumin. It has a spread of thirty feet and, with 172 square feet of supporting surface, weighs 125 pounds. The scene of the two contests was the VWasserkuppe, a mountain three thousand feet high in the Rh6n district of Germany, Starting from the slope of this mountain, Herr Klemperer last year made a duration record of two minutes and twenty-two and three fifth seconds, during which he flew 1830 meters (6004 feet). In the contest this year he more than doubled his duration

" GERSFELD — “#43 MINUTES

Herr Klemperer, with his motorless monoplane, rode the air for thirteen minutes, soaring from the slope of the Wasserkuppe to the village of Gers- feld, a distance of four and one quarter miles in a straight line. The actual path of the flight covered a distance of six miles ended, Herr Klemperer made the most amazing flight of all. No sooner had the monoplane moved a couple of yards, than it rose vertically some thirty feet and kept on rising in a series of steps until, three minutes later, it reached a height of four hundred feet above its starting-point! All the while it was sailing along against the wind, its skilful pilot causing it to circle and describe figure eights. It flew over several villages, wherever Herr Klemperer directed it, exactly as if propelled by a motor, and thirteen minutes after the start, it alighted at Gersfeld after a long volplane. Six Miles without Power The flight path followed covered a dis- tance of six miles, although in a straight line it was but four and one quarter miles. For ten minutes it kept the same level. This demonstration of how one can ride the waves and billows of air exactly as do the soaring birds was received with great enthusiasm throughout the scientific world, where it was realized that man’s dream

of the ages had actually come to pass. Herr Klemperer’s monoplane was not provided with landing-wheels, it may be remarked here, but like the other soaring machines entered in the competitions, took off from, and landed on, simple wooden skids. A typical way of taking off is by means of a rope, to which are attached long lengths of elastic. Passed around the undercarriage of the machine, the rope is grasped at each end by three or four assistants, while two others hold the wing tips of the machine. The men at the ends of the rope then walk down the slope, and so stretch the elastic. At the word “Go” from the pilot, the men at the wing tips release the machine, and it darts for- ward like an arrow shot from a bow. Kilemperer’s Record Beaten Within a week after Herr Klemp- erer had made his aniazing flight, his record was thrice beaten. Herr Martins, on the Hannover (Proll) monoplane glider, remained aloft 15 minutes, 40 seconds, covering a dis- tance of 7200 meters (four and one half miles), and finally landing near Batten after a 1300-foot volplane. He maintained his level, or rose above it, for eleven and one _ half minutes. Herr Harth, on his mono- plane, soon increased the time in the air to twenty-one minutes, during which he dropped but forty feet be- low the starting-point. He added one more minute to his duration record the next day, making a flight

that lasted twenty-two minutes. These marvelous flights will un- doubtedly be increased until, with the use of a small motor to help out when the air waves diminish, man will be able to soar hour after hour. At Kitty Hawk, in 1912, Orville Wright rose vertically from the ground in one of his biplanes without a motor. He did this by facing a gale and was able to hover over one spot for ten. minutes, during which time he frequently advanced as far as he liked in the teeth of the wind, then allowed his glider to be forced back again. Thus it is clear that the powerful motors of today are really un- necessary when we come to ride the air waves as the Germans are doing. Luckily, several of our active clubs of young men, such as the Aero Science Club of America, the Pacific Coast Aero Club, and the Aero Club of Ithaca, have taken up this sport and science of gliding and.soaring flight with a zest, and there is hope that our country will eventually lead in motorless flying just as we are striving to do with power flying. There are many uses to which gliders can be put, such as to replace kite balloons in the navy, and to train aviators. Then, too, developments in radio transmission of power may yet make it possible to send through the air the small power required by a glider to keep going during lulls. It is even possible that radio power will propel as well as control, aircraft.

January

A depart orthodox resented stein’s t with its mensions by twel contrast planes, » in moti rubber t plane is operator! down a ‘lifted fre the < Shortly contest made a flight i monofr which | the sur try for utes ar miles. reached three hi his glid plished 1 to 19 he cou teen fe for eac

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ily ld r= p- lis IT ll) 15 ne ar se alf 0- he ng ye~ ed on ht aS. n- ut an lle he ta nd en ly be he n- air ly, on, 2a, TO ort ht ur 28S ith January, 1922 A departure from the orthodox design is rep- resented in Neuen- stein’s triplane glider with its compact di- mensions of only nine by twelve feet. In contrast with mono- planes, which are set in motion by huge rubber bands, this tri- plane is started_by the operator, who speeds down a hillside until ‘lifted from his feet by the air currents Shortly after the Rhén contest, Klemperer made a world’s record flight in his Aachen monoplane during which he sailed over the surrounding coun- try for thirteen min- utes and covered six miles. At times he reached a height of three hundred feet and his glides were accom- plished in the ratio of 1 to 19, meaning that he could travel nine- teen feet horizontally for each foot dropped that Made History in Rhon Contest © Keystone View Company 25 Since the inception of theairplanesomework- ers have maintained that the final success- ful heavier-than-air machine would follow closely the contour of birds. Karl Rath, one of the contestants at Rh6n, entered the hawk-shaped plane shown above. The pilot sits between the wings, which are filled with air Motorless flight, which, as the experiments il- lustrated on this page show, has been devel- oped to an extraordi- nary degree in Ger- many, is still virtually neglected in this coun- try. Only about a score of Americans are engaged in_ similar activities. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY . will be glad to hear from any readers who have undertaken experi- ments with gliders At the left Klemperer is shown in his record- breaking flight as he soared up and down, to one side and then to the other, and even cut figure eights, to the wonder of the peasants toiling in the fields below The Aachen monoplane, in which Klemperer made his record flight, is distinguished by the ‘‘trousered”” under carriage and the curved landing-skids. Klemperer made fifteen successful flights in this machine Frame of the Aachen glider, showing plywood construc- tion, wide dihedral angle of the very thick wings, and the struts supporting the landing-skids. These planes are noteworthy for their excellent gliding angle

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Popular Science Monthly | What Do You & Want to Know Let Popular Science Monthly Answer Your Problems Learn the Answers to Other Readers’ Questions and Ask Your Own Why can you put your finger on the bottom of a steaming teakettle without being burned?—H. T Because the heat of the fire has been transferred from the kettle bottom to the water which is boiling and forming steam. It is for the same reason that kettles with soldered bottoms, and con- taining water, can be safely placed over a fire. The greed of the water for the heat carries it away so rapidly that the temperature of the metal is unable to rise high enough to melt the solder. 2922999999 Which type of water-wheel has the high- est efficiency, the overshot, undershot, or turbine?—F. D. M. The turbine type of water-wheel has the highest efficiency, ranging from 75 per cent to 85 per cent. Next comes the overshot wheel, with an average effi- ciency of 70 per cent, and finally the undershot wheel, with an efficiency of about 60 per cent. 2229299999 eeeeeeeeee What are the usual porcelain electrical insulators made of ?7—J. D. The materials used are kaolin, china clay, ball clay, feldspar, and silica. 2299299999 What is bakelite?—J. W. J. The condensation product of phenol and formaldehyde, that forms a definite chemical compound. Its manufacture is protected by a number of patents. 2929929999 eeeeseeese How can muslin, to be used for a hot-air balloon, be made airproof?—E. R. D. Make a very thin solution of pure rubber in carbon disulphide. Apply the dis- solved rubber with a brush. Carbon disulphide is inflammable and should be used with care. 2229299999 Do you know of a stove enamel that will not burn off?—H. M. Try an enamel composed of one part of silicate and two parts of water, using finely powdered graphite as a coloring medium. The mixture must be thor- oughly worked together, and should be first tried on a small area of the stove. 2292929999 Please tell me the solution used in an Edison-Lalande battery.—D. C. The solution is one part of caustic soda dissolved in three parts (by weight) of water. After emptying solution into the cell, it is covered with a layer of petrol- eum oil to prevent oxidation by air. Black oxide of copper is used as a de- polarizer in the Lalande cell. | Why Is Ice Slippery ? R. E. L. Sends in This Question. | Here’s the Answer: When you place your foot on the ice, the pressure melts a small area, and the layer of water thus formed acts as a lubricant. In the unusually low temperature of the Arctic re- gions, melting of the ice by foot pressure is much more difficult, and the tendency to slip is con- siderably lessened. | Every reasonable specific query in the field of general science addressed to this department will receive a | prompt reply. Legal and medical queries cannot be answered. A stamped self-addressed envelope must accompany each question. Address the Editor, Popular Science Monthly; 225 West 39th Street, New York. Can wood be artificially petrified?—S. L. No, but it may be coated or impregnated with some silicate compound that will eventually harden and make the wood highly weatherproof. 2222999999 How can pictures from magazines or newspapers be transferred to plain white paper?—C. C. P. Make a solution of 2 drams of pearlash, % oz. of soft soap, and 16 fluid oz. of distilled water. Apply the solution to the picture with a soft brush or sponge and allow to soak. Put clean sheet of paper on top of picture and another clean sheet of fairly thick paper on top of that. Rub over the top with the back of a spoon, remove the sheets, and the picture will be found transferred to the clean sheet. 9999999999 What is the temperature of liquid air, and what would happen if a gallon of it were released under water?—E. S. Four hundred degrees below zero. The water would simply boil and change a certain amount of the surrounding water to ice. 2999999999 Can you inform me what causes spon- taneous combustion in coal?—A. W. C. When bituminous coal is exposed to the air, it slowly but surely absorbs the oxy- gen and just as slowly and surely does this oxidation cause a rise in tempera- ture. The higher the temperature of the coal the quicker it eats up the oxygen, a process that increases in speed as it progresses, until soon the coal has reached a point at which it ignites and we have what is known as spontaneous combustion. 2922999999 I should like to know something about thermite welding.—B. M. j The thermite is placed in a specially pre- pared crucible of refractory material and the reaction started by means of an igniter. The fluid mass of iron produced is poured into a mold built around the joint to be welded. This process is especially useful for welding conductor rails, defective castings, and parts of broken machinery that must be repaired at the places where they are in use. 22292999999 Can you advise of some inexpensive way to restore the color to small pieces of burnished aluminum?—F. L. S. Use water made slightly acid by a small amount of sulphuric acid, the amount to be determined by experiment. A dash of ammonia added to the water will also act as a cleansing reagent. How can I waterproof muslin or other light cotton material?—R. D. B. Coat the cloth with one or more applica- tions of a thin colloidal rubber solution. It is better to give the material three thin coats than one thick coating. It should be understood that any cotton cloth loses its pliability and texture when waterproofed. 2229999999 eeeeeeeeee Why is it necessary to strike safety matches on the box?—G. P. O. . The phosphorus used as the base of most matches is not in the head of the safety match, but on the box. This striking surface is red phosphorus and sand. The match head contains anti- mony sulphide, an oxidizer and glue. When the head is struck against the striking surface a minute amount of the surface is ignited, which in turn sets fire to the match head. 2292299929 eeeeeeeeee When milk is churned, what makes the butter 7—R. L. Milk contains a large fat content con- sisting of tiny globules floating about independently of one another. When milk is churned, these particles of fat are consolidated into one mass that is called butter. weis of ¥ an as i the aut gas pass inst: com suff mar tan] tent gas of n It for caus kno whe Fou cele rev¢ one¢ ligh N b save toa the phys soon Mar plan Ti by 2 wher feste was¢ bad); brok it wa cock His ¢ tena jour? the v Th eyes, secur A he over the k strap and 1 Th flying the o1 Possil

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ay of all to sh rill .er ca- on. ree It on ure ety of the ‘his and nti- jue. the the fire the 20n- pout hen . Securely lashed to a six-foot plank. January, 1922 Runaway Gas-Tank Spreads Terror in St. Louis Street ITH a hissing roar, followed by a cloud of whitish vapor, a carbonic-acid-gas container, over five feet in length and weighing nearly two hundred pounds, recently performed a series of wild somersaults along a busy street in St. Louis. It slid under an automobile standing at the curb and smashed a rear wheel as it rushed out. It gyrated wildly for two hundred feet down the street while pedestrians dodged into doorways and passing automobiles sped from the neighborhood. People at first saw no cause for alarm when a carbonic-dioxide- gas container, such as is used in charging soda water, fell from a passing truck. But when it hit the pavement the cap broke and instantly the excitement began. The force with which the highly compressed gas escaped from the small nozzle of the container was sufficient to throw the iron tube about like a straw and it was a marvel that no one was hurt in the minute that elapsed before the tank gave a final gasp and stopped quietly in the gutter, its con- tents exhausted. This same energy of reaction, always displayed when a liquid or gas under high pressure is suddenly released, is the basic principle of many steam turbines and water wheels. It is the same force that causes the well- known ‘“pin- wheel,’ used in Fourth of July celebrations, to revolve rapidly ; once the fuse is BRT lighted. Pedestrians fled as the hissing tank of carbonic-acid gas somersaulted along the pavement Injured Man Carried on Airplane Wing [\ the inland jungles of Haiti a man had been badly mangled in an accident. To save his life it was imperative to carry him to a hospital at once. Hours of jolting over the rough roads was unthinkable, so the physician telegraphed for an airplane, and soon Lieut. Kenneth B. Collings, of the Marine Corps, arrived at Maissade in his plane. Transportation of the sick and wounded by air is a common occurrence in Haiti, where the roads are bad and at times in- fested by bandits. This case, however, was an unusual one. The man had been badly hurt. Both of his thighs were broken and he was in splints, so that it was impossible for him to sit in the cockpit, or even to be carried there. His condition was critical, and Lieu- tenant Collings decided torush the journey with the patient strapped to the wing of his plane. The man was bandaged to the eyes, covered by a blanket, and A helmet and goggles were slipped over his head, and he was placed on the lower wing, where he was tied by straps secured to the wing supports and the fuselage. The weight on the wings made flying “rather difficult,” comments the official report. It was nearly im- possible to keep the plane balanced, The patient lashed to the wir Zz supports and fuselage and Collings had to be constantly ‘“‘on the stick,”’ that is, manipulating his controls, in order to make the trip safely. The pa- tient was delivered at the hospital, how- ever, within thirty-five minutes. Hours or days would have been required to make the trip over the rough Haitian roads. " ‘pee ) P o ; ee 7 5 ' ‘ ,} g i i. 4) * \ a gk’ on an improvised stretcher, was When the ice barrier broke, a torrent carried great boulders down the mountainside Glacial Dam Bursts, Flooding Alpine Valley H° weather and melting snow and ice in the Alps last summer resulted in a flood that strewed an Alpine valley with gigantic boulders and washed away roads and dwellings. Early warnings of the break prevented any loss of life. As the sun melted the ice, a large body of water collected in a pocket on the Gruben glacier in the Ber- nese Oberland. For a time a barrier of ice acted as a dam, but eventually the pressure became too great. The ice split with a deafening crash. Rocks embedded in the ice for centuries were tossed high in the air, and a mammoth wave of water swept down the valley. The force of the water carried away a large section of the terminal moraine. Boulders were carried down by the current and deposited on the Grimsel Road, one of the most important highways through that section of the Alps, to such a depth that traffic was impossible for days. The deluge was the first of its kind on record in the Alps or other mountain ranges. Beetles Gnaw through Lead Phone Cables TINY beetle, smaller than a lady- bug, is causing much damagé to telephone cables in California by gnaw- ing tunnels through the protective lead covering of the cables. The rain-water penetrates to the wires enclosed in the lead tubing and causes short-circuits that interrupt the connections of many subscribers. No effective method of combatting these destructive beetles has as yet been devised and the telephone companies have sent an urgent appeal for aid to the entomological bureau of the Depart- ment of Agriculture in Washington, D.C.

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Popular Science Monthly New De-Luxe Motor-Bus Brings High Speed and Greater Comfort to Interurban Travel Twelve-Wheeled Sleeping-Cars May Run on Elevated Highways LONG, steel motor- A car, mounted on twelve pneumatic- tired wheels, flashes with express-train speed along elevated tracks of smooth concrete. Asit glides in the darkness above farms and villages, passengers sleep soundly in comfortable berths. No racking jars, no swaying and creaking at sharp turns, no shrieks of whistles at grade-crossings, 3 disturb their slumbers. =. The car is the motor-bus Pullman express, making time on high-speed roads. This is no fantastic crea- tion of the imagination. The motor-bus Pullman is an innovation that me- chanical genius is develop- By Harold F. Blanchard speeds made by the best railroad trains. This con- dition is partly due to the fact that the motor-bus, a better hill-climber than the railroad train, can take a more direct route through the mountainous country. The same man goes on to say, incidentally, that his latest design, now in course of construction, will be a steel coach equipped with wireless telephone and with reclining chairs. The motor-bus is appre- ciated on the coast because, also, it reaches many places inaccessible to other forms of transportation, and the breakdown of one unit does The six-wheel buses operated on regu- lar schedule in Akron, Ohio, are fore- runners of the twelve-wheel Pullman auto-bus ing with astounding rapidity. Even now, buses that are marvels of mechanism and comfort are traveling the roads of America and Europe. Engineers are projecting plans for right-of-ways and concrete tracks, over which giants of the road, with six, eight and twelve wheels, will handle freight and passenger traffic. Before many years have passed, authorities agree, a vast net- work of these service lines will] link the cities. As an intercity carrier, the motor-bus has reached its greatest development on the Pacific Coast. It is now possible to ride from Ensenada or Tia Juana or Mex- icali, in old Mexico, to Portland, Oregon, a distance of a thousand miles as the crow Extensive tours by Pullman . auto-buses with a second car following to carry maids and valets and a certain amount of baggage have already been projected by farseeing firms in this country and Europe. Comfortable chairs inside and an observation platform atop the bus will provide all conveniences desired by the tourist flies, and in no other vehicle than the motor-bus. In southern California, again, is located the largest motor-stage line in the world, with 164 vehicles having a seating capacity of more than four thousand. Buses Beat Train Schedules The ‘“motor-stage’ companies issue time-tables that would do credit to any railroad, and Los Angeles boasts a terminal where passengers are picked up and dis- charged by five hundred buses daily and six hundred and fifty on holidays. More than two million passengers were handled in 1920 by a single company in California. The president of this company says that the schedules maintained over the wonderful Pacific Coast roads fre- quently equal and sometimes exceed, the Luxurious buses, rivaling in their appoint- ments the railway Pullman, are running on regular routes throughout England not tie up the whole line. Towns that were served by one or two trains a day now have hourly bus service. A large majority of travelers now see the beauties of California from the motor-bus. It should be emphasized, however, that these great bus lines are operated primarily to provide adequate transportation for the cities in this territory and the sight-seeing feature is merely an incidental advantage. On the other hand, in England, France, and Switzerland, the sight-seeing motor- bus is a highly organized business. In England, Pullman buses carrying four- teen passengers and capable of high speed, since they are shod with large pneumatic tacts, ot. Motor-bus stations patterned after railway terminals with facilities for the loading of passengers and luggage have been laid out for the long-distance bus-lines of London. The station illustrated will accommodate twenty-eight buses Jan St rtoroandnodpouod tires Lon as f inte: spec gage fifty port each tern rais¢ pass Los be refr¢ in four opm prac buss like

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~~ Se ew he Se ee eS Se SO nDOananRew Ff ve he 1s. at ily he ng ce, or- ur- ed, tic January, 1922 Cross-Country Rapid Transit by Pullman Bus in the Future Below is another type of seating arrangement as worked out for Pullman buses. As the demand for auto-buses increases, it is expected that convertible sleeping-cars containing eight or more berths will be designed for use on the thousand-mile trips now planned tires, are used for scheduled daily trips from London to the seashore and return, as well as for tours occupying several days. An interesting feature of this service is that special trucks are provided to carry bag- gage, of which each passenger is allowed fifty-six pounds free. In lieu of Pullman porters, a valet and lady’s-maid accompany each baggage-van. Sleeping-Car Buses Planned One English company is now planning a terminal with four long “tracks,” with raised platforms for loading and unloading passengers and baggage. Just as in the Los Angeles terminal, there will e 5 ‘ structures over railroad right-of-ways. The future will see roadways constructed especially for bus traffic on elevated Long-distance haulage will be accom- plished by trucks drawing trains of trailers over the concrete roadway, and Pullman buses will provide rapid service between distant points designs, and will probably be at least twenty-six feet over all, with three or four sections on each side. Each section will, of course, have two berths. At three cents a mile the income from such a bus will be forty-eight cents a mile, plus a charge of at least three dollars for the bed. If this bus ran only one hundred miles during the night, its income would be forty-eight dol- lars on the mileage basis, and forty-eight dollars more for sleeping accommodations. But is there a place for the motor-bus Pullman? The answer is yes. Many cities in the country are linked by good roads, but not connected by direct sleeping-car service. No discussion of the future of the motor- bus is complete without consideration of special rights of way. The railroads owe much of their efficiency to the fact that their roadways are private. The motor-bus, on the other hand, has been compelled to operate entirely on public roads, where speed must be kept within limits. Our roads were originally laid out for horseback riders; many are narrow, turns are sharp, and crossings are at grade. No Grade Crossings Speed with safety will be obtained by building high-speed roads, without sharp turns and without grade-road be waiting- and baggage-rooms, refreshment booths, ticket offices, in short, all the conveniences found in a railway terminal. Another and impending devel- opment along the lines of railroad practice is the use of sleeping-car buses. These will be built more like the railroad type than present crossings. As a matter of fact, the “‘higher- ups” of the automotive industry have been talking for years about such high-speed arteries for inter- city freght and passenger traffic; and within the past year a Chicago promoter has organized a five- million-dollar company to build a special road, with four concrete tracks, to connect Chicago and Milwaukee. Two tracks are to be for freight and two for fast tour- ing-cars and motor-buses. One authority has suggested that speed roads of this type be built over Two views of an auto- bus with Pullman swivel chairs. A table can be lowered from the ceiling. Large glass windows give an out- look on all sides. Buses now in development in California will be _ equipped with reclin- ing chairs and wire- less telephone outfits = existing railroad tracks. Others in the automotive industry hold the view that many railroad branch lines now in use will eventually be abandoned, and that these abandoned lines will have their rails replaced by concrete surfaces. These roads will be for high-speed motor traffic. With the improvement in motor roads, finally, and with the development of high- speed roads, six to twelve-wheel pneumatic- ally tired cars may reasonably be expected

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Popular Science Monthly Can We Live One Hundred Years? Why Some Scientists Believe the Century Is Man’s Natural Span By Dr. John B. Huber AN can unquestion- ably achieve the are active, alert, and

century mark. To live one hundred years and more is the natural birthright of every one. This is as well established as any hypothesis in science. Buffon, the great French naturalist, computed that the natural dura- lif tion of life for any crea- ue. ture is six or seven times that of its period of growth. Assuming that

‘*T OVE of life is half of health,” says Dr. John B. Huber, nation- ally known writer on medical subjects, in this unusual article telling why we should live to the century mark. You've heard in the past few months a great revival of discus- sion about this scientific theory —that man’s natural life is one hundred years. What is back of it all> If it is true, why do we all die so young? Read Dr. Huber’s recipes for right living and a century-long Then check up on yourself, more than half of these vital rules. Why not take them seriously for once >—The Editor. Probably you are violating able to learn and serve. Now certainly it is possible to name the rules by which men could live longer than they do, and live to the end more efficiently than they do. First, the old specific —bathe daily, in the morning if possible. Ac- | custom yourself to the cold bath in-summer so

that it will not be a

a man’s growth is gener- ally attained at his adolescence, Buffon estimated that our span of life should be at least five score years rather than three score and ten. Many others have reached the same conclu- sion, which is, indeed, almost a commonplace to-day among able writers on medical sub- jects. Why, then, do we continue to die before our time? What recipes for long life do we fail to observe? The cornerstone recipe is moderation—the most impor- tant word in any dictionary. Next to it is happiness. Judi- cious pleasures are conducive to love of life, and love of life is the half of health. On the other hand, sadness and gloom help on old age. The other recipes are so famil- iar to us all that they may seem trite. Indeed, many scientists to- day, like Buffon, believe that longevity does not depend so much

Why We Die Before Our Time Cerebral Hemorrhage 12.6%

Heart Diseases ; 20.1% Pneumonia Arterial % Disease 4.9% Tuberculosis 2.3% Bright’s Disease 11.6% 4 OLD AGE Only 5.2% Cancer a 8.1% Suicide 0.5% This chart shows the chief danger spots in the human system at advanced ages. The figures represent percent- ages of deathsfrom various causes at ages above sixty- five years

Dr. Stephen Smith, at ninety-nine, is still active in public affairs. He was founder of the American Health Associa- tion and New York’s first health commissioner. work, hobbies, and simple diet are his rules for a long life on habits of life as_ it does on racial inheritance. Recent studies in heredity seem to confirm, in part, this view. But it is not only the goal of an advanced old age that con- cerns you and me and every thinking man to-day. What people are talking about now is the possibility of reaching a hundred in the fulness of our powers. We want not only to be alive at one hundred, but also to feel ‘‘one hundred years young” when that birthday comes to us. We want to be disposed to transmit the gifts that have come to us through- out our years to our children to the third generation, at least. We want to tincture the knowledge they have learned with the wisdom we have ac- quired, to the betterment of themselves and of our civiliza- tion as a whole. We believe that greater peace, progress, and happiness may come to mankind through a lengthen- ing of the years in which we shock to you in the cold- est weather. Always bathe in a warm room. Eat slowly and chew thor- oughly, with teeth that are well cared for. Eat three meals a day, but not excessively nor between meals. A good diet is fruits and vegetables in abundance; meat once a day (cheese is an excellent substitute at other meals) and two eggs a day. Drink at least six glasses of water in every twenty-four hours. Stay in the sunshine as much as you can, and avoid dusty, damp, and foul air. Go to a comfortable bed in time to sleep at least eight hours. The elderly person, and every - woman, whatever her age, should rest an hour after lunch. Wear clothing that is loose, porous, and only as heavy as is necessary to maintain the bodily temperature. Keep your feet warm and dry. Hard Warm footwear and stout, well- fitting, water-tight shoes are es- sential. Better leave tobacco alone, until you are twenty-one, anyway. All women should shun it. Alcohol should be taken most sparingly. Only the old and the feeble need it, and they should have it moderately. Let the unmarried youth remain con- tent and he will gain increased mental and physical vigor and stamina. Let him marry before he is twenty-five, if possible. Work, play, rest and do all things in life temperately. Through all perplexities and all turns of fortune preserve a serene philosophy of life. Pure Air Means Pure Blood Seek an outdoor occupation, if possible. Fresh air is nature’s disinfectant; there is none better. The more you are outdoors, the better will be your digestion. Pure air means pure blood, and this, in turn, means well-balanced metabolism—that is, the conversion of oxygen and wholesome nutri- ment into healthy disease-resisting tissues that build a strong and healthy body. In- dulge adequately in outdoor sports, of which walking is by far the best. And don’t mind the weather. There is no bad weather, only different kinds of good weather. Stand and walk erectly, and develop a right posture.

Janu Av keepi gums cente prese Pai heed a doc treat! year | veale Su home: ing, Ir will b perati dure being healtl shoul summ Her cive ti Riss in the pied. Hui Wat pure a able tc Fru; assura Clez the m: the lor As streng and ca He body s it fror peratu ing pel The edge | wholes opens these < Moc ercise etree

Zora, Stanti Zora healtt docto:

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=’ Se ee . = es Ss J. gE yu n 1e it n- al le. ife nd ne > is brs, air bad pod bnd January, 1922 Avoid poisonings and infections by keeping nose, throat, mouth, teeth and gums clean. Get rid of your infection centers, of which I will speak more fully presently. , Pain is a danger signal; never fail to heed its warning. Find the cause, or have a doctor find it, and remove it by the right treatment. Above all, be examined once a year so that masked symptoms will be re- vealed in time to forestall grave maladies. Such illness is caused by superheated homes and workshops. Keep every dwell- ing, room, and shop well ventilated. If you will begin in the fall with an indoor tem- perature of sixty-five degrees, you can en- dure it throughout the winter without being chilled; and you will be all the healthier for it. The bedroom temperature should be that of outdoors, winter and summer. Here are some maxims that are condu- cive to longevity: poisonings) to which the elderly are prone, especially those intoxications that show their effects on the kidneys. Work im- proves the mental state of elderly people by engaging their minds and preventing their thinking about ‘“‘old age.’”’ Money sufficient for their needs is, in many cases, better than medicine; for they should feel At ninety-two, John R. Voorhis is active head of the New York City Board of Elections ‘Make up your mind to do a thing, and it’s half done,” he says, “whether it is to live to be a hun- dred, or only to finish your day’s work on schedule”’ Rise early; go to bed early; and in the meantime keep yourself occu- pied. Human Machine Needs Care Water and bread sustain life; but pure air and sunlight are indispens- able to health. Frugality and sobriety are the best assurance for a long life. Cleanliness preserves from rust; the machines that are cared for last the longest. A sufficiency of rest repairs and strengthens; too much rest weakens and causes flabbiness. He is well clothed who keeps his body sufficiently warm, safeguarding it from all abrupt changes of tem- perature, at the same time preserv- ing perfect freedom of motion. The mind reposes and resumes its edge by means of relaxation and wholesome amusement, but excess opens the door to the passions and these attract the vices. Moderate work and moderate ex- ercise correct the autotoxemias (self The Best of All Hobbies— : Work with Your Hands! “BEGIN in middle life to culti- vate hobbies that you can ride comfortably in your advanc- ing years. Nothing so ages an elderly man as lack of occupation. Many are the men who, when they retire, promptly die just for lack of a hobby to keep them interested! “If you live where there’s space cultivate long life in your garden. Wher- ever you live, use tools; be creative, with your hands. Make things at your work- bench. A handicraft is the best of all hobbies to carry you happily toward the century mark.” —Dr. John B. Huber. ° 31 independent. Attention to some work or hobby would solve many problems of old age. Begin in middle life to cultivate hobbies that you can ride comfortably in your ad- vancing years. Nothing so ages an elderly man who has laid down his life’s vocation as the lack of some occupation. Enjoyment of music is one of the best of hobbies. The perception of good music is conveyed through the hearing sense of the brain, where its benig- nancy is in turn trans- mitted to the sympathetic nervous system, which directs the functions of the heart, the lungs, the stomach, and the bodily organs generally. Thus is good music not only physic for the soul, dissi- pating mental depression, soothing emotional dis- turbances; but it also en- hances nutrition, furthers digestion, quickens the pulse, helps to restore organic unity. Indeed, mind, body, and soul will run together all the better for occasional lubrication with streams of melody. Again, any sort of hand- iwork makes an_ ideal hobby. Use tools; be cre- ative with your hands. At your work bench and in your garden you should seek the elixir of long life. Watch the Danger Points But a whole archway may crumble to the ground by reason of a fracture in a single stone. The whole chain gives way when its weakest link breaks. Any little defect in a ma- chine may result in the whole thing being thrown on the scrapheap. This is as true of the human machine as it (Concluded on page 89) MWg, nae “ly a “a tt 1y M ead ceaneneacaitiddls” Zora, an Armenian of Con- stantinople, claims to be 145. Zora never took care of his health until recently, when doctors prescribed a milk diet “If you want to be healthy, don’t bundle up your legs and neck,” says John Shell, of Greasy Creek, Kentucky, called the oldest man in the United States. “Uncle John” claims to be 132 years old, but one inves- tigator says that he is only 101 Ka-Be-Nah-Givey Wence, or plain John Smith, of Case Lake, Minnesota, i3 known as America’s oldest Indian. He has lived nearly all his life out of doors, and his deeply furrowed skin is evidence that he is well past the century mark. He has outlived nine wives Although 105, James Murray still works ten hours a day as gatekeeper at Trinity Ceme- tery, New York. Steady work lengthens life, he believes

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Electricians Start Fires to Learn How to Fight Them — in electrical transformers and oil- switches are not only spectacular, but exceedingly hard to put out. To determine the best extinguishers for such blazes, which are frequent because of the low temperature at which the oil may be ignited, the Pennsylvania Water & Power Company recently conducted a series of tests of various methods, including the ‘use of carbon tetrachloride, soda, water, sawdust, and sand. dust would extinguish an oil-switch fire, a miniature explosion that threw blaz- ing oil in all directions occurred when- ever the smallest portion fell into the oil- pots. The use of sand was not accom- panied by this danger, yet was just as effective in smothering the blaze. As a result of the tests, certain precau- tions were formulated. Foam and soda are both electrical conductors, and if either liquid is permitted to run over an insulator, Popular Science Monthly In each test, a fire was started Oil-switches were mounted in com- partments for the tests. At the left within the transformer or oil-switch, and allowed to burn unchecked for five minutes. Wood was added as fuel to increase the heat, for the pur- pose of making the test as severe as possible. How Extinguishers Acted When applied at fifty pounds pres- sure, four gallons of carbon tetra- chloride extinguished the fire in about ten seconds, but caused much smoke and flame. Carbon dioxide from the ordinary soda tanks also gave excellent re- sults. The stream was applied directly to the surface of the burning oil. Two two-and- one-half-gallon tanks extinguished the fire in eight seconds, while one tank required about twelve seconds. Water was effective, but when it was applied a flame twenty feet long, with clouds of smoke and steam, shot out of the transformer shell. Some oil was thrown out of the openings. A patent extinguisher similar in action to the soda apparatus in that it blankets the fire with carbon dioxide, put out the blaze in from fifteen to twenty seconds. It was found that while damp saw- is a fire on top of an oil-pot; at the right, a violent external blaze a “flash over” will follow. The trans- former must be disconnected before they are used. If an operator moves too close to the fire, the jet may con- duct the current to his body. A soda jet is an insulator after the stream is disintegrated into spray, but for a distance of forty-four inches from the nozzle the jet is solid and an ex- cellent conductor. A short circuit will also result from the use of wet sawdust or sand unless the apparatus is disconnected. Danger of Poison Gases Carbon tetrachloride is a good in- sulator, and its use is recommended in high-tension fires. There is dan- ger, however, in applying it in poorly ventilated locations. Tests made by the Bureau of Mines show that carbon tetrachloride will break down under certain conditions and generate the most deadly poison gases. Liquid extinguishers were introduced into the burning transformer through pipe connections, while external extinguishers were applied from an elevated platform If large quantities are used on a very hot fire in a_ confined space, the operator should use a gas-mask. Shell from Army’s New Gun Pierces Fourteen-Inch Plate IGHT million seven hundred thousand pounds of recoil energy, a force capable of tossing a two-thousand-ton freight loco- motive two feet in the air, must be ab- sorbed by the gun-carriage without a jar whenever the United States Army’s newest disappearing coast defence gun is fired. While the shell cannot be stopped at short ranges by fourteen inches of steel armor, the gun, which travels to the rear with equal force, is checked in less than five feet with so little vibration that the gun- pointer is able to keep the sights continu- ously on the target. The shock is absorbed by two closed cylinders partly filled with oil, flowing through narrow grooves in the piston- heads. The pistons move ver- tically, and are connected to the gun by a crosshead attached to the lower end of the gun-levers on which the piece is mounted. Scme of the initial force of recoil is utilized to lift a counterweight of 315 tons, which in turn serves to lift the gun from loading pcsition into battery. In tests of the army’s new sixteen-inch disappearing gun at the Aberdeen proving- grounds, the huge shell at the extreme left was fired through fourteen-inch steel armor plate. The roofed hous- ing—called the ‘‘barbette”— protects the gunners and deli- cate mechanism from shell fragments and bombs Janu i

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January, 1922 TO PATERSON AND JERSEY SUBURBS HUDSON RIVER “ 70 FEET DEEP — a es - ~~ HIGH-SPEED ELEVATORS ; _ CAPACITY 200 PASSENGERS A MINUTE MUD AND SILT 180 FEET DEEP OE OCS CLO me li: EEE LE LOLS BEE BENS BES TUNNEL TO CHAMBERS ST. 5O FEET SOLID BEDROCK TUNNEL UP WEST SHORE OF HUDSON TWIN TUBES 400 FEET BELOW SURFACE | Subways Four Hundred Feet Deep to Carry Commuters a Mile a Minute A REMARKABLE system of high-speed subways to be bored through solid rock at a great depth under New York City has been proposed by Reginald P. Bolton, noted consulting engineer, who asserts that the limitations of the present overciowded, shallow subways have been reached. At a depth of four hundred feet, the water from the rivers would not penetrate, and it would be un- necessary to work in compressed- air locks. The tracks would run on straight, level lines, irrespective of the course of the streets or the con- tour of the ground above, so that great speed and many economies in operation would be possible. Conditions would be ideal for operating express elevators at the stations at a speed of from eight hundred to a thousand feet a min- ute. From the island platforms, passengers would be whisked to the street in thirty seconds. The deep subways would radi- ate from Manhattan, serving the whole metropolitan population in New York and New Jersey, which is expected to total twenty million by1950. Heavier rolling stock anda speed of sixty miles an hour would be practical. Driving tunnels at this depth would not disturb sur- face traffic. Every detail of con- struction, ventilation, and opera- tion involved has already proved a practical success in other subways, tunnels, and mines

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Dried Food and Drink, Holding Original Flavor, Bid for First Place on Family Table Even Dehydrated Coffee, with Cream and Sugar, Is Possible AN-OPENER or water-faucet? Which is the housewife to find By James H. Collins It is such a pretty thing to play with on paper that writers the past most useful as an aid in pre- paring the family meals? Shall she continue to serve canned vege- tables, or shall she adopt the new dehydrated products now appearing on the market? As far as flavor goes there is very little difference. The best dehydrated food tastes almost exactly like fresh material. So do the best canned goods. In other respects dehydrated vege- tables possess many advantages; but to offset these is the fact that the American public is not accus- tomed to eating them. Habit and convenience will make the can- opener more useful than the hy- drant until a long series of adver- tising campaigns has educated the public in the use, and, it might be added, in the manufacture, of dried foodstuffs. Wholesale Weight Reduction With modern dehydrating proc- esses you can take a bushel of sweet potatoes weighing forty-six pounds and reduce it to ten pounds; a bushel of spinach weighing ten pounds shrinks to a little more than twelve ounces; a side of beef is so reduced in bulk that it can be shipped in one eighth the space re- quired for fresh meat. Eighty per cent of water can be eliminated from milk, so that it becomes fascinating to figure out the possible economies in weight, bulk, and freight charges. If a carload of fresh potatoes containing a thousand bushels and weighing thirty tons is dehydrated, it can be brought down to less than six tons—a load for a motor- truck. That saves freight, hauling, hand- ling, decay, eliminates the danger of freez- ing, leaves all the culls and skins in the CIRCULATING PUMP WATER-SUPPLY PIPE daily in these ovens. Thirty tons of dehydrated potato flour is produced dried mashed potatoes country. Every pound of potatces is net. The housewife does not have to throw peelings or nubbins away. The economists estimate that our national bill for freight and hauling is now something like ten billion dollars a year. Dehydration prom- ises to reduce it, as well as to save millions of pounds of perishable products which, from season to season, cannot be profitably marketed on account of car shortages, dis- tance, gluts, and other handicups. WIRE-SCREEN TRAYS VACUUM DRYING CHAMBER / HOT-WATER-PIPE SHELVING few years have been somewhat ex- uberant in picturing the revolu- tion ahead in food production, transportation, and consumption. But there is another side to the subject. Dehydration has its short- comings. The first of these is in the matter of quality. What ‘‘Consumer Habit’ Does Dehydration isn’t as easy as it looks. The war aroused wide- spread interest in its possibilities, but nine tenths of these war prod- he product is virtually ucts were inferior. They didn’t keep; had lost their flavor; wouldn’t “come back”’ when soaked in water. Since then, improved apparatus has been devised, with one new process based on an _ interesting new principle, so that really good dehydrated products can now be made—vegetables and fruits dried to the point where they can be sealed up and kept indefinitely; dried so that neither their flavor nor cell structure is impaired, and certain to ‘‘come back”’ perfectly when soaked in water. Even so, there remains a very serious drawback, and that is consumer habit—the partiality of people for the things they have always used and with which they are familiar. To illustrate this feeling, suppose dinner- time is coming on. Mrs. Housewife goes to the grocery. The grocer shows her two delicacies. He takes one of them out of a tin can. It looks like a dried mushroom. She is assured that, soaked in water, this will become a beautiful head of cauli- flower. But he also shows her a fresh head of cauliflower, ready to use, in all its attractiveness. One has to be soaked, WATER-COOLING PIPE VACUUM PUMP pinot ween are slowly dried on shelves, the heat, degree of vacuum, and percentage of moisture being carefully regulated. The period of drying varies with the vegetable and the size of the pieces into which it is cut Popular Science M. onthly - whic proac medi sugges in ca toma a far hydrs In hydrs ing f avera That and v expla! tions Del men, | coope: comm small comm handi club— tity on new ii sumer is a jo tising tising Pop has ce} the a drying fields. In t] ofa N. ing in was s| store o Powde newest it, not bean, t such as -then p; Paratus chambe evapor: Partic’e powder put in ately be even ha it if d

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January, 1922 ONCENTRATING TANK Rrevcicil (cnet VALVE OPENING CAM DESICCATING CHAMBER COLLECTOR FOR LIGHTER PARTICLES The solution ¥ CONVEYOR WIT | 3} HEATER | | SCRAPER BARS epee we \) HEAVIE \ Ss it e- 8, Milk is dehydrated by being sprayed into a heated chamber so that it is dried almost instantly. The powdered product . is scraped from the heated walls of the chamber by moving bars, and is delivered automatically to the bolting-sieves i which takes time, and the dinner-hour ap- orange-juice, which, stirred in water, turns out dehydrated potatoes, carrots, ms proaches. The other is ready to cook im- was exactly like juice from the fresh fruit; turnips, onions, rutabagas, spinach, string- ee: mediately. The fresh head of cauliflower and dried lemon-juice, which made a_ beans, a vegetable soup, and a “New En- in suggests dishes, while the dehydrated stuff lemonade that one would never have gland dinner.’’ It also dehydrates peaches, a4 in cans and boxes does not. If she wants suspected of passing through anything pears, apricots, apples, and prunes. : tomatoes, too, for supper, the can-opener is more complicated than a lemon-squeezer. New York’s transit plans for the next ~ a familiar proposition, while soaking de- Grape juice, milk, yeasts, enzymes, twenty-five years are laid out on a scale to . hydrated tomatoes is not. rennet—these are all dehydrated and _ take care of a city of 8,000,000 to 10,000,- be In other words, selling the housewife de- furnished in powder form. Pectin is 000 people. To-day, New York draws its ly hydrated foods is an educational job, call- that peculiar chemical agent in fruit juices milk supply from a radius of 200 to 300 es ing for time and money, something the that puts the “‘jell’’ in the jelly. It can be miles. As it grows, the problem of getting es average retail grocer cannot undertake. extracted from apples, oranges, and other _ sufficient fresh milk from surrounding ter- tly That is the job of the dehydrating concerns, fruits, dehydrated and powdered. The _ ritory will become difficult. and will necessitate a large expenditure for sulphide liquor from paper mills, formerly of New York’s future milk problem may be - explanatory advertising and demonstra- a troublesome waste, is now dehydrated dehydration—powdered milk—milk minus S tions to housewives. and used by the molder in foundries, as well . its 87 per cent of water, light, creamy, and of as for road-making and other purposes. with long-keeping quality. stb A Job for Business Men It is along these lines that dehydration When dehydration first began to attract hey is being applied most successfully to-day, attention, it was thought of as a substitute Dehydration is a business for business and out of the industrial advances of the for canning. Many striking comparisons wet men, rather than one for growers to gointo art successful applications will probably be were made, showing the saving in bulk, s to cooperatively, or to be established by a made to soil products. freight, tins, spoilage, and so forth of de- two community seeking new industries. The Better apparatus h&s been developed, hydrated over canned products. of a small plant operated by farmers, or on a_ along with more skill and knowledge. In —_ community basis, would be under thesame such processes as that of drying by moist | Dehydration Prevents Waste of Food this handicaps in its output as the girls’ canning heat—which sounds paradoxical, doesn’t vuli- club—that is, lack of standards and quan- it?—the industry will probably develop. But to-day it looks as though this new ead tity output. In the present state of this The possibilities are alluring. specialty would be an extension of the can- he new industry, the work of showing con- The other day a California company ning industry instead. The process lends ? sumers how to use the unfamiliar novelties, is a job for experienced sales and adver- tising experts, backed by liberal adver- tising appropriations. Popular interest in dehydration shipped its first carload of pumpkin flour to Eastern markets, a product made by de- hydrating pumpkins and drying them into flour. Besides pumpkin flour, this concern itself to products that are not canned on a large scale, such as potatoes, cabbage, tur- nips, onions, beets, carrots, and parsnips. The canner has steam, machinery for peeling and slicing, his trained has centered on farm crops. But the actual growth in scientific drying today is found in industrial fields. In the experimental laboratory of a New York engineer specializ- ing in dehydration, the writer was shown a miniature drug- store of interesting new products. Are You, Too, Learning to ‘‘Listen in by Radio’’? The following letter is typical of scores received from our readers workers, his contracts with grow- ers. It was thought that any sur- plus of fresh stuff that could not be handled during the canning season might be dehydrated and later soaked back and canned. Five to ten million pounds of potatoes are dumped in New York City alone annually, while it “THE EDITOR, Popular Science Monthly: “The feature on wireless that appeared in your November issue certainly hit the mark. ' “Five minutes before reading the article, the writer knew nothing of wireless, except that it existed for the benefit of ships in distress. Now he knows better, for he is the owner of a new receiving-set, purchased soon after your article appeared, which is dispensing joy to the e- tire household, as well as to the neighborhood. “JOHN SIMPSON, ‘52-58 Duane Street, New York City.” Powdered coffee was one of his newest achievements. He made it, not by pulverizing the coffee bean, but by brewing good coffee such as you like at breakfast, and -then passing it through an ap- paratus that sprayed it into a chamber where heat instantly evaporated the water, the solid Partic'es of the brew falling as powder tothe floor. This powder, put in hot water again, immedi- ately became coffee, and one could even have the milk and sugar in It if desired. There was dried — is estimated that 54 per cent of the output of fresh fruits and vegetables go to waste in this country every year. Dehydration will eliminate that waste—tech- nically. But the better a new product or idea, very often, the more slowly it grows. Canning was first brought to this country in 1821, but it took twenty years to apply it to one product, oysters. U'timately dehydration will be of untold benefit to the farmer as well as the public, but its promo- tion is the important task now.

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Popular Science Monthly £VF +) Ay Fad law Checking a Freight-Car with One Hand OAL-CARS are loaded without ridges or hollows, and the movement of the car under the coal-tipple is in perfect control at all times at mines where the car-retarder illustrated is part of the loading equipment. As the cars run by gravity under the tipple, they are checked by a cable wound on a pony brake operated by a Jine running over pulleys to the point where the loader stands beside the coaling chute. The apparatus is mounted on a post twelve feet high set out- sidetheshed. — Simple as the arrangement appears, now that it has been invented by J. J. Ross, the device means uniform loading, easier work, and increased safety. It is no longer necessary to rely on the notoriously poor hand-brakes of the freight-car, nor for the loader to get out of the car, start it moving with a pinch-bar, and jump back on again to set the brakes. PURE ¢arbon is transparent to X-rays; mineral matter is opaque. By taking X-ray photographs of lumps of coal, it is possible to get accurate knowledge of bands of dirt and other impurities in the mine seams that could not otherwise be discovered with chemical analysis. Giant Beetle from Honduras OW in the National Museum at Wash- ington is this enormous beetle, a native of Honduras. It is five inches long and nearly three inches wide and is the largest beetle found in the tropics so far as is known. It has no rival in size in the United States, although it belongs to the same family as the well-known June bug. Entomologists have classified eighty-five distinct families of Coleoptera—the scien- tific name for beetles. © Harris & Ewing The gigantic size of the Honduras beetle is indicated by the man’s fingers beside it Tree Still Grows on This Indiana Courthouse Roof HE famous tree on the roof of the court- house of Greensburg, Indiana, is still flourishing. Originally there were two trees, but one blew down in a storm. The tree depicted has been growing in this elevated location for fifty years, its small size being due to the fact that there is little nourishment for growth; but year after year the tiny amount of soil in the stone roof keeps the plant alive. Dynamite Tested by Miniature Explosions in Cylinder [‘ a laboratory of a prominent powder manufacturer stands a massive cylinder with a door at one end resembling the breach-block of a modern big gun. On top of the cylinder is a device that looks like a steam-engine indicator. The machine is a pressure gage for testing dynamite. A small charge of dynamite is placed in- side the cylinder and exploded. The in- dicator on top registers the pressure on a revolving card, the final curve showing how violently the combustion occurred. After the detonation, samples of the gas are drawn from the inside of the cylinder. This is analyzed to see that the by-product gases would not be injurious to workers in mines and confined places. Automobile Makes Jump of More than Eighty-One Feet ' URLING his machine clear of the road for a distance of eighty-one feet six inches, Jack Fox is believed to have estab- lished a new world’s record for automobile jumps. The leap was made by building two run- ways eighteen feet long and about two feet high at the farther end, the runways being placed in the middle of a-concrete road as illustrated. The car was driven up this take-off at a speed of seventy miles an hour, and flew eighty-one feet six inches before striking the road again. The automobile used in this feat weighs approximately twenty-four hundred pounds, and such a jump is the severest possible test of the springs. These stood the strain admirably. No special bracing was installed, and after the jump the car was driven back.to town without repairs or adjustments of any sort. FLYING at forty miles an hour, a carrier- pigeon, owned by S. Uprichard, covered the 228 miles between Washington and New York in four hours and fifty-eight minutes—one hour slower than the railroad expresses. Manhattan Had Cliff-Dwellers ISCOVERY has been made of several caves in upper Manhattan where it is believed the Indians made their homes in the cliffs. : The picture shows one of the most desir- able of those early New York flats. Through the assortment of relics that were found, it is safe to assume that the Indians of the cliffs wove their own cloth and made tools, baskets, also many household decorations. Ruins discovered in New York City would indicate that cave-dwellers once lived there nual! the | On | 110,( try |} work The b

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ad 31x ib- ile In- eet ing his ur, ‘ore ghs red rest ood cing car ‘S$ or rier- ered and ight road rs veral it is es in lesir- flats. were dians and ehold January, 1922 Guard for Chiselers Is Attached to the Hand A GUARD to protect the face and eyes of the worker while operating a pneumatic chisel has been invented by Isak O. Torkelson, of New Brighton, New York. The de- vice includes a strip which fas- tens about the bottom of the hand and carries a shield which has a glass window inserted in it, through which the edge of the chisel may be seen and guided while cutting. The danger to the face and eyes of chiselers from flying chips is eliminated by the use of this device. The guard is also a useful one for those using any kind of hand tools on brittie material. ACCORDING to figures compiled by the Smithsonian Institution, the United States is making use of 150,000,000 horsepower an- nually. This is equivalent to the labor of three billion slaves. seat through a trapdoor. Sleeping Quarters for the Truck Crew OR relief drivers a bedroom above the cab makes this truck pile up the miles on its overnight trips between Chicago and Detroit. A sleepy man isn’t going to get the most mileage out of his gasoline, and by adding this cabin, the owners have utilized what was wasted space for the comfort of the crew. The cabin contains one bed similar to a ship’s berth. It is reached by climbing a ladder placed at the right of the driver’s A man has only room to lie down, but it is far more comfortable to sleep in a real bed than to snatch forty winks in a seat at the driver’s elbow. Electric Toothbrush for Home RUSHES of the standard dental type mounted in a flexible shaft driven by a small electric motor operating on the lighting circuit, enable the teeth to be cleaned as thoroughly in the home every morning as they are at the end of the semi-annual visit to the dentist. In principle the novelty illus- trated #s exactly the same as the electric’ toothbrushes used in the dentist’s chair. The im- provements simply enable it to be operated by a child cr person without mechanical knowledge. Individual toothbrushes are in- serted in a friction clutch, and the speed is controlled by the pressure of the thumb. HEADACHES can be cured with a button. Not a special button, but the ordinary variety, of any shape or color the sufferer may happen to haveathand. “Simply place “it in the mouth and the On this basis each one of the 110,000,000 people in this coun- try has thirty mechanical slaves working for him. BRITISH experts have estimated that the known available coal- fields insure an adequate supply for the normal needs of the world for four thousand years. pain will soon disappear,” de- clares one of the professors in a well-known medical school in Massachusetts. Spading Tractor Burns Little Fuel N tests that were made at Rockford, Illinois, of the spading tractor shown below, which is of Swedish invention, the fuel consumption was found to be less than a gallon of kerosene an acre. Besides this economy in fuel, the tractor spaded three acres of land sixteen inches deep in one hour. The spades work by reciprocating levers operated by cams on the rear axle, which is chain driven. There are four strokes in each cycle, and the spades are arranged in batteries four deep, so that the digging action is continuous and every foot of the ground over which the tractor passes is dug up. The spades are hinged, and the final motion tosses the clod into the air, so that it falls into the furrow with the rich undersoil on top. The blades dig into the ground, lift the turf, and toss it so that it lands bottom up in the furrow Is This the West’s Oldest Automobile? Bgl how old this automobile is, no one is quite sure. Its owner, O. J. Stough, of San Diego, California, who is one hundred and three years old himself, thinks he drove it in 1881, but his memory may be at fault. Some of the engine parts are _ marked 1897, which makes the car at least twenty-five years old. Any one who remembers when the Mobile Company of Amer- ica was prominent in the manufacture of automobiles can help to date this old-timer, which is a relic of the days when automobiles were really “‘horseless carriages,’’ and shows the progress made by the second largest industry in the United States during a short quarter of a century. He remembers driving this horseless carriage in 1881. Engine parts prove the car is at least twenty-five years old

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38 Shade for the Desert Motorist OSSIBLY this umrella was made for a lowly horse-drawn vhicle, but in motor- ing through the deserts of the West it does not pay to be too proud, and the wise tour- ists include it in their kit. It takes up comparatively little room in the tonneau, and when a tire must be pumped up or engine repairs made in a temperature of 130 degrees in the shade, a cotton umbrella is worth its weight in gold. It Must Be like Bathing in a Telephone-Booth ATHROOMS are by no means common in European houses, and a German is trying to market a portable cabinet for combination shower, tub, and vapor baths. As the photograph shows, he has made it ornamental, so that it may be placed in any room in the house. When the tenant moves to another tubléss house, his little bathing- booth goes with him. Permanent connections can be made with water-pipes, or a hose connection will In Europe, being used ortable cabinets are or bathrooms, which are a rarity do. Used with a kerosene or an alcohol heater, steam may be generated for a vapor bath, and the bath is equipped with an apron to concentrate this steam upon the bather, when he has all the sensations of trying to get a party-line tall in a tele- phone-booth on a warm day. Could They Build a House from the Roof Down? LEVER rigging and an adaptation of house-wrecking methods, enabled builders in Bridgeton, New Jersey, to re- place a section of a stone column which had been damaged. The weight of the portico was supported by two upright beams resting on jacks. To prevent the upper sections of the column from falling, wooden beams were clamped around the stone by inch and a half bolts, and ropes were used to make this fastening more secure. A second set of jacks was placed beneath. The damaged section was then cut out. For a time the column seemed to be resting on thin air. The jack in the gap of the stonework is not necessary, but was put in to avoid all possibility of accident while the new section was being slipped into place. Without this arrangement of jacks, it would have been impossible-to repair the column without pulling down the building. Making Real Rubies N the Heller laboratories in Paris there are chemists who are able to accomplish in a few hours what nature requires thou- sands of years to complete. It was after years of experimenting, that M. Werneuil produced in his own laboratory a genuine ruby. Since then not only rubies, but many tinted sapphires also have been made. That they are the real article, as perfect as nature’s precious stones, is proved, and they answer to every known test.. They contain exactly the same substances as natural gems, and are subjected to mechanical forces that are similar to those employed by nature in her laboratory underground. Popular Science Monthly A One-Man, One-Rail Barrow ORKERS on railroad right-of-ways in America use a small one-rail truck for the conveyance of rails and other ma- terial, the truck having handles at either end by which two men can pull and stabil- ize it. In Europe, where greater economies are necessary, this one-man truck has been brought out, and its stability and motive power on the single rail may be maintained by one man using a six-foot pole. The box with which it is fitted in the illustration, may be taken off for a load of rails. The box has sloping sides to centralize a weight of loose material, but so great is the lever- age of the long pole that this is only a small advantage. Making a Handful of Fuel Heat a Room NOTHER contrivance contributed to alleviate suffering from the cold in Europe this winter, when coal will be scarce and dear, is this little ‘“‘quick hot oven” which a small handful of wood and one coal-dust briquette are said to make formidable against cold temperature in a medium-sized room in not more than five minutes. The “stovette’’ is used alone, or reenforces a regular coal-heater when it is connected (for a draft) with the stove door, the per- A handful of fuel in this three-tube stove is said to heat a room in five minutes forated square of metal being provided to fit over the open door. The hot gases cir- culate up one of the outer sheet-iron tubes, down another and then make their escape out the bent center one, in the meantime having yielded most of their heat, which is radiated in the room. I fuel pass and gas : plan po | It is jobs do a cure wert one: will spar isn driv on 1

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1] tO ye ot 1d ce ve T- January, 1922 Plane’s Fuel Cost only Two Cents a Mile HE Fokker monoplane illustrated is be- lieved to hold the record for economical! fuel consumption. It recently carried five passengers 228 miles between Washington and New York at a cost of $5.80 for gas and oil. This machine is one of the commercial planes that is being widely developed in Europe. The passengers are carried in an enclosed limousine body, and every effort is made to streamline the entire car to re- duce air resistance and fuel consumption. The gasoline tank, for example, is carried in the interior of the metal wing. The maxi- mum speed is 110 miles an hour, and the car- rying capacity five passengers and the pilot. Screwdriver Fits Every Head A CIRCULAR pocket screwdriver no larger than a quarter, designed to be carried on the key-ring, has a graduated edge that makes it fit screws of every size. (Ni I\ This circular pocket screwdriver has a graduated edge It is meant for a handy tool for emergency jobs around the house or automobile and to do away with the use of knives and mani- cure scissors for purposes for which they were not intended. One-Wheeled Tractor Turns in Its Own Length [DESIGNED to plow between the rows of vines in cultivating a vineyard, this- one-wheeled tractor of French invention will turn in its own length and work in a space only five feet wide. The single wheel is run by an ordinary gasoline motor, and is steered by a gear wheel turned by the driver, which engages with a circular rack on the inside of the horizontal ring. Recovering Coal from Ash Waste PLLECTROMAGNETIC machinery has proved more efficient in recovering coal and coke from the ash residue taken from hard-coal furnaces than the mechanical separation processes previously in vogue. The electrical process is dry and is based on the magnetic properties of slag. Almost all coals contain iron compounds, mostly in the form of pyrite, which are converted into magnetic iron oxides by the process of combustion. After sifting the residues they are intro- duced into a rotating drum separator com- prising electromagnets. While any mag- netic parts—coal and coke—are thrown off the drum, the slags are kept back by the strong magnets until they enter the non- magnetic zone, where they in their turn are dropped. The consumption of electrical energy is only about one kilowatt for each ton of gross slag. What Do You Want to Know? “Questions and Answers” service inaugurated by Popular Science Monthly is conducted for the sole purpose of supplying its readers with information on specific questions in science. A number of | actual questions with their answers | | will be found in this issue on | page 26, 39 No More Lost :Golf-Balls Unless You Play Badly Ces of the latest design have pockets for balls, with padlocks attached. When the lock is open, the pocket may be opened full length by one downward stroke of the hand. The hasp No more golf-balls lost from golf- bags if this neat-looking padlocked case is used holds the patented slider in place. The slider slips down easily, displaying all the balls inside and providing a sufficient opening for the choice of a ball. Then with another sweep of the hand, the slider closes. A FLYING swarm of locusts may be fifty miles in length, and so dense that the sun is hidden. Even at noonday the country becomes dark as night. An Alarm-Clock that Solves the Servant Problem HENEVER Walter Smith, of Frank- ford, Pennsylvania, wants to get up in the morning (meaning, of course, when he has to), the alarm-clock calls him out of bed. But that is only one of the things the clock does. At the same time the clock turns on the bedroom light and starts a fire beneath the kettle. As soon as the water boils, the kettle automatically tips and pours it into the waiting teapot. The drip from the kettle puts out the fire. When Smith is dressed, his breakfast is waiting for him, and all he has to do is to remember to wind the clock and fill the teapot.

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Popular Science Monthly A Human Repair Shop In reconstruction hospital, damaged limbs are restored by mechanical devices Rs roy Above: As the crippled hand re- sponds to _ treat- ment, daily prog- ress is charted by placing the arm on this board and marking the angle or crookedness of the bent fingers Se EE . xe ee PRES Be ca a a Ss oo 5 Above: The wrist- loosening device. The stiff hand is held on the wood- en strip on the wheel as the pa- tient endeavors to turn it, the exer- tion gradually flex- ing the wrist Above: The mechanical room, where the patient goes for final treatment after the injured mem- ber has been repeatedly massaged and baked in an electric oven. this room are machines In for loosening muscles of the finger, thigh, knee-joint, and ankle At the left: A finger-flexing ma- chine which the wrist is strapped and a series of weights attached to the fingers. By moving his fingers, only slightly at first, the weights straighten out the muscles and comprising a board tp restore the hand to use Automobile Top Is a Motor-Boat The top is detached and converted into a motor-boat by placing a ‘*kicker’’ engine on one end a ew the pleasure of motoring along the banks of a beautiful river is lost if you are unable to push off in a boat and go sailing—at least, so thinks John A. Cowan, president of the Kansas City Con- servatory of Music. To enable the auto- mobilist to go motor-boating whenever the fancy strikes him, he has invented a camp automobile with a removable top that can be converted into a motor-boat. Arriving on the banks of a stream, one man can slide the top off on its rollers and carry it to the water. A detachable motor furnishes the power. Mr. Cowan is a great believer in comfort on the road, for his auto-camp is equipped with a hot- and cold- water supply as well as a boat. On board ship considerable trouble results when rats eat away the insulation on the electrical wires. To meet the situation, one manufacturer of wire mixed rat poison with a rubber compound that is used to rubberize the tape wound on the con- ductors. This scheme was very effective. Machine Makes Ice at Home in One Minute TILIZING the drop in temperature which is produced when water is evaporated in a vacuum, a French inven- tion enables ice to be made in one minute in the home with a hand-operated machine which a child may run. Turning the wheel slowly for one minute produces about half a pound of ice in the container at the left. A measured quantity of water is placed in the container. The 7 cylinder at the right is a standard air pump, oper- ated by hand or by an electric motor. The larger flask in the center is filled with concen- trated sulphuric acid, and the smaller bottle is One minute after the pump of the ice-making set is started, the water is converted into ice ‘eue CACID a catch basin to prevent the acid from being carried accidentally into the pump. When the vacuum is produced the water starts to boil away, and the water vapor given off is absorbed by the acid as fast as it is formed. The water is really boiling, only, in this case the heat necessary to produce water vapor is absorbed from the water itself instead of being supplied by a ; stove. For every centi- gram of water evapo- rated, 80 calories of heat are absorbed. Before the water in the con- tainer is half ‘“‘boiled” away, the temperature of the remainder has become so low that it freezes. This method of mak- The homemade _ ; ; — - , SS ae 6 especially pends on the at- traction of sul- phuric acid for suited to the needs of a small family, but with a larger apparatus, oper- ated by a motor-driven vacuum pump, hotels or large restaurants may supply their pa- trons with ice-water for which the ice was frozen in the water-bottle. As the ice is made from pure water and does not come in contact with dirty hands, tools or con- tainers, it remains thoroughly sanitary. water vapor AT last, a real solder for aluminum is reported from England, said to make all the usual solder repairs and to produce a union stronger than the surrounding metal. The parts should be slightly roughed with a file, heated, tinned with the special solder, and then joined. The joint may be quenched in cold water as soon as it has set ~ oh

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January, 1922 ‘ es The grain-despatcher at his desk con- trols every operation that goes on within the elevator One Million Pounds of Grain an Hour MERICA’S most modern grain-elevator situated at Locust Point, near Balti- more, has a remarkable rec- ord of handling 52,000,000 bushels a year. The eleva- tor itself holds 2,500,000 Sissies: dine “4 sx bushels. It is equipped with elevator for grain, two huge _ ‘ - i : the latest belt-conveyors, spouts are lowered so that their ends enter the hatches and the : Oak pe dust preventives, and weigh- deluge of grain commences. mt. a . : Grain-elevators are purposely N ; 4 ? Ing machines. Over 7500 built high so that the grain may “oi. horse-power of _ electrical be run by gravity into the ships | ; or cars energy is required to operate Photographs © Ewing Galloway & 4 ‘ | Lie ae ti the machinery Grain pouring through a chute on to a belt- conveyor. The con- veyor may take the grain to a near-by ship or to waiting strings of box-cars In lifting grain, this elevator is lowered until These men are stationed at scales that weigh its end is buried in the grain. Then revolving the bulk of grain as it is emptied into or taken buckets lift the grain to other conveyors from the steel bins shown at the right

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Elastic Key-Ring Chain Made of Steel Tes key-ring chain is made of steel and is apparently of the usual length and size, but if necessary it will stretch to the length of a man’s arm. The links are formed of little coils of piano wire, which are strong enough to prevent the keys from being lost, and yet sufficiently elastic to permit the key-ring on its chain to be used as readily as a single key held in the hand. Sanitary Telephone Mouthpiece grein moistened with antiseptic fluid destroy every germ near this sani- tary telephone mouthpiece, so that it may be used in safety even during epidemics. The hinged cover is connected with the receiver hook by chain and lever and opens whenever the telephone is used so that the disinfectant has a large active surface. Replacing the receiver closes the cover tightly and keeps the pad moist. Stilts Take Place of Ladders in Fig Orchards EN who take the fruit from the tops of fig-trees in California go about their work on light. triangular stilts, on which they also walk from tree to tree. The lattice form with its broad bearing surface on the ground makes it easy for the picker to balance himself, and enables him to lean far forward to gather the figs in the center of the tree. The women use a light platform mounted upon bicycle wheels to gather the fruit from the lower branches. As the figs are picked they are placed in light boxes with cardboard sections so that the fruit will not be bruised by undue jolting on the way to the market. Monoplane Flying-Boat Sets Altitude Record PLOrTED by David McCulloch, this Loening monoplane flying-boat rising over Port Washington, Long Island, reached an official altitude of 19,500 feet, the record for hydro-airplanes. Four passengers were carried during the flight, which was made to demonstrate carrying capacity rather than to determine the “‘ceiling’”’ of the plane. While the record is not remarkable compared with that of land planes with their present record of 40,800 feet, it is a noteworthy performance in view of the fact that passengers were carried. Further- more, the record was made without the -use of superchargers and oxygen tanks usually considered essential in high-altitude work. ( Since the altitude record was made, this plane has flown from Philadelphia to New York with four passengers at a speed of 171 miles an hour. Popular Science Monthly An Improved Buckle for Tying Packing-Boxes UICKER packing and better appear- ance are secured by an improved buckle provided with an attachment to which shipping-tags can be fastened without the use of string. The inventor, George R. Thurman, of St. Louis, worked as a department-store packer. Fiber boxes fastened by a strap and buckle were used to pack small articles, and he noticed that the containers returned with from six to eight inches cf string left, tied to the strap. The waste of string and the loss of time occasioned by cutting off the ragged ends, led him to invent a buckle with a clip inside and a stiff spring to hold the shipping-tag in place after the clip was slipped through the eye of the tag. The inventor believes that where this buckle is in use packers can ship 20 per cent more material, since the loss of time previously spent in slipping the string through the eye of the tag, under the strap, and then tying a knot is elimi- nated. The value of the string saved will pay for the improved buckles. Water-Level Indicator Makes Verbal Reports | panel with a phonograph attachment, the mechanical water-level indicator illustrated makes verbal reports over the telephone to the engineer in charge. This is accomplished by synchronizing the phonograph with the level-recording ap- paratus. As the float in the reservoir rises and falls, the tone-arm of the phonograph is moved laterally over the record so that it will give the correct reading when the needle comes into contact with the disk. The bell-ringing currents of the tele- phone start the clockwork going, which lowers the needle to the record and lifts it off again after the report is made. The record has space for two hundred readings, which announce the height of the water in percentages from empty to full. ee ee. oe ete ke ot ee A Oe! =) - eet ot eS lll COM lClULLtlUrtlef To = ee BS

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January, 1922 43., Every-Day Wonders ‘Ten Questions about Familiar Things—Can You Answer Them? Eo month Popular Science Monthly pub- lishes ten interesting questions that sound simple and easy for anybody to answer. are they> See whether you really know the ~ scientific secrets back of these wonders of your daily life. But Follow this feature regularly and you will find yourself picking up a great fund of useful and fascinating information about the world around you—the sort of knowledge, in fact, that makes for greater success in |:fe. 1. Why is it easy to drink from:a bottle through a nar- row straw? 2. What happens when a fuse ‘“‘blows’’ ? 3. Why does the alcohol that you put in your automobile radiator in winter produce the desired effect ? 4. How does a doctor’s ther- mometer work ? 5. What makes a person far- sighted.? 6. Why is foam white ? 7. What instrument is used instead of the ordinary com- pass in a submarine ? Answers to these questions appear below 8. What is air composed of? | How much air does the aver- age person breathe in one minute ? 9. What are the essentials in a good tooth-powder or -paste ? 10. Of what substance is a pho- tographic film made? What happens to it when a picture is taken ? | Take Five Minutes a Day to Master These A-B-C’s of Science Drinking with a Straw When a narrow straw is inserted into ¢ a bottle and suction is applied to the end of the straw, the atmosphere at fifteen pounds pressure to the square inch forces the liquid outside the straw down and then up into the partial vacuum created inside the straw, thus producing a steady flow. Why Fuses Blow 2 When an electric current flows through *a wire it makes the wire warm. Different materials resist the flow to different extents and are accordingly heated to different degrees. Fuse-wire is made of an alloy containing a large pro- portion of lead, which gets very warm when large currents pass through it. Furthermore, since this alloy melts easily, the current, if large enough, may cause the fuse-wire to melt. Wherever current is being consumed in the house or factory, a piece of fuse-wire is put somewhere in the circuit. If through accident or design too much current should be used, the fuse-wire will melt, or, as it is usually described, “‘blow,’’ and stop the flow of current before the copper wire inside the walls can heat up and set fire to the house. Alcohol in the Radiator Water freezes at 32° F. But alcohol ® doesnot freeze until—202° F. is reached. By mixing alcohol with the water the freezing temperature of the mixture is con- siderably reduced. What Is a Clinical Thermometer? A doctor’s clinical thermometer con- * sists of a thin stem of glass with a capillary opening throughout its length, sealed at one end and terminating at the other end in a bulb filled with mercury. The action of the medical thermometer, like the household thermometer, is based upon the principle of the expansion of mercury when heated. The tube of the clinical thermometer is usually restricted near the bottom so as to impede the return flow of the mercury column. This is done to give sufficient time to make the reading. Cause of Farsightedness Farsightedness is caused by an ab- ® normal flatness of the lens of the eye or a defect of the eyeball that increases the focal length of the lens and causes paral- lel rays from a distant object to come to a focus beyond the retina. Why Is Foam White? 6 Foam when examined through a lens * or microscope, appears to be a mass of small bubbles. Now picture to yourself thousands and thousands of tiny water bubbles all throwing the rays of light back from their surfaces till the rays diffuse. The result is an appearance of white. It should be understood that only when viewed in white light will foam appear white. If viewed in blue or green light, the foam would look blue or green respectively. _ Chart the Ancestry of | Your Children O what extent are the lives of your children— their mental and physical | inheritance—influenced by | their progenitors > | Bring out the family album! The quaint por- | traits hidden there can be combined into a picture- chart of the children’s an- cestry. Turn to page 67 and study the genetic chart of AlexanderGraham Bell’s three grandchildren. Compasses in Submarines Gyro compasses are used in sub- © marines in place of the usual magnétic compasses. This change is made neces- sary because of the action upon magnetic compasses of near-by masses of metal. A gyro compass is really a spinning top of large mass that starts rotating with its axis pointing toward true north.. Due to the tendency of spinning bodies to main- tain their axis of rotation unaffected by external forces, the gyro compass is not affected by metallic objects or by motion. Composition of Air Air consists of a mixture of various ® gases in the usual proportion of one part of oxygen to about four parts of nitro- gen. It also contains small quantities of argon, helium, and other rare gases, car- bon dioxide, aqueous vapor, nitric acid, ammonia, ozone, etc. The average person breathes between 18 and 20 times a minute, inhaling at each breath-taking about 20 cubic inches of air. Essentials of Good Tooth-Paste 9 Good tooth-powder or tooth-paste * should be antiseptic and _ slightly alkaline. For daily use, chalk powder free from grit is preferable. For the removal of accumulations of tartar, fine pumice may be used. The antiseptic—boric acid, sodium perborate if of powder, and lister- ine, etc., if of paste—should not irritate. Making Photographic Films 10 A photographic film is made of * camphor, cotton, and acids that are combined to form a celluloid strip. On this strip is spread a layer of sensitive material, usually silver bromide or chloride. As the picture is taken, the light reflected from the objects in the field of the lens strikes the sensitized surface and oxidizes the silver compound. When the exposed strip is immersed in the proper chemicals for development, the portions that were affected by the light turn dark.

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Popular Science Monthly

How to Find Whether You Have a Movie Face

From their wide ex- perience with thou- sands of persons, motion-picture ~di- rectors have dis- covered that cer- tain rules of facial proportion are es- sential if the actress is to photograph successfully in her film career

As measured with a triangle and rule, the nose should not protrude more than three fourths of an inch from the face

At the left an ap- plicant is being measured to see if the distance be- tween her eyes is exactly equal to one eye, as it should be. The distance from the point of the chin to the base of the nose must equal the dis- tance from the tip of the nose to a point exactly be- tween the eyebrows

The lines formed by both sides of the chin should form an obtuse angle when viewed from a point directly in front

i ¥ 2% aw -_ se Wonscied ij - ~

The mouth when smiling or laugh- ing should never be more than a fifth larger than the mouth in re- pose. This ‘“‘before and after’’ cal- culation is made with calipers

BRIDGE crossing the Salt River in California has perhaps nabbed the record for the longest stretch of con- crete girders between sup- ports, with its measurement of 142 feet between the centers. The girder type of bridge was constructed at this point be- cause of the greater clearance and lower cost, also because the salt fogs coming from the Pacific in this region would destroy steel construction. Each span consists of two girders twelve feet in depth. These girders carry floor- beams at twenty-inch inter-

vals, and between the flocr- beams five inches of concrete is carried on nine by twenty inch _ reenforced concrete str:ngers. These stringers are placed at the third point of the floor-beams. Main sections of the girder are seven inches thick and enlarge to twenty- four inches at the top and eighteen inches at the bottom. Pilasters opposite the floor- beams step up to a maximum width of thirty inches, with a thickness of eighteen inches. The steel is continuous over the center pier and no expan- sion joint is provided there.

Above: The under construction of the bridge show- ing floor beams and stringers Left: The bridge as viewed from a distance. After the forms were set, it required but eight days to pour all the concrete for the — entire structure

2

Whirling Germs from Water (ous weigh very little. Fifty billion bacteria of average size weigh about as much as a common pin, but if it were possible to weigh a solid mass of germs, they would weigh more than water. Advantage is taken of this fact in sepa- rating germs from culture media in pre- paring antitoxins. Any filter small enough to keep back the germs would barely pass the liquid in which they live, but by using a centrifugal machine the germs can be readily collected.

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eo os ect J Qn oO <& 2. oF

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——— January, 1922 Automobile Operates Traveling Merry-Go-Round See young machinists who have turned showmen—Messrs. Bloom and Hicks— have devised an ingenious automobile drive for the traveling merry-go-round. After they are through with their auto- mobile for transportation purposes, the boys set their car on an improvised wooden jack so that the rear wheels are completely clear of the ground. This jack contains a reduction gear countershaft with two large Merry-go-round is driven from mo- tor-car mctor-truck sprocket wheels fastened to the extremities cf the shaft, one at each outer end. A chain is run between these and two small sprockets permanently fastened on to the hubs of the two rear wheels. The car is anchored to a stake by a turn- buckle and stay-bolts, thus enabling the operator to take up or let out slack in the transmission cable running from the car to the merry-go-round, this latter being placed about a grooved iron wheel attached to the outside cf one of the large spreckets on the countershaft. The machine is run in high gear all the time when at full speed, and is operated just as is done when driving along the high- way. When the engine is making about eight hundred revolutions, the merry-go-round is making its regular number of nine. Matchbox Carries Ashtray 4 ig be larger than the usual metal match- box, this model has a little drawer that can be used as an ashtray. The sides are hinged so that they may be folded against the body of the box with the ashes inside, and emptied when an opportunity presents itself. The new matchbox, when closed, looks like a small book. The device should appeal to the ex- tremely neat and courteous smoker who does not like to scatter ashes on his hostess’s carpet or over the upholstery of her limousine. Cranks Propeller in Midair when Engine Dies HEN his motor stalled while he was flying two thousand feet in the air, Weseley May, a pilot of Long Beach, Cali- fornia, crawled out on the fuselage and cranked the propeller while his plane dived toward an apparently fatal crash. This is the first time this feat has been accomplished. The picture shows the aviator demonstrating how it was done. If May had not been a man of unusual strength, it would have been impossible for him to turn over the engine from his inse- cure position astraddle the radiator, and it was very lucky for him that the propeller stopped in such a position that he was able to reach one of the blades. Letter Strips of Aluminum Teach Children to Write TRIPS of aluminum in which the letters of the script alphabet have been in- cented by a stamping machine make it easy for a child or an adult learning to write to obtain some preliminary practice in forming the letters without instruction. The pupil follows the lines of the sunken letter with a pencil until the muscles of the fingers have become accustomed to make the movements necessary in writing. Then the aluminum strip is placed on the side of the pad, where its letters serve as a model. Flash Removed from Gun-Fire FLASHLESS gunpowder is one of the re- cent developments of the United States Ordnance Department. Smokeless powder took away the tell- tale smoke and, ever since, ordnance ex- perts have been working to get a flashless, smokeless powder. The success of their experiments is indicated by the report that guns as large as five inches have been fired at night with so little glow that ‘observers standing twenty yards away could hardly notice it. It is said that sodium and potas- sium chloride are two of the chemical sub- stances introduced into the powder to eliminate the flash. An Advertising Owl ADE to advertise the fact that a garage in Melrose, Massachusetts, keeps open all night, this mechanical owl can perform most of the acts of its live prototype. It can wink either or both eyes, turn its head as on a pivot, flap its wings, and wiggle its ears. It does all these movements by means of ropes and electric buttons. A square wooden box was padded and covered with eiderdown cloth, which is ex- pensive, but which made an excellent imi- tation of owl feathers. A smaller box was A make-believe owl with illuminated eyes carries out the slogan ‘We never sleep”’ placed on top and arranged to turn on a pivot. A board nailed to the back of the larger box was the means of giving a con- nection for the feet to rest on a perch. The eyes were made of automobile headlights, As completed, the bird is five feet high. Every day it tours the town perched on a motor-truck over a sign reading “We never sleep.”’

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Popular Science Monthly

© Kade! & Herbert Ski-Car of the Alps Saves Strenuous Return Climb

Perfection of Detail Shown in This Boy’s Railroad

OASTERS and skiers who like the trip down more than the exhaust- ing walk back to the top of the hill, will appreciate this Swiss mountain trolley service. The trolley makes special trips at short intervals to carry the party to the top after every coast. When the service was inaugurated, it was found difficult to bring the sleds and skis into the car, but the use of the trailer with its ski-racks solved that problem to the enthusiastic satisfac- tion of the tourists. °

Our Mammoth Salt-Mines es of the rock-salt deposits in the United States, and prob- ably in the world, is the one that ex- tends from northern Kansas across the west end of Oklahoma, the pan-

handle of Texas and southern New Mexico to western Texas. According to the geological survey of the Depart- ment of Interior these mines cover an area of approximately 100,000 square miles. The average thickness of the deposits is three hundred feet, but in some places the vein increases to seven hundred feet. So large is the quantity of salt available in these layers that the present consump- tion of the United States, which is seven million tons annually, can be supplied for millions of years.

Santa Claus Dressed in a Wealth of Jewels O infuse his show-window with the proper Christ- mas spirit, a jeweler in Win- nipeg, Canada, made up a Santa Claus and dressed the toy figure in the finest jewels in stock. Santa’s coat was made of rubies, many of them ex- tremely valuable. The trim- mings were diamonds set off here and there by sapphires. A cap of rubies, lined with sapphires and trimmed with emeralds and pearls, com- pleted the outfit. It was computed ti: t this little figure, standin* only eight inches high, repre<< ited a value in precious stones of ee Sao grown-ups and entertaining jewels valued at ©Verybody with their clown- over $30,000 ing. considerably more than thirty thousand dollars.

Swiss ‘‘Samichlaus” Wears a Unique Costume ie the quaint little town of St. Gallen, Switzerland, which has retained many of its curious medieval customs, Santa Claus makes his visits ringing a gigantic cowbell. The children would not recognize St. Nicholas in the red robe and long white whiskers dear to the hearts of youngsters in other lands. In St. Gallen, every Christmas Eve twelve men _ array themselves in white trous- ers and shirts, embroidered wool suspenders, and bright red ties. Each one fastens an enormous cowbell on toa wide leather belt, and covers his head with an enormous mask of card- » board, the upper part of which is decorated by sten- cilled designs. One of the twelve is called “Samichlaus.” It is his duty to give the good chil- dren their presents. . The other eleven remain at a little distance on the out- skirts of the jolly crowd that follows them on their rounds, giving candy to the

These scales can be packed Y building an outdoor toy railroad in his backyard, Clyde Nolan, a youngster of Elkhart, Indiana, started a profitable business campaign. His railroad is a real transportation sys- tem on a small scale. Its bridges, tunnels, way stations, turns, and ter- minals were all built with his own hands around a nucleus of the stand- ard electric railroad track usually con- fined to the front parlor in the days just after Christmas. Even the lake is his own idea, dug by himself, and he is proud of the fact that real goldfish live in it. Everything about this railroad has been built to scale, and constructed in perfect detail.

BALSA, the hghtest wood known, has 90 per cent of its volume composed of air enclosed in large, barrel-shaped cells. This large amount of non-circu- lating air make it ideal for refrigerator insulation on shipboard. It is also strong.

Measures Height and Weight A PORTABLE weighing-scale and height-measuring instrument that can be taken apart and packed in a small suit- case has been invented by M. J. Weber, of Chicago, for the convenience of visiting nurses doing district work. Theinstrument has a balance lever with markings that can be read by a_ person standing either in front of the instru- ment or at the rear. This arrangement is entirely novel. Such markings are usually arranged for reading by the pérson on the seale. The height- measuring device consists of two simple telescopic members the reading of which always appears at a fixed point. These members are readily detached from the main standard of the apparatus when it is to be packed to carry in a su‘tcase from house to house.

is ( VE cle: bla pre too cut int plie fee the spe tha sire sub ste] his xk

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Y j 4 2 2 e S h a January, 1922 ‘ , ‘. * +» a 4h ¥ f E wiki ad CLOSER : Alarm Attached to the Coat Will Warn of Pickpockets i be catch the criminal whose fingers are too light to be detected in action, an inventor has perfected an electric alarm to be attached to the coat. A tiny dry cell hangs conveniently in the coat lining with fine wires leading to all coat and trousers pockets. These wires are sewn into the cloth so that their presence would never be detected. The wires of all pocket circuits lead to a small metal rosette worn in the lapel buttonhole. It contains four little colored electric lights, each about the size of a small pea. If an alien hand is thrust into one of the pockets thus protected, the circuit is closed and the lights in the lapel flash. VERY rarely do we hear thunder from a clear sky. Such sounds usually come from blasting, but now arfi then the thunder is produced by the rumblings of earthquakes too feeble to be felt. Cultivator Runs Dairy wnen Off Duty yaetligas with a one half to one horse- power gasoline engine this invention cuts the lawn and packs the mown grass into a light metal box; it plows; it sup- plies a portable power plant for churning, feed-cutting, sawing, pumping, etc. On one of the two guiding handles are the controls for starting, stopping, high speed and for disconnecting the gears so that the mower may be man-driven, if de- sired. Altogether it is an ideal tool for the suburbanite or vacation farmer who over- steps his own muscle capacity in the size of his lawn and garden. After cultivating the fields, this cultivator can be used to drive pumps, saws, dairy appliances, and other tools Getting Electricity from the Windmill | nen a novel windmill generatcr, A. I. Root, of Medina, Ohio, is getting sufficient current to charge the battery of his electric automobile, to light his house, and to run a small electric stove. Instead of gears to multiply the speed of the generator, a belt runs from the periph- ery of the sixteen-foot wheel of the wind- mill to the pulley of the generator. To pro- vide for varying weather conditions, an idler is used to take up the slack of the belt. The generator itself is mounted on a re- volving platform so that it moves with the wheel as the wind shifts. The current is automatically discon- nected when the speed of the mill is too low to store the battery. This arrangement prevents any danger of changing the polarity of the battery or backward dis- charge into the generator. The windmill, with its heavy.and light charges, provides ideal conditions for charging a storage battery. In England, the windmill has advanced far as a prime mover and power is frequent- ly obtained from the air for the entire oper- ation of small shops. ALAA Testing the Heart of the Telegraph-Pole — telegraph-poles have a habit of rotting off at the grcund line, and public service corporations cannot afford to renew them until there is a real possibility that the pole will break off. It is the duty of George Goeb, of Balti- more, to see that the poles do duty as long as possible, but never actually fall. His tools consist of a brace and bit, a quantity of wooden pins, a hammer, and a large amount of experience and judg- ment. He goes from pole to pole boring a hole at the ground line and from the condition of the chips he decides how long the pole is likely to last. He visits every pole in the city of Baltimore once every two years. AFRICAN teak is the heaviest and stronger wood known, exceeding lignum vitz in both respects. How Comin Bricks Can Be Cast at Home A QUICK-ACTION mold for making thirty or more double cement bricks at a time is proving so popular abroad that communities have bought the appliance for the benefit of their home-builders. To eight parts of sand, gravel, cinders, or slag, one part of cement is mixed. This is poured into the locked mold and tamped down. When forty minutes have elapsed, the pins and hooks of each of the right- angle walls of the mold are released and the bricks left on a wooden base to dry. The bricks are doubles, connected at right angles, which helps to lock them wken they are laid. 4.4% F IYO Soa MTTTINIINIEIRER Thirty double cement blocks a minute can be made with these quick-action molds

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Weighing only 652 pounds, with a wing spread of twenty feet and a height of seven feet, this single-passen- ger plane can be driven ninety miles an hour on Here are the latest baby planes de- signed to provide rapid transit at low cost for business men and sportsmen a gasoline consumption of only four and one half gallons Baby planes cost little more than a good motor-car and are no more ex- pensive to operate. They attain a speed of one hundred or more miles an hour with a fuel con- sumption of three or four gallons To make landings in confined spaces, baby planes are designed for low landing-speeds. This ‘“‘air- ster,’ weighing six hundred pounds, has a land- ing-speed of only thirty miles an hour. One feature is its interchangeable wings Photos from W. M. Kellett With a speed of from sixteen to eighty-seven miles an hour, this trim-looking plane is yet small enough to be handled by one man. It can take off or land in a fifty-yard field Popular Science Monthly The Day of the Air Flivver Has Dawned An air motorcy- clette, so called, made iri France, and driven by a sixteen - horsepower engine. The pilot sits unprotected in an open cockpit seat while the plane reels off its fifty- eight miles an hour The baby plane above is unique in its four in- stead of two landing-wheels. All parts of the plane are constructed of the newly discovered metal, duralumin, which provides strength with lightness The triplane pictured here is but sixteen feet wide and weighs only 440 pounds. In spite of its small dimensions it has a maximum speed of ninety-two miles an hour whi to Ha’ bea Yo tail alre con 500 isti vas be sky rea stre qui bui ang sec dra of t “te sto: ext sta in 1 bui wic the con ver dic Ba hav the aer of 1 ope anc hot cis bil: wit but ling the ele fet Tec TO¢ gers qu sh loc th th sin th tre Sp!

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January, 1922 Architect Predicts Pyramid Cities for America “Ty ACK to the style of the pyramids” is B soon to be the motto of architects who plan American skyscrapers, according to one of the most noted among them, Harvey W. Corbett, co-designer of the beautiful Bush Terminal Building in New York City. A forecast of the weirdly artistic, moun- tainous skylines of future American cities is already to be seen in several buildings lately constructed in Manhattan. When the United States supports the 500,000,000 inhabitants predicted by stat- isticians, and our cities have become more vast and crowded than they are now, it will be more necessary than ever to build skyscrapers so that light and air can reach office-workers and people in the streets below. Already laws passed in some cities re- quire that the upper stories of all such buildings shall have ‘“‘set-backs’” at an angle determined by each particular section of a city. This angle is found by drawing an imaginary line from the center of the street to the height allowed the first “terrace” in that building zone. All other stories added to the structure must not extend beyond that line. Suppose, for in- stance, that the street is one hundred feet in width, and building laws require that no building shall be higher than the street is wide, unless the front is terraced. Then the diagonal line of an imaginary triangle constructed with a base of fifty feet and a vertical leg of one hundred feet, would dictate the slope of the pyramidal front. Babylon's Hanging Gardens Revived It will be seen, therefore, that in cities having many high buildings, the latter will mount step by step, always receding from the street. Quoting Mr. Corbett, ‘These aerial terraces will suggest the construction of roof-gardens, tennis-courts in the clouds, open-air theaters, Greek temples in the sky, and green terraces encircling apartment- houses. New York, Chicago, San Fran- cisco, and other great cities will look like Babylon with its hanging gardens.” _ Architects are now picturing the proba- bility of each city block being taken up with an enormous pyramid of marble, granite, or terra cotta. In the immense buttresses at the corners, defining the lines of the edifice, would run escalators that would take the place of the usual elevators. “These radical changes are not so far- fetched as they may at first seem,” Mr. Corbett remarks. ‘‘Equally as phenomenal ? 4 anne The American City of Tomorrow This is the way cities like New. York and Chicago will some day look, ac- cording to one of the most successful Eastern architects, who says that new building laws will convert our sky- scrapers into terraced pyramids architectural changes have come in the past twenty years. Scarcely a_ well-known building standing in New York to-day was here twenty years ago. Even modern sky- scrapers are sacrificed to the movement of business, and a significant thing about twentieth-century architecture in this country is that it is not meant to be per- manent. “T believe that American cities will gain 49 Drawing by Hugh Ferriss ESCALATOR ~~» In the sloping corners of future sky- scrapers there will be escalators supple- menting elevator service in architectural harmony, and that our business districts will be far more restful to the eye and nerves as a result of the uni- form height of the terraced structures that, I predict, will become familiar in every metropolis.” Trenching Machine Digs to ‘THis miniature trenching machine ex- cavates the ground to the exact depth required, permitting the forms for concrete roads to be set accurately to the specified grade in about one tenth of the time re- quired when the work is done by pick and shovel. It has been designed to avoid loosening the dirt below the point at which the bottom of the form should rest, since if the form is set on an unstable foundation, it. sinks when the concrete is spread, making the surface of the finished road uneven. The grader is designed to excavate a trench eight inches wide. A five-horse- power gasoline engine drives a cut-steel sprocket by a roller chain that has an auto- matic spring idler chain take up. Four This trenching machine will cut a ditch to exact depth in one tenth time re- quired by hand labor Exact Level digger blades of tempered tool steel are moved down as they wear so that sharpen- ing is unnecessary. The cutter is raised or lowered by turn- ing the automobile type steering-wheel. To cut exactly to grade, a guide-line is stretched one foot out from and one foot above the place for the bottom of the form. As long as a gage-point on the grader is kept level with the grade line, the cutter will excavate to exactly the required depth. Thus, by raising and lowering the cutter, the bottom of the small trench is cut accur- ately to grade regardless of irregularities in the surface over which the machine travels. The digger excavates from three hundred to seven hundred feet of trench an hour.

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Shifts Belts without Danger of Injury NEW attachment for heavy machines where belts must be shifted fre- quently performs that ac- tion instantly and without danger to the operator. In the illustration above, the handle with which the attachment is operated is shown at the extreme right; the rolls through which the belt travels and which form the lower bearing sur- face at the lower left. When the speed is to be changed, the handle is turned. This twists~ the lower roller in one direction and a second roller near the upper shaft in the opposite direction. The combina- tion of twists causes the belt at jack-shaft and machine to assume the new positions. STEEL derricks are replac- ing the wooden oil-rigs in California’s petroleum fields. Popular Science Monthly — —_ e.4 Caeiain ese pane 0 . ; — Ne Sete Or en How Freight-Car Tests Airplane Flight A dpa strains and propeller stress on an airplane in flight are measured with this aerodynamical testing-plant. A plane of any model can be fastened to the top of the lattice- work tower, which is rigidly bolted by the freight-car. The car is drawn by a locomotive at speeds up to thirty-seven miles an hour, which, although considerably less than the average flying speed of the plane, is sufficiently fast to allow accurate data to be secured on the strains borne by the plane while flying. The connection between the plane and the top of the tower is made through hydraulic dyna- mometers. With this equipment more accurate data has been obtained on the lift, stability, and air resistance of airplanes than was possible with the use of small-scale models in wind-tunnels. It Thaws Hydrants with Gas | beige eamud hydrants may be thawed by steam pro- duced by this apparatus within twenty seconds of the time it is lighted. A steam coil is surrounded by a jacket tank filled with water, which is forced into the coils by a hand pump. By regulating the speed of pumping, either wet or superheated steam may be produced. Heat is sup- plied by burning acetylene gas contained in the tank at the right. The steam is led through fifteen feet of flexible metal- lic hos¢ protected by a braided steel jacket. To safeguard the operator from burns, half the length of .this hose is covered by an asbestos wrapping. The device weighs only 135 pounds, so that it may be quickly carried to a hydrant in any emergency that might arise. Daughter and Dad Can Use Adaptable Novelty ‘ Hobby-Horse Teaches Soldiers to Ride | wars daughter insists that it is a scooter; Dad remembers 7 CGS -HORSES of wood are used in England to teach that the handle is in two parts that form an admirable shooting-seat when separated. Both agree that it is constructed entirely of aluminum, weighs only four pounds, and folds up into a proper walking-stick when 5 it is necessary to carry it to the beach or the shooting-field. © Kadel & Herbert The scooter folds up into a shooting-seat or into a walking-stick, according to the whim of the user manship. leaps over a five-barred gate. soldiers of a Territorial regiment the elements of horse- It is no nursery animal, however, for springs and levers make the animal buck, gallop, and even jump over fences. The rider is learning how to keep his seat when his mount No stirrups are used, since the object of the instruction is to develop a sense of bal- ance and ease in the saddle. Cavalry recruits are put through their paces on this mechanical horse, which can buck, gallop, or hurdle As a special service to readers, the Editor will be glad to supply the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mentioned in Popular Science Monthly the I nea flies lan ad

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y 1s of ry th to of or be p- at al- ‘he at ch se- ind eS. int 1 is yal- dle. January, 1922 Armored Car Chases Auto Bandits HE motor-bandit chaser of the Denver,- Colorado, police force consists of a high-grade touring-car engine and chassis, upon which has been mounted a special body. It can make seventy miles an hour on the average road, the frame being specially reenforced. The sides, hood, and radiator are protected by bullet-proof steel. It has no top or doors. It carries six officers, one of whom—the driver —is protected by a half wind-shield of bullet-proof glass. The car has bucket seats, the rear seats having a slight elevation over those in front, enabling the officers behind to shoot over their heads. The rounded fender and T-rail along the sides are for the purpose of crowding a bandit car into a ditch. Walking Watermill Hydraulic Novelty N this water “auto- ped,” paddles are car- ried downstream by the current, lifted from the stream by the flywheel, and moved back through the air, dropping into the water again at the original point of impact. The motion of these reciprocating paddles is transmitted to driving cranks. The machine utilizes the energy of a shallow stream of mod- erate flow without re- quiring the construction of dams or weirs. - In spite of the inge- nuity of this invention, it is doubtful if it will re- place the old-fashioned undershot water-wheel. Both operate on the same principle, and the power lost in moving the blades upstream is al- most certainly greater in a reciprocal device. eee on a ‘ . Pa has * The features of the car are bullet-proof armor-plate, spotlights, machine gun, bell, siren, and T-rail for crowding cars Have You Tried Chuting the Pig? FigsPicking Stand Travels on Wheels Drills Rails for Bonding Wire BOVE is shown a 4% machine that is self contained, having a four- cycle gasoline engine with magneto in crank- case, its weight béing 160 pounds. It will drill a three- eighth-inch hole through the web of the rail in fifteen seconds, and on the approach of a train it can be removed in less than two seconds by one man. It has all neces- sary adjustments of height and rate of feed. One ‘lever brings the drill to the drilling-point and another lever picks up the drill and feeds it through the rail. It can be rolled along the track from one joint to an- *’ other with little effort. LIQUEFIED carbonic acid gas is often found in the interior of sapphires. SING one’s accuracy of arm and sense of direction to liberate | peel among the devices used by fig-growers in the great fig an active pig, who then slides down a chute, forms one of the most successful of the season’s amus2ments. If one is able to hurl a baseball through one of the holes be- neath the pens, the ball strikes a paddle, loosens a trigger, a door flies open, the occupant emerges and slides down the chute. He comfort and security to the workers. lands on a cushion, jumps down quickly, and rushes back through a doorway. district of California is this portable picking-stand. Where feminine labor is depended upon to a considerable extent, the use of cumbersome ladders is not feasible. These stands-on-wheels accomplish the same purpose, but with greater The platform is made in the form of a triangle with a rubber-tired bicycle wheel under each corner and with steps leading from the ground. By hurling a ball through a hole, a pig is released A triangular stand supported on three wheels provides to slide down the chute a comfortable, easily moved platform for fig-pickers

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Double Tractive Equipment on This Locomotive OTH ends of this passenger locomotive have been equipped with steam cylinders and driving-wheels. This fea- ture, aided by the unusual length of the engine, gives it an increased tractive power. Steam is supplied to both driving-wheels from the same boiler, which is supported on two heavy steel girders extending be- tween the tenders. A turntable is not necessary with this locomotive, as it will haul a train attached to either end with equal facility. as — Weights to Test Master Scales Throughout Country A DEPOT in Chicago for housing the master track-scale equipment and for testing cars of all railroads entering the Windy City is being urgently advocated by the national Bureau of Standards. Fhe master track-scale here illustrated would be installed in the contemplated station for the standardization of test cars. These cars, of which two are already in A special car equipped with cranes for handling the heavy weights goes about the country checking scales service, carry 200,000 pounds of test weights that are employed in certifying to the accuracy of every master scale in the United States. The weights are divided into sections of 10,000 pounds or five tons each. The master track-scale is not remote from the life of the average citizen, for upon its accuracy depends the price of beefsteak and other food products. That those in use need calibration, is indicated by the fact that the Bureau of Standards has found dis- crepancies in 50 per cent of the number thus far inspected. Cement Blocks Equal Clay Bricks in Strength — —. with the intention of deciding once and for all the relative strengths of the many types of cement and concrete blocks used for building purposes, as com- pared with the old clay brick, a series of ex- periments has been carried out at Colum- bia University by the committee on tests. The tests completed to date indicate that the strength of masonry structures built of cement blocks is greater than those built of ciay, although it is admitted that the ma- terial entering into the making of bricks has a great deal to do with their final efficiency. It is probable that the results of the ex- periments will call for the revision of build- ing codes throughout the country. Can-Opener and Pourer for Powdered Milk HE two pointed ends of this device are driven into the can up to the flange. Desiccated milk, or any other powdered substance, can then be poured cleanly out of the spout. A little tin cap closes the hole and prevents the contents of the can from becoming contaminated by dust or dirt. This attachment is made of steel and should last indefinitely. Popular Science Monthly Working Model Demonstrates the Solar System ITH the model designed and con- structed by Dr. . William Wilson, F.R.A.S., the movements of the sun, moon, and earth are demonstrated with mathematical accuracy. Motion of the hand lever makes all these heavenly bodies revolve in their orbits, so that students can readily be shown the more complicated and A model of the ag system that pre- dicts eclipses and indicates position of heavenly bodies during any month obscure relations betweén he movements of these bodies. Pulleys of adjustable einen and cords the tension of which may be regulated make the model extremely accurate. By its aid, it can be shown that the moon makes 13/39 revolutions in a year, 12/39 lunations annually, and that there are 223 lunations in the Saros cycle. This latter phenomenon was known to the ancient Chinese and Chaldean astronomers, and by means of it they predicted eclipses. It is a period of 18 years and 11 days which must elapse between the occurrence and recurrence of any eclipse. The retrograde motion of the nodes of the moon, which determine whether any eclipse will be partial or total, can also be shown; as well as the forward motion of the line of apsides, and other involved points. Outfit Equals. Steam-Shovel and Fifteen Men . Sanity: by Ca ce a OF practical size and suitable for the vast majority of contracting jobs, a gasoline ‘ateam-shovel” is shown con- structing a logging railway. The shovel is gasoline propelled and operated. The scoop capacity is one half cubic yard, and the gas consumption thirty gallons a day. An air-compressor is run in conjunction with the shovel if air is needed for drilling holes for blasts, and caterpillar traction has been adopted to enable the shovel to travel over rough ground and to obviate the necessity of track-laying. These two improvements, the operators claim, enable the gasoline shovel to do the work of a steam-shovel with a crew of fifteen men.

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January, 1922

f<

i . —

© Modern Publishing Company " engineers, P. Vinding and R. J. Jensen, have used the knowledge gained by aeronautical experts to design a new type of windmill that is twice as efficient as the older type. The inventors have produced blades made of sheet iron over wooden ribs that follow the contour of airplane wings.. But perhaps their most noteworthy. contribution Drawing by S. W. Clatworthy is an automatic device that holds the wings into the wind and alters their angle as the wind pressure varies. Details of the wings and controlling apparatus are shown in the upper right-hand corner. The first installa- tion has been made on a farm in Denmark, where a threshing machine, straw-press, chaff-cutter, and sack- hoist are dependent upon the windmill for their operation

53 Windmill Blades Shaped Like Airplane Wings:

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ee! 54 Cc ABLE o* A MACADAM (6 iN. THICK CONCRETE MIXTURE’ (10 IN. THICK) REENFORCING WOVEN WIRE atl MACADAM % bp |... TELEPHON (6 IN.THICK) k AND TELE : DRAIN -~GRAPH CONDUIT A cross section of the ideal road planned for the Lincoln High- way. It represents the latest in scientific road construction An Ideal Section of the Lincoln Highway HAT is the perfect road? The Lin- coln Highway Association has now launched a plan to build a mile of perfect roadway that shall embody the best of modern roadmaking practice, and serve as 2n example to be followed by roads con- structed in the future. As yet, the specifications are tentative, but the following points have been decided upon as necessary for the perfect road in level, farming country with open fields on each side: The right of way must be one hundred feet wide, and provide for an average traffic of fifteen thousand passenger-cars at thirty-five miles and five thousand motor- trucks at an average speed of ten miles. The roadbed must be built of concrete ten inches thick, with reenforcing steel em- bedded. The steel is merely to hold the concrete slabs in place and prevent cracks from spreading. Submerged tile drains and catch-basins will replace the open ditch which in the past has been the cause of many accidents. Earth shoulders shall be used on each side of the concrete bed. No curve the radius of which is less than one thousand feet shall be allowed, and all curves shall be super-elevated for a speed of thirty-five miles an hour. Advertising signs shall be prohibited along the right of way, and as far as it is practicable obstruc- tions to the vision within five hundred feet of a crossroads shall be eliminated. In addition to these engineering specifi- cations, the ideal road will be carefully and adequately lighted so that motorists may travel in the open country with dimmers on their headlights. And, finally, the ideal section will be fenced at all embankments. One-Man Ash-Conveyor for Roundhouses NE man and an electric motor move all the cin- ders from the locomotive roundhouse of the Norfolk & Western Railway to the cars that haul the ashes. The cinders are dumped from the engine firebox to a cast-iron bucket holding eighty cubic feet, which is set at the bottom of a _ concrete-lined pocket built beneath the track. As soon as this bucket is filled, a twenty-horsepower electric motor hauls it up an inclined track at the rate of one hun- dred and fifty feet a minute. This track extends from the interior of the roundhouse to the tracks outside, and pro- jects over the ash-car. When the bucket reaches the top of the truck, the ashes are automatically dumped into a freight-car. The only man needed for this work is the winchman, who operates the electric hoist with a control handle, in much the same way that a motorman controls his car. With this skip-hoist it re- quires but twenty minutes to bring in an engine, clean the fires, and send it out again. Popular Science Monthly Sightseeing Bus Is Guided Like a Ship oT geet signaling telegraphs, exactly similar to those used at sea to com- municate between the bridge and the engine-room, have been installed on a gigantic sightseeing bus to inform the driver of all traffic approaching from the rear. The bus is built as nearly as possible to conform to the lines of a ship, and is called a land yacht. It carries thirty-two passengers. The yacht is controlled by two marine telegraphs, one of which is used by the “skipper” or driver at the steering-wheel and the other by the ‘“‘mate’’ at the stern, 4 A lever and dial like a ship’s tele- graph, conveys orders between chauf- feur and conductor The bus is so long and high that the driver cannot possibly see or hear vehicles over- taking him, but with signals constantly being sent him by the “mate,” there is no possibility of accidents. The signaling system also lends a sea- faring touch to the bus. This idea is carried out by dressing the As the engine drives over the pit and dumps its ashes, the man at the right operates the hoist that carries the ashes over to the ash-car skipper and the mate in uni- forms typical of officers of the merchant marine,and by flying the Red Ensign and a house flag over the bus. Willow Holds Back the Mississippi REEN willows—the ordi- nary willow that grows alongside rivers and brooks— made into huge mats two hun- dred feet long and one hundred feet wide, are doing more toward holding the Mississippi River in its course than thou- sands of tons of stone and closely packed earth. In making the mats, tim- ber frames are constructed around the entire area of the mats, with cross pieces divid- ing the inside into small sec- tions. Into these are placed the willow-trees and bushes that are later bound with heavy cables and towed to their destination. On arriving there, they are anchored over the spot to be protected and then covered with earth and broken stones until they sink.

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Ww VM hw he oe oe hUmhTlUS li- ws n- ed re pi yu- nd ed sche id- -ed hat ivy eir re, the hen ken January, 1922 Trawler Equipped with Odd Scientific Devices Sweeps Atlantic Bottom for -Gold Instruments Invented to Locate Submarines May Be Used to Find Two-Million-Dollar Treasure Ship OLD! Gold coin for the taking, kegs of it; and twenty-one tons of bar silver. Two million dollars ready for the finders, if they can locate the spot where the ship Merida sank ten years ago and raise the treasure-trove from the sands two hundred feet beneath the surface. Members of the most picturesque deep-sea hunting expedition in recent history have been secretly braving the Atlantic on the little trawler Ripple, in search of this treasure. Among their number are Frank Crilley, world’s champion deep-sea. diver —who went down in three hundred feet of water to raise the submarine F4, off Hono- lulu—and Captain George W. Nordstrom, who was mate of the old Merida when she sank off the Virginia capes. These men are engaged in a contest of human courage and modern scientific instruments on one side, against the limitations of the art of navi- gation on the other. How the ‘‘Merida” Was Wrecked One expedition, in 1916, backed, it is. said, by Percy Rockefeller and James A. Stillman, former president of the National City Bank, failed even to locate the Merida. For the position of a ship out of sight of land is never exactly known, and had it not been for Captain Nordstrom’s remarkable courage in taking, at the time of the accident, the Merida’s exact posi- tion, this new search would seem equally futile. At twelve-thirty on the night of May 12, 1911, the Merida was rammed by the liner Admiral Farragut. She began to fill and sink. As soon as passengers and crew had been taken aboard the Admiral Farragut, Captain Robertson and Chief-Officer Nord- strom turned their attention to the gold. The Merida was sinking. What was their position? They had steamed through the darkness for more than eight hours since the last observation of the sun. How many miles had she been carried off her course by the Gulf Stream as it swept to the northeast- ward? How far had she drifted toward the west before the stiff breeze and the choppy sea? Perhaps there was still By Ralph P. Perry Frank Crilley, world’s champion diver, who will descend to investigate the wrecked ‘Merida’? when it is located time to save the bullion. The purser had locked the safe before leaving the vessel, and Captain Robertson and Chief-Officer N ord- strom were alone on the sink- ing ship. They tried to break into the safe with sledge-hammers and crowbars, but the strong box resisted their most desperate ef- forts. Then, sextant in hand, they waited on the bridge in the dark- ness, while they felt the ship sinking beneath their feet — waited for dawn, for a view of the horizon, in order to take a last observa- Contact of copper chain and iron hull generates a. feeble current that actuates a signal on board the searching trawler tion. Four hours later, just before the Merida disappeared, they obtained a three-star sight. This gives the most accu- rate position possible for navigators. But even under the most perfect condi- tions the navigator only knows that the ship is within two miles of the point his figures say itis. The five positions turned in by various men on the spot the next morning as the place of the sinking cover an area of ten square miles! Thanks to Nordstrom’s nerve, the place is fixed within about six square miles. Still, this inaccur- acy means that diver Crilley may have to search foot by foot an area of ocean bottom considerably greater than the entire loop district in the city of Chicago. When the Ripple left port her deck was covered -with mysterious gear, and among the in- When the trailing device touches the sunken vessel, a re- lay is energized that in turn rings a bell struments reported were two similar to that developed by the Navy to locatesubmarines. With these inventions the hulk of the Merida might be found without sending down a diver, even after the usual method of sweeping the bottom failed. One device consists of a length of iron chain, insulated by a ten-foot section of cotton rope from a cop- per chain attached to a copper wire leading to a delicate relay on the trawler’s deck. When the copper and the iron chain touch any conducting surface, like the iron hull of the Merida, they form the positive and negative plates of an electric battery of which the salt water of the ocean acts as an electrolyte. A feeble current runs up the wire and operates a delicate relay. A bell rings. Instantly the trawler stops. Over goes the anchor. The Merida is found. Crilley dons his special suit of diving armor that he has been perfecting for ten years, and disappears beneath the water, to rise a few minutes later with his fists full of gold! What if the Ship Is Buried? But what if the hull has become covered with sand by the Gulf Stream? Then the supertonic device comes into play. In this invention, a vibrator attached to a ship’s hull under water emits a musical note of extremely high pitch. With a special

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P Ceili yale ha Re 08 wen a 56 listening device, the treasure-seekers note the echo from the bottom. The apparatus is so sensitive that it reveals the slightest difference in the depth of the water. * Now, fifty-five miles east by half north of the Virginia capes the ocean floor is normally smooth and level. Suppose the listeners find that in one particular spot there is a small sandhill on the bottom? There lies the Merida, buried under the sand! A preliminary search with the wire drag drawn between two ships gave promise of success. Once it caught on some obstruc- tion, but when Crilley went down in 178 The “‘Ripple’”’ and her consort hunting the sunken ‘‘Merida’’ with its hid- den treasure feet (deeper than the Lusitania lies, by the way), he found the line caught in an old anchor. A week later, two hundred feet of the drag caught and was broken away. The spot was buoyed, but a nine-day gale drove the Ripple and her consort back to Norfolk to refit. On the Ripple’s next trip to the spot the gold may be found and raised—perhaps even before this magazine appears on the bookstands. If it meets with success, the expedition will raise new hopes of recover- ing hundreds of millions of dollars in treas- ure from ships sunk by U-boats during the war. Even in American waters there are millions sunk in spots fairly well known. A wreck worth $5,000,000 lies under Hell Gate in New York; but the richest prize in the world is a Spanish galleon off Corn- wall that is valued at $87,000,000, and that lies in water no deeper than that covering the treasure ship Merida. = - Solve the Puzzles and Win | a Prize HE famous Sam Loyd has been engaged by Popular | | Science Monthly to frame a set | of puzzles each month for which | | prizes of $25 will be given for the | best answers. Turn to page 74 | and read the rules. Popular Science Monthly If the airplane pilot loses control, the parachute automatically opens Parachute Saves Both the Airplane and Pilot | geen tected airplanes will never be safe until automatic safety devices make a crash impossible, Charles N. Newman has invented a device that consists of a large parachute attached to the top wing and fuselage of the plane, which will open itself mechanically if the pilot loses con- trol. The parachute may also be opened at will to enable landings to be made in a space smaller than is possible at present. According to Mr. Newman, when the aviator wishes to land, he will zoom, trip his parachute, which will open instantly, and allow the parachute to float him slowly to the earth, alighting at any de- sired spot. The invention is shown being tested with a model plane. Cattle Tested in | Amulet Cell to Find Best Fattening Feeds CIENTIFIC stock feeding, in which the cattle make the utmost gain in flesh and fat for the least amount of food, is of the greatest benefit to the general public, for wasteful feeding directly increases the cost of meat. But while most ranchmen attempt scientific feeding, they are usually guided by measuring the increase in weight and girth made by the cattle. It is some time after the stock begins a new system of feeding that they begin to put on flesh, and when this method is used poor feeding may con- tinue for a considerable time before the ranchman is aware of it. On the other hand, the influence of certain types of feeding, housing conditions, and the like may be determined almost immediately by a knowl- edge of the animals’ basal metabolism, as measuréd by the carbon dioxide it gives off. How Much Carbon Dioxide? A cheap and comparatively simple ap- paratus for determining this factor has been developed by the New Hampshire College Agricultural Station. The animal is placed in an airtight stall, into which a regulated supply of fresh outdoor air is forced by an electric blower. A second blower withdraws the air from the chamber and discharges it into an aliquoting wind chest that forces exactly 10 per cent of the air through the analyzing system. It is passed through sulphuric acid to absorb water vapor, and then through the soda- lime jars to remove the carbon dioxide. Since the soda-lime contains water, and gives this up to the air, it is necessary to repass the current through sulphuric acid to remove the last traces of moisture be- fore the air goes to the meter. By weighing the soda-lime jars, the per- centage of carbon dioxide given off by the animal can be determined in from three to four hours, and by this data the fattening qualities of the feed can be discovered—a process that would take weeks by the former method. The hinged platform is introduced to record the movements of the animal being tested, since the degree cf muscular activity must be considered in ta” & RECORDER SES i ; ta FTROLEUM f gr: al PNE ect: |: interpreting the results of the tests taken. The platform is supported on two com- pression springs, so that the slightest change in the center of gravity produces a move- ment that is recorded on the drum of a kymograph. A restless animal produces more carbon dioxide than one at rest. « SAMPLING- Wek CAN WITH @ ‘ af AHIN BULB ii _g? SWIND-CHEST _ acetic IEs MANOMEJER Khia) TWO-WAY VALVE, ~ Every movement of the animal in its special stall is registered by the kymograph and samples of exhaled air are analyzed by the chemical layout shown in the insert DP nen Bo RT. 2

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January, 1922 Queer Creatures — when Scientists Fish

oe = _/ APERISCOPE EY ne ___BERMITS THIS SOUTH AMERICAN FISH To WATCH FOR FLIES*ABOVE AND ENEMIES. BELOW THE WATER’AT THE ie , LANTERN FISH- FT HAS LUM EO pp NOUS DISKS te ALONG ITS SIDES ae a fi EMAL meee wa ("fee f ff SEA HORSE. “THE MALE CARES © FOR THE EGGS UNTIL THE FRY HATCH, AND THEN 4 FORCES THEM FROME THE POUCH THAT HELD THEM 4 yy ee " \ “THE ARCHER FISH STUNS INSECTS os A JET OF WATE THE PILOT FISH GETS FREE RIDES BY CLINGING mies FAST TO A SHARK WITH y THIS SUCKER MOUTH THE BLACK SWALLOWER HAS” AN ELASTIC STOMACH THAT -. WILL HOLD A FISH TWICE a) LARGE AS HIMSELF

<a ts ’ ; THE BLACK GULPER HAS AO HUGE — MOUTH THAT SUGGESTS THE PELICANS BEAK

HIS EYES ARE AT THE END OF FEELERS-THEIR PHOSPHORESCENCE 1S NECESSARY wm, DARKNESS OF THE OCEAN DEPTHS IN THE

Photo Courtesy American Museum of Natural History OWHERE in nature, unless it be in the insect world, that frighten their enemies by suddenly taking on a can such weird creatures and wonderful organisms be found as among the fishes. Some of the queerest of these queer fish are illustrated above. So few fish live in the depths inhabited by the gulper and the black swallower that one meal must last them a long time—and their stomachs can hold everything they can get, although their prey is often larger than they are. These fish have no scales, and their skin is porous so that they may not becrushed by the tremendous water pressure. The puffer and the lantern fish are examples of animals formidable appearance, although they are quite harmless. The bifocal eyes of Anableps letrophthalmus, shown at the top of the inset picture, enable him to see his enemies under water while he skims along the surface and watches for prey above water. The pilot fish does not guide a shark to prey. His only idea is to get a free ride, and to be on the spot when the shark makes a kill. Commonest, and perhaps queerest of all, is the sea horse. It is the male who takes care of the children and who keeps his young in a pouch as do the female kangaroo and opposum

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A. Pihtaiaat =. Popular Science Monthly © Kadel & Herbert Electric Typewriter Rests the Fingers N°? more pounding the keys! No more tired wrists for the A new electric typewriter uses magnetic solenoids to operate the keys, and the stenographer merely depresses the bars enough to make an electrical connec- tion. There is practically no muscular work at all in typing. The machine is connected with the lighting circuit by a wall plug, and prepared for operation by throwing the switch shown stenographer at five o’clock. at the right. It is very light in weight. The force of the impression can be regu- lated, and it is said that as many as fifty carbon copies can be made at once. Loup and continuous noise produces fatigue and leads to accidents among fac- tory workers, even if they are so accus- tomed to the noise that they are hardly conscious of it. By placing noisy machines on felt, it is found that the silence secured results in fewer cases of nervous diseases and a marked increase in the quantity of the workers’ output. recreation. Relief Maps Made from Mold RDINARY maps can be converted into relief maps of wonderful accu- racy by a new process invented by a Munich sculptor. The original mold is produced by a secret process that first makes the paper of a common plane map flexible, so that it may be stretched over the elevations and hollows of the model. Paper so treated is brought into contacu with a special plastic matrix material that adheres and amalgamates with the paper coating. Both the covering and molding mass remain plastic for some time, so that even the most minute details of relief may ‘be worked out with hand tools. This original mold is used to produce a stamping-mold with which any number of plastic maps can be manufactured. Stag Blown from Single Glass Tube CULPTURE in molten glass is something new, but an expert glassblower does not find it extraordinarily difficult. The glass deer illustrated above was produced by a German workman in less than half an hour, merely as a lunch-hour One piece of glass was used in blowing the entire stag, antlers and all. There was no patching or fusing bits of glass on to a molten surface, as isdone in making the mar- velous glass reproductions of sea-anemones and other marine growths for museums. As a result, the stag is very fragile, since even the antlers and the slender legs are hollow. HOWLING of the wind as it sweeps over chimneys and roofs is caused by eddy mo- tions in the atmosphere immediately be- hind the obstructing object, and is not due to resonance in the chimney. Sounds from all closed organ-like pipes change pitch by jumps; the howling of the wind ircreases gradually to a crescendo. Raising Terrrapins for the Market T is not necessary to be a psychoanalyst to know that the reaction from the word ‘‘terrapin” is “soup.” And because terrapin soup and the flesh of terrapin tickle man’s palate, and be- cause the creature is not too plentiful, it pays to breed it. The United States Bureau of Fisheries has become a successful breeder of terra- pin; not for what could be got out of it, but in order to help such citizens who de- sired to breed them for the market. The illustration shows all sorts and conditons of terra- pins, from those a few days old to a hoary old grand- father. The diamond-bodied terrapin, so called from the pattern of its shell, has the Catches Prey with a Natural Trap PECULIAR UJ traplike appendage, called the mask, enables the young dragon fiy to capture the mosquito wriggler on which it feeds. The mask consists of a jointed, articulated arm that is attached to the under side of the head. At the ex- tremity of this arm is the mask proper, which consists of two folding parts like hands, each of which is pro- vided with a row of small sharp teeth on it& outer edge. When a tiny insect passes within reach of the young dragon fly it suddenly thrusts out the mask, grasps the in- sect within it, and backs it into the mouth. When this organ is not in use, it folds back over the head, covering it like a mask. The young dragon fly lives in ponds and streams and is best flavor and commands the highest price. This stamping machine makes accurate relief maps from ordinary maps by an economical process very slow-moving; this trap is its salvation.

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wae a Cl OS eS we Owe eT Ow ot Cy as om is ls January, 1922 Stage Hands Must Know Their Ropes [* it were not for the mechanics of the thing—all the hard work behind the scenes—our elaborate theatrical scenic productions would be impossible. A glimpse behind the scenes in a typical theater, shows about one hundred and fifty of the innumerable ropes necessary for shifting theatrical drops quickly, noise- lessly, and without confusion. Thousands of feet of rope are necessary for this work, yet the forest of cordage is so well concealed that the audience never sees one rope during the performance. One-inch manila rope is used in this work as years of service have proved this size and kind to be best adapted for the purpose. Soil-Drill Made of an Old Auger HAND-POWER auger that may be used to prospect for water or to put down a bore-hole for pipe and sandpoint may be made by cutting the screw from a two- inch wood-auger and split- ting the end of the auger one half inch, then turning down these lips just enough to take hold of earth. Weld on a four-foot shank and it is then ready for a six-foot strip of tire, which may be fastened on with a bolt, and a few turns of smooth wire to serve as a sleeve. Obviously, this auger will not work in rock, but it is effective in soil, sand, or soft sandstone. vi j i ; : a? \ Mi OVARY CORT) Verna ae wt MPAA iM AU The cobweb of scenery ropes behind a theater stage. It requires an expert to pull the right one at the right time Courtesy U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Feeding Hungry Fish through Ice HIS is a winter scene on one of Uncle Sam’s fish- farms. The pond contains thousands of little fish that will be sent about the coun- try in the spring to replenish the supply in many lakes and rivers. The baby fish must be well taken care of. They are fed every day through a hole in the ice, beneath which they gather like hungry chickens when they are being fed. The food must be just right, so that the fish will grow fast. In the spring they are col- lected and shipped in big tin cans to the Government’s many public park and reser- vation rivers. Bob-Sled Run by Old Motorcycle | pes eed miles an hour over snowbound roads is the speed Loco-Trolley Has Gear-Shift like Auto AN automobile engine and ch&ssis mounted on railway claimed for an ingenious motor-bob contrivance built by two lads in Barre, Vermont. A motorcycle minus the front wheel supplies the motive power. The motorcycle is encased in a wooden frame with the front fork resting on and securely attached to the front sled and with the rear held firmly in front of a double seat. Controls are fitted that render the operation of the strange vehicle as easy as driving an automobile. In spite of a heavy fall of snow the lads piloted this outfit to the top of the steepest hill in Barre, and made good use of it in traveling back and forth between the city and their home. With its front wheel gone, the motorcycle is still usee ful as the motive force for the bob-sled wheels is a way train that runs between Quincy and Quincy Junction, California. Engine-tender wheels are used in front, freight-car wheels in the rear. The whole outfit runs on rails and weighs eleven thousand pounds. It has a rear axle drive and gear-shifts and is operated the same as an ordinary automobile. It is equipped with four speeds forward and a reverse, and has such pulling power that it will make a steep grade nearly all the way on fourth speed. The car and tender comprise the sole rolling stock of the line. The sole equipment of a branch line in California. Although run by gas-engine, the car is made to look like a trolley

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Attachment Makes Any Lock Burglar Proof ee presidents will testify that there is no such thing as a burglar-proof lock. Given time and enough nitro- glycerine, and any door can be opened; but this attachment will prevent the lock on a door from being picked or opened with a skeleton key. It is carried in the pocket and attached without screws. The teeth on the slotted section are in- serted in the lock plate on the door and the toothed catch is forced into the slots extending across the door-frame. The result is a bolt that holds the door shut against any force weaker than a stick of ’ dynamite or a battering-ram. New Combination Scale Truck By raising a single lever, the platform of this truck can quickly be changed into a scale © Underwood & Underwood (CHANGING this hand truck into a scale is an exceedingly simple and rapid operation accomplished by raising the handle of the lifting lever a few inches. The leverage is so compounded that a child can easily raise a ton. The scale and truck are both of standard construction, but the combination of the two in one machine is expected to save time and facilitate production by making it easy to keep accurate records of the weight of goods shipped and received without delay in unloading. MINERS’ consumption is neither con- ‘tagious nor infectious. It is caused by mechanical irritation of the lungs by particles of rock dust. The most dangerous dusts contain a large proportion of free silica or other sharp, hard, insoluble ma- terial. A Motorcycle of Featherweight Construction MALL wheels and a stringent economy in metal wherever possible are respcn- sible for the extreme lightness of this new motorcycle, which is probably the feather- weight champion of the world. It weighs Transportation at one-sixth cent a mile is achieved by this pygmy motorcycle but 99 pounds. Its touring radius is 120 miles, and it makes 30 miles an hour. Locomotion at the expense of spoonfuls of fuel has been achieved by this machine, which requires only one quart of gasoline for each hour’s operation. Speaking of Operations T° take moving pictures of surgical oper- ations without interference with the doctors, an apparatus has been invented by Dr. Alexander’ V. Rothe. The ap- paratus in periscope form is let down over the operation table and its action is governed by the surgeon. The film roll is fed into the periscope from another room; and the light is produced from a distance. Ordinary moving-picture machines took only a side view and disturbed the surgeon, but with this machine an exact picture is taken from above; in fact, it is the picture that the surgeon himself sees as he looks aes, The inverted periscope and globe is a motion-picture camera used to make film records of operations down at his work. The films can be repro- duced slowly, and are used to teach medical students the proper surgical technique. They also permit surgeons to compare their methods. Popular Science Monthly Sanitary Shaving-Brush—Used Once and Thrown Away SHAVING-BRUSH to be used once and, then thrown away has been de- vised by a believer in ultra hygiene, who declares that it is almost impossible to sterilize the ordinary shaving-brush and that even if the brushes are thrown away, the article will not be perfectly sanitary if the same handle is used over and over again. : In this sanitary shaving-brush sug- gested for barber-shop use, the producing end is used as a handle. The bristles are made of a vegetable fiber and the brush is wrapped in a germ-free sanitary package. London Has a Baby Strap~Hanger ” London, an ingenious father carries his crippled baby from place to place in a reed basket supported by a strap over his shoulder. Indoors the cradle is placed in a hammock. This arrangement is much‘less liable to jolt the baby when carried through the streets than the usual perambulator, no matter how carefully the iatter is handled. The cradle is homemade, and was invented by the father to fit his child’s needs. House flies not uncommonly travel from five to six miles in a straight line in twenty-four hours. Their maximum jour- ney is thirteen miles, as recorded by experi- ments of the United States Bureau of En- tomology. Propelled by wind, flies have been carried from Cuba to Florida. str ney is | hu est crc $3\ rea wil ple of wh

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_—— iS is ts] ) e o 1. d January, 1922 This wireless set in acoconut shell has a_ receiving radius of seven- teen hundred meters Wireless in a Nutshel! ROM Peckham, England, comes this complete wireless receiving station con- structed in a coconut shell by C. Sanders, newsagent and tobacconist. The station is not a freak, but a practical instrument that has received messages up to seventeen hundred meters wave length. It will repro- duce speeches and music sent out on the wireless telephone. The maximum range is about a hundred miles. This Weeding Tractor Actually Combs the Soil O weeds remain in the soil after this new tractor has passed. It has been estimated that weeds reduce the value of crops throughout the United States by $300,000,000 annually. The tractor is of standard design, except that an extra power shaft extends from the rear of the transmission case and connects with the weed-extracting mechanism. The plowshare cuts a furrow of regular size and of any depth desired up to seven inches, which contains the weeds, roots and all. Revolving teeth comb the weeds from the lifted sod and deposit them in a box on thetractor . But instead of turning this furrow-slice upside down and tossing it to the right (as is the case with the ordinary plow) the absence of a mold-board allows the ribbon of earth to pass directly to the rear, where it comes in contact with the prongs on the belt-conveyors. These pull the soil into the weed-sepa- rating mechanism, which consists of a series of revolving cylinders set with teeth that curry and comb the weeds out of the soil. The earth is then returned to the vacant furrow, while the roots and weeds are dis- charged into a tight wagon box attached to the tractor drawbar, in which they can be hauled away and burned. Auger Bores Holes and Then Drives Posts N earth-boring auger has been invented by Jesse G. Rowe, Jr., of Davis, California. It is mounted on a portable truck and is provided with novel means for driving the auger downward. When the vertical shaft is rotated by the hand wheel, one spring is wound on a drum while another spring is paid off the drum. VERTICAL FEED HAND WHEEL ce Sage ae ae After drilling the hole, another at- tachment, run by the same motor, drives in the post In this way a horizontal swinging move- ment may be imparted to the frame. The object of this horizontal swinging of the frame is that the auger can be properly positioned to bore the hole into the ground, and subsequently a hammer operated by the apparatus may be used for driving a post into the hole made by the auger. The post-driving action is a part of the mechan- ism and is operated by the engine. Tool Splices Broken Fence Wire ITH this tool broken fence wires are pulled tight while they are being spliced. The first step in repairing the fence is to make a loop on each end of the broken wires, fasten a short piece of wire to be used in the repair to one of the loops, and slip its free end through the other loop. The end is then wrapped around the spool of this iron tool, and wound up until the wire is taut. A crank fitting over the squared end can _be used if necessary. After the wires are tight, the splice is fastened by making a fourth loop with the wire wrapped around the spool of this very handy tool. SHORT ends of steel bars otherwise wasted are salvaged by welding them electrically into long bars. The mechanical arms of this div- ing-bell will -be used to pick up treasure from the acean bottom Diving-Bell Is Fitted with Mechanical Hand Hq UNDREDS of ships sunk during the war at depths too great to permit salvage by ordinary methods have stimu- lated the invention of improved diving- bells. The invention of Alex O. Tesch is equipped with arms to pick objects from the bottom of the sea, and an eight-horse- power motor and propeller to allow the diver to direct his course under water. It is not expected that these diving-bells will be used to raise sunken vessels. Protected against the water pressure by a half-inch wall of steel, the diver circles the sunken hull until he finds an opening by the rays of a searchlight carried at the top of the bell. Once inside, he endeavors to pick up valu- able cargo or chests of specie with the mechanical arms, which are operated from the interior. How a Paper-Weight Helps to Sell Concrete-Mixer F you had a concrete-mixing machine that worked in an unusual manner, in which the contents were folded upon themselves twelve times with every rota- tion of the cube-shaped mixing-chamber, how would you start to sell it? The mixing feature must be demonstrated, but you could hardly persuade a prospect to put his head inside a moving concrete- mixer. The problem has been solved by the use of a hollow glass paper-weight in the form 7. ’ This paper-weight filled with sand illustrates the action of the concrete- mixer that it advertises of a cube, the same shape as the mixer of the- machine. This is filled first with a layer of red sand, then with a layer of white sand, and finally a bean is dropped on the top. As this paper-weight is rotated between the fingers, the folding action is shown by the patterns formed in the red and white sand, and the proof of the folding aetion is the fact that the bean comes right up through the mixture three times with every turn of the cube.

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62 Trouble Lamp Leaves Both Hands Free O that it may be worn over jacket or shirt, this electrician’s trouble lamp has a buttonhole hook. Like antennae, two contact-point wires lead out from the lamp-box, which the electrician uses as sure “‘diviners’”’ of current leakage. If there is an escape of electricity, his lamp lights. The lamp is in a flat tin box that may be carried in the pocket when not in use. The box has little perforations in the front for the lamp rays. In other words, the lamp is not exposed on any side. The bulb hangs from a spring socket, and there is no danger of a sharp jar causing breakage. For test- ing different resistances, other models of the device have two or three lamps, which may be switched on in series or independ- ently. Lifebuoys of Balsa-Wood ALSA-WOOD, a product of Australia and the lightest wood known, is now being used for making lifebuoys. In the buoy illustrated, a_ slightly weighted wooden grating is suspended from the balsa-wood float by four-inch painted Not only is this lifebuoy more com- fortable than the circular kind, but ~ it will sustain four persons canvas strips. The shipwrecked persons stand within the float upon the grating. Thus they find themselves much more comfortable in the water than with feet cangling and the weight of their bodies un- naturally supported from elbows and shoulders. This lifebuoy occupies but little more space than two circular lifebuoys, and is easily carried by one man. It will sus- tain four persons. Electric Manicuring Machine ITH rotary files, buffers, and polish- ers which can be slipped into a whirling shaft, an electric manicuring-set will appeal to the efficient as well as to the fastidious. Under the dainty case of fili- gree is a little electric motor, and by slip- ping the various attachments into the chuck the finger-nails are manicured by Finger-tips can be manicured neatly and quickly by this motor-driven device power in exactly the same way as it is done by hand, but with a great gain in speed and a vast improvement in the result. How Concrete Is Waterproofed HERE are two feliable methods of waterproofing concrete foundations. One method consists of mixing a certain compound into paste form with the con- crete when poured. This material is car- ried throughout the walls with the concrete mixture, but when the water evaporates, it leaves behind it the proofing substance that dries and fills the pores in the concrete, making it non-porous and therefore pre- venting capillary action. , The second method consists in placing a thin layer of cement plaster in which the waterproofing material has been mixed over the outside of the concrete foundation. The former method is used on new buildings and the latter on old ones. Popular Science Monthly This Punch Clinches Nails for Electricians nia can be clinched by means of a hammer with this simple punch. It is designed for the use of electricians who have many knobs to assemble. The punch flattens a small section of the nail, holding the parts of the knob in place. By using nails instead of screws, wiring can be strung more quickly, since the knobs may be rapidly nailed into space. Direct Reading Exposure Meter for Cameras (pene gead photographic exposures are read directly without calculations or the use of sensitized paper by the exposure meter illustrated. A _ scientific principle not used heretofore in these devices is em- ployed, by which a colored square of glass in the stem is held to the light, and the scale turned until the same color appears in the space below. The correct exposure for all stops then appears directly on the scale. The instrument is about the size oi a watch, and may be carried in the vest A pocket-sized light meter for the amateur photographer pocket. As it measures the strength of light at the point where the camera is to be used, it eliminates all guesswork about the shadows cast by buildings and trees, where even the experienced photographer is liable to go wrong and spoil a film. Hauling Automobile Bodies in Special Trucks i sane esbl RS of the road, sixty feet in length over all, are used to haul auto- mobile bodies from Detroit to Flint, Mich- ‘gan. The wagons were made this unwieldy length in order that the motor-truck might pull its maximum load, preventing wastage. the Stat silv seve groy pea: exce whi In1 dro lifti Stee one ster

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wWwwweweiwaew i dy rht January, 1922 Demonstrating a Diving-Suit in Show-Window OW divers work under water was demonstrated at a London exhibition by means of a large water-tank with a plate-glass insert in its front. The illustration shows the arrangement of the double ropes, one for support and the other for signaling, and the attachment of the air tube. A telephone inside the diver’s helmet enables the diver to talk with his tender on the surface of the water, but the old-fashioned signal-cord is kept in case of failure of the phone. For the same reason diver’s air-pumps are almost in- variably worked by hand. The ‘‘Angora’’ Tomato Is Grown in New Jersey iy an inspection of a fifteen-acre field of tomatoes for seed purposes last year the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station experts noticed a single plant with silvery foliage. Seed was saved from several of the fruits and most of the plants grown this year have the same silvery ap- pearance. This particular characteristic is due to excessive hairiness of the stems and leaves, which gives a velvety finish to the plant. In many plants it indicates ability to resist drought. Improved Hand Truck Equal to a Helper With the truck invented by a Phila- delphian, Mr. J. C. Moore, cne man can handle boxes and bales for which two men were formerly needed. A man using this truck can move any- thing he is strong enough to tilt. It is not The chain enables one man to pick up heavy and bulky cases necessary to raise the edge of the object to be moved, as the spurs will engage any sur- face against which they are set. The flexibility of the chain with the hook on the end makes it possible to handle packages that are higher than the point where the chain comes out of the barrel or tube, something that cannot be done with trucks that have a rigid metal arm ful- crumed on the top of the frame. The links of the chain are so made that they lock automatically at any point. The operator has both hands to use on the truck handles and is not obliged to twist himself around in an effort to tilt the box or package with a baling-hook while he tries to steady and control the truck with one hand. In the illustration a man weighing 140 pounds and not accustomed to heavy work is handling a packing-case weighing more than 650 pounds. Lifting Magnet Especially Adapted to Flat Sheets © Ewing Galloway Fiat steel sheets and ship’s plating are being handled by a specially constructed lifting magnet in the yards of a Chicago steel company. The principle is a familiar one in the unloading of pig iron and small steel articles, and by making the magnet long and flat the same efficient stowage is obtained for large plates. Large plates have always been awkward to handle, but with the new device, only one man is needed on the ground, and he merely guides the shapes into place. Einstein’s New Laboratory Is Odd Structure [N this queerly shaped observatory, Pro- fessor Albert Einstein will attempt to prove his theory of relativity. His equip- ment will comprise a complete physical laboratory, and an astronomical observa- tory with a small telescope, since much of Einstein’s data has to do with the path taken by light from the stars as affected by gravitation. The building will also be used as an ex- perimental station by the Astrophysical Institution of Potsdam. Universal Square Locks at Any Angle "THE blade rotates freely in a slotted aluminum handle of this universal square. The concealed end of the blade is provided with a series of five pairs of holes, any two of which can be engaged by a pair of taper studs mounted on a flat spring ex- tending the greater length of the handle and under tension against the blade. With the blade swung to the right, these studs lock it The movable blade is set at any angle and can be locked in the five positions most used in any one of the five positions most com- monly used, such as the square, double mitre, or double octagon. These adjust- ments are obtained instantly by pushing the button with the thumb of the left hand while moving the blade with the right. When the blade is moved into line with the handle, it is held semi-positively by the engagement of one stud for the purpose of being carried readily in the pocket or tool- box. The positive locking engagement ceases when the blade is swung to the left, and it may be moved over a range of 155 degrees into any desired bevel position. After the required angle has been found, the blade is held frictionally by tightening the knurled nut on the opposite side of the square from the button. A reverse motion quickly disengages the blade.

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130 - FT.GALLERY WITH CLOSED END AIRTIGHT REENFORCED > CONCRETE WALL (100 POUNDS AN INCH PRESSURE) Sie) REDE Ole So well was this compressed-air reservoir made that there is a leakage of less than two pounds pressure in six hours Compressed Air in Mine-Shaft OMPRESSED air has been successfully stored in a rock reservoir constructed in an abandoned blind heading in a Belgian coal-mine. Air is stored at one hundred pounds to the square inch, and the combination of solid rock and a cement lining has proved virtually impervious. The heading is close to the shaft, about seven hundred feet below the surface. In building the reservoir, the opening end of the heading was closed by a reenforced concrete wall, in which an opening was left to give access to the tank. Two six-inch pipes were carried through the wall, one for the admission and the other for the discharge of the compressed air, and a one-inch pipe with a valve is used to let the air into the mine. The rock walls were coated with a slow-setting liquid cement applied under a pressure of two hundred pounds to the square inch in order to plug all the fissures in the rock, and steel rails were embedded in this coating to strengthen the walls. The reservoir is 131 feet 2 inches long, with a capacity of 4767 cubic feet. Popular Science Monthly Cylinder Tests Subgrades ip seaaerpichersal as to the uniformity of the subgrade under different sections of a highway, and an excellent opportunity to gather valuable data on subgrade conditions, including ex: pansion, contraction, bearing power and moisture content, is afforded by the testing apparatus designed by the Illinois Highway Department. The subgrade-testing cylinder consists of a 114 by 114 inch black iron reducer, a short length of 114-inch black iron pipe, a 14-inch countersunk black iron plug, a special 14 by 144 inch brass bearing-plug, a short sleeve of l-inch black iron pipe and a % by | 114 inch brass disk. The brass plug is flush with the top of the pavement and the disk rests freely on the sub- grade. The length of the pipe and sleeve varies with the thick- ness of the pavement in which the cylinders are used. The brass disk fol- AL SUPPORT lows the downward movement of the pave- ment and the upward movement of the sub- grade, so that any separation between the subgrade and the bot- tom of the pavement can be learned by mea- surements taken from this plug. The difference be- tween initial readings, taken as soon as pos- sible after the testing cylinders are placed, and readings taken at subsequent times, shows any change in position between sub- grade and pavement. CONCRETE This simple device will test subgrades, giving data on expansion, contraction, bear- ing power, and also the mois- ture content Four-Foot Power Boats Make Their Thirty Miles an Hour ISITORS to Central Park, New York, are astonished to see tiny boats skip across the ponds with their engines snorting frantically and water boiling in their wake. These little boats are real products of high engineering and mechanical skill. They are propelled by intricate flash-steam plants with engines that develop as much as one horsepower under brake test, although they are small enough to rest in the palm of the hand. Model power-boat racing is fast becoming a great hobby with. me- chanically inclined Americans and within the next few years it would not be surprising to see this develop into a recognized American sport. In a way, these little craft stand on a par with the large power racing-boats that attain speeds of between sixty and seventy miles an hour. At the present time, final arrangements are being made for an international race, which will bring the best model power-boat builders of Europe over here to race their craft with the American boats. The flash-steam plants that drive these models are much more power- ful and efficient than ordinary pot- boilers, since they generate greater power for a given weight and fuel consumption. Heat is supplied by a gasoline torch, the flame of which shoots forward through the boiler coils, made of steel tubing. When the water from the pumps reaches the Fay al coils, it instantly ‘‘flashes” into steam, and as it passes through the remainder of the coil it becomes highly superheated. It is really transformed intoa hot, dry gas. Great care must be taken to maintain precisely the right amount of heat, the proper sup- ply of water, and effective lubrication. It will be noticed that the small water reservoir is placed below the water-line of . the boat, so that it is full when the model is at rest and is kept full while under way by the scoop projecting through the hull. ( Motor-boat models equip with the miniature flash-boiler plants Res keen propelled through water at the rate of at the right have thirty miles an hour It is very important to have a gauze strainer near the bottom of the tank, since any obstruction will cut off the flow of water and steam. The same precaution is taken with the oil reservoir. supplied by a pump geared to the main shaft, and the engine is lubricated by mix- ing oil with the superheated steam before it enters the cylinder.. A very heavy, viscous oil must be used to withstand the heat. Once started, flash-steam plants will work automatically, but they are very difficult to adjust, and are easily thrown out of adjustment by minor causes. Every joint must be absolutely air- and water-tight, as the pressure must be high throughout the system. Every square inch of the boiler coils is heating surface, and the amount of water and heat sup- plied to the boiler must be ex- actly what it requires, neither more nor less. Too much heat breaks down the oil, and a failure of the lubricating system is dis- astrous. SIDE-CRANK ENGINE ) RATIO -6 RATIO WATERTANK, ~Jscoop The oil is. Janua ma opi

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thly | = January, 1922 Machines and Tools to Do the Job Better nder nity r eX: t, is inois inch pe, a inch Two-Spindle Threading Machine A double-spindle threading machine saves the time of the operator by permitting him to set up one while the other is working Recording Feed-Water Thermometer A thermometer immersed in the feed water registers its temperature and transmits a record of it through a Bour- don gage to the pen, which traces it on a revolving roll WATER -COOLED, COPPER HORNS Oil-Speed Control By means of a single lever the operator of this seven-foot boring-mill can obtain any desired speed at will, saving 35 per cent in time WORK- HOLDING FIXTURES Bearing Turner A small device for turning crankpins and bearings to an - accuracy of one one-thou- sandth of an inch. It will accommodate diameters of Bench-Type Spot -Welder For small laboratory work from 114 to 2% inches where welds in sheet metal, Double-Action Countersinker platinum, and tungsten are frequently made. It occu- ‘auze Two spindles, each driven at a speed pies a space of only ten by since e \ of 2000 r.p.m., are fed simultaneously seventeen inches w of OXYGEN by the lever at the right. A valve in i PRESSURE the feed controls the cutting fluid oi] is | main mix- efore avy, Handy Gage for Metal Cutter Machine-Alining Level 1 the A graduated rule that translates the With a guaranteed sensitiveness of thickness of metal to be cut by oxy- -0002908 inch a foot, a twenty-seven- will acetylene flames into terms of gas inch level is a valuable adjunct to the very pressure and tip sizes tools of the progressive millwright rown very -and must tem. oiler 1 the sup- 2 eX- ither heat ilure dis- { aie GRINDS WIDE SURFACE. — — Fits Babbitt-Metal Linings 4 Eccentric Grinding-Wheel The two outside parallel rods slide Mills Transmission Cases ‘ B ‘ : through boltholes of bearing and cap wate : y attaching the wheel to its pulley at while the center rod is screwed down Four milling cutters, each traveling at an angle the cutting surface has a wob- the same peripheral speed regardless of bling motion, preventing overheating size, finish four surfaces simultaneously

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tee 57 rps a np em racy AN gd fy eT fy enadnre pn eA se ea ‘UP eRitarece ene te FD Meares res ae 66 Popular Science Monthly — Hydraulic Stretcher Flattens Fifteen-Foot Steel Plates N English constructional steel firm finds that better results are secured in straightening plate by stretching them in this hydraulic machine than is possible by the use of the familiar mangle - roll. The stretcher can deal with plates fifteen feet long and five feet six inches wide, and by employ- ing the grips seen at the top of the sliding members, the engine will also straighten angle- and T-iron sec- tions. The principle em- ployed can be clearly seen from the illustration. The plates are held by a combined wedge-and-lever action and may be readily released. The hydraulic cylinder is fixed at one end of the bed-plate HYDRAULIC CYLINDER PLATE-HOLDING The steel plates are gripped in a wedge and lever action while hydraulic jacks stretch and straighten them and is secured to the working head by stee] tie-bolts. The other working head is bolted to the bed, and may be set in different positions to accommodate plates of different lengths, The machine may be operated for any hy- draulic supply, but a small double - throw pump is recommended, so that the pressure may be varied by a spring-loaded —adjust- able relief valve to suit the power needed for the various plates and sec- tions being stretched. No Juice Will Squirt with This Orange-Peeler UARANTEED to peel an orange without cutting into the fruit, this peeler consists of a short steel blade— shaped like a carpenter’s tiny gouge—and a curved, flat spoon. A groove is first cut around the center of the orange with the gouge, and then the spoon is forced under the skin, loosening it neatly from the fruit without getting juice on the fingers or into the eyes. The body of this tool is made of aluminum. Why Do We Do It? | Why do we wash in steaming hot water? | HEN we know that the heat makes the skin tender? It renders cuts and abrasions more irritating. It opens the pores to the | very dirt and germs we are trying | to eliminate. Hot water does help thorough | cleansing, but physicians and beauty | specialists insist that the last step | in washing the face scientifically | should be a dash of cold water to | close the pores. WHAT DO YOU DO? That you know you shouldn’t? What are some of the familiar prac- tices of every-day life that we all know are stupid and yet that we rarely try to conquer? Send your suggestions to the Editor Dials Predict Changes in Tides. FOR the convenience of mariners making long voyages, the Coast and Geodetic Survey predicts the times of high and low water at every port in the United States from two to three years in advance. The illustration shows the data for Port Town- send, Washington, for 1923 being read Air Beacon for London-to-Paris Flyers EACONS for aviators located in the famous flying-field at Croydon, En- gland, the terminus of the London-to-Paris air lines, are constructed so as to be seen at a great distance without dazzling the pilots by too much glare. Lighthouse lenses of medium intensity are used at the top of the beacon. This powerful light can be picked up at a great distance. As the plane approaches the field, the pilot sees a white spot of light caused by powerful incandescent lamps re- flecting downward and inward on to the white cone. ; The beacon is not intended to illuminate the landing-field, but to point out a certain definite spot with the location of which the pilot is already familiar, so that he is able to approach the landing-field in the proper direction. As he starts to land, the field is illuminated by searchlights which reveal objects on the ground in clear relief. Powerful reflectors light up the white cone as a signal to guide the pilot to the landing-field from great istances © Harris & Ewing Predicting thé rise and fall of tides three years in advance is the duty of this device from three dials that show the day, hour and minute of every tide change. These are compared with the diagram above the dials, since there are two types of tides. In open roadsteads the rise and fall are about the same throughout the day, but in closed harbors entered only by narrow channels the sea rises higher at one high water than at the other. Pilots must know when this highest tide takes place, and the operator is marking this time after the figures of high water supplied mechan- ically by the tide-calculating machine. Most One-Ton Trucks Travel Twenty Miles an Hour He’ large is the average motor truck and how fast does it travel ? A census by the Bureau of Public Roads on one of the’ most traveled highways of New England, shows that 40 per cent of the trucks were of one-ton capacity, 33 per cent between one and two and a half tons, 5 per cent between two and a half and three tons, and less than 2 per cent of more than five tons capacity. On a level stretch of road, the usual speed of trucks was found to be twenty miles an hour. Thirty-seven per cent traveled at this rate or faster, and one ex- speedway driver, who explained that he was in a hurry, was clocked burning up the road at forty-five miles an hour. ~ Janu © The HA { apolo bring albun daguc granc granc you the 2 came -pile that terre! ances ata one 0 lh): herec resen repre

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Ewing January, 1922 Here’s the New Style of Family Album Eugenists Urge Similar Genetic Chart for Every Family © The Journal of Heredity 2 7 r ke ae j a a | i | i 5 a | } ' j HN | 20| i AS it been your custom to laugh apologetically | when bringing out the family album, with its quaint daguerreotypes of grandfather’sandgreat- grandfather’s day? Do you know that with the aid of a reducing camera you can com- -pile a pictorial chart that will show the in- terrelationship of every ancestor, and indicate at a glance the relative influence of each one on the children of today? The method is based on the principle of heredity that if one takes a square to rep- resent his entire inheritance, one half would represent the influence of his parents, one 34/35 /36|37 )38)59 40 [41 142 |43 [oa jas 46 147 | 1 ae j | i 22! I Above—(1) Besheve Lathrop Fairchild, Alexander Graham Bell Fairchild hi and Nancy Bell Fairchild, Shiddowe of (2) David Grandison Fairchild and ofthe three children (3) Marian Hubbard Bell, daughter of (6) Alexander Graham Bell half of what remained would represent the influence of his grandparents, and so on. Popular Science Monthly has repro- duced the above chart, compiled by David Fairchild, president of the American Genet- ic Association and son-in-law of Alexander Granam Bell. Mr. Fairchild has long been a leader of the asso- ciation in its work, and it is because of his interest in this cause that he has per- mitted publication of the chart, first pre- y e 3 pared solely for his personal use. In explanation: each above is the product of the entire “square of inheritance.” Immediately above them are the father and mother; next are seen the grandparents, and so on. The influence of each progenitor is pro- portional to the area of the square occupied.

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EAR nt ay teers OD ses = ARG RAIS bie ne eg 68 Popular Science M. onthly Will Submarine Superdreadnaughts of the Future Sweep the Seas with 12-Inch Guns? Newest Undersea Battleships to Speed at 2] By Graser Schornstheimer Knots

NE of the most interesting discussions growing out of the Washington Conference on Arms Limitation concerns the future of the submarine. Will the great powers compete— unless prevented by an amicable agreement—in the building of sub- mersible superdreadnaughts capable of blowing all present surface navies out of the ocean? The following article, from one of of the best-informed naval writers in America, is part of a series which Popular Science Monthly has been publishing to help readers actually visualize the amazing armament de- velopments that will be inevitable if the Washington conference is a failure.—The Editor.

S the heavily armed sub-surface cruiser | to be the battleship of the future? ' The submarine was the only naval arm to undergo radical change as the result of the lessons learned during the war, and at least one of these lessons suggests forcibly the reply to the above question. The lesson learned was that the effictency of the torpedo is still an uncertainty. Too late and to her sorrow Germany made this discovery. Three or more torpedoes were fired for every hit made during the war. While the periscope and the conditions under which the torpedo is aimed are partly responsible for this, the real reason is the inherent delicacy of the torpedo’s gyro- scope steering. apparatus, superheaters, and detonating fuse. Torpedo Has Disadvantages Another disadvantage of the torpedo is found in the very conditions under which it must be discharged. Thus, when a sub- marine comes to the surface, vision through the periscope is obscured by the tiny drops of water falling from its case, and by a light mist that sometimes blankets the high seas. Suppose, despite this, the officer on watch manages to locate an enemy ship. He makes it out indistinctly, no matter how fine his optical equipment. But finally the enemy ship is properly ranged and the torpedo is discharged. Even then the chances of a hit are only one out of three. If it is not a hit, the target will in a moment be maneuv- ering to such an extent as to render. useless the discharge of a second torpedo. A third drawback to the use of torpedoes is the protective structure of the modern capital ship. Should a hit be made on a battleship, battle cruiser, or large cruiser, compara- tively little damage is done, although indeed, the damage will exceed that of an aircraft bomb exploding along- side the ship. In fact, it is claimed that the British Hood can withstand ten torpedoes; and with her triple

The undersea superdreadnaught is in its first stages of development. Japan is constructing a number of submarines of 7500 tons displace- ment, equipped with four 7.5-inch and 5.5-inch guns. Diesel engines will drive these fighting ships at a speed of twenty-one knots hull our new battleship Maryland should be able to withstand six or seven torpedo hits. The result of these conditions, as I see it, will be the development of regular battle- ship armament for the submarine, com- prising both light and heavy guns. Al- ready, indeed, it is known that Japan intends to build a number of very large submarines of the multigun carrying type. Contracts have been let in Europe for a number of 4000-horsepower Sulzer-Diesel engines. Three engines are to be the sur- face motors of single large submarines to have a displacement on the surface of around 7500 tons. The surface speed of these boats will be about twenty-one knots, and the surface cruising radius very great. They will be the ideal long-range scouts and commerce raiders.

The efficiency of the torpedo is still an uncertainty, as Germany learned. The smaller submarine is giving place to the heavily armed sub-surface battleship, of which the British ‘‘M’’ type is the first experimental example, designed to ‘“‘mop up”’ disabled ships

The armament to be given these ships is a matter of great speculation. But it is known that in addition to the usual sub- merged tubes, probably of the twenty-one inch type, on the deck will be four 7.5-inch or six 5.5-inch guns, with two or four anti- aircraft guns. These guns will be sufficient to combat the lightly armed cruiser, armed merchantman, or destroyer and, therefore, will be all they will need. Light as these guns are, they forecast the coming of the submarine battleship. The submarine battleship is, of course, yet to be practically developed, and the British submarines of the ‘‘M” type are simply the first uncertain applications of the principle to underwater craft. The first two of these boats, while not ex- actly failures, are not regarded as entirely successful and have not been or- dered to sea duty. The third boat, the M-3, is regarded as successful enough to go to sea with the Atlantic fleet. ‘ Britain’s Undersea War-Ship , She is a large vessel, displacing 1600 tons on the surface and 1950 tons submerged. On the surface she is driven by 2400-horsepower Diesel engines, for a maximum speed of sixteen knots, which was actually obtained on the vessel’s trial. Elec- tric motors of 1600 horsepower, de- riving their power from huge storage batteries, drive the ship when sub-

Janud mergeq engines seventy cruisin The Diesel vaunte steam-} ure I driven enginin Diesel « Tore ment c¢ a 520-] inch gu three-ir : fon TOW service intricat chine-s capable any fle aircraft spaciou from d pilot-h the hu deck i flying-1 sades v flyer fr Japa rier, th be reac tleship structi: part of gland ; have < conver into ar The in this an ind future craft ¢: advant plane I landpl. In the Herme.

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ips is it is | sub- y-one -inch anti- icient irmed efore, these of the ourse, d the ye are yns of The it exe tirely n or- boat, essful lantic hip , lacing 1950 ice she Diesel ed of ually Elec- r, de- orage sub- January, 1922 merged at a speed of 9.5 knots. For surface engines the M-8 carries a normal load of seventy-six tons of oil, insuring a very good cruising radius. The M-3 will be driven, observe, by Diesel engines, and not by the once much- vaunted steam drive. During the war the steam-propelled submarine proved a fail- ure. In speed it is superior to the Diesel- driven craft, but the British are now re- engining the K-18, K-19, and K-20 with Diesel equipment. To return to the M-38. Her surface arma- ment consists of one twelve-inch gun, firing a 520-pound shell. (The normal twelve- inch gun fires an 850-pound shell.) A single three-inch anti-aircraft gun is also carried. The vessel is 303 feet long, with a beam of 24.5 feet and a mean draft on the surface of 1534 feet. She will be the first ‘‘submarine battleship” to form a part of a fleet. Imagine the plight of a battleship that has been severely pounded and forced to draw out of action in sinking condition. Suddenly a speck appears on the surface six or seven miles away and a 520-pound shell comes tearing through her belt. This shell is followed by three or four unex- pected torpedoes. Such will be the work of the submarine battleship. In a certain way, of course, a submarine of this size would be able to take part in a real line-of-battle action. Suppose a fleet of modern battleships is peacefully steam- 69 ing in column when an equal number of sub- marine battleships, carrying four sixteen- inch gvrs each, suddenly appears four c1 five miles aw’ y. tremendous broadsides and then disappear They fire three or four quickly beneath the waves, leaving nothing for the battleships to attack, even if they are able to withstand the big gun and tor- pedo hits made by the submarines. All through the ages, ‘“‘battleship’” has simply been:the term applied to the type dominant in naval warfare. Who can say that ‘‘battleship” will not mean to naval men of the next generation a heavily armed sub-surface cruiser of which the modern submarine is but the rudimentary progenitor? Floating Hangars to Cruise with Fighting Fleets Masts Will Telescope and Elevators Will Carry Airplanes from Deck to Deck in Newest. Mother - Ship HE mother ship of to-mor- row will be a vast seagoing service station for aircraft—an intricate floating hangar, ma- chine-shop, and _ flying-field, capable of maneuvering with any fleet of battleships. In the aircraft tender of the future spacious elevators will lift planes from deck to deck. Masts and pilot-house will telescope into the hull, transforming the top deck into a long unobstructed flying-field. Wind-breaking pali- sades will offer protection to the flyer from strong sea breezes. Japan is building such a car- rier, the Hosho, which will soon be ready to join its fleet of bat- tleships. Other nations are con- structing tenders as an essential part of their naval forces. En- gland already has six; France and Italy have a few, while the United States is converting the former naval collier Jupiter into an airplane service ship. The Hosho represents the latest advance in this type of naval construction, and is an indication of what may be expected in future development. Ever since the air- craft carrier was conceived, the tremendous advantage of the landplane over the sea- plane has forced improvements to permit the landplane to alight on the tender’s decks. In the mother ships Hosho, Argus, and Hermes this advantage has been achieved. The United States balloon-tender ‘‘Wright,’’ -which will contain space for six kite balloons and complete apparatus for the generation and storage of hydrogen. shops for the re ment of 49 officers and 522 men The top deck of the Hosho is flush from, bow to stern. Masts and chart-house tele- scope into the hull, and the funnels are back of the stern, leaving a flying-deck clear of obstructions. A large elevator, capable of carrying a fully assembled plane, connects the three decks on which the planes are handled. A plane can be rolled into the elevator, which rises flush with each deck, as easily as if it were being rolled from a hangar into a field. When the elevator reaches the top deck, the plane can start straight on its flight as smoothly as from the ground. Machine- wd of both airplanes and lighter-than-air craft will be included in her equipment. armament will consist of four 5-inch guns and two ma- chine guns, and the vessel will be manned with a comple- The “Wright’s’’ To keep the planes stationary on deck when the vessel is mov- ing into a stiff breeze, blast screens have been provided. Without these screens, ready for instant use, a strong breeze or the’ sudden turn of the ship into the wind might fcrce a plane up kite fashion. The pilot-hcuse is really a single-story elevatcr of great size, maneuvered hydraulically. Planes of at least three types will be carried aboard the Hosho —fighting planes to drive off enemy aircraft, spotting planes to spot the big-gun fire of the large war-ships, and a squadron of torpedo planes to attack the enemy’s capital ships. The Hosho displaces 10,000 tons with her normal load aboard, and about 13,000 tons with her full load. She will be about 500 feet long, with a beam of fifty-five feet and a normal draft of eighteen feet. Her engines will be tur- bines and the steam will be supplied by oil- fired boilers. The speed will be around twenty-two knots. Her battery will con- sist of four 5.5-inch, 50-caliker 82-pounders; two 3-inch, 50-caliber anti-aircraft guns and possibly some deck torpedo tubes. She will be protected with the special anti- torpedo blisters cn her hull and by cover- ing armor enough to withstand the fire of smaller cruiser and destroyer guns. TELESCOPING WIRELESS MAST HOUSE (TELESCOPING) GASOLINE AND OIL STORAGE An elevator to ai unobstructed top-deck ASSEMBLING ‘AND REPAIR ll : es . mecmtemnee os ” A. Ra cer A/D ARs RAVR SS | / lanes from deck to deck, and telescopin ying-field, are part of the equipment of the newest aircraft tender, ‘‘Hosho”’ STORAGE DECK at . FLYING:DECK x \ jew $1 tH] i WIND-BREAKING PALISADE (COLLAPSIBLE) TENE: MACHINE- SHOP, PICKING*UP CRANE Be a “ ath FSMOKE FUNNEL Xa dely ~ S ° he & Rae masts and pilot-house to permit an

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@ Underwood &,Underwood 70 This Electrified Satchel Cries, ‘Stop Thief!’’ OLD-UP men who snatch a satchel | from this messenger must make their escape carrying a ringing burglar alarm in their arms. The grip is of ordinary ap- pearance on the outside, except that it is made of steel, but within is a monster bell operated by two specially prepared dry cells, which will ring the alarm continu- ously for six hours. If the messenger is held up, he pushes one of two buttons concealed in the handle. The first starts the bell ringing instantly, giving an alarm which can be heard for blocks. If the messenger fears the sudden noise might make the robber shoot, he pushes the second, which delays the alarm until the messenger is from twenty to thirty feet away from the robber. If the criminal is wise, he will drop the satchel and run away. Nosane man would attempt to escape with a satchel in which a bell was ringing, and the noise cannot be stopped without smashing the grip. A Concrete Gun that Prevents Mine Explosions OAL-MINERS are now using a con- crete gun to spray the walls and shafts of the mine tunnels with a thin layer of concrete. It has been found that this will prevent cave-ins and explosions. The concrete seals the walls from the action of the air, and does away with slacking and its resultant dust. Coal-dust in the air is the primary cause of mine accidents, and by sealing the walls the infiltration of choke damp and fire damp is also prevented. A thin mixture of cement is used. The gun itself resembles the machines used to spray paint. THE two most promising substitutes for gasoline are alcohol and furfuraldehyde. Mop-Wringer Is a Wizard HIS mop-wringer is a wizard. By applying the mechanical principle of the screw, a child can twist a mop with a force approximating half a ton, which is enough to squeeze out the last drop of water. Drop the mop in the spiral opening, place the foot on the floorpiece to hold the Mopping floors with clean dry hands. The spiral twists the mop and makes hand wringing unnecessary bucket steady, and turn the handle gently to the right. As the mop is twisted it works its way to the bottom of the spiral, following the wires as if they were the threads of a screw. To remove the mop it must be twisted to the left. In addition to effective wringing, the hands never come in contact with dirty water. New Alarm-Clock Buzzes instead of Ringing ae eealsiencay by Theodore Schisgall, of New York, is an alarm-clock that uses a loud buzzer instead of a bell. The noise produced is loud enough to waken the sleeper, but not great enough to disturb any one else. Instead of a bell, a U-shaped piece of metal is bolted to the inside of the clockcase so that it is struck by the hammer of the alarm. The vibrations set up are trans- mitted to the entire case, so that the “buzzalarm”’ is loud and clear. Popular Science M onthly Vacant seats are shown on this in- dicator placed in a theater lobby No More Standing while Seats Are Empty N automatic electrical vacant-seat in- dicator, whereby the head-usher has a living map of the house constantly before him, adds to the comfort of Los Angeles theatergoers. The vacancy of any seat is registered instantly by a pilot lamp. The invention consists of a master key- board installed in the lobby with a light for every seat in the house. The seats are electrically connected with the board, and so wired that when they are occupied the flash remains dark; but.as soon as a spec- tator rises, contact is established by the automatic raising of the seat, and the vacancy is registered on the keyboard until the seat is again occupied and the contact thereby automatically broken. At the same time flashing lights in the aisles in- dicate rows containing vacancies, which augments the speed with which standees can be seated. Now complete toa depth of twenty feet, the Cape Cod canal is big enough to handle the largest coastwise steamships afloat. During the sixty years preceding its con- struction, more than two thousand ships were wrecked and more than eight hundred lives lost in negotiating the stormy and fog- bound route around the cape. The time saved on the voyages of coal-freighters alone is worth a million dollars a year. Fish Ladder Allows Trout to Climb Dam FISHING is forbidden within seventy- five feet of this sluice, for every fish that passes the dam in Bow River, at Cal- gary, Canada, passes up this fish ladder. A salmon might be able to leap over this dam, or even swim directly up its face, but some assistance must be given to the trout. In the fish ladder, boards are placed at right angles to the chute alternately from opposite sides. The water rushing down the ladder is thrown from one side of the sluice to the other, forming a series of eddies in which the fish can rest on their way up the face of the dam. Janu Keyst — Bicy¢ p* p which to the frilly s baby | ing il daugh road. The firmly ment carrie there | ing til Boot! smelle a won arrest could end, | telephk pocke might Ott US' he inven to fly 1896 mode! engin Lili hill a mach batic even | Lili chine undot men, tion k positi no les geniu

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ts in- fore eles it is key- t for are and . the pec- the the until itact the s in- rhich 1dees feet, andle float. con- ships ndred 1 fog- time alone of the ies of their January, 1922 © Keystone View Company Bicycle Becomes Baby Limousine AUGHTER rides in comfort in this perambulator of European invention, which may be taken off its wheels and fitted to the handle-bars of Daddy’s bicycle. The frilly sunshade adds a touch of luxury, and baby may pretend she is a proud lady rid- ing in her limousine, while father and daughter both enjoy the fresh air cf the road. The strap in front and two brackets firmly clamped to the fork maké the attach- ment perfectly safe, and as the weight is carried almost directly over the front axle, there is no danger of father’s wrists becom- ing tired. BooTLEG liquor is so strong it can be smelled over the telephone—at least, a woman of Wichita, Kansas, asked for the arrest of a man so drunk that she said she could smell his breath when he phoned, and, sure enough, the police found him telephoning with a quart of liquor in his pocket at the address she gave. Still, it might have been coincidence. Otto Lilienthal—the Father of Modern Aviation UST twenty-five years ago, this airplane held the sustained-flight record, and its inventor, Otto Lilienthal, was the first man to fly in a heavier-than-air machine. In 1896 he: constructed a glider, basing his model on the wings of a bat. There was no engine. Lilienthal used to jump off the top of a hill and glide to the ground, and as the machine was without ailerons, violent acro- batic effort was required to keep it on an even keel. Lilienthal finally lost control of the ma- chine and was killed in the fall, but he is undoubtedly the pioneer of modern air- men, and the statue shown in the illustra- tion below has been placed in a prominent position in a Berlin museum as a tribute no less to his courage as to his inventive genius.. ' A statue of Lilienthal as he appeared when “taking off’? with his glider from a hilltop The Mechanical Traffic Cop A MACHINE that regulates traffic like clockwork—in fact, with clockwork— has been demonstrated in Los Angeles. The globe at the top of the column contains an electric light, and the box on the shaft contains clockwork that moves the indica- tor from ‘Stop’ to “Go” at fifteen-, twenty-, or thirty-second intervals, as the exigencies of traffic demand. The assembly is mounted on wheels so that it may be moved readily to busy points, where it will direct traffic without human supervision. Takes Photographs while Playing for Dances HOWN below is an invention that is a slightly enlarged camera fitted with a motor and parts for playing disk phono- graph records. The feature of the photo-phonograph is that it supplies music for dancing at the same time as it snaps pictures of the dancers. The camera may be used apart from the phonograph and is then, of course, very much lighter. However, the weight This combination phonograph and camera weighs but twelve pounds. Either feature may be used inde- pendently of the two combined is only twelve pounds, and its size but six inches by seven inches by sixteen inches. The phonograph has a double spring motor, a mute regulator for the tone-arm, and a screw on the sound- box for loud and soft adjustment. Molds Rectangular or Oval Concrete Pipes ECTANGULAR or oval concrete pipe may ke molded by the machine in- vented by Rijkent Last, of Enkhuizen, Netherlands. The mold is mounted on a table which is rotated at a fixed speed. Meanwhile, the rammer is moved up and down by a crank on the same shaft. A cam shaped to correspond with the outline of the particular form of pipe being molded is connected by gearing and shafts with the rammer so as to ccntrol and guide its operation in shaping the pipe to the de- sired form. The function of the rammer is, of course, to press the material into the mold. An Ice-Shaver and -Cracker "T'HIS ice-shaver and -cracker that does not scatter chips over the entire interior of the refrigerator was invented by John B. Zorin, of Kansas City, Missouri. It consists of a boxlike instrument having a curved rear portion to fit the palm of the hand. The ice is shaved with the knife at the forward end. The shavings The chips of ice are forced back into the handle of the ice-shaver, which can be opened when filled fall into the box, from which they are removed by sliding back a pivoted cover. A resilient blade is mounted within the device just above the cutting-blade, and this springs back when the cutting is in progress, thus increasing the opening through which the cracked ice enters the box. On the recovery stroke, however, this blade springs back to its original position, closing the gap at the cutting end of the blade and thereby preventing the ice from dropping out. This blade can also be utilized as a pick to break off the ice in larger pieces. THE Amazon River and its tributaries have fifty thousand miles of navigable waterways.

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ene ya 92 A Million Volts! Popular Science Monthly " Can This Current Be Used? High-voltage insu- lator test at about 600,000 volts, show- ing spark-over of insulator from wire to tower, the arc jumping a distance of six feet The high-voltage transmission-line tower in high-voltage laboratory at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, giving an idea of the laboratory testing appa- ratus used for this experiment MILLION volts! One fiftieth of the terrific energy of a lightning-flash! The recent accomplishment of the General Electric Company, in generating a current of this pressure has set engineers thinking more seriously over the still practically insoluble problem of transmitting such voltages for profitable commercial use. As the voltage is increased, the diameter of the conductor must be increased with it. For a million volts this means a conductor of at least four inches in diameter. If it were necessary that the four-inch con- ductor be solid, this fact would probably kill all chances of super-high voltages ever being used, but, strange to say, the four- inch conductor may just as well be a pipe or tube made of thin sheet copper. The pipes could be supported between the high towers by a cable of high tensile strength passing through its center. The latticed poles of transmission lines must be built high enough to allow the wires to be strung at least fifteen feet apart and a hundred feet above the ground. But, even then, some of the electricity, in the The first million volts ever produced jumping across a needle gap of nine feet at the high-voltage engineering laboratory of the General Electric Company, at Pittsfield form of a bluish haze, will leave the wires and skip off into the surrounding air. If the use of a million volts is eventually found practicable, it will mean cheaper electric lights, cheaper power for heating homes, for cooking, and for performing the numercus household tasks. Current may then be transmitted from a station in Alaska to homes in San Francisco, since engineers figure that power can be sent a mile for each thousand volts generated. Boats with Caterpillar Propulsion Can Navigate Shallowest Rivers ATERPILLAR traction has_ been adapted to boats by Maxence Isnard, a French inventor, not with the idea that it will ever replace the marine propeller on sea-going vessels, but to permit flatboats to navigate streams too shallow for tugs equipped with screws to negotiate. Isnard’s propulsion system consists of an endless belt carrying paddle-blades on its outer surface, which runs over wheels about five feet in diameter, placed thirty feet between centers. With the exception of the paddles, this is PILOT-HOUSE AND DOUBLE HULLS ENGINE-ROOM OR FLOATS a HORIZONTAL CHAIN BELT AND PROPELLING BLADES A chain belt equipped with paddles and driven by a small gas-engine pro- pels the canal-boat a point that is slightly below the paddles. In a test made on Lake Bourget, the caterpillar boat developed a speed of six miles an hour. Its tractive force, us mea- sured by a dynamometer, amounted to five hundred pounds. Electric Locomotive Needs No Engineer ascent engineers are said precisely the same as the drive of a caterpillar tractor. It is run in the usual way by a ten- horsepower gasoline motor. The effect is the same as that which vould be produced by oars. The paddles are placed six feet apart, so that each works without having its efficiency re- duced by the disturbed water following the preceding blade. The driving wheels are placed so that the paddles will work in a foot of water. To prevent the blades from being broken by accidentally touching the bottom, the tractor is placed in the center of the hull, and floats are brought down on each side, extending to In tests carried out on this caterpillar boat, a speed of six miles an hour was attained. Shallow streams may negotiated without fouling to have perfected a system of communication between two elec- tric engines used to drive a single train, whereby no engineer is re- quired in the second cab. The locomotive at the head of the train produces a secondary peri- odical current of low voltage but high frequency, which is super- imposed on the regular circuits. A selector in the engine in the rear is operated only by this su- perimposed current. The move- ments of the selector operate the controller and braking equipment of the engine in the rear cab so that any change made of the forward controls is automatically repeated in the rear. The de- vice is to be used on trains trav+ eling over mountainous country.

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ly di res ly per ing the lay in nee ta les. the six ive ds aid . of lec- gle [he the eri- but er- S. the ve- the ent cab the ally de- avy ry. January, 1922 Time- and Money-Savers for the Household When the clothesline is drawn over this pulley, it is auto- matically cleaned by the brusiies with which the pulley flanges are studded all around the inside Three prongs, which form part of the socket fixture, en- gage the rim-flange of the diffusion bowl and hold it firmly by spring action Put your meat in this broiler, cover the bottom of the gravy-pan in its lower part with water and let the heat of your gas-stove do the rest 73 These tongs are for lifting hot tins out of the sterilizer, pre- serve-jars out of the boiler, and for handling other hot objects around the stove Grating nutmegs \ usually means abra- sions of the knuck- les. With this ma- /) chine the possibility / of injury is prac- tically eliminated By means of this socket The air compression re- extension it is possibleto quired for this atomizer » ; attach the plug of an_ is obtained by a minia- With a tool made of a row of wire The fringe of the mop is attached electric iron without re- ture air pump with an hooks shaped like cat’s claws, to a tape, the ends of which are moving the ornamental ornamental plunger. with the brushes of carpet-sweepers fastened together around the shade a cloisonné knob holder with a snap-button The ‘‘washer-skate”’ here illus- trated is a small device consisting of two corrugated wooden rollers Here is an electric water-heater. The mounted in a frame with a heater is covered by an insulating jacket handle. It saves the knuckles are easily cleaned This can-opener may be attached to the kitchen table or a wall bracket, and the slanting cutter is worked up and down by a lever while the can is turned = ama aor Span CER Eh etna ee vem

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= Oops ae Oe a lalate i mcnee 5, + P opular Science Monthly i Quickly Can You Seive These Brain-Testers? New Puzzles that Are Easier than bed Loar By Sam Loyd, the World’s Puzzle King _

business men. tied for.

Twenty-Five Dollars in Prizes FePUCcATORS say that puzzle-solving is the best kind of mind-training— best, because it comes as sport instead of drudgery. As proof of this, consider the fact that Sam Loyd’s most faithful puzzle fans have been inventors, engineers, and _ A first prize of $10 will be awarded the reader who sends in the best set of cor- rect answers and analyses covering the four problems on this page; a second prize of $5 for the next best set; and ten other prizes of $1 for the ten next best sets. Answers must be received not later than February 8, addressed to the Puzzle Editor, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York, N. Y. By ‘‘best” is meant absolute correctness of solution—then, if other points must be considered, clearness of analysis. Mr. Loyd’s decision must be considered as final. In case of a tie, each competitor will be awarded the full amount of the prize Answers and names of the prize-winners will be published in the May issue.

Can You Convert the Sphere into Fine Wire? A MACHINIST, who makes a specialty * of building models for inventors, has witnessed the practical working out of many conceptions that at first inspection would have convicted their authors of mental unsoundness. For example: A large sphere of whitish metal was carted to his shop the other day, escorted by a mysterious old fellow who explained what he wished done with it. The sphere measured twenty-four inches in diameter and its owner wanted it con- verted into wire thread one hundredth of an inch thick. The establishment was not equipped to tackle the job, but some of the men, out of curiosity, calculated what would be the length of that wire if the twenty-four-inch ball were spun out as required without any waste of material. It is a simple problem that yields to common-sense methods and a little ingenu- ity, so we will ask our problemists to pro- duce the answer. What would be the length of that wire one hundredth of an inch in diame- ter?

At What o’Clock Did the Browns Meet the Joneses? € gen night last fall, the Joneses started out in their new car to call upon the Browns, and when they reached the domi- cile of the latter, learned that the Browns, having been gone just eleven minutes in their car on the way to the Joneses, must have passed them on the way, so the Joneses turned about and proceeded home- ward, observing closely all other cars that were met. Now, the Browns, it appears, reached the Jones cottage fifteen minutes after the de- parture of the Joneses on their way to the Browns, so the Browns, too, reversed and sped homeward. On their return trips the friends—being this time on the lookout for each other— met on the road at a point midway between their homes, at exactly four o’clock. From this bit of road gossip what time was it when the Browns left home to drive over to the Joneses? Of course it must be assumed that the two cars maintained their respective speeds throughout, and traveled the same route.

How Much Fencing for This Town? a city-planner says that the boundary-line of his Utopia would be in the form of a Greek cross, embracing five squares, such a one as is illustrated below. When asked as to its proposed size, he replied: “T plan to have the dimensions of the city such that the number of running miles enclosing it will correspond to the Voting for a Bus-Route ESCRIBING the model town he wants to found, ™” establishing a bus-route between Union and Central railway stations, the transit company left the selection of a route to a vote of the property-holders on the sixteen blocks forming a large square of which the stations were diagonal corners. A condition that the company made was, that the chosen route must not be longer than that number of square miles in its area.”’

Let us determine the length of fence it would require. What length of fencing will the city-planner need to surround the town of his dreams?

shown in the sketch by a dotted line. How many routes, all different in some respect, but all eight blocks long, would it have been possible to vote for? _ How many different routes—each eight blocks long—can be laid out on this street map?

Ja

a d l nm wee Oe ot oe Oe OU lUmelll oe ™— ef we ot CO © OO eS —<— ee ee

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January, 1922 How You Can Receive Radio Messages _ ,_.° with a Bit of Wire Fencing » a Odd Experiments with New Wireless Antenna that Is Inexpensive and Requires No ‘‘Ground”’ ; WO pieces of chicken wire, stretched horizontally between two insulated supports, have been found by the Bureau of Standards to possess all the advantages of the loop antenna without several of the latter’s disadvantages. With this a reality, one of the last obstacles to a wider participation in radio enjoyment by the amateurs of America has been sur- mounted. According to Hiram Percy Maxim, there are over 250,000 radio amateurs already receiving benefit from the increased activ- ity in wireless. Football and baseball scores, weather forecasts, market reports, election returns, the correct time, and general news from all parts of By Armstrong Perry their first steps in radio know that the receiving station must be “‘tuned’’ to the transmitting station that it is desired to hear. This tun- ing is accomplished by a balanc- ing of two electrical properties— inductance and capacity. Induc- tance always lags and capacity rushes ahead. The radio amateur merely turns the two or three knobs attached to his apparatus and gets the results whether he knows what is happen- ing inside or not. The loop antenna has a large value of inductance that is balanced by the capacity of condensers in the tuning apparatus, The author of this article tried out a condenser antenna made of two win- dow-screens insulated with books. mediately he heard a long-wave-length Im- station, three hundred miles away the average amateur than the fact that he can readily make a condenser antenna out of two pieces of chicken wire or two window-screens or two anything that are flat and made of metal and that can be suspended parallel with each other with a reasonable amount of air space between. The pictures on this page tell the world, are some of the items picked up daily by the quarter million radio enthusiasts. And that does not complete the list by any means. Radio concerts, both vocal and instrumental, are being given with semi-weekly regularity. In some sections of the country sermons and church music are delivered broadcast to whosoever has a radio receiving station to catch and enjoy them. Construction of Loop Antenna It was only a short time ago that a receiving outfit was enemy Ie | RECEIVING \¥ ; Lape j hy 24 . ~ “ é SPIKED Joe q z « CONDENSER SCREEN uf SUPPORTED HORIZONTALS ~~ ro » CONDENSER sina VARIA Ont CONDENS AERIAL AMMBIER 3 : ~ INDUCTANCE ” = pig: ES the story better than words. Wire netting of various sizes has been used varying from six feet up to thirteen feet square. These screens were suspended from a specially built frame, but they could be hung from trees or from the ceiling or from any- thing else as well, so long as they are insulated so that the energy that they pick up will all go into the receiver and none of it escape. Hanging the screens vertically instead of horizontally reduced the strength about 75 per cent. It has been determined that — —- designed so sensitive that a loop of wire four feet square would gather enough energy to render sounds perfectly clear in the ear of the receiver. The heart of this set was an audion bulb or vacuum tube that looks like an electric-light bulb, but contains in addition to the filament two other metal parts called the grid and plate. By turning electric currents of different voltages into the filament and Instrument layout used by the Bureau of Standards to test the adaptability of the condenser an- tenna made of fine-mesh copper screen. Half of the antenna is not included in the photograph whereas the condenser antenna has a large value of capacity and is balanced by the inductance of wire coils in the tuning ap- paratus. But this difference means less to the circuits used with an ordinary antenna are equally satisfactory with the condenser antenna. But for convenience and quick tuning a special circuit was de- vised that required but one adjustment for any given wave length after the vacuum-tube detector was set in opera- tion. No tests were made using the antenna for transmitting, but it should prove very effective because its low resis- plate and passing energy gath- ered from the intercepted radio waves through ,the bulb, the electrical waves sent out by the transmitting station are trans- lated into intelligible sounds exactly similar to those made at the sending station, whether they were in the form of music, conversation, or the dots and dashes of the Morse code. Yet the loop antenna had cer- tain drawbacks. It was difficult to make, and after completion it had to be handled with great care lest the turns of wire be- came bent or jammed. In-dis- mantling for storage, the task of unwinding the coils of wire was a tedious one. Undoubtedly with these facts in mind, the Bureau of Stand- ards has. developed the con- denser antenna working on a principle different from that of either the loop or straight-wire antenna. meters. Using a Window-Screen Aerial point. HEN I heard of this condenser antenna, | set out at once to test it from the amateur’s stand- I yanked out a couple of ordinary japanned | window-screens. One I laid on a pile of books on my | study table. On top of this I piled more.books and then laid the second screen on top of the heap. Then I scraped bare a small place on each screen and attached copper wires leading to my long-wave regenerative receiving-set. “I adjusted the knob for 600 meters. Da de, de da, d’d’d’d. NAH, the New York navy radio station, was just signing off. It was fainter than it is when | receive it over my 110-foot single-wire antenna, but _ it was readable. “Shifting my inductance switches, I went up to the extremely high waves. By turning one knob I could then cover a range of from 10,000 meters to 24,000 An arc-station signal came whistling in, faint but clear. Soon I was able to identify it as com- ing from WSO, an experimental station at Marion, Massachusetts.” —Armstrong Perry. tance permits the radiation of most of the energy generated. It Has a Military Value This new antenna may be found of the utmost importance | in military operations. The work of unrolling two such | screens as used in this experi- | ment and making the necessary | connections can be accom- | plished in a minute or two. | Like the loop antenna the con- | denser antenna requires no ground connection, which is an advantage, as a good “ground” is often difficult to find. The investigators concluded that “the condenser antenna of small dimensions has a decided advantage over the coil antennas when wave lengths under 250 meters are employed,”’ but that the larger screens needed for suc- cessful reception of longer wave lengths would render the outfit Those who have already taken less easily portable.

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Every gasket needed in the usual run of repairs, in plain sight and assorted by sizes, saves time in the busy garage GREASE TO DIFFERENTIAL” COMPRESSED-AIR GREASE-JAR wn we ws ” EE, wile Compressed-air grease-guns can § be made from a_ two-quart Mason fruit-jar by soldering two metal tubes into the screw-cap Ba CARRIER RIM MON CAR New lock for spare tires prevents theft by a metal barrel that fits over the nut on the stud of the tire-carrier aver ewes nae aes te owe tt LOLLELELL IDE AL AAALPLEBLLLLL 11/1 ways under the driver’s eye ‘. ley ie he: WLOUILLLLIPOODDILIE MADDEN EEDA de All the instruments usually placed on the dash can be mounted on the steering-wheel, where they are al- A Variety of Devices —_ that Will Help You Solve = * | Your Motor Problems 4 CHARGING OR LIGHTING CIRC etic Overcharging storage batteries is prevented by a patented device by which the rate of charging can be regulated from the driver’s seat. The connections are such that the ammeter indicates the amount of current flowing into the battery A bolt sliding into a lug on the steering- wheel, locked by a four-number com- bination, makes theft impossible Geared to the wheel, the searchlight always illuminates the path direct- ly ahead of the car, permitting the driver to give her undivided atten- tion to the road during night driving Popular Science Monthly =. F SPRING » ADJUSTING SCREW CAP we PRIMING 4 CUP HOLE Internal cylinder pressure in gas-engines is recorded on a revolving drum by a piston acting against a coiled spring aati A right-angled valve extension allows tires mounted on solid steel wheels to be inflated from the outside in the usual way a Illuminated signs on the rear operated by push-buttons on the steering-wheel gives the car be- hind warning of your next move \\ahascssaisebsenoseneaaanecetacbennaiiansuusnisaneamtameensenseomene Complete light control from a com- pact keyboard obviates driving with one hand while groping about the dash for the right switch WAAR ‘i i ie

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January, 1922 If You Need Help when You Overhaul Your Car OPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY publishes kind and makes it indisputably ‘‘your car.” each month two pages of new and im- Remember our Service Department. If you proved attachments and accessories designed have questions concerning your car that you to bring the old car up to date and to give would like to have answered by an expert, the new car that touch of individuality that write to our Automobile Editor. Helpful an- distinguishes it from other automobiles ofits | swers are given to all inquiries; seeepage 79. SS AEEAMNWW.WXWXi wes The forged steel arm is woven between the three pedals and locked around the brake-pedal, making any movement of the car impossible ee ¥ 3 if ¥ ‘‘\htemaene” al The cleaner attached to a foot- board is placed outside the car and a tube carried into the car. A swiveling nozzle head enables any part of ‘the upholstery to be reached Attached to the run- ning-board the unit shown above carries extra water, oil, and gas. A spout in the tank does away with spattering and wastage ee “ff! If the accelerator rod becomes worn and drops out of place, a paper-clip wound around the ball-and-socket joint will effect a temporary repair VUMUMLLLLLLL LUMI ANN tte: The lower end is screwed into the spark-plug bushing, and the gage at the A pocket tool with a peculiar head upper end registers compression pres- to loosen the carbon and a file to sure, piston-ring fit, and general con- clean out the center of the plug _ dition of valves © Keystone View Company aN SBVVVAWY SS SSSA “> S > sss er If the car is moved while the de- vice is locked, the piston is de- pressed and sounds a klaxon horn at every turn of the wheel STUDS ON -FRAME yr FRAM CRANK-BEARING HERB Above is a tool for home garage or small shop. The wing-nuts clamp the bearing, while the cutting edge smooths the surface Touch a button and the lid flies open revealing a receptacle for the ashes and a supply of matches. It can be installed on any dash By pressing on the plunger with the thumb, the metallic fingers at the opposite end open to grasp inacces- sible nuts

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~ Saeareree 78 Popular Science Monthly Detachable Truck Body Speeds Up Freight Handling OADING trucks in freight- sheds is being expedited by the substitution of a ‘“‘flat’’ on rollers for the ordinary truck body. This flat is mounted ona track, so that it can be rolled off the chassis on to a similar track installed on the floor of the warehouse or on a horse-drawn wagon. The purpose of the invention is to keep the trucks busy deliv- ering goods. Idle time while the truck stands waiting for a load is reduced to a minimum, and by placing the flats directly in the railroad cars, or alongside the door, the goods are moved only once by hand. After being placed on the flat, the load is moved by machinery, a truck- load at a time. truck and the loading platform. A windlass mounted on the truck is then utilized to haul the flat on to the chassis. It is se- cured in place by hooks or clips, and the truck is ready to set out on another trip. The whole operation has taken less than a minute. The equipment is simple, cheap, and easy to in- stall. By its use both drivers and freight-handlers work stead- ily, neither having to wait for the other, and the full capacity of a fleet of trucks can be ob- tained by the shipper. Where Time Is Saved Where large numbers of loads are to be delivered to one place, The flats consist of a strong wooden frame mounted on small grooved steel wheels. These wheels fit into a track that runs from the car sidings to the truck-loading platforms. A similar track is bolted to the truck chassis, and the driver backs intoa saw-toothed loading-stand sothat the tracks will be as nearly as possible in alinement. Loading-Stand Has Movable Frame As the inventors of this system realized the tracks would never be exactly in line, they perfected a clever device for over- coming the difficulty. The loading-stand is equipped with a movable frame consist- ing of two parallel rails and an arrange- ment of pulleys so contrived that by pull- ing on a chain the-rails can be swung The man is turning the capstan that draws the ‘‘flat’’? from the truck on to a stationary vehicle from which it can be unloaded without detaining the truck to either side as desired. The lateral adjustment may be made over a dis- tance of ten feet, so that if the truck is brought up sideways or out of line the alinement may be rectified with- out difficulty. The coupling between the truck and the loading-stand is accomplished by a pair of hinged extensible arms permanently carried at the ends of the frame mounted on the truck. These telescopic connecting pieces can be hooked on the ends of the rails on the adjustable frame. Since the arms are hinged vertically as well as hori- zontally, the connection can be adjusted for any difference in height between the A dragging chain attached to the truck- frame carries off any static generated by filtering gasoline Static Grounded through Dragging Chain ECAUSE gasoline, a dry liquid, gener- ates static electricity, it has been necessary to equip a type of fuel-delivering_ tank-truck with ground chains. Usually the driver drops the chain when he gets out to deliver fuel. It is the flowing of the gasoline through the outlet pipe that generates the static electricity. Many of the truck-drivers let the chain dangle all day for fear they may forget to ground it. TRACING migratory birds by attaching ‘metal bands to their legs has been prac- tised since 1710. Hunters finding such birds should communicate with the United States Bureau of Biological Survey. WINDLASS FOR caste MOVING BODY ALINEING CHAINS = TELESCOPIC / Dir CONNECTING RAIL FRAME The windlass arrangement that draws the flats on and off the wait- ing trucks the first flat with its load can be run off the truck on to the receiving platform, and the load removed while the truck itself is bring- ing in another flat. If necessary, horse-drawn vehicles can be used in conjunction with trucks, and the loads transferred in the street without diffi- culty. The trucks handle the long hauls, and horses the door-to-door deliveries. HIS new American mobile ‘75’ rifle and its mount may weigh six and a half tons, but traffic cops along its line of march from New York to Washington would have been justified in arresting the driver for ex- ceeding the speed limit. On ordinary roads the truck will make thirty miles an hour, which is mobile artillery indeed. The two hundred and fifty-one mile trip took only seventeen and a half hours. Artillery f Exceeds | Speed ' Limit Caterpillar belts are attached over the rubber-tired wheels when the gun is moved across rough country. The army designers have constructed this mount so that light artillery may be held in reserve and rushed to weak points on the line as it is called for by the infantry. The mount is adapted to a high angle of fire, so that it can be used as an anti- aircraft piece. it Sea ce i eae By placing caterpillar treads over the rubber-tired wheels this army truck can leave the road and travel across country with its six-ton ‘'75”’ rifle Ja shie pro ligk Th gre wit on cul ba wil

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January, 1922 Auto Windshield Visor Works Like Window-Shade Truck Attachment Spreads Crushed Stone ANDY as an umbrella, and instantly adjusted in any position, a sun and rain curtain that fits outside the wind- shield of an automobile acts as a visor to protect the eyes of the driver from sun- light, rain, and the glare of headlights. The shield is made of top material, painted green on the under side and black above, with a heavily folded and stitched selvage on the edges to give wearing quality. It is built along the lines of a window- curtain, so that it may be instantly rolled back out of sight against the top of the windshield. The angle may be adjusted by thumbscrews at the sides. N even layer of crushed stone is spread upon the roadbed by the driver of this truck as he dumps his load. There is no follow-up crew of stone spreaders, no hills or hollows in the operation. The stone goes through the spreader only when ee a a the truck is moving, insuring an even depth the top of the windshield and a uniform width. The attachment is hitched to the truck axles and is dragged behind the car as it moves ahead in dump- ing the load. Two trucks equipped with spreader at- tachments can make short work of laying a roadbed, each truck spreading one side of the road, thereby saving much time and the work of a crew of laborers. To Increase Gasoline Mileage the mechanism. We have not had the opportunity of testing these bands, but Q.—How can I get the maximum gasoline we have made frequent inquiries of mileage?—B8. C. M., Albany, N. Y. users, and the reports invariably have A.—Gasoline economy depends on __ been satisfactory. In addition to their small things, as does economy in busi- ease of replacement, an important ad- ness or anywhere else. The first essen- vantage claimed for them is the fact tial is an engine with tight valves and that they will not chatter. pistons. Next to that is the use of an Steel wheels are not noticeably harder economical carburetor adjusted to give on tires or bearings than are wooden aratherlean mixture. The car should wheels. After all, the difference in roll freely and the brakes should not resilience of the two types is small, and drag, nor should clutch-slipping be the effect of this difference of resilience tolerated. The advance of the spark _ is still smaller. should come in for careful attention. It should be advanced just enough to give maximum power. No more and answered the call of the | road during the summer? Treatment for Worn Cylinders | Gypsy motorists have been penne POE Ae writing to us, telling of their ex- .—I have a car cylinders tha ; ° : ; are worn badly at the top. Would you ad- periences on their camping-trips = lapping them?—S. E. W.,-Mt. Carmel, —-how much their trips cost, where they went, what lessons gasoline you get full measure. - ys There ane > no — “ Let’s Hear about That the fuel system. inally you shou . havea measuring stick or a gage poor Gypsy Motor Trip shows the tank capacity in gallons an | should see that whenever you purchase | WERE you one of those who A.—You will find reboring much more satisfactory 2nd the chances are they learned that will be profit- it will not cost any more, inasmuch as able to others next year, and you plan to dismantle your engine any- | what automobile camping equip- -- ment they purchased or impro- vised. Steel versus Wooden Wheels | Tt’s not too late for you to Q.—Are one-piece transmission bands for | Fords satisfactory? I refer to the type that write to us, too, telling of your can be attached without riveting. Are steel experiences. For the most in- wheels satisfactory? I am told that they . f a | are harder on tires and bearings than teresting and informative letter, wi en wheels, ecause their resiliency is . eI a -. e toe Goo Yes, $35 will be paid; for the second A The Ford transmission band best, $15. Letters must not be which you have in mind is undoubtedly || ore than 500 words oe 2 the type that replaces all three bands must be received on or before commonly employed, and that may be January 10, 1922. put in place without removing any of Write to Us About Your Motor Troubles If You Have a Motor-Truck or Automobile Problem, Let the’ Automobile Editor Solve It Differences in Motors Q.—I am planning to build an electric car, and would like to know whether the Ford running-gear would be satisfactory. How powerful an electric motor shall I require, and what is the difference between electric motors built for heavy loads and for com- mon loads?—G. H: M., Norwich, Conn. A.—The Ford running-gear will be quite satisfactory. It is light, cheap, and simple. A 2%-h.p. electric motor is ample for running 2 rebuilt Ford 20 to 25 miles an hour. In asking the difference between an electric motor built for heavy loads and common loads, we believe that what you were thinking of is the difference between industrial motors and motors such as are used on railroads. The latter are almost invari- ably series wound, where industrial motors are shunt wound, assuming in both cases that direct current is em- ployed. You should obtain a series- wound motor for your car. Keep Your Oil Reservoir Full Q.—How often should oil be put into the engine?—O. H. H., Hudson, N. Y. A.=—More engine trouble is caused by lack of oil than anything else. It is a common occurrence for an engine to be operated until the oil reservoir is nearly dry. With good luck this can be done without burning out a bearing, but it is a great risk to take, and even if a bear- ing is not melted, it is likely that the engine has suffered nevertheless. Probably the life of the bearings has been shortened or perhaps the cylin- ders and pistons have been glazed and scored enough to considerably hasten the need for reboring and new pistons. Get into the habit of putting some oil into the engine every morning, even if it is only half a pint. By following this rule, the oil reservoir will never be very far from full.

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em eae cS ree ’ pistons are used. 80 Popular Science Monthly A Page of Out-of-the-Ordinary Automobile Items The Gypsy Trail for This Grocery-Store GROCERY-STORE that is motorized so that the market can be brought to your door has been devised by Clyde W. Martin, of Little Rock, Arkansas. The store is of the self-service type with a turn- stile at one end and a central railing that divides the passageway between tiers of shelves on which the goods are stacked into two aisles. The chauffeur functions also as cashier, and the cost of clerk hire is limited to one man. The cars do not generally cover a dis- tance greater than eight or ten miles a day, so that there is just enough wear on the truck to keep it in good running order. The store has compartments for 122 varieties of merchandise. It is lighted by electricity and heated from the exhaust of the motor. Twelve persons at a time, in single file, can shop in this store. Benzine Motor Weighs but Seventy-Eight Pounds PATENTED by Arvid Lind, of Sweden, this benzine motor weighs only seventy- eight pounds, develops six horsepower, and embodies novel features of design— there is only one cylinder, but two opposed Weighing only 78 pounds this single cylindered motor develops six horse- power at 1500 r.p.m. The cylinder is long, and divided in the center by a wall, and each half is fired alternatively so that power is being exerted on the crank-shaft almost continuously. The motor is air cooled, and an alu- minum hood running from a propeller fan attached to the shaft carries the air around the cylinder. The motor makes from fifteen hundred to sixteen hundred revo- lutions a minute under full load. As a special service to readers, the Editor will be glad to supply the names and addresses of manufacturers of devices mentioned in Popular Science Monthly. Collapsible Workbench Is Help in Home Garage | pttgpe every tool within reach while the job is being done, and nothing to put away afterward, this bench’ is designed to occupy minimum space in the A compact bench containing thirty essential tools for the home garage garage, and to be readily moved from one spot to another. All the tools fit into the drawer when the outfit is taken down. Erected, the bench is three feet six inches long, four feet three inches to the top of the tool-board, and twenty-one inches wide. The tools illustrated are those shown by experience as the ones most needed in the repairs the automobile owner makes himself. Unless a man is an expert mechanic, a job that cannot be performed with these thirty tools had better be sent to the repair-shop. Amphibious Auto Cuts Water “Seniesa ba : \ onan wt Garage Door Opened by Weight of Car — above is areallyautomatic garage door. It is unlocked and opened by the weight of the car, and closes and locks itself by its own weight. The car is stopped on the ramp leading to the door for ten seconds, which gives time for the ramp to sink and open the door by turning a chain-hoist actuated by a gear-wheel engaging with a rack on the forward end of the ramp, As soon as the car has entered the garage, the door slowly closes. A spring lock on the center holds the door tight. A person standing on the ramp does not furnish enough weight to operate this device; the car itself must pass over it. TWENTY thousand car-owners were asked their opinion on the most important factor in the choice of a car. The list below tabulates their replies by percentages: Per Cent Per Cent Endurance...... 18 Flexibility...... ff Comiort............. 11 Hill Climbing ...6 NE irra iik en Rs 10 Endorsements . .6 Appearance..... 9 Specifications ...6 Economy....... BS (SSNRRR Eo en cw 5144 re 8 Appointments...514 at High Speed HEELS that may be lifted above the ’ water level in fifteen seconds by operating a lever are the distinctive feature of the amphibious automobile invented by Paul Panketan, of New York. The body follows the lines of a boat more closely | | | | | than is the case with most European models. The engine is ninety horsepower. The car can make ninety miles an hour on the road, and is handled and driven like the usual car. In the water a propeller gives a speed of thirty-four miles an hour.

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we ww MY SO ORE SSO CCSTSlc(‘i‘“i “CUD January, 1922 Omamental Storm Porch Simplified for the Home Worker By A. Evans Elling (Awarded First Prize in ‘‘Best Idea’’ Contest for January) front entry and living quarters from wintry blasts, at the same time reducing the ever-soaring coal-bills, may be constructed without difficulty in the home workshop. If the details are followed care- fully, it will be found much more decorative in effect than the usual shedlike structure that serves as a storm porch and it is really easier to make. The removal of a few screws will permit its being taken down in sections and stored when the winter is over. The tools required are a saw, a hammer, a screwdriver, a plane, a chisel, and a try- square. A brace and bits would be useful, but are not absolutely necessary. The materials needed are 125 sq. ft. of ¥% in. by 6 in. tongue and grooved ceiling, center beaded; 75 lin. ft. of 1 in. by 2 in. lath for battens to be used on sides and A STORM porch that will protect the ‘ top and for corners and door-stops; a few pieces of 14-in. hard wood to make the ornamental pieces in imitation of iron straps; a pair of 3-in. or 3%-in. butt hinges as narrow as can be bought, be- cause the door is only % in. thick; suffi- cient 114-in. No. 10 screws for all the bat- tens; 2-in. screws to fasten sides to house; 3,-in. round-headed screws for the 4-in. ornamental strips; small angle-irons and 3,-in. screws for sides, top, and floor; some l-in. brads to tack on the 14-in. stuff; 4 7 in. by 7 in. lights of glass; a screen-door catch or a regular rim-lock. Make a batten door the same size as the house door, putting the battens as shown in the drawing. Use the ceiling for the battens, merely taking off the tongue and BATTEN DILASTER = WS MOLDING UY Ny y/ GLASS FRAME in DOOR \ | HINGE-PLATES . BATTEN ASSS PILASTER Details of the hinge-plates, which are made of w the corner con- struction, and the glass frame groove for neatness. Put at least two screws in each door piece to keep the door from sagging down when used, not less than SECTION THROUGH SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW CENTER ~ ) My 7 y | i _— | j tit | q = pare {| _| ee PLAN Elevations, plan, and sections of the storm porch, the dimensions of which may be varied to suit the builder 12 screws to each batten. Cut out the window opening 154 in. high and 1414 in. wide. Nail on 4 in. by % in. strips for the top and bottom and fit and nail in place The storm entry is invaluable for exposed doorways and will serve equally well on the ordinary porch or veranda cross pieces of the same size to form the glass frame. The glass size should then be Tin. by 7in. The strips cut off the battens, bradded to the frame, will serve to keep in the glass. The frame for the door is made of the same material as the door, the tongue and grooves being planed off. The 1 in. by 2 in. lath, going across the top and forming a stop for the door should hold the frame together if screwed on well. The lath will also serve for the pilasters, if it is smooth and clear; otherwise cut them from a good piece of ceiling. The two small moldings are made from the grooved edge of a piece of ceiling as shown in the detail. The ends are readily made. They must be cut to the pitch of the porch floor and then fitted or “scribed” to the house and fastened on with the 2-in. screws. The top presents no difficulty. It is simply dropped on when made and attached with angle- irons on the inside. The “butt”? hinges are applied on the edge of door in the usual way. A good screen-door catch has served one porch for ten years. There is, however, a wide choice of locks for the purpose. The ornamental ‘‘iron” plates, made out of smooth-faced wood 14 in. thick, are not in one piece. The strips for the hinges are spear-shaped and those for the ends, straight. The other small pieces are cut out, as shown, with saw and chisel, and bradded on carefully. To get the desired effect before putting these on, they must be given two coats of standard dead black paint on all sides. After attaching, two more coats should be given to the face only. They will not then need touching up again for three or four winters. A good door-spring is advisable, also a strong chain on the inside to hold the door from banging wide open in strong winds. This storm porch is intended to go on a regular covered porch, piazza, or veranda. If exposed to the weather at the top, the sides should be cut on a slight angle and the roof covered with painted duck or roofing. Making the Plumb-Bob String Adjustable _ illustration shows how a plumb-bob string is made adjustable by the use of an overcoat button. The manner of stringing the button is clearly shown in the picture. The plumb-bob is lowered or raised by slipping the string. The pressure of the ~~ Ae S —N NS SIE KNOT OVER COAT BUTTON PLUMB- BOB The weight of the plumb-bob creates sufficient tension to keep the cord from slipping — string on the loop underneath is sufficient to prevent the plumb-bob from sliding down by its own weight.—M. A. WISE.

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Popular Science Monthly Make Your Garage 100 Per Cent Efficient The winter months provide opportunity for installing im- provements that will repay themselves many times over

Trolley- Hoist for Rapid Repairs Te average method of locating a chain hoist in the repair-shop or garage is to secure a hook to a beam and fasten the hoist in one position, requiring the work to be brought to the hoist. This method does not result in the most expedi- tious production of work, as wheel- ed trucks are re- quired to take the motor, trans- mission, or other part away to clear the space around the hoist. By arranging a simple trolley or rail with a car- riage to support the hoist and ex- tending this trolley about the circumference of the shop, the hoist is available for practi- cally any job in any location. A 1-in. by 3-in. plate strip with offset brackets about 3 ft. apart can be placed to extend arcund the sides through the center of the shop and over the benches, making it convenient to remove a motor or part and place it rapidly on the workbench. The carriage consists of two flanged rollers secured to a hanging bracket of plate. The supports are readily made up of bent plate and can be secured to the upper floor beams.—G. A. LUERS.

Provide Your Side Car with a Whesl Stand HEN motorcycles with side-car attachments are not in actua! use and are kept in a garage, the tire of the side-car wheel sometimes rests on a floor covered with grease and oil. This has a highly deleterious effect on the rubber of the tire. The writer provided his side car with a stand attachment clamped on the axle as shown in the illustration, and found it useful to protect the tire of the wheel from —s SPRINGS Hinged stand Ferlone damage to the tire standing for ions intervals on an oily floor contact with the grease-covered floor or to jack up a wheel on the road if it was neces- sary to make a repair. The brace or stand is hinged wy when not needed is swung out of the way. against the axle and held in that position by a spring catch.—R. K. TAYLOR. 84 Celluloid as a Substitute for

TROLLEY RAIL AND CARRIAGE

ay co pre: * ° i] t %\ (108! 20017! f CHAIN Baits UTTED END TO HOIST END (TWO SUPPORTS) The plan at left shows arrangement of trolley to facilitate moving work around the shop. The details, illustrated at right, are simply constructed You Can Convert a Fan-Bracket into an Emery-Wheel A LITTLE grinding outfit for the work- bench or the garage can be made out of a Ford fan-bracket and an extra bolt and some washers. Remove the fan-blades from the flange at the end of the shaft by placing the

a

BELT EMERY- FAN BRACKET WHEEL | We Wet ag ii ally LAG-SCREW ll iN. WASHERS Method of converting a Ford fan- bracket into a small grinder shaft of the fan in a vise so that the flange rests as close as possible to the vise jaws. Then the rivet heads can be knocked off with a cold chisel and hammer. Tap the shaft 1 in. deep and as large as practical for a bolt, which should be a trifle shorter than the combined thickness of the emery-wheel and the depth of the hole. This will allow the wheel to be drawn up to the flange as tightly as desired without the end of the bolt touching the bottom of the hole. A washer on the bolt acts as a second flange. A good way to mount the grinder is on the side of a solid post. A lag-screw with two washers will hold it solidly in position. It should incline at an angle so that the grease-cup will clear the side of the post. Belt to the engine or motor and take up the tension by adjusting the angle with the lag-screw.—L. B. ROBBINS. Cold-Weather Battery-Starting Stations for Fords NDISPUTED is the fact that a Ford (without a self starter) is more easily started in cold weather by the use of dry- cell batteries or other low-voltage cells than by the use of the magneto, but tl ig trouble disappears once the car is warmed up. My Middle Western firm had a fleet of Fords. A starting box or battery, like that 5O-wATT BULBS

GARAGE WALL eee j fy F é, pt ° 4, ABOX WITH Qo oaree « 250 Vv DC 4/2 AMPS AND Je POWER LINE V/A switc [77h e DPST Ls, al aaa Tl, _ SwiTcH Y ruses Yy || | einoinc Posts = 1/7 A//) ‘ | 7, WG | Y 7. — DASH” BatTERY FLEXIBL GROUND 2 WIRE TO FRAME CABLE Ae =

WIRING DIAGRAM The installation of this starting-box will save time getting Fords under way | , shown in the illustration, was rigged up in the central garage. After the engine has been started from the battery, switch over to the magneto, pull the cable from the binding-posts, after having thrown out the punch-circuit switch, and the car is ready for service.

Automobile Track and Bumper for ‘the Garage Y building a garage for one or more cars the owner will do well to construct the floor with tracks, spaced correctly and made of 6-in. channel iron. Slit the ends, bend them out and bring them to grade

WOOD BLOCK SLIDING IN 5 CHANNEL !RON HOLES DRILLED THROUGH CHANNEL FOR BOLTS WITH BUMPER SPRINGS

INNECTING THE Wo Wooo BLOCKS 4 2 Ne G* U-OR CHANNEL IRON meet Ts cymes t IRONS SUNK | eens IN CONCRETE FLOOR. <li jwee- GI” BETWEEN com | | i | ki ; NT OUT KF LANGES BE UT GARAGE ENTRANCE

The tracks guide the car and the bumpers stop it gently level. The wheels will track in nicely and come to rest almost imperceptibly. The wooden bumper blocks are held in position by separator iron rods and are faced with corrugated rubber matting.

Ja QYMUANAUHI PUNO OP PREP

A Oe ne ee RIT IRETRAC RRR CRRRRICCR EN CCL UTE EC aeeene S | ae

Popular Science. M onthly ging it into the shon on the floor hv meanc | Se eee eee” ee ae J

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), jy it rs 1e id Ss, le pnthly bg January, 1922 THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD ’PHONES A Radio Receiving Out- fit, no matter how costly is no better than it’s phones. When buying pay ReceivingOutfit buy RANDES'’ 'PHONES withit. They guarantee maximum loudness since their perfect construction allows them to make the most of long distant sig- nals. Brandes are sold on ten days’ trial. Get them at your deuler or ee Seer. ; sed exclusively inghouse, DeForest, OF ia © Matched Tone BRANDES Head Sets Send for literature C. BRANDES, Inc. 32 Union Sqv. N.Y. City MODERN WIRELESS Acne C-W:APPARATUS Use a Vacuum Tube detector to receive Wire- less Telephone Concerts. he Acme detector unit, equipped with potentio- meter, is complete and ready to operate by sim- ly inserting the tube. rite for Bulletin “B”. Acme Apparatus Co, t Cambridge, Mass. Transformer and radio ene gineers and manufacturers Your dealer knows from ex- perience that ay \ aby spells satisfaction. A. H. Grebe & Co., Inc., Richmond Hill, N. Y. is not a toy, but a practical sport, science and recreation combined! You can today buy inexpensive, easily operated outfits, that you can put up without technical experience and receive both wireless telegraph and te‘ephone. Listen in on the world’s news by wireless! Wireless telephone broadcasting—not in dots and dashes, but in actual words—can be enjoyed by every member of the family. Ten of the leading wire ess manufacturers are rep- resented here. They colectively produce every essential for a modern wireless station, and their in- dividual reputations safeguard those inexperienced in wireless. Save this page for your protection in buying any wireless instrument. ’ Send 10 cents for book- let, “How_I Put up a Complete Radio Station in Two Hours”, a true story full of intensely in- teresting and valuable information. WIRELESS UIP- MENT CO. Inc. Newark, New Jersey Tnanyary, 1922 NC At every SORSINC store, commercial radio men are ready to help you start a successful wireless station. Branch stores at Philadelphia, timore, Norfolk, Savannah, New leans, Portland, Ore., Honolulu, and London. Send for free catalogue to main office: SHIP OWNERS’ = ms SERVICE Inc. ashington St, ; New York on —_— iy a Send 25 cents Pn tas catalogue, listing good makes. Continental Radio and Electric Corp. “New York's leads wireless store” Warren St., N. ¥. } VYocafouf) The sensational new loud speaker. Just hook Vocaloud on to your receiving apparatus in place of your head phones, and get every word clearly all over the room. No batteries, no adjustments, no ex- tras. John Firth & Co. Pioneers since 1901 Also makers of com- plete inexpensive in- stallations for amateurs AAAAAA wVV ¥¥VY /RADIO-DISTRIBUTING-COMPANY- RADISCOB ‘APPARATUS ARAAAAK VVvvveE The mark “Radisco” on any wireless instrument is “Your Assurance of Satis- factory Performance.” Ra- disco apparatus is sold by Radisco dealers all over the country. Write for name of nearest agent Radio Distributing Co. Newark, N. J. Murdock Phones No. 56, with improved headband, 2000 ohm set $5.00; 3000 ‘ohm set, $6.00. Recommended and sold all radio dealers. Free tri and absolute satisfaction guaran’ WM. J. MURDOCK CO. Chelsea, Mass. C-E Receiving Set Latest type. Ready to operate (except an- tenna) $65. Set only $35. Built by America’s pioneer manufacturers. Clapp-Eastham Co. Cambridge, Mass. do ih ec I i , , 1 i Ki Pi : ri 7 i} cf

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84 Celluloid as a Substitute for the Automobile Lens ‘HE writer was once caught in a storm with his car and a collision with a tree broke one of the lenses in the lights. The pouring rain was bound to cause a short circuit in the electric system and to prevent

> In an emergency, >» lens may be made from celluloid this a substitute lens was made from a piece of celluloid which happened to be in the repair-kit. The old lens was used as a guide to cut out the celluloid with a sharp jack-knife. This celluloid prevented the inflow of rain and allowed a reasonable amount of light to pass.—J. B. MORAN.

Spring Clip Prevents Loss of the Tire Gage fy STREMELY simple is this method of carrying the tire gage to prevent its loss among the tools. Place a small spring ie clip, such as is used CLIP USED ON pens and pen- ce cils, about the body PEnNcits of the gage. Catch this on the edge of any projecting ‘ledge under the engine hood or at the edge of the door pocket. If properly returned each time after it has been used, the gage will readily be found and an-

TM) TR E-GAGE P. en sew tire- other source of e@ from ioss as . a do a fountain #2noyance will be pen ended.

Battery-Charging Station Will Welcome These Aids A TRUCK sufficiently large to hold a storage battery is illustrated here. It is used to haul the batteries from the auto- mobiles to the charging department. While

OLD BATTERY HANDLE ELEVATING HANDLE In charging-stations this truck and Painting-stand will be found useful this is a very simple arrangement, consist- ing of four large casters on a board having an old battery handle at each end, it nevertheless saves a great deal of lifting and is far better for the battery than drag- ging it into the shop on the floor by means of the usual ‘‘end-gate rod.’”’ Furthermore, it lessens the possibility of dropping the battery when one of the handles on the battery has become loosened. The other convenience illustrated is a revolving and elevating bench-stand used in painting the overhauled battery before it leaves the shop. The battery can be placed on this stand and turned so that all sides and even part of the bottom can be given a good coat of paint. While this particular one was made of the screw part of an old piano-stool, it may be made of pipe-fittings; but of course the height could not then be varied.

Recovering Lost Valve-Keys fh.

Magnet makes it easy to draw up missing pieces with wire

yee sometimes slip down be- hind the valve or in a crowded corner and are difficult to reach with pliers or fingers because of the limited space. A small magnet with a wire attached will bring forth the lost key, as shown in the accompanying illustration.—J. C. OTTOFY.

Shopmade Stand for Ford * Crankcase Repair Aerene to facilitate the handling cf Ford crankcases while doing such repairs as welding frame arms, brazing on the forward end or universal-joint end, and brazing the oil drain-cup, is made as shown in the illustration. It consists of a Ford front wheel forming a base, into the hub of which a vertical bar is set. The upper end cf the bar is pro- vided with a clamp for holding a bracket CR

ANKCASE ~~ mye’

|= FORGED FROM AN OLD AXLE

TILTED IN ANY POSITION AND CLAMPED This adjustable stand will facilitate the repair of Ford crankcases to clamp the opposite ends of the crank- case. One end of this bracket has an old drive-shaft coupling riveted on it, with bolt-holes for securing the end of the crank- case. This coupling is free to turn in the riveted bracket end. The opposite end of the bracket is fitted with a clamp coupling to secure the round bearing on the front end of the crankcase. When the crankcase is set into the stand, it is adjustable to any position, can be tilted, turned over, or arranged in the most desirable position for working.

Popular Science Monthly ¥ Janu Is Your Speedster Ready for a Rainy Day?

HEN the car is exposed to the rain a covering or top for the speedster is necessary. A simple and inexpensive cover is shown in the illustration. It can H ; be raised or lowered rapidly. When

lowered, the top is housed in a narrow | eal. space behind the seat, or between the gas- papel tank and seats. . were The top consists of a length of water- proof canvas, seamed at the edges and mounted on a sturdy curtain-roller. The catch-pawls are removed from the end of <= the roller to keep the top stretched tightly. <a Two swinging arms are arranged to fold — down over the rolled curtain and these are — held down by means of hooks, which are | — used to hold the top against the windshield. | Se One single rod through the curtain is sup- ported by the swinging braces.

Side curtains can be provided with this The arrangement, though these are a refine- with ment that can be added later if found drav necessary. To add side curtains, eyelets | pape are placed at the edges of the top and fas- | Se | wt JA, ROD INSERTED - “yy HERE | ay: E CURTAIN | y ROLLER fol | notl rASTENERS, oR ARM HINGS cut CATCH SEWED IN | FRONT OF SHADE TO | HOOK ON WINDSHIELD | BRACKET A waterproof top for your speedster | will make its winter use very much | y, more enjoyable | # ‘ tens into the side parts. The top should be | built low, about 6 or 8 in. above the heads of the passengers. The absence of top bows | allows this small clearance inasmuch as a jolt can do no harm to the occupants. Tie Wrench to Your Wrist | I as a Precaution | ie adjusting the transmission bands of a | od Ford, great care has to be taken that the | open-end wrench does not slip from the | ful hand and drop inside, out of reach. eee To avoid this, tie a strong cord or twine pe securely about the end of the wrench, and, | th leaving 7 or 8 in. of cord, tie the other ea end of cord loosely about the wrist. | th Should the wrench slip from the hand, it | can be recovered instantly. T | (

WRENCH To We

A simple little loop of string may save you the annoyance of having to fish your wrench out of the trans- mission

Popular Science Monthly

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in ber e is 1e e 1e i, be it hly January, 1922 THE HOME WORKSHOP Another Use for Old Safety Razor Blades H ERE is another use for old safety-razor blades which the writer found practi- cal. Itis a device for cutting strips of crape- paper for decoration purposes. The blades were mounted in a piece of wood that had BLADE-HOLDER HANDLE ee ae RAZOR-BLADES CREPE-PAPER Several thicknesses of crape-paper may be cut at one time saw-cuts into which the blades were forced. The piece holding the blades was provided with a handle. It is necessary only to draw this device lightly over the crape- paper to cut it into strips.—CARL ROYER. Dull Glass-Cutter Given New Edge with File FEW things are more annoying than to have a piece of window-glass to cut and ' nothing to cut it with except a dull old cutter. If there is no hardware store near In filing the cutter, care must be taken to preserve tne original angle by from which to obtain a new cutter, try sharpening the old one with a file. Hold the cutter in the left hand and care- fully draw the file across the bevel of the wheel a few times. See that the wheel turns with the file at each stroke, so that the edge will be freshened up all the way around. Ifthesharpening is properly done, the cutter will once more be of service. To Carry Your Dividers in the Pocket with Safety l Atatere that young draftsmen constantly meet is how to carry their instruments with- out the bulky case. Insert the divid- er points, slight- ly spread, into a eork, swing the holder at other end back to the legs as much as possible, to reduce the length of the in- strument and you can carry the di- Corks protect thepoints Viders in your pocket without be- ing pricked by the points.—A. E. ZIPPRICH. = January, 1922 85 Ask Us Now This test will delight you Again we offer, and urge you to ac- cept, this new teeth-cleaning method. Millions now employ it. Leading den- tists, nearly all the world over, are urging its adoption. The. results are visible in whiter teeth wherever you look to- day. Bring them to your people. The war on film Dental science has declared a war on film. That is the cause of most tooth troubles. And brushing methods of the past did not effecttvely combat it. Film is that viscous coat you feel. It clings to teeth, enters crevices and stays. Then night and day it may do serious damage. Film absorbs stains, making the teeth look dingy. It is the basis of tartar. It holds food substance which ferments and. forms acid. It holds the acid in contact with the teeth to cause decay. Millions of germs breed in it. They, with tartar, are the chief cause of pyor- rhea. Very few people have escaped the troubles caused by film. Two film combatants Now two combatants have been found. Many careful tests have proved their efficiency. A new-day tooth paste has been created, and these two film combatants are em- bodied in it. The paste is called Pepso- dent. Pepsadent REG.U.S. The New-Day Dentifrice The scientific film combatant, which brings five desired effects. Approved by. modern authorities and now advised by leading dentists everywhere. All dru ists su 1 the lar e tubes. 06 666 66 CS be CO 6 Of 09 € 0.0 © 6 6S COS, 9.6. RO 2 ee! PPly g Only one tube to a family. Now every time you brush your teeth you can fight those film-coats in these effective ways. Also starch and acids ‘Another tooth enemy is starch. It also clings to teeth, and in fermenting it forms acids. To fight it Nature puts a starch di- gestant in saliva. She also puts alkalis there to neutralize the acids. Pepsodent multiplies the salivary flow. It multiplies the starch digestant in the saliva. It multiplies the alkalis. Thus these teeth protecting forces, twice a day, are much increased. They must be done These things must be done. Teeth with film or starch or acids are not white or clean or safe. You know yourself, no doubt, that old tooth-brushing methods are inadequate. See what the new way does. Make this pleasant ten-day test and watch your teeth improve. A few days will tell Send the coupon for a 10-Day Tube. Note how clean the teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the viscous film. See how teeth whiten as the film-coats disappear. Do this now. The effects will delight you and lead to constant delights. To all in your home they may bring new beauty, new protection for the teeth. Ten-Day Tube Free ™ THE PEPSODENT COMPANY, Dept. 405, 1104S. Wabash Ave., : Chicago, III. Mail 10- Day Tube of Pepsodent to 87 ia ant ER ern cope ee ae = seaeoea~ss 3 ities ae Siw = 5 it, 1} 5 q aia alacant pe cre a s

Page 70

86 For Christmas GIVE Popular Science Monthly A SPECIAL HOLIDAY PRICE TO OUR READERS An ideal Christmas Present will be a_ subscription to Popular Science Monthly. You will give fresh, fascinat- ing, vital reading for a whole year. Popular Science Monthly is packed full of useful facts, new ideas and practical information. Give some friend the pleasure of having this good magazine, which is growing better every month. $2.50 Your Christmas Rate on Popular Science Monthly You may give one or more subscriptions at this special rate. You also may include your own subscription. Use the order blank below. If more convenient, you may remit after January Ist, but send your order now. This offer expires December 31st. =-==-=QOrder No POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street, New York Enter subscription for the name below and send Gift Card. ‘s Check here if you wish to include your own subscription ee Herewith (or) Please Bill THE HO ME \ WORKSHOP ‘Gade Radiator Made of Stove-Pipes ERY efficient is this detachable radia- tor made of stove-pipe of 3-in. diameter. Four straight pieces are used in an upright | position and they are held together by the fittings, as shown in the illustration. The T in the center of the base is 6 in. by 3 in. ; and receives and distributes the heat. About 25 ft. of radiation is obtained and The radiator may be hung up out of the way when not in use sufficiently warm in moderate weather or frost resisting in severe spells. To make it stand firm, a piece of wire is twisted around each end of the lower horizontal section and the ends are per- mitted to flare out and rest on the stove- top, thus serving for legs or standards. Electric Lamp Made from an Old Stool a” electric lamp for your den may be made from an old stool. Select the best leg of the stool for the upright post. Cut off a piece about 6 in. long, with allow- ance of 34 in. to fit into the base; drill a 5/16-in. ‘ through the entire length of the post, insert a 14-in. piece of %-in. gas- pipe into the top, to which the chain-pull socket is screwed. Select a piece of hard wood for the base, 6 in. in diameter and 34 in. in thickness. This can be shaped to suit the maker. Drill a hole of the same diameter as that of the post that is to be inserted into the base. Insert the post and glue it fast. When dry, drill a 4-in. hole through the base to the center of the post for the wires and in the _end of this hole place a \-in. screw rubber washer, which helps to give an excellent finish- ing touch. Glue a piece of felt on the bottom of the base to prevent scratching your table. Sandpaper and finish in mahogany or oak. Boudoir lamp may be made from an old piano-stool material.—H. E. MENDE. The 6-in. opening fits over the gas-burner | only a small flame is needed to keep a room | The shade can be made from a few pieces of wire covered with silk or some other Popular Science Monthly BY DOING one ohare ‘ all branches of ELECTRICITY taught by Actual Practice In America’s foremost and oldest institution for trade training. No Books Used Individual Instruction. Start Any Day THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 West 17th St., New York City Copy this Sketch and let me see what you cando with it. Many cartoonists and illustrators earning $30.00 to $200.00 or more per week were trained by my person- al individual lessons by mail. Landon Picture Charts make origi- nal drawing easy to learn. Send sketch with 6c in stamps for sample Picture Chart, long list of successful students, and evi- dence of whey you can accomplish. Please ‘THE LANDON SCHOOL 451 jE La Bidg., Cleveland, O. TAMMER If you stammer attend no stammering school until you get my large FREE book entitled “STAMMERING, Its Origin and The Advanced Natural Method of Cure," bound in cloth and stamped in pure gold. Ask for spe- cial tuition rate and a FREE copy of “The Natural Speech Magazine.” Largest, best equipped and most successful school in the word for the cure of stammer- ing. No sing-song or time-beat. ool open all year. Now is the best time to enroll. ees Wells Millard, Pres. The North-Western School, 2335 Grand Ave., Mikeackee, Wer Wis. Marvelous FRE E Book Sent You can now learn Taxidermy, the | the wonderful art of mounting birds, an- ogg song antag etc. Learn at by ma The free book tellshor show. ou: por own trophies. Dec- orate home and den. Hunters, trappers nature lovers, you need d taxidermy. In- teresting fascinating, big profits. Join pa school. students. Success Get our free book withe htnow— today. This Interesting Free Book shows how you can become a seites player of piano or organ in your own hom one arter usualcost. Dr. Quinn’ ‘S famous ritten Method is endorsed by leading euuatalens and heads of State Conservatories. Successtul 26 years. Play chords at once and complete piece in every key, within 4lese sons. Scientife yet easy ar Fall illustrated. For beg’ gore %: achers, old or young music ome grante ite today for 64-page free book. ‘‘How Study Mupie’ Mi. L QUINN CONSERVATORY Studio PS 41, 598 Columbia Road, Boston. 25 Mass, WE TEACH COMMERCIAL ART Properly Trained Artists Earn $100 a week and up. Meyer Both Colle > lle Department of the Meyer Both Company—of ers you a different and practical training. If you like to draw, develop your talent. Study this practical course—taught by the largest and most widely known Commercial Art Organiza- tion in the field with 20 years’ success—who each year produce and sell to advertisers in the United States and Canada over ten thousand commer- cial drawings. Who else could give you so is a business necessity—the demand for commercial artists is greater every year. It’s a highly paid, intensely interesting profession, equally open to both men and ott me a giv ocbs gtod instruction. , Get te ta hefore you }00) et our speci: t, je portunity”’—for half the cost of mailing—-4¢ in seenne” MEYER BOTH COLLEGE of COMMERCIAL ART Michigan Ave. at 20th St. Dept.35 CHICAGO. ILL. Popular Science Monthly ™ wide an experience? Commercial Art ° Ja mn: rn co ex

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| up. eyer tical lent. gest 1iza- ach ‘ited / mere u so 1Art - rand onthly ™ January, 1922 THE HOME WORKSHOP Powerful Screwdriver for Use in Close Quarters 7? merits of a screwdriver made along the lines of the one shown in the illustration are many. The principal fea- ture, however, is the immense leverage that can be exerted when using the shorter arm on the screw and the longer one to turn the screw. The tool shown here is made of octagonal steel. The blades may be }4 in. or less, _ FILED FLAT Powerful leverage may be exerted with this double-end screwdriver or the full width of the metal, whichever is best suited to do the work required. Where screws are inaccessible with the ordinary driver, as under projecting parts, the short end of this tool is quite in- dispensable, to remove or tighten screws. In using the long end on a screw, the curved part will be found to offer an excellent grip for the hand. Should it be used by electricians, the whole tool, except the black points, can be insulated with rubber tape or tubing. A Combined Oil Container and Swab Tray O increase the likelihood that surfaces that need it will receive an application of oil in good time, it is advisable to make a combined oil and swab tray such as is shown here. It is made of a square- cornered tin gallon can, preferably one having a carrying handle at the top. Op- posite faces of the can are cut and bent as indicated, approximately the central third of one side and the upper third of the other. The full width of the side is cut close to the CARRYING HANDLE GALLON OI-CAN CUTOUT, AND BENT DOWN CiL-CHAMBER os Surplus oil on the swab drips back into the reservoir at the bottom of the can corners—an old pocket-knife proving an excellent tool for this purpose. Part of the ends of the bent-in portions may have to-be cut off before breaking them in to form the swab shelf. The rim of the oil chamber is bent outward slightly in order to provide ample entry for the swab. Any excess of oil that may be left on the swab after use drains back into the oil-chamber when the tray is set away. It is self-evident that this combination is always ready and is easy to carry—which ig | half the battle won for steady use. Works of the Western Electric Company; the manufacturing department of the Bell System Economical Equipment Forty years ago the manage- ment of the Bell Telephone System organized for a supply of the ap- paratus which it foresaw would be required in the development of its new industry—telephone service. The telephone in some countries is the luxury of the rich, but in America it is used by practically all the people. This universal service is due in large measure to foresight in engineering and manufacture. Switchboards with millions of parts, other apparatus of highest ef- ficiency, and all necessarily of com- plex and intricate design, cables and wires and a multitude of tech- nical devices enable our country to lead the world in telephone service. All this telephone equipment is inade in a factory which is recog- - nized throughout the world as hav- ing the largest production and the highest standards of workmanship and efficiency. This factory, controlled through stock ownership by the American Telephone and Telegraph Com- pany, has been for forty years the manufacturing department of the Bell System; with the result that the associated companies secure equipment of the highest develop- ment, made of the best materials, produced in accordance with the requirements of the public, and with the certainty of moderate costs. Economy in the Bell System begins with the manufacture of equipment. “BELL SYSTEM” S AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY } AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy, One System, Universal Service, and all directed toward Better Service The biggest 10¢ worth ever offered you Gilbert Boy Engineering for 1922 START IN BUSINESS All over the United States and Canada we are establishing Vulcanizing Service Stations. Men with $350 are wanted to own and operate them. Experience unnecessary. We instruct and furnish you the most modern methods and equipment— The Anderson—known the world over. Wehave 34 State Schools in U.S. and 4 in Canada. One is near you. The school pays you $5.00 per day expense money while eye if you operate one of these sta G 4 Write us for full par- ticulars—today. Think of it! “Football Training” by Walter Camp, “Flying” by Eddie Rickenbacker, “Athletic Train- ing” by Johnny Mack, “How to Pole Vault” by world champion A. C. 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SOR ob Ger eee aa SS Pa 88 Electrical Geol Xam course in book form. Notiresome lessons with a lot of mathematics. Just plain everyday electrical facts—the very things and the only things you need know to hold down a good paying job. Written and simplified by 27 of the biggest men :. the electrical field. 8 big books — 4000 pages and 3000 pictures. ELECTRICITY MEANS SUCCESS —Good Pay and a Good Job. You can succeed in elec- yo It’s one of the best paying fields open to young men now. Here’s your chance to learn. Study at home ai by Free Consulting Mem- rship. Free Em- ployment Service in- cluded. The Society helps you learn and helps you get a good job. Just mail the Free — n—don’t a gent. We send books for a week’s free use and explain all about mem- bership privileges. Mail coupon today— now. 2 A Se NE AR Gee ESSE A A NO EES Yvt mc Technical Society, Dept. E-201, Chicago nd me your 8-volume set of Electrical s for a week's free use. | will either return the books in 7 days or remit $2.80 and pay $3.00 h month until total of _— id. If ib Book s i get a membership in your Society 8% _ a

Here is the quickest, easiest, cheapest way to learn electricity. Thin ¢ it! A complete electrical

Nannie ........

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\WIRELESS

Wave length ran RECEIVING ‘OUTFIT EFFICIE COMPACT, : SIMPLE A etait Applied £ = co + practi an “inex nsive wir OUTFIT put on the market. eless Approved by RADIO engineers. For wireless telephone and telegraph signals. Complete in every detail and simple to Bon: and 5. bat te No license, batteries, current or special eng needed. Bcompiete * “MARVEL” Radio Receivin Model 105 (as illustrated) consisting of a ‘‘MA ARVEL ’ Radio Receiver model 101; 150 ft. copper antenna wire; Toe ete telephone with leather =e a and cord: 5 insula- tors, antenna switch round clamp, Code Chart, ‘Abbrevia- tion Chart, booklet ‘of s lessons in Wirsiess and complete’ directions for snetarinsions all oe ap in an attractive box. Bulletin C-101, on request. ry your dealer, or sent prepaid in the U, S. on receipt of Money Order or Parcels r t,C O.D, Above sets are manufactured only by RADIO MANUFACTURING COMPANY .) 170 Fifth Avenue New York ‘ay Do not confuse our guaranteed instruments ——— with inferior imitations and cheaper. income

. s plete sets.

A WIRELESS STATION complete for $21.00 ISTEN in on the world’s news by wireless. This Climax Unit picks up both wireless telegraph and telephone. Simple to operate, sure of results. No battery, no li- cense, no experience needed. Send five cents today for your copy of the new bulletin describing . the complete line of RADIO RECEIVING Nera You can put up a working station, and get

results in less than an hour. Address: Wireless Equipment Co., Inc. Dept. Ci, Newark, N. J. Popular Science Monthly ka

} Keeping the Home \F Shipshape How to do those odd jobs around ‘the house that save time, temper, and money

With the best of care water-pipes will some- times freeze and burst in extremely’ cold weather. At such a time the plumbers are so busy that it may be necessary to mend the pipe temporarily with whatever means are at hand. As soon as the leak is discovered—and that probably will be after the water sys- tem has been thawed out—shut off the water in the cellar and let the water drain from the house pipes by opening the fau- cets. Thoroughly dry the pipe at the point where the break has occurred and if the edges are at all rough, smooth them by tapping them gently with a hammer. Cut a piece of thin, tough wrapping paper at least 4 in. larger all around than the hole to be patched and shellac it on one side, at the same time coating the pipe with shellac. Apply the patch to the pipe and put on another thin coat of shellac. While this is drying, which will take only a few minutes, tear a piece of old cloth into strips about 2 in. wide. Then give the pipe an- other coat of shellac and immediately wrap it with the strips for a distance of at least 2 in. each side of the break. Let each turn of the ‘“‘bandage’”’ overlap the preced- ing, and fasten the end with shellac or ad- hesive tape. This joint will be perfectly waterproof and will last for some time. If shellac is not available, melted candle- grease may be used as a substitute, but the pipe will have to be warmed before an attempt is made to mend the break. Mending Leaks

‘ THE first step in ren- Renovating ovating a varnished Floors floor when it has be- come badly worn is to

scrub it thoroughly with a brush and water, using a good scour- ing powder. Do not be too liberal with the water; a wooden floor should never be flooded. After the surface is entirely dry, flow on a thin coat of varnish, which will have to be left to dry for some time, de- pending on the kind of varnish. If, there- fore, the room cannot be dispensed with even temporarily, it is advisable to use in place of the varnish a wax finish. Do not use shellac over the old varnish. A floor that has been 'shellacked is apt to be white in places where water has been spilled upon it. Rub the spots with a soft cloth moistened slightly with alcohol and they will disappear or be greatly improved. Do not continue rubbing too long, or the shellac wili be taken off right down to the bare wood. If the floor is in such bad shape, it needs to be refinished; remove the shellac with a vigorous application of wood alcohol and bleach it with oxalic acid. It is as bad to use yernish over old shellac as the reverse. The appearance of wazed floors is im- proved by dusting them frequently with canton flannel, which may be wrapped around a broom. In places where the finish is worn, rub a thin coat of wax well into the wood and let it dry for an hour before polishing. If complete refinishing is required, wipe the floor well with turpen- tine as a preliminary to applying the wax.

, IF you have any water- Protecting pipes in the house that . are not well protected Pip - against freezing, this is the time to cover them. It is much easier to guard against the pipes freezing than to thaw them out and patch them up afterward. Any non-conductor like bagging, straw, or oakum will serve as a wrapping, but if the pipes are badly exposed to very severe weather, it is better to take further pre- cautions. First, cover them with a thin layer of straw, sawdust, tan-bark, or the like, and then pack around them pieces of unslaked lime about the size of a potato. Wrap another layer of the insulating ma- terial around them and bind the whole firmly together with old bagging or cloth of some kind. The purpose of the first layer is to pro- tect the pipes from the action of the lime and the outer covering allows so little air to reach the lime that it will continue to generate heat all winter.

Do not be afraid to undertake the re-up- holstering of a chair or sofa, if you are willing ‘to devote a little time and pains to the work. First of all, care- fully remove the old covering and notice how the professional upholsterer did the work in the first instance. Cut the material for the seat the right size, smooth it in place, and drive a few tacks on each side to hold it. Then begin in the middle of the front and drive 3-in. tacks about 1 in. apart, working toward the corners and turning under the edge of the material to keep it from raveling. Neatly fold the material under at the cor- ners and proceed to do the sides and back. Stretch the upholstery as tightly as pos- sible, keep it smooth and wrinkleless and see that the design, if the material is figured, lies square with the front edge of the chair. When you have accomplished this to your satisfaction, tack gimp over the edges. Use either very’small tacks, “staggering” them so that both edges of the gimp will be well secured, or brass-headed tacks, which must be placed in a straight line except on certain chairs of Heppel- white design having a sort of festoon decoration worked out in tacks. To drive a tack in a difficult corner where you are afraid of damaging the chair frame, press it into place with the fingers and drive it home with the aid of a nail-set or a long nail, the head of which should be placed against the head of the tack. Chair Upholstery

Jan is | gel ac

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- © on Of January. 1922 —————— Can We Live One Hun- dred Years? (Concluded from page 31) is of machines that are of man’s invention. In any weak spot in our bodies disease germs may find congenial soil for their growth, and from it they may exert their activity. Much as light focused on one point will burn into material, such disease centers are “focuses of infection.” Doctors call the disease process ‘focal infection.” Such focal points are most likely to be developed among those who have become susceptible to disease by reason of un- healthful surroundings or unwholesome living, dissipation, exhaustion, undue ex- posure, previous long and debilitating ill- ness, mental strain, improper or insufficient food, or injuries. They often shorten our existence when there is no real reason why they should. From some infection focus the germs of some grave disease will travel | Your Expectation of Life | HE average length of the human life is now about fifty years, according to Dr. A. J. Barker Savage, superintendent of the Broad Street Hospital, New York. At the close of the eighteenth century it was about thirty years, and in the days of Queen Elizabeth only about | nineteen years! Despite these strides in longevity | already taken by the race, only four | persons out of a hundred reach the | age of sixty-five, and only three out | of a thousand live to be ninety-five. | ! | | We are still a long way from the | hundred mark! | | Tf you pass sixty-five years, your | _ expectations of life will be as | follows: AGE PROBABLELIFE AGE PROBABLE LIFE | IN YEARS IN YEARS | 65 «11.6 85 4.00 | 7 O11 9 © 3.03 | | 75 6.99 95 2.35 | 80 5.25 100 1.85 | | in the lymph and blood channels to various organs and tissues, until serious illness manifests itself. That is why all of us should visit the doctor, as we do (or ought to) the dentist, for a thorough overhauling at least once a year. Only thus can there be timely de- tection of infection granaries in the system. Doctors have found that the following are the great danger spots in our bodies, the points where diseases and poisons are bred that shorten our lives: Decayed teeth and gums, diseased tonsils, adenoids, noses and throats affected with catarrh, middle- ear disease, the gall bladder, and the ap- pendix. You have ‘not learned the lessons. of recent medical progress if you do not real- ize that unsuspected infections at some such points as these may be responsible for almost anything wrong with you, from an utterly run-down state to outright disease. An annual physical overhauling is the one means most likely to uncover these hidden infection centers before disease develops. Drawing Outfit Furnished FREE You need no artistic talent or “‘pull.’””. Ina ‘ew months with our help you can be earning real money—living comfortably—laying something aside. Learn Mechanical Drawing—Drafting, or mechanical drawing is specialized knowledge in a vitally necessary branch of industry. It is power to succeed. It is a profession you can be proud of. Big Salaries—$35 to $55 a week is only a beginning. You can earn as high as $100 a week or more as a practical draftsman. Openings for Draftsmen in U. S. Government Departments carry starting salaries ranging from $5.20 to $15.04 a day. Many of them carry a bonus of $240 a year additional. Quick Promotion—You can climb from draftsman to Chief Draftsman—to Chief Engineer—to Production manager—to a business of your own. But you need practical training first. Permanent Employment—Yoiu won’t have to stand around waiting for a job. Properly trained draftsmen are always in demand. Industrial concerns, Building and Construction Companies, Manufacturers, Government Departments employ thousands. Get the Right Training—Roy C. Claflin’s ‘‘Columbia” training is simple and sure, yet complete and practical. By this method you can become a master mechanical draftsman in a few months of pleasant, easy home study, under Mr. Claflin’s personal supervision. No fancy theories, no difficult mathematics—just plain common sense “brass tacks’’ of drafting. And after that, if you want it, free Post Graduate train- ingina specialized Branch of Drafting. meee eee ee ee “Columbia”? Trained Draftsmen . : Always in Demand Mail This Coupon NOW The largest concerns in the country, including the U. S. Goverrment employ Columbia trained Draftsmen. Free professional drawing outfit of 16 pieces and 11 piece set of highest grade drafting instru- Without obligation to me, please send me your free ments in plush lined case will be given you when you illustrated book on Drafting, Telling how I can secure 1 COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF DRAFTING I i enroll at the Columbia Schoo! of Drafting. These |! your complete home study course and your help in | I | 1 | Dept. 1580, 14th and T Sts., N.W. Washington, D. C. fine instruments are yours to keep. securing a position as draftsman. Free illustrated book, “Your Future in Drafting,” will be sent yoi FREE on request. Send inthis coupon today. Get started now. COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF DRAFTING ROY C. CLAFLIN, President Dept. 1580 14th and T Sts. Name.. EN WR aes ees Mbusenanad PR aS oi De Caceres Bs Oh eee Washington, D. C. WU ir oa Pa cae a eee A eee High Schoo) Course Start Studio Oi Paint Portraits- Landscapes You can complete in 2 Years this - sinolifed, High rse at home . iB voguin irements for entrance to a rotencions and m7 -six oth in our Free Bulletin Send for it TODAY. "AMERICAN SCHOOL | Dept. H-175 Drexel Ave. & 58th St. CHICAGO} Want capable men aud women to = painting and paint for ro at Honorable, rmanent work. “We furnish complete outfit, teach by mail few weeks, stert you right in business. No experience, or special tolents no high education necessary. Hundreds of branches already established, including work- ers ot ail kinds. A real chance to Stop and 1Read Bouidersst POMPE 8°E GRY "ES. 146 Main, Muscatine, tows You Gan KNOW Mal® eres G , \inazng ook PRES 2a. 's eyes all all about AUTOS, TRACTORS, AEROPLANES, STARTING and LIGHTING SYSTEMS, STORAGE BAT- TERIES, VULCANIZING, etc. ~~ Age ding P {courses are postal brings it. Write be- Ss. A.WELTMER, Dept.13 Nevada,Mo. DO YOU LIKETO DRAW? Cartoonists are well paid you answer thisad. Nor will Yd claim to make you rich ina week. Butif you are anxious to develop your talent with a suc- cessful cartoonist, soyoucanmake money, send a copy of this picture, with 6 cents in stamps for portfolio of cartoons and sample lesson plate, and let us explain. The W. L. EVANS SCHOOL OF CARTOONING 825 Leader Bldc. Cleveland, Ohio Valuable Book FREE “*How to Succeed in the Automobile, Tractor and Aeroplane Business,” gives much new and very useful information also tells all about the many splendid advantages and practical training voucan get at this college in a few weeks. Tear this out and write fora copy, FRM, today. GREER COLLEGE OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING Dept. 5i 2024 §. Wabash Ave. CHICAGO Begin Today-Write for My F FREE BOOK H I can a meke 06 good ~ of you at home dur- nj re time e "fioW TO BECOME A ¥ contains ins specimens and tered penmanship by the Tam! will be elegantly wri i t to pa: pay pos enclose stam: Write for it Today. F. W. Tamblyn, 437 Ridge Bidg., Kansas uetonag U.S.A.

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Popular Science Monthly | : y : 5 f * -_ e- \ ao—) \ . \ \ Fann eer j wml =x z lf - si TWENTIETH CENTURY Book of Recipes, Formulas and Processes This book of 800 pages is the most complete Book of Recipes ever published, giving thousands of recipes for the manu- facture of valuable articles for every-day use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas and Secret Processes covering every branch of the useful arts are given. 10,000 Practical Formulas—The Best Way to Make Everything A book to which you may turn with confi- dence that you will find what you are looking for. A mine of information, up-to-date in every respect. Contains an immense number of formulas that every one ought to have that are not found in any other work. Price $4.00 Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York Sear asa, sedges oad BIG MONEY as Electrical Engineer There are no hard times for the al] R YO U expert Electrical Engineer. His Services are always in demand. His pay is big. This is the field for the ambitious man. It is the field for you, you can be an Electrical Engineer. Thousands Are Earning Big Money in this cap with our help. We can help you to big gee d this field. Write for complete information. Do it no AMERICAN SCHOO! pt.E-175 Drexel Avenue & 58th St. CHICAGO Inventors in all cities and many towns inthe United States and Canada have secured patents a us. We secure patents in delayed, neglected and > Rejected cases. Write giving data. Our fee will be contingent on success. Abraham Lincoln in an Address to Law Students said: “As a rule, never take your fee in ad-ance, hor any more than a small retainer. When fully paid beforehand, you are more than a common mortal if you can feel the same inter- est in the case asifsom thing was still in pros- pect for you, as well as your client; and when you lack interest in the case, the job will very likely lack skill and diligence in the perform- ance.’ Engaged in Patent Soliciting exclusively “7 ie we have procured more than Patents Send usa model drawing or a photo with de- scription of invention, remit $5.00 for search in U. S. Patent Office. If we report inven- tion patentable, we will back our judgment and kee ep no attorney’s fee unless patent is obtaine Our booklet on’patent protection at home and abroad sent free. Write Dept. M or come to us |C. A. SNOW & Co., Patent Attorneys 710 8th St., Ong North Exons of | of %. S. Patent Office THE HOME WORKSHOP prize-winning contribution. purchased at space rates. may be very short. shop. tively to A. E. Elling, of Nutley, The Home Workshop Department Will Award First and Second Prizes Totaling $50 for the Best New Ideas in February and March A FIRST prize of $35 and a second prize of $15 will be awarded to the authors of the two best articles appearing in the Home Workshop Department next month. Every article will be considered as a possible Those which do not win prizes may be The prizes wil be awarded upon publication and checks wili be mailed to the winners during the month. Prize-winning articles may be long—but not over 1000 words—or they The idea, device, or machine described must be practical and ingenious; it must fill an actual need in the home, office, or The contest must not be confused with other contests in this issue. The last ‘‘Best Idea’’ awards will be announced in the March issue. Prize-Winners for January The two prizes of $50 and $25 for the “Best Ideas” appearing in the January issue of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY have been awarded respec- N. J., and Robert M. Johnson, of Baltimore. These two ideas were considered by the judges to possess the highest all-around merit of those submitted. Homemade Sprayer Serves as Air Brush By Robert M. Johnson ‘Best Idea’’ Contest for January) (Awarded Second Prize in the ‘ jase sci the job of shellacking or var- nishing is troublesome to the amateur mechanic. He scrapes and sandpapers his woodwork to a glasslike finish, only to have the shellac pile up in unsightly ridges and the varnish collect hairs innumerable. No matter how easy it is for the pro- fessional painter to manipulate a brush, the man in the home workshop would much prefer to use an air brush if he had one. Lacking one, he can make a sprayer that will operate without an air compressor by rigging up a funnel of sheet metal to fit snugly over the guard of an electric fan and connecting the outlet with an old atomizer by means of arubber tube. The weight of the funnel will be sufficient to prevent it from blowing loose. The blast of air from the fan will blow a delicate and easily controlled spray of shellac or varnish against the article to be finished in exactly the same way that an artist coats a charcoal drawing. The only precaution necessary is to see SHEET-METAL FUNNEL ATOMIZER The breeze from the fan, concentrated by the funnel, takes the place of compressed air in this homemade sprayer that the liquid is not too thick. The de- vice has worked so well that I am making another reservoir that will not have to be filled so frequently as the small atomizer bottle. {The general utility of Mr. Johnson’s idea is not dependent entirely upon the use of an electric fan. A hand or foot pump would provide a more powerful spray and do the work as well, if not as con- veniently.—The Editor.] to readers at a nominal cost. from wallboard. your home workshop. What the Home Workshop Will Do for YOU Next Month "THE biggest step forward in real service to readers ever taken by the Home Workshop department will be announced next month, when Pop- ULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY’S new plan to furnish blueprints is launched. In brief, the one most interesting and useful article described in each . issue will be completely illustrated with working drawings, to be supplied Among other February features are: Complete plans for making a child’s realistic and roomy playhouse How to hook up an audion detector and amplifier; an ornamental humidor, a home workshop filing-cabinet for clippings and shop sketches; decoy minnows for ice fishing; a homemade electric heater and heating- pad; and other articles to interest every member of the family. “Bench Talks” on how to get better results and more pleasure from Watch for the new blueprint service! Popular Science M onthly a | THE HOME WORKSHOP | of v corr ope giv’ sas] Be sas are out of | an ho - —- - —. . « oe a 6 ee |e ah ah tte > tre

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Ll 3S OM Ff t - January, 1922 — THE HOME WORKSHOP _ How to Fit and Fasten Your Storm-Sash AP a preliminary to fitting storm-sash, provide yourself with two thin strips of wood as measuring-rods. Cut one the correct height to fit neatly in the window opening, not too tight, and cut the other to give the width. Lay these on the storm- sash and if the sash is too large, plane it off. Bevel the bottom to suit the sill. If the window is within reach of the ground, three 2-in. screws each side of the sash will keep it in place, and if the screws are oiled before being used, they will come out easily when necessary. When it is out of reach from the ground, four short hooks and eyes placed on the inside will suffice. But it takes two to handle the sash—one to hold it in place and the other to attach the IRON DOWEL MADE FROM 10-D. WIRE NAIL, TIGHT IN SASH, LOOSE IN WINDOW-FRAME HEAD / HOOKS ON INSIDE OF SASH, EYES IN WINDOW=SILL Storm-sash fastened in this way are easily put up and taken down WAR hooks. Although this is sometimes done, it is not a plan to be recommended. There is a better plan. Cut off two ten- penny wire nails 114 in. from the pointed end. Bore two holes in top of sash, as shown in the drawing, just 1 in. deep, no more; the drill must be at least one size less than the nail-dowel. Now drive the iron dowels in, blunt end down. This leaves the pointed end sticking up 4in. From inside the window, slip out the storm-sash, jab it up in place, and then bring it back into the room. You will see plainly in the head of the window two marks made by the points of the dowels. Drill holes at these points a little larger than the thickness of the nail- dowel and not less than 14 in. deep. Lay down the sash and screw in two hooks, one near each side about 2 in. up from the bot- tom on the inside of the sash. Two eyes are put in the sill so that when the sash is hooked up, it will be perfectly secure and easy to put up and take down each year. Old Hacksaw Blade Used for Paper-Clip Ty not let your papers lie scattered around when it is possible to make a clip for holding them together on the drawleaf or your bench or desk. An old hacksaw biade is placed across the board. A small screw through the hole in one PAPERS |! BLADE end of the biade will hold How the blade it securely. gether away Nt): 4 Cee Chicago HINK OF IT— a new, latest type 14 hp. single phase alternating current motor, guaranteed for one year, for gy F Guaranteed 4h $2 Cord and This is lower than the before-war price. Motor is 110 volt, 1740 rpm, 60 cycle, Also furnished split-phase, fan-cooled induction Biadieg type. Suitable for running Post | washing machines, churns, cream sep- Terminale arators, ventilating fans, blowers, lathes, drills, etc. Furnished in two r styles—with cord and plug as illustrated; or with binding post terminal (reversible type). Motor weighs 24 lbs. bare, 33 lbs. boxed It is the latest type ofa large, responsible manufacturer, who guarantees every motor shipped, for one year, and attaches to each a guarantee service tag, serially numbered which entitles owners to a new motor, by express prepaid, should defects de- velop within a year. Repair parts are always S() available at low cost; but motor is so sturdy and has so few parts that repair expense is ae negligible. Price complete, boxed, f.o.b. Chicago Quantity Discounts On 3 motors ordered in 1 shipment, price is $13.00; six motors, $12.50 each; 12 motors, $12.25; 25 motors, 12.00 each. SEND CASH WITH ORDER or we will ship by express C.O.D. if you prefer. GRINDER and BUFF ‘25% Above motor, equipped with 6 in. Norton No. 60 abrasive wheel; and 6 in. Hanson & Van Winkle Cotton Buff; complete with off-and-on switch and cord and plug. Machine weighs 38 Ibs. bare, or 52 Ibs. boxed. It is ideal for the home garage or workshop, for grinding tools and cutlery and for polishing silver and plated ware. Also adapted to the heavy work of a 00 hotels and restaurants for the same purposes, and for 2 general machine shop service. Price f.o.b. Chicago - - —_— This price is less than half the usual charge for a tool of this size and capacity. SEND CASH WITH ORDER or we will ship by express C.O.D. if you prefer. Descriptive circular on application. NORTHWESTERN ELECTRIC COMPANY 410-420 SO. HOYNE AVENUE, CHICAGO Diamond Prices 3314 % educed DIAMONDS for HOLIDAY GIFTS Write for Free Wonderful Bar- today. Credit Terms ned. Amazing money-saving prices on Diamonds, Watches and Jewelry. $50 and up. tisfaction guaranteed. LI NDS LOFTIS BROS. & CO., National Jewelers Dept. H-871 108 N. State St., Chicago, Ill. 7 nsational offer of the year! Two tires Most sensation) caval cost of one—and a free tube with each tire! This is a special lot— all standard lected for record-breaking sale. Ly Lay are Z t of th lightly used |] | Cuts Fastor—Fays for itself woe poy aga j es Saw your own wood for winter, Make Sico «1 Twe «2 Tiree 1 mon gt te wood for market. New - 30x3 $7.00 $11.25 3% x4% $1330 $22.56 TAWA One-Man Saw Rig saves time and labor. 30x3% 7.95 13.65] 33x4% ° rr Easily moved. Magneto equipped. lo 32= 3% BY 4 15.48 34 x $3 *-¢ Fey gix4 ise 19.75 | 36x45 15.45 28.45 33x4 12.25 2090)35x5 15.90 26.15 34x4 13.25 22.45 | 37x5 16.45 26.55 or. P e ’T DELAY! thly hs : 7 Janu ary, 1922 ALBANY TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY 2721 Roosevelt Road Dept. 163-A Chicago, II flnole

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92 In answer to a request from Chief of Police. Warren Biglow, the Finger Print Expert ar- rived at the scene of the daring robbery of the Oo Company offices. $6500.00 in currency was gone. Nota single clue had been found. Almost immediately Biglow turned his ate tention to a table which had been tipped up. The glossy mahogany showed an excellent set of finger prints. The thief might just as well have left his calling card. To make a long story short, his prints were photographed, and matched with those of **Big Joe’’ Moran, a safe blower. Moran was caught and convicted on Biglow’s finger print proof. The money was recovered and a $500.00 reward given to Biglow, in addition to his fees—as pay for his two hour’s work. Be aFinger-Print Expert Learn at Home in Spare Time No more fascinating work than this—and big rewards go to the EXPERT. Thousands of trained men are now needed. The Finger Print work of governments, corporations, police departments, detective agencies, banks, individuals, has created a new profession. Many experts earn $3,000.00 to $10,000.00 a year. And now you can easily learn the secrets of this new science in your spare time—at home. Any man with a common school edu- cation can become a Finger Print Expert ina short time. Finger-Print Free Outfit and Large Illustrated Book We are making a special, limited offer of a complete Professtonal Finger Print Outfit and a Course in Secret Service Intelligence, both ab- solutely FREE. Mastery of these two profes- sions offers you a brilliant career. Write quickly for illustrated free book on Finger Prints which explains this wonderful training in detail. Don’t wait—mail the coupon NOW You may never see this announcement again. University of Applied Science Desk 1361, 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Chicago University of Applied Science Desk 1361, 1920 Sunnyside Ave., Chicago, Ill. Gentlemen: Without any obligation what- ever send me your new, fully illustrated. FREE book on Finger Prints, and your offer of a FREE Course in Secret Service Intelli- gence. SoS a es " Foch ain SET a . psgr 7 38 es, Earn $2500 to $5000yea Signal Engineer cna at borasina potions gun position Ceti into'this great new field of iedealie we work where quick success, swift promotion and a high salary await you. Rail- —_ everywhere peed men whe Signal E; and electrical safety devices. _ Book FREE nd quick for big illustrated book on Engineeri: ene nd details of our Fe t Free Outfit and our wonder- I 6: RAG of training r which includes a Send eoson'e sical rafting 5 ena Dom DEPARTMENT OF SIGNALING, Dept. 1961 1924 Sunnyside Ave., Chicago, 94 rm FYTraEyYrayYTovyTrmypewsy 500 REWARD ry TWO HOURS.WORK | THE HOME WORKSHOP id ewe accompanying illus- trations show how, with | the aid of two castings, I converted part | of an old sewing-machine into a very ser- ; viceable drill- press, operated by a 14-hp. motor. The machine and the motor were fastened to a wooden base, which made them portable. Patterns were made for the bracket or base casting that sup- ames OR ports the drill- —— table and also oes for the miter Assembled drill-press gear housing, commeemnoe which was pro- vided with a Babbitt-metal bearing for the drill-spindle. The spindle was made of a piece of 14 in cold-rolled steel shafting, having a %-in. By Frank Boosman Old Sewing-Machine Becomes Drill-Press Popular Science Monthly ~ keyway for the set screw shown in the miter gear, The top end has a forked swivel that re- ceives the hand lever. has a steel sleeve shrunk on. This takes the shank of the chuck. The chuck has a drill capacity of Oto 14 in. The hand lever is weighted to hold up the drill. A hard-woed pulley takes the place of the old balance hand wheel on the hor- izontal shaft that passes through the sewing-ma- chine head. The other end has a miter gear that The other end Spindle housing re- to show gearing replaces the cam that operated the needle- ae bar and presser-foot of the old machine. gota c amtoeeagedamauaaastaaas, New Prize Contest “How I Made Money with My Tools” AVE you ever made extra money with your tools? If you have, we want to know just how you did the trick. If you constructed something, describe it. If there is a particular job that you do, let us know what it is. For instance, we have heard of a chap who mends furniture in his neighborhood during his spare time. Others have established spare-time businesses with tools as their only investment. Sit down now and describe your own experience for the readers of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. If you have photographs or drawings of the things you have made or the job you do, send them along. Tell your story as humanly and interestingly as possible. $90 in Prizes POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY intends to make this worth your time. If you do not win one of the three big prizes it is possible that your article will be bought at space rates. First Prize will be $50; Second Prize, $25; and Third Prize $15. Conditions of the Contest (1) Contestants are not limited in the number of ideas. The contest is open to everybody. (2) If a drawing is sent in, it need not be made by a skilled draftsman. The contestant’s name and address should appear on each sheet of drawings. . (8) Drawings and _ photographs must be accompanied by a descrip- tion, preferably typewritten, in which the subject is clearly explained. The MSS. must be written on one side of the paper only, and should not be more than 500 words in length. (4) Drawings and descriptions en- tered by contestants must be received by POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY not later than 5 p. m., on January 20, 1922. (5) The judges of the contest will be the editors of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. (6) The first prize of $50 will be awarded to the contestant who, in the opinion of the judges, has sug- gested the best idea. The second prize of $25 will be paid to the contestant who sub- mits an idea next in merit. The third prize of $15 will be paid to the contestant who submits an idea third in merit. (7) The winners of the contest will be announced in the earliest possible issue of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, and their articles will appear later. (8) The editors of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY shall have the right to publish meritorious manuscripts that do not win a prize. The regular space rates will be paid to the con- testants who submit the manuscripts thus selected. (9) Manuscripts or drawings will be returned to contestants if stamps are enclosed. (10) Send drawings and specifi- cations to the Editor of the Making Money with Tools Contest, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. whie is co prim a pri sent ing-" blan the | the tigh canr left abo the. ing mitt sent you ceiv turk has slot insi slip ph. pie slot a hi ing ing: con tall litt Popular Science Monthly 4 anc Ja \>

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——— Be January, 1922 93 —_— THE HOME WORKSHOP helen Motor-Trucks Can Be Made at Home HAT more delightful toy can be Wy iscostnod than a motor-truck that will run forward or backward under its own power and can be cranked like a regular car. The chassis is a piece of wood 2 in. by 1034 in. The front and rear ends are tin and the wheels are made from linen-thread spools, the holes of which are plugged. The axles are simply soft wire 1/16 in’ in diam- pipes... ail eter, with the ends flattened to prevent the ’ ee se UNDERWEAR wheels from turning. TMT poe PLE Hanes Guarantee The method of providing power is clearly Ai 2 nn 1. | ip een indicated in the drawing. The rubber band, ; fi .& Hanes Underwear thread, stitch and 5 rie button. We guaran- 3. eu tee to return your money or give you a REAR AXLE new —— if any seam breaks. ’ ° ' e cra chon TRANSMISSION FRONT AXLE BEARING 3 — ' Hanes 5 Big Features “ 4 1 Hanes Stauncn Evastic SHOULDERS made with A (EW"'g NN service-doubling lap seam. They fit right with ~~ » i\\ \ give for every motion. 2 Hanes TaiLoreD CoLLARETTE won't gap or roll. Fits snugly around your neck always, and keeps the wind out. 3 Hanes Exastic Currs are made far stronger and better than the usual cuff. They fit the wrist firmly, they won’t flare or rip from the sleeve. 4 Hanes Crosep Crotcu is cut and stitched a special way that really keeps it closed. 5 Hanes Exastic ANKLEs hold their shape through _ = \ YQ, AL ruaser-BAND = SPOOL-ENDS 4 e repeated washing. They don’t bunch over your Yauieng. ee anh ¥ ite sae tamale shoes. They fit always. bee ay yk A Buy Hanes AU! Hanes Union Suits made with reinforced e which can be twisted by the wire ‘‘crank,”’ : at Reduced Prices! aenarien eae ee re Se be 2 Now is the time to equip your- can rely on Hanes buttons to stay primitive universal joint. The addition of 2 : . a properly shaped block of wood to repre- self with Hanes Winter Under- on; the reinforced buttonholes to sent the motor hood, together with a steer- wear. You can buy it at much_ keep their shape; the non-irritat- ing-wheel and seat, give the toy a sem- lower prices than at any time in ing seams to hold fast. blance of reality that can be heightened by recent years. There have been . . the judicious use of paint. tremendous price reductions in See Hanes winter line—heavy To operate, hold the drive wheel and turn the entire Hanes line. shirts and drawers, heavy union the crank to the right until the elastic is suits in two weights; and a tight. Then hook the crank so that it And remember—each Hanes splendid mediumweight, silk- cannot revolve. Winding the rubber to the garment is backed by the Hanes pea i angen ’ left will drive the truck backward. Guarantee. It must live up to the : claims made for it or you can Boys’ Union Suits—In two have your money back. How to Keep Noises Out of weights—medium and extra heavy | = Each Hanes garment has to -—at great reductions in price. a pass inspection by experts before Made in sizes 2 to 16 years. Two HE illustration shows a little device it reaches you. That’s why you’ to 4 year sizes have drop seat. that will enable you to telephone from ” a : a boiler factory without being disturbed by P. H. HANES KNITTING CO., Winston-Salem, N. C. the noise. It is the noise around you enter- | N ‘ . . "+ | ing the trans- SLOTTED Ot Siumvmues\ ou 00 warat to putar dons Nacaseok Vien Sst | mitter and being SLIDE ~>fN sent back into your own re- ceiver that dis- turbs you. ENJOY the pleasures and popularity of a real good dancer! By my remarkable This Book , new method it is now amazingly easy to The device learn the modern dances in the rivacy of On Home your home, by mail—in a few hours—a e e has a grated or very little cost. oe Beautifying ; My new system of teaching is so simple and faaci- — —' = Recded.. i have taught thousaads to be good dancers: Sent Free i can teach you. FREE! To prove you can learn, I will give you one * lesson free of charge if you will write at once, For mailing, etc., send 10c. ARTHUR MURRAY, Studio 70, 290 B’way, N.Y. inside, and it will slip over any Phone mouth- piece. The Cstottep cover slotted slide has eee ceeemmmnT wir MONEY AT HOME ing at one side. ' ay Contains practical suggestions on how to make your home | || artistic, cheery and inviting—explains how vou can easily and economically | }\ refinish and keep woodwork, furniture Oe ete ee Ce aT =e and ‘floors in perfect conditicn. \ * ® 99 i By pushing the handle in, the open- -Buildin sé pr tlie e . ° . - . ‘ ens ¢ Ings in the slide and the face of the device you can earn from $1 to $2 an hour Tels, Decks sete Dow. to Snist ul ced artistic a8 come in line with each other and you may - h2 your spare time ne show cards. hard wood. Tells just what materials ae — | talk into the phone. When you can’t hear - oe eee Se ee how to apply them—includes color ¢ i what the other party is sayin ull the any ol bee pene weept cee tig ee We Cr Sisilis: send this book free and postpaid for a 5 — ano and ‘pay you cash each week. Full particulars the name of your best dealer in paints. | : little handle out and the slots are closed, and booklet free. S. C. JOHNSON & SON; Dept. PSI, Racine, Wis. ae —_ and in this way the noises are muffled. AMERICAN SHOW CARD SCHOOL | “The Wood Finishing Authorities ——— Ryrie Building Toronto, Canada Month Tanuary, 1922 95

Page 78

94 RUNNING the most beneficial exercise Get all the benefits of a cross country run in your own home, with SHARP’S Runathome (Trade Mark) Portable Track Just the thing to keep the indoor man fit. A few minutes daily brings wonderful results. Im- circulation and digestion, greater activity of the liver and bowels, and rich, pure blood. Makes the body supple, graceful and erect. Devel- ops the muscles most important to health—those in the abdominal tract, supporting the vital organs. The ideal treatment for obesity. Avoid the stoop and lagging step of age. Keep well and strong with the Runathome. Simply made, nothing to get out of order.” Handles adjustable to any size. Folds up compactly. Size when folded 36x 20x 7. Weight, 60 lbs. Sent anywhere prepaid for $35. W. N. SHARP 65 E. Lake Street Chicago, Illinois A _~ WIRELESS CATALOGUE Whether you are interested in a complete radio receiving outfit, or a half a dozen binding posts, you'll find the particular instru- ment, best for your needs, in Cor- £ win’s Catalogue. Send 10 cents Y (credited to your first order) for your copy today: Where’s the £ nearest mailbox ? [A HCORWINGCO.|§ 4West Park St. Dept. S. A Ht eae rye ae wns oe Marvelous Invention Gives More and Better Light from Kerosene and Gasoline WIZARD ~ AUTOMATIC CLEAN- ING NEEDLE makes possible more and a continuous light as brilliant as electricity. Cost of operation as _7 low as six hours for one cent for (7 300 candle power of light. No smoke. No wicks totrim. No odor. WIZARD Lamps and Lanterns Used in every part of the world on farms, cottages, homes, barns, stores—every place where sure, dependable, low-cost light z= guarantee. Quicklit gasoline lamps and lanterns are lit with a common match like city gas. Agents Making $15 to $25 a Day We have an exceptional sales plan for capable salesmen. $15 to $25 a day and more can be made easily. Permanent connection with old, well-established concern. Write today for full particulars. The Nagel-Chase Mfg. Co. i i Ba sit 286-290 E. Erie Street, Chicago, III. THE HOME WORKSHOP Dust and Paper Chute Will Save Many Steps ANY steps up and down the cellar stairs may be saved by the installa- | tion of a chute for dust and paper. The | location of the chute should be chosen carefully by the REMOVABLE home worker be- BOX - [a : — AN, fore hemakes plans ——> I AW for constructing Fra _ut——— it. Probably the eg best place will be in a corner of the kitchen or in the rear of the hall. The top was ar- ranged in this in- | stance to keep the children of the household from tumbling into the SUPPORTS cover like a small trapdoor could be substituted. It should be made so as to close flush Sweepings fall ° 4° through chute with the fl oor. to cellar When sweeping is being done, the cover is removed and the dust swept directly into the chute, obviating the use of a dustpan. The same general plan could be used for | the disposal of ashes from the kitchen stove, only the chute should then be lined with sheet metal to avoid any danger of fire.—E. E. MOORE. Sharpen Your Plane-Blades with This Jig HEN the home worker endeavors to sharpen his plane-blade, he often finds some difficulty in proc™cing a good angle on the cutting-edge. In the motion of rubbing the blade back and forth on the | oilstone, it is hard to hold the blade con- stantly at the same degree of inclination. The illustration shows a jig for holding the plane-blade. It consists of a bracket | for holding the iron at the proper angle and a roller that acts as a sort of a caster. The roller is carried in a U-shaped bracket | attached to an upright post which slips into a hole in the blade carrier. The roller OILSTONE —” ; ROLLER CARRIER The angle of plane-blade remains constant while being sharpened should be preferably of iron, although not necessarily; a section of an old curtain-pole will answer, provided it is accurately drilled. The blade-holder should be flattened at one end so as to provide a firm bearing surface for the plane iron, and a series of holes should be drilled to accom- modate blades of different lengths. A thumbscrew is used to bind the blade- holder to the upright post at the proper height. Popular Science Monthly ~ Free Music with the EVERYMAN Radiophone Receiver _Listen to music, speeches, lectures. Get time signals, sport and political news, weather and crop reports, before released by the press, as sent out daily by radio telephone stations. No } knowledge of radio or code required. Instruc- tion and entertainment for the whole family, is desighed to receive all radio telephone broad- casting stations, as well as commercial and amateur stations. Made of finest materials; walnut finished case; weight 5 Ibs. No mast required. Price $25.00. Aerial equipment $6.50 extra. Can be installed in 30 minutes. Satisfaction guaranteed. Send for § catalog. Dealers investigate. DeForest Radio Tel. & Tel.Co., i 1395 Sedgwick Ave., 4) New York chute, but a plain | 13 H-P ENGINE IS Now only bo! Other sizes 2 to 22 H-P at proportionally low prices. 90 Days Trial--10 Yr. Guarantee Good engines at Tow prices because made Tn WHY DON’T YOU Write the Words for a Song? You can do it. Write about Love, Mother, Home, Comic or any subject and send poem to me at once. I compose Music and guarantee publication. EDWARD TRENT, 631 Reaper Block, Chicago . Chemical Experimenters! Let us send you gratis our price-list of Chemicals, Apparatus and Laboratory Materials. We specialize in supplying Students and Experimenters. Send us your Name and Address. Baker & Unverhau, Queens, N.Y. g The Burlington 71 Jewels See it first. We send it for oan. Te tT under = obligation to buy. =. watch so you at a price a great deal lower oe that of other high grade watches. $52° a month The 21-Jewel Burlington {fs sold to you at a very low price and very terms (after fi ination) of only $6.00 @ month—no interest. Sead for. full information, P ever beautifally fll in colors, Write today it free. ye xh EE w sans ” Burl Watch Company, 1361 1 ear ae tein eee 96 Popular Science Monthy = me erane- is ver only | directi Pla over in th shown hitch ' be sa greate of the tighte the hi This old ti can be relied H. M Ti ON he bea HOO a so] fad for the most compl produced ar acintoend on t gea ea cen —d par Th Th dri

Page 79

January, 1 922 THE HOME WORKSHOP De ghia Hitching a Rope Securely to a Hook HE picture illustrates the proper method of fastening a rope around a erane-hook. It is very simple if only you follow THE WORLD'S NEWS BY WIRELESS WN YOUR OWN HOME Singing by opera stars, music by great orchestras, speeches by great men and all the world’s news is now broadcasted daily by wireless. You can sit in your own home and listen in on all of LOADING HOOK ‘rections this without technical knowledge or experience. You directions. : Place the rope do not hear dots and dashes alone—you hear music a a and human voices. ne over the hook For small cost you can get a complete receiving set END LOCKED AGAINST HOOK in the manner shown and the hitch will always be safe, for the greater thestrain of the load, the tighter will be the hitch. which can be easily installed and the thrill and fascina- tion of listening to music or voices that are carried to you thru the air will amaze you. Simple Receiving Sets for Everyone Receives teleph miles. within 30 Dots and dashes up ‘to 700 miles— tunes from 180 to 2700 meters. Will receive ca . PROPER Arlington time signals anywhere in the These sets are completely assembled, ready to be connected Thisisasailor’s itcH FOR } nl eee ee wunited with a couple of wires and then you will receive messages. old trick, and it ROPEOR CHAIN § ‘ complete aerial equipment. All that is necessary is that you put upa wire called an aerial, A on some high place such as your roof or a tree, and connect canbe absolutely at : in — — this to — at and : ° Be: - you are ready to receive messages. the attachments and simple in- relied upon. J. The heavier the load, struction come with the sets. Buy one of the two sets ilestrated todae —s H. MOORE. the tighter the rope and get the world’s news by wireless. The larger set will tune sharper and * will receive messages more clearly. If any wireless telephone messages are sent from within thirty miles of you, you can receive them with these sets. An Ideal Christmas Gift This small set is just the thing for the novice, for use on bicycles, etc. faction. This complete receiving set would be the finest kind of a Christmas gift. Send Today Orders for either set will be promptly shipped upon receipt of the pur- chase price or a descriptive folder will be sent upon request. FACTORY: LYNBROOK, L. 1. RADIO SERVICE CO. - 110 West 40th St., New York Handled by leading wireless apparatus dealers everywhere Try This Clip for the Hood of Your Car pelea the clip for holding the hood on an automobile is broken or lost. One may be made easily, as shown in the drawing. The handle and hook are of heavy wire. The hook hooks through a small hole in the hood or to a clip fast- ened to the hood. The spring may — — Boy Scout, Camper, and It is complete and is guaranteed to give satis- | | @ § $3 MPP AS EIS Will receive telephone messages. Tune from 150 to 800 meters. Includes complete aerial equip- ment and sensitive head set. Price—$15.00 post- paid in United States be bolted to the 5 YEAR GUARANTEE = — Car = caine ee | TYPE WRITERS ) EES ther, Hooked spring holds side the hood.— va “By any oe hood closed R. E. DEERING. 5 DAYS FREE TRIAL plans, Die. and % manfgrs. price — easy payments — Remington, ¢ — Smith, Underwood, Lgl Send for illustrated pow ready. i ° circular at once. ee bella. ai Easy Method of Reaming INTERNATIONAL TYPEWRITER EXCHANGE and wage me Tapered Cotter-Pins 177 N. State St. | Dept. A-31 Chicago, III. yeh sghowing how s! [; XCESSIVE wear and premature de- preserves: ahbantalonn chess Free Course f struction of the reamers used to cut y holes for tapered cotter-pins may be| jim Draftsmanship avoided by the simple expedient of drilling : two holes of different diameters at the position for the cotter-pin as shown in the by bee illustration. This applies to any collar, LESS METAL TO REMOVE BY REAMER 7 ST HOLE DIAMETER OF FIRST | DRILL | DIAMETER F SECOND MEN NEEDED /~ = Salaries up to $100 per week. Here is your only ay we oe CSECOND HOLE nity to get this wonderful $40 Complete Drawing Outfit ] } ld l COUPLING WITH TAPER-PIN—* COTTERSPIN —— AKC yCO § tan , 2S 1ermomelers Drilling two holes as shown simplifies $10 98 ao fezour address anywhere in ’ reaming fora tapered cotter-pin This is are —— offer, with which you can build your Ir f bath 7 success in Draftsmanship. You can put yourself ina | wa ever, bath, candy, oven-—— ; f class of Trained Men whose services are always in Demand. perform specific services how home ear. or t to s - EASY TO LEARN AT HOME IN YOUR SPARE TIME | g Hie St ie cen ne gear, or part t be secured to a shaft with ee ee eee ee ees health and comfort. Ask your ar ~| a taper-pin. lite, and will be one of the most profitable investments you dealer or write us direct for booklet. By starting with a drill the size of the | (®v¢ °YS" mace. ° ee . Outfit Consists as follows:—Eleven piece Professional ° center of the tapered pin and finishing with Deetieena' s so. ogee ee nts, Saray ten oa ee lid Taylor /nstrument Companies : : : —_— nickel si ran ne st nd set into a handsome et | a drill the size of the small end of the pin | Linea pocketbook folding case, size 4 by 824 inches—alco Rochester, N. Y. ae 3113 $ —one drawing ar x —one inch . square— lee drilling with each halfway through the one inch — a 3 Growing one For Every If temperature is a factorin o aad ; triangles—on renc urve—Pencils—Eraser— Bottle ~4 ‘ nearly = ed metal is removed. water yo 0 ink—Protractor— Thumb packs —and one Industry re —* b — ig hens will readily cut the remainder. in Wochantend denies o You cannot enals @ talenie by ture Instrument—lIndicating, Recording. = A ec 9. y . This is easier on the drills because the first | taking up drafting, so act now, Offer Limited. Controlling—for every purpose. G2 “, drill provides clearance for the second. NATIONAL INSTRUMENT COMPANY — 4707 NORTH HAMILTON AVE., CHICAGO, ILL. oO Vee 7 _....ww; 1000 oy

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96 Be the “Tom Brown” of Your Town You may have the talent to develop into a Saxo- phone wizard like Tom Brown, of the famous Tom Brown’s Clown Band, the highest priced musical act, and enjoy this most pleasant of vocations. True-Tone Musical Instruments d make famous Tom Brown, ArtHickman,Clyde nald Clark, Clay Smith, Guy Hoimes and thou- weekly for but two hours a day is not uncommon for musicians of such ability to earn. have hel Doerr, s-nds of others. $500 to $1000 BoESCH

True-Tone Saxophone It is the easiest of all wind instruments to play and one of You can learn the scale in an hour’s practice and play popular music i Practice is a pleasure because you learn so quickly. You can take your place in a band within 90 i for home entertainment, church, lodge orschool. In big demand for orchestra dance music. A Saxophone will enable you to take an important i It increases your popularity and your opportunities, as well as your pleasure. Free Trial — Easy Payments pet, Trom- the most beautifu}. Three first lessons sent free. in a few weeks. days, if you so desire. Unrival part in the musical development of your community. You order any Buescher Saxophone, Cornet, bone or other Band "or Orchestral Instrument without ence. Mention the instrument interes complete catalog will be mailed free.

when to use singly, in qu tettes, or in regular Send coupon below for free copy. 3141 Buescher Block Buescher Band Instrument Co. 141 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Ind.

y ying in ad- vance, and try it six days in your own home, without obligation. If perfectly satisfied, pay for it on easy payments to suit our < oye Saxophone Book Free Tells what each Saxophone is best adapted for; i sextettes, or Saxophone Band, and how to transpose for cello parts in orchestra. Buescher Band Instrument Co. Makers of Everything in Band and Orchestra Instruments Elkhart, Indiana I Please send me a free copy of “The Origin of the Saxophone."* | } i x ll A eo” (41)

I , | DRUID .ccccececnsasesennsssvcossessnvesetesscnsovocsesecccocsoesesessses eonseneness ensneseconsooee : ” a Brown ashe appears | Town State. I ; rang a Mention any other instrument im Tip- Top [ street CY te eee een in which you are interested. | — ee TT A co

WF. PANDICoLAT

BE WELL YOUNG | STRONG Fifteen glorious minutes on the Pandiculator better than two hours in gymnasium. Refreshes, rejuvenates; frees impinged, irritated nerves; corrects contracted muscles, spine ligaments; relieves congestion, improves circulation and body drainage. Doctors recommend it. No electricity, no discomfort ; delightfully restful. Write now. PANDICULATOR COMPANY Dept. 13 Cleveland, Ohio RADIO TELEPHONY By Alfred N. Goldsmith, Ph.D. Director of the Radio Laboratory of the College of the City of New York It isthe only book treating the subject of Radio Telephony in all its aspects. Size 64x94 inches. 256 pages. 226 illustrations. Full cloth, stamped in gold. Price $2.50. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., N.Y. Save Your Tools and Save Money! A place for every Tool and every Toolina GERSTNER Case will save both money and Tools. A style, size and price tosuit all trades. Catalog free. Merslecr Sons 345 Columbia St., Dayton. Ohio

I CAN SUCCEED What other men have done through the help of the International Correspon- dence Schools, I can do too! If the 1.C.S. has raised the salaries of other men, it can raise mine. To me 1.C.S. means “I CAN SUCCEED.” ET the “I Can Succeed” spirit. It means a better job—a larger salary—a better home—more com- forts for yourself and your family. No matter where you live, or how little time or money you have now, the J. C. S. has a course of training to fit your needs. Hundreds of thousands of ambitious men have achieved success through I. C. S. help in the past 30 years—over 130,000 are getting ready right now for the big jobs ahead. Join them and make your life something to be proud of. Just mark and mail the coupon TODAY and let us tell you what the I. C. S. can do for you. Sn ee a oe TEAR OUT HERE — — — — — — SRE ASIOOTAL. CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS x. 7655-B Scranton, Pa. Explain fully about your Course in the subject marked X DRAFTING Electrical Eng*in Advertising Mechanica! Enginee: Stationary “ Saleemanship Surveyin OREMISTRY Bookkeeping Civil agineering ARC ECTURE Name AUTOMOBILES Civil Service Street

STENOGRAPHY Railway Mail Clerk

_ Address.

City, N State

98

WRITE THE WORDS FOR A SONG We revise poems, write music and guarantee to secure publication by a New York Music Publisher. Our Lyric Editor and Chief Com- poser is a song writer of national reputation and has written many big song-hits. Submit poems on any subject. We examine them free. BROADWAY STUDIOS 249 Fitzgerald Building Broadway at Times Square New York, N. Y. 1 pp CorumBia$ (9475 aed br For your home or business; for wash- ing and ironing machines, garage or ma- chine shops, house pumps, printing machin- ery,etc. A general utility motor for many purposes. Thoroughly tested, high quality, moderate price. Quality Motor Bargain Columbia Motor—for A. C.,4%h.p.,1p., 25, 40, 50 or 60 c., 110 v., 1750 R. P. M., with 10 ft. cord and plug, also 2 in. grooved pulley. Also furnished for D. C., 32 v., 110 v. or 220 v. 10 day money back guarantee. Sent prepaid on receipt of your order with money. Inquiries solicited on all types and sizes of motors. Interesting proposition to agents. (Tear off coupon and mail today) Check motor desired Address Department No. D A. c. 119 ee Le ee Sic... Wie... D.C. § BR iia | A eer SED Ceccnceccs Name. Address The Columbia Electric Mfg. Co. Orig"?

Popular Science Monthly

THE HOME WORKSHOP

| “Chinese Bellows’’ for Forge | Made Entirely of Wood | i blacksmithing work has to be done anq_ the forge bellows will not operate. properly or no blower at all is at hand, it jg possible to make what is known as “Chi. nese bellows.” A saw, steel square, and hammer will be tools enough, although a plane can be used to advantage. The device, which is really not a bellows at all, but a simple air-compressor, consists of a square box 10 or 12 in. wice and 21% or 3 ft. long, in which a wooden piston-head, operated by a wooden rod, fits closely. On one side of this box is fastened a nar- row compartment in the center of which is an opening for the air pipe leading to the forge. Inside each end of the main box js an ordinary flap valve, and near each end are two more valves, opening into the nar. row compartment. These valves may be

PISTON ROD (PISTON i} VALVE VALVE AIR CHAMBER OUTLET PIPE

Plan of the blower showin valves, and air chamber, an of assembling piston, method made of old belting or cut from the leg ofa discarded boot. Tacking small blocks of wood to them will make them fit better when closed. The back-and-forth motion of the piston operates the bellows. With a crank, drive wheel, and belt attached to the piston-rod, it will work fast enough to give an almost steady cur- rent of air to the forge even with a piston stroke of only an inch or two. The piston may be made to fit more snugly by making it of two pieces of board, nailed together with a piece of old blanket, projecting slightly all around, between them. The grain of the two pieces should be at right angles.—ADRIAN V. HOFFMAN.

Repair for Leaky Faucets and Air-Cocks OST air-cocks and water-faucets that work on the principle of a revolving cone inside a box or housing leak after they have been used

oe age ty a while because GAS COCK they are not \ . properly seated. To remedy this, grind them as . you would the valves on a motor or gas-- engine. Take out the cone and put some coarse valve-grinding compound on it, replace the PUT VALVE- GRINDING COMPOUND SCREW 107 LOOSEN VALVE HERE Valves of this type may easily be reground

—

cone and turn it. Then remove it and wash it with gasoline. tion with a fine compound.

Popular Science Monthly 4 Repeat the opera-

Jan _

V ann lea‘ the sho SSS PAC

Page 81

rge 1€ and perate d, it is “‘Chi- *» and ugh a ellows Nsists 216, op head, a Nar- ‘ich ig 0 the Ox is h end > Nar- ay be

y ofa ks of etter otion belt work cure iston iston iking ether cting The right

that ving they used ause not ated. this, 1 as the // mn a | _ t the put irse > the and_ yera-

yn thins o

January, 1922

—_—— THE HOME WORKSHOP

An Electric Door Interlock for Two Doors HEN a bathroom has two doors that open to different rooms, considerable annoyance is often caused by some one leaving one door locked and going out by the other door. The simple electric lock shown in the accompanying illustration

be without them. Order oeer- Only $1.00 for set and novel key chain. PREPA MASTER KEY CO., 61 Manhattan Bidz., Milwaukee, Wis

R E. sent on free trial. net, Banjo note music by mail. pieoee Over 100,000 successful players, SLINGERLAND SCHOOL OF MUSIC, Inc.,

PROFESSIONAL TONE MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Violin, Tenor Banjo, Hawaiian Guitar, Ukulele, Mandolin, Cor- andolin, Banjo Ukulele, Guitar, Banjo Guitar, or Banjo. Wonderful new copyrighted system of teaching Four lessons will teach you cope t Do not miss his £ree trial offer. Write for booklet. No p tA 1816 Orchard Street, Dept.135, Chicago, Iilinois

Page 82

eR a eS Same WP (4 12 Be + Saere AA Yet 98 New Easy Way To Learn Drawing How you can earn big money in Commercial Art, Illustrating, Designing, or Cartooning, without being a ‘‘genius,” and regardless of your present ability. Never was there such a need for artists as today! Business, revitalized, needs thousands. Illustrated catalogs, adver- tisements, posters, circulars, trade-mark designs—countless pieces of art work are needed by the busy business world. 48,868 periodicals are published in America— every one of them needs the services of at least two artists for each issue. You can't begin to realize the gigantic amount of art work that must be done—and the demand is increasing daily. Big money is gladly paid—and big money is waiting for anyone with foresight enough to pre- pare for this pleasant profession. Thru our new easy method of teaching, YOU can earn $40 to $100 a week as an artist, regardless of your present ability. Learn in Spare Time This new method is like a fascinating game. No matter how little you may know about drawing, no matter whether people tell you “you have no talent,”’ no matter what your present ability may be—if you can write we can teach you to draw. The new method simplifies everything—all the red-tape, “‘art for art’s sake’’ teaching and superfluous theory is taken out and in its place is put definite, prac- tical instruction so that you will make money in the art game. The course is the work of an expert—Will H. Chandlee, an artist of over 35 years’ practical experience. And all your in- struction is under the personal supervision of Mr. Chandlee. Write for Interesting Free Book An interesting and handsomely illustrated booklet, How to Become an Artist,’’ has been prepared and will be sent to you without cost if you mail the cou- pon below. Mail coupon NOW for this attractive free book and full details about our Special Offer of a FREE ARTIST’S OUTFIT to every new student. No_obligation whatever. Address Washington School of Art, Inc. Room 1733 Marden Bldg., Washington, D. C. WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF ART, Inc. Room 1733, Marden Bldg., Washington, D. C. Please send me, without obligation, free book ‘“‘How to Become an Artist” together with full particulars of Free Artist's Outfit to every new student. NAME (State whether Mr., Mrs., or Miss) ° PGi ol kik bun cbs messy wsee see se sis es THE HOME WORKSHOP It Converts a Pump Cylinder into a Builders’ Level BUILDERS’ level sufficiently accu- rate for much ordinary work may be constructed at small cost from easily ob- tainable materials. The level proper is made from a foot-pump cylinder threaded at both ends to take brass caps. These hold two plain glasses against paper wash- ers at each end of the tube. The glasses have intersecting cross lines drawn on them with the most careful accuracy. On top of the tube a hand spirit level is clamped with brass strips so that it is per- Details of home- made level and method of use fectly parallel with the horizontal axis of the instrument. The whole device, with its base of wood and iron, is mounted by means of a %-in. standard swivel-bolt and wing-nut to the top of a standard adjust- able camera tripod. When the instrument is in use, the legs are adjusted so that the level swings true at all degrees through which it may be turned. The readings will be as accurate as ordinary purposes require up to a dis- tance of about 100 ft.—P. P. AVERY. Keeping the Stopper Chain Out of Sight 8 eens chain attached to a sink stopper is always in the way and it is usually a problem what to do with it. Try the sug- gestion below, which could be used on almost any bathroom basin. Remove the chain terminal and the large ring on the stopper. Fasten the stopper CHAIN + \ J WOODEN PLUG DETAIL Pete SINK When not in use, the stopper is drawn up out of the basin and the chain falls out of sight with a smaller wire ring and after the chain has been slipped through the hole, attach the plug. To use, the chain is pulled out until the plug sticks in the hole. After us- ing, the plug is pushed from the hole with one finger and its weight (which should bea little more than that of the chain and stopper together) pulls the stopper out of the way.—DonaLD W. CLARK. Popular Science Monthly 4 AGENTS *450 THIS IS Ameen s A A Gold Mine at Throw ONLY 20 BOXES A DAY MEANS $18 DAILY PRoFit “LUCKY 11°” Assortment In Display Case Full size of box 6x18¥% in. Each articlefull drug store size. Retail value $3.35; you sell for $1.80 and more than double your monev. ink of it. The array of fine toilet goods (that always appeals to milady’s heart) will dazzle her eye, and when you state the low price of only 7-30 for these 11 articles, the money is yours, even if she has to borrow or beg it, Sells like hot cakes—men and women Act Now! coining 10 to 20 dollars a day—a baby could sell ‘‘Lucky 11.’? 30 other big sellers. Don’t delay a minute. Each day’s delay means big money loss to ena for 81.50. Write for full details. Hurry! urry! before it’s too late. Act NOW. E. M. Davis Products Co., Dept..1361 Chicago will be paid acceptable new name for our big, unique Magazine LOCOMA devoted to personal subjects of espe- year. Geta copy, read and enjoy it, and suggest a more ap- propriate name. You may win. Its intimate, vital and per- sonal nature makes it indispensable for adults interested in SPECIAL OFFER: 1 year and 5 big back numbers $1.50. A real $3.00 Value. None free, but rules of contest are free, Also our big SEX BOOK CATALOG of 150 books is free, you. Sample outfit including Display Case will be sent 1 1) ( IN CASH ty uicrc cial interest to men. Now in its 4th problems pertaining to self. COPY 20c; 5 months’ trial. 50c. LOCOMA PUB. CO., Bex P.S., Farmington, Mich. Learn to Dance § CAN TEACH YOU Fox-Trot, One-Step, Two-Step, Waltz and newest ‘‘up-to- Saher op le ces in a few hours--at home--in private by the wonderful /.. | Peak System of Mail instruction | © REMARKABLE NEW METHOD. Easy--fascinating. RESULTS GUARANTEED. No music— no partner needed, Thoussnds taught successfully, WRITE ME TODAY for my interesting FREE BOOK. Special low offer if you answer at once. WILLIAM CHANDLER PEAK, M.B. Studio 37 4737 Broadway Chicago, lll. DEAFNESS IS MISERY I know because I-was Deaf and had Head Noises for over 30 years. My invisible Antiseptic Ear Drums restored my a Py 8 Head Noises, and will do it for you. ey are Tiny Megaphones. Cannot be seen when worn. Effective when Deafness is caused by Catarrh or by Perforated, Partially or Wholly Destroyed Natural Drums. Easy to put in, easy to take out. Are “Unseen Comforts.”’ In- expensive. Write for Booklet and my sworn statement of how I recovered my hearing. A. O. LEONARD Suite 301, 705th Avenue - - New York City FREE CATALOG i056 Sno Sudrocn in cuss. Either pin illustrated made with any equal Siesta ing ot ovaer dectarle ver plate, ea., $2. 02. rling silver, DAHS206 Zogen. $4.00 dou, Write to-day for new entalog. \s BASTIAN BROS. CO. > 391 Bastian Bidg. Rochester, N. Y. y AN EASY WAY TO MAKE MONEY 222: all sal: Be independent. Go i the “" ~— on 8 sm . Be len in the tire ring Business’ One man says ‘‘I,made $60.00 the first y.’’ Others average $200 to $500 a month. ° capital needed. Jobs plentiful, Ev motorist a pos- sible customer. No experience need We teach you. SHALER Tire Repair Outfit Improved Wrapped Tread Method Used by Tire Manufacturers can use it. It’s the only vulcanizer that has Automatic Heat Control, and can’t undercure or overcure a tire, Requires no ng or ng. How to Open a Tire ir Shop.”” It tells how to make big money. Don’t delay. Write quick. C. A. SHALER CO. 2112 Fourth St. | Waupun, Wisconsin Janu

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S| sz January, 1922 PSD | PARE Ge THE HOME WORKSHOP —_— Lines on Finder Will Help Your Photography 5 pee amateur photographer is often- times baffled by the seeming inability to center his subject in the view-finder. At the time of exposing, it seems that the sub- ject is all within view, and then, when the pictures are developed, it is found that some part of the picture is cut off. To prevent this, draw with a straight edge four translucent or opaque lines across the glass of the view-finder, as shown in the draw- ing. To prevent the spread of ink on the glass, touch it with a rag mois- tened with soap and water and then quickly wipe dry. If the lines are placed as shown, one can see at a glance just what portions of the total view shown in the finder will appear in the print, whether the camera is held lying flat or on end. As soon as one be- comes more expert and can ascertain this spacing automatically, the lines can be wiped off.—DALE R. VAN Horn. INK LINES \ VIEW-FINDER Good pictures are easier to take with this view-finder Paper-Clip Holders Will Improve Portable Sketching-Board SMALL drawing-board used for field work or for sketches in the home workshop may be improved by the addi- tion of paper- and pencil-holding devices made from ordinary paper-clips. With a file, sharpen the points of brass clips of the shape illustrated until they can be driven easily into the wood. Thrust twoin the top edge near the working face of the board and bend them forward so that they will BEND LEGS DOWN 4% DEGREES CLIPS FOR PEN PENCIL AND PENCIL This drawing - board is a complete unit and may be carried around easily act as springs to hold the paper firmly in place. Two more are utilized at one side of the board to hold a small metal rule. On the opposite side two additional clips are driven in vertically after being spread out as shown. These will hold the pencils or a pencil and penholder. A drawer pull may then be screwed to the top edge to serve both for carrying the board and hanging it up. With such a board you can be sure of always having writing and drawing material ready at hand in a neat, convenient, and portable shape.—JENNIE E. McCoy. 7 we ui! gustttt yl! 4" qu yl 1" quit TL Thal” "at : yan suits! jee 1 mv pe al music for dancing Every home and building is within reach of daily radio music by leading bands, orchestras and singers and phonograph concerts. Complete outfit for receiving can be installed anywhere for cost of or- dinary phonograph. Attractively rinished to harmonize with furniture. Reproduces music received by wireless, loud and clear for dancing, entertainments, etc., also wireless telephone conversations and messages. Any one can operate it. Every one can enjoy it. Ask any radio dealer or mail coupon below. MAGNAVOX COMPANY, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA New York Office: 370 Seventh Avenue, Penn. Terminal Bldg. GENTLEMEN :-— ticulars concerning the Radio Ma and wireless conversations. Pa The R th ie enelle cen Please send me prices and full par- navox outfit for use with a receiving ADDRESS set in reproducing wireless music tl The Radio | With a receiving set, the Radio Mag- navox reproduces wireless music and vadio telephone conversations abso- lutely irue to the original and in any volume desired. You yourself can ope- vate it, easily, enjoy the fascination of wireless, receive music by wireless, listen in on radio telephone conversa- lions, and entertain your friends with concerts and dance music. Complete instructions free with each outfil. NAME g- pay pos gE Ky you FRE a SAMPLE COLLAR of our Rew S State size wanted. SEVERSIBLE COLLAB CB... Dept. Beginright. Make money from very start. $500 5 low estimate. Max earning more. Hargan of Ill. ran $20,000. s Fetzer Bros. Pa. made clear profit of $3. 00 during first year. Spri ity Tire Co. expect 1921 total Cacinens ten .00. Ram- say, 7 -.D. working alone $441.56 in one month. ; And s0 and this on, It’s new ma- chine that does thetrick. Get into profitable business on sound footing. Learn advanced methods. Old ideas are obsolete. We teach to-date systems. Tell you how to do better and faster work. Learn right in — own home or come to _ big Indianapolis or ; eq ranch schools. I go further. com- hoy wee 1 — ~ for rebuild | ey-' as won ‘or and re- Ses, Puts you in positio to handle classes of work. Splendid work it does, quickly builds trade holds ers. e others have done. Tucker, iif. rune 33 as $127. weekly ingle —. Mitchel, . Says was le. coupon Ls I'll f FRE! by return mail. Tells I. eve: want to know. Shows how I'll help you to the it. Send cou; to me personally. fi] Please send me your book telling how 4 I can start in profitable business. 1 Name Address Standard Underwoods! Greatest Typewriter BargainEver Offered Right now we want to make you the — typewriter offer you ever dreamed of. An eye-opener. Only $3 down and this newly rebuilt Shipman-Ward Standard visible writ- ing Underwood will be shipped to you now— at a very special price on easy monthly pay- ments or cash. 10 DAYS’ FREE TRIAL ship you this machine direct from our bi, ahd Try it for 10 days and use it in your work. + you or anyone else can get finer work or better service out of any other typewriter inthe world, regardless o price, don’t keep it. Simply ship it back to us and get your money, together with any express charges you may have paid. DOWN pt lg ented rges vebutiding plant in the world. Estab- B lished 1892 — 325,000 - satisfied customcrs. TYPEWRITER EMPORIUM SHIPMAN-WARD MFG. CO. 2141 Shipman Bldg. Chicago, illinois

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100 Learn Drafting Employers everywhere are looking for skilled draftsmen. They are offering good salaries to start, with splendid chances for advancement. Drafting offers exceptional opportu- nities to a young man because drafting itself not only commands good pay, but it is the first step toward success in Mechanical or Structural Engineering or Architecture. And drafting is just the kind of work a boy likes to do. There is an easy, delightful way in which you can learn right at home in spare time. For 30 years the International Corre- spondence Schools have been giving boys just the training they need for success in Drafting and more than 300 other subjects. Thousands of boys have stepped into good positions through I. C. S. help. Never were opportunities So great as now. Let the I. C. S. help you, too. Choose the work you like best in the coupon, then mark and mail it. This doesn’t obligate you in the least, but it will bring you information that will start you on a successful career. This is your chance. Don’t let it slip by. Mark and mail this coupon now. —-———e— oe — TEAR OUT HERE — — — — — INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7654-B, Scranton, Penna. Without cost or obligation, please send me complete information about the subject ‘ which I have checked below: 1) DRAFTING (] CARTOONING CL) AUTOMOBILES _) CHEMISTRY : () ADVERTISING CL) SALESMANSHIP CL) ELECTRICITY CL] ACCOUNTING LJ SURVEYING COO e recor ereesereesnceenenasecsaseses THE HOME WORKSHOP Try This Handy Roller for Heavy Loads * using the roller shown in the illustra- tion, one person can move a stove, trunk, barrel, or a heavy box. Lift one end of the load, slip the roller under, and the article to be moved is easily handled. The materials required are: 2 pieces of 2-in. scantling 4 in. wide and 18 in. long, 2 When a hand truck is not obtainable, a homemade roller constructed as shown will handle heavy loads iron bolts (with nuts) 13 4% in. long and 1 in. in diameter, wooden roller 10 in. long and 4 in. in diameter with an iron bar 13 in. long and \% in. in diameter for axle. The picture clearly shows the construction of the device, requiring no explanation. Unique Flexible Grinding Fixture for the Lathe A USEFUL device for doing either in- ternal or external grinding with a lathe is constructed from a speedometer shaft coupled to a leather-faced wheel driven by friction from the pulley or a face- plate. At the opposite end of the shaft a small emery-wheel is attached with an arm for clamping in the toolpost. This fixture FLEXIBLE; SHAFT_ CONNECTION 4. ~ 4 FLEXIBLE Sop EEDOM SHAFT ~—~ DRIVING WHEEL BRACKET This friction-drive grinding attach- ment for the lathe will take the place of an expensive electric grinder can be applied to either a foot- or power- driven lathe and takes the place of a motor for clamping in the toolpost, and it has the advantage of flexibility that per- mits it to be used in any position to which the toolpost is turned. The main requirement in using one of these flexible shafts is to keep it well filled with grease. The bearing at the emery wheel should be at least 3 in. in length and a smooth-running fit. The bracket at the drive pulley should be bolted on to permit Popular Science Monthly BFA RAILWAY TRAFFIC INSPECTOR Earn Up to $250.00 per Month Steady, Pleasant Work Men Wanted in this fascinating new profession, Start at $110 a month, expenses paid: travel or remain near home. Excellent opportunities thru contact with big officials. Prepare in 3 mos. spare time study at home. Advancement rapid with experience, paying up to $250 and $300 a month, expenses paid. Position Guaranteed or money refunded. You take norisk. Any average man can qualify. Don’t Delay—Send Today for free Booklet No. D 586. Ny Standard Business Training Inst., Buffalo, N. Y. ———, ~=3 ———_ ee ‘BOWLEGSandKNOCK-KNEES UNSIGHTLY SEND FOR BOOKLET SHOWING PHOTOS OF MEN WITH AND WITHOUT The Perfect Leg Forms PERFECT SALES CO.,140 N.Mayfeld Ave., Dept. 45, Chicago, Ill, Print Your Own cards, circulars, labels, tags, menus book, paper. Press Larner $35. Job Press up. CUTS EXPENSEIN HALF. , gm SMALL OUTLAY. Fare for itself in short time. Will last: y for years. Easy to use, printed rulessent. Print for others, . Write factory TODAY for press catalog, TYPE, cards, paper,envelopes, pevestoe = for cash only, but to uatent our Bi a surpluss we willopen charge accounts with reliable x buyers, if desired. There is no extra charge for credit. fi EASY TO PAY—TAKE 10 MONTHS : SPECIAL LOW PRICES—30 DAYS TRIAL 3 dive. white diamonds radiance : - direct foiyou by DIAMO) eis PRS at $ sale prise. oy : Choose your ring and give finger siseee i =: By One carat $196.00. Former retail cash price $326.00; 4 3-4 carat $146.25; 1-2 carat $87.50; 1-4 carat $48.76... ey Of satisfied pay 1-5 of price and batance in 10 We guarantee to satisfy you or refund your money. Order cirect from advertisement or write for 128-page catalog B.GUTTERSSONS TNassabSt. Dest Nor Je v es bs bt bt be Ba Rebs AUTO OWNERS Save half of your tire cost by usi Double- Mileage, Double -Tre: FA Tires, Guaranteed 6000 Miles. Fea We lead, others try to follow. & hey are reconstructed of highest J le material-,hardly ever blow yy out. They are only guaranteed for “4 6000 miles, but have run from 8000 ato 10,000 miles. Order today at these low prices: Ty yy YU ee | ! bie; ner 5.5. per cent—our special cash-wi DOUBLE MILEAGE TIRE & RUBBER CO. 2035 W. Harrison Street, Dept.102, CHICAGO, ILL. Popular Science Monthy ORSEAE ar dee eee ROR eS | of removal when necessary. With the . | emery-wheel face trued up, satisfactory Occupation oc ccvccccccccocecesccccecccccecs grinding is easily obtained. ———— nF wry m ryemeace i-maAporoerma nm ] 7? ¢.9 , Ape 2 B.S

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2% Wares ¢ a #9

rumen ese se aw SY

January, 1922

WHITING -ADAMS BRUSHES Vulcan Rubber Cemented Shaving Brushes make shaving a pleasure. They wear for many years. Invincible Hair Brushes. Strong, stiff bristles. Beautiful wood, richly finish- ed. Very popular with lovers of good brushes. Send for Illustrated Literature JOHN L. WHITING-1, J. ADAMS CO. BOSTON,

Brush Manufacturers for Over 112 Years and the j M Largest in the World together makes ink a stiff wire staple and drive in two small cylinders cut from a used lead-pencil. The pen can be pressed lightly down in them quite conveniently and the ink-flow started. This is a very handy homemade attachment for the home draftsman.—F. W. BENTLEY, JR.

PENCIL STUMPS

It Is Possible to Renew Worn Threads of Filler-Caps ILLER-CAPS for tanks, air-washers on tractors, and the like, on which the threads have be- come worn, may be renewed for further service by taking a hack- saw and slotting the thread ring in several places and then forcing the various sec- tions outward a slight distance— enough to cause the threads to again engage firmly.— LOUIS SCHNEIDER. FILLER CAP WITH WORN —

SAW CU FACH SECTION BENT OUT Hacksaw cuts pere mit threads to be sprung out

Door-Bumper Improvised from Rubber Hose HEN appearances are not important, a serviceable door-bumper may be made from a short section of rubber hose, the ends of which are cut at an angle of about 45 degrees. This is placed in a position to serve as a buffer where the knob, pull, or door edge strikes the wall. It is fastened by a nail near each end. The purpose of the slanting cuts is to remove a sufficient amount of rubber to per- mit the nails to be driven home. Nothing is more

A rough but service- _able door-bumper 1€1 Your Choice 75c a Week With every set is included —FREE —a membership in this Society. This entitles you te consulting privilege, standard tests and free employment service.

No matter what your occupation, one of the home study sets listed below will quickly fit you for a better job and bigger pay. Any set you select will be sent for seven days’ examina- tion; and if you decide to buy you may pay the rock- bottom price at the rate of only 75c a week. But you must act now! We cannot guarantee these reduced prices for any great length of time. These books are the work of recognized authorities. They are written in plain, easily understood language, by recognized authorities, and contain hundreds of photographs, diagrams, tables, etc., that make diffi- cult points as simple as A-B-C. Handsomely and durably bound, and stamped in gold. Pay-Raising Books At Greatly Reduced Prices Accountancy and Business Management, 7 — 2700 pages, 1000 pictures. Was OL ee Oe aan Seopa Now $29.80 PR and Contracting, 5 volumes, 2138 pages, 1000 pictures. Was $37.50. Now 24.80 Civil Engineering, 9 volumes, 3900 pages, 3000 pictures. Was RS Perr Now 39.80 Electrical Engineering, 8 volumes, 4100 pages, 3300 pictures. Was $60.00 ...Now 34.80 Automobile Engineering, 6 volumes, 2600 pages, 2000 pictures. as $45.00....Now 24.80 Machine Shop Practice, 6 volumes, 2300 pages, 2500 pictures. Was $45.00...Now 24.80 Steam and Gas Engineering, 7 volumes, 3300 pages, 2500 pictures. Was $52.50, INGWtcc oc adedasetoutect cc cuwdeuine wns 29.80 Law aa Practice *(with reading course), 12 volumes, 6000 pages, illustrated. Was UNI ola 4n 5. Ge owe erc'a anu coma cmon Now 49.80 Fire Prevention and Insurance, 4 vols., 1500 pages, 600 pictures. Was $30.00..Now 19.80 Telephony and Telegraphy, 4 volumes, 1728 pages, 2000 pictures. Was $30.00.. Now 19.80 Sanitation, Heating and Npetares, 4 pn a 1454 pages, 1400 pictures. — — 19.80 —e 4 volumes, 1578 pages, ieee’ 4 tures fue-prints, etc. Was $30.00...Now Employment Management and Safety, Hl ou 1800 pages, 540 illustrations. — ee Sid No Money Shipped for 7 Days’ — Yes, we'll gladly ship any set right to your home or office upon your simple request. Pay only shipping charges when the books arrive. Don't send a penny until after you have used them seven days, then re- mit only $2.80 or return them at our expense. Pay balance at the rate of $3.00 a month—75c a week. Act now—while these splendid books are being offered at 20% to 50% less than regular prices. This offer is open to every person within the boundaries of the U. S. and Canada. pe your opportunity— fill in and mail the coupon wi American Technical Society, Dept. X-201, Chicago [American Technical Society, Dept.X-201, Chicago, U.S.A. |

for 7 DAYS’ examination, shipping char, collect. I will examine the books thoroughly and. f satisfied. send $2.80 within 7 a and $3 each month, until I not to keep the books. Pain notif yee a at a and

annoying than the constant slamming of a much-used door and the impact of a handle or sharp edge will soon disfigure the plaster or wood.

will [ have paid the special OS _ ee If I decide hold them subject to your order. to pass to me until the set is fully paid for. POM cdr scdsticccevvss cvcsscvecvcusdseetueeoans l ADOREGB. 20 ccc ccc ccccccccccccccccceccecseseccece { ee |

Sie ee eter et aan mae

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102

CAN YOU think of a simple, practical idea that will fill one of the many re- quests we have on file for new inven- tions? It may mean a fortune for you. Thousands of thingsare needed Ricut Now. Your brainscan help. Send toe day for our great new book—“‘Invene tions and Trade Marks, Their Protection and Exploitation’’ and learn more about making money from ideas than you ever knew before. It tells many things that are wanted, t0O. A postal will do— it is free.

PATENTS ADVERTISED For SALE FREE In INVENTION And We help our clients, @ithout charge, to get the dollars out of their fdeas—having facilities mone others possess. Advice free. Don't delay—get the book at once. MANUFACTURING AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. INDUSTRIES, INC. Published for the man with an idea 201 Patent Dept., Send for free sample WASH ON, D.C. copy. One year'ssub- tm scription 50c. PATENTS A Hand-Book of Essen- tial Information and Advice relative to Patents, Trade-

PATENT-SENSE INVENTORS=s manuracturers |] Marks; Assignment, Sale iN ae or Licensing of Rights; Abstracts from Leading Decisions; State Laws on Patent and Trade-Mark Property. FREE! Write LACEY @ LACEY Established 1869 jDept. B, Washington, D.C. PATENTS TRADE-MARKS COPYRIGHTS Send for our free book of patent information Beale & Park is5.Sus"ties2. cj Cc Secret in, also ic all for toc. 3 for y Tri 25c. (no stamps). = CLAXO TRICK CO..Dept. PS. NewHaven, Conn.

=». : Here is the way through sof Big Money for Pa You Through Promotion Plan | 'Here is a way for you to get permanent promotion and a big salary. The PROMOTION PLAN will show you how you can in a short while get from the bottom to the top in any line of work or profession. Write for full particulars—it costs you nothing. Ask for FREE book. AMERICAN SCHOOL, Dept. P-175. Drexel Avenue & 58th Street, Chicago

Promotion Plan

Janua

goo lant Stat tipp emk con: bas side lant thes hol Sif fro fur lin str pla un un

Popular Science M onthly

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January, 1 922 THE HOME WORKSHOP This Road Signal Cannot Easily Be Tipped Over IGHTED lanterns used as danger signals are often placed in an insecure manner. In work along highways, for instance, a lantern may be lighted and left standing seemingly secure within a wooden frame enclosure, or left slightly embedded on the top of a pile of gravel; then during the night the weather will change and a ne Lanterns were as ooneen signals on road Ty work are more dependable if embedded of in solid concrete bases 1a- ~ good stiff gust of wind will blow the re lantern over. ' To prevent such accidents, the California rk State Highway Association is using non- mone tipping lanterns formed by permanently embedding them at their base in pyramidal, ? concrete blocks 12 to 15 in. square on their base, and having finger cavities on all four sides of the base for lifting purposes. The lanterns are easily and quickly fitted with these bases by using a wooden form for holding the concrete till it has hardened. ed ail ry a- th ss nt ° Sifter beneath Furnace Separates Cinders from Ashes CONVENIENT time- and _labor- 08 saving device for separating cinders from ashes is illustrated in the picture. A pit about 16 in. deep is dug under the furnace, extending as shown by the dotted sod, lines. A wire screen of 1%-in. mesh ~4 stretched over an angle-iron frame is N placed over the: top of the pit, directly ArT under the furnace grate. The ashes and unconsumed coal fall from the grate to the S : Double hand- ling of ashes is )' avoided with 9 this combina- . tion sifter and ashpit bahia 7 ASH RECEPTACLE k By 16 Cc. Cc _ ) eS is el ea i Z, ' 7 4 Lee = | ~ | top of the mesh sifter. The ashes and backward on the mesh sifter until all the ashes fall through into the metal receptacle placed in the ashpit; the cinders remain on the sifter. The ashes may be removed from the pit by pulling the ash receptacle to the end of gO the pit and sliding it out. The ashpit out- side of the furnace should be covered. cinders can then be moved forward and poyN2 ah Pres: MARKS COPYRIGHTS SPECI AL OFFE FREE OPINION AS TO PATENTABLE NATURE Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form ‘*Evidence of Conception.’’ This should be signed and witnessed and if returned to us to- gether with model or sketch and description of the inven- tion, we will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. Our Three Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide BOOK HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Sent FREE on Request Contains full instructions regarding Patents, Trade-Marks, Foreign Patents. Our Methods, Terms,and 100 Mechanical Move- ments illustrated and described, Articles on Patent Practice and Procedure, and Law Points for inventors. OUR TRADE MARK BOOK Shows the value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protection and gives information regarding unfair competition. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in all Foreign Countries. Write for our illustrated Guide Book on Foreign Patents. SPECIALIZATION Our Staff The field of invention is so vast that it is impossible for any one man to become an expert in all the different classes of invention. Only those practically skilled in the class to which the invention relates are capable of rendering efficient service. For this reason Victor J. Evans & Co. employ a number of patent lawyers and mechanical experts who have been selected for their special knowledge and ability in certain lines of invention. Each case is placed in charge of experts in the classes in which the invention relates. THE VALUE OF YOUR PATENT Will depend much upon the skill and care with which your case is prosecuted in the United States Patent Office. This work will receive the benefit of skill and experi- ence acquired by a long and successful practice. We spare neither time nor pains to secure the broadest possible patents that the inventions will warrant. That every case entrusted to us receives our best efforts, and that our work is done consistently, skillfully and thoroughly is evidenced by the many unsolicited letters of commenda- tion that we receive constantly from our clients. We will furnish upon request lists of clients from any State in the Union for whom we have secured patents. Our New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and San Francisco Offices Owing to the psi of our business we have established for the benefit of our clients Branch Offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, Ill., and San Francisco, Cal. These branch offices being located in these large commercial cities, together with our Main Office located near the U. S. Patent office, in Washington, enables us to more promptly handle the business of our clients, particularly as the branch offices are in constant touch with the Main Office and fully equipped to handle patent business in all its branches. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms ey ] VICTOR J. EVANS & CO. ‘ ALT i Patent Attorneys w York Offe Philadelphia Offices Pittsburgh Offices ‘wil i i - 1007 1 Woolworth “Bldg. 135 S. Broad Street 514 Empire Bldg. wi il Sy i) hi Chicago Offices 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Offices, Hobart Bldg. Main Offices, 760 9th Street, Washington, D.C. aS Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books HI iil as described above. __ = = Se PS Ee — See — soma io mamma igh Aces Se mes Nin an — + = ee Ti hata = ae ae a ag oS ee ire Finn Ag Se re .: ea pate pe tanta maar Sottero er

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104 Popular Science Monthly GET A PATENT, will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. 130 F St, N. W., PATENTS SECURE A PATENT, send for Our Guide Book, HOW TO sent Free on request. etc. Send model or sketch and description of your invention and we RANDOLPH & CO. Washington, D. C. IF YOU HAVE AN INVENTION and DESIRE TO LEARN HOW TO Tells our Terms, Methods, ep a ee ee NAMB .....cccccccccccceccccccccceccces Occcccces To the Man With an Idea } I offer a most comprehensive, ex- perienced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Pre- liminary advice gladly furnished with- out charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately advise clients as to probable patentability before they go to any expense. Booklet of valuable information and form for properi agen your idea, free on request. rite tod: RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington,D.C. 2276-D Woolworth Building, New York City PATENTS Secured Prompt Service. Avoid dangerous delays. Send for our “Record of Invention” form and Free Book telling How to Obtain a Patent. Send sketch or model for examination. Preliminary advice without charge. Highest References. Write TODAY. J. L. Jackson & Co., 246 Ouray Bldg. Washington, D. C PATENTS Send us sketch or model for patentabilit: upinion and exact cost of patent. Our boo! “How to Obtain a Patent” Sent Free on re- quest. Ittelishow Ae ly for Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, Copyrights, ay ed on Patent Procedure; tells_ what —— invento! should know. Th of I clients, are our references. CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE, 25 Years’ Experieace 427 7th St. Washington, D. C, aso our PATENTS Booklet Free Promptness Assured Highest References Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary examination of Patent Office records and report as to patentability All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer. 624 F St., Washington, D. C. Don’t Wear a Truss Brooks’ a the MR. C. E. BROOKS pads. Brooks’ Rupture Appliance A. gatemetic a Toeether Binds ad ws the bro! er as you wou a broken limb, e~ salves. : es. Durable, cheap. Sent on trial to prove 4 gery U. S. tents, Catalog and measure blanks d canes and address today. Brooks Appliance Co., 255D State St., Marshall, Mich. ON aed FREE , stating your ege. Fare ars Schoo Wrest 1781 Ramee Bldg.. Omaha, Nebs iMusic Lessons CompleteConservatory Course by Mail * Wonderfal home study musie ee? te Lt) 00 | Sie lessons under great American orn teachers. En- dorsed by Paderewski. Masterteachers guide and coach you. Lessons a marvel of simplicity and completeness. A Instrument Writenaming course you are interested sf ty = mh mn en ano or Heed Gren Cc, Cornet, M: or Reed Organ ID for it NOW! —and we will send FREE ence T OG: UniversityExtension Une oe = Somserenteny- 499 Ghat tipo tnt 00eg> 500% AGENTS Prori Goldand Silver Sign Letters For store fronts, office windows and glass signs of all kinds. No experience necessary. Anyone can put them on and make money right from the start. $75 to $200 a Week! You can sell to nearby trade or travel all over the country. There is a big demand for window lettering in every town.’ Send for free samples and particulars, Liberal Offer to General Agents METALLIC LETTER CO. 433-A No. Clark St. CHICAGO, ILL. THE HOME WORKSHOP . Drying Blueprints on a Homemade Rack ‘THE illustration shows a rack for drying blueprints that will soon pay for itself in the saving of time and ease of operation, The prints are inserted in the slot, be- tween the ball and the side of slot. As the SA INTO HOLE TLY SMALLER THAN ORILL HOLES THICKNESS OF WOOD The upper edge of tie wet blueprint is slipped into the slots, where it is automatically held slots are wider at the top than at the bot- tom, the prints will readily enter, and can- not drop out, as the weight of the ball on the taper side of the slot acts like a wedge against the prints, without preventing their removal by hand. If the prints are of different sizes, as many rows of fasteners can be used as are necessary.—H. C. ROBINSON. Inner Tube Used to Cover a Dangerous Switch ee E knife switches are so placed as to be dangerous when handled, especially if on a high-voltage system. By using pieces of an old inner tube, sufficient pro- tection can be procured to make the addi- tion worth while. Cut two strips nearly twice as long as the switch and about two thirds as wide. Tack KNIFE oo SWITCH | & fa S bi fe A piece of inner tube, ‘attached as shown, protects one from accident- ally touching the blades of the knife switch by accident and be particular to lap the inside edges so the switch handle will always be hugged by the two pieces of rubber, no matter in what position it may be. Then when the switch is thrown in or out, the strips will prevent the hands from coming in contact with the bare metal and thereby receiving a shock.—L. B. RoBBINs. the ends to the wall at each end as shown, |. Popular Science Monthly

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ying itself tion, . be- s the am bot- can- l on -dge heir » as are s to ally sing pro- ddi- the ‘ack > UBE January, 1922 Splendid for every sort of external ache and pain, rheumatism, neue ralgia, sciatica, lumbago, stiff joints and sore muscles, sprains and strains, and the after effects of weather exposure. Sloan’s penetrates without rubbing. At all Gruggists, 35c, 70c, $1.40. - Keep it handy HEAVEN and HELL By Emanuel Swedenborg This book of 632 pages, or any of the following works of en- borg, printed in large type on good paper, well bound in stiff paper covers, will be sent, prepaid, on receipt of 15 cents per book ; Divine Providence - - ese Pages The Four Doctrines - 35 pages Divine Love and Wisdom, Sis Pages The American Swedenborg Printing and Publishing Society Room 766 3 W. 29th STREET New York You Can Save eee Se 5 Its and tack: All a rear curtain, fasteners, Re and B = of saat ai me with samples and quote you exact |LIBERTY. TOP & TIRE CO. Dept. E8, Cincinnati, O $40°$6 fait Any Standard Make Guaran- teed TYPEWRITER With Every Modern Writing Convenience. Bricinine Bob Before- ord ol a ITH TYPEWRITER SALES CO. (ree Trial) 306- ey No. Wells St., Chicago, tlh, 10 Gallons Gasoline Free The PaKoT Sales Co., 117 PaKoT Bldg., Kansas City, Mo., will send parcel post paid, to one person in each locality who will use it in his auto, tractor, or gas engine and recommend it, a $1. 00 can of No-Carbon Oil, enough to make 40 Gal. of gasoline take you as far as 50, thereby giving you 10 gallons free. It cleans out carbon and lubricates top piston rings while you drive. Don't send any money. Write for introductory can and it will be sent postpaid. “Reo” Cl Chanter, Moti Metal St Shingles, V-Crimp, Corru- frag Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- allboard Paints gs, Sidi Win Pasa bcs" Welooy oat at lock ever i Edwards “‘Reo’’ Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painti orrep . Guaranteed rot, fire, rust, lightning proo: Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully {SHEEN in- Retweun yt t- Book tow PRICED GARAGES Lowest pon ete. Made er vg me pcre _ eS Fa 948-298 Pike St., Cincinnati, 0. Samples & Roofing Books 1999 7... aomeeene THE HOME WORKSHOP Old Phonograph Records Have Many Uses (7 phonograph records may be adapted for many uses in the home workshop, especially in electrical work. Suppose it is desired to provide an ordinary knife-switch with a safety handle that will preclude any possibility of a shock, even if the switch is thrown on by a person with wet hands. On a record place a pair of ~ “OLD RECORD CUT ON DOTTED LINES NS SWITCH “a a e a* se Toke $3 N§ oe ——TYPEWRITER TRAY Another method of protecting a knife-switch is here shown, as well as a useful typewriter tray handles shaped as shown in the illustration, cut them out, drill the necessary holes, and bolt or rivet them on the switch handle. By warming a rectangular piece from a record over a flame and shaping it around a broomhandle, a neat and convenient tray can be made to be attached to the front frame of a typewriter. It will be just the thing for holding eraser, eraser guard, and pencil. An old record is said to be superior to sandpaper for pointing a pencil. In an emergency thumbtacks and pushpins may be made by dipping the heads of tacks into a dish in which fragments of a record have been melted, and the same composition may also be used for sealing jars, bottles, and batteries.—JOHN NEUERBURG. - Simple nib Renne for Bar Stock or Pipe ENCH-CLAMPS can be made without requiring more than a bolt and nut and a drill to drill out the holes used for securing the clamps to the bench. Virtually any steel-strap material can be used for making these clamps, as it can be A 15-in. piece of steel strap, a bolt, and two lag-screws make this pipe clamp for the bench cold bent to the desired shape. These clamps serve to hold bar stock or pipes while cutting, bending, straightening, or cutting pipe-threads. Use a piece of wrought iron or steel, about 15 in. long, for each clamp. Make the double bend shown and bolt to the edge of the bench. “There's One Man We’re Going to Keep” “Ed Wilson, there, is one of the most ambitious men in the plant. I notice that he never fools away his spare time. He studies his International Correspondence Schools Course every chance he gets. “It’s been the making of him, too. He hasn’t been here nearly so long as Tom Downey, who was laid off yesterday, but he knows ten times as much about this business, “I’m going to give him Tom’s job at a raise in salary. He’s the kind of man we want around here.” How do you stand in your shop or office? Are you an Ed Wilson or a Tom Downey? Are you going up? Or down? No matter where you live, the I. C. S. will come to you. No matter what your handicaps or how small your means, we have a plan to meet your circumstances. No matter how limited your previous edu- cation, the simply-written, wonderfully- illustrated I. C. S. textbooks make it easy to learn. This is all we ask: Without cost, with- out obligating yourself in any way, put it up to us to prove how we can help you. Just mark and mail this coupon, eee eee —==TEAR OUT HERG SO oe eee eee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCESCHOOLS BOX 7652-B SCBANTON, PA. Without cost or obligation, please explain how I can lify for the position, or the subject before which gat os g fH below :— ELEC. ENGINEER BUSINESS MAN4G’M’? Electric Lighting & Rys. SALESMANSHIP ly — Bellen Poviti Telegra roa ‘ositions Telephone Work ILLUSTRATING MECHANICAL pen. ah Card & Sign Ptg. Mechanical rtooning Machine Shop Practice Private Secretary Toolmaker Business Correspondent Gas _ Operating BOOKKEEPER Su ing and Mapping core gah e aa a e ccountan MINE FO FOR’N or ENGR. TRAFFIC MANAGER STATIONARY ENGB. ilway Accountan Marine ineer Commercial Law CHI 00D ENGLIS Contractor and Builder . School Subjects Architectural tsman CIVIL VI Concrete Builder UTOMOB. Structural Engineer pales Mail Clerk PLUMBING & HEAT’G Mathematics eet —— Worker —— xt. Overseer or Supt, gr CHEMIST Poultry Spanish Banking hak ae 4-81 Street «and No. —— —- City State Ocoupation are oe nla OR RE Og oe SOLE EE CE aE Emr Set RT ne is SS ee me ncn ter sag eg eee Ns St *

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MONARCH JUNIOR LATHES “The Biggest Little Lathe Built”

REAL engine lathe—small, sturdy, A -ompict, low-cost—guaranteed to do all small work with 1/1000 of inch accuracy. Built with the same care and precision that made MONARCH ENGINE LATHES the world’s stand- ard of quality and efficiency. The MONARCH JUNIOR is ideal for beginners. Occupies small space in your own home or shop. Easy and economical to operate. Simple and trouble-proof, automatic safety fea- tures. Fully equipped. The Greatest Achievement in Lathe Building History $225 Monarch Junior 9 inch Engine Lathe Full particulars and a Monarch Junior Cata- log will be sent you on request. The Monarch Machine Tool Co. Sidney, Ohio 201 Oak Street, - -

q ARITHMETIC OF ELECTRICITY By Prof. T. O’Conor Sloane A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced toa series of rules, all of the simplest forms, and involving only ordinary arithmetic. 200 pages. Price, $1.50 Popular Science Monthly 225 Ws! 34

DELUXE * PISTON, See Those Reinforcements? You don’t have to be an engineer to recognize the advantages of such construction. These ribs make DE- LUXE pistons stronger where strength is needed and 40 to 50% lighter than stock factory cast pistons. DELUXE pistons have less expan- sion, greater cooling surface and can be fitted closer than other pistons, eliminating oil pumping, piston slap and vibration, and saving gas, oil, re- pairs, and depreciation. They make old motors run like new ones, and new ones better. DELUXE pistons increase power, speed and flexibility and have made good under the most strenuous con- ditions. Your dealer can get DE- LUXE piston for any model motor in 24 hours or less. See our exhibits at the New York and Chicago Automobile Shows. cal LIGHT WEIGHT CAST IRON PISTON a — “The Successful Light Weight Piston” O Patented and Manufactured by Clark-TurnerPistonCo. Los Angeles.'"““ California.

| | | | emergency when dampness prevents the

THE HOME WORKSHOP |

Wet Clothes Are Quickly Dried on Frame Over Radiator - many an apartment where there is no coal-range in the kitchen and the entire suite is steam-heated, it is sometimes a difficult problem to dry clothes in an use of the usual outdoor line. With a framework such as is illustrated here, any HINGE) -CLOTH-COVERED FRAME

wane” This drying-frame is a useful adjunct to the laundry in bad weather and will fold up when net in use radiator may be transformed temporarily into a steam-drier. Construct the drier of three frames made of narrow strips of wood and hinged to- gether. Ropes are attached for hanging the clothes and the whole is covered with white cotton. When in use the drier is opened so Popular Seience Monthly

99 ures Ready to hang. Direct from man- ufacturers. Completely wired including glass- ware. Send for Catalogue No. 20 ERIE FIXTURE SUPPLY CO. Desk A, Erie, Pa.

MAKE MONEY nar We furnish everything — blue print plans—case material, tone arms, motors, full instructions. You can easily make $100 to $200 a month in spare time. Even boys of 14 make them. ’ It’s easy with our

They play any record. Won- derful to lto any you ever heard. to friends and neighbors, Write now for free blue print offer. Choraleon Phonograph Co. 121 2d St., Elkhart, Ind.

Only $45.00 For This Job Complete Save exorbitant freight rates and one-half original cost by paving Ford @ Speedster ple; complete nstructions fur- ts to ° ct Peper tt exes. ‘Revonetas — ies arts Complete assemble thie job. "Complete with hood, Tobleser" shell, instrument board, upho rng. we parts, wood parts, it screws, etc. Flat radiator she shell | yy made. Designed low with lack of t up $90, urther particulars on request. The Central Auto Spl Ce. Eng. Dept. 122. Louisville, Ky. nished, all

as to surround the radiator on three sices; stored away in a closet or behind a door.

Use Sewing-Needles for Drills in an Emergency HEN a small drill for metal is re- quired and a regular drill is not at hand, the home mechanic can make one with very little difficulty from an ordinary sewing-needle. The only trick is'in grind- ing the point. The first step is to heat the end of the needle and flatten it to the illustrated CLEARANCE CUTTING £0GE. CUTTING coor See <—cieneance . an

BEVEL

=< The steps in converting a needle into a drill and an enlarged detail of the point are here i outvened shape. Then grind it carefully to a point, following the drawing exactly and taking care to provide the necessary clearance. By heating the end again and plunging it in water, it can be retempered. To hold the drill-point in an ordinary breast drill it will be necessary to push the ‘‘eye”’ end into a piece of soft wodd small enough to enter the jaws of the drill. When the jaws are tightened, the wood will be compressed sufficiently so as to grip the drill-point

tightly.—P. A. BAUMEISTER. when not in use, it may be folded up and

Wational College “teases” of Chiropractic 16N. Ashland Blvd. Blvd. Chicago Uns d facilities for a com- plete i cientifie Chiropractic edu- Distinguished ory oxi Modern

sean ts sid dent voli ree e — tg sits 14t! ae “DON’T SHOUT” “T hear you. I can hear now as wellasanybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I'vea pairin my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right.”’ The Morley Phone for the DEAF

Anyone can adjust It. dred thousand sold. Write for booklet and testimonials, THE MORLEY CO., Dept. 797, 26 South 15th Street, Philadelphia ASBESTOS We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any quantity. We produce all grades at our world famous BELL ASBESTOS MINES, in Canada. We also card fibres, spin yarns, weave cloths, and make all sorts of Asbestos products. For anything you want in Asbestos turn to

Keasbey & Mattison Company Dept S-4 AMBLER, PENNA., U.S. A. Owners of the World’s Largest Asbestos Mines

~~ A §& @O,.c+F& © 0O frm -~_- 8a wa . axt & th set eae Oa

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January, 1922 THE HOME WORKSHOP 107

Rotating Disk-Blades Form a Useful Tray-Stack LD farm disk-harrows, such as a search of almost any junk-yard will disclose, may be used as stacks of trays merely by setting as them up on end, OR PIPE convex sides down. JHROUGH SPOOLS It will be well to pt gen teed ; remove the bearing members and re- place them with the regular smooth | spacing spools. It BS TRADE MARE -

HEN Joseph R. Brown gave the world the in- vention of the Vernier Caliper in 1851, he established a world-wide Standard of Ac- curacy—over 70 years ago he brought out these first pre- cision tools.

Vernier is also practicable mead a Li Per to use a longer rod y He Brown in 1851— The first and original Vernier Cali- per so far as is known. or bolt than the one that is used ' to assemble the disks in the har- row. A higher stack of trays is thus made possible. This is one of the handiest tray assembliesthat can be used on the farm, in the shop, or in a factory, for bolts and parts of various sizes and kinds can be kept separate in them and yet in close relation. A mounting should be provid- —e« ed at top and A handy stand for bottom, sothatthe Polts, _— and whole stack may Sepnentenaaeal be freely rotated, giving full access to every part of the trays.—LouIs SCHNEIDER. Today, as then, Brown & Sharpe Machinists’ Tools represent the accuracy and fine workmanship which only pride in product and experi- enced master craftsmen can accomplish—they help you work your best. See these superior tools— over 1000 of them, in our catalog No. 28—send for it today.

BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO. PROVIDENCE, R. I. U.S. A.

iain Play the Hawaiian Guitar MOST POWER~LEAST COST -Just Like the Hawaiians!

Waterproof Envelope Made f ol d I T fie 4 peony anny id teaching is so cengie, ly and rom nner ee eae easy that you begin ona piece with your first les- ee - PULLS 2y 33 son. In half an hour you can play it! We have re- poe H.-P. —Price— duced the necessary motions you learn to only four —and you acquire these inafew minutes. Learn the weird, fascinating tremolos, stacca- tos, slurs and other effects that make this instrument so delightful. The Ha- waiian Guitar plays any kind of music, both the melody and the accompani- ment. Our complete, course of 52 lessons includes FREE a beauti- ful Hawaiian Guitar, all the necessary picks and steel bar and 52 pieces of music. Special arrangement for lessons if you have your own guitar. a seis Malees aS —. a ee ee i di ristmas Gift hess or defective hearing from | | Send Coupon NOW IVIL engineers, surveyors, and con- struction engineers who work out of doors find it hard to protect their plans and other papers from getting wet during rains or from perspiration when carried in the pocket. Even a leather case is soon soaked through. A good waterproof envelope may be made from a section of inner tube. Cut a

eee eee Get Full Particulars FREE Hissing Sounds, Perforated, mee oe et ee ee EE SY ee ane SR SRN Se mre E ie AP = ally Dest — First Hawaiian Conservatory of Music, Inc. Common-Sense Ear Drums

Wilson 1 233 Broadway (Woelworth Bidg.), New York City 6 tireless I am interested inthe HAWAIIAN GUITAR. Please ( ‘s TURNED mediing but eiectively replace what is lacking ot sad nas pe At oy special price offer, etc. etc. FLAI ive ena ear drums, eo dll RINT CO) ee yp AND sy which the wearer easil fits into the ears i DR os ncin.c-c:dvcisiedleeocseats enkedscuvemtes w ere e are e. eee eee eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee CEMENTED Write t y rasan REE bookon DEAF- | ADDRESS..... Method of cutting, cementing, and NESS, giving you tenn 8 ae TOWN... ne til ss aerrag once fi folding a portion of an old inner tube WILSON EAR eet ee ew nt name and address clearly ‘S.M. to make a waterproof envelope 268 Inter-Southern Bldg. LOUISVILLE, KY. . en ee oe ea SR AA RE piece after the pattern shown in the illus- " tration and fasten the lower end of the RED UCED PRICES

envelope with rubber cement. The en- velope is closed by folding and passing the rubber band on the upper end over the lower end. The envelope also will prove serviceable Back to Normalcy—20% Further Reduction SOUTH BEND LATHES—EST. 1906 Standard Quick anata Gear oe Change Gear Change Gear 9”x3’Lathe $176.00 $216.00|16’x 8’ Lathe $452.00 $512.00 for campers, automobile tourists, hunters, a «cas sean een ee fukn, cake ae trappers, and any one who expects to be “ 15’x6’Lathe 376.00 431.00 | 24”x14’ Lathe 1140.00 1230.00 exposed to rain or a particularly damp Free Catalog No. 67 atmosphere. —R. E. DEERING. SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS, 433 E. Madison St., SOUTH BEND, IND.

How to Run a Lathe An 80-page book for 10c. Postpaid, Coin or Stamps.

wee

Page 92

vewrs ‘‘Red Devil’’ Pliers made in 100 styles—one for every need. Known and used the world over. Style No. 1024—6%% inch shown here. From dealers or from us, $1.25. \Red Devil Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. Corrugated Lock Washers Stop Loosening and Rattling— Reduce Wear and Tear—Insure Longer Life and Greater Safety BIHEMENW. ti TH GTM, B.C SED wherever nuts and bolts are subject to vibration—automo- biles, trucks, tractors, sta- tionary and marine engines, farm implements and ma- chinery. They hold on like grim death. “‘Red Devil’? Lock Washers Have Six Points of Contact —others have only two—three times the gripping power of others. It requires 114 turns to loosen ary, while others will loosen with a 34 turn. That means 6624 % greater efficiency. Made of special man- ganese steel, oil tempered, Put up in bags in assorted sizes from 3/16” to 54” in the following quantities: 30 in a bag, 15c; 50 in a bag, 20c; 90 ina bag, 25c. Also put up in an assortment of 530 washers in nine of the most prac- tical sizes, in a handy tin box. Send for circular. From dealers or from us. Mechanics’ tool booklet free. SMITH & HEMENWAY CO., Inc. Manufacturers of ‘‘Red Devil’’ Tools 264 Broadway New York, N Y. **Red Devil’’ Glass Cutters—the glaziers’ standard tools of the world. ‘It's all in the wheel.” Madein 4 styles. No.024 shown here, 20c. | THE HOME WORKSHOP ‘an the Lucky Horseshoe! Its Uses Are Many HY is the horseshoe a symbol of good luck? Perhaps it is because a dis- | carded horseshoe is the most versatile piece | of junk known to man. Nailed along the rafters of the barn it makes an excellent hook for harness. Nailed in a horizontal position, it will hold three or four pitchforks. step for a high wagon, it can’t be beaten. When hung with the toe of the shoe down, it is often used as a gate-latch by merely | hooking it over a bolt on the gate and run- | ning one side through a staple on the post. Recently a horseshoe was used in an emergency as a splint for a broken arm, pee tases ans RACK ey fil BROOM- HOLDER PULLEY- HOOK k_ poor-SToP Five little-known uses for the old horseshoe x with more satisfactory results than might have been expected. On the farm, horse- shoes are used often as clevises in attaching two machines together; they make excel- lent hooks on which to hang pulleys; a swing or hammock can be suspended readily from them. The best and heaviest shoes are saved for the game of “horseshoes.”” A large one with high toe-calks is sometimes sand- papered and enameled for use as a door- stop. With a little ingenuity, a horse- shoe may be made to serve'in many emergencies, for its shape, strength, and weight make it one of the most valuable “by products” of the farm. The Correct Way to Open Lock-Corner Crates nase? railroad companies demand that all heavy objects, like machinery, furniture, etc., intended for shipment by rail, be packed in crates with inter- locked corners, the type of which is shown in the illus- tration. The in- terlocking of the strips of wood at the corners greatly adds to the strength of the crate, but makes it very difficult to remove the frame- | work at the point of destination{ This difficulty may be overcome by sawing through the bars of the crate near the four corners on one side of the crate. That part can then be taken off without difficulty. Use a saw to open a lock-corner crate As a substitute | 100 CHARGES BATTER aad Popular Science M ras Clévelari 7* Year Seven Sucessful Years Without Valves Cleveland never needed valves. Two-stroke motor operates like valve motor. Positive, dependable, wonderfully economical. Lowest priced real motorcyle. Write for Catalog ‘‘s”’ a_sleeve- NEW SOTORS ‘ai FOR ALL PURPOSES STANDARD MANUFACTURERS PROMPT DELIVERY ALL SIZES UP TO 5SH.P. We Specialize In Small Motors & Generators ALL PHASES AND FREQUENCIES IN STOCK AT ALL TIMES Largest exclusive Mail Order Small Motor dealers in the world. CHAS. H. JOHNSTON, Box QZ). West End, Pittsburgh,Pa. WIRELESS, TELEPHONE GENERATORS 500 VOLT- 100 WATT - 3400 R.P.M. FOR OS Oe GENERATOR SETS. AT HOME WITH AN F-F BATTERY BOOSTER, which is a Megaetic Rectifier for 105-125 Volt 60 Cycle A. C. — ofCharger on paaee terminals. TurnSwiteh Your Batter: = eae ed in the morning. No skill re juire Shows Current. mplete ty Portable Charging Unit. Do not think your battery is dead and Gein 4 simply because it will not start your car. Booster and Fill it with Life. for, 2 Buyin Booster You Save Money, BantamType 6 charges 6 volt panwal at6amps S18 BantamT: 12 charges 12 volt battery5 amps $15 e 166 charges 6 volt battery at 12 amperes $24 Type 16121 charges 12volt bat Sh oe if a $24 Type 1626 Combination ue and 12 volt batteries at D an nat Ts nd $36 E types an ofr spas d batteries, or where time is limited. Shioping Weix ts Complete with Ammeter & Battery Clive. 12 to 15 Ibs. check for Prompt Express Shipment: or for Parcel Post Shipment add Postage and Insurance charges, or write us to forward Order Now, or Write for FREE Descriptive BOOSTER Builetin No. 17. For GROUP Pata ty ask for Free ROTARY RECTIFIER bulletin 17-B. THE FR CoO., CLEVELAND, OHIO, U.S. A. Canadian metre! dn ‘Battery Service & Sales Co., Hamilton, Ontario Electrical and Mechanical Engineers receive fabu- lous salaries. Thousands want d. months to 2 _. Practical-Technical training under experts. Not a trade school but a Practical-Technical College teaching electricity, steam. gas, auto-electric, armature winding, drafting. Extensive laboratory ‘and sho a” Degrees awarded. Day and night sessions. Enroll mt ime. Don’t £ judrre us by size of ad. Write for free catalog. Fi LAY) ENGIN EERING COLLEGE, 1002 Indiana Ave., ansas ity, M AGENTS: $6 aio ur Selling sanenatented, te non-acoholic food flavors. Always fresh. Put up in collapsible tubes. Ten times bottled os home. Used every day. Not sold in stores. Big demand. Big repeat- et. 100% profit. Men or Women can big mon to! . Wee te ery, wa sananbenderporeny, mon ate ty a sisal lacomse mh ee Products Co. 5543 American Bidg., Cincinnati, 0. THE AJAX EYELET FASTENER BINDS PAPERS QUICKLY AND PERMANENTLY It Saves Time by Punch- ing the Hole, Feeding the Eyelet and Clinch- ing it in One . Operation. Drop the eye- lets into the magazine and gorightahead. Order from your stationer or direct. Write for our wate of office tools MACHINE APPLIANCE CORPORATION 351-353 Jay St. Spec. Dept. Brooklyn, N.Y. shel yolk an | and end ‘ of : typ Clo car lar; lig! qui the SS ff, KL

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January, 1922 THE HOME WORKSHOP Electric Tester Quickly ‘“‘Candles’”’ Eggs GGS are, unfortunately, not always what they seem. An inspection of the shell gives no idea of the condition of the yolk. It is not difficult, however, to rig up an egg-tester that will reveal the hidden and inner truths. Make a cardboard funnel with the small end just large enough to take the bulb end A cardboard funnel partially closed with a disk converts an electric flash- lamp into an efficient egg-tester of an electric flash-lamp; the cylindrical type is the most convenient for the purpose. Close the large end of the funnel with a cardboard disk in which there is a hole just large enough to cradle the egg nicely. White cardboard, which will reflect the light, should be used for the egg-holder. When an egg is put in place, it can be quickly ‘‘candled” merely by flashing on the light.— HOWARD GREENE. Handled Tools Should Have This Special Rack H EREWITH is shown an improved rack that has several retaining bars in- stead of one. Tools having long handles are placed inside the upper bar, inter- mediate behind the middle one, the UPPER SHELF : RACK BARS ap iON tt d) ——————— - LOWER SHELF FOR SMALL TOOLS ail + The awkward tools with long handles that are often left about for some one to stumble over should be kept in a rack shorter ones below. As the bars are ‘placed well away from the wall, there will be no interference of the various. heads and handles in the different tiers, so that every tool will be instantly available. Two generations of skilled machinists have learned to know Starrett Tools and to trust them. Under the tuition of these men, thousands of 2100 fine tools are described and illus- trated in the new Starrett Catalog No. 22“W”. Sent free on re- quest. Write for copy. apprentices are today learning for themselves the superior value in every Starrett Tool. No more conclusive evidence of quality could be asked than the marked preference for Starrett Tools shown by these men, to whose livelihood ‘the selection of good tools is an essential matter. THE L. S. STARRETT COMPANY rn BS: = RL m we HACK SAWS The World's Greatest Toolmaters Alanufacturers of Hock Saws Unexcelled ATHOL, MASS, 42-252 Starrett Tool Motorcycle Bargains SAVE 25% to 65% = Se A ne. and built oe. 5 rs, hnson Wheels, Svens Soeur Speen, iedie. — for Free Sorente State 3 oney Saving ; « dreds af Bargains in eeed, rebuilt ond new machines,supplies, a AMERICAN MOTOR CYCLE CO. Dept. 102, 2047 W. Chicago Ave., CHICAGO your rear rac look well. Only $1.00 paid for that amount. installed yourself. received. fendertrouble. Send name and $1.00 NOW. Shipped day order DUNN MFG. CO., 707 Main St., Clarinda, Ia. Cold Pipe Bending Machines (Standard the World gay rom += nd or mo- Models tor operated. E&F Send for Catalog Standard Pipe Bends 1’ to 6” pipe, in stock for tenadiate delivery. AMERICAN PIPE BENDING MACHINE co. 51 Pearl Street BOSTON, MASS. UNION TOOL CHEST CO., 24 Mill St., ROCHESTER, N. Y. Mail me the free booklet that describes completely Union Tool Chests includ- ing new zinc covered line, for Machinists, Tool Makers, Carpenters, Elec tricians, Plumbers, Repair- men, Conductors, House and General Use. HB sy sponthiy terms. Get You have aimcet a wee bay for your Charser on ea! your HB service HB Chargers for 6, 10, 16, 32 or 70 id for tteries. Let us recommend size ee REAR FENDER BRACE FOR FORDS Stop the squeak and rattle in enders with Dunn es. Prevent breakage. They per pair, ‘at your dealers, or, mailed pre- a” ae aE ner mde ane ee ae SNR AER aed - RET ERNE te 80 a TOE ae eae = etna ee A OCD Mee to make most y for . e og needed . No repairs to. Writeus TODAY. “41 P HOBART BROTHERS COMPANY, Box SI7, Troy, Ohio

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Popular Science Monthly Indications Favor the Counter-User You have to count most any product you make; why not count it as you an it and get the benefit of knowing what's doing? A Veeder Counter will register any shortcoming of your ma- chine or slow-going of the op- erator, before the effect is seri- ously felt in reduced output. You see every indication of how the work is going—and as sure as you do, the indi- cations are: More production! —soon as you put ona COUNTER The small Revolution Counter be- low registers one for a revolution of a shaft, recording a machine operation, or product. Though small, this counter is very durable; its mechanism will stand a very high rate of speed, mak- ing it especially suitable for light, fast-run- ning machines, and most adap- table to experi- mental work. If run_ back- ward, the counter subtracts. Price $2.00. (Cut 4/5 size.) Small Rotary Ratchet Counter, to register reciprocating move- ments of small machines, also $2.00. The Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Counter below is for the larger machines, such as punch presses and metal-stamping machines, where a recip- rocating movement indicates an operation. Registers one for each throw of the lever, and sets back to zero from any figure by turning knob once round. Supplied with from four to ten figure- wheels, as required. Price with four figures, as illustrated, $11.50—subject to discount. (Cut less than 1% size.) Set-Back Revolution Counter, to count revolutions of a shaft (large model like the above). $10.00 (list). There’s a Veeder exactly suit- able for the type of machine you’re interested in; write for free illustrated booklet. The Veeder Mfg. Co., 44 Sargeant St., Hartford, Conn. THE HOME WORKSHOP | Pistons Become Serviceable | Bench Centers ERVICEABLE bench centers can be made of two pistons from an en- | gine. The arrangement of these pistons | is shown in the illustration. They are | sawed down to leave only the wristpin bearings and permit of setting two bolts OLO PISTON— ) How old pistons s _ can be clamped a ee to the bench and made useful in the workshop THREAD BUSHINGS CUT DOWN PIECE TO BE CENTERED FIXED CENTER a \\ a) —~2-CUT DOWN PISTONS NN rw) THREADED WORK BENCH: SECTION OF FEED-SCREW “¢ ° (= | ) ORILLING ATTACHMENT yt ae ¢ FEED-SCREW DRILI-SOCKET ¥ = |. Areesmermensonteremanrpensennninperer rnp pee 00 QHwsuss= | D WW — YN ans y VA, | through the head of each for clamping | them to the top of the workbench. To one piston a fixed center is attached, | while in the other is placed an adjustable | center threaded into the wristpin bushings. | These centers are of service in truing up parts or holding them while filing or fitting them. By fitting a screwed bearing with separate shaft, crank, and drill socket, jobs of drilling can be done in this fixture. How Vulcanizing Molds Can Be Made at Home [2 UaSEs balls, rubber stamps, washers, stoppers, and other articles of rubber are easily made at home.. A plaster of paris mold, the shape of the article to be repro- duced, is made and filled with raw rubber, SHALLOW PIN FITS HOLE AND HOLE KEEPS MOLDS INTACT WHEN IN USE RUBBER STAMP “bho. DOE, J700 FOR BBER WASHER OVERPLUS OF WASHER RUBBER BBER BALL ONE HALF OF MOLD OTHER HALF OF MOLD How the two halves of a small vul- canizing form may constructed ( | the whole being cooked until the rubber is | as hard as desired. Cooking rubber, of | course, is called vulcanizing. | The mold is in two parts and is easily | made. Take a box of suitable size and fil] it with well-mixed plaster of paris. Then press the pattern of the article to be repro- duced halfway into the surface, smoothing off any excess plaster so that the plaster surface is flush with the edges of the box. A few minutes after the plaster has set pull the plaster mold from the box. Fill the box again with plaster of paris, and super- impose the first plaster mold on the surface of the new one. When the second half of the mold has set, the pattern should be removed and a | groove cut to allow for expansion of the rubber. Fill the cavity full of raw rubber, clamp the two halves of the molds together, | and bake in a slow oven for a few minutes. | The exact time depends on the heat of the | oven, the thickness of the rukber, and the hardness desired, so that it is impossible to give more exact directions, although on first trial, ten minutes’ cooking might be tried. If this is not enough, put the article back and cook it some more. In order that the two halves of the mold should register properly, it is advisable to use two nails for dowels at opposite corners. These nails should be imbedded in the first mold, heads down. If wood patterns are used, they should be soaked well in water, otherwise they will swell’ when brought in contact with the plaster and will split the molds. Flat articles, such as washers, rubber stamps, stoppers, etc., may be set flush with the top of the first mold, the second mold merely acting as a cover. Rubber balls, however, and other articles, will have to be molded half in the upper and half in the lower. No article can be molded if its pattern is of such a shape that it cannot be withdrawn from the mold. The molds should always be wetted before using in order to prevent | burning of the rubber.—R. F. CLARK. An Improvised Clamp for the Home Carpenter’s Use A improvised clamp like that shown in the illustration may be made easily from scraps of wood and it will give satis- faction. The side pieces are nailed solidly PIVOT-NAIL -—~ oa a -- LOWER LEVER If you have no carpenters’ clamp, you may improvise one as shown here to the lower lever, while at the top only one nail is driven from each side. This permits the upper lever to swing on a pivot. A piece of wood is driven between the longer ends of the levers. As the longer ends of the levers spread apart, the shorter ends ‘close, tightly clamping the work. A long nail may be driven through the long ead of the swinging lever. This will act as a stop to prevent the wedge piece from moving when it is driven into place. A clamp such as this will be just as satisfactory as a purchased one and will cost but a few minutes’ time to make in your own workshop.—R. H. KASPER. f kin] han plac Wit pS \ ig ge RN Ot Popular Science Month)»,

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January, 1922 THE HOME WORKSHOP Straightening Iron Core-Wire with Two Vises r the amateur orders a roll of core wire for induction coils, it usually comes all kinked. Straightening it by rolling or hammering is a long task. If two vises are available, they may be placed at right angles to each other about | bef 3 LOOPED AROUND TSIDE JAW OF VISE FREE ENDS CLAMPED IN THIS VISE Opening the jaw of the lower vise stretches the wire and straightens out kinks without the labor of rolling and hammering 10 or 15 ft. apart, and the wire doubled over the jaws of one and the free ends clamped in the jaws of the other. Opening the first vise stretches the wire and quickly takes out every kink, leaving the wire perfectly straight, after which it may be cut into the desired lengths, bundled, and annealed.—V. H. Topp. Shower-Bath Made with Copper Funnel Te home worker who is handy with a soldering-iron will have no difficulty in constructing a shower-bath attachment. The framework supporting the device illus- trated was made from a large, old-fashioned baby-carriage wheel 26 in. in diameter, the spokes of which had been removed. The base of the spraying apparatus was a copper funnel. A piece of copper was cut the right size to close the mouth of the rook HOOKS CURTAIN*HOOKS / ; ion at TO TIN CAN A funnel, a baby-carriage wheel, a rubber tube, and a few odds and ends form et guanine shower- at funnel and, after fine holes had been punched in it, was soldered in place. A tin can was then chosen of such a size that the mouth of the funnel would just fit inside, and the two were soldered together, around the bottom. The top of.the can was. closed with a piece of pine through the center of which a hole had been bored to permit the spout of the funnel to project and into which the four spokes of the ‘“‘wheel” were fitted. A rubber tube was used to connect the faucet and the funnel and a curtain was hung from the frame. The whole device was enamelled white to harmonize with the bathroom fittings —HARRY VOELKER. 111 (p Friction Clutch Easy for One = Man E Now Selling at New Reduced Prices Most Practical Tree Saw; Quick change from Log Saw to Tree Saw. Fells trees above or level with the ground. Cuts 36 Cords of Wood a Day With His OTTAWA! Read this Letter: ‘I am glad to tell you that the OTTAWA Log Saw is all you say. I saw 36 cords of wood a day with the OTTAWA andnever have any trouble. I have started sawing again this week. FELIX MARTINS, Withee, ‘Wis.’’ Coal is high in price. There is a big demand for wood as fuel. Many OTTAWA owners report splen- did profits sawing for neighbors, and selling wood in towns and cities. T. O. Shurson of Eagle Grove, la., writes:—“I made $255.25 extra in two months.” Others claim larger profits. OTTAWA 4 H-P. Motor LOG SAW tarts and sto hil i Friction Clutela rin" power Force Peet makes theoT. Quick change to Branch Saw. Sold with or without Log Saw. The OTTAWA Pumping Attachment at Lowest Cost. runs. TAWA saw the human way, easiest, quickest, safest. Magneto Ignition—no batteries ever needed. 4 H-P. Motor; ample power for sawing logs, falling trees, buzzing up branches and for belt work. Big opportunities and me profits for OTTAWA owners now. Ever—Cash Prices Lower Easy Terms. 30 Days’ Trial— Send Coupon atonce 410-Year Guarantee, for my new Book— FREE & isrmtser, t= pedia on Wood Cutting; interesting and valuable. Also ask for New Lower Prices and Special Offer. USE THE COUPON. The OTTAWA will run your Pea Huller and other machinery. Send it TODAY—NOW! H. C. OVERMAN, Gen’! Mgr. _OTTAWA MF. Co. 1807-F Wood St., OTTAWA, KAN. : H. C. OVERMAN, Gen’! Mgr, x OTTAWA MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 1807-F Wood St., OTTAWA, KAN. | Without obligating me in any way, please send me your New 4 Book on the OTTAWA Log Saw. Also New Lower Prices and Special Offer. f ——

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Popular Science Monthly Note the renewable cutting edges. There’s the reason why Neverslip Pliers will outcut and outlast any plier made. Here’s a Pair of Pliers you can’t wear out UST pick up a pair of Neverslip Pliers—heft them—now look at the blades. Here’s a pair of pliers you can’t wear out. The secret of Neverslips’ long life is just this: When other pliers are made, their cutting edges are made at the same time, from the same piece of metal. That’s why they cannot have high carbon crucible steel edges like Neverslips. Moreover, as the Neverslip cutting edges are made separate it means they are renewable. You can cut nails, heavy wire, soft metal or insulation cleanly and quickly with Neverslip Pliers. Buy a pair of Neverslip Pliers and you’ve made a life- long friend. For Neverslips will outlast and outcut any plier made. And when it comes down to a matter of price, Neverslip Pliers cost no more than the short-lived pliers you’ve been buying only to throw away as soon as they become worn. Your plain sense of economy ought to tell you that it’s worth a special trip to your hardware store for a pair of Neverslip Pliers. If your dealer hasn’t them in stock, send us his name and we will see that you are supplied. THE NEVERSLIP WORKS New Brunswick - New Jersey NEVERSLIP side cutting pliers Neverslips are furnished in 6—7 and 8 inch sizes THE HOME WORKSHOP A Quickly Rigged Hoisting Kink for the Shop ie you were all alone in the shop and had | to get a heavy casting—too heavy to | lift with your hands—on a lathe, you would look around for some mechanical help. The combination of asingle block, shaft- Lifting a heavy casting by skids and a block and a windlass SS. San WY —_ pip bites tic) and-pulley windlass, and a pair of skids enabled one man to lift a three-hundred- pound casting on to the lathe with ease. Special Saw-Frame Constructed for Restricted Space ACKSAW frames are frequently too large to permit of use in close quarters. FILE HANDLE SUPPORT FORS NUTS TIGHTEN HACKSAW BLADE BLADE IN FRAME pf DRILL HOLE “Y END OF ROD FOR PIN N SLOT A THREADED This improvised hacksaw frame will go into places where there is no room to usea full-size tool The frame shown is made of a piece of cold-rolled steel fitted with a file handle, and slotted at one end for the insertion of the blade. The opposite end of the blade is held by support secured by nuts threaded on the end of the rod. Adjustable Drill-Jig Suitable for the Small Shop JIG that will drill holes of different diameters and spaced at different distances is shown here. Cut a groove in a block of steel as shown; permanently fasten the bushing- LOOSE BUSHINGS WITH HOLES—~_ OF VARIOUS a THREADED HOLES —SLOT FOR FINER ADJUSTING This adjustable drill-jig will save making a special jig plate to the end of this block, then make a sliding block or plate as shown. One end of the main block is graduated in inches and parts of an inch, while the slotted hole allows for fine adjustment. This device allows the drilling of holes any distance apart within the limits of the main block, and as the bushings shown are removable, these can be changed whenever such a change is desired.—J. H. MOORE.