Popular Science Monthly 1921-09: Vol 99 Iss 3

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BUNGALOW FOLKS mostly know (and the rest are learning fast) that there really 1s only one wood for Bungalows— and that is “Cypress, of course.” Write for Volume 5, Cypress Pocket Library—very complete general treatises by well-knowu architects, covering all the puzzling questions on Bungalow building, from designs to furnish- ing—sent promptly with our compliments upon your request. The less you have to spend in building, the more important it is that you secure the longest possible life for your investment. The more you spend the more important it is that your money shall represent a definite and permanent investment, and not have to be spent over again in exasperating repairs. Cypress is “the one best buy” in the entire wood market for those who care what they get for their lumber money. Because it lasts and lasts and lasts and lasts and LASTS. Write for VOL. 5 TODAY. Now is the best time. Let our “ALL-AROUND HELPS DEPARTMENT” help YOU. Our entire resources are at your service with Reliable Counsel. We invite Correspondence with a serious purpose in it. Southern Cypress Manufacturers’ Association 1249 Poydras Building, New Orleans, La., or 1249 Graham Bidg., Jacksonville, Fla. INSIST ON TRADE-MARKED CYPRESS AT YOUR LOCAL LUMBER DEALER'S. IF HE HASN'T IT, LET US KNOW IMMEDIATELY Popular Science Monthly ‘Rpular| Science Monthly SEPT., 1921 Volume 99-No. 3 a Advice to Readers To insure getting your Popular Science Monthly regularly, you should place a standing order with your newsdealer or order us to send you a year’s sub- scription at $3.00. CONTENTS AERONAUTICS The ‘“‘Guardian Angel’’ Parachute............ 18 America’s Largest Aerial Battleship........... 24 Air-Bags Enable Plane to Rest in Water...... 31 A Yacht that Travels on Sea, Land, and Air.... 34 Two Wings Fly as One on This New Seaplane... 40 Time Off for the Airplane Pilot 4 Air Service Tries Out Tent-Hangar........... 55 Li pang Soe Way for the Night Flier.......... 56 Falling our Miles through the Air........... 62 Letters Are Reduced in Size for Air Mail....... 65 FOR THE FARMER Apparatus for Making a Sheep Take Medicine... 39 Electric Shocks Stimulate the Hen to Lay...... 42 How Wireless Is Helping the Farmer.......... 59 Reading a Water-Meter by Telephone......... 60 It Digs a Post-Hole in Seven Minutes......... 65 HOUSEKEEPING MADE EASY This Fuse Can ‘“Blow”’ Six Times............. 38 Solving the Spare-Bed Problem.............. 38 Doors that Slide Out of Sight................ 40 Stretch Leather with Hot Water.............. 41 It’s a Mechanical Egg-Cracker............... 41 reseed SESS ee 42 Making Snoes to Fit Corns... ...... 2. 020-0000 50 Scrape Potatoes and Improve Them........... 51 New Knife Cuts Bread without Crumbs....... 53 Automatic Lock Holds the Sash at Any Height. ._ 53 Easily Adjusted Bottle-Capper............... 54 Getting the Most Out of a Candle............. 54 Lilies Are Being Used for Food............... 66 INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS Cable Loops Make Anti-Telescoping Cars..... 20 iming Concrete Mixing..................-.. 21 Electric Floor-Groover ce ee 27 Factory-Built Houses Reduce High Rents...... 28 Coaling Ships with atMechanical Trimmer. .... 32 Fireproof Hollow Bricks Cheaper than Lumber. 36 Casting Concrete Curbs in Molds............. 41 ee ae eae 42 Machine Pulley Calculation Is Simplified...... 42 Spinning Arc Makes the Light 6) ee 43 Air Takes the Place of Eight Carpenters....... 44 Getting High Explosives from Our Forests... .. 47 Groun len itelie Electricity to Prevent Fires... 49 adium in the Gem Industry................. 49 Expanded Lath for Building................. 50 The Bucket that Grabs Its Load.............. 51 This Wrench Will Fit Any Nut............... 52 (Continued on page 4) Copyright, 1921, by the Modern Publishing Company PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is issued monthly. Yearly subscription in the United States, $3.00. Canada, $3.50. Foreign, $4.00. Single copy, 25 cents. Advertising rates on application. Forms close the twentieth of the second month preceding date of publication. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 28, 1915, at the Post Office at New York under the act of March 3, 1879. Entered as second-class mat- ter at the Post Office Department, Canada. The contents of this magazine are copyrighted and must not be reprinted without permission. H. J. Fisher, President; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; O. B. Capen, Secretary and Treasurer. Modern Publishing Company . 25 West Thirty-ninth St. New York City |

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onthly ler b- im pany onthly. $3.00. ) cents. ose the late of r Dec. ler the Ss mat- righted 1ission. sident; k City September, 1921; Vol. 99, No. 3 25 Cents a Copy; $3 a Year Published in New York City at 225 West Thirty-ninth Street Weighing Ghosts and Photographing Phantoms How three European scientists brought the “spirit world” into the laboratory OU don’t believe in spirits—nor in supernatu- ral events. Then just how do you explain the weird happenings described in these pages? A few bold men, themselves scientists of distinction, have lately been conducting psychic experiments during which certain mediums appeared to exude a strange If This Is Not Fraud, What Is It? substance from their bodies. The experimenters assure us that they have exercised the most rigorous scientific control over the medium. This brief account of their work gives you a glimpse of the very latest experiments in an always fascinating field of research. ETER twenty years of inves- tigation, several eminent scientists of England, France, and Germany claim to have made definite discoveries concerning the “spirit forces” of the séance chamber. By the use of the camera, of weights and scales, and of electrical apparatus, these investigators have tried to prove the existence of an unknown but material sub- stance which the séance medium puts forth from her body and with which she lifts tables or “‘material- izes’ human faces that may cer- tainly be likened to the “ghosts” of superstition. Many Mediums Are Hysterics The Popular Science Monthly holds no brief for spiritualism; but it does believe that it is the busi-- ness of science to investigate and not to condemn before an investi- gation. Some of the mediums, like the famous Eusapia Palladino, proved to be frauds; but even Eusapia’s performances were not always to be explained on the ground that she was an habitual cheat. The truth is that most mediums. are hysterics. In the An enlarged flashlight photograph of “Eva C.,” um may be a model of propriety and honesty; in a trance she may be a liar and a fraud. | It matters not so much whether the medium cheats as whether the investigator is deceived.. It is the function of science to study these trance states, to interpret the phenomena of hysteria and to tell us why the normal woman ceases to be herself in a trance. All this is straightforward psycho- logical investigation. Control of the most rigorous kind must be exercised. Strict scientific control seems to have been maintained in astonish- ing investigations made in Europe by the late Dr. W. J. Crawford of Belfast, Ireland, and by Dr. A. von Schrenck-Notzing of Munich, and by Dr. G. Geley of Paris. A committee of the British Society for Psychical Research has checked up the records in some of their cases and has endorsed the re- sults. What Is This “Plasma” ? In the experiments of von Schrenck-Notzing, Geley, and Crawford there seems to be evi- dence that some material sub- trance state they lose their normal showing the lacelike substance exuded from her stance, called “plasma,” something personalities. Normally a medi- — mouth 15 that is highly sensitive to light, bi oe an x H ‘ 4 Ce RS LO AN Ee ee ae Cape Pa sehen rs — Senay i #3 > A st ay ae oi lone ante heap niceige sil ania apinveoemna ate see % ee oh

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one of Dr. Geley’s experiments. described as something that is highly sensitive to light, but that can be photographed and felt: it can assume the shape Of a hand, a face, or a whole figure but that can be photographed and felt, although it is normally invisible, some- ; thing that can assume the shape of a_ hand or a face or even a whole figure, something that can move an object, is thrust from the body of the medium. Dr. Crawford, who was an engineer, tested the plasma mechanically. He even weighed it. Dr. von Schrenck- Notzing has photographed it. Al- though ordinarily invisible, he also succeeded in collecting samples of it, which he studied microscopically, and which he found to be curiously like human skin in cellular structure. Both Dr. von Schrenck-Notzing and Dr. Crawford agreed that as it issued from the body they felt ‘‘a kind of breeze caused by material particles of a cold, disagreeable, sporelike matter.” The Plasma’s Course Is Traced Dr.. Crawford, in his book, ‘“‘The Psychic Structures at the Goligher Circle,’ said that when the plasma was taken out and he put his hand on the lower part of Miss Goligher’s back “the flesh seemed to become soft and cave in, ... filling out again as the psychic stuff apparently returned to her.” He put dye-stuffs within the medium’s stockings and underclothing, and thus he was able to map out the paths taken by the plasma in issuing from and returning into the body. It is not a dead substance, but alive. In the case of “Eva C.” it is described as crawling about the body. In all of these experiments the medium was carefully searched before and after each experiment. Eva C. was even given an emetic in order to preclude the possibility of her swallow- “Plasma”’ exuding. through the fingers of “Eva i uu “Plasma’”’ is -ing-- something that she afterward ejected from herself. Miss Goligher would cause a table to levitate by _ means of the plasma, although she was not near it and although it was much too heavy for her to move vertically. Impressions made by the plasma on clay always showed marks of the stocking fabric. The skeptic will at once argue that Miss Goligher must have released her controlled feet and impressed them in the clay. But Dr. Crawford states that the stocking marks were really impressions made on the plasma as it passed through the fabric, and different from any marks that an actual stocking could make. One of “Eva C.’s” plasma faces re- vealed the letters miro. The skeptics charged that it was an illustration from the Paris paper Le Miroir which she had swallowed and regurgitated, Popular Science Monthly The head of a woman completely materialized by “Eva C.”’ in one of Dr. Geley’s experiments. Al- though here shown of miniature dimensions, Dr. Geley at the same séance saw the head of normal size, but missed his opportunity of photographing it little Stasia. had to adapt himself tactfully to the playful whimsies of her childlike second personality in order to get re- sults. He would joke with her to keep her in good spirits, or casually suggest a game, played by attempting to move small objects on a table without touch- ing them. Stanislawa would then sit down at the table, and presently the phenomena would occur. How Was the Box Lifted? Keeping her hands about six inches apart, her fingers extended and her wrist on the table, she would wait for a prickling sensation to occur as a fore- runner of the plasma emanation. Von Schrenck-Notzing would place a small empty aluminum box with but the experimenter retorts that the picture could not have been a regurgitated piece of paper, for it was not like that produced by the process blocks of an illus- tration. One of von Schrenck-Notzing’s most interesting mediums was a Polish girl, Stanislawa Tomoczyk, who was once arrested by mis- take, and who after a ten days’ incarceration was so nervously shocked that she developed hys- teria. When the prison doctor was writing out a prescription for her the inkstand started to move about, and raps could be heard. She developed multiple personal- ities. She would be (1) her nor- mal self, (2) Stanislawa or “‘Sta- sia,’’a child ten years of age in the trance state, and (3) the double of 16 Von Schrenck-Notzing” without touching it, by means of an invisible thread which extends between her fingers and which, according to von Schrenck-Notzing, is an excrescence of her body Stanislawa Tomoczyk lifts a celluloid ball, ° he OR oe oe a ek Ss fre

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actor 8 OMS re ‘e he 1es 1er for re- on. 2 a ‘ith September, 1921 rounded corners in front of her. She would make a few passes over the box with hands parallel and three quarters of an inch apart, but without touching the box. Thus, she explained, she estab- lished a connection. Her fingers still kept three quarters of an inch from the box and moved to and fro parallel with the surface of the table. The box suddenly turned up with its left side pointing in and its right side out. The box then tried to rise on one of its narrow sides, and feil back. The skeptic will say that some invisible thread or hair, held be- tween the hands, moved the box. There is a thread—but a thread of plasma spun by the medium’s own hands. Von Schrenck-Not- zing lifted the arms and spread them apart more than a yard. An ordinary ‘thread would have broken. Then he restored the hands and wrists on the table in their former position. Experiment after experiment was then made. A celluloid ball two inches in di- ameter was rolled away from the medium as by some invisible thread connecting the hands. A _hand-bell was shaken, although the fingers of Stanislawa were two inches from it. A teaspoon in a tumbler was rattled about so that it struck the glass. Eventually the tumbler itself was upset. Von Schrenck-Notzing has studied the threadlike plasma that connected this medium’s hands. It was not equally visible from all sides. It could All ready to snap the photograph — and to develop it in the ambulance afterward AKING an X-ray picture is a A. complicated procedure. It has frequently happened that persons too ill to be moved to a hospital have been deprived of X-ray benefit simply because it and the bulky mechanism that projects and accom- panies it could not be brought to them. This difficulty has been remedied by the invention of a mobile X-ray apparatus. It consists of a portable Here Stanislawa Tomoczyk is lifting a filled test-tube without touching it with her fingers. This is a hitherto unpublished photograph by the late Professor Ochorowicz not be seen against the light, but ob- liquely. A thorough search revealed no hair or thread on Stanislawa’s hands. And yet all the phenomena was produced by some threadlike con- - nection between the medium’s fingers. Before von Schrenck-Notzing be- came interested in the girl she had been experimented with by the late Professor Ochorowicz of Warsaw. The professor would place one of his hands on the table and ask London’s X-Ray Ambulance equipment for taking the photo- graphs operated by current supplied through a cable from a motor-van in which the mechanism is carried. The first mobile X-ray unit has been placed in operation by the British Red Cross in London. At- tendants carry the apparatus to the patient’s room, connect it with the ambulance by a cable, take the photographs, and develop them in the ambulance afterward. wh “ud camels: The X-ray ambulance outside a patient’s door supplying the needed power by cable 17 Stanislawa to make her passes. He had a sensation of cold, and he seemed to feel a very fine thread gliding over his skin. The farther the medium’s hands, the finer the thread seemed to be. The sensa- tion of a gliding thread disap- _ peared. entirely at a distance of about eight inches. Von Schrenck-Notzing has _ Studied these thfeads with the aid of stereoscopic photography. That ‘they are not the ordinary threads used for fraudulent purposes his microscopic examination seemed to prove. The structure was not -eomparable with that of ~any - known textile thread. He ‘noted two relatively pasty lines with in- -- distinct and irregular -edges that disappeared.and reappeared at intervals. In a weighing experi- ‘ment~-in which balanced - pans were used, von- Schrenck-Notzing noticed two emanations -aeting in opposite, directions.-- . While the thread-like extension of the mid- dle finger lifted the left pan, the plasma from the right hand tried to press down the right pan. Here we have mediums who do not know one another, yet exhibit the _same phenomena: From all of them some substance, which weighs many pounds, emanates. ‘The: phenomena are observed in different places by dif- ferent experimenters, who assure us that.they have taken every precaution to exclude possibility of fraud.- These experiments need corroboration and in- . terpretation. Blue Eyes Are Really without Color CIENCE declares that if your eyes are blue they are really colorless. There is no blue pigment in blue eyes. In an address delivered before the American Chemical Society, Professor W.B. Bancroft stated that their color is due to the scattering of light by a turbid medium, and eyes are blue from the same cause that gives the sky, or skimmed | milk, or cigarette smoke, its apparent color. Dark-eyed people have varying amounts of a yellowish-brown - pig- ment in the front of the iris. When the yellow layer is very thin, the blue shows through and the eyes appear green. Thicker pigmentation pro- duces the hazel, brown, or black eye. In-many cases the pigment does not develop before birth and consequently most babies’ eyes are blue for the first few months. Crows, hawks, and some owls also start life with blue eyes. There is a popular belief that blue- eyed men are the best rifle shots, but this is a mistake, as army records will show. . iy | fy ; : Sear t eee ee phe tire a tea rears arenes = rt

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Popular Science Monthly The Huge “Guardian Angel” Parachute Designed to Save a Cabinful of Passengers As important to passenger-planes as the life-raft to the liner Air Ministry regarding commer- cial flying in England since the Armistice show that in the last two years aircraft carried 106,712 passen- gers over a million and a half miles in sixty-two thousand flights. There were only forty-eight accidents, and of those twenty resulted in no injury to the personnel. In the other twenty- eight crashes eleven passengers were killed G lair Minist issued by the British By Major T. Orde Lees, A.C.F., O.B.E. from the basket in an instant; but the man who attempts to leap from an airplane with a balloon parachute may court death. When he jumps over- board he has all the motion of the machine; he may be swept back, with the result that his parachute may foul the rear stabilizing surfaces. It is be- This parachute must be of enormous dimensions. At the critical moment the pilot pulls a lever. The next in- stant the huge parachute jerks away the entire cabin with its precious human freight. The great parachute itself is folded into a small compartment in the rear of the cabin and above it. It is appar- ent that the cabin must slip away easily and seventeen injured. The history of com- mercial flying in America is almost equally encouraging: 225,000 passengers were carried for a total of six million miles with only eighty-eight accidents. Nevertheless, in the face of all statistics, the truth remains that flying is dangerous. The crash of the Eagle ambulance plane at Indian Head, Mary- land, with a loss of seven lives, awakened the public to the dan- feet above water. gerous than one from a height. The inventor of the parachute used by Major Lees on that occasion is now developing the Guardian Angel, illustrated on the opposite page, for the purpose of making passenger-airplane flights safe. He Made Seventy-Three Parachute Drops MOR ORDE. LEES has probably made more para- chute drops than any other man in the world. He is the British army officer for whom The Popular Science Monthly arranged a test in 1919, when he jumped successfully from an airplane circling only 350 A short parachute drop is more dan- from the machine. Hence it is drawn over rearwardly inclined ramps or rails; in some cases it may be rocked off on its rear upper end. It would be difficult to release the cabin by means of the large parachute alone. Hence, Mr. Calthrop depends on_ small auxiliary parachutes. First, a small pilot parachute opens. This extracts an intermedi- ate parachute. The intermediate para- chute in turn pulls out the great Guardian gers of airplane travel, and discouraged many would-be fliers. It is not my purpose to alarm the man who thinks of flying from New York to Chicago, but simply to make the point that no one may fly year in and year out without courting death, unless he has the aerial equivalent of the marine life-preserver, which is a correctly designed paachute. - Only the Parachute Is Dependable Now the problem of providing ade- quate parachutes for airplanes is not so easily solved as may appear at first blush to one who has never traveled by air. The ordinary balloon para- chute is of little use on an airplane. The balloon moves along slowly, blown by the wind; it may be all but stationary. It is no difficult matter to step off. On the other hand, an air- plane moves along at express-train speed. Indeed, it may be traveling at the rate of one hundred and twenty or one hundred and fifty miles an hour, particularly in one of those swift, sickening drops that follow when a gasoline-tank catches fire and wings crumple in flames. When the balloon- ist drops with his parachute, he is free cause parachute-dropping from air- planes is so utterly different from parachute-dropping from balloons that pilots prefer to take the chance of fly- ing without life-preservers of any kind. But the airplane-parachute problem has at last been satisfactorily solved. I myself have made seventy-three drops from airplanes with a parachute invented by Mr. E. R. Calthrop, and called, fittingly enough, the Guardian Angel. No more risk is involved in leaping from a fast airplane with a properly designed and _ constructed parachute than in jumping into the water with an ordinary cork jacket. Yet an airplane passenger, even with death staring him in the face, will hesitate before he takes the plunge that means salvation. Mr. Calthrop believes that the necessity of making up one’s mind involves greater will- power than the ordinary passenger can call forth, especially if that passenger be a woman or child. Hence he came to the conclusion that in a machine carrying many persons, the decision to drop should be left to the pilot or captain. He has invented a great par- achute .by which the cabin and all within it slowly floats to the ground. 18 Angel. There is nothing new in this use of auxiliary parachutes. The principle had been successfully applied over and over again. Experiments Must Continue If inclined ramps are employed, the parachute is not likely to foul the stabilizing surfaces at the rear. The cabin simply runs up the ramp, and the parachute pulls it away while the machine moves on. It will cost many thousands of dollars to devise a giant parachute that will perform the func- tion of an aerial life-raft. But the ex- periments out of which the parachute will evolve must be carried on. The best informed experts believe in the scheme, just as they believe that aerial life-saving appliances must be stand- ardized, and that laws must be enacted to compel the owners of passenger air- craft to install them. A great aerial disaster may do the development of commercial aeronau- tics incalculable harm. It is wise to carry out the researches suggested. by Mr. Calthrop and to perfect a practical cabin parachute, which will reduce the ever-present peril to those who travel in passenger-planes. i,

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September, 1921 ae a t 7 $ i eae ev ) l " 3 > 4 y Cabin containing passengers liffled clear of falling ‘aeroplane approximate ; five becom afies- todease J e 1 e y t e e e ul ‘= d f= le " * © Modern Publishing Company Drawing by G. H. Davis Ke) e e e. How the Cabin Parachute Would Act in a Nose Dive al If the pilot loses control of the plane or meets other air dis- There is practically no possibility that the parachute ne aster, he has only to pull a lever, which releases the pilot _will fail to open, and by having the device under the con- parachute. This will insure the opening: of the inter- trol of the pilot, danger of panic is avoided, and the air- 10 mediate and the main parachutes, and the cabin contain- plane is provided with a means of escape comparable to ing the passengers is pulled clear of the falling airplane in the life-boats at sea. This cabin-parachute is being a backward direction and floats slowly to the earth. developed by E. L. Calthrop. 19

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Popular Science Monthly Cable Loops Make Anti-Telescoping Cars Steel noose will snare the invader and confine damage to the vestibule. HE damage and loss of life in railroad . wrecks are not con- fined to the car actually struck. Several cars in each train will be - tele- scoped. No scene is more horrible than that of one passenger-car mounting the platform of another ahead and plowing through, sweep- ing and crushing. Steel crumples and tears like paper; wood disintegrates in a shower of splinters. If the damage done to a coach could be confined to the impact the ‘vestibule, a_ serious collision might occur with- out logs.of: life, since the “er ; ends‘of'a car might be badly . This simple picture crushed without danger to the passengers in the cen- ter of the coach. The invention pictured in the illustration accom- plishes this by building steel.cables into the vesti- bule of each car, which snare and hold , the oncoming engine or car, and prevent ‘telescoping.’ The principle is simple. Imagine a log of wood with its ends tightly wound with a strong steel cable. It would be impossible to split this log unless a foree great enough to part the cable was applied. When steel railroad-cars are tele- scoped, they split in two parts, the ramming car acting as a wedge. Why not place a noose at the end of each car and prevent this telescoping? cables How the steel cables are anchored in the vestibule of the rail- way-car to take up illustrates the principle of the loop protection. The axe cannot split the log wound with That is just what has been done. Five heavy steel cables are looped around the ends of cars and when the ramming car noses into these, their grip tightens over its end. The cables are anchored so that they cannot be loosened by the im- pact of collision. A passenger-train traveling sixty miles an hour represents a great amount of energy. When a rapidly moving body strikes a_ stationary object, this energy must be dissi- pated instantly. In the case of the new cable-protected cars, the impact of the moving train will force the other train into motion. The force of the- moving train is simply diverted from the work of destruc- tion to producing motion. When two cars override, the floor. of the first rises above that of th second, and the force of the col- lision pushes the rear car over the floor of the for- ward one like a_ plane, scraping off the entire superstructure and killing every passenger. Where the end of the car is caught and held within strong steel cables, the colliding car cannot rise from the track unless the cables burst, which is un- likely. The cables have a com- bined tensile strength of two million pounds, and since this is greater than that of the center sills, the force of the initial impact in a collision is partly dissipated by crushing the vestibule, the area of destruction is confined to the vestibules, and the passengers are not endangered. It is clear that this crumpling of the structure within the cables acts as a cushion for the shock, and before the cables part and the body of the car is invaded, the train which is struck will be forced away from fur- ther danger. 4 ae p See gt > a ee a? Saint a Where destruction starts. One car rises and usually overrides the next car “Telescoping,’’ translated into the terms of lost lives and irreparable damage, when steel crumples up and wood disintegrates into splinter showers. loop protection would have prevented this 20 Cable-

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, ae a ae ae ae en Oo Owe NS ODO FR ee Prt September, 1921 Timing Concrete Mixing Moving-Pictures of Vocal Chords in Action by Machinery NE of the important details in mixing concrete is that of keeping a batch at a uniform quality. Until recently this has been done more or less haphazardly. But now an instru- ment has been invented that automati- cally measures the time from the moment when the sand, cement, and stone are dumped into the mixing- drum until they are discharged from the chute into the forms. . Thus the mixing period is fixed, an the quality of the concrete is made uniform. The apparatus controls the time of mixing through the medium of the dis- charge chute, which is automatically locked after the loading-skip reaches the charging position and the materials enter the mixing-drum. The chute remains locked until the specified mixing period has elapsed. No ma- terial can be discharged from the drum until the chute is automatically re- leased at the expiration of the mixing- time. The end of this period is signaled by a gong, which rings until the batch is discharged. The timing device - can adjust the mixing period for any length of time from three seconds to three min- utes. The _ instrument also records each batch on a coun- ter, thus providing a counter check on the number of batches mixed in a day and the amount of cement, sand, and stone used. Courtesy of the Bray Studios MIXING DRUM When the mixing period ends, the gong rings, the chute unlocks, and a standard batch of concrete is discharged This is one of the many drawings made to show what happens in the throat and head when we sing HEN we sing or talk, air is ejected from the lungs and passes over the vocal chords, caus- ing them to vibrate. - Sound is produced thereby and it goes into the cavities of the mouth and nose, which act as aresonance chamber. The sound is then released through the lips. By means of moving-pictures you can now see this process. Several hundred drawings like the one shown here have been made to dem- onstrate the various changes that take place while a note is sung. The tongue and lips are very flexible and they change their shape Courtesy of the Bray Studios This strip of film shows what happens when you pronounce “‘a,” as in “father”’ readily in order to produce various letters. The vocal chords produce the tones; they are two folds of tissue with a V-shaped space between them. When you sing a low note, the space widens and the folds relax, and the reverse action follows a high note. Professor G. Panconcelli-Calzia, director of the Phonetic Labo- ratory of the city of Hamburg, now photographs the throat in action. He places a long rod with a mirror at the end down the throat. By means of a light and a second mirror he is able to Taking photographs of the vocal chords in action. By means of a sort of periscope and a rotating disk every tenth vibration is recorded 21 see the vocal chords. But the number of vibrations in the chords when a sound is be- ing made—100 to 1000 a second —is too great for an ordinary moving-picture camera to record individually; hence Professor Calzia and Professor Hegener have devised a rotating disk con- taining several radial slots. They place this disk between the camera and the throat under observation; light passes through it only when a slot comes into view. One out of every ten vibrations is regis- tered. The motion is thereby plainly recorded ard can be easily followed when the film is projected on a screen.

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Popular Science Monthly Correct Postures Aid ) Why not learn to sit, stand, work and write in the best position? The usual form upon which men’s and boys’ suits are made is calculated to fit the average person. It was formerly taken for granted that the average man or boy is partly round-shouldered, and suits were made that did not fit per- fectly a straight form. Now there are other types of suit forms. On the left is shown how a suit built on a straight form projects on the neck of a round- shouldered boy. The right-hand pic- ture shows how a round-shouldered suit fits the same boy Here is the proper stool for factory workers, or workers at any bench or table. Its seat is ad- justable and it has a foot-rest. Sometimes the foot-rest is placed on the work bench. The girl sits erectly and avoids unnec- cessary suffering from fatigue and eye-strain a4 These men stood in a row after enlisting in the army. The photograph was taken through the courtesy of the United States Army officials at the barracks at Columbus, Ohio The girl worker in a factory is often obliged to sit on any kind of stool that happens to be in the stockroom. Seated on this, she bends over her machine in a back-breaking position that is likely to produce a permanent curva- ture of the spine 22 The man on the right is a good ex- ample of the wrong way to stand. His knees are bent and the shoulders cast down. The correct posture while standing is readily appreciated in the manly, erect figure on the left. It takes only a little practice to learn how to stand erect

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September, 1921 Health and Appearance The right way is as easy as the wrong and far more comfortable The American Posture League of New York has spent much time and effort in experiments to determine fatigue- resisting postures. On the right in the picture above a boy who has learned to stand correctly is seen wearing a suit that was made on a round- shouldered model; on the left he is wearing a suit made on a straight model - . ee ant aia Here are the same men after a few days’ exercise. The erect figure in the proper suit shows how much better looking they are. Anybody who is not deformed can learn to stand straight The man on the right shows the cor- rect way to hold a tablet in the lap to write on. Practise the correct way and note the difference it makes in your appearance The wrong way to 3 hold a writing tab- A ladies’ tea-party is a good place to observe : let in one’s lap. It both correct and incorrect postures. On the ‘ brings the shoulders right, in the picture, is the correct posture. Note forward in a stoop- the straight lines of the woman’s figure. On the ing position and extreme left is the slouchy posture. The differ- produces eye-strain ence is in itself convincing

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Popular Science Monthly

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© Modern Publishing Company The nose of the ZR-2 (R-38) carries a conical mooring- eye that fits into a universal joint on the mooring-mast. The bow is reenforced with extra girders to withstand this strain and to prevent the nose from being blown in

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© Modern Publishing Company The girders are of duralumin, almost aluminum-light and steel-tough. Miles of wire are used in the internal braces that stay the rigid framework. Only the main radial wires are shown here America’s Largest The ZR-2, built in England embodies many improvements By P. J. Risdon, English Correspondent HE British dirigible R-34, which was the first airship to fly across the Atlantic, is dwarfed by America’s new airship, the R-38, built in England for the United States Navy. The R-38, renamed in the United States, the ZR-2, was the finest and most efficient military airship in the world on(|th2 day when it was being made ready for delivery to its Yankee crew. The experience gained in flying the R-34 has led to many improvements in the construction of the ZR-2. The new ship is larger and more powerful. Its length of 694 feet exceeds that of the R-34 by fifty-one feet, the diameter of the gas envelope is seven feet greater, and the lifting capacity of the larger balloons is utilized in carrying more powerful engines, larger bombs, and a greater supply of gasoline. An examination of the plans of the ZR-2 gives a clear idea of the newest developments in rigid airship construction. The stiff outer framework is built of lattice girders rigidly bolted together. These are made of an aluminum alloy called duralumin, which is almost as light as aluminum and nearly as strong as steel. Strong as this framework is, the air pressure against the vast hull is so great, particularly when it is

Page 13

i ent irst ind the ost lay its | to R-2. gth eet, ter, zed and Ss a ship | of are 1ich g as sure it is September, 1921, ET ALL 694 FEET, 4INCHES _ Porta Starboard affcars, each: ’ containing - _ 350HP-Fngines. Dotfed line posifion of catwalk fo rear gunners nest - Aerial Battleship for the United States Navy not found in the famous R-34 Drawings made by G. H. Davis driven at its maximum speed of sixty-five miles an hour against a strong headwind, that the outer frame- work is reenforced by thousands of guy-wires. Of these, the central axial cable is the most important, since it runs from bow to stern through the gas-bags and strengthens the ship longitudinally. To this “keel” the other guy-wires are secured. The duralumin framework is covered on the outside with three-ply canvas and rubber, laced on and doped to render it waterproof. The whole of the vast hull is then coated with aluminum paint. Experience has proved this very effective in reflecting the sun’s rays so that the light cannot penetrate the fabric and damage the rubber, while by reflecting the heat of the sun the temperature within the hull does not fluctuate so violently. There are fourteen gas-bags, which extend from the nose just aft to the rudder and elevator joints, the extreme ends of the ship having no gas-chambers. The twelve forward sections are forty-nine feet in diameter, the thirteenth is forty-one feet, and the fourteenth is thirty-three feet. All are fitted with an elaborate sys- tem of valves, and every precaution is taken to clear away the explosive mixture of air and hydrogen from The maximum speed is from fifty-five to sixty-five miles an hour. The placing of the cars differs radically from that of the R-34. There are seven instead of four, and the flying controls are separated from the engines. The dirigible is propelled by six 350-horsepower English engines, four direct drive and the after two geared, The ZR-2 is considerably faster, carries more gasoline, and has a greater cruising radius than the R-34 ee ee Starboard leva for © Modern Publishing Company Rudders and elevators are of the balanced type. Air pressure on surfaces lessens strain on the controls. The fins are V-shaped and internally braced in order to reduce air resistance Sls wo. ion with t, ie gereeettmes o aigr meen sae a et a

Page 14

WATER BALLAST TROL | WS 4 PN eT PS (gf Ae * Lal 7B { "| . ; , . ~ ‘ "NGIN. F TELE GRAPHS YO \ Fie . * iL ke % at £2 AP ee Here is the interior of the control car. All of these complicated instruments must be watched con- wheels. The ZR-2 is steered by large stantly, and frequent calculations based on their readings determine how to trim ship and maneuver for a landing the inside of the ship. To prevent all avoidable leakage, the gas-bags of the dirigible are of single-ply cotton fabric, the inner surface of which is covered with a single layer of gold- beater’s skin. Gas-Bags Alone Cost $200,000 This skin is obtained from oxen. It forms an extremely light and effi- cient gas-container, but the supply of skins is limited, since only one can be obtained from each ox. Nearly six hundred thousand skins are needed to line the gas-b ags of a dirigible of the R-34 class, and although the skins are worth only about three cents apiece, the amount of labor employed in scrubbing, cleaning, and applying them to the cotton fabric is so vast that the cost of the gas-bags alone is not far short of two hundred thousand dollars. A gas-bag will ordinarily last for two years. The shape of the ZR-2 differs from that of the R-34 owing to the exten- sion of the lower bays of the envelope ' frame, which gives the ship a more oval appearance. The arrangement of the cars on the under body is the result of experience gained. in flying the R-34. This ship had four cars, each provided with a motor. The ZR-2 has seven, six of which are “power eggs,” while the seventh is used solely to house the controls. This is an advantage for exact navigation. The R-34 had a big car forward, or rather two cars jointed together but divided by a space of one inch. The forward car held all the delicate control apparatus, and when the engine in the rear car was running, the vibration and noise in- convenienced the navigation and con- trol officers, who were separated from the engine-room only by an inch of air space. In the under body of the ZR-2 the control car is placed as far from the engine as possible. The nearest en- gines are the port and starboard fore- engine cars, which are far enough away to insure silence for the control car. All these cars are placed very low on the hull. The control car and the fore and aft pairs of engine cars are provided with ‘“bumping-bags,” or shock-absorbers, since they rest on the ground when the machine lands. The two midship cars are slung 26 Popular Science Monthly higher up the side of the hull, so that their propeller blades are clear of the ground when the bumping-bags of the others are resting on the earth. To prevent damage to the propellers of the lower cars, they are arranged so that when the ship is about to land, two blades of the propeller can be automatically held horizontal and thus clear the ground. The great vertical rudders and elevators are controlled by wheels in the control car. These are similar to’ the ordinary ship steering-wheel. The one on the right hand, looking forward, controls the elevators, and the other in the nose of the car actuates the vertical rudders. The ZR-2 is so large and the size of the controlling surfaces at the stern of the ship so great that new construction methods were adopted. The ZR-2’s Rudders Are Unique They were made in the shape of fins, following the design of the latest Zeppelins, and instead of bracing them externally, as in the R-34, all the sup- ports are internal. This makes the outer surface of the V-shaped fins perfectly smooth, reduces the air friction, and enables them to with- stand far greater wind pressure than the narrow, externally braced fins of the R-34. ' The “cat-walk” is a narrow passage leading from the radio-room in the control-car clear aft along the bottom of the framework. It is so called because it is only twelve inches wide. Several of the gasoline-tanks are what is known as “‘slip-tanks.” If it is. necessary to lighten ship suddenly (as is frequently the case) these tanks can be thrown overboard. The cooking apparatus and the bunks for the officers and men are also located along the cat-walk. A speed of sixty-five miles an hour is attained by the six 350-horsepower engines. Four propellers are direct connected, and two geared. A formidable craft in warfare will be the ZR-2. With its armament of four- teen Lewis guns and one one-pound automatic, the big airship will have an effective reply ready for attackers and a means of leaving its mark on water craft below. One of the Lewis guns shoots downward from the center of the underside. Another is planted on the stern. The one-pounder is mounted in warship style on a tourelle that raises or lowers it so that it can fire directly up and virtually on a straight line. But the ZR-2 carries her chief sting in her bomb-racks, where four 520-pounders and eight 230-pounders are held on a trigger release ready to deal destruction to unlucky ships steaming beneath, ships whose speed the great dirigible can easily double.

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See eS SO sm OD OD ir- nd ve Ts on vis cer September, 1921 Kgening in Touch: wah tbe World. vs HOULD business or pleasure take J you out in the wilderness, be- yond the reach of mail, telegraph, or telephone, you need no longer be isolated on that account. A portable wireless equipment, invented by a German electrician and so compact that it will not be a burden on a long journey, will enable you to remain in touch with the world and to exchange telephonic messages with your family, friends, or business associates. For greater convenience in carrying, the apparatus is packed in two par- cels. One of these contains the folded frame and support for the antennze wires and greatly resembles in ap- pearance a folded camera tripod. The other parcel is a box with a strap handle and contains the wireless ap- paratus for receiving and sending and the telephone earpieces, which are held in position over the ears by a spring strap. With this apparatus, communica- tion over a considerable distance is possible and the messages may be in telegraphic or in telephonic form. One of the illustrations.shows the ap- paratus in use on a boat floating on & — “ at By moving the rod of this instru- ment to correspond with letters on a card, you can learn to play A Simplified Trombone ERE is a wind instrument that slides in trombone fashion and yet is very easy to operate. You blow —not too strenuously—through the mouthpiece and slide a telescoping rod backward and forward to get various tones. The letters of the scale— written in the key of F—are marked on the main tube; thus you can teach yourself how to play with the aid of an indicator attached to the sliding rod. The music is written in letters cor- responding with the letters of the key. By moving the rod so that the indi- cator corresponds with the letters on the card, you play the tune, Though many miles from the nearest post- office, telegraph, or telephone station, the man in the boat is in touch with his family and the rest of the world by means of his wireless equipment When packed, the appa- ratus case resembles a camera box - hile Camping the quiet waters of a lake. But it may be used anywhere else—on a railway-train, in the mountains, or in the desert. — Put the sections of the antenne frame together, stretch the wire or wires over the cross-arms, and mount the frame on its support. Then open the instrument box, make the wire connections and place the telephone receivers Over your ears. Give the code signal of the station with which you wish to communicate and wait for an answer. If your instrument and that of the receiving sta- tion are properly at- tuned, you will not have to wait long for the answering signal and then you may telegraph or telephone to your family, to your friends, -or to your office, receive the latest news from the stock exchange, and send your instructions perhaps for closing some impor- tant deal. Beware Wildcat Oil-Shale Promotion ARNING the public against stock companies promoting the exploitation of oil shale, Dr. R. F. Bacon, of the Mellon Institute of In- dustrial Research, states that to his knowledge there is no commercial oil production from shale in the United States to-day. The United States con- tains upward of sixty million barrels of oil in its shale deposits, and 250 companies have been formed to extract Electric Floor-Groover T the Chicago post-office all mail- cases are connected with electrical floor boxes. When the location of a case was changed, it formerly was necessary either to tear up the floor or saw by hand a slot large enough to accommodate an electric feed wire. This laborious task is now performed by means of an electri- cal floor-groover, which cuts a slot auto- matically and at a great saving of time and labor. Grooves ranging from one eighth to five eighths of an inch in width may be cut. A man operates the hand wheel, which automatic- ally feeds the cut- ter as the groove is made. The electrical slot from one eighth to five eighths of an inch wide this oil, but the technical problems of extraction have not yet been worked out. Only nineteen of the companies are doing any experimental work; the rest are solely wildcat concerns. The oil obtained from shale is not identical with petroleum, and is far more difficult to refine. Shale-oil ex- traction has been successful in Scot- land, but the plants have since been turned into petroleum refineries. for Interior Wiring floor-groover automatically cuts a WE want every reader to profit from the scores of ‘“‘useful things to make” described in ‘‘The Home Workshop”’ (see page 80). With a few tools—and Popular Science—you can enjoy one of the most fascinating recreations, and add to 27 the convenience, comfort, utility, and efficiency of your sur- roundings. We also call attention to the fact that a total of $165 in prizes is offered monthly for the best contributiuns in connection with the department.—The Editor.

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F actony Tait Houses Help to Solve the High-Rent Problem Ninety thousand can be built every year By James Henle

Popular Science Monthly

Every part of this beautiful little house was com- pleted in the factory leaving nothing to do but assemble the parts on the foundation

ACTORY- FB: i le houses that can be turned out by the dozen in big shops’ un- doubtedly _ offer one solution of the present hous- ing problem. Not only are they less expensive than handmade houses,

To thousands of readers longing for their. own homes, this article will bring vitally interesting news. It reveals the rapid strides of a new national industry which is applying factory methods to the production of houses. The industry described in these pages seems to offer one solution of the problem, since it puts within your reach a variety of new houses that represent a saving of about 30 per cent. over a similar dwelling built in the usual way. offer § easy-pay- ment plans that make it possible for every man who is earning even a moderate salary to own his own home. These houses can be heated by steam, hot water, gas, or any other method you may

but they can also be made in a very short time. At present there are twenty ‘“‘house factories’ in the country, and their aggregate capacity is three hundred houses a day—more than ninety thousand a year. When you order a house, it is deliv- ered to you in pieces that are ready to be nailed together. The pieces that make up a five-room bungalow, for instance, would cost less than two thousand dollars, delivered. The put- ting together and finishing off would cost about fifteen hundred dollars. Thus your entire house would cost thirty-five hundred. Furthermore, the companies that turn out these houses

TO CUT THE SMEATHING FOR TriS GABLE

THE CARPENTER TAKES AN “ e _ EIGHT -FOOT.A Six FOOT, = EF 8-0 > 220-4 A FOUR-FOOT, AND A TWO INS FOCT BOARD AND CUTS JY oN! THEM THIS WAY y Y ME REQUIRES TWENTY FEET OF LUMBER sz, Ne J i IN r 6-0 >> ’—4-0- —| 4 6-0 ———>} —= a ‘ \. |

S +40 — >| So +-0 sari + 16-0" Scientific cutting, as shown directly above, uses sixteen feet of lumber where

the carpenter. would -use.twenty-.feet i

prefer. They have modern plumbing, electric light, and every convenience found in an up-to-date house. It is impossible, merely by looking at them, to see how they differ from houses on the same street put up by individual contractors. In a fairly typical instance—this of the ready-cut house—the foundation sill, floor-joists, sub-flooring, the reg- ular tongued-and-grooved flooring, the studding, the wall sheathing, the sid- ing, the window- and door-frames, the outside finish, rafters, roof sheathing, steps, stairs, and the porch framing are delivered to you already cut and ready to nail into place, also the fittings

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place. The carpenters need no saws. When you buy a ready-cut house, it is delivered in this manner. Each piece is numbered ready to be nailed into A factory-built house can be erected in from five to ten days

28

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SS ae Se ee I? a = he id- ng, ing ind ngs September, 1921 and materials needed for completing the building—the building-paper, lock- sets, door-hinges, window-weights, nails, paints, varnishes, etc. This is not a new way to build; it is much the way in which Solomon’s Temple was constructed; and, in another sense, it follows the methods used in erecting the modern skyscraper. No one familiar with the funda- mentals of modern industry will find it hard to understand the economies that, aside from the saving in expensive hand labor, come from the quantity production of houses. In the first place, quantity buying of lumber by the factory permits the purchaser to escape paying the middleman’s profits. Machine labor in an up-to-date plant can do better, faster, more accurate work than hand labor, no matter how skilful the artisans are individually. Mill preparation of lumber permits economy of cutting. With lumber prepared by the factory method, only the parts that are actually needed are shipped to your lot. , ‘An Architect's Services Free The houses are designed by highly paid expert architects, but the expense is spread over so many houses that the actual cost to each purchaser is practically nothing, and thus he is saved the fee that he would have to pay an architect for designing an in- dividual dwelling for him. Systema- tized factory methods in handling and shipping lumber prevent loss of time and labor, just as in a modern clothing factory it is possible to produce a suit of clothes at a lower price than a single tailor, performing all the operations himself, can do it. It is difficult to say just how great a saving this amounts to in dollars and cents. Apparently it may amount to as much as 30 per cent of the cost of Carpenters cannot compete with ma- chines. A humming circular saw will rip through twenty boards in the time a car- penter is sawing one This bungalow represents a new idea in factory-made houses. Its walls are completed at the factory, and it comes to the consumer ready to be bolted together by a patented method. The house is just as substantial as are those made in the conventional manner the house. For instance, an Eastern house factory manufactures a Colonial house that costs $3835, or, with masonry, foundation work, plumbing, heating, lighting, etc., about $7000. It is difficult to see how this house could be built by a contractor for less than $10,000. i This brings in another element. The prices quoted by the various plants generally do not include any of the items enumerated above. As a rule, these add 30 or 40 per cent, or even more, to the catalogue prices. A point that must not be forgotten is that in a comparatively inexpensive bungalow the “extras” run proportion- ately high, but that in more expensive houses these ‘‘extras’”’ do not constitute so big a factor in the total cost. For Inside a house factory. Here the sawing and planing-machines shape boards and rafters that will be used in house con- struction instance, the excavation work for a bungalow must be just as extensive as that for a two-story house of seven or eight rooms, and in other respects the costs for the smaller house are larger in proportion than they would be in a more pretentious dwelling. Buyers.) of quantity-production houses will find that the firms in this industry are engaged in the keenest 29 kind of competition. It is doubtful whether there is any industry in which the manufacturers are more intent upon getting as much business as possible and in keeping down their prices so as to attract the greatest volume of sales. Most of these plants have permanent forces to which they attempt to give regular employment. They can reduce their overhead ex- penses only by increasing their out- put. The various plants have different methods of selling. A large proportion of them depend upon mail orders, but at least one important organization sells only through local lumber dealers. In the same way there are different methods of delivering the houses. For the most part, ordinary railway freight is used, but some firms, which confine their sales largely to one section of the country, employ motor-trucks and send their own men along to put up the structure. Another plant sends a foreman to supervise the work of local carpenters. Some concerns state that skilled labor is not necessarily required for erecting their houses. In any event, pur- chasers should ascertain in advance whether labor to erect their homes will be available. How Long It Takes to Build Depending upon the size of the house and the degree to which it has been completed when it leaves the factory, it requires from a few days toa month to erect and make ready for occupancy one of these quantity production houses. However, even the ones that consume the most time are ready in a fraction of the time re- quired to build a house by ordinary methods. To an individual this may or may not be important; but to a company building many houses at once, this means that a great deal

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Popular Science Monthly is saved in inter- est on the money invested. The remarkable extent of the in- dustry is shown by the fact that there are plants manufacturing houses in every section of the country, in the East, on the Pa- builder. cific Coast, in the South, in the Middle West. Their products appeal to the well- to-do, to those of moderate means, and to large cor- ) duplicate. porations seeking timber cut to size. building this type of house. The ready-built house comes in complete units which have been finished at the mill and can be put into place by the average purchaser without the assistance of a carpenter or Thus the floor, windows, doors, walls, ceiling, and roofs all are shipped in easily assembled units, which means a great saving in labor cost to the purchaser. Factories making either type of house, however, are able to show many economies in the selection and cutting of material which the individual builder could not begin to How Factory-Built Houses Differ E. ready-cut house reaches its purchaser in lengths of Skilled carpenters are required for room, two. bed- rooms, _ kitchen, and bath. The steel siding is em- bossed, panelled, and painted and gives the effect of stucco. The roof is covered with steel having the appearance of at- tractive red Span- ish tile. This house sells for $1985, which includes every- thing except heat- ing.. Persons who do not want to pay cash are offered their choice of two easy-payment housing accommo- dations for their employees. The products of these companies range from a two-room cottage of insignificant cost to large residences which, when completed, cost over twenty-five thousand dollars. The number of styles offered runs into the thousands, and, if you cannot be satisfied even by this wide choice and wish to add individual features of your own, it is possible to obtain modifications of existing designs at only a trifling additional expense. The man who is now paying rent would do well to carefully consider the question of what he gets for his money and whether it is really necessary to pay rent for thirty or forty years or longer and then at the end have nothing to show for it. For instance, a man paying fifty dollars a month rent can buy a six-room house that com- pleted will cost about five thousand dollars. If a man owns a lot and can make an initial payment of about one thou- sand dollars on his house—and in some cases this figure can be reduced—he often will be able to arrange, either: through the company from which he buys his house or through a building loan association, to pay for his house on easy terms. If he puts in only the fifty dollars he has been accustomed to pay every month for rent, he will be able to pay off his debt and to own his house at the end of nine years. No one who deals with one of the large, reputable companies engaged in this industry need fear that, because the transaction takes place largely by mail and freight, he will not receive the personal attention to which he is en- titled. These concerns depend upon satisfied customers to make other sales. Have You Seen the New Steel House? A small house recently put on the market is made of steel in interlocking sections that are assembled into per- 1 Sn ieneeeunenel ». 21N. X SIN. WOOD. STEEL- PRESSED STu Showing how the steel-covered house is erected. The company supplying the house takes care of its construction, and there is therefore no worry about the labor question manent buildings without piercing the metal and without the use of screws, nails, or bolts of any kind. These houses are lined with insulated wall- board designed to render them warm in winter and cool in summer. The claim is also made that these homes are practically fireproof and that light- ning will not injure them. One of. the:typical cottages sold; by this company is twenty by thirty-six feet and contains a living- plans. Under one of these they pay $985 and the rest is included in a three-year mortgage. Under the second the initial payment is only $385 and the remainder is paid in forty monthly installments of $50 each, which cover the principal and in- terest on the unpaid balance. The company is also selling lots to those who have no land of their own. Many Styles Built from One Unit From the same unit other and more elaborate styles of homes can be con- structed. The only limit upon the variety of these is that the width of any unit cannot be more than twenty feet, due to the fact that the roof and walls are constructed as a single, inter- _ locked whole. In short, it is possible to satisfy al- most every-variety of taste in the mat- ter of what a home should be, by one or another of these factory-built houses. field of ready-made houses. 30 The steel-covered house enters the The pic- ture above gives a clear idea of the steel roof’s appearance. Sheet steel has been used extensively in the construc- tion of factories, but this is the first time it has been pressed into service for house-building purposes

Page 19

le CN, A i al . awa F&¢ Wr crv © 3 ye yr September, 1921 ‘blown up to give the Air-Bags and Wheels that Drop Enable Land Plane to Rest N case of trouble over water the airplane shown below can be made seaworthy very quickly. To do this the pilot simply pulls a few cables and turns a few valves. The landing- wheels are the first to go; they are literally blown off their hubs. The pilot pulls a cable that draws two safety cotters within the main pins. Then he turns a compressed-air valve that sends air through the axle and off are blown the wheels. Next he pulls a cable that rips open the fastenings of the canvas covers in which two air-bags are enclosed. A turn of the compressed-air valve fills them with air. These bags are at- tached to boards on the under surface of the lower wings. There are three air- bags inside the fuse- lage that are also airplane greater buoy- ancy. The machine is then ready to land on the water. There is a wooden hydro-surface in front of the wings that hits the water first. It supports the weight of Courtesy U. S. Air Service on Water the airplane and pre- vents the bags from be- ing torn loose as the air- plane speeds through the water on landing. There is also a tail hydro-sur- face; this prevents the “ship” from ‘nosing over’ as it lands—the tail is forced to stay in the water. Wooden pontoons of the usual design are attached to the lower wings. If necessary, the air- plane can float on the water for several hours. By pulling cables and turning valves the pilot can change this land plane into a seaplane. The landing-wheels are blown off by compressed air With air-bags filled, the pilot can taxi up to the beach, pull a couple of fresh wheels out of the cockpit, attach them and take off overland again A Weather Bureau in Your Hat VERY one hates to carry an umbrella, yet every one hates to be caught in the rain with a perishable straw hat. You can, however, take a look into your hat and get a real prognostica- tion—if you have the right kind of hat. This is a hat beneath the crown of which is pasted a disk of blotting- paper that is blue when clear weather is promised, pink when rain is due. This result is obtained by treating’ the blotting-paper disk with a solu- tion of one part of cobalt chloride, ten parts of gelatin, and one hundred parts of water. Cobalt is extremely sensitive to variations of moisture in the atmosphere, and, thus used, makes the hat a weather bureau. | With this American woman’s color orchestration, we may play lullabies to rest tired eyes as well as tired ears YANKEE DOODLE 1 - 2 ee - BREHwR $BRRESRSE oo” y %G% °° GY4°8 %®& © ¢@ %Q Playing Music with Light Doubles Your Enjoyment USIC has been given an interpretation in color. Mrs. Mary Hallock Greenewalt, a noted pianist of Philadelphia, has added color to the charm of music. She believes that we may have ‘‘notes’” in light as well as notes in sound. We may also artistically blend various wave lengths of light just as we blend wave lengths of sound. The blending of beautiful shades of color with music gives to the music a new artistic effect. In the case of sound we have disturbances in the air. With light we have wave disturbances in the ether. The pitch of a certain sound depends upon the wave length. The high note on a piano vibrates several thousand times a second, and the last bass note vibrates very few times a second. There is a scale of light waves ranging from a very high pitch to a low pitch. In the case of light waves, however, we have vibrations in the ether that reach several billion a second. By arranging certain colored lights in the order of their wave lengths, we may produce a chromatic scale that may be used in connection with the music scale. This is just what Mrs. Mary Hallock Greenewalt has done. She has arrang- ed a color scale that may be used with music scales. Mrs. Hallock Greenewalt employs a single lamp in connection with specially constructed resistances, so that the intensity of the light may be varied progressively. A_ revolving color-filter is placed before the lamp, and the motion of this is controlled by The little disk tells you whether your hat is likely to be rained on or whether the sun will continue to shine 31 the operation of the rheostat. The entire outfit is used as an adjunct to a regular orchestra equipment.

Page 20

Coaling Ship with a Mechanical Trimmer A battery of trimmers ready to load a collier through all hatches at once. The coal is dumped from the cars on to four main conveyor-belts, which distribute it to transverse belts supplying the towers. From the towers the coal runs down a telescoping chute to the mechanical trimmer, which shoots the coal to the farthest corner of the ship’s hold Each minute twenty-five tons of coal are thrown thirty feet by a cleated belt running at a velocity of twenty-seven hundred feet a minute 32 Popular Science Monthly NE explanation of the mysteri- () ous sinking of the collier Cyclops, which disappeared without leav- ing a trace after sailing from Brazil in 1917 with a war-cargo of manganese, - is that the cargo suddenly shifted in a gale and capsized the vessel. Sea- captains always insist that men “trim,”’ or distribute cargoes of coal evenly and solidly, into every nook and corner of a vessel’s hold, so that, no matter how widely a ship rolls, the coal will not be able to gather into a heap at one side. Trimming is an essential precaution; but it is a dirty, slow, laborious, and expensive job. Now the Baltimore & Ohio railroad has installed a mechanical trimmer that at its export coal-pier at Curtis Bay, Maryland, loads a collier with scientific exactness in an exceedingly short time. Instead of a gang of men working below decks in a fog of coal- dust, there is only one man, and he does not touch a shovel. Belt-conveyors carry the coal from the cars to the trimmer. Here it falls on to a belt moving at a rate of twenty-seven hundred feet a minute, and the cleats on this belt throw the eoal nearly thirty feet, packing it evenly into every corner of the ship’s hold. The result is a large increase in the handling capacity of the coal-pier and safer and more compact stowage. The trimmer weighs twenty-two tons, but will be lowered into the hold in four minutes. The operator’s position is in the rear of the trimmer, and he is lowered below decks with it to super- . « intend the loading. The trimmer turns on its axis to place the coal evenly throughout the hold

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Is of e, he Y’s in er September, 1921 Some Interesting Eye Tests: Try Them You will find that things are not always what they seem Look at these two coins; they have the same ‘design, but are they of the same size? One is surrounded by large circles and the other by small. Solve the mystery yourself These are eels. If you could have either one at the same price, which would you choose? But don’t decide definitely that one is larger than the other until you have actually meas- ured them with your ruler Have a cigar. One is held vertically and the other horizontally. Our eyes are more accus- tomed to traveling hor- izontally than verti- cally. Bear this in mind when you consider the lencth of these cigars Are the lines that run 4 diagonally across this square parallel or con- w verging? You will ~ need your ruler again w/ before you decide. Those short vertical & and horizontal lines that cut the diagonals ?P are misleading Here is a picture of three policemen, ll dressed alike, looking alike, and standing in the same position. _ Is it possible that the three pictures repre- sent one man? The right-hand man may seem larger than the other two—you’d bet- ter measure them

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eS _EFFECT OF _CAMBERING a © Modern Publishing Coinpany ‘THIS monster hydro-airplane has a pair of landing- wheels hidden in the hull; they add no head_ resistance during flight, and yet they can be lowered in a few seconds if an emergency landing is necessary. .The slope of the planes is variable in order to facilitate a short rise, slow landing,“or high speed inflight. The passengers sit in a comfortable enclosed cabin. The boat hull itself is easily detached in case of a leak, Popular Science Monthly Drawing by S. W. Clatworthy A Yacht that Travels on Sea, Land, and in the Air and a “spare” hull can be substituted, thus avoiding the necessity of laying up the entire machine while the leak is mended. The wings, body, and tail are made of ply- wood instead of fabric; thus internal wiring is unneces- sary. There are four struts between the planes on each side,.and they are also made of plywood. Only one set of lift and landing wires is necessary. The machine will make one hundred and ten miles an hour

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September, 1921 Ninety Feet Down a Twenty-Inch Hole When he got down that far, he signaled for a hammer, rock-drills, dynamite, and some fuses “~TANDING on a small platform S suspended at the end of a rope, Mr. O. C. Stout, of San Angelo, Texas, was lowered through -a hole barely as wide as his shoulders into a huge cavern below the surface of the earth. He continued down and down through space—some ninety feet— playing his flashlight on the weird rocks and strange earth formation around him, until his feet struck a projecting ledge. This was what he was looking for. He signaled the men above to stop. Except for the twenty- inch hole—which might have become clogged by falling earth—he was buried alive. What was the cause of this strang descent? Oil. * Stout. was at that time connected with a company that was drilling for oil. He was driving the cutting-bit through sand and rock when, suddenly, the drilling cable acted strangely—it was not hitting properly. He realized that the bit must have gone through too large an opening. The bit had then struck a ledge and had been thrown off its straight course. And the cure for this was the removal of the ledge! Mr. Stout had been a miner in his earlier days and offered to go down the hole. The rope that was used in lowering him was attached to the sand line that runs over a pulley in the “crown block” of the derrick. Stout had arranged a set of rope signals with the men who were to do the lowering. After he reached the ledge he sig- naled for a hammer, rock-drills, dyna- mite, and fuses. With only his flash- light to guide him, he drilled two holes in the ledge. =n these he placed the charges of dynamite that. were at- tached to the ends of a stick. Next he adjusted the fuses, braided the ends together, and fastened them to the stick. His work done, he signaled the men above to haul him up. How to Light the Fuses > Standing erect on the small plat- form, he held his body motionless dur- ing the long ascent; if he had moved ever so slightly he would have begun to swing from side to side, pendulum fashion. At last he reached the small hole through which he had come, and in another moment he was outside the earth again. Then came the problem of lighting the fuses. This was solved by lowering They were drilling for oil. When the cutting-bit had gone through some ninety feet of sand and rock, it be- gan to act strangely. It had struck a ledge, and the only remedy was to remove the ledge. O. C. Stout volun- teered to go down and inves- tigate. A platform was se- cured to a rope, and standing rigidly on this he was lowered into the hole, which was only twenty inches wide. When he reached the ledge—but read the story yourself a lighted candle through the hole. It ignited the fuses, and soon after the low rumble of the underground blast was heard by those above. Mr. Stout’s work, however, was not yet done. _-He made two more trips down the hole in order to clear the debris out of the way and to hang a plumb-line. While he was down there he in- vestigated the cave of which the ledge was a part, and found that it ex- tended deep into the earth. A brave man, you say. And yet he was quite unconcerned about his strange trip, considering it but part of the day’s work. ve

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Popular Science Monthly sneer An Operation Performed in One Room Reproduced in the Next } > igners is a new way in which to carry ona clinic. By using the observation instrument invented by Her- bert A. Silver; of Cincinnati, students in another room are enabled to follow every detail of an operation. One advantage of this arrangement is that the instruc- tor can easily follow the movements of the operating of students. The instrument could be also used by an employer to observe the industry of his employees in the workrooms while he remains in a private office. The device is in the nature of a periscope combined with an illuminating lantern that throws a light on the screen of an enlarged view of the field of observation that physician and comment freely on them for the benefit it covers. Unturl the Sail and Ride on the Life-Belt HE function of an ordinary life- belt is to keep you on top of the water—it gets you nowhere. But a new life-belt has been invented that will carry you through the water; it is equipped with a sail and also with a propeller, which you operate by hand. If you see a far-distant shore at the time of shipwreck you have at least a chance of reaching it. The life-belt itself fits around the neck. A metal ring is at- tached to it, and from this ring hangs the propelling device. You sit astride a metal bar and turn a handle that operates the propeller. If there is a strong wind blowing in the direction in which you are traveling, it will be wise to erect the : small sail that is at- 7 . ; ~—— tached to the belt : eet —i Fireproof Hollow Bricks Cheaper than Lumber N some parts of the country the bricks here pictured are cheaper than: lumber, better than ordinary brick and hollow tile, and save one third of the.cost of material and labor over a solid brick wall eight inches thick. Moreover, the bricks are so dry that plastering may be done directly upon the inside surface without the necessity of furring. Breaking the mortar joints, none of which pene- trates the wall completely, confines the moisture to the outer veneer, and the air in the interior chambers absorbs this. The bricks are laid on edge, each brick thus afford- ing a gain of twelve square inches of wall space, or eighty-three and one third square feet to each thousand _ bricks. Builders claim and cheapness no other wall con- struction at pres- ent on the mar- ket can equal it. that for fire resistance, strength, proper. This sail will ; give you speed and 12% in DEAL will also enable res- rigaes Head cuers to see you more Ghouse” readily. The propel- ing handle will keep Bin. IDEAL 12Ain IDEAL . k i rowlock wall. you from becoming ta emus numb. Mr. Marcorelli, a This life-belt is equipped with a hand-driven pro- - peller and a sail, which enable the user to travel through the water Frenchman, is the in- ventor of this travel- ing life-belt. These bricks can be laid on edge very effectively. They are hollow and are said to be fire-resisting, strong, and cheaper than lumber 36

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September, 1921 Destroying the Com-Borer that Destroys Crops European corn-borers ruin the life of an ear of corn. They bore through the stalk, then through the husk, and finally tackle the ear itself, As many as fifteen full- grown borers have been found in a single ear of corn PETRY Thee ‘is & These are full grown larvae; they were about to spin their cocoons inside an ear of corn when they were found. They spin near the surface of the stalk, so that the future moths, on emerging, will have no difficulty in flying away. The moths themselves are harm- less; it is the larvae that do the damage 5 B r y S 1 t j Steaming is one of the methods Burning the stalks and stubble by y used in destroying borers. Here a gasoline flame is the cheapest : you see some men pulling a can- way to kill borers. This truck i vas cover over a pile of infected carries a large gasoline-tank, and stalks in preparation for the travels from field to field, deliver- ) steaming process ing the gasoline 5 - . This is the boiler that creates the steam that kills the c borers. The coal-bin is seen to the left. Both of them are 1 mounted on a platform that can be wheeled from place to place with ease - Borers breed so rapidly that unless 95 per cent of them are killed each year, conditions will be no better the next year. Gasoline flame should be used in badly infested districts. When the corn is but slightly infested it can be used as fodder Here you see the stubble being plowed up prior to burning. It is collected into piles and then sprinkled with gasoline. It insures quick destruction of this pest that was not known in the United States before the year 1917 eee eee eee | Es Sr eae ae ng Ag NRT Se

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Popular Science Monthly He Sheds His Antlers Once Every Year NCE a year elks shed their horns. As soon as the old ones are gone new ones start. This process is repeated every year, the only. difference being that an extra pfong appears each time. Thus you can tell an elk’s age by the prongs in one of his antlers. The shedding is apparently a painless occurrence. As an antler falls off, a clot of blood forms at its root. In the first six months of growth there is a soft skin over the antlers; this is known as the velvet. As long as the velvet is there the antlers remain somewhat soft and sensitive, but when the velvet peels off the antlers be- come hard and dry up, and they lose all feeling. Lifeboats Made of Basketwork Gah Sy etnnigaes sends us this novelty in lifeboats. It is the invention of Mr. De Vos of that city. The model differs very little from the standard lifeboat in outline. But from that point all resem- blance ceases. The boat is lined with cork and covered with basketwork, including the fenders. This construction insures the boat against being overturned or crushed against the sides of the ship and permits of carrying a full complement of passengers with a greater margin of safety than is the case with ordinary lifeboats. This Fuse Can “‘Blow’’ Six Times | grantee fuses act like safety-valves on steam-boilers—they “blow” when the current becomes too strong. Fuses are made of strips of alloyed metals with low melting-points. They are made to form a part of the electric circuit. A fusible element of a certain size allows a certain amount of current to pass. We can imagine a water-pipe built so that it will allow a certain amount of water to pass without bursting. When too much current passes through a fuse, the alloy becomes hot and melts, and the electric circuit is broken because the fusible element no longer completes the path of the current. The fuse shown contains six elements, and when one of them blows or melts, a twist of the little handle will place another one in circuit and current will flow again. Don’T throw away old carbon-paper until you have tried the following rejuve- nating process: place two sheets of the paper face to face, put a sheet of ordinary paper over them, and press with a warm flatiron. This basket lifeboat comes from Holland © Kadel & Herbert Seamen’s Institute Memorial to the Ill-Fated Titanic HE building containing this binnacle is a memorial to the steamship Titanic, that majestic palace of the sea that went down on her first voyage after colliding with an iceberg. This binnacle is arranged on wheels so that it may be turned in various directions. This helps the student navigator to find himself, and much practical information on navigating is obtained in this way. Turn- ing the wheel turns the platform carrying the binnacle, and this corresponds to the turning of a ship. The compass is mounted before the dry- land navigators in the usual way. The only thing lacking is the rolling of the ship. Solving the Spare-Bed Problem OST settees that can be converted into beds look the part; you can spot them immediately. The one shown below, however, is different. It is made in an entirely new manner. The back and side arms pull out and become the foot of the bed; the seat turns over and reveals the hidden mattress and bedding beneath. The two sections—back and seat—are joined together and have a common spring that flattens out when the sections are un- folded. The entire bed, when extended, is four feet wide and-six feet long. When closed it looks like an innocent and com- fortable armchair. An extra bed such as this is invaluable

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September, 1921 Hide the’ ’Phone Behind a Mask igo! why atelephone is kept under cover in the best families, we do not know. We suspect, however, that the general lines of the instrument do not please the eye of the sensitive. In the picture above you see the head of a Japanese wind god; beneath it is the telephone. The receiver is tucked behind the god’s right ear and is easily removed when the telephone bell rings. The mouthpiece is inside the ear, and the woman talks into it just as if the god were a deaf old man. Your Body’s Repairing — Can Now Be Tested HE cells of your body are constantly being built up and destroyed; this process is known as metabolism. And if the two processes are not approximately equal, disease will follow. For instance, if the body takes in more water than it throws off, dropsy results. Therefore it behooves us to know the state of our metabolism. The picture below shows a machine for testing it. The patient breathes through the nose into a rubber hose. The gases pass into tubes and then into jars. The amount of carbon dioxide is automatically measured. If it is below or above the usual . amount, precaution- ary measures are taken. Her repairing power is being measured Fire-Ladder Wheeled by Hand OW the hook-and-ladder truck has a rival; Hubert Hopkins, of the San Francisco fire department has invented a ladder that can be wheeled through the streets and erected by two men. The ladder is mounted on a small frame to which wheels and handles are attached. When the ladder arrives at a fire, the wheels are raised and hooks are used to make the ladder firm. It is then extended to the desired height. This Dimmer Reflects Light | gecetevescoourengy headlights at night are courteously dimmed when passing another machine; otherwise the glare would dazzle the driver. Ordinarily the dimming is done by turning off the bright lamps and turning cn lamps of lesser candlepower. But here is a new method. Inside and across the glass front of the headlight are tilted metal strips. They are highly polished and are spaced so that the lamp can be seen, but some of the light is cut off. Here is a ‘‘close-up”’ of the dimmer 39 Protecting the Movie Actor |... bermaghadets vapor arc lights are used in movie studios. These are long glass tubes that give a greenish-blue light. This light is harmful to the eyesight; so, while the actors are at rest, tinted goggles are placed in the eye-holes of the odd- looking dress shown. The dress is to slip over the head of the actor to save him from the ill effects of the heat given off by the lights. It has a special crown sewn in the top to act as a reservoir for a hair preparation that counteracts the drying effects of the heat. Apparatus_for Making a Sheep Take Its Medicine ECENTLY the Bureau of Animal In- dustry of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture rigged up the outfit shown below for administering medicine to sheep suffering from stomach trouble. Copper sulphate solution is fed from an elevated reservoir—in this instance a gal- vanized bucket—to a rubber tube and then into an open graduated glass tube. Meas- ured doses escape through the rubber tube to a metal tube in the sheep’s mouth. The flow into and out of the glass tube is regulated by pinchcocks, one man attend- ing to this while another holds the tube. This device reguiates the medicine dose

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An Appetite Gage ty bodily temperature depends on several things. The most impor- tant thing is food. After we eat a heavy meal our temperature rises. It is like shoveling fuel into a fur- nace. More fuel, more heat. The ‘“hungryometer” is made up of a coiled thermometer arranged in a case that will slip into the vest pocket. It keeps tabs on the heat of the body. When the tem- perature falls below a certain point, it is time — to eat. Unfortunately, the thing does not tell people when they should stop eating. Ifit did it would be of far greater value than it is. Realistic Miniature Highway MINIATURE of a picturesque moun- tain route in California has been con- structed on the lawn of a Los Angeles home. The miniature road is made of concrete and winds in and out, over and between grass-covered mounds. At one point it crosses a model railway which emerges from a tunnel in the side of a miniature mountain. Realistic features have been added to the tiny highway, including signs at the railway crossing and at’ ‘“‘dangerous’’ curves. The children take great delight in pushing toy vehicles over the winding road. Vegetation May Furnish Motor Fuel UEL alcohol to be used in automobiles may be made from the moist vegetation of tropical jungles, according to H. N. Whitford of the Yale School of Forestry. “The evidence is conclusive,’”’ said he, “that the tropical sun has the power to store up more energy in the form of cellu- lose in a given time than has the temperate sun. If this is in a utilizable form, it re- mains for the ingenuity of man to overcome the difficulties of profitably applying it. With the increasing needs of the nation it is reasonable to expect that sooner or later it will be necessary to utilize more fully the plant resources of the tropics.” Two Wings Fly as One on This New Seaplane a the new seaplane built for the govern- ment the remarkable feature is the “stagger,” or backward position, of the lower plane. In many biplanes the wings are nearly in an exact line of the vertical plane, passing across their front edge. The stagger reduces the head resistance as the machine passes through the air, per- mitting a speed of 110 miles an hour; a low landing speed of 52 miles an hour is also possible. The general effect of the stagger is to give the biplane a performance almost equal to that of a monoplane. This new flying-boat is slightly longer than thirty feet and has aspan of 450 inches. It can carry 942 pounds and weighs 2290 pounds. It is what is known as a tractor seaplane mounted on two floats. Popular Science Monthly Press the Knob and Fill the Pen [DR4F TSMEN and artists say that the ordinary ruling-pen leaves much to be desired. It blots easily and the ink in it does not last long. Besides, if not used up quickly, it dries up. The pen shown above is so constructed that the ink does not dry up. This result is accom- plished by preventing exposure to the air. A small handle at the top of the pen allows the ink to be drawn up when it is pressed. This is a siphon arrangement that supplies the pen with enough ink for several large drawings. A com- pass-leg may be attached to the device if desired. Doors that Slide Out of Sight LOSET doors invariably open out. Now, however, a new kind of door, a “vanishing door,”’ has been invented. It is hung on two pivoting arms at top and bottom and it swings in, or rather slides in, toward the side of the closet when opened. The door fits snugly against the side wall and is never in the way. The picture below shows a schoolroom clothes-closet equipped with vanishing doors. Even a small child can open them easily and without making any noise. Wherever the necessity for conserving space is important, these vanishing doors will be a boon, as, for instance, in a~small city flat, where they allow more closet space. Real concrete forms the foundation of this toy road These doors vanish into the sides of the closet

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1g Il Co September, 1921 Stretch Leather with Hot Water EOPLE troubled with corns always dread new shoes, since they are pro- ductive of a great deal of pain during the breaking-in process. Few people understand the physical properties of leather and therefore they do not know just what to do as a remedy, and yet it is very simple. An expert in leather simply advises-the use of hot water. A soft rag is moistened It’s a Mechanical Egg-Cracker had people can crack an egg with any amount of: skill. Yet in the case of both a raw egg and a boiled egg this is an important matter. There is now on the market an egg-opener that will do the job’for you. It consists of two curved blades with jagged edges that are joined together at one end and have scissors-like handles at the other. Metal strips for hold- ing the egg in position are’ fastened to the blades. with hot water and held over the area of the shoe that hurts the corn. The leather Mother Eagle Endangers a Camera Man’s Life When you wish to crack the egg, you press the handles tegether and the jagged edges will absorb a certain amount Syranes in the bird world is the eagle and he will not allow of the blades will make 2 of the water and this will cause it to stretch. private life. - An application of this na- any bird, or in fact any curious human being, to pry into his clean cut. If the egg is a raw one, you can be sure that the A. moving-picture photographer decided to photograph an yolk will not be injured by ture will offer permanent eagle’s nest without going through the form of consulting the the blow; hence you will be’ relief to any one suffering mother bird. able to “separate” the egg. from a tight shoe that is He climbed a near-by tree, got his camera in position—and pinching a particularly sensi- suddenly there was a dreadful commotion. The mother bird had ALL artists’ studios have a tive corn. spied him! Indifferent to his larger size, she flew at him and north light because it is free Of course this treatment made him so uncomfortable that he climbed down the tree as fast from direct sunlight, varies can be applied to any leather as he could. The picture shows the eagle in the interesting less, and contains more blue in need of stretching. position of ‘backing water’’ as she starts her attack. than average daylight. The Trackometer and How It Works order to eliminate the use of a steel tape for track measure- ment, a trackometer has been perfected. One man operates the instrument while another man makes and records the readings. It consists of a ten-foot measuring-wheel with an adjustable brass tire having a calibrated circumference, graduated in feet, tenths, and half tenths, and numbered every foot. A strip of rubber inserted between the tire and the wheel furnishes the necéssary resilience in adjusting the circumference, and roller bearings are used to mount the wheel in its frame. a The operating handle, hinged : in the frame, may be held at any convenient height. Casting Concrete Curbs in Molds HE science of laying concrete has made great strides in the past ten years. Buildings are nowadays literally poured into shape. The steel form here shown will enable workmen to deduct many hours of labor from their work of putting down concrete curbs. These steel forms are collapsible and they may be packed into a very small space after they have been used. The joints of the various pieces are made to interlock. The long strips have slots cut in them and the ends of the cross pieces fit into these slots. They are held firmly with small wedges. These modern steel forms replace the old wooden ones that wasted lumber, time, and labor. Showing the steel mold and the concrete curb

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Popular Science Monthly Electric Shocks Stimulate the Hen to Lay A CTUAL physiological effects produced +% by mild electric shocks are still a mystery. Professor Bernard, an English experimentalist, has succeeded in making his hens lay more eggs by giving them mild electric shocks. He has constructed his roosts in such a manner that the hens will receive a shock when they stand upon them, A very small amount of current passes through their bodies and they are unaware that they are under treatment. The boxes they lay their eggs in are also arranged to shock them. Means are pro- vided to regulate carefully the amount of current, and it is always kept below a value where it would cause any violent nerve reaction. Inner Tubes in Seats HE idea of the inner tube has been so successful in its application to tires that it is now being tried on seats where the occu- pant is subject to a great deal of jolting. In the picture below you see one of these new seats, meant for the use of engineers, truck- and tractor-drivers. Beneath the usual cushion there is a metal air box that has a cover of rubber- ized cloth. Inside the box the inner tube is lodged; it is filled with air. Most of the vibrations of the road are absorbed by the inner tube arrangement, and the driver or engineer, as the case may be, is spared Machine Pulley Calculation Is Simplified FOR determining the size of pulleys re- quired on a machine belted to a gas- engine this simple calculator has been in- vented. It has a dark disk which is movable and which has graduations to represent pulley diameters in inches. The outer circle has its graduations in revolu- tions per minute of the engine. The dark disk is set with the engine- pulley diameter in inches to the known revolutions per minute of the engine. The diameter of the pulley required will be in line with the revolutions per minute. It Has Only Two Legs PY Ateas forgot to give this calf enough legs, so the farmer who owns it had to devise means to help it. He built this little stand for it so that it may eat and drink comfortably. When not resting on this stand, it is necessary for the animal to spread itself on the ground. This animal is of interest to scientists. It has been found that leglessness is inheritable. Stockings Can Be Tested with Transmitted Light aeany things are tested by transmitted light. By ‘“‘transmitted light” we mean light that is allowed to pass througha substance. Under ordinary circumstances we cannot see through a piece of paper, but when we hold the paper up to a powerful source of light we may see through it. This simple principle has been brought into use in the examination of silk stock- ings. The smallest imperfection in a silk stocking will cause the threads to “‘pull’’ and in a short time the stocking is useless. An English manufacturer places stock- ings before a powerful source of light. The photograph shows how easy it is to see through the stockings when they are hung in this manner. This system speeds up inspection work. Something New in Mops wre everything else, mops can always be improved on; here you see a new mop that is different from the mops to which we are accustomed because it has been improved. In the first place, this new mop wrings itself. The rope section is not attached directly to the wooden handle, but passes beneath a roller at the end of the handle. When you have finished mopping a floor, you take hold of the wire at the top of the mop and pull the mop through. Then you hang it out to dry. Later, if you wish, you can many a jolt. use the mop as a duster for the polished floors. A shock-absorbing seat How the deformed calf holds himself up 42 This mop wrings its-lf

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September, 1921 Leather Cups Help Him Drive ITH his arms severed above the elbows in a railroad accident, this man turned inventor because he wanted to drive his car. To overcome his tremendous handicap he added a num- ber of leather cups to the driving-wheel of his light car. The cups have metal bottoms that grip the wheel tightly. Five of them are arranged around the wheel and these enable the arm- less driver to turn quick- ly in practically any direc- tion. The driver has gained considerable experience in handling his little car and he is able to thread in and out of the traffic in Kansas City with perfect ease. Making a Bicycle Seaworthy TARTING with an or- dinary bicycle, a Bel- gian inventor named Goffin built a boat. In place of the rear wheel he installed a propeller, which he oper- ated by means of the regu- lar bicycle pedals. Around the bicycle he built a boat. shaped body that he mounted on air-filled pon- toons. He attached a rud- der to the rear end of the body. . It was then ready to go. The picture below shows how this novel ma- chine looked in the water. Taking his place on the saddle, Mr. Goffin started the pedals and his boat traveled forward. It was such a success that many Belgian sportsmen are now y demanding duplicates. Armlessness did not daunt this driver Spinning Arc Makes the Light N the new are light that a French in- ventor has brought out only one carbon electrode is used. The free end of the elec- trode passes through the center of a metal disk and ‘this is the second electrode. The are is established between the edge of the hole in the disk and the end of the carbon. Both electrodes are kept cool by cir- culating water. A large coil of wire is placed around the metal electrode. When the current passes through the coil it sets up a magnetic field about the arc, causing the are to rotate around the circle at three thousand revolutions a minute. WATER NON- RADIATING FLUNG +g REVOLVING ARG. ea / ChE it) ait ¥ : How the arc is established with one carbon electrode This Perfect Cone Is a Waste-Pile [™ took twenty years to pile up this huge cone of waste material. It contains millions of pounds of slag from a smelter near by. The waste slag was dumped from a central point, and as time went on a per- fect cone started to form. This soon reached a height of three hundred feet and from a distance it resembled a great pyramid. The outline of the cone slopes in a straight line at an angle of thirty degrees. The slag was lifted to the top of the pile by a bucket conveyor. Engine Gives Speed to Bicycle HIS little motor develops a full horse- power, although it has only one cylinder. It is air-cooled, and the parts are made of an aluminum alloy, so that the machine is very light. The engine may be quickly attached to any bicycle with a wrench and screwdriver. One hundred and fifty miles may be cov- ered on one gallon of gasoline. The cylinder is lubri- cated by introduc- ing oil with the gasoline. Attach this motor and save fatigue 43 M. Goffin’s much disguised bicycle Knife for Cutting Tire Sections A SHARP circular knife cuts through a tire section with ease. The knife is power driven and water is allowed to drip on the point of contact from a tank above. Rubber should always be cut with a wet knife. The tire is placed over a mandrel, which holds it while the knife cuts. The section- cutter is used in the laboratories of tire manufacturers. Chemists and physicists make use of the sections where possible instead of using a whole tire. Sections, such as are used in salesrooms, also serve to show the complete tire construction. This is a tire-slicer oo peer Se nn ge ae

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Using Liquid Oxygen in Firemen’s Gas-Masks Popular Science Monthly This mask contains a two- Liquid oxygen is poured into a large The fireman wears the tank hour supply of liquid oxygen. flat tank through which a flow of air on his back; as you see, the Usually compressed oxygen is constantly passing. The air causes coiled tube through which is used in gas-masks. Dr. the liquid oxygen to evaporate, after the oxygen passes is exposed Bernhard Draeger of Lubeck, which it passes through a long coiled to the air, which warms it. who invented this mask, has tube in which it is warmed. Exhaled The man inhales seventeen devised a method for con- _ air goes into a rubber bag that ex- quarts of vaporized oxygen a verting the cold liquid oxygen larch | pands and forces the evaporated minute, and the gas he ex- into warm vapor before it is ‘ BREATHING. | OXygen down the tube hales escapes through a con- breathed ~ ei venient valve Eight Carpenters HE air-driven planer here shown is equipped with a re- volving knife that is connected directly with the shaft of a small but powerful air turbine. When the air is allowed to pass through the de- vice and it is brought in contact with wood, chips fly in every direction. This is indeed a very busy little tool. Its manufacturer claims it will do eight men’s work. During the war this air-driven plane played a part in the construction of wooden ships. In a contest the machine planed off a big timber twelve This air-driven planer, by sixty inches in fifteen and _ which actually does the one half minutes. Ittook nine Work of eight men, was men twenty-two and one half pany eee : 7 building wooden ships minutes to do the same job. in the war Time Off for the Airplane Pilot N automatic stabilizer that will keep an airplane steady in flight without attention from the pilot, has been invented by Georges Aveline, a French engineer. Briefly, the device consists of a circular tubular container half filled with mercury, which makes an electrical contact when the plane tilts, actuating a compressed-air cylinder, which gives the proper move- ment to the control devices. Planes have been flown for two hours without a hand on the controls, and the device has been adopted by the British Government. The aviator can instantly disconnect the device and take charge of the machine himself if it should become necessary. Air Takes the Place of gy Swe New Flies for Anglers ANY angicrs are now using a plug of wood painted and shaped to the general appearance of the live creatures they formerly depended upon. Some of the “plugs”? are so made that a tiny propeller revolves close to the head, producing swirls such as those of a darting minnow. Others wobble and wiggle, the action resulting from finishing off the head end at an angle or attaching a small metal collar. As the bait is drawn through the water, it dives or wobbles. Another form of lure is made of deer hair built into the form of an insect or small animal. The wooden creature on the left wiggles through the water like a minnow; that at the right is made of deer hair 44

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September, 1921

Make the Phonograph Record Loud or Soft This clever invention can be used in either a room or an auditorium HY is it that, after you have \ \ spent several dollars on a won- derful piano solo played by Hoffman or Paderewski, you are dis- appointed when you put it on your phonograph? And how inadequate are the phonographic strains of a band concert! _ A well known English manufacturer undertook to improve this condition, and has now perfected a_ sound- control phonograph that he calls the stentorphone. How the Sound Is Regulated This amplifier, which possesses no electric amplifiers to get out of order, is capable of magnifying ordinary phono- graph sounds ten times. A lever, how- ever, regulates the sound to accommo- date the acoustics of any interior, from a small room to so large a place Ordinary iype record ~——» tank fo \ = lve Record Cahinet © Modern Publishing Company Driven by a small electric motor that may be placed in another room, air is forced into a cylinder, thence through a rubber tube into another cylinder in the phonograph cabinet, to a regulating cock, and into the sound-box, as Carnegie Hall in New York. Its first application was during the war, when it was installed in an airplane so navigators could shout instructions to troops. The stentorphone is controlled by a small electric or gasoline-driven motor of one half horsepower that drives an air compressor. The air, under a pressure of ten pounds to a square inch, is delivered into a small cylinder or air reservoir. From the air reservoir the air is conducted through an india-rubber pipe to an- other cylinder in the phonograph cabinet. Thence it passes through a tube to a regulating cock, where it may be by-passed through a silencer into the atmosphere or directed into the sound-box. Within the sound-box is a simple grid valve, delicately sprung and balanced. When the by-pass is closed, the full volume and pressure of air is exerted against the sound-box valve, which opens to its full extent and vir- tually serves the same purpose as the blower of an organ, the volume of sound depending upon the amount and pressure of air. The Simplicity of the Mechanism The moving portion of the valve is in one piece with the needle-holder. There are only three parts to the valve. On the sound-box is a screw . for regulating the flow of air to the sound-box valve, a rising and falling rod, marked for position, indicating when the adjustment is correct. In full blast about six cubic feet of free air a minute is delivered to the sound-box. The disk table may be independently operated by a clockwork motor or by a tiny compressed-air motor. THE POWER UNIT FIXED IN A ¢ alye to sound-BOx Modulator far reducing oF uncrea Sing i ‘ pine Wie compresgar CONVENIENT ADJOINING ROOM : } —— Electric itch- espa Ke Motor Bed- pla Fe

Air pipe to compressor

Rotary Air-compressor Weight 34/bs. <—Supply-pipeto Stento rphone

Drawing by G. H. Davis where a pressure of air is exerted against a grid valve in much the manner of the blower of an organ. The valve is so connected with the needle-holder as to amplify the sound

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Popular Science Monthly. FOR MIXING AND DISTILLING SULPH. TURPENTINE (CYMENE) AND CHLORIDE OF ALUMINUM ciliata hy eee : eee, a of (ae LONG STEM VALVE een nem emmermsrnin se ggpimcn ee Gas Given Off by Wood-Pulp Now Used for TNT Sulphite turpentine, which is given off when wood is boiled in the making of paper pulp, has been put to use. From it cymene is extracted, and cymene is cne of the principal ingredients of trinitrotoluol —known as TNT. The steam and gases created in the wood-pulp digester pass through a tube into a long coiled pipe that rests in 46 a shallow wooden pan filled with cold water. Here the temperature of the steam is reduced and emerges from the pipe in liquid form. It passes into a separator, where the cymene rises to the top and is drawn off through spigots. This crude cymene is then purified in tanks like those shown in the upper left-hand corner of the page

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September, 1921 Getting High Explosives from Our Forests A tree may furnish the TNT that will later uproot its stump RASH! A _ giant (C spruce-tree falls to the ground, leav- ing behind it a deep- rooted stump. Parted forever? Not necessa- rily; it is quite possible that the tree may come back in another form and blow up the very stump that supported it all its life. For cymene, an oil necessary in the manufacture of the ex- plosive known as TNT, is now produced from the pulp of spruce, fir, and balsam trees. And since the war TNT has ditches, etc. Two tons of wood-pulp will produce one gallon of cymene, from which six pounds of TNT can be- obtained. Everybody knows that this high ex- plosive is so powerful that six pounds is a very large amount indeed. What are the peace-time uses of TNT? other things, it is growing in popularity with. the managers of big Western farms because of its use- fulness in clearing land, splitting logs, making Of course the storing of such power- ful stuff is a very important matter, and should be made the subject of legislation. Among crude cymene is first passed through a mass of calcium chloride, which is the ordinary bleaching- powder used in laundries. It has a great affinity for water and dries out most of the remaining sulphur solution. The sulphite turpentine is again dis- tilled. It is mixed with about 5 per cent of its bulk of chloride of alu- minum while a stream of hydrochloric-acid gas is passed through it. Here we are in the presence of one of the mysteries of science. The chloride of been used _ extensively for land-clearing, road- building,- and similar blasting opera- tions. Sulphite turpentine, from which cymene is derived, has always been the bane of paper manufacturers, and it was primarily through the efforts of a paper-making company that this tur- pentine was put to use. First the Wood-Chips Are Cooked In the manufacture of paper, the logs are chopped into chips, which are put into an enormous steel digesting- tank. This tank is filled with water in which bisulphite of lime has been dis- solved. Then the mixture is boiled .under pressure and at high heat. This boiling takes the tars, resins, and color out of the wood fiber. The cymene escapes in the steam and gas. By the new process, this is now distilled. The gases are driven into a coiled lead pipe several hundred feet long which rests in a wooden pan filled with cold water. The pipe is cooled by the water passing over it, just as is the worm of a still. The temperature of the gases passing through the pipe is reduced below the condensing point of steam. Therefore from the end of the coil there emerges a liquid and the remaining vapors; they pass into a separator. The separator consists of an anti- monial lead pipe five feet long and twelve inches in diameter. In the center of the pipe is a lead partition or a baffle-plate. It extends to within a foot of the bottom of the pipe. The liquid and the gas strike the partition. The liquid, which consists of sulphite turpentine and’ sulphur-impregnated water, drops into a separating-tank. After it has stood in this container for half an hour, the two constituents separate. Cymene, being lighter, rises to the top, and may be drawn off by spigots placed at various levels. A funneled pipe receives the cymene and carries it to a storage-tank. Here again there are spigots, so that if any~- water remains it will be finally re- moved. If there still are traces of sulphu dioxide, they may be neutralized by adding lime. Now the crude cymene is ready to be shipped in large metal drums to plants where it will be con- verted into an explosive. Let us hark back for a moment to the vapors that we left striking against the baffle-plate of the separator. They go under the leaden partition and are forced into a wooden tank about eighty feet in height called a ‘“‘reclaim- ing tower.”’ The inside of this struc-. ture is filled with hollow acid-resisting tiles in order to increase the absorbing surface. Into the top of the tower a raw cooking liquor for use in the digester tanks is pumped; it trickles down through the tiles, absorbing the gas, and finally leaves the tower from the bottom through a pipe that con- veys it to a tank’ where it is stored until needed. The vapor thus saved represents real money. Instead of being permitted to escape into the air it has enriched the liquor which is to be used in cooking fresh wood The Chemical Parson Gets- Busy The method of conversion con- sidered most effective was invented by Professor Ralph H. McKee, of Colum- bia University, formerly the official chemist-of the Paper and Pulp Asso- ciation. ' Nearly all the sulphite turpentine as it comes from the pulp-mills, con- sists of the hydrocarbon cymene. This 47 aluminum is a ‘‘chemical parson.”’ Although no trace of it appears in any of the result- ing products, it brings about certain new unions of atoms that have under- gone molecular divorce. Pure cymene, or toluol, as it is often called, has now been obtained. The changing of this forest toluol into an explosive is simple. It is com- _bined with sulphuric and nitric acids until it is triply nitrated-—-whereupon it becomes trinitrotoluol, which is the proper name for TNT. W. A. Schorger, of the United States Forest Service, places the ‘average amount of cymene derivable from a ton of pulp at half a gallon. The pres- ent annual output of pulp in the United States and Canada is more than two million tons. Thus a million gallons of cymene could be obtained in America each year. And from a gallon of cymene six pounds of TNT can be made. TNT's- Peace-Téme-Uses What are the peace-time uses of TNT? As has been mentioned before, it is used in various blasting operations. Take, for example, stump-blasting. One report shows that a solid oak stump three feet in diameter, rooted in clay, was split into three large pieces and thrown ten feet into the air by a small charge of TNT. Again we find that splitting logs,, making ditches. and breaking boulders are three more of its accomplish- ments. Used for land-clearing in general it is very successful. Tests were made on two thousand farms in Wisconsin, and as a result all the farmers in the vicin- ity are anxious to buy TNT. Its new source has apparently been discovered at just the right time. Bi

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Popular Science Monthly ean Tricks on the Phonograph Bent pins, paper funnel, or felt hat will draw music from it ~~ F A vA ‘ / Holding a fiber needle be- tween his teeth, the young man at the right plays a record withit. Hehasstopped up his ears and yet he ‘hears the record plainly —through his head. It is possible that deaf people would be able to hear music in this fashion ** Alice in Wonderland” is the name of this record with the extra hole punched as shown, and, your phonograph will put it through as many weird tricks as Lewis Carroll did the original Alice abe) Take two pins, chop off their heads, and insert the blunt ends into the needle-holder.. By bending the pins in the manner shown you can play two parts of the record at the same time— after the fashion of ‘Three Blind Mice”’ Be your own phonograph. You can do this by pushing a tightly fitting pencil through the hole in a record and twirling it evenly; in the other hand you hold an im- provised horn to which a long pin has been attached. As you twirl the record the pin travels in the groove and the horn gives out the music By changing the regular speed of your Put a needle through the crown of a derby phonograph you can make sopranos sing hat and hold it loosely over a record. It bass. How is this done? By loosening the will travel in the grooves and turn out set-screw in the hub of the gear. The music as successfully as if it were screwed speed will drag at first and then it may into the tone arm. However, you must increase \ have a steady hand to do this successfully 48

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September, 1921 Madison Square Garden Houses Huge. Pool HE interior of Madison Square Garden, in New York city, for- merly used for horse, dog, and poultry shows, not to mention the circus, has been turned into one of the largest swimming-pools in the world. This was accomplished at a cost of $250,000. One hundred men, working for two months in day and night shifts, effected the really wonderful transfor- mation. The pool, which is built of marble guaranteed waterproof, is 110 feet wide by 150 long, and holcs 1,500,000 gallons of water, kept clean by filtering and sterilizing. It is five and a half feet deep in the center and three and a half feec deep at the ends of the pool. It requires six hours to fill and six hours to empty the basin. Six diving-boards accommodate or- dinary divers, while for the more ad- venturous there are two fifteen-foot towers, reached by ladders. Lovers of water stunts are looking forward to some interesting ‘‘events’’ in the old Garden this winter—for it is planned to make the pool a permanent institu- tion. Seats to accommodate ten thou- sand onlookers surround three sides of the pool. Miniature falls at one end of the pool beautify the place. The sight is worth going a long way to see. Think of the convenience to office workers— for it is in the heart of one of New York’s business sections—in the neigh- borhood. In the dog-days many of these workers preferred a cool swim to a warm luncheon. \ | ~ To prevent fires in cotton-gins due to static electricity, wires should be connected with the machinery and then with grounding-rods Grounding Static Electricity to Prevent Fires TATIC electricity, according to government experts, is responsible for many of the cotton-gin fires that were formerly attributed to matches. Hence it has been suggested that cotton-gin machinery be wired in the manner shown above, so that any static electricity caused by friction will be safely grounded. Starting at the suction pipe through which all the cotton is carried to the gin, insulated copper wire is connected with the telescoping section directly below the canvas joint. Two or three connections are made along the pipe, depending on its length. All these wires are connected with a heavier a ae we Turning Ma problem of re: «al Sq iare Garden into a swimming-pool may solve the hich has threatened the huge place with destruction 49 wire, which is grounded. Next comes the cleaner. Contacts are made with all the screens—the larger ones hav- ing two wires. All the journal- boxes on one side of the cleaner are also wired. Here a second ground- ing-rod is installed. Then all the journal-boxes on one side of each feeder and gin-stand are wired. The screens of the cleaner feeders and the lint-flue are con- nected and a third grounding-rod is installed. All the various wires should be soldered to the grounding-rods, and the contacts should be very tight. Static electricity has been the cause of many mysterious fires in the past. It is created by friction between two dissimilar bodies—as, for example, a belt and a pulley. The electricity is stored up, and when it becomes in- tense a spark will fly between parts of the machinery. In dry weather, when the humidity is low, very little electric- ity will escape in the air; hence there are more sparks than in wet weather, and in consequence more fires. Men working in cotton-gins have often found that when they pass under a belt in dry weather their hair will rise and their skin prickle—all due to static electricity. Radium in the Gem Industry NTERESTING experiments have been carried on by the Bureau of Mines, at Reno, Nevada, with refer- ence to the coloring of gems by radium radiation. A colorless Colorado topaz, after ex- posure to the penetrating radiation, acquired a yellow tint. When the stone was exposed to light, however, it lost its tint, and further experiments are now being made to render the radium-induced color ‘‘fast.” = ae oy-pages ae i tae amie RENE NAT memes . pss as seme ime me er eran SarERN CURE ce. STE

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: fe 4 | o. ¢ i i ' She Is a Sculptor in Soap NEW medium in which sculptors can work has been discovered by Miss Anne Hershey, a student at Mount Holyoke College. Miss Hershey works in com- mon white soap. Miss Hershey’s only modeling tool is a nail-file. With the pointed end she does the finer work, while the cutting away of the , soap in getting the general /; outline of the figure is done // with the broad, flat end. // The soap models have been successfully used in making | castings of plaster, the mold leaving them un- harmed. Having advanced the art to the point where castings can be made, Miss Hershey now accepts orders. || | \ \t Miss Hershey with her soap casts Expanded Lath for Building | bers is a new kind of building- lath. It is said to be stronger and more durable than the kind in use at present. It is an expanded lath, and the plaster is filled in between the expansions, while the back is covered with a building paper. Special machinery first expands the wood into longitudinal strips that are connected with diagonal Shop-Window Posters Wear Real Clothes OSTERS that wear real clothes are the latest startling development in New York’s Fifth Avenue shops. These posters are made by Mrs. Cora Scovil, of Pittsburgh, who invented them. She is shown herewith sewing buttons on the knicker- bockers of one of her golfing girls. It takes about a week to dress one of these figures from head to foot. The face is made of flesh- colored sateen and the features are embroidered on it. The hair is made of corduroy in some instances, and of colored wool in others, when the lady has blonde or gorgeous red tresses, for instance. Popular “Science: Monthly Chest-Protectors in the Subway i we subway rush in the English metropolis is as intense as the going-to- work-hour rush in the larg- est cities of the United States. One womar. traveling frequently to and from London was actually afraid that she might be crushed by the crowd in the train some morning;- hence she now wears the chest-pro- tector shown in the picture below. The protector is made of steel and is covered with leather and it serves its purpose very well. Tapes around the waist and around the neck hold this original chest protector in its place. How the protector is worn Making Shoes to Fit Corns N°? matter how large they may be, new shoes always hurt one’s corns. The shoe-stretcher or -last offers little or no relief, since it makes no impression on the shoe where it is most needed—over the corn. ‘Dropping a little hot paraffin wax or sealing wax over the part of the last where the corn grows ribs. As will be seen, the ribs are not so wide as the strips, so that the plastic covering when applied gets beneath and around these ribs, forming a perfect key, which becomes a: part of the structure itself. A careless workman can- not waste plaster with this lath. It is to a large extent sound-proof. It can be used inside or outside. STATISTICS of New: York’s sub- ways convey a picture of teeming life that is almost staggering. In the sixteen years of the subways’ life, 4,301,000,000 passengers were carried—about three times the on the foot will cause this part of the shoe to stretch and forma depression. A valuable hint to those who are troubled with corns. THE problem of how tapestry may be woven by machine has at last been solved by a French inventor. Lace-machines and Jacquard looms have brought the cost of these products within the reach of the moderately well- to-do, but tapestry has always. been a hand product and too costly for the average home. The machine imitates the movements of the hand weaver exactly, and will weave tapestries up to total population of the world. Showing the expanded lath Wax will help shape the shoe 50 thirty square yards in size.

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September, 1921

Scraping Potatoes Improves Them N EAT is sweetest near the bone, and the richest nutriment in vege- tables is near the skin. Yet we invariably peel the latter and by so doing lose much of their nourish- ment. In the picture above you see a vegetable scraper that has recently been in- vented. It enables you to scrape off the skin as rapid- ly as you could peel it off. This scraper has a tin top and a handle that you 2 grasp as you would a bath- > brush. Its under surface is covered with an abrasive 2 j ! material that chips off the 44 ve S°Me $066 66d aes GROPP Omreseg( skin as you run it across the surface of the vegetable. Apart from the nutriment gained by preparing vege- tables with this scraper, there is an undoubted econ- omy in its use.

For a Dry Head while Swimming T fits well around the neck—at least that much can be said for the swimming “collar” shown below. It is made of celluloid and has a rubber top and bottom. What’s it for? To keep the water out. Why? There are two reasons: one of them is to give the would-be swimmer confidence; the other is to keep her beauti- ful. When a wave splashes in the face of a timid girl, she is apt to lose her nerve. The celluloid collar prevents this from happening. However, it also prevents her from putting her head in the proper swim- ming position; she must hold it stiffly erect regardless of whatever position her body may take.

This gives the would-be swimmer confidence %,

woe Execcoe+@ <P nN “oe - Bey ae 8 eo er ee) = - “eS = 7. T. e¢ 2. Pass ~ The Bucket that Grabs Its Load Ss you have before you on a - table a neat stack cf matches. To pick up the stack you simply crook your fingers. There you have the principle of the familiar grab-bucket. It wouldn’t pay to pick up logs one by one with only human arms as tools, par- ticularly in these days of high-labor costs. So the grab-bucket is used, as this picture shows. The grab-bucket illustrated is practically a fist with two huge fingers. Sometimes the steel fist must close altogether, par- ticularly when coal is hoisted. Then it is called a ‘“‘clam-shell’’ bucket. Sometimes more than two members or shells must be provided, and then the fist is called an “‘orange-peel”’ bucket. This particular steel fist is thrust into a pile of logs and picks up about a hundred of them at one powerful grip. One man in a portable engine-house thrusts the open fist into the pile (its own weight is all that is required for that), elcses the fist so that it tightly clutches the load cf logs, lifts the fist and its load, swings it around and drops it where he

Celluloid Acts Like Half-Tone Screen HAT round metal ring held in front of the lens of the camera shown above contains a celluloid screen that will soften the outline of objects photographed by the camera. A _ regular half-tone screen is com- plicated and expensive for anamateur. This celluloid one contains fine dots that have the same effect as the lines of a half-tone screen. The circular-shaped piece of celluloid is clamped between two glass plates around which is a metal holder. With this simple little device, which costs only a few dollars, the ambitious amateur photographer can achieve the same results as the professional portrait photographer. This process is known as soft focusing.

Mechanical Luminous Flag A NOVELTY in flags has been invented by James D. Houston of East Aurora, New York. It consists of a frame on which are mounted a series of glass tubes. These glass tubes have spindles formed on their lower ends carrying gears that mesh with a worm-shaft extending longitudinally. The glass tubes are hollow and are il- luminated by an individual bulb and re- flector placed at one end of the tube. Each tube is painted in stripes or stars. When these glass tubes are rotated, by actuating the work-shaft that drives them simultaneously, an undulating effect is obtained that resembles a waving flag.

pleases—all by moving a lever or two. It is not difficult to appreciate the amount of labor saved by the use of this huge bucket. 51

East Aurora, New York, is the birthplace of this flag

2 Sg ee See 0 Son. weeate pare eae SS SS a Nate. 5 .. Fe er eT ee PE PS igen cia ee a = PR ce a YET RR ARIE NT Gy SET AT

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Popular Science Monthly

i sda mails de ele, - < “se Ba yO Py age wee pee ee Se ag

This Ship Was Painted Resting in Water 7 a ship has to be scraped and repainted, she is usually put into drydock during the operation. But suppose there is no drydock near; what then? Turn her over on her side, says the Italian Merchant Marine. The picture above shows one of Italy’s merchant ships being treated in this fashion. Before she was turned over, she was stripped of all fittings that might have been damaged by the water. When one side of the ship is finished, she will have to be

Over a Japanese Bay by Aerial Car E of the Western world “loop the loop’ and “shoot the chutes” in our amusement parks; but in Japan the people indulge in more gentle forms of amuse- ment. One of their most thrilling rides is across Tokio bay in an aerial railway. The cars hang on stout cables that are stretched across the bay and they are operated by a motorman who stands in front. The cars are made so that they will float, in case of accident. turned over and the other side will be scraped and painted.

As the “set” of hacksaw teeth wears during use, thus reducing the width of the cut, a new saw should not be used in a cut already started. It is better to turn the work over and start fresh. Making Their Shoes for a Rainy Day ype parts of Chile have certain drawbacks that will forever debar them from becoming famous health resorts. Of such is the town of Chillan, which has a seven-months rainy season, when, according to the natives, it rains “‘twenty-five hours a day.” Which is one reason why the women in the picture have to work so hard. They are hammering leather tops to thick wooden soles, so that people can go around in the rainy season without catching their death. The leather tops are made in factories and the soles are made by local carpenters.

SHARK-FISHING is now an im- portant industry in Lower California. The fins are used by the Chinese in soup; the liver furnishes shark-oil; the remainder is dried for fertilizer or chicken-feed. The fish are caught on long lines carrying fifty or one hundred hooks.

Here’s a Wrench that Will Fit Any Nut HE Patent Office files are filled with patents granted on “universal” wrenches. Inventors have wasted a great amount of time and energy trying to solve the problem of the wrench, when, in fact, it has been no great problem. It is not an adjustable wrench in the usual sense of the term, yet it will fit a nut of any ordinary size. It will not only do this, but it will also grip a pipe firmly and turn it—if it can be turned at all. It is made in one piece—nothing to get out of order, nothing to break. The nut is gripped between the claw end of the wrench and the inner part of the circle.

He Can Change His Clothes Under Water eee ag to the belief of people who don’t swim, it is very difficult to keep the body entirely under water for any length of time. The tendency is to bob to the surface. A San Francisco life guard has conquered this tendency to such an extent that he is able to undress himself completely while under water. He jumps into the water fully clothed, from shoes to collar, and when he comes to the surface again all he has on is his bathing- suit. The picture below shows this extraordinary swimmer emerging after his undressing stunt.

How the one-piece wrench adjusts itself to nuts of every size A swimmer who can undress and dress under water

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September, 1921 New Knife Cuts Bread without Creating Crumbs READ crumbles if it is cut with a du!l knife, and in some instances a sharp knife will do it too. What’s the reme:ly for this? The knife that is shown in the picture above. Its edge is serrated at regular inter- vals, but the serrations slant in two directions. The set nearest to the handle slants toward the handle; the next set slants away from it. This is continued to the point of the knife. At each stroke of the blade a clean cut through the bread is made. Very little pressure on the knife is necessary. Dip you know it is possible to engrave the surface of ciamonds? A Frenchman devised tools by means cf which it can be done. Side-Dump Service for the Truck ‘Tals new motor-truck body is designed for the use of contractors and specially adapted to serve the concrete-mixer in road construction. The two boxes are so mounted and balanced that they can be emptied at either side. Each box holds sand and gravel for a three-sack batch mixture. The most efficient process is to unload the material from the freight-cars into a measuring hopper set high enough for a steady pro- cession of these side-dump trucks to drive under. The trucks convey the sand and gravel directly to the cement-mixer without the delay or expense of any intermediate handling. The truck-driver need not leave his seat curing the filling and emptying of his load. A A motor-truck body that is particularly useful in road construction utomatic Lock Holds the Sash at Any Height r a window is equipped with the new lock shown above, it can be held immovable at any height. This lock can be screwed into place on top of the lower sash by means of a coin. A steel lever edged with rubber touches the upper sash. After it has been ad- justed, any attempt to raise or lower either sash will simply tighten its hold. The rubber edge prevents. damage to the wood. work. A NEW idea for conserving space in storing wheat hails from Eng- land. Crush or rough-grind the wheat, moisten it with steam, and pack it in blocks. In such form the grain would take up much less space than in the loose state. When needed for flour, the wheat “‘briquettes’’ would mere- ly have to be crushed. Tea-Shop Sign Spouts Rea! Steam BOSTON tea merchant hung a large tea-kettle in front of his shop. Inside the kettle he placed a stove and on it he put a small kettle filled with water. A short time after the stove was lighted, the water in the smaller kettle began to bcil and the steam puffed out of the large kettle’s spout. Passers-by stopped, looked, and then bought some tea. The sight of that steaming kettle reminded them of their own kitchen stoves and of the half empty tea cannisters in their varicus pantries. The kettle paid for itself in a very short time. Book-Selier Adopts Peanut-Vender’s Methods TEVENSON wrote of ‘‘cabbages and kings.” We write of peanuts and books because there is a European city where books are being sold after the best manner of the peanut-vender of the United States; that is, on a hand-cart that is wheeled from place to place as the necessity for a new market becomes apparent. Book-sellers have tried to stimulate the public mind with a desire to own its books instead of borrowing them. This idea of taking the books to the street, right under the noses of the populace, is the most practical selling method that has yet been attempted. a & @ 2 . Ch fray Aig 4 | ; P Av’ £ vu bea bi ag 4 : © A Boston tea merchant’s method of advertising 53 Selling books in the same way as peanuts RSA TSN 6 EAH L ES ONE oe See See ee , > , i , 4

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Popular Science Monthly Easily Adjusted Bottle-Capper NEW bottle-cap- per, invented by Harry J. Lebherz, of Frederick, Maryland, consists of a base having an upstanding flange to hold the bottom of the bottle and a standard extending upward. This standard has laterally projecting vertical flanges and a rack por- tion. Plates engage slidably around’ the standard, and to these are attached a bottle- capper and the oper- ating handle. STATIC ELECTRIC | \ MACHINE. \ ff Getting the Most Out of a Candle ANDLES cost more than they used to— like everything else. A candle, like a cigar, will burn a certain distance of its length and the rest will be waste. For one candle this waste makes little dif- ference, but when a number of candles are used -it is a different matter. In the average case, probably one fifth of the candle is wasted. By inserting three pins into the base of a candle the entire candle may The handle, which is pivotally mounted on the plates, terminates in a small gear segment concealed within the plates, but of suitable size to engage the rack when the handle is in any but a vertical posi- tion. By raising the handle vertically, the capper can be quickly adjusted to bottles of different types. M Electricity Produces a Movie Scare OVING-PICTURE experts resort to every possible means to obtain Electricity often comes to their aid. to make a comedian’s hair stand on end. be duplicated with the aid of a static machine. A metal plate is arranged so that the actor places himself under it. causes his hair to stand on end in the manner shown. certain effects. islands and innumerable small ones. ANY one looking at a map of Japan will see that it consists of several large It is proposed to link two of the islands with a railroad tunnel, four thousand feet of which will run under the ocean. This Camera Takes ‘‘Movies’’ and ‘‘Stills’’ HIS French camera is for moving-pictures and for still views. The “movies” and the “stills’’ are taken on standard motion-picture films. It does not require a tripod and it is not operated by a hand-crank. This new camera is operated by clockwork that is thrown into operation merely by pressing a button. Fifteen feet of standard pic- ture film is used in each load. An adjusting lever provides for the three classes of pictures, moving- pictures, time exposures, and instantaneous pictures. Two hundred and fifty separate views can be. taken. These may be enlarged to a good size. It takes ‘‘movies”’ and ‘‘stills” 54 It was used here It is a simple little trick that may be used. WHEN Liége was taken in 1914, a monster gas- engine was in process of erection. It had four This cylinders of 39 inches diameter, developing 8000 horsepower at 94 revolutions a minute. The Germans removed it but returned it at the end of the war. Have Clean Spark-Plugs All the Time A new spark-plug cleaner | Y ipedngaed you like to keep a set of clean spark-plugs always on hand? Here is a small metal box containing a rack to hold four spark-plugs. They are screwed into the holder, and the compartment is filled with gasoline. The top of the metal holder is then closed down and the whole apparatus placed in the tool-box of the automobile. As the car travels the vibrations of the machine shake up the liquid, and that cleans the spark-plugs. Thus it is possible always to have a fresh set of plugs, those in service being removed at inter- vals and substituted for the clean set.

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September, 1921 Air Service Tries Out Tent-Hangar “ore on the old camp-ground”’ is the nightly song of three bombing air- planes stationed at the McCook Flying Field at Dayton, Ohio. They have no wooden hangars in which to spend the night, but are cooped up in one large tent that is supported by several tall poles. This tent is being tried out by the United States Air Service, and if it proves successful under all weather conditions, similar tents will be erected at various air stations through- out the country. The tent is thirty feet wide and one hundred and thirty feet long. The front of the tent rolls up in order to let the airplanes in and out. This Seaplane Buoy Wears an Old ‘‘Shoe’’ er A is the photo- graph of an old auto- mobile tire that went to sea after it was no longer useful on lands In what capacity? As a buffer forabuoy. It fits around the middle of a conical buoy and protects the seaplane attached to the buoy from possible dam- age. It has another im- portant function — it gives the buoy addi- tional buoyancy and eliminates the necessity of filling it with cork. Seaplanes swing around in the water when there is the slight- est wind. They areapt to bump into the buoys to which they are attached. A tent-hangar now being tried out by the United States Air Service How Many Telephone Calls S Last Month? att AVEN’T. you often 3 been dubious about | the accuracy of your i monthly telephone bill? ‘ And yet, with no record 4 of the number of calls i made, it had to be paid without protest. Mf Rut with the checking : device illustrated you can now keep tab on all telephone calls. Keep it near the telephone, and every time you make a call, press the lever. Presto! there is your rec- ord of the exact number of calls made. When the telephone bill comes in, you will have the satis- faction that every busi- ness man feels over a checked-up account. Suppose He Should Sneeze! (ye of the mcst striking features of a recent parade was the feat of Cameroni, the strong man, who, standing in the tonneau of an automobile, towed another car for two miles by means of a rope held in his teeth. The performance of this iron-jawed gentleman in hauling the car for two miles through the traffic by his teeth would make a bulldog turn green with envy. To the rope was attached an inner tube that acted as a snub- ber, besides demonstrating the strength of a modern tube. If Cameroni had sneezed, or if the tube had snapped! But they didn’t, and so the feat was considered a great success. Testing Scales with an Automobile ie you see an automobile used to test the weighing accuracy of scales. It is not used merely to carry the official of the Department of Weights and Measures, but it is used as a unit of weight itself. It has a standardized weight. This truck is equipped with a small hoist, so that the sealer of weights and measures may place a number of heavy iron weights upon it with very little trouble when large scales are to be tested. The truck is first loaded properly and is then driven upon the scales that are to be tested. The weight of the truck and its load is known, and if the scales do not register that weight the owner is sure to have an argument with the city officials. Cameroni pulls an automobile with his teeth for two miles This truck is used in a test when weights are ir-vestigated

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AVING charted the first H ‘model airway’ between Washington and Dayton, the United States government will shortly install upon this route the first aeronautical lighthouse. If it meets the army tests, and if funds are forthcoming from Congress, the entire route will probably be marked with similar lights. Not only is the army interested in ‘the establish- ment of air routes over the whole country for national defense, but also the Post Office Department, the commercial air transportation com- panies, and private fliers. The Post Office interest is probably keenest just now because lack of scientifically illuminated airways restricts the air mail service. For example, mail can be carried by day flight from New York to Chicago; but, for lack of lights to guide night fliers between that city and Omaha, it must be transferred to a train and picked up next morning at Omaha for another day’s flight. Properly marked airways would make flight continuous. The aerial lighthouse is the de- velopment of an international corpora- tion that makes marine lighthouses. It has been worked out after much re- search and experiment, and involves some interesting principles. Marine and Aerial Lighthouses For example, a marine lighthouse throws its beams many miles, but in a very small vertical plane. Since the needs of sailors on a ship are met if the light is visible from water- level to a height not ex- ceeding one hundred feet, the marine lighthouse is equipped with lenses to throw a thin disk of in- tense light to great hori- zontal distances. To the flyer rising from the water in a hydroplane, however, the marine light- ‘ house would become in- visible in a few hundred feet. Searchlights have been tried as flying sig- nals, but at a distance of CUT-OFF VALVE are visible only in a ver- tical range of about nine followed which the light is pointed. By James H. Collins Popular Science Monthly Beacons to Guide the Midnight Air Express New lighthouses planned by the government may make the transcontinental air routes safe If the Congress of the United States votes sufficient funds, the government will mark the routes of airmen across the country with lighthouses and other distinguishing lights to make night flying safe difficult to pick up. The aerial light- house must throw a ‘“‘mushroom”’ of light visible in every direction, and visible alike to the aviator anywhere from a few hundred feet above ground to ten thousand or more feet. The light must be of about the same intensity at dif- ferent angles, as well as visible at great distances. The requirement This apparatus must é throw a mushroom of necessitated an light visible in every original scheme direction high in the air. Each light will be numbered. to show its location, and will of lenses to dif- fuse the light at different angles, indicate its number and to provide a in flashes light of great intensity. 56 stations will be necessary for this airway, with addi- tional lights on landing - fields. Each light will be numbered, and will indicate its number in a series of flashes. Lighthouse No. 43, for ex- ample, would give four short flashes, then a short dark pause, then three short flashes, and a long dark pause to mark the begin- ning of the number, this combination being repeated continuously and _ auto- matically. The mechanism of the unattended marine light is used in these air light- houses. The illuminant is acetylene gas, the pressure of which operates the flash- ing apparatus. This gas is burnt in a diminutive in- candescent mantle, and as three to four miles these The mechanism of The light to be installed on the light may be left to operate by it- the unattended ma- 4 5 “ was . rine light has been the Washington-Dayton airway _ self for long periods, provision is made in the will be visible thirty miles. It for the replacement of broken mantles hundred feet, and then lights for airmen. jg designed for stations forty by a “‘mantle-exchanger.”’ A mantle only in the direction in The illuminant is miles apart, so that an aviator breaks. acetylene gas, and The flame burns up through t is | itisburnedinanin- Willalwaysbeinsightofoneand the hole in its fabric and ignites a If revolved it is often candescent mantle usually twostations. Aboutten wooden stick. When this is burned,

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September, 1921 a spring is released, setting clock- work in motion, and a new in- candescent mantle is brought over the flame. With a charge of four mantles, it is necessary to look after the light only once a month. Darkness Is the Lamplighter The ‘‘sun valve” mechanism of such marine lights is also to be used in the air lighthouses. This device extinguishes the light at sunrise and relights it when dark- ness approaches, regardless of the clock. Should a_ thunderstorm black enough to require the aerial light arise in daytime, it would also operate. Inventors have devoted much thought to the development of trustworthy apparatus for turning lights on at sunset and off at sun- rise, but almost invariably their devices are based on clockwork. Such mechanism must be adjusted to changes of the sun day by day, and will not operate on days dark enough to require a light. U The “sun valve” is as ingenious as it is simple, being based on the physical law that absorbed heat is absorbed by anon-reflecting surface. Itis asystem of metal rods protected by a strong glass cylinder. There are four of these rods, all made of the same metal, but the central rod is coated with lamp- black, absorbing heat, while three other rods surrounding it are polished and reflect heat. All four rods expand in the same degree under the influence of The aerial lighthouse has been evolved by a marine lighthouse company. It is capable of throwing its beams many miles heat, but only the central rod absorbs heat and expands under its influence. The expansion caused by sun-heat at dawn operates a valve that controls the passage of gas to the burner, closing it so that only a small supply is furnished for a pilot light. At the ap- proach of darkness this central rod con- tracts, opening the valve and admit- ting to the pilot flame a stream of gas sufficient for the air lighthouse. By means of the sun valve, an aerial light- house is always lit when needed, while effecting a gas saving of 30 per cent. Night flying will not only be feasible when airways are illumi- nated in this manner, but experi- enced pilots declare that it will be easier than day flying. Day flying over unfamiliar country is not so simple as it might seem, there being no scientifically marked air- ways as yet. By day the aviator usually follows arailroad. Totake the wrong branch at a junction or large transportation center is a common error. With night flying over a scientifically lighted airway, on the contrary, the aviator would always be in sight of a lighthouse, and usually two. By picking up the numbers flashed from these automatic signals, he would know in which direction he was going, his location, and the distance to the nearest landing-field. These landing-field lights would tell him three things: (1) The loca- tion of the field. (2) The actual landing-place upon it. (3) The direction of the wind. In landing, it is necessary to fly against the wind. The direction of wind is indicated by a huge weather- vane, turning on ball bearings with the wind. This weather-vane, shaped like a huge fish, is visible through flood lighting. Who Maintains the Airways ? The job of equipping and maintain- ing airways is too big to be handled by the government alone; therefore towns along the Washington-Dayton route have been asked to provide landing-fields and service facilities. Scrape the Peak off Coal-Storage Costs AILROADS use at least three methods of storing coal: the trestle, the overhead crane system, and the locomotive or traveling crane method. Because of their cost these methods are being superseded by a new system employing a drag scraper. T € Coal is dumped from the car to a hopper below the tracks; it is carried up a bucket elevator and discharged through a chute into the yard i | ELEVATOR This consists of a chain-and-bucket elevator where the coal is unloaded The into a hopper below the tracks. used 57 A scraper distrib- utes the coal evenly scraper is again bucket elevator picks up the coal and delivers it through a chute to form an initial pile adjacent to the railroad. If the coal is for stoking, a crusher is placed in the pit, where it can be used for crushing frozen slack coal in winter. A ma- chinery house containing the driving-drums, to which are attached the ends of a steel cable extending over the stor- age-yard and having a scraper attached to it, completes the equipment, except for steel posts around the yard. The block and tackle holding the outer end of the drum cable may be shifted, according to where the coal is to be stored. When reclaiming, the coal mcc, throughout the is scraped back to the reclaim- si yard... When re- ing hopper and delivered to claiming, the the bucket elevator, which will discharge the coal wher- ever needed. By this system the storage area may be of any shape, even irregular. and maintenance are extremely low, yet its ca- pacity is from fifty to one hundred tons an hour. The elevator’s first cost

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Painting Pictures with Light American-made stained glass surpasses famous cathedral windows of Europe By Latimer J. Wilson HE maker of a stained-glass window is an artist who paints with light itself. The- artist- designer first makes a sketch in color on paper or canvas. This sketch is then copied in color the full size of the window. A black-and-white cartoon is made the same size, and the sections of its design are laid out in patterns. Since large windows must be reen- forced by horizontal metal bars aver- aging one foot apart, the designer must be careful to arrange his patterns so that the bars will not interfere. ‘or instance, to cut through the face of a figure would spoil it. The shapes of the pattern are then cut out of the paper with a two-blade knife, the dis- tance between the parallel blades corresponding with the thickness of the lead strips to be used to hold the pieces together. These shapes con- form to the folds of drapery, the shadows, and details of the design. How Effects Are Obtained Note how the lines divide the vari- ous parts of a stained-glass window. They are strong and dark in the fore- ground and faint and diffused in the parts that represent distance. If they were not thus softened, the distance would intrude itself upon the more important details of the foreground. This effect is obtained by partly con- cealing the lead strips that hold the pieces of colored glass together. The lead strips are cemented to the glass and the window-maker calls this “‘glazing.”’ In the part of the picture where distance is represented, to keep the glazing from being too prominent two. and sometimes three thicknesses of glass are superposed. The narrow lead strips are then placed between or back of the pieces, a single sheet of semi-opaque glass of the right color being fixed in front of the glazed por- tions. This opaque sheet diffuses the shadow of the lead strips and renders them scarcely noticeable. Hold up a piece of white paper on which a black pencil line is drawn so the light passes through the paper. The line will ap- pear distinct when it is on the back. This illustrates the effect of keeping the lead strips on the back of the glass. How is the colored glass itself made? Into a vessel containing molten glass— just plain glass of fine quality—are put certain metallic oxides. Copper is used for scarlet, gold for pinkish red, cobalt for blue, and tin oxide is used for milky white or opal glass. Without stirring the molten. material it is poured out and run through a rolling- machine, which spreads out the colors in curious but haphazard forms. Unlimited colored effects can be pro- duced. Sometimes only one color— sometimes as many as five—can be used. If the color permeated the whole thickness of the plate it would be too dense for ordinary use. When not stirred, the color lies on the sur- face in a layer about as thick as paint. To construct the final window from the original drawing the patterns of paper are pasted on a plate of plain glass standing upright so the light shines through the gaps to be occupied with the strips of lead glazing. Here an expert artist is required. He sub- Popular Science Monthly Pieces of colored glass are being cut to the patterns laid out on the cartoon. Care must be taken in selecting the colors and in cutting the glass stitutes pieces of selected glass for the paper of the pattern. He must first select the ‘‘key’”’ of his scale of tones. Sometimes this will consist of almost pure white for the lightest part of his design. Ordinarily it consists of a warm, yellowish white. Judgment and Color Sense Necessary Often accidental coloring in the mul- ticolored sheet of glass will exactly fit the shadows or the folds of drapery in a design. The precise effect desired is sometimes obtained by using two or three thicknesses of different density. To select the proper section of the vari-hued sheet of glass demands trained judgment and a good eye for color. Peter F. Bell, of the Lamb Studio, has recently been awarded the highest American prize for artistic merit in this capacity by the National Arts Club of New York. In the United States the art of mak- ing stained-glass windows has now reached a higher place than that attained by the famous windows of European cathedrals. Credit for this advancement must be given the late _John La Farge and F. 8. Lamb. | = ‘ i 7 i ; Here some of the pieces of glass have been painted and are being put in the kiln for firing. Complicated details and the faces of the figures must be painted on The glazier fits the pieces of colored glass together after the manner of a child’s puzzle. to the glass with a substance that is waterproof Lead strips are cemented

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September, 1921 This Easel Finds a Place in Any Room Invalids may have the easel placed be- side the couch, bed, or chair, and have meals served on the table-like bracket or The woman who likes embroidering and other needle- work and wishes to devote her spare For dwellers in small apartments this com- bination easel, which occupies little ground space, is extremely useful. Here it is shown in the réle of a dressing-table and shaving-stand Learning to S shelf. It will also serve as a writing- desk or a book-rest Used in the manner _illus- trated above, the easel lends distinction to the picture that it supports and makes it pos- sible to place the picture in the best light wim in Vienna “TS ATHER threw me overboard.” [: That’s the answer many boys will give you when you ask them how they learned to swim. But the fathers in Vienna don’t treat their sons in such rough fash- ion. The boys are sent to a swim- ming-school, where they learn first to “swim” on land. They put on their bathing-suits and lie across straps that are attached to the sides of wooden frames. There are two straps on each frame, one support ing the abdomen and the other fitting under the arms. While in this position each boy is taught the breast stroke and the proper foot action. He is kept at it until he unconsciously does it correctly. Then he is given a tryout in the © Keystone View Company After sufficient land practice the boys try the water. They wear life-belts attached to overhead pulleys © Keystone View Company In Vienna the boys are taught how to swim on land before they attempt the water water. He wears a life-belt that is attached by a rope to an overhead pulley. Thus the prob- lem of “staying up”’ is eliminated while he grows accustomed to the water. He practises in shallow water with instructors on all sides of him, and is soon able to swim without the aid of the pulley. The illustrations give a clear idea of the methods employed — in this Viennese swimming- school. Never will a boy have fear of the water after such a training. 59 time inthe evenings to it, will find this easel very useful. Her work rests on the shelf and receives a good light Here this protean piece of furniture is shown in the part for which easels are pri- marily intended —to support the stretcher and canvas on which the artist paints How Wireless Is Helping the Farmer N various parts of the country farmers may now have the benefit of the latest market reports, sent out daily by wireless. This is made pos- sible by the cooperation of the Air Mail Radio Service of the Post-Office Department with the government Bureau of Market Reports. At present the plan is to send out reports as follows: From Omaha each day, a report of the Omaha live-stock market will be made at 11.15 A.M. (Central Standard time); at 11.45 on the Kansas City live-stock market. At 2.15 P.M. a grain and potatoes report will be sent out, giving prices and conditions at Chicago, Minne- apolis, Kansas City, and Winnipeg. And at 5 P.M. a “Daily Marketgram,”’ covering national market conditions on live-stock, fruits and vegetables, grain, hay, feed, and seed, will go out. Similarly, reports from St. Louis: at 11 A.M. a National Stockyards re- port; at 11.30 a.M. a Chicago live- stock market report; at 2 P.M. a grain and potato report; and the Radio Marketgram at 7 P.M. It is hoped that these reports will be picked up by amateur radio operators within the three-hundred-mile radius of each station. There are also hun- dreds of licensed operators in the areas covered, and the Bureau of Markets hopes that these operators will receive the reports and see that they are placed in the hands of interested persons. Pe ee eed Soe “a

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Popular Scvence Monthly Reading a Water-Meter by Telephone HE water-meter can be read over the telephone. That is a good step-saving idea for the irrigating farm- ers of the West. There is a revolving pointer on the water-meter and there is an electric connection between the water-meter and the telephone. As the pointer revolves, there is produced in the distant telephone re- See a eR OS ———= wT Accurate Holes Assured with This Tool HEN the machinist has a hole to re-bore or ream out he must see to it that the drill or reamer is held in such a way that it will not produce an elongated hole. If the drill were held firmly without being allowed to sway a trifle, an accurate hole would be very uncertain. This special holder is held so that it will not slip, but is ceiver a distinct click. The number of these clicks a minute will give the amount of water flowing through the ditches. Keeping Your Cap in Shape RDINARILY it is necessary to stuff a cap with paper to keep it in shape. William H. Moore, stationed on Governor’s Island, noticed the trouble the soldiers had with their caps, so he devised a metal strip to put inside. The cap on Mr. Moore’s head contains a metal form similar to the one he is inserting in the brim of another cap. Two small clips adjust the thin band of metal. _ This strip of metal keeps caps in shape He Is Leaping Across a Four- Thousand-Foot Chasm [guns a chasm four thousand feet deep and sixteen feet wide; would you leap across it? Probably not. Yet there is one foolhardy man who did it. His name is Walter Duncan and he is presumably convalescing in a hospital in Arizona. During the war Duncan was with the Fifth Division and he undoubtedly finds life in a hospital very tame—hence the leap. The photographer caught him in the act, as the picture above shows. A sixteen-foot jump, however, is well within the world’s record for the running broad jump, which is nearly twenty-five feet. The record standing broad jump, on the contrary, is less than sixteen feet. HERE is an instance of coopera- tion between the sea and the air that will delight the larger-air- force enthusiasts. A torpedo was lost from a vessel during practice. For two hours a navy airship looked for the torpedo before it was spotted with its nose sticking out of the water. The airship signaled a destroyer and dropped a smoke bomb to show the. loca- tion of the torpedo. Thus a valuable bit of naval armament was salvaged. 60 free to move from side to side. Thus, when a drill is placed in a hole that is to be bored, the larger hole will be exactly concentric with the first smaller hole. Rat-Traps for Ships’ Hawsers tai run up and down the hawsers that hold ships in place. Hence we now have the hawser rat-trap shown below. This trap clamps around the cable and has an inviting trapdoor at each end. The rat travels up or down the rope until he reaches the trap; without hesitation he goes through the door and drops to the bottom. There are flexible wire prongs that bend inward at each door. Unsuspecting rats fall into this hawser trap

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September, 1921 Golf Machine Measures Length of Drive | qucieappianes long drives on the roof, says Maurice McLaugh- lin, the famous tennis-player, who is also a golf enthusiast. He is shown herewith demonstrating a new golf machine that enables you to tell how far your ball would have traveled had it not been held back by the cord to which it is attached. The machine fits in a corner of the roof and is no larger than a traffic post. On top of the stand there is a dial that registers the force of a stroke delivered to the ball that hangs at the end of a cord. Such an instrument as this drive recorder will be welcomed by those golf enthusiasts who live too far from the links to get there for a game more than once a week. Domesticated Bowls Over the Water in a Horse-Car Rot ferry-boat and a horse- car is the vehicle above. This particular horse-car is used on the flooded beach of the German island of Langeoog. It is prob- ably the only horse-drawn car in the world that makes its way through the water as well as over the land. Don’t think that it is a boat as well as a car. It does not float; it runs on rails laid under the water. It would be impossible to use an electric car for service of this nature. The water would get into the motor and the passen- gers would certainly have to finish their journey by walking. At first glance this car reminds one of the English and French bath-houses that are taken a short way out to sea before their occupants make their appearance. Keeping Back the Dross [NDOOR bowling is a game in which tenpins are knocked over by large metal balls—known as bowls. Outdoor bowling is an entirely different game. The object is not to knock over tenpins, but to hurl the bowls as near as possible to a white ball known as the “Sack.” And now this outdoor game has been brought indoors; it is played on a table in the manner shown below. The white ‘‘jack” may be seen in the foreground and several bowls are seen lying around it. The players—there can be any number—are arranged in two teams. Each team has a captain. .@, Va oe 48 ae) Be Outdoor bowls are here brought to table This Movie Camera Is Equipped with a Motor ™ HY didn’t I think of that?” many of our readers will moan when they see what Frank Morris has done for aerial movie photography. For Morris has eliminated the three cranks—and cranks they were in more senses than one—of the movie camera, and in their place he has put a battery of eight- volt, sixty-ampere power that has only to be started and the photographer can “shoot” in any direction desired with the assurance that the film will grind out smoothly. Note the air cushion that the operator is wearing; it is a shock-absorber. SAD is the story told by the Army and Navy Journal. Some one has been tampering with the alcohol sent to submarine bases for the torpedoes. Somewhere between the point of shipment and the base, that pure alcohol was diluted. So now all navy alcohol must be analyzed at its port of embarkation and again on its arrival at its destination and the two analyses compared. Also whatever ethyl alcohol is used on shipboard must be denatured with croton oil and colored with a dye under the eye of the medical officer. 61 H° metal in a crucible pre- sents a number of problems. It is constantly giving off fumes that are in many cases injurious to the health of the foundry workers. If a cover is placed over the crucible, then the work- man cannot scrape the dross off to prevent it from getting into the mold. A cover has at last been invented that not only helps to keep the metal hot, but also prevents the dross from getting into the mold and causing unsound castings. A graphite “skimmer bridge’”’ is placed on the bottom of the cover so that it will be at the lip of the crucible. This holds back the dross, but allows the hot metal to pass. Dross cannot pass this crucible cover i i ;

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Popular Science Monthly Electric Sandals Find Current Leakage SERIOUS problem in con- nection with the super- intending of any electric power scheme is the finding of defec- tive insulators. Many methods have been suggested, but until now none could be carried out without temporarily stopping the operation of the plant. In order to detect leakage by this new method the oper- ator wears a pair of metal sandals connected with a hand telephone by flexible con- ductors. Thus equipped, he walks along the row of wire- carrying poles, listening to sounds in the telephone. He is thus able to determine not only the magnitude of the leak, but its direction. Falling Four Miles through the Air HE first hundred feet are the hardest in the life of a parachute jumper. He falls through the air, arms and legs sprawling in the manner shown above, until his parachute miraculously opens up. This picture was taken at Post Field, Oklahoma, when Sergeant E. Chambers made a spectacular jump from a height of nearly four miles! He is shown diving head first for the earth far below. Chambers fell five hundred feet before his parachute came to life—after that all was clear sailing. It Is Impossible to Sink This Boat ie another non-sinkable boat has appeared. Boats of this nature are all equipped with special sealed air-chambers that are able to sustain considerable weight. This particular boat is one big air-chamber in itself. The entire bottom of the boat is used to form an air- chamber. A false bottom is built in the craft and the space between this and the real bottom of the boat forms the air-chamber. The picture below shows the new craft being tested in San Francisco bay. The lifeguards are trying to sink it by turning it over. This is impossible, however, since the craft is provided with a very heavy keel and it will right itself immediately. © Keystone View Company Trying to sink an unsinkable boat; a hopeless job 62 For Boring Holes Overhead and Out of Reach HOWN above is a boring-tool that is just the thing for boring holes overhead and otherwise out cf reach. The bit, mounted on the end of a long rod, is actuated by a ratchet arrangement with a strap drive. The work- man pulls on the strap and the bit does the rest. The bit is so arranged that it can be made to bore a hole at any angle. The handle upon which the bit is mounted is adjust- able, so that holes can be bored at different heights. The old method of climbing upon a ladder and using an ordinary ratchet brace-and-bit is crude when compared to this modern method.

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September, 1921 This Automobilist Wears a Mask while He Races HE calm, healthy driver of a racing automobile is a changed man after he finishes a race. He staggers from his place at the wheel —body fatigued, face lined and drawn. Perhaps his face is cut by flying splin- ters that have been chipped off the board track during the race. Roscoe Sarles, a_ well- known driver, has had several unpleasant splinter experiences in the past. In consequence, he wore at a recent Los Angeles race a strange mask made of cham- ois. The mask completely covers his face and yet is so made that he can breathe easily. This is done by means of stiffened flaps that hang over the holes for the nose and mouth. Goggles are worn to pro- tect his eyes. His Trunk Is His Dressing-Room Geysers from Twelve-Inch Guns _— at one target were ten twelve- inch guns and they were all fired at once. The picture below shows how accurate the shots were. Ten huge geysers burst into the air within a few yards of one another! . The three guns in the foreground did not participate in the shooting. They are mounted on the Nevada, which acted as a towing-ship for the target during this maneuver. Secretary Denby was standing under the guns when this picture was taken. The ships that fired the shots were the Utah, the Delaware, the Florida, and the North Dakota, all belonging to the Atlantic Fleet. Seen from the Nevada’s guns at target practice Breaks All Diving Records in Steel Tube OCKED in a cast-steel tube fifteen feet long, thirty-eight inches in diam- eter, and weighing five tons, A. E. Chisholm was lowered into the water. He went down four hundred and forty feet and stayed there half an hour, thereby breaking the previous deep- sea diving record. This tube carries its own air supply, and Mr. Chis- holm, the inventor, claims that a man can remain in it for four hours. The tube is lowered by a donkey-engine and cable. A metal arm, with a steel hand at the end, reaches out from the side of the tube. This arm is controlled from within and it will do all kinds of work, from tying knots to lifting metal bars, making the in- vention ‘especially valuable to divers. Finding the Tension for Piano Wire \ K 7HEN the lid of a trunk is opened, it is apt to reveal almost y= tonal analysis of pianos a synthetic instrument was anything. In the picture below you see a strange trunk that, when opened up, becomes a dressing-room. The trunk belongs to a very young actor and it contains everything he needs in his business. Inside the lid of the devised, consisting of a series of tuning-forks. By means of a master fork (shown in the lower right-hand corner of the illustration) having a platinum make-and-break, the entire series is actuat- trunk there is a mirror, an electric-light fix- ture, and a collapsible dressing- table. The body of the trunk is divided into drawers that contain elothing and cosmetics. When the owner wishes to “make up,” he pullsout the bottom drawer and uses it for a seat. CALIFORNIA redwood may be artificially carv- ed by sand-blast. Por- tions of the surface are covered by protective stencils and the design appears in relief against a uniform stipple back- ground. Most of the work is donein the color © Underwood & Underwooa 4, and by means of a series of rheostats the current to each fork is controlled. Increasing or decreasing the in- tensity of vibration of one or more of the forks changes the quality of tone. The illustration shows a man comparing the synthetic tone pro- duced by the electric- driven forks with the tone produced by a piano wire of the same pitch mounted upon an electrical sonometer. As a result of much research and _ experi- mentation it has been demonstrated that pi- ano wire is at its best acoustically at a tension of the redwood. His trunk becomes his dressing-table 63 Comparing tone of piano wire and tuning-fork Of 160 pounds. aiainttiaaieeaiil — ramet aman ctae hie oh ila

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Popular Scréence M onthly Trolleys to Carry Concrete Building Slabs HOWN above are trolleys that carry huge concrete building blocks in cradle fashion from place to place. They travel on heavy cables and have strong rails attached tothem. At the other end of each rail there is a second pulley to which are attached the cables that hold the great blocks. Walter S. Painter, of New York city, invented this trolley system for use in the ecnstruction of large buildings. The main cables extend the full length of the building under way and the concrete slabs are car- ried directly to the place where they are to be erected. Cables are used for pulling the trolleys along the main cables. Waterproof Cover for Hat RANCE, of course, thought of this clever hat-cover for rainy weather. Clever, because although it serves a utilitarian purpose, it has not lost every vestige of style, as have so many of our storm garments, such as raincoats and _ rubbers, though it is only fair to ad- mit that in recent years rub- bers have achieved a certain style, particularly those worn by women. The hat-cover is made of rubberized silk. It is in- tended especially for straw hats and is fastened under the brim by a running cord that can be adjusted to fit. The touch that puts “Paris” on the hat is the silk band. Chicago Provides Its Policemen with Forts il eo general public seem to take a policeman’s bravery fcr granted, hut there are some of us who have marveled at the spirit that makes him forget himself, wife, and children in the presence of danger and plunge into the midst of whatever trouble has arisen. Chicago has decided that its police are not going to take unnecessary risks in the performance of their duty and has pro- vided them with portable ‘‘forts’’ for use in fighting criminals who are resisting cap- ture by barricading themselves in an advantageous position. A steel screen ten feet high and four feet wide provides protection for two men. Chicago policemen with bomb and gun and armored screen 64 Extension Arms Operate this Light Clam-Bucket ERE is a clam-bucket that is raised and lowered by a new type of extension arm which holds the bucket down while the loading is going on. Thus a very light bucket can be used and the cost of the entire eccnveyor is appreciably lowered. The ordinary bucket must be heavy enough to dig down of its own accord; hence a bucket that would hold a ton of coal would have to weigh two tons. The new bucket, according to its manu- facturers, lowers the cost of every carload cf coal fifteen dollars. The operator travels with the bucket in a small cab; thus he is able to pile the coal accurately and quickly. Clip for the Carpenter’s Ruler A CLIP for holding the carpenter’s ruler has now been invented. There is a safety-pin on one side of the clip that enables the carpenter to pin it on to his coat. Thus the ruler is always handy when he needs it. The clip itself is a simple affair— made of a strip of metal bent into ob- long shape to fit the ruler. There is a curved metal attachment at each end that prevents the ruler frcem slipping. TWELVE thousand dollars was paid at an auction sale in Paris for the first Mauritius twopenny stamp, which is the most popular, though by no means the rarest, cf the valuable postage- stamps. It was engraved by a watch- maker in 1847. Only a thousand were issued, and of these but twelve are still in existence. Ee

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September, 1921 How Coal Is Tested for the Bureau of Mines HEN the United States gov- ernment buys coal, it sends an engineer from the Bureau of Mines to see that the coal delivered is up to the specifications the mine submitted to the purchasing agent. While elaborate analyses are em- ployed, the expert in the picture can reach a very fair approximation of the grade of coal with the com- paratively primitive tools he is using. A sieve, a2 hammer, a brush, and a good deal of experience and technical knowledge are his implements. If he detects any signs of inferior quality, a scien- tific analysis is made, and if the coal is not up to sample it is rejected. Baby Can Now Have Automobile Crib paRorerr you exhibit your son in his new automobile crib. Your friends ap- pear equally enthusiastic about the baby and the crib, and they are hardly to be blamed. The crib is compact, comfort- able, and absolutely safe. The crib is fastened to the robe-rail, or, lacking the rail, strap loops are provided. A strap carrying a ring is screwed to the floor; the ring is fastened to a spring that hangs from the frame of the crib. This spring is what makes riding so smooth for the child; it holds the crib away from the front seat and gives that springy motion which soothes the baby and keeps him in a good temper and in consequence gives his mother more leisure. His Baby is as safe in the car as at home It Digs Post-Hole in Seven Minutes N 1914, when the first transcontinental telephone line was being constructed, an improved method of boring post-holes became desirable, and a power-driven auger mounted on the rear end of a horse-drawn wagon was put into use. It was slow and unsatisfactory, and has been replaced by a power-driven earth-boring machine mounted on the front end of the chassis of a motor-truck. Because of the fact that the pole line invariably ex- tends “cross-country,” a truck having a four- wheel drive is absolutely essential to enable the truck to negotiate the surface encountered in plowed fields, irrigation ditches, and the like. The mounting of the boring-machine is such that it is possible to bore a vertical hole with the truck at any grade that is negotiable. The earth-boring machine is driven through a universal shaft from the This auger is strong and a quick worker power take-off of the truck transmission. Since there are four speeds and a reverse in the truck transmission, the boring-machine may be driven at a wide range of speeds, thus adapting it for soils of different nature, such as adobe, clay, sand, and hard-pan. Tagging the Fishes tT? Ministry of Agriculture and Bureau of Fisheries of Great Britain have been conducting some interesting experiments in the tracing of fish and the directions of sea currents. From certain stations in the North Sea bottles containing a postcard have been cast adrift. The finders are requested to mail the postal. From the data thus obtained much val- uable information may be secured regarding ocean drifts and the movements of floating fish-eggs. Fish have also been tagged with a small disk, which the finder is asked to return, with the place and date of finding. 65 Sick Arc-Lamp Globes Go to Hospital CTINIC rays of an arc light will gradually turn the glass of the globe purple, which seriously interferes with the illumination produced. The globes used in ares designed for photographic use become al- most black in a few months, and must be replaced, even though they are otherwise in perfect condition. Although the purple colora- tion is not confined to the sur- face, but extends throughout the thickness of the globe, it is being removed by heating the globe in an annealing furnace to about 1000° ©. After cooling, the glass hecomes as clear as a new gicve. Letters Are Reduced in Size for the Air Mail jut as the letters carried by the old transcontinental Pony Express were written on tissue-paper to save weight, special methods are now being used to permit airplanes to carry more mail than is possible with ordinary sized letters. By photographic methods the average business letter may be reduced to the size of a postage-stamp. The letter is photographed in a reducing camera and the tiny negative is what the airplane carries. Upon delivery, the recip- ient puts the letter in a lantern that en- larges it so it can be read. A similar method is used to preserve official records in order to reduce the storage space that they formerly occupied. The letter will be the size of a stamp dicta 5 hs 5 SSRN aS ORR Se ra aE IE ae Pr cron op eee artes i

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The Chinese, the Indians (North American and East), and the Egyptians have long used the lily as an article of food; it is now being introduced to Americans Lilies Are Being Used for Food E are all familiar with water- lily culture for purposes of beauty; but growing lilies for food is a new idea in America, though it has been practised on a large scale for cen- turies in the Orient. Dr. L. H. Pam- mel, chairman of the Iowa Conserva- tion Board, Dr. Melvin R. Gilmore, curator of the North Dakota His- torical Museum, and other scientists lately have been making a study of the food value of the lotus-lily, the big yellow water-lily found in many lakes, ponds, and rivers in the Eastern and Middle Western United States. This lily was highly prized as a food by the American Indians, just as its pink cousin, the lotus of China, India, and Egypt, is a favorite food there. Peeled and boiled, the American water-lily is as farinaceous and whole- some as a potato and delicious to the taste. The forementioned scientists are advocating the utilization of American waters for its cultivation for the purpose of adding to our dietary. Propagation of the American lotus is not difficult, declare the scientists, and there are numerous ponds and lakes in nearly every State, whose’ waters are suited to the profitable culture of the lotus-lily. Molding Marble for a New Parthenon NEW process whereby a synthetic stone, indistinguishable from the finest Parian marble, may be mixed and molded like concrete is being used to build an exact reproduction of the Parthenon of Athens. It was copied in brick and plaster as one of the tem- porary buildings to house the art col- lection of the Tennessee Centennial Exposition. Nashville wished to make the build- ing permanent, but the expense of marble made it out of the question. The situation was saved by George Julian Zolnay, a distinguished sculptor, who employed the magic of his studio laboratory to make mar- ble without waiting for the slow deposit of tiny shells by microscopic crustaceans, and the con- version of this limestone into marble by volcanic action and the percola- tion of water which are required to produce the genuine Parian marble. Zolnay’s process is simpler, and the prod- ET OTOL EO i, ia Re coe ville, Tennessee. plaster of the original model uct can hardly be distinguished from To a combination of Portland cement and water a mixture of petrinite is added to produce the necessary calcium- Nature’s. carbonate crystals. These combine with the calcium-silicate crystals formed by the Portland cement, and harden into astrong, waterproof rock with a white crystalline surface. While the material is still liquid it is forced into molds which reproduce the carvings and pillars of the original Parthe- non, and at a fraction of the expense. 66 Popular Science Monthly From the Cocoon to the Department- Store OME forty-five hundred years ago the silkworm was the pet of the royal family of China; it is said that a Chinese empress invented the first. loom. However that may be, it is true that China was the cradle of the silk- worm industry. The average life of the silkworm is thirty days and in that time it spins about four thousand yards of its valuable silk thread. Silkworms’ eggs are usually im- ported from China, where the health- iest eggsare produced. Disease spreads like lightning, therefore breeders get the best specimens they can. The eggs are kept in incubators for thirty days, when they hatch out. The young worms are put in wicker trays with some mulberry leaves, their favor- ite food. After molting four times the silkworm spins its cocoon, which is of a double silk fiber that is discharged from two glands under the worm’s lip. After the cocoon is spun and the silk- worm is in the process of becoming a moth, the best cocoons are selected for breeding. The male moth is indicated by a rodlike cocoon, the female by an oval cocoon. The moth emerges in about two weeks and mates almost im- mediately. The female lays about four hundred eggs and dies. Cocoons not selected for breeding are steamed and then steeped in hot water. This melts the gelatinous sub- stance that holds the silk so compactly and permits the thread to be wound. George Julian Zolnay, the sculptor who has invented the new syn- thetic stone, making possible a perfect but inexpensive reproduc- tion of the Parthenon frieze. With his new material he has recon- structed the ninety- six metopes in the sculptures of the famous temple An exact replica of the Parthenon being reconstructed at Nash- Synthetic stone is replacing the temporary

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September, 1921 Building a Scotch ‘Village for the Moving - Pictures This is the Scotch village as it appeared on the screen, built of weatherbeaten } stone. It is an exact reproduction of i a real street, and people who knew i Scotland believed the picture must i have been photographed abroad But the stones are papier-maché and behind the scenes there is nothing but uncovered framework. This is how the house on the right looked from the rear. The scenery of the movies is no more real than that of the thea- ter; it is built to be seen only frcm one side but nothing looks flimsy This may look like a billboard, but it is really the back of the church shown on the right When the actors went inside for an indoor scene, you were sure the house was built in three dimensions, but the picture on the left tells the truth. The interior views were taken days later in “sets” built in the studios. The actor closing the door was a half mile from the place where he opened it = ee timc TL eee aha PATO TIE What seems to be stone is a plaster- and-staff composition smeared over a wooden form and carefully painted to simulate age. Do you recognize the wall in the first illustration? 67 Camouflage makes the flat surface shown on the left appear like the two sides of a church tower

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New and Useful Things for the Home View Company You press a button at the top when you wish the salt and pepper. A per- forated cylinder inside emerges when the button is pressed, and the salt and pepper pour out through the holes Popular Science Monthly 2 © Keystone For wine, beer, and ketch- up bottles this holder has been invented. It fits around the bottom of the bottle and catches any drops that may run down When cabbage is cooked, the pipe shown above should be used. It is connected with the regular stovepipe and has a funnel at the other end that covers the pot and carries off the odor. The funnel can be swung around Here is a hose-cart that eliminates the tiresome job of holding the hose when sprinkling the lawn. You wheel it from place to place and then wind the hose around it when you are finished For houses in which there is no running water this com- bination tub and stove has been built. Water is heated in the large pot and the faucet is then turned on. The stove burns either coal or gas Here is a glass top that fits over a half lemon that is being squeezed. You hold it by the handle and twist it from side to side, The inside is corrugated wt F “Athen oe % to prevent slipping “ — a :, Electric-light fixtures attached to the piano are of great help to musicians; they throw light directly on the music, thus insuring improved playing To all outward appear- ances this apron is like the aprons you usually buy, but a close inspection shows that this one is rubberized on the under side. This prevents stains from soaking through This can-opener flattens down the rough edges after it cuts through the lid of the can; the danger of cutting your hands on the jagged points of tin is thereby eliminated 68

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September, 1921 Keeping Up with the March of Science Facts for the man who wants to know Use of Fuel Oil for Power Te use of oil as fuel for power by public utility plants should be re- stricted. It is essential for the operation of airplanes and automotive vehicles and has many advantages for marine use. Since the supply is limited, it is impor- tant to conserve it for their highly im- portant purposes, or even restrict its use to this field. In order to do so, of course, adequate power sources must be provided for the public utilities. This may be ac- complished by a larger use of water power, which is taking place on a large scale in California, where hydroelectric stations are rapidly replacing oil-burning power plants. White Plague Dying Out? EPORTS from the National Tuberculosis Association show that consumption may soon become a rare disease in the United states. Public education in pre- ventive measures and years of hard work by medical officers have checked its spread, and the death rate goes down steadily every year. This is in marked contrast to the tremendous increase of tuberculosis in Europe due to the rav- ages of the war. Thyroxin Hastens Age HYROXIN, which is the active secre- tion of the thyroid gland, has a marked effect in speeding up life processes. With human beings, physicians are care- ful never to stimulate the activity of the thyroid beyond its normal activity, for experiments with the lower animals indi- cate that too much thyroxin produces quick maturity and may shorten the nor- mal span of life. Tadpoles dosed with this secretion stop growing and turn into per- fectly formed mature frogs almost at once. Some of these artificially aged frogs are no larger than a fly, much smaller than any existing in nature. Tadpoles that have had their thyroids removed refuse to turn into frogs at all, but simply grow double and treble the normal length and weight. Meteorological Observations N using balloons for the investigation of conditions existing in the upper strata of the atmosphere at sea, difficulty lies in the recovery of the apparatus. The Prince of Monaco has solved the problem by sending two balloons aloft in tandem, one of which is more fully inflated than the other. Below the second balloon hangs the meteorograph and below that a float acts in conjunction with the balloon to keep the instruments above the surface of the water. When the tandem balloons reach the re- quired height, the more fully inflated balloon bursts, and the apparatus de- scends. By charting the course of the ship that sends up the balloon and noting its altitude with a theodolite at the moment it bursts, it is possible to calculate its distance from the ship. To know where the balloon will fall on the water, it is necessary to learn its altitude, the rate of fall, and the direction and speed of the winds at all levels traversed. The first two are known precisely, and the last is guessed at roughly by assuming the _ balloon will encounter the same air cur- rents during its fall as on its rise. Search is made for the balloon in the direction of the resultant line joining the starting and bursting points of the gas bags. The method is approximate, but the balloon floats three hundred yards above the surface and can be seen approximately seven miles, and few will be lost if the ship is able to steam fast enough to keep the balloon in sight until the time of the burst. Lightning Does Strike Twice | hreewerte experts have decided that while lightning may never strike twice in exactly the same place, it has a habit of striking in the same locality. It has its zones, where it usually appears in every electrical storm. Lightning ranks next to sparks from locomotives and camp fires as a cause of forest fires, and by mapping the location of “lightning zones’ and _ introducing special fire-prevention measures around these districts, fire loss will be measurably reduced. From 1914 to 1918 lightning caused one forest fire in three, and in 1920 it ignited half the forest fires reported. Non-Alcoholic Flavoring LCOHOLIC extracts have been used so largely for beverage purposes that it will be only a matter of time before the prohibition laws will prohibit their manu- facture. It took years of research before a sub- stitute could be found to replace alcohol as a solvent, but non-alcoholic liquid flavors are now on the market. The new solvent is not volatile, and there is no loss of the extract through evap- oration. Airplane Lays Telegraph HE Army Air Service of Sweden re- ports that a six-mile section of telegraph cable was successfully laid by an airplane in eight minutes. Six of the eight minutes were spent in flight and the other two in making connections. 69 Chalk as a Coal Substitute Y treating chalk with a patented process by which it is blended with a rich car- bonaceous material a British company claims a fuel can be produced as efficient as coal for household use, at a price of $3.75 a ton. The fuel has a valuable by-product in that the ash remaining after combustion can be utilized as cement or fertilizer. Do Your Eyebrows Join? ‘TH old superstition that leads the stage villain to make up with eyebrows that meet over the bridge of his nose as a sign of his fiendish character has been given some color by recent developments in psychopathology. Physicians have found that mental de- rangement is frequently accompanied by alterations in the appearance of the eye- brow, and that such variations tend toward the joining eyebrow of the villain of melodrama. In maniac depressive cases the outer third of the eyebrow is often missing, while dementia precox is marked by short bushy hairs which fill_up the space over the nose. Watch Liberty Motor B* fitting a glass window in the cylinder of a Liberty motor the Bureau of Standards has been investigating the color and duration of the flame produced by the explosion that drives the piston. The investigators have determined that the phenomenon known as “fuel knock” is accompanied by an exceedingly bright flash of very short duration, and is caused by the fact that the explosion of the mix- ture is practically a detonation. Slight changes in the mixture produce marked differences in the color of the ex- plosion flame, and the apparatus gives more accurate knowledge of the proper mixture ratios for any given grade of gaso- line than is possible by auditory or brake- resistance tests. Oil Kills Many Birds EAVY oils are used for fuel in the place of coal by many sea-going ships, and so many are the advantages of this fuel that even some of the older ships that heretofore used coal have been adapted to oil firing. The change of fuel has led to unforeseen and disastrous effects on aquatic birds and inhabitants of the sea that, like oysters, are firmly attached to the sea bottom in comparatively shallow shore waters, or, like clams and numerous crustaceans, live in closely circumscribed areas of the tide- washed beaches. The attention of the British government Treas Sealed ee Se eer ne eam steal toni apnea 2 + RRB De ASS ee

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has been called to the fact that, since the introduction of oil firing, many thousands of dead penguins, guillemots, gulls, and other birds have been washed up on the Yorkshire coast. An examination showed that the plu- mage of the birds had become so heavily coated with the oil covering the surface of the water that they could neither fly nor dive. It is also reported that the oil is rapidly destroying millions of oysters, clams, and crustaceans along the British coast, thus seriously threatening the future of the shellfish industry. How great is the danger from this source may be inferred from the result of experi- ments undertaken by the late Lord Ray- leigh in 1889, which proved that 500,000 tons of oil would suffice to cover the entire sea surface of the earth with a thin film. The House Redolent irti AVENUE shops display a variety of electric ‘perfumers that are used to give rooms the delicate fragrance of a flower-garden. The perfume is placed Reading in Bed NE may read in bed without excessive eye-strain if care is taken to have good light and to sit up so that you look down at the print. Reading in a prone position is usually tiresome because we look up at the type. The eye is used so much to look at objects held below its level that the muscles which turn the eyes up have become weak from lack of use and become, therefore, easily tired. Air-Compressor Explosions | Di eraiyie in air compressors are not likely to be due to ignition of oil vapor, since any oil present is lodged against the sides of the cylinder walls and is cooled by the proximity of the water jacket. Oil on the face of the piston might give off a little vapor which might ignite if the flash-point of the oil is lower than the temperature of air in the cylinder, but it is important to remember that the air is cooled during the Popular Science Monthly could be used in the production of a cheaper alcohol than is possible with the use of foodstuffs and molasses as a raw material. Giving Ether a New Way - VER since ether fumes were first used in surgery for producing anesthesia, efforts were made to improve the originally crude methods of administering the pain- relieving drug. In the past twenty-five years consider- able progress was made in perfecting the technique of anesthetizing, but the prin- ciple of administering the ether through the lungs was the method generally adhered to. During the recent war it became neces- sary to perform surgical operations on many individuals to whom ether could not be administered in the customary way be- cause of severe injuries to the head. Some other method had to be found for such eases. After considerable research, Dr. J. T. Gwathmey, of New York, a member of the medical staff of the American in a glass container and vaporized by the heat of a concealed electric light. The perfumers look like artistic metal wall ornaments. It is claimed they will scent the living-room with rose, the dining-room with violet, and the reception hall with lily of the valley at the desire of the owner. Temperature of Planets LANETS without atmosphere are freezing cold in the shade and boil- ing hot in thesun. By the use of an improved bolometer Professor Véry has demonstrated that rocks in the equatorial region of the practically airless moon attain a temperature of 356° F.—144 degrees above the boil- Things You Want to Know Described in Popular Science for October The Secret of Babe Ruth’s Home Runs— How scientific tests have solved baseball’s greatest mystery Have Sunspots Put Our Weather Out of Kilter? Successful Talking Movies at Last! A Chemist in Your Business Will Save Money Playing with Death at Niagara Falls Typewriting by Wireless *‘Vacuum Cleaners’’ to Unload Coal And 300 other fascinating features that no live-wire man should miss Expeditionary Forces, developed a method of administering ether in the form of a mixture with edible oils, in which ether is soluble. The ether, dissolved in vegetable or mineral oil, was given to the patients either by mouth or injected directly into the lower bowels. It was conclusively proved that ether evaporates from various oils suitable for internal use at a definite rate at the temperature of the human body. More than 30,000 operations have been perfarmed in which the ether was given by Dr. Gwathmey’s meth- od, and it was found that vomiting, nausea, and other unfavorable after effects were reduced to a minimum or obviated entirely. ing-point—at the lunar midday. The highest temperature was not reached until a day and a half after the sun had passed its highest altitude, showing that in spite of the large amount of radiation due to the lack of an atmosphere, the heat con- tinued to accumulate, although the sun was declining. In the late afternoon it was dis- covered that the heat fell off rapidly. Minnows and Yellow Fever AN incipient epidemic of yellow fever at Tampico was arrested by placing top minnows (Gambusia) in the ponds and cisterns. At the outbreak of the disease six hundred men were kept constantly employed putting crude oil on the ponds ‘and marshes,: and the ‘use of oil on the cisterns and barrels containing rain-water, which is the only source of water supply for the Mexican population, caused serious dissatisfaction. It was found that a few minnows in each water container would eradicate the mos- quito larve. The fish have entirely re- placed crude oil as a yellow-fever preven- tive, the natives are highly pleased at the change, and the reduction in expense amounts to three thousand dollars a week. large part of the cycle, being heated only when the end of the compression stroke is reached. Explosions are more liable to be caused by the presence of solid matter in the form of dust. This dust may be derived from the carbonization of oil, or be introduced directly into the machine when the intake is near a coal-pile or where it can suck in smoke. Oils that break down with a large percentage of carbon under the influence of heat and pressure are not suitable for use in compressors. Alcohol from Seaweed few: fact that seaweed thrown up on ocean beaches has been altered in the course of time to a substance resembling india rubber, and which contains 25 per cent of oily matter, affords fair presump- tive evidence that natural oil—assuming it is of organic origin—has been produced by the decomposition of aquatic material. Seaweed is available in unlimited quan- tities, and there is very little commercial use for it at present. Chemists believe that by the use of a suitable ferment it 70 How Electric Shocks Kill Oper investigations by A. Finsler, a noted German scientist, confirm the theory that an electric shock, if sufficiently powerful, may cause death by paralyzing the muscles of the heart. A current of about 0.1 ampere, passing through the muscles of the heart, may kill a person in normal health. The voltage necessary to produce this effect depends on the resist- ance, hence mainly upon conditions of contact. If the contact surfaces are sufficiently large and moist, even 110 volts may cause a fatal shock. The danger is greatest when the heart is in the direct line of the flow of the current. The effect of alternating current at the usual commercial frequeney, 40 to 50, is more severe than that of direct current. But at high frequencies, 4000 to 8000, the nerves cease to react, and such alternating currents are therefore not dangerous. Serious burns are more frequently caused by direct than by alternating current. Ex- perience in cases of legal electrocution has shown that a person expecting a shock will resist shocks that would undoubtedly kill him if he were not prepared. The proper treatment in cases of electric shock consists of an endeavor to restore the suspended action of the heart by artificial respiration. Tr

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September, 1921 Tools and Machines

that Save Time

This new chuck has a special positive grip that holds rigidly without mar- ring the stock. The chuck may be attached to any type of lathe without special devices

: ve i REAMER -

Forty per cent increase in production is claimed for this tool, which will drill and ream in one operation. The reamer enters a bushing before the drill engages

faces that give large bearing surfaces and make the attachment invaluable ) OBJECTIVE TUBE LANTERN LENS : AND TWO LENSES SCREW 7° ; fo tae - SS =<! =

For inspecting screw-threads this projection lantern magnifies 250 diameters, making every measurement apparent; it was de- signed by the Bureau of Standards De Ee eal

With this pocket attachment a rule : becomes a T-square, miter-square, es center-square, depth and scratch A high-speed milling attachment has gage, and a bevel. vel hhocionnpal and cate locating sur- adjustable to any of these forms machine, used for determining hard-

One tool for a wrench, hammer, rule, and screw- driver. The trans- verse teeth on the shank make ad- justments firm and positive A mechanical pointer for surveyors’ stakes consists of a V-shaped knife operated up and down by the shop’s belt system: A stake can _ be pointed in five seconds It is instantly Direct dial readings are given by this ness. A ball penetrator permits tests on small tubes without a mandrel ae ona Eo ip at tea! ils

In an automatic stirrer for molten optical glass the hose carries circulating water for cooling the stirring-rod as shown in the picture abgve

71

Sai ee a

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Air-starter installed, taking power from the flywheel. For inexpensive cars air is more reliable than electricity Air-Starter for Small Cars OMPRESSED-AIR starters have many advantages not possessed by the electric equipment and is not When the electric equip- subject to easy disarrangement. ment is employed, trouble with the system occurs very often, this being the case especially when the starting, lighting, and ignition systems all draw their current from the same battery. Too many of the lower-priced cars are not fitted with batteries of ample capacity to take care of the heavy cur- rent consumption in starting, espe- cially when the automobile is used in service where the stops are frequent. On the other hand, the air-starter is a self-contained unit with no connec- tion with the lighting or ignition sys- tem. Trouble may be experienced with either system without in any way affecting the starting apparatus. The air-starter illustrated is an adaptation of those used on airplane motors. It is characterized by its smallness and weight in consideration of the power it develops. The design is a four-cylinder unit in V form, com- pounded from two high-pressure cylin- ders to two low-pressure cylinders of larger diameter on the opposite side of the V. ’ The starter is connected with the crankshaft at engine speed either directly, by gear, or, best of all, by a silent chain-driver, and when the car is in operation it will compress air in the storage-tank up to three hundred pounds pressure. This is enough for fifteen starts, and may also be used to inflate tires and to clean the engine. The piping and valve control is very simple. There are only two tubes, one leading from the reservoir-tank to the control valve, and an extension from the valve to the starter. The first tube is the only one that holds air when the starter is idle. The apparatus in its threefold capacity is controlled from the dashboard, Concealed radiator will be able to learn at a glance whether the car is equipped with this means of identifi- cation. The code will be known only to the owner and the in- surance company protecting the car against theft, and it will be impossible for the mechanics to remember the location of the code bolts on the car. The individual tubes give an increased radiating surface which prevent over- heating Improved Radiator for Converted Truck HEN a Ford passen- ger-car is converted into a ton truck, the slower speeds and heavier loads make a quicker and more ample radiation necessary to keep the engine cool. Moreover, with solid tires on the rear wheels the vi- bration sometimes causes the tanks to leak. These difficulties may be overcome by installing a special motor-truck type of radiator with cast-metal tanks top and bottom and an individual tube type of core. 72 Popular Science Monthly Identification Record HE cleverest thief will fail to efface this identification mark. Small tubes containing a complete record of ownership are inserted in two of the car’s chassis bolts, which are bored to receive them. The aperture is closed by slotted countersunk threaded pins, and their location concealed with paint. The location of these two bolts is indelibly stamped on two important parts of the car, preferably in a conspicuous place, so that a policeman standing fifteen feet from the Hide your ownership record in a chassis bolt such as this, to be found by a secret code , Henry Himself Wouldn’t Know This Ford N the great game of disguising the flivver the grand prize is won by the originator of the motor body de- picted below. It looks like an air- plane, but—take it from Mr. M. D. Stewart of San Francisco—it is a Ford at heart. The flivver—pardon, the fuselage— will hold two persons. The rudder moves from right to left as the steering- wheel is turned, and the elevator rises when the emergency brake is applied. The radiator is fitted with a regula- tion laminated propeller which may be connected with the pulley on the fan- belt or allowed to revolve by the air pressure created by the car’s motion. The car is fitted with a starter and electric light on each side. The ve- hicle differs from an airplane only in the simple detail of being unable to fly. If the owner makes this flivver go fast enough, he may feel as if he were flying

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September, 1921 Trouble Wagon for Heavy Cars ARRY SINGLE, a garageman of Cincinnati, makes a specialty of towing badly damaged cars back to their shops for repairs, and .the difficulties he experienced in handling a series of unusually bad wrecks con- vineed him that the ordinary wreck- ing equipment was too light to take care of the worst automobile acci- dents. He designed the car illustrated at the right to overcome the limitations of the standard service truck. The special body is mounted on an old truck chassis. The crane is strong enough to pull a 4500-pound car up a 300-foot embankment, one of the jobs Single was called on to do. The sides of the car are hinged, and may be raised to form a bed twice the width of the truck. No matter how badly smashed a car may be, the crane will pick it

Designed to pull heavy cars from the deepest ditches, this crane will pick a truck up bodily, place it on the rear platform, and haul it to the garage up and place it on this ‘\" = Os. | i aaele platform, and it becomes se mee cace 70S iS an easy matter to haul Fa se a a; it away. a Ik a a ae If the rear wheels are = NK A” yooaonn 1 in running order, the wN | fomeeh qotls Ge sented te tien pene Lo N on JUNIVERSAL JOINTS (UBRICATED) U-iron pinioned on the rear step. The tools are mounted on boards, as shown, so that they may be found more quickly. When the job is done a glance at the boards will tell if any tool is being left behind. ENGINE “ GEARSET,

MUFFLER —~ =D (@ILHEATED HERE) i HOUSING This force-feed automatically and continu- ously oils the gear-box, U-joint, and differen- tials from one opening at the dash-tank Force-Feed Oiling HE system pictured at the left gives the transmission and chassis the benefits of force-feed oiling and permits the use of heavy oil without waste or danger of clogging the pipes. Aside from the convenience of the system, which does away with crawling under the chassis periodically to fill grease-cups, the oiling is positive in operation. The oil level can be adjusted to the proper height for each make of car. As there is a reserve of oil in each unit, there is no danger of the gears burning out through forgetfulness or failure of the supply system. Brakes on All Four Wheels Prevent Skidding NGINEERS have demonstrated that the greatest load of a moving automobile is on the rear axle, but that the moment brakes are applied this load shifts forward to the front axle. This sudden change of the center of momentum tends to cause skidding, particularly if the car is moving over slippery pavement. By applying braking force with equal tension to all four wheels at the same time, the danger of skidding is greatly lessened, and tests show that an eight- cylinder car with front and rear brakes traveling thirty miles an hour over a wet pavement can be brought. to a stop in half the space re- quired by a similar car hav- ing only rear brakes. The brake construction | recently invented by a resi- | dent of New Bedford, Mas- sachusetts, named Landry, is comparatively simple. The front wheels are equipped with brakes of the same type

and size as those installed in the rear. The drums may either be bolted to the inside of the front wheels or welded to the hub flange, depending on the make of the car. From the brake-bands a flexible cable leads to the foot-brake pedal. This cable passes through an S-shaped lever along a groove around its outer length, which is installed in order that pressure on the brake pedal will be eee a 4 _ BRAKE-PEDAL

etme

y

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Novel Accessories that Simplify Life for the Car-Owner An alarm lock prevents car theft by an enclosed electric howler’ which warns police when the lock is tampered with or the car moved This motor toilet-set will appeal to road campers. It contains two gal- lons of water, soap, mirror, wash- bowl, comb, brushes, and towels ELECTRODE ADJUSTABLE SPARK GAP With this plug, carbon or oil fouling is impossible, as any foreign matter that touches the cup is blown away by explosion. The adjustable gap suits air- planes, trucks, or cars Popular Science Monthly A few turns and the wire brush of this spark-plug cleaner removes all foreign matter. Loosen the dirt by dipping the plug in gasoline These wooden lugs attached to an extra rim provided by the makers prevent the tractor from sinking in the soft soil of irrigated rice-fields CARBURETOR de = } gin TAKE . MANIFOLD wie “e = & «Big . | a | Here is a needle-valve adjuster and choker device for Fords, fitted on the dashboard and provided with an adjustable dial for easy starting or extreme power iodo IN. TO, 2. 1N. These Tacoma buses have run 425,000 miles and are still in daily service 74 The automatic grinder refaces one motor-valve a minute. A chuck in- sures centering on the valve-stem that works in the valve-guides PRESSURE REACHED As soon as the proper air’ pressure is reached in this safety valve for auto tires, further air is exhausted with a hissing noise that warns the owner of over- inflation

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September, 1921 N these pages of ideas about automobiles and motor-trucks the Popular Science Monthly endeavors to help its readers solve problems of maintenance and repair. But there must be special cases that are not cov- When You Want Expert Advice About Your Car ered, and we invite you to write to the Auto- mobile Editor and let him advise you. If you wish to know more about the devices pictured here, or if you want to ask questions, This radiator orna- ment is a_ busy aviator who handles his controls realis- tically. The pro- pellers revolve when the car moves and a shaft geared to the little man keeps him moving write. See answers on page 77. of | " 5 meaass Be eT = - ' — a —— as om i} The design of the upper jaw of this sturdy valve-lift al- jows easy removal of the small parts on the valve-stem : | STEEL FOOT- BOARD HINGED STRIPS: A steel footboard for Fords fits snugly enough to stop all rattle, and is well finished, so that there are no rough edges to tear clothes ‘ LEVER COLLAR “SPRING i GEARSET If the gear-shift lever rattles, it can be stopped by fit- ting on the simple coil-spring shown Tractors and trailers for hauling ashes save thousands brightly unless the bat- b here of dollars for the city of Indianapolis tery is fully charged i New York’s city-owned taxi fleet lined ~ up ready to carry municipal employees home from the City Hall y } Hot exhaust gases from this engine sur- round the intake manifold and heat low grades of gasoline enough to secure perfect vaporization If you must take the other car’s dust, acollapsible cap will BULB LIGHTS protect your eyes @ S8RIGHTLY WHEN and face. Good for f BATTERY IS touring in desert FULLY CHARGED and alkali country Here’s a simplified bat- tery-tester. Cadmium ’ will attract only a . negative current. When the rod is placed : in battery solution, the ; light will not burn 75

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Popular Science Monthly Lubrication—the Life of the Motor-Truck Poor lubrication costs ten times as much as the ordinary accident : the motor-truck. Without ade- quate lubrication, disastrous re- sults are sure to follow. Lubrication is the most important factor in motor- truck operation, for upon it depends the kind of service that the truck ren- ders, the cost of that service, and even the length of life of the truck itself. ‘Proper lubrication”? should be the first and last commandment in every truck garage, for three fourths of all ordinary truck-repair work is due to inadequate lubrication. Accidents may cost hundreds of dollars, but in- adequate lubrication may cost thou- sands. No Truck Will Run without Oil Engine pistons become so hot from lack of oil that they seize the cylinder walls, ruin themselves and the cylin- ders, and may even push connecting- rods down through the bottom of the crankease. Bearings are burned out, and if the engine runs dry a worn clutch, gearset, universal joints, and rear axle result. In less than half a day the truck has depreciated as much as it would have in three or four years if given adequate lubrication. Lubricating-oil is one of the est supplies that enter into the cost of truck operation and maintenance, and yet it has perhaps the most im- portant influence on satis- factory service. We all know that some form of lubricant is neces- sary between two metal sur- faces in contact with each other. The microscope tells us that even a_ shaft polished to the brightness of a mirror has a jagged sur- face of points that stick up like the teeth of a saw. Without some sort of lubri- cant between such a shaft and a bearing of equal smoothness, one can imagine how these minute saw - points would engage with one another and_ grind themselves into dust, resulting in looseness and still more wear. The lubricating-oil not only fills the de- pressions in the sur- faces in contact, but interposes a film be- tween them. This film may be only three one UBRICATION is the very life of cheap- ZZ) SS MH p94» FRONT SPRING here are some methods REAR SPRING The reservoir holds a *month’s supply of oil, and the wick feeds it to the bolts as needed Good lubrication depends on constant care. vinced of its necessity and made responsible for the oiling of his own truck. The superintendent posts this diagram in the garage for the instruction of the force By Joseph Brinker thousandths of an inch thick, but it is sufficient. Lubrication of the en- gine is effected with fluid oil, with slightly heavier oil for the other power- transmitting parts and grease for the chassis parts, except in one or OF BEARING two special systems where light oil is also cated _ bearing, used. Adequate chassis lubri- cation is one of the big problems facing truck designers to-day. It has been partially solved by reservoir wick oilers in which a cotton wick leading from a reservoir‘of oil sufficient for a month lubricates the parts automati- cally through the vibration of the chassis. Another step forward has been made in the automatic pump lubrication system, in which the grease- cups are replaced by small metal pipes from one central pump reservoir which feeds oil under pressure to all of the chassis lubrication points. Aside from mechanical disarrange- ment in the lubricating system, inade- quate lubrication is due to carelessness or lack of responsibility for lubricant -zeplenish- ment. In either case, the frailties of human nature require that some system be provided to place a check on every neces- sary lubricating opera- tion. In his efforts to secure adequate truck lubrica- tion, the truck-owner must begin by impress- ing the importance of the matter on the driver. He must be told why lubri- cation is essertial and how and when each part must be lubricated. If and wear ORIVE BEARING SERVICE BRAKE TORQUE REAR SPRING FRONT 16 MAGNIFIED SECTION Wy cen YY He ey GLOBULES OF OIL In a properly lubri- metal surfaces never touch. They are held apart by a film of oil which prevents heating The driver should be con- for overcoming it the driver is held responsible only for the lubrication of the engine and the power-transmitting members, and the chas- sis greasing is left to a “‘lowly greaser,”’ he too must be impressed with the importance of his work and the necessity for continuous care. This can be done by the truck superintendent by word of mouth and with the help of chart draw- ings, and_ instruction books that are gladly furnished free by nearly every truck manufac- turer. The directions for oiling, as contained in the truck manufac- turers’ instruction books, are very explicit and point out by name every part of the truck requiring oil, with definite statements giving the grade or kind of oil recommended, the amount needed, and how often the supply should be replenished or re- newed. the How to Keep Lubrication in Mind When the driver has been taught that the engine oil should be com- pletely renewed after approximately every thousand miles of running; after the greaser has been taught that the rear axle housing should be refilled after about five thousand miles, and such and such grease-cups should be turned down every hundred to a thou- sand miles, the next step is to provide some means to keep the work always in the minds of those responsible for it and for checking their performance of such work. One successful method of keeping the work continually in mind has been to tack up an oiling-chart on the garage wall. In that prominent posi- tion it can be readily seen at all times by the truck-drivers, mechanics, and all those responsible for any portion of the lubricating work. The next step is to chart the per- formance of the work in order that no de- tail of it may be over- looked. For conve- nience, the work may be divided into heads of engine lubrication — power-transmission parts lubrication, and chassis parts lubrica- tion. A chart or form SHACKLES HANGER

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September, 1921 may be made for each truck, or one large chart for the entire fleet. Op- posite each truck should be written notations as to the date at ‘which | all of the parts should be _ iubri- cated, and oppo- site these blank spaces in which the man responsi- ble for either oil- ing or greasing may write the date on which the actual lubrication was done and sign his initials to prove it. If one chart is too unwieldy on account of the size of the fleet, sepa- rate charts may be made for different phases of the.-work. For instance, one chart may be used to record engine lubrication, another for gearset lubri- cation, and still others for rear axles, wheel-hubs, universal joints, steering- gear, and all other chassis parts grouped under one head—Chassis Parts. Such a chart or charts presents a graphic record of the lubrication work done, and permits the maintenance superintendents to determine at a glance which, if any, truck has not ; NOTICE MRIVERS MUST S'GN Att OILING RECORDS BEFORE TAKING THEIR TRUCKS FROM GARAGE |= =the Saf received the attention that it should have been given. The charts may be large or small according to the desire of the maintenance manager, and may be kept in a book in his office or tacked up on the wall of the garage. One owner devised a large blackboard suit- ably ruled off in white paint, with spaces for the date of luirication work to be written down in chalk. When such a chart or blackboard is placed on the garage wall, it serves as a reminder and a stimulater to action on the part of those responsible for the This chart provides record of lubrication. It allows the superintendent to see at a glance if any trucks need attention and if the oiling has been done lubrication work. Still other lubri- cation charts for recording the oil and grease con- sumption of each truck may be de- mec! vised as a ready and reliable means of checking up on the condi- tion of the truck, and particularly its engine. Such a chart, when prop- erly read, may in- dicate symptoms of engine troubles before they actu- ally occur. It is apparent that if one truck uses twice as much oil as an- other truck of the same make, size, and age, there must be something me- chanically wrong with the engine that uses such an excessive amount of oil. When this fact is indicated by the chart, it at once suggests the necessity for an engine inspection, to determine whether the pistons are worn; whether there are excessive deposits of carbon, or whether there is a leak in the crank- case or some other part of the lubri- cation system that is running away with your profits and ruining your valuable truck. a_ graphic Write to Us About Your Motor Troubles If you have a motor-truck or automobile problem, let the Automobile Editor Alcohol as Fuel Q.—Can I run my automobile on alcohol? I have plenty of potatoes, cottonwood, and straw. Please tell me how to make alcohol for me- chanical use or where I can learn how.—G. J., Choteau, Mont. A.—Alcohol is very expensive as a fuel, but can be used to run the average internal- combustion engine. Alcohol can be made from potatoes by a formula that you can secure from the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., al- though it is our impression that it is now against the law for private individuals to manufacture alcohol. This Engine Stops Q.—My automobile engine stops ever so often and after a little while it will run again. What is the matter with it?—F. G., Kansas City, Kan. A.—Dirt in the gasoline line or loose petcocks in the line (or imperfect working of the vacuum-tank, if one is fitted) may cause an engine to run and stop inter- mittently when otherwise apparently in good condition. Engine Loses Power Q.—The engine of my car does not seem to have much power, and one cylinder often misses when the engine is pulling, but standing still it runs fine.—M. S. T., Emporia, Neb. .A.—Worn commutator parts or worn piston-rings may cause an engine that does not knock when idling to knock when put under a load. Worn piston-rings are the most common cause of poor engine com- pression. You probably need new piston- rings. One-Piece Piston-Rings Q.—Kindly inform me as to the manufactur- ing of a one-piece piston-ring, and state the different operations and the machines used.— B. O’N., New York City. A.—The different operations and the machines used in the manufacture of a one-piece piston-ring are as follows: 1. Ring cast with special pattern to allow for spring. 2. After cleaning, ring bored or ground on the outside. 3. Ring faced on both sides to rough dimensions to allow for finish. 4. Ring rough turned, cut, and finished or ground on outside diameter. 5. Finished on sides by grinding on face grinder having magnetic chuck. Loading Lumber Quickly Q.—I am operating motor-trucks in the han- dling of lumber, and desire to obtain a device upon which a load of lumber may be psepared so that it may be loaded directly on the motor- truck when it returns from its previous delivery trip. Loading lumber “| hand takes one hour. I want a device to load the same quantity of lumber in ten minutes.—E. U. F., Orofino, Idaho. A.—Your problem may be solved by any one of three methods: 1. A portable stand with rollers at the same height as 77 solve it those on the truck body. 2. A portable overhead framework, used with two differ- ential hoists or chain-blocks. 3. A boom derrick or crane mounted on the motor- truck chassis and operated either by hand or by power from the engine through a gearset take-off. Numbers as Theft Protectors Q.—I am desirous of placing numbers or letters on certain parts of my automobile as identification marks in case of theft, and should like to know whether it is better to use metal punches or metal letters to cut through a film of varnish or wax and flow on an acid to cut the letters into the metal.—H.M.S., Los Angeles, Cal. A.—The easiest and. most. convenient method of making identification marks on metal is to secure metal number or letter punches and transfer the numbers or letters by striking the punches with a hammer. Using Castor Oil Q.—Please advise me if castor oil straight or mixed with mineral oil is beneficial or deleterious for automobile engine lubrication.—A. A.S., Jr., Roanoke, Va. A.—It is better to use castor oil mixed with mineral oil unless the engine is taken down frequently, as in airplane work. The use of castor oil alone tends to gum up the engine after from 250 to 300 miles of running. SE cee PEED Te

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Popular Science Monthly Here Is a Good Jack for High Lifting ; ee usual car-jack lifts only to a height of about 10 in., making it necessary to use an overhead hoist for lifting in excess of this. _The jack shown in the attached sketch can be constructed to lift 3 ft. or even more. For road-repair work or in the shop-yard this jack is especially useful and by means of it the front or rear end of a car can be An easily constructed jack that will be of great service to the automobilist elevated 3 ft. or more and the wheels set on trestles or high supports while repairs are made underneath. The construction of this special jack does not require any special machine work, and steel plate is used for the two main parts. The base is made broad, 2 ft. by 2 ft., of By G. A. Luers plate 14 in. thick, which permits its use on soft ssh without tipping over. The side members are of 1-in. plate, 8 in. wide, 7 ft. long, or more if required, doubled over at the top and riveted to the base at the bottom. Two rows of drilled holes are made through these side plates about 4 in. apart, with the positions of the holes in the opposite rows staggered. A lifting-bar 6 ft. long of 34-in. plate, tapered to a handle at one end, 3 in. wide at the opposite end, which is turned up and cut out on the lower edge to engage the pins as shown, is used similarly to a jack handle. In operation, two 1-in. diameter pins, of the same size as the drilled holes through the uprights, are alternately placed under the bar. The pin in the rear hole is placed first, the bar pried down until the forward pin can be inserted. The bar is tilted back and the pin inserted in the next hole above in the uprights. This is continued until car is elevated as far as is required and the bar is locked by placing the pin in a rear hole above the bar. This jack is comparatively light and makes a serviceable addition to the shop or service-car. New Uses for Old License-Plates UTOMOBILE license-plates that are renewed annually have some useful- ness. The enamel on them makes them rust-resisting and for that reason the num- bers can be sheared off in strips, rear- ranged and placed on the rear gates of city homes as house numbers. One motorist used a number-plate as a draft shield by bolting it on the forward side of the intake manifold to prevent the cold draft of the fan from cooling the mani- fold to the extent of interfering with the carburetion, while another made a holder bracket for the garage broom. Apart from these uses, the plates are suitable as patches for holes in the wooden garage- floor. The ingenious motorist will be able to think of many other uses for last year’s license-plate. The plates are made of pressed steel of a very good quality. CYLINDER-HEAD BOLT LICENSE- PLATE Three uses to which old license-plates may be applied Some Canvas Mudguards for the Speedster _— rebuilding a car into a speed- ster, the removal of unnecessary parts is desired on account of the reduction in the weight. Mudguards are removed because of this and the vibration that FENDER FENDER ROD ROD ior CLAMPED UNDER RUNNING=BOARD BRACKETS CANVAS 9“ \_RUNNING-BOARD “CANVAS During the rainy season canvas mud- guards will add to the comfort of riding ensues when riding at high speed. It is, however, desirable to provide guards for protection from dust and mud when the car is used for riding other than on the track. Oiled canvas mudguards afford protec- tion without adding to the weight or caus- ing vibration. In the appended illustra- tion the manner of attaching these to a Ford is shown. This method is applicable in a general way. to other cars. On the car referred to, each fender is held by a single support from the side of the body or frame. Using these as supports for the upper end of the guards, the canvas is led from these to the running-board or to brackets. The canvas should be doubled and seamed, then soaked in linseed oil to make it waterproof. When made about eight inches in width, these afford all the pro- tection the driver requires and are noiseless and the weight is reduced to a minimum. Ruts in the Garage Will Prevent Accidents NEXPERIENCED automobilists are not always able to drive a car into the garage as straight as they would like to. - There is a remedy for this. In the mak- These ruts will prevent the automobile from being damaged by contact with the door-frame ing of a garage, two ruts should be put in the floor. These will always keep the car straight, regardless of the experience of the driver.—G. BENDER. 78 Ventilator Gives Access to Ignition Coils os inclosed cars require the removal of the coil-box and the detaching of the wiring in order to remove the coils from the box to replace ignition points or for truing these up. To avoid the work necessary to remove fier of Mo mde GY, Mitt thi Mit yk ys , A 4Y/ 4 y fj o7 Be “ Y F } G4, - — Access to the coil-box is greatly facili- tated by an opening provided in the cowl above the box the coils, a rectangular opening in the cowl over the coil-box will permit of instantly taking out the coils from above. This opening can be closed with a hinged cover and makes an especially desirable feature for ventilating this compartment of the car in warm weather. The illustration shows the details of the hinged cover, which is also useful for giving access to coils and ventilation on converted Ford speedsters using a low cowl extending rearward.—G. A. LUERS.

Page 67

September, 1921 Simple Treatment for the Storage Battery FTER a year of service, the storage battery will accumulate a sediment at the bottom of the plates that will result in a partial or complete inactivity. A simple treatment that will bring the battery back to near normal without

BATTERY INVERTED

| HOSE WITH NOZZLE

VENT PLUGS REMOVED Showing how to keep the storage bat- tery in a healthy condition

Illuminating the Garage for Night Work lil gp pieces of bright sheet tin such as is used for roofing purposes can be used to advantage for illuminating the garage at night —————aSansSsSSEE fee) \ a0

lights are in- stalled other than those pro- vided on the au- tomobile. Place two pieces of the tin on the rear wall of the garage so that the head- lights shine on them and an- other piece over- head or at the side, and focus the spotlight on this. An indirect reflected light will result that will enable the owner to make night repairs to his car when no opportunity is afforded during the day. This illumination will light the inside of the garage so that tools and equipment can be located.

where no electric ‘| ROOFING TIN

Tet AO OP Or) 44s TT By using sheet tin you can illuminate your garage effectively

Engage Clutch when Towing the Ford HEN trouble necessitates a Ford to be towed, the precaution should be taken to remove the spark-plugs and en- gage the clutch. The purpose of this is to prevent burning out the clutch disks. ‘With the clutch lever pulled back, the plates are only a few thousandths of an inch You will save much wear on your car ATI NING while it is being 7; towed by following this suggestion

CLUTCH ENGAGED AND SPARK-PLUGS “— CAR TOWING REMOVED apart. When running, these tend to drag, causing them to heat and to gall. 7. Se

renewal of the plates is to empty the old electrolyte from the cells by inverting the battery. Support the inverted battery on two boxes or trestles, and with the vent plugs removed from the cells use the nozzle of the garden hose to direct a strong small stream of water upward and into all the spaces between the plates, to remove all evidence of sediment. Leave the battery in this inverted posi- tion for several hours to drain out any remaining water. After this, fill each cell with fresh electrolyte, testing 1260 on the hydrometer. The battery should then be «placed on the generator and brought to full charge, or until the hydrometer reading indicates 1360.—G. A. LuERs.

Supply Your Side-Car with an Extension Axle BELOW is shown a simple method of providing a side-car With an exten- sion axle, A piece of tubing is attached to the body of the side-car and firmly connected with ‘ ’ ~ ‘ eS ee rr ’ omcwe ge cewese = \suioine BRAZED _— HOLLOW TUBE

Add to your riding comfort by placing this extension on your side-car axle the frame of the motorcycle by a strong clamp. In this piece of tubing is inserted another piece, to slide in and out. The end of the inner tubing forms the axle of the side-car wheel. Two pins that pass through the outer tubing and fit into corresponding holes of the inner tubing hold the axle in whatever position is preferred for the axle at the desired gage.—JOSEPH F. SYLVIO. A Homemade Lifting-Jack for Garage Use ares for garage use is an operat- ing lifting-jack. The accompanying illustration shows a type of jack that may be built from discarded automobile parts. Two brackets such as are employed on the fan support are sweated to a rectangu-

A lifting-jack of this description is a great help around the home garage lar steel plate. A shaft passes through these brackets as shown, while a pin pre- vents any side movement. A 3-in. hole is provided in the shaft, through which the lifting-bar is inserted when the jack is in use.—ADOLPH KLEIN.

Treat the Automobile Engine Hood Gently HE hood over the engine of the auto- mobile rapidly loses its luster. Avoid as far as possible washing the hood while the engine underneath is warm. Varnish is the best method of restoring the hood to its former appearance and a desirable time to do this is when the engine is hot. Rub the hood down well with a handful of curled hair after washing thoroughly, and go over the hood with varnish and a good varnish brush. When the hood is heated, the varnish flows evenly and smoothly without the slightest evidences of brush marks and a thin coating can be applied to the heated surface which will dry rapidly and will not check as does a heavy coat.

Detachable rant enen el for the Grease-Gun ste grease-guns with detachable flexible spouts are made with the screw couplings of a size to fit the differen- tial housings of a Ford. For other cars these are seldom obtainable. A detachable nipple coupling is readily added to the grease-gun which permits of screwing it into the filling-hole openings when putting grease into differentials, universals, or other grease-packed members of virtually any car. When making up these nipples, instead of only one thread size to each detachable part, add two thread sizes, one for the differential and another for the universal. These screwed nipples simplify and expe- dite the work of putting in grease and by means of them a universal joint can be packed solidly, even when the opening is on the under side of the joint, as is some times the case. 79 Use brass bushing stock for them and knurl a section for unscrewing from the gun when required. This grease-gun will be found very satisfactory.

LARGE GREASE UN WITH ETACHABLE_, SPouT ~~ KNURLED DIFFERENTIAL UNIVERSAL hee a WSS y <e This screw-nipple will increase the use- fulness of your grease-gun —try it TDWIEO TOUR woe recy p

4 | | | | |

Page 68

Popular Science Monthly Construct This Ozone Water-Purifier Yourself HE ozone-gas water-purifier is abso- lutely reliable in its action and costs little to operate. The initial expenditure is small, as most of the work can be done in the home. The first thing needed in the construction of this purifier is a high potential trans- former. The amount of labor involved in making one of these transformers is so great that it is best to purchase one. The type used by the writer is inexpensive, requiring about 500 watts of alternating current when in operation. An ordinary 1% kilo- watt 9000-volt radio transformer was used. This can be purchased for about twenty- five dollars. First, a box is built to house the trans- former. This box is placed immediately above the shelf containing the ozone chamber. The leads from the secondary of the transformer are run through the bottom of the box through two tube insulators. The primary current comes through the top of the box. Two insula- tors should be placed in the top to accom- modate these wires. The ozone chamber is shown in one of the illustrations. First, a piece of 1-in. oak board is cut 22 in. square. Of course this does not have to be oak, but oak is best. A hole 11 in. square is cut out of the center of this wooden slab. A piece of sheet iron % in. thick and 12 in. square is placed over the hole and held in place with small machine screws. It will be necessary to drill several holes around the edge of the iron plate to accommodate these screws. The nuts on the screws should be screwed up tight, so that a perfectly airtight joint will be produced. To assure this, it might be well to place a little shellac around the edge of the wood before the plate is put in place. Four \%-in. strips of oak should ‘be cut and bolted around the bottom edge of the square oak piece previously cut. Small stove-bolts can be used for this purpose and plenty of shellac and putty should be ap- plied to make sure that all the joints are perfectly airtight. Before putting the bolts in pnee, however, four strips of window- glass 14 in. wide and 5 in. long are placed on the iron plate that was previously bolted in place. These may be held in place tempo- rarily with a few drops of shellac. Another iron plate 22 in. square is now cut and bolted to the bottom. Thesame bolts that held the oak strips in place are used, serving both purposes. Plenty of shellac should be applied to the wood before the bottom iron plate is put in place. After this is done, the entire outside of the chamber should be given a thorough coat of thick shellac. A hole is now drilled in the center of the top iron plate and threaded to receive a small gas-pipe. A 5-in. length of pipe is By L. A. Laurier then cut and screwed into this hole. A hole for another air-inlet pipe is drilled in one corner as shown. A lead pipe is used in this case and before it is inserted in the wood it should be well smeared with shellac. It should be a tight fit. The ozone chamber is now set on four glass insulators similar to those used on tele- pep cnemnenaptemnnenes S}- IRON PLATE NOV. { pero-z---%, |] GLASS | H IR, 4 * TRANSFORME AAA xl: i} 0 Y '1 HOLE FOR WA Nd t | AIR INLET . 5 3 $ Gee 4 | OZONE- ‘ ‘| CHAMBER pic Resto! taheabctedaaeno o——— TO «GLASS @AIRINLET . ld MIXING ~_ IRON | faa PLATE COPPER FAUCET BOTTOM-PLATE a OZONATED-AJR CAP ENTRANCE MIXING- CHAMBER | PURE-WATER CA\ Le Details of the ozone and mixing chambers graph-poles. These in- sulators are absolutely necessary. The lead air- inlet pipe previously put SMALL PIPE FOR OZONE HIGH-TENSION WIRES SULFURIC ACID N\ the mixing chamber will pull air with it and tend to create a partial vacuum in the ozone chamber. When a partial vacuum is produced here, air rushes through the sulphuric acid and tends to bring the pressure back to normal in the ozone chamber. The mixing chamber can be made of a small length of fairly large pipe (about 8 in. in diameter) provided with two caps. The top cap is drilled to receive a small length of pipe that was previously attached to the faucet. A small length of bent pipe is also screwed into the mixing chamber to serve as a spigot. The mixer is now connected with the small pipe in the center of the ozone chamber. Small gas-pipe should be used. The joints should be made tight as the successful operation depends largely upon this. The ozone-generator and water-purifier is now ready to be put in operation. When the primary circuit of the trans- former is closed, a large spark will jump across the air gap caused by the sep- aration of the two iron plates. The passage of an elec- tric spark through air always gener- ates ozone. This spark will continue to pass as long as the circuit is kept closed. TRANSFORMER- BOX in place should now be inserted through a cork which fits into the mouth of a large bottle contain- ing sulphuric acid. An- other small lead pipe also passes through its cork and the end of this pipe extends down into the © acid. The cork in the bottle should fit snugly and have melted paraffin poured over it. It must be perfectly airtight. It will be seen that if a partial vacuum is produced in the ozone chamber that air will be sucked into the chamber after first passing through the sulphuric acid in the bottle. The mixing chamber is attached to the supply-water faucet. First, a piece of pipe is screwed to the faucet. A pointed nozzle should be either filed or attached to the faucet and this nozzle should run well down into the attached pipe with a space be- tween it and the wall of the pipe. The small pipe that admits the ozone must be put in place as shown in the picture. Water rapidly passing from the faucet into 80. PURE= WATER SUPPLY The general plan of the ozone water-purifying plant Of course, the transformer must be connected with the iron plates by two heavily insu- lated wires. One wire is connected with one of the iron bolts that holds the bottom plate in place and the other with the center pipe through which the generated ozone passes. When the water is turned on, a steady flow of dry air through the ozone chamber will result. As the dry air passes through, it comes in contact with the electric spark and part. of its oxygen is converted into ozone. This passes with the rest of the air through the small pipe to the mixing chamber, where it is mixed with water and passes through the spigot. It is during this mixing process that the dangerous bacteria are destroyed. The transformer is operated only while the apparatus is in actual use. rn a a ae

Page 69

September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP Equip Your House with a Bell-Ringing Transformer HERE are two secondaries to this transformer, each giving about four volts, and while one coil will be sufficien: for a single bell located reasonably near the transformer, the two coils in parallel will furnish twice the amount of current, suit- able for a large-sized bell or any other signal. If the bell or push-button is placed at a great distance, a higher voltage would be needed, in which case the secondary coils would be connected in TAPE LOOPED TEMPORARY HEAD OVER FIRST TUR’ 7) ( I BEGINNING SECONDARY €0IL = “jo n FORM FOR PRIMARY COIL SHOWING SLOTS AND GROOVE FOR BINDINGS The winding forms used in the con- struction of the transformer series, thus doubling the voltage. Or each coil could be connected with a separate bell and push-button, should such an arrangement. be of advantage under the circumstances. Regular transformer iron or silicon steel is used for the curve. The iron is cut into two lengths, 2% in. and 1% in. respec- tively, all being 5 in. wide. The corners are trimmed principally for the sake of appearance. These sheets will form a rectangular core 5g in. thick when tightly pressed together, the joints alternating so as to decrease the magnetic resistance of the core. To begin, some of the longer sheets are piled up, overlapping alternately % in. at the ends, until the pile will be % in. high when compressed and bound with friction tape, leaving each end clear for % in., so that the short yoke pieces may be inserted ! ic sae 8+ Sowne rowsonre r : ALTERNATE i ae “ . —|—1 5 mio | . | gt SECONDARY COILS WOUND READY BE WRAPPED IN INSULATING CLOTH This illustrates the assembly of the transformer core and the method of holding the wires in place at the end of the winding after the coils are wound. A single layer of empire cloth is wrapped around this core and then three layers of No. 20 d.ce.c. copper magnet wire wound on, with 35 turns to the layer, and keeping the length of the coil within 11% in. in beginning this secondary winding, a Strip of tape is doubled over the wire and the succeeding turns wound over the ends, thus securing the inner end of the coil. 2»... 2... gnead By H. H. Parker The outside end is also held in a loop of tape that is drawn through tightly when the last turn is put into place through the loop. Next the coil is soaked in shellac and when dry, three more layers of No. 20 wire are wound on. To keep the end turns in place, a couple of temporary wooden heads may be fitted over the core and re- moved when the coil is complete; the shellac when dry will hold everything securely. Three layers of empire cloth are wrapped around the completed secondary coil and we are ready to start on the pri- mary, or high-voltage, coil. This winding is in two sections, wound on a separate wood form, then placed together, one section reversed and the two inner ends soldered together and the whole shellacked, taped, and slipped over the secondary coil. The wooden winding form has a core and two end plates about 2% in. square. The core must be large enough to allow for taping the coil and yet have the opening of such a size that the coil may be pressed on over the primary winding and core. No. 34 d.c.c. copper wire is used for the primary with 1100 turns on each section, or a total of 2200 turns. Wind the wire on as evenly as possible, with a single wrap- ping of oiled paper between every two or SECONDARY SECONDARY COILS, EACH INSULATION SHEETS Showing how the finished transformer will appear. Its neatness and com- pactness should be noted three layers. Begin each section at the same end and wind in the same direction; before removing from the form, put on temporary cord bindings through the slots provided in the wood heads for that pur- pose. Then soak both sections in shellac, and bake well in an oven, but do not over- heat. One section is then reversed and after stringing on a separating sheet of empire cloth the inside ends of the two sections are soldered together and the two coil pressed together and taped into one. The primary winding is then pressed on over the secondary and the core is completed by inserting the remaining core sheets until the whole rectangular core is built up. The base plate is next made out of sheet brass 1/16 in. thick. A hole is drilled in the center to take the inner screw sleeve of an attachment plug, which is attached by screwing down the black fiber cap with the plate between cap and plug. The swivel- ing outer sleeve is pinned to the plate as an additional safeguard against turning. The two lugs are bent up and drilled for two. . 81 bolts which secure the core; the hole through the corners of the core should be larger than the bolts and the bolts wrapped in shellacked paper. The front edge of the plate is bent up and drilled and a fiber plate containing the four secondary coil- — 9¢ —— — Y ie ae - — BEND Out; if x x ORILL FOR ly. =e baie BOLT To 7 HOLD CORE ° O}| Am = DRILL FOR ATTACHMENT 1s FOEND PLUG, INNER SLEEVE —} —- oF Rohde oil 27 ORILL AND TAP FOR + ee 8/32" SCREWS “BEND UP The dimensions of the _ sheet-brass base plate which holds the transformer to the socket binding posts screwed to it. Series or parallel or separate secondary connections may then be made at will. Short lengths of flexible lamp-cord are soldered to the primary coil terminals be- fore applying the tape, and when assem- bling, these are carried down into the attachment plug. Do not use black friction tape on this apparatus; plain cam- bric or “armature” tape, shellacked or varnished, or regular insulating tape, is suitable. Protect Polished Table-Tops from Injury MANY a polished table, stand, or other piece of furniture is ruined by water from flower-pots and vases. Such injury can be prevented by placing mats of linoleum, oilcloth, or, still better, of napped- back leather substitute, of adequate size and cut in artistic form, under the flower- pots or vases. These mats cost very little and will ob- viate many costly repairs. This Spring Rack Is Handy for Tools prance a coiled steel or brass spring from 1 to 2 in. in diameter an excellent tool-rack may be made that will hold a large number of the smaller tools in fre- quent use around the bench. When the tools are pushed in place between the coils, the springs of the wire will hold them tight, and prevent them from slipping out. A_ spring rack does not require any special fasten- ing. In a shop the spring may be STAPLE STAPLE Simplicity and use- fulness are the key- note of this tool- rack fastened directly to the wall by a few staples. In the home, where it is not desirable to deface the walls, the spring should be nailed with staples to a board, which may then be hanged from screw hooks or otherwise fastened to the -wall.—G. -A. LUERS. THE HOME WORKSHOP ee eee Soccer see AD 0 a ~ AON i SEE Sas RA AIT BE Scene Sha cmc A a he: — RE ty § —— aoe a

Page 70

THE HOME WORKSHOP

Instruments for the Home Electrical Laboratory NSTRU MENTS described in this article number among them some that are not so well known to experimenters and they may be constructed at small cost and without many tools. With these articles many entertaining and instructive ex- periments can be performed in the home laboratory. The first instrument to be described will be one for demonstrating the rotation of a wire carrying a current around the pole of an electromagnet. This little apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 1, which also gives many of the details of construction. The dimen- sions are not important, as they can be made to work regardless of size. The base of the instrument is about 3 in. in diameter. It is made round as a matter of appearance. A good hard wood should be used, as this will take a good polish when the instrument is finished. Four holes are drilled in the base. Two of these are made to hold binding-posts that may be taken from old dry batteries. One of the other holes is used to hold a 5/82- in. brass rod, which can be about 10 in. long. This rod is threaded with an 8/32-in. die at one end so that ‘it can be HeHoOoK ROD held in the base with two 8/32-in. nuts. <A _ binding- post is placed on the upper end of the rod and at- tached to this bind- ing-post is a little

BINDING POST COIL: hook to carry a long FIG.| FIG.2 FIG3 straight wire. A small iron core, about % inch in di- ameter and 3 in. long, is now ob- tained. Two heavy cardboard washers are cut and forced over the ends of the core. The core is then wound with No. 24 magnet wire until the diameter of the re- sulting coil is about linch. A little cup, as shown in the detail, is now made to fit over the end of the magnet. This cup may be produced from a piece of scrap material and drilled out to make a good snug fit over the end of the magnet, as the cup must be leak proof, owing to the fact that it is to hold mercury. instruments Demonstrating Electrical Principles A piece of No. 22 copper magnet wire is now stripped of its insulation and rolled out straight under a board. This piece of wire should be just long enough to dip into the mercury in the cup over the magnet when it is hung on the hook carried by the binding-post by means of a little loop placed in the end. : One terminal of the magnet winding is connected with one of the binding-posts, the other end of the wire connected to the binding-post on the cup containing the mercury. The other binding-post is connected with the brass rod under the bottom of the base. Small grooves can be cut in the bottom of the base with a sharp knife for the connections underneath. The current passes into one binding-post up through the magnet into the mercury and then up the wire down the rod to the other binding-post. When a current is passing through the instrument, the wire hanging on the hook will rotate around the end of the magnet. Figure 2 illustrates the law that states

Interesting experiments may be made by the amateur electrician with these By Joseph B. Moran that parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract one another. A hard-wood base is first made and three holes are drilled init. A fourth hole about 4 inch in diameter is drilled halfway through the base in the position shown. A brass rod about % in. in diameter is now bent at right angles as shown and fastened to the bottom of the base with nuts. The other end is drilled out to serve as a binding-post, or a binding-post may be soldered to its end. Connection is made from this rod to one of the binding-posts. The other binding-post is put in place and a small wire is connected with it and bent so that it will dip into the mercury, which is placed in the 14-in. hole that was drilled halfway through the wood. A coil or helix of No. 28 bare copper wire is now made. This should be about 34 inch in diameter and the turns should be placed about 14 inch apart. A source of current is’ connected with the two binding- posts. The current 5 will flow into the TH pool of mercury, up through the coil of wire, down the posts and back through the other binding-post. When a current is flowing < through in this A —_ manner, the turns of the coil will at- tract each other and the ‘coil will con- tract. Hence the POSTS “Gs

insutaTinG FT {L, STRIP BRASS ROD Le 10" Yo HOLE FOR MERCURY

end of the wire dip-. ping into the mer- cury will be lifted out and the circuit will be broken. When the circuit is broken the coil returns to its normal position only to jump back again when the contact is made between the mercury and the end of the wire. The next instrument (Fig. 3) is known as a parallel current apparatus. A hard- wood base about the same size as that used on the contracting helix is made. Holes are bored in this, as illustrated, and two 5/32-in. brass rods about 10 inches long are placed upright in the two outside holes. Both ends of these two rods are thread- ed with an 8/32-in. die and they are held in place by 8/32-in. nuts. A piece of hard rubber or fiber is cut and placed on the rods at the top as shown. Two holes are drilled in the fiber and tapped out with an 8/32-in. tap. A No. 29 drill should be INSULATED KNOB

<i used for this pur- as shown pose. Nuts hold this piece to the rods. Two more holes should be drilled in this piece of in- sulating material and in these two little pieces of heavy wire bent at right angles should be placed. Little adjusting knobs are soldered to the opposite ends of these pieces so that they may be turned about. A binding-post is now inserted in the bot- tom and connection is made from this to &2 SS ~ BRASS 5 COMMUTATOR yy STRIPS PeBRASS Wr _//CONTACTORS Popular Science M onthly the little pool of mercury in the larger hole that was drilled halfway through the base. Two No. 28 copper wires are made perfectly straight and hung from the little angle pieces and allowed to dip into the mercury, When the current is made to flow through these two copper wires in the same direction, the wires will attract each other. When the current is reversed and made to flow in the opposite direction, the wires will tend to repel each other. Both the repulsion and the attraction are very noticeable. A little reversing switch that can be made in the home shop is shown in Fig. 4. This little switch can not only be used with the instrument previously described, but it will also find many other uses about the experimenter’s laboratory. A good hard-wood base is obtained and cut 4 inches square. Holes are drilled ag illustrated to accommodate four binding- posts. These binding-posts will serve to hold down four little phosphor bronze contact strips that are to make connection with the little commutator device placed in the exact center of the base. The details of this contactor device are shown. A heavy fiber washer is first forced on a small shaft. This shaft is threaded at each end and passed through the base and is held in place by a nut that rests in a countersunk hole on the bottom of the base. Two semicircular pieces of brass or copper are cut and riveted to the fiber washer. After the rivets have been ham- mered in place, the surface is filed off flush so that the contactor strips will not catch as the commutator is turned. A small knob is screwed to the central shaft to facilitate turning. Figure 5 Illustrates Ocersted’s Law: An apparatus that is used to demon- strate Oersted’s law, is shown in Fig. 5. First a 5/32-in. brass rod is bent to form an arch, and each of its ends is threaded with an 8/32-in. die so that the arch may be held to a hard-wood base with two small nuts. Two binding-posts are then placed on the base and connection is made from this to the two ends of the arch. These connections should be made underneath the base and grooves cut with a pocket- knife so that the connecting wires may be flush with the bottom. Before the bolts are put in place to hold the arch down, a binding-post is slipped on one side of the arch. Screwed into the end of this binding-post is a small length of 5/32- in. brass rod. An- other binding-post is NEEDLE / _;BRASS ROD |

placed on this small

No electrical laboratory is complete without at least one reversing switch length of rod and into the end of this binding-post a sew- ing-needle is placed. This needle is kept in place by solder. A small compass-needle can now be cut from thin sheet iron. A punch mark is made in the exact center of this piece and it is caused to balance upon the needle-point. When the current is caused to flow through the arch by connecting the bind- ing-post to a couple of batteries, the mag- netic needle will arrange itself according to the direction of the current.

Page 71

‘ly zle ry. Ww he ch de he th ry be ed d, ut od g- to ze on ed he at id he or er n- sh th ll 50

Cpmntembher. 1997 September, 1921 A Forge that Was Made of Pipe Fittings A SUBSTANTIAL forge can be impro- vised out of an old iron sink and some pipe fittings. Four 34-in. flanges were bolted to the bottom corners of the sink and lengths of pipe screwed in for legs. A hole was made near one end, to admit a 2-in. pipe nipple. On the upper end of the nipple was placed a large washer of the same outside diameter and about a %-in. hole, and a pipe cap drilled with a tapering hole and screwed on the nipple served as the blast-pipe. A cast-iron collar was placed between cap and bottom of forge and another underneath; then a 2-in. tee was screwed on, clamping the whole blast pipe assembly tightly together. Another nipple went into the bottom of the tee, then a 2- to 3- in. reducer, a 3-in. nipple about 6 in. long to serve as an ash and clinker collector, and finally a 3-in. cap. The whole chamber and passage could be quickly cleaned out by unscrewing the lower cap. Next a 2-in. nipple was screwed into the open side of the tee and the two flanges forming the damper were attached. The damper construction was exceedingly sim- ple. A U-shaped piece of sheet iron was bolted between the flanges, and a slide or damper made of slightly thinner material was slid between the arms of the U. Two cross pieces were riveted to the projecting arms to guide the damper. A regulating lever was pivoted to the side of the ash chamber and connected by a short link with the damper. The whole {AIR OUTLET PIPE CAP

<— IRON SINK

SLIDE SEPARATOR From an old iron sink and some pipe- fittings a serviceable forge suitable for farm or shop may be constructed (PIPE FLANGE-2 REQ. worked stiffly enough to allow the damper to stay in any position to which the lever was moved. For a hand-operated forge this damper would be unnecessary. The air-inlet pipe was screwed into the outer flange and was connected with an electric blower. To the end of the forge opposite the blast-pipe, two iron straps were riveted to support a galvanized water-pan, a great convenience, if not a necessity, around a small forge of this kind. A high-speed electric motor of about 1/6 horsepower, direct-connected with a fan- blower, furnishes the most convenient means of obtaining the air blast; or if there is machinery near, a small blower may be belted up to the shafting or driven from a specially rigged up countershaft. Lacking any power, the blast must be furnished by hand, and about the simplest way is to attach a bench hand-power grinding-stand to the forge by iron brack- ets. The crindins--vhec! is removed and a THE HOME WORKSHOP

this department. prize-winner. chased at space rates. same month.

Popular Science Is Offering Monthly Prizes for the Best New Ideas Sent to the Home Workshop Department You have a chance to win the $50 or $25 prize EVENTY-FIVE dollars will be awarded every month to the authors of the two best: articles appearing -in The first prize is $50, the second $25. Every article submitted will be considered as a possible Those which do not win prizes may be pur- The prizes will be awarded upon publication, and the check will be mailed to the winner the The prize-winning articles may be long—but not over 1000 words—or they may be very- short. The idea, device, or machine described must be practical and ingenious: it must fill an actual need in the home, office, or shop. This new feature must not be confused with the other prize contests which the Popular Science Monthly has conducted dur- ing the past and which it will continue to conduct in the future.

pulley fixed in its place, then a blower (which may be picked up second hand at a low price, or built up of sheet iron) is bolted at a convenient point and belted to the grinder pulley. As this arrangement gives two speed step-ups, one of them geared, the high speed essential to efficient blower operation may be obtained readily. Any ashes or clinkers falling through the air outlet will fall to the bottom of the chamber and cannot stop up the blast-pipe until the chamber and reducer are com- pletely filled.—H. H. PARKER.

Fora Neat Repair of a Broken Reel-Seat i putting a new seat on a reel from which a part of the original seat had been broken, I proceeded as follows: I cut off both ends of the seat evenly, the remaining part filed bright, and tinned it with solder. Then I cut a blank out of a piece of brass tubing and shaped it to match the old seat. This I tinned freely with solder. Placing the reel in a tin box for a support, ” tent wate TIN AND SWEAT aa ON WITH BLOW / TORCH Y sy ‘ Cy

SECTION OF BRASS TUBE

Nothing could be simpler than this - method: of repairing.a broken reel-seat . 83 I laid the brass blank on it, and sweated it on with a blowpipe. The weight of the blank pressed the thin coating of solder down evenly, so as to make a tight joint.

Employ a Discreet Silence When Capping Bottles PUTTING metal caps on bottles with a capping machine or with a mallet makes a great deal of noise. This may be avoided by using the device illustrated here for capping. A rectangular block of wood, 1 in. thick, 6 in. wide, and 8 in. long, is securely fast- ened to the frame of the kitchen door with

mh, LEVER

\~ WOODEN BASE. CAP-HOLDER This noiseless capper may be recom- mended to apartment-dwellers two heavy wood screws. The position of the block depends on the height of the bottles to be capped. The bottle is placed on the floor or on a wooden block of suitable height. The metal cap is placed on the bottle, and the capping lever, one end of which is braced against the lower edge of the block on the door-frame, is pressed down on the cap. Seah P ede aa

—S meen eee LE ESAS Sr SATE SRNR eee eT

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eee ee . THE HOME WORKSHOP Here Is a Use for an Old Marine Clutch MALL one-way clutches, intended to be used be- tween the engine and propeller-shaft of low-powered motor-boats not requiring the more expensive reverse gears, are cheap and ean often be picked up second hand. They BOX AND LEVER BRACKET CLUTCH DRIVING (UPSIDE DOWN) 4 BALL-THRUST- & PULLEY WOOD PULLEY sw CLAMPED OVER SOLID BUSHING 46x7h 1RON ay HARDWOOD BUSHING CLAMPED BETWEEN FLANGE AND CLUTCH DRUM WOOD LEVER DETAIL OF YOKE USED AS LINE-SHAFT PULLEY-CLUTCH FOR DRIVING SMALL GRINDING-STAND) Showing how an old marine clutch may be adapted to serve as a line-shaft or pulley-clutch are converted easily to countershaft or pulley clutches suitable for the small shop. The illustrations show how a light pat- tern-clutch of the smallest stock size was rigged up to serve as a countershaft clutch to operate a drill-press; also another adapted to act as a lineshaft pulley-clutch, being attached to a 24-in. wooden split pulley connected directly with a grinding- stand. This grinder had formerly worked through a countershaft and a tight and loose pulley, and this intermediate shaft used up so much power that little was left for the grinding-wheel. The short 1-in. shaft furnished with the clutch was removed and for the counter- shaft clutch a shaft of the same diameter was inserted. The line-shaft where the pulley-clutch was installed also happened to be 1 in., having been added by means of a reducing flange-coupling. For a larger shaft a larger-sized clutch would be neces- sary. The drum was placed in the lathe and turned down and crowned to act as a pulley-face for the driving-belt off the line- shaft. The internal expanding ring was set-screwed directly to the shaft and only revolved when the clutch handle was thrown in. A ball thrust-bearing and set- screwed collar furnished with the clutch were installed forward of the drum-flange to take the thrust from the lever. One bearing for the shaft was acquired from the combined after bearing and lever- pivot bracket that formed a part of the marine equipment of the clutch. This casting was bolted upside down so that the handle would point down; an extension made of bar iron was riveted on to form a longer operating handle. The only extra parts needed to complete the equipment were a second plain shaft-bearing and the drive-pulley to the drill-press. To construct the line-shaft pulley-clutch the split bushing was removed from the pulley and a solid one of the same size turned up from a block of hard wood. The flange was removed from the clutch-drum By H. H. Parker and the wood bushing bolted between them, forming a long bearing for the revolving shaft. A hole was bored through the center of - the bushing and extended through the wooden cross member of the split pulley and a grease-cup screwed in as shown. Then the pulley halves were placed around the bushing and bolted together. With this arrangement, the whole pulley, flange, and clutch-drum remained station- ary on the revolving line-shaft until the clutch-handle was thrown. As before, the expanding drum was set-screwed to the shaft. No extra bearing was used, but a clutch-yoke was built up as shown, from flat iron bent to shape. The bronze shift- ing-yoke furnished with the clutch was used, the lever being pivoted against the ceiling instead of utilizing the bracket casting as before. A long wooden handle was riveted to the lower end of the iron yoke. To Handle a Five-Gallon Oil-Can with Ease r is difficult to handle a five-gallon oil- can and pour from it without spilling and wasting some oil. I overcame this difficulty in the shop by rigging up the device illustrated here. The frame was constructed in the man- ner shown from strips of wood 1 in. thick If you suspend your five-gallon oil- tank as indicated here, it will be easy to pour from it and 3 in. wide. Strong screw-bolts were fastened to the frame at diagonally oppo- site corners. To these bolts heavy wires were attached, which were fastened with their other ends to hooks in joists of the ceiling. The can, resting in the frame, was suspended at a convenient height and could be tilted easily when it became necessary to draw oil into a small measure or bottle.—B. F. DASHIELL. Portable Dark-Room from an Old Packing-Box HE packing-box should measure about 2 ft. by 2 ft., and should be lined with composite board. Care should be taken to see that a tight fitis produced. After the composite board is in place, the inside should be painted with lampblack. Two circular holes about 8 in. in diameter are cut in each end of the box. Two black cloth sacks made up of two pieces of the 84 Popular Science Monthly shape shown in the picture are sewn to- gether and then tacked over these holes, In the small end of these bags an elastic is sewn. This elastic should be small enough to fit snugly about the arm when the hand is placed through the bag. The cloth of which these bags are made should be heavy enough to prevent the passage of light. An electric red lamp is now placed at the top of the box on the inside and connections ROUNDED EDGE EVERPIECE RED PATTERN OF SLEEVE PIECES — FIG.2 TWO For daylight developing and fixing, the amateur photographer without a dark-room should make a box like this made from the outside. The hole where the cord passes through should be care- fully plugged to produce a light-tight box. It is not advisable to employ a kerosene lamp or candle in this box, as it will go out, due to lack of air. Now a window is made in, the top. A piece of tin pipe cut as shown and provided with a beaded edge is placed on the top. Covering the hole ‘underneath this eye-shade is a piece of red glass. On one side of the box, near the bottom, a light-tight door should be provided. The trays are introduced through the door and the hands are placed through the black sleeves or bags. By looking down through the red glass plates you may watch the progress of the developing. This portable dark-room, which may be used for developing plates, films, or prints, re- gardless of light conditions, should be made large enough to accommodate three trays. Shoe-Laces Cut from Pieces of Leather 1S hver described and illustrated is a tool that will cut shoestrings from pieces of leather that otherwise would go to waste. The tool consists of a small piece of steel tubing sharpened on the edge and fastened to a handle as shown. Before you begin cutting the shoe-lace, shape the piece of leather as nearly round as possible with your penknife. At a con- venient place begin a spiral cut into the edge of the disk, thread the small strip through the sharpened tube of the cutter, and continue the cutting operation by following the outline of the disk with the cutter. In this man- ner you obtain a spiral strip of yp leather, the length hii] sa of which depends YJ ENHER DISK on the size of the disk. These leather laces may be used for shoe-strings, lac- ing of belts, whips, dog-leashes, etc. CUTTING DGE This cutter pares shoe-laces from a round leather disk

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OX are re- ox. ne 1t, de le ed n, he id ek rh 1e e e- le September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP Children Will Be Delighted with This Roller-Coaster iJ you have a high stepladder, a long single ladder, and enough room in your garden or yard, you can easily improvise a roller-coaster that will give pleasure to your children and their friends. Set up the stepladder and rest one end of the single ladder on top of it as shown in the iltustration. Fasten the end securely with strong wire or rope, to prevent it from slipping off. At the foot end of the single ladder drive in two pegs against which the ends of the ladder should rest. The car is of 1-in. boards nailed together and should be slightly wider than the ladder. The boards are held together by two cleats of 1-in. stock, and on each of the long sides 8-in. boards with hand-holes are nailed or screwed. The wheels of the car, which are four in number, consist of bicycle hubs set in forked bearings that are screwed to the ends of the cleats. The grooved bicycle The possibilities of this roller-coaster depend on the size of your garden and the length of the ladder hubs form the wheels, the side pieces of the ladder the track of the coaster. The car is pulled to the top of the incline by a rope that passes over a pulley attached to the top rung of the ladder.—C. A. BLACK, JR. An Old Lathe-Dog Used for Center Rest ly old lathe-dog can be pressed into use as a center rest in the manner shown in the illustration. First a heavy steel plate must be cut out to rest on the lathe- —, LATHE-DOS SET-SCREW In a case of emergency a good center rest may be improvised from a lathe- dog as here shown bed. This is held in place with a clamp. A heavy collar is riveted on the plate and the hole in the collar must be of such a size as just to fit the projection on the dog. The collar is provided with a set screw so that the lathe-dog can be adjusted to various heights. The set screw is brought down to the proper distance. Sevtember, 1921 This Test Told Millions the way to pretty teeth Millions of people have already made this simple ten-day test. And the glis- tening teeth you see everywhere now are largely the result of this method. We urge you to make it. Then see and feel how your teeth conditions change. Must fight film You must fight film to keep your teeth whiter, safer and cleaner. Film is that viscous coat you feel. It clings to teeth, gets between the teeth and stays. The tooth brush, used in old ways, does not remove it all. So very few people have escaped the troubles caused by film. It is the film-coat that discolors, not the teeth. Film is the basis of tartar. It holds food substance which ferments and forms acid. It holds the acid in contact with the teeth to cause decay. Millions of germs breed in it. They, with tartar, are the chief cause of pyorrhea. And all these troubles have been constantly increasing. To daily combat it Dental science has for years been searching for a daily film combatant. It has now been found. .Careful tests under able authorities have amply proved its efficiency. Leading dentists everywhere now advise its use. The methods are embodied in a den- tifrice calied Pepsodent. And to millions of people, here and abroad, it has brought a new era in teeth cleaning. Ask for this ten-day test Ask for a ten-day test. Then judge by what you see and feel how much this method means. Each use of Pepsodent brings five desired effects. It attacks the film in two efficient ways. It leaves the teeth so highly polished that film cannot easily adhere. It multiplies the salivary flow—Na- ture’s great tooth-protecting agent. It multiplies the starch digestant in the saliva, to digest starch deposits that cling and may form acid. It multiplies Pepsadent REG.U.S. The New-Day Dentifrice A scientific film combatant, whose every application brings five desired effects. Approved by highest authorities, and now advised by leading dentists everywhere. All druggists supply the large tubes. 85 the alkalinity of the saliva, to neutralize the acids which cause tooth decay. These results all accord with modern dental requirements. Everybody, every day, should get them. Send the coupon for the 10-Day Tube. Note how clean the teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the viscous film. See how teeth whiten as the film-coat disappears. You will be convinced. Then the benefits to you and yours may be life-long in extent. Cut the coupon now. Ten-Day Tube Free ” THE PEPSODENT COMPANY, Dept. 929, 1104 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Mail 10-Day Tube of Pepsodent to Only one tube to a family i! ] eee Le CAs Ruite:

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Your first opportunity to.kuy a Senuine California Home oe (y/ [> Ready-Cut Homes The charming California Home pictured above,can be shipped as far East as New York for less than $1800, including transportation. Our price includes choicest Ready-Cut ma- terial, paint, hardware, sash and doors, gal- vanized screens for doors and windows, in- terior mill work, California built-in features, California Redwood siding, Oregon Pine finish, cedar shingles, etc. Send for full specifications and price for home delivered to you. .. You have always wanted a genuine Cal- ifornia Home, with all the charm, comfort and beauty that have made these homes famous. ere’s ycuropportunity. Pacific homes for eastern shipment are built to give perfect comfort in coldest winter climate. Buy direct from Los Angeles Cheaper Than (Your Local Lumber Prices Los Angeles is the cheapest place in the athe World to buy build- } The Pacific System ing material. The SAVES you money. Pacific System saves all waste and enables fir&t- you to buy a real Colossal O Buying Power California Home Popular Science Monthly THE HOME WORKSHOP FIVE WAYS | at less than your Second— local price. Pacific si Mach Homes are now acune giving comfort and Cutting happines to 15,000 third— families. We ship a Selling direct anywhere. Write for 9) at Wholesale details. fourth- i ib \ Send 50% ~ shows 100 newm | / Service California Homes a Write for Free Plan Booklet. Our 50c volume pictures one hundred exteriors. one hundred blue print plans and complete specifications. This book prepared at tremendous cost. Shows homes of all sizes and tells all about the Pacific System. Send 50c today. Largest Home- building Organi- zation In West- \Y gee =o ern America ae i. Rot Px IFIC Ready-Cut Homes Inc. 1354 So. Hill Street LOS ANCELES, CAL. Ly Quantity Salcs with Smal] Profit. . [44 page Book of Designs f ~~ Expert Archie. f -4 New Uses for Electricity Have you found a new way of making the electric current work for you? Have you made a new labor-saving or money-saving machine or device that is electrically oper- ated? The Popular Science Monthly will pay $90 in prizes for the best answers LECTRICITY is one of our most useful servants. An outline of its more common daily uses would fill a book of no mean size. The editors of the Popular Science Monthly want to find some uncommon uses for electricity. They want to know what new uses readers of the magazine have found for it in home, shop, or office. The new machine or device does not need to be motor driven, although'there is no objection to a motor-driven machine, provided it is new: and useful. It must, however, be a homemade device. Electric magnets, solenoids, or heaters may be employed. The Popular Science Monthly offers three prizes for the best answers—a first prize of $50, a second of $25, and a third of $15. These will be awarded in accordance with the rules outlined below. Rules Governing the Contest (1) Contestants are not limited to the number of ideas, but only one method can possibly win the first prize, only one the second, and only one the third. The con- test is open to everybody. (2) The use of the new electrical appliance must be shown clearly, either in a photograph or in a drawing. If a drawing is sent in, it need not be made by a skilled draftsman. It is sufficient that it should be intelligible. While pen- cil sketches will be considered, contestants are requested to make their drawings in ink on heavy white paper. The views should be sufficient in number to set forth the writer’s idea very clearly. The con- testant’s name and address should appear on each sheet of drawings. (3) The drawings or photo- graphs must be accompanied by a description, preferably type- written, in which the method is clearly given. It must be written on one side of the paper only, and it should not be more than 500 words in length. The name and address of the contestant should appear in the upper left-hand corner of the first sheet of the written description. (4) The drawings and descrip- tion entered by contestants must be received by the Popular Science Monthly not later than 5 p. m., on Oct. 20, 1921. (5) The judges of the contest will be the editors of the Popular Science Monthly. (6) The first prize of $50 will be awarded to the contestant who, in the opinion of the judges, has suggested the best idea of a new use for electricity. The second prize of $25 will be paid to the contestant who sub- mits an idea next in merit. The third prize of $15 will be paid to the contestant who sub- mits an idea third in merit. (7) The winners of the contest will be announced in the earliest possible issue of the Popular Science Monthly. A description of the ideas that win the three prizes offered will duly appear in the pages of the Popular Science Monthly, together with the names of the winners. (8) The editors of the Popular Science Monthly shall have the right to publish meritorious manu- scripts that do not win a prize. The regular space rates will be paid to the contestants who sub- mit the manuscripts thus selected. (9) When a contestant submits more than one idea, the descrip- tion and drawing by which each is set forth must be sent as a sep- arate unit. (10) Manuscripts or drawings will be returned to contestants if stamps are enclosed. (11) Send drawings and specifi- cations to the Editor of the New Uses for Electricity Contest, Pop- ular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. 86

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September, 1921

THE HOME WORKSH P

Making a Pulley-Hoist from Scrap Parts SIMPLE differential pulley-hoist, suitable for the private garage or small shop, and that will lift a motor or even a body from a car can readily be im- provised from discarded parts. The details of a hoist that can be made from two discarded motor connecting-rods, a section of 2-in. pipe, and a pulley 18 in. in diameter are shown in the accompanying illustration. Normally, one man can lift a thousand

Sigs WIRE CABLE SASH-CORD Work in shop or garage is facilitated by such a pulley-hoist as this pounds with this hoist. Increasing the diameter of the drum increases the capac- ity of the hoist. An ordinary flanged automobile wheel, such as a Ford front wheel, can be used for a drum, and a sash-cord used for the pull- rope. The capacity of this hoist will be about 1500 lbs. The supports for the hoist should be set close together to avoid bending, and the pivots should be driven securely into the ends of the pipe-drum. The rope used for hoisting, preferably a stranded wire cable of small diameter, should be strong enough to sustain the desired load.—G. A. LUERsS.

Surround Your Farm with a Woven Willow Fence te a certain farmstead, a portion of the fences are all made of willow sap- lings, woven basket fashion about the small posts, which are set about 2 ft. apart. The cottage is of frame construction and is the only building on the place that is not built of the willow saplings. A barn,

Woven willow fences are picturesque and give better protection than rail or wire fences chicken-house, hog-house, and a corn-crib are all made of willow. Several years ago, lacking funds with which to properly provide for his stock through the coming cold weather, the owner cut willow saplings and put them to the use shown and described.

LONG DISTANCE TELEPHONE

Tools of Industry In industry, art, science, in fact in all kinds of work, good results require good imple- ments kept in good condition. If the right sort of imple- ment is important to an in- dividual workman, efficient tools for industry and com- merce are a vital necessity to the nation. Telephone service is one of the tools of American in- dustry and commerce in most common use and upon which much depends. The Amer- ican public cannot afford to let this tool get dull. To provide over twelve million subscribers with tele- phone connection; to trans- mit the vibrations of the human voice thirty million times a day and from any point to any other point throughout the land, de- mands an expensive mechan- ism of the highest order of scientific precision, and an efficient organization. It is the aim of the Bell Telephone System, with the cooperation of the public, to be the most dependable tool of American industry. “ BELL SYSTEM” toward Better Service AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One Policy, One System, Universal Service, and all directed

BLANK Senrpee “-y quality for ~22cal., Tc open per 100, sean N. it., Chicago, Wi.

The 31. Jewel = <b SEUC very ery — te gy or month formation.” A letter or post card will do.

$500, site ; 500 month Burlington Watch Company, Dept. 1366 19th Street and Marshall Bivd. Ss Cheeago.

a

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EAE ON BOE ETET IP E m oer a Ome at cee hanes ater wt Popular Science Monthly e 4 PR LEARN TO F in Chicago with THE RALPH C. DIGGINS CO. OU start flying the day you arrive. Competent In- structors. Newest Types of Planes. Gosport System of Instruction. Thorough Ground Course, including instruction in mo- tors, plane-assembly, wire- less, navigation, cross-country flying, field management. Liv- ing quarters right here on the field. PILOTS Receive $5000 Per Year and Up ENROLL NOW! Write for literature and enrollment offer. THE RALPH C. DIGGINS CO. Dept. 202 140 N. Dearborn Street CHICAGO, ILL. Your First Payment On The first orl2r vot place after sending this adv. to us. Tens of thousands of home-lovers have furnished their homes delightfully on this famous Larkin Better Homes Easy-Payment Plan. Fur- nishings ofthe highest quality, at attractive money-saving Factory-to-Family prices. Now you can get almost anything for your home without a first cash payment. Larkin Co. agrees to pay your First Payment if you send this adv. Just check below offer most interested in, and get complete calalog giving all interesting details about (_] FURNISHINGS _JSYMPHONIC PIANOS _JSYMPHONIC PLAYER PIANOS _)SYMPHONOLAS (Check offer interested in) Tear out this adv. and mail today with your full name and address. After getting our ‘proposition, you'll be credited $3 to $20 on your purchase, the amount of the usual first cash payment. Sending this adv. today gives you this liberal offer with 1 TO 4 YEARS TO PAY Just think of selecting for your home from our list of 1228 Furr ish- ings,or getting a Symphonic Piano or Player Piano or Symphonola which plays all Phonograph ecords. Tru- y, home-making advances a great step by this unusual offer. Be sure this adv. with your full name and address and offer checked are mail- ed today to LARKIN CO., Inc. Desk PSM-921 Buffalo, N Y. THE HOME WORKSHOP Who ae How to Make a Water-Clock? By W. H. Hoschke B* following the directions here given, a water-clock that keeps fairly good time can be made. PIN The clock is started on its way by two clean tin cans. They must be water-tight. These cans are sol- dered together as shown in the illustra- tion. A tiny hole is poked in the bottom nn of the top can. This cans hole should be made very small at first, just large enough to permit water to drop through. It will prRain probably be neces- sary to adjust the size of this hole when the clock is set in opera- tion. If the clock is slow, the hole should be made a trifle larger. If the clock is fast, there is only one remedy—the hole wili have to be sol- dered over and another one made. Two holes are made in the cover of the top can. These permit the two ends of a piece of cord to pass through. One end of the cord is fastened to a wooden float by means of a small screw-eye and the oppo- site end holds a small weight. The string is wound around the dowel that carries the single hand of the clock. It may be men- tioned here that the float should be soaked in paraffin, otherwise it is apt to become waterlogged and rendered useless. The bearings for the dowel are cut in two up- right pieces that extend from the base. A DOWEL PIN with fair accuracy The homemade water-clock here illus- trated is not a toy, but shows the time pin is driven through each end of the dowel so that it cannot slide out of place. The hand should be cut out of thin sheet brass, and a hole drilled in one end so that it will just fit ‘| stanparpS snugly over the dowel end. A top piece to brace the two stand- PARAFFIN ards is tacked in COATED FLOAT since. The dial is made from a square block of wood. A circle is drawn on this and filled in- with black WATER ink. The circle can be described with a pair of dividers, one point, being allowed to dig into the wood. The circle is then evenly divided into twelve parts, one for each hour. This di- vision must be ac- curately done if the device is to keep time. The builder may divide the hours into quarters if he likes. This will make it possible to read time more accurately. The numbers can be painted on or the little paper numbers with glue on the back, obtainable at the stationer’s, may be used. A small piece of brass tubing is soldered into the bottom of the lower can. A cork is placed in this so that the water in the lower can may be drawn off when it is full. The supply of water in the upper can may be replaced by removing the cover. The clock should run for twelve hours before it needs “rewinding.” SMALL OPENING SOLDERED BASE An Blacticedly Heated Chicken-Brooder N electrically heated chicken-brooder may be readily made from a small wash-tub that will take care of a hundred chicks. An electric bulb forms the heating device and is held inside a tin can, which is soldered to the inverted tub. The legs for this chicken-brooder are clothespins firmly pushed upon the rim about 10 in. apart, which hold the inverted tub about 2 14 in. off the floor. A canvas curtain is also held about the rim of the tub by the same clothespins. This curtain should be cut 3 in. wide and held just clear of the floor. Holes are cut through the canvas curtain -brooder should be kept around 100° F. of the chicks. At first the heat under the A 60-watt bulb will do this easily for a large tub used as the body of the brooder, and corresponding smaller sizes will be found sufficient for smaller brooders. After the chicks are two weeks old, the tempera- ture should be maintained around 70° F. A 25-watt bulb will run this brooder for a greater length of time when the chicks are kept under it and will be no more expensive than an oil-heated brooder and much _ more clean and sanitary, as well as far more healthful. This improvised electric brooder will where the pins clamp upon the rim of the tub. Slits should be made every 8 or 10 in. along thecurtain for doors through which the chicks may enter and leave the brooder. Several small holes should be punched in the tub to allow pure air to circulate. Various size bulbs may be used to secure various temperatures suitable to the ages All you need for this chicken-brooder is a smail wash-tub, a few clothespins, and an electric-light connection be very easily regu- lated in operation because various size bulbs may be used to get the right heat, and the size of the ventilation holes may be made smaller (by covering with tin disks) to get more heat. The can used to enclose the electric bulb must be 4 or 5 in. from the floor so that the chicks will not be burned. RR rn

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September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP Glue and Nail Sides of Box with This Jig gprs in the accompanying picture is a jig that was employed in making a small rectangular box in quantity. The guides A, of which there are five, were fastened permanently to the base B, which was braced with strips C. These guides served to hold the ends and one side of the box in place. The clamping device necessary to force all sides into position, consisted essentially of a movable block D, placed between the guides E, which were fastened to the base B. The movement of block D was controlled by the screw F, threaded in the bearings G and H. Figure 1 illustrates the manner in which clamp block D and guides E were mortised &” countersunk HOLES FoR COTTER : fF G2 For making a large number of boxes of the same size, this jig will be found very useful and tenoned, to provide, first of all, suitable guiding to the moving block, and secondly to prevent the same from moving out of position. Figure 2 illustrates the manner in which the movement of block D was controlled. A shoulder was provided on the end of the screw, fitting into a rectangular steel plate lg in. thick. This plate was fastened to the block D. Reference to Fig. 1 will reveal the rectangular slot intended to give proper clearance to the plate, and the projecting portion of the screw. Water-Pipes Can Be Protect- ed with Old Tires [LISCARDED automobile tires may be utilized for protecting or insulating water-pipes from freezing in winter or from becoming heated in summer. For covering pipes of large diameter the full width of the tire, in sections of 18 in. should PIPE be used. The sections of tire are wrapped around the pipe, leaving no part uncovered, and are held in tight contact by wind- strips OF OLD TIRE SECTIONS OF OLD TIRE tf fa Pr ly ar. pF Py i i i} } : 4 ph TA ingarope around MAME In the pieces of tire the ame Lag = as J If the pipes nore. _— Old tires make a good protection for water-pipes are small, the tire may be cut lengthwise in narrow strips, and wound around the pipes as shown. a Z a iF ees ¥ ROM the first day in the little use for pen and ink. Three types: Regular, Safety, and Self-Filling fountain pen made. a fill; th k The safety type has a smaller ink capacity ee ee eee but may be carried in any position, in pocket, of leaking. that suits you best, $2.50 to $250. select a point that fits your need or preference exactly. L. E. Waterman Company, 191 Broadway, N. Y. 129 So. State St., Chicago 24 School St., Boston old schoolhouse to the last day in the University, Waterman’s Ideal Fountain Pen has helped the youth of the country to acquire the education that in ‘later life makes them an asset instead of a liability to the nation. It has made itself indispensable to business men and women, authors, doctors, lawyers, scholars—everyone in fact, who has The regular type is dropper-filled and size The self-filling type—pump or lever action. for size, has the largest ink capacity of any The pump action type is simpler in construc- tion and has greater ink capacity than any lever-filling action has a smaller,ink capacity, ° . but fills automatically ‘and with greater con- purse or bag, without the slightest danger venience. Select the type you like ina size SELECTION AND SERVICE AT BEST DEALERS THE WORLD OVER The gold pens used in all Waterman’s Ideals are tipped with Natural Iridium and are made by us for use in Waterman’s Ideal Fountain Pen exclusively. You can 17 Stockton St., San Francisco )\ i tl MORE COMPANY, Dept.397 St. Louis, Mo, Semi CORD TIRE MILLER TREADS “Coared To The Road” 7 Ww N 5000 MILE GUARANTEE Most modern and fasting of reconstructed tires. These semi-cords are heavily, reinforced with Genuine New Miller “‘ ‘geared to the road” treads as illustrated in ad and will give wonderful service, Donot confuse them with sewed or half soled i A low factory purchase Sere ee 8 700 3124 $10.50 12. 4. cif Elie fe ie fe is pe a 344 1415 3738 15.75 STANDARD-MAKE TUBE FREE WITH EACH TIRE Send No Money im Tg ior f manor egg Tt cash with ree 6%. Cost you nothing to eend for tire. Write today. Return if not like new. GUDSON TIRE CORP. 241-A Harrison & Peoria Sts., CHICAGO, ILL. 89 a> SAVE 25% to 60% nm sligh used & GRAFLEX-KODAKS 59 Cameras and Lenses of every description, ; Equal to new. Save money. Write now for lif Free Bargain Book and Catalog Cut out this ad and mail it to us, with your name and nf I listing hundreds of money-saving bargains in slight- address (no money); and we will send you our FAMOUS | ; y used and new cameras, and supplies, KARNAK RAZOR by return mail, postpaid. You may use 6) ee ts cat eee ten ee P . y the razor for 80 days FREE; then if you like it, pay us = dealing with us. We have been in the photo- $1.85. If you don’tlike it return it. SEND NO MONEY. graphic business over 19 years. Write no CENTRAL CAMERA CO., Dept. 69, 124 S. Wabash Ave.. Chicago es sn sett Solace tat nearer Py ac ee REAL AIEEE TONE LIEN

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SAFETY REVO Protect your store with alarming frequency. Don’t be caught helpless in an emergency. Get an Iver Johnson—the only automatically safe revolver. Bump it, jolt it, thump it, or “Hammer the Hammer.” It cannot discharge accidentally. Piano-wire heat-treated springs, instead of the ordinary flat springs, which have a tendency to snap, keep the Iver Johnson alive and ready for the moment when it is needed for self-defence, Quick, accurate, sure in action. Allcalibresin hammer and hammerless models Regular, Perfect Rubber, and Western Walnut grips. Ifyour dealer hasn'tin stock the particular model you want, write us Iver Johnson’s Arms & Cycle Works, 343 River St., Fitchburg, Mass. 99 Chambers Street, New York 717 Market Street, San Francisco IVER JOHNSON Daring attempts at robbery and violence occur AUTOMATIC ca ©

Three interesting booklets full of_in- formation, FREE. Write today for the one that interests you. “‘A’’—Firearms “B’’—Bicycles **C”’—Motorcyles

Shotguns combineaccuracy and dependability, and are moderately priced. _

Iver Johnson Champion | Single and Double Barrel Iver Johnson _Truss- Bridge Bicycles are world-famed for easy riding, strength, and

durability. Models and prices to suit everyone.

Battery Charging Will Pay You $150 to $300 Monthly Profit Only $25 Cash brings you an HB charger, balance on easy terms. Big, steady profits. HB Outfits for 6, 10, 16, 32 or 70 batteries. Write us your needs. Service Department will glad- ly help you select outfit best suited to requirements. HOBART BROS. CO., Box S97, Troy, Ohio

Easy toraise. Larger profits than any other live stock rais- ing. Stands strictest investi- gation. Recommended by Government. Four different |" 3 <-# plans. One will suit you. —“<=—— Complete description sent free. Ask for it today. C. T. DRYZ, Box 1013, EAGLE RIVER, WIS.

pis AUTO MAGAZINE

pie RE We want every srOreest automobile \) owner and dealer, every garage- man, repair-man, me- chanic and student to send for their free copy of our big popular motor magazine, American Automobile Digest. Helpful—Instructive—Fascinating It is filled from cover to cover with helpful, instructive feature articles on Overhauling, Short-cut Methods on repairing automobiles, Ignition Troubles and How to Remedy Them; Carburetor Efficiency and Adjustments; Wiring Made Easy; Storage Battery Construction, Care and Repair; Washing, Cleaning and Repainting the Car; a Question and Answer Department open to every reader, in which all your motor problems are solved—and many other feature stories and helpful departments. Over 125 Pages — Liberally Illustrated with Photographs, Drawings, Diagrams Send for your free copy today. The newsstand price of the American Automobile Digest is 20 cents, but we will send you a copy of this month's big issue siivebetibie: free if you write at once. AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE DIGEST PS (9) Butler Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio

[ RE A RAILWAY DLTRAFFIC INSPECTOR Earn Up to $250.00 per Month Steady, Pleasant Work

Men Wanted in this fascinating new profession. Start at $110 a month, expenses paid: travel or remain near home. Excellent opportunities thru contact with big officials. Prepare in 3 mos. spare time study at home. Advancement rapid with experience, paying up to $250 and $300 a month, expenses paid. Position Guaranteed or money refunded. You take no risk. Any average man can qualify. Don’t Delay —Send Today for free Booklet No. D-399.

TF Standard Business ’ Training Inst., Buffalo, N. Y. \ \

Popular Science Monthly

THE HOME WORKSHOP A Bread-Slicer that Cuts the Loaf Evenly

& is merely a short board a little wider than a loaf of bread, and has sides of thin board nailed on to form a box open at the ends. A narrow slot is sawed in the side boards to guide the bread-knife and a narrow block is nailed to the bottom board to act as a gage, being the thickness of a slice from the slots. The knife guide is made near the middle of the board instead of near one end, in order to give more strength to the side

Bread cut in slices of equal thickness is more attractive. Why not make a slicer as described here? boards. The illustrations show the com- pleted slicer. Bread may be sliced either hot or cold, likewise cakes and cold meat if not too large to be slipped between the sides.—H. F. GRINSTEAD.

How to Make Emergency Rope from Bark Smet out camping or caught in some emergency in the country and in need of a rope or piece of heavy twine, cut from the underbrush sticks from 6 to 8 ft. long. Cut vertical slits around one end from % to 1 in. apart, according to the size of the rope you wish to make, and pull off the

Rope braided from strips of bark has surprisingly great tensile strength and flexibility bark in strips. Tie three of these strips together at one end, hook them to any con- venient stub and plait them as girls do their hair. When there is about a foot of the strips yet to be plaited, weave in the ends of new strips of bark, and so on.

Page 79

September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP. Fair Weather or Foul, This Barometer Would Tell ERCURIAL or aneroid barometers are costly instruments and very difficult to make, but the following kind, which is quite dependable, can be made for a few cents and with little trouble. Get a glass bottle and half fill it with colored water; a solution of aniline dye will do. Have acork that fits well, GLASS TUBE and put through 3 OR 4 FT. it a glass tube LONG 3 or 4 ft. long, so . that it reaches WA ree. nearly to the bottom of the bottle. Her- metically seal the cork so that no air can pass. Now make a paper scale, evenly divided, say, intoinches, - and glue it to one side of the tube. Blow down the tube until the water in it rises about 10in., and there you have your barometer. This delicate instrument will faithfully |_SMALL BOTTLE This barometer is easily made weather and the approach of a storm will infallibly be shown by a rise in the water in the tube, owing to the greater rarity of the air. But as the temperature of the atmos- phere would also affect the height of the water, this must be warded off by insulat- ing the bottle of water. To do this, place it in a pickle-jar or other vessel, packing it well with sawdust.—E. A. MCCANN. Relining the Sockets over a Ball Joint HEN the sockets wear over the ball- and-socket joints in a Ford steering- gear, there is considerable lost motion and the consequent wobbling of the wheels so often noticed with old cars. Procure some shredded lead packing from any machinists’ supply house. Ten cents’ worth will last a lifetime. Take the joint apart — slipping each section away from the ball. Then mold a bit of the pack- ing between the fingers so that it will fit between the ball and the half section and fill up the space. Do this for each side. Then re- assemble the joint, pressing it firmly against the filling. Run the car around corners a_ few times to work the joint, then take apart, and fill in any spots where the packing has not found a way. Reassemble, and your ball joint will be good for a long time. SHREDDED LEAD Shredded lead makes an excellent packing for worn- out sockets record any forthcoming changes in the- Ae daa ee Reet tence Ma > Veal Independent of Heh Rents EOPLE who own their own homes need never worry about high rents or be distressed by the present op- pressive housing situation. You can make yourself independent of these obstacles at once by becoming an owner of one of the many attractive styles of BOSSERT HOUSES Bossert Houses are not ordinary houses, nor are they the so-called portable kind. They are of a staunch, solid and permanent character—in fact, more so than many of the houses built by hand today. Bossert Houses are unusually beautiful because of the simplicity of their lines. They are built in accordance with the plans of leading architects and made of specially selected lumber. Strong double walls make them absolutely weatherproof. The Bossert method of quantity production enables you to purchase a home far more economically than you could ever build one. When you buy a Bossert House you purchase only the house itself. You do not pay for the hundreds of feet of lumber and the materials ordinarily wasted in the process of construction. You do not pay the bills of carpenters and skilled laborers. You pay exactly for what you get and therefore receive a tangible, definite return for every dollar expended. Bossert Houses are ready for instant erection the minute they reach your property. No delay, no waiting, no loss. Every modern improvement can be installed in a Bossert House: any type of heating system, electric light, plumbing facilities, etc. Send 18 cents today for catalog showing our many styles of houses LOUIS BOSSERT & SONS, Inc. Brooklyn, N. Y. 1310 Grand Street ARPENTERS, Bricklayers. Mechanics, Electri- cians, Plumbers, Pipefitters, Boilermakers, Sheet Metal, Shipyard, Concrete. Structural Workers and cthers can you read Blue Prints? If not learn how. It will help you hold your job. It will get you a better job. It willearn you more money. Write for Cataiog B, stating trade. We also teach drafting Bea Draftsman! Earn big money. We train you quickly. Books and tools FREE. Write for Catalog G. Columbia Correspondence School Est. 1904 Dept. 27, Drexel Bidg., Phila., Pa. Dollars in Hares We pay $7.00to$18.50 and upa pair and express charges. Big Profits. We furnish guaranteed high grade stock and buy all you raise. Use backyard, barn, cellar, attic. Cone tract and Illustrated Catalog Free. STANDARD FOOD AND FUR ASS’N 107C Broadway New York ~ ‘These tires are reconstructed by special factory process and overstrengthened by inserticn of special doubl>-fab-ic guard-strip whch gives them more fabric than any 6000-mile guarantee tire. “Re-bilt” tirca are not “sewed” nor so-called “slightly used” cr “demonstrated’ ’ tires 4 kvtare built up with brand new factory materials, Should give mileage about equa Ito cords. Tires Tubes Tires T Save Money. 28 2 3....35'50 $1.50 | 3254...$6 25. $2.25 | 25 = 434.511.15 $2.50 en Tubes Bisse. Les | senses fas | asne izes 238 32 5 3). 725° 1.65 32 © 434:10.20 2.50 35 x 6... .12-65 2.78 New Tusbes . . 10. & er ry & ‘ ban asctoes | 2.50 * eS. 3. Only. 25% below State §. S.cr Clincher, Send $2.00 (or $1, if tube only) with our order. ‘ti-eshipped balance C. O. D. with section left unwrap; AA) AA fer examination. [f not satisfactory, return at our expenso an AD advise us at once. Deposit will be returnedin full as soon as Mt A/F tireis received. Banking references, Wisconsin Economy Tire Co. (UST Mi! waukee Factory Prices

Page 80

Popular Science Monthly

GET A HOBBY MAKE MODELS Start a Home Workshop “‘Modeli Making,” by R. F. Yates, de- scribes the construction of gas-model engines, steam-engines, locomotives, boats, dynamos, turbines, railroads, guns, etc. Thirty chap- ters are devoted to models of various nature. It will help you to become a better me- chanic. It will help you to do hard soldering, soft soldering, lathe work, tempering, drilling, pattern-making, etc. This isa book every amateur or professional mechanic and model maker should have. ‘Model Making" describes real neering models, not toys. 400 Pages, 300 Illustrations. Practical, complete, easily understood. Price, Post- paid, $3.00. Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York engi-

TWENTIETH CENTURY Book of Recipes, Formulas and Processes This book of 800 pages is the most complete Book of Recipes ever published, giving thousands of recipes for the manu- facture of valuable artics lefor every-day use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas and Secret Processes covering every branch of the useful arts are given. 10,000 Practical Formulas—The Best Way to Make Everything A book to which you may turn with confi- dence that you will find what you are looking for. A mine of information, up-to-date in every respect. Contains an immense number of formulas that every one ought to have that are not found in any other work. Price $4.00 Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York el Ane APR OO Ppp Se a A PE EE,

THE HOME WORKSHOP ‘This Blow-Torch Fits the Vest Pocket 1) gumntregreord below is a pocket blow- torch that answers all the require- ments of a larger instrument, at the same time having the advantage of being so

FREE TUBE ALL STANDARD MAKE TIRES SEND NO MONEY! S000 MILES OF SERVICE. We stand ready and willing to satisfy you and back up our iron bound Mile Adjustment Basis Proposition. These are not “Double Treads” or’ Rebuilt” tires, but first grade standard cas- ings, and others that have been slightly used. Some of them have been run less than 200 miles. DON’T SEND US A CENT—just write your order. Examine the tires when they arrive. If you want to keep them, pay the ex- pressman. If not, send them back. New Tube Free With Erez Tire, — today at these

prices. TU * <= elie JS aaa $11.75 ee, ae 7.75 — eer 12.25 i | 8.75 | 33x4%...... 13.25 ae eB ae 14.25 ME oe0s6 10.75 | 35x4%...... 15.25 AS B27o | 28... 15.50 *S.S. Only. a. 16.50 37x When ordering state size and number ‘wanted. JEAN TIRE CO. (Not inc.) Div. 10-R 2348 W. Harrison Street - CHICAGO

One of these pocket-size blow-torches will be found to be very handy small that it can be carried in the vest pocket like a fountain-pen. It consists of a nickel-plated outer case or tube, with a leak-proof screw-cap at either end, on the side of which is a smaller tube with a blow- hole in the extreme end. At the other end a length of small rubber tubing is attached, which slides along the larger tube and serves for adjusting the flame. The larger tube is packed with a wick cut flush with the upper end. When this wick is saturated with alcohol, the torch is ready for operation by simply removing the cap from the upper end, touching a match to it, and adjusting the flame: to suit.—M. V. TESSIER.

A Vertical Milling Job Done on a Drill-Press * dayeeenighete ted I had a large number of gear-casings to make and when I began to assemble them, I found that there was not sufficient clearance between the gears and the casing. It was necessary to do this work cheaply and quickly, so the tool shown in the

How a vertical milling job was success- fully done on a drill-pr ss accompanying sketch was made. A spindle was made to fit the spindle of the drill- press. On this was fitted a side miller. The pilot fitted the holes in the casing. The work was set up on the table of the drill-press, as shown in the photograph. This proved to: be a very satisfactory way of dcing the work.— HARVEY MEAD.

and GUINEA PIGS FOR US Large eerie coniin quiet. We sup- ply stock and buy all you raise. Our illustrated book ‘‘Common Sense Rab- bit and Guinea Pig Raising,’’ Contract and Prospectus 10c, tells you how. —T ee —— Dos a year. Bo OUTDOOR ENTERPRISE Co. Live Stock Dept. 508, Kansas City, Mo. RAISE RABBITS MakeS,.7 ?

92 , Learn to Dance Youcan learn Fox-Trot,One-Step, Two- a, Waltz and latest “‘up-to-the-minute’’ so- ciety dances in your own home by the wonderful Peak System of Mail Instruction. New Diagram Method. Easily learned; no music needed; thousands taught successfully;

E information and ourpeiat iy low + y WILLIAM CHANDLER =pusingly fo mM. 4s 37 Groadway, 5 im,

Convert Your Bicycle Into a Motor-Cycle By using a STEFFEY MOTOR ATTACHMENT. Practical—Suc- cessful—Reliable. In use over 21 years. Fits any ordinary wheel, diamond, truss or double-bar frame. ‘Send stamp for circulars, STEFFEY MFG. CO., Dept. S, 5025 Brown St., Phila., Pa. Print Your Own cards, circulars, labels, tage, menus ey ln ok, paper. Press $12. 35. Job Press $1 a. Rey TS EXPENSE in HALF. ALL AY. Pays for iteelf in % ar nee Will last for years. Easy to use, printed rules sent. Print for others, BIG PROFIT. Write factory TODAY for press catalog, TYPE, cards, paper,envelopes. THE PRESS CO., 0-33, Meriden,Coas. rad FORD 7c SPORT can Patterns

cumplete job at ua comol ete ter factory cost. Oraer-NOW-from Titus: prospectus} win protien. topyceinlebielde mu manlind for og ce 1owal

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~~ er CH I 6 September, 1921 Send No Money | : « Es 21 Jewel Illinois @ The greatest watch value ever offered. Unequalled for beauty, accuracy and relia- bility. 21 ruby and sap- phire jewels —adjusted to positions, tempera- ture and isochronism, 20 year gold-filled case. 10 Days’ Free Trial Wear it for 10 Days at our risk. Note its absolute exactness. If at the end of ten days youare not satisfied, just send it back at our expense. Knife and Chain Free We are offering for a limited time this handsome _ gold-filled knife and chain ABSOLUTELY FREE. Only lic a Day Just send your name and address. The watch, chain and knife come to you, prepaid. Give the expressman $8.50as adeposit. If after 10 days, you do not wish to keep them, return at our expense; your deposit will be refunded instantly. Trialis absolutely free. If youkeep the watch pay $3.40 a month until full price of $42.50is , This splendid watch will cost youless than 11c aday. Act at once. Address Dept. 471-P. CAPITAL $1,000,000 “The House of Quality” L.W. SWEET Nc 1650-1660 Broadwav New York ae 74 MakeYour Bike aMotorcycle FASY to. do and at low cost. Your old “foot power’’ bicycle can be quickly transformed to a speedy, easy-run- ning high power Motorcycle with the Shaw Motor Attachment. Fits any men’s bicycle of any make or size. Chain drive model can be attached in less than an hour. A boy can put it on. No special tools or knowledge necessary. SHAW chien Thousands in use. A light weight 2% H-P motor of wonderful efficiency. Simple to attach. Everything furnished complete. Every owner enthusiastic, All materials are guaranteed. Get one NOW. FREE Write at once for Free Book and Low Direct Factory Price on the Shaw Attachment, also the Shaw Motor-bicycle--a complete power machine at a low price. SHAW MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. 1469 , Galesburg, Kansas THE HOME WORKSHOP It Is Possible to Keep the Drawing-Paper Clean T is next to im- possible to keep machine drawings _, on detail paper i HOLES clean, especially where the design is altered and work- ed over for a long \N time. Much of the. XX smudging comes from the continual rubbing of the T- square over the pencilled lines. A suggestion for keeping thesurface of the T-square blade from rub- bing the lines is to provide a double line of 1/16-in. holes in along each edge of the blade and then to lace in a white cotton string as shown. The string should be drawn tightly in position and secured by knots at each end. A simple method of preventing smudging of drawings Oil-Tight Piston-Rings Made from Old Rings EPENDABLE oil-tight piston-rings suitable for motors that have been in service for a long time can be made from two old rings that are worn to the extent of fitting the ring grooves loosely. When the rings fit the grooves loosely the oil works its way under the ring and in con- sequence the motor smokes and carbonizes quickly. The ring grooves, if convenient, should be trued up by chucking the pistons in the lathe and taking a light cut from each side of the groove. The rings are either placed on the face of a grinder and ground to approximately half of the original width, or ground and filed by hand to half by camel HOLDER RING \CAST-IRON PLATE OILTIGHT LOOSE s\ his BOOK \ On Home Beautifying Sent Free Contains practical suggestions on how we to make your home artistic, cheery and inviting— explains how you can easily and econ- omically keep the woodwork, furni- ture and floors in perfect condition. BUILDING? This book tells how to finish inexpensive soft woods so they are as beautiful and artistic as hard wood. Tells just what materials to use— how to apply them—includes color card — gives covering capacities, etc. Wewillgladly send this book free and postpaid for the name of your best dealer in paints. S.C. JOHNSON & SON, Dept. P.S.9, Racine, Wis. “The Wood Finishing Authorities’’ One simple method of making oil-tight pis- ton-rings from old rings is here illustrated the width. The two rings so ground should be the exact width of the ring-groove. These rings should be placed so the slots fall on opposite sides of the piston. With rings made as described, pistons with over a hundredth of an inch clearance in the cylin- ders can be made perfectly satisfactory. If the pistons are worn only slightly, one double ring in the top groove of each piston will give satisfactory results. The main detail of fitting these rings is to make the width of the combined rings the exact width of the groove. When this is done, the oil that works around the ring is held back and the two scraping faces at the circumference of the ring hold the oil back at this place.—G. A. LUERS. 93 The Hour That Counts! When you see a man putting in his noon hour learning more about his work, you see.a man who won’t stay down. He’ll never be satisfied until he hits the top. And he’ll get there! In shops, factories, offices, stores, in every line of industry, men are holding splendid positions won through spare time study with the Inter- national Correspondence Schools. Today they are earning four or five times—yes, some of them ten times as much money as when they started. Employers everywhere are looking for men who really want to get ahead. If you want to make more money, show your employer that you’re trying to be worth more money. For 30 years the International Correspondence Schools have been training men and women right in their own homes. More than two million have stepped up in just this way. More than 130,000 are ctudying now. Can you afford to let another hour pass without making your start toward something better? Here is all we ask—without cost, without obli- gation, mark and mail this coupon! oe a ae oe TEAR OUT NERE OO a= a= a= INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS BOX 7635-B SCBANTON, PA. Without cost or obligation, please explain how I can qualify for the position, or in the subject before which I have marked an X in the list below:—- ELEC. ENGINEER BUSINESS MANAG’M’T Electric Lighting & Rys. SALESMANSHIP Electric Wiring ADVERTISING Telegraph Show Card & Sign Ptg. Telephone Wor! (2 Railroad Positions k CHANICAL ENGR. 4 ILLUSTRATING artooning ine Shop Practice () Private Secretary re Gas Engine Operating | BOOKKEEPER CIVIL ENGINEER | 5 Steongrapher & Trois ee Be apping | ©) Cert. Pub. Accountant FOR'N or ENGR. | & pRAPFIC MANAGER STATIONARY ENGR. Sethe yb meer mew Marine oa r Commercial Law Contractor and Builder | Com. School Subjects Concrete Builder CIVIL SERVICE Railway Mail Clerk AUTOMOBILES Mathematics Navigation Bankirg Agriculture Spanish Poultry Teacher Text. Overseer or Supt. CHEMIST Name T-t-20 Street No. City Stat “I Would Not Part with it for $10,000” a it. Con- 100,000 people who have worn it. serve your body and life frst. The Na Body Brace WEAKNESS and ORGANIC AILMENTS of WOMEN AND MEN. Develops erect, graceful figure. Brings restful relief, com- fort, ability to do things, health and strength. Wear it 30 Days Free al at Our Expense Also Does away with the strain and pain of standing and walking; replaces and megs misplaced internal organs; reduces enlarged abdomen; straightens strengthens the back; corrects stooping shoulders; develops lungs, chest and —_ sunneee Sean. curvatures, ne! ruptures, pation, after effects of Fic. Couttatabie ana easy to wear. “ Keep Yourelt Fit rite today for illustrated booklet, measurement blank, etc., and read our very hberal proposition. MOWARD C. RASH, Pree. Natural Body Brace Co, 241 Rash Building SALINA,

Page 82

Fasy toLearn I g Wirelessexpansion sweeping over world lixe wildire! Big opportunities now oR land and sea. Salaries amount to $200 to $500 a — New methoi makes Wirele33 amazingly easy to lean—AT HOME IN YOUR SPARE TIME. Wonderful invention also teaches you code in half usual time. This Institute the original and largest school teaching Wireless by mail. Officially recog- nized by U.S. vernment. Graduates in every part of the world, holding fine positions. This faseinating, uncrowdei field needs you too. It’s real fun to study it, under our new method, in the summer or any other time. Just a little of your spare time now oy prepares you for the world's fastest-growing field— Wireless Fine p: pay, big opportunities, travel if you want it, and a &p endi futore. Write for FREE BOOK, * reless, the Opportun ity, of rote gine special Short Time "Offer. Mail posteara NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE, Dept.89, Washington, D.C. Schools in Washington and Baltimore Relea ar Coat ed Transformed from light socket into a pleasant, health giving administration by Renulife Violet Ray Generator—thous- ands of volts—without the yn sree shock or un- leasant feeling: penetrates deep; saturates entire increasing circulation, a din oxygen to blood, promoting elimination. Send: or book. e . VIOLET RAY HIGH FREQUENCY GENERATOR You may now treat yourself at home. 35,000 in use. Decidedly beneficial results in cases of nerve dis- orders, faulty circulation, impoverished blood, etc. Learn the health benefits of this modern and scien- tific use of electricity. Full information in our book by return mail. GET FA FREE \fe VIOLET RAY eee MA, Renulife Electric Co. 1809 Marquette Bidg. Detroit, Mich. In Canada Netting Bldg. Windsor. Ont. Here’s a Book You WANT! INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL By F. B. WRIGHT Full directions, illustrated with drawings of the neces- sary apparatus, for making the coming fuel for automo- biles, motor boats, heating, cooking, lighting, etc., etc. Send your order TODAY before present edition is exhausted Price $2.50 Postpaid SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 120 W. Liberty St., New York THE MODERN ELECTROPLATER. By K. M. COGGESHALL. A complete and practical book on electro- plating and allied processes. 300 pp.. 135 ills. Price, $3.00. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street, New York THE HOME WORKSHOP Prevent Rugs from Curling at the Corners 2 Se and carpets that have been in use for some time frequently curl up at the corners. This makes them unsightly and may cause accidents by tripping. The ac- Sheet-metal corner pieces sewed to the rugs will prevent the corners from curling companying illustration shows how the curling of the rug corners may be pre- vented. Corner pieces of iron or some other heavy sheet metal are sewed to the under side of rugs and carpets at the corners that dis- play a tendency to curl. The weight of the metal will be sufficient to hold the corners down. For the sake of greater conve- nience holes should be punched through the metal corners through which to draw the heavy sewing-thread. Drilling Holes from the Bottom Up N the miscellany of repair work many holes have to be drilled from the under side. The illustration shows a workman With this lever arrangement it is just as easy to drill holes from the bottom up as from the top down who is putting %-in. holes in the lower flange of an auto truck, and doing it easily. He uses a piece of board to form a lever with which he presses the electric drill and its tool upward. By this means the work is done easily. If the part to be drilled had been higher up, he would have picked up an odd brick or piece of blocking to elevate his fulcrum. 94 Popular Science Monthly WHITING-ADAMS BRUSHES Bristles held invulcanized hard rubber. Cannot shed hairs or come apart. They reach high- water mark in brush making. Send for Illustrated Literature JOHN L. WHITING-J. J. ADAMS CO. BOSTON, U.S.A. Brush Manufacturers for Over 112 Years and the Largest in the World Riss aRan¢ger at'eny pice, Select from 44 4 shies, See cs r,t See My vantage 0: months Mcnyoeren p LAT 0 boys and girls easily earn the nm isue you are cate ms yr ae yy fail “fate | Mead Dept. cle: €or a go I Moore Push-Pins Zs “AF ee — eons aya r= —_— é yids Glass Heads, Steel Points Moore Push-less Hangers To Hang Up Things Ask your dealer to gt them i 10c pkt. Moore Push-Pin Company Wayne Junction, Philadelphia, Pa. Electrician’s Wiring Manual By F. F. SENGSTOCK, E. E. contains all the information needed for the proper installation of lighting and power sys- tems in houses and other buildings and com- pletely covers the field of inside wiring and construction in accordance with the new National Electrical Code. Profusely illustrated and contains many tables and formulas. , Pocket size, flexible Medias: 448 pages Price, $2.50 Experiments With 110- Volt Alternating Current By J. D. ADAMS Here at last is a book that devel- ops a practical working familiarity with the alternating current—the form in which electricity is used in every home, The author shows how this can be done in an inter- esting and inexpensive way. The only way to gain a thorough understanding of electricity as it is used commercially is by direct personal experiment. The knowl- edge thus gained is of vastly more value and importance than that acquired from the performance of the stereotyped series of battery experiments so uniformly de- scribed in the text-books. 256 pages, 135 illustrations. Price, postpaid, $1.75 Popular Science Monthly -225 West 39th Street, New York Siac -* SARS

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September, 1921

THE HOME WORESHOP Pencils May Be Used Tor Electrical Resistance

pee from a pencil that is a graphite composition is serviceable as a resistance in electric leads where one is required to overcome excessive current flow. As a simple resistance for dimming headlights of an automobile, a section of lead-pencil can be wired in circuit with the lamps with a switch across the interrupted circuit, per- mitting the lamps to be lighted full or re- duced to a dim light when desired. With the large magneto, as on the Ford, BATTERY OR >= =| q MAGNETO) = ai TAIL-LIGHT. i = SWITCH seine RESISTANCE FOR LL HEADLIGHTS BULB IN TAIL = MAGNETO

Graphite pencils may be used as here shown. as an electrical resistance in a lighting circuit it is desirable to use a tail-light running from the magneto. A lamp-bulb durable enough for this purpose is difficult to secure, because of the increased current flow when the engine is running fast. A section of hard pencil wired in circuit with the lamp affords the required resistance to protect the lamp against burning out. — Of course, a short section of lead offers less resistance than a long section.

Making a Music-Case of Cloth or Leather ERE is an easy method of making a music-case at very little cost. Get some common bookbinder’s cloth, or, if you care to, a piece of leather, and lay it face down on the table. Mark it off as shown in the illustration, leaving 14 in. all around for turning over. Now get a piece of ordinary millboard and mark it in similar fashion, with the exception of the 14-in. edges. Score this

“ ! _——

<3} p10» x2 023»

weccecwes Veeco e 4 With simple materials and a little in- genuity this neat music-case may be made at home board halfway through with a knife as shown. Make two ends of the same ma- terial, or, better still, from a thin board. Now fasten all together, gluing the leather or cloth to the millboard.

and Tractor Business Make a good business deal! Get the knowhow of Auto Mechanics in 6 to 8 weeks at this greatschool. Top salary positions wait- ing for your Rahe Trained Skill. The 8 million cars, fee Trucks, Tractors, etc., must be kept going. Their owners lack the knowhow on repairs. Lg will pay you big money for your Rahe Training as an expert Auto Mechanic. Get a High-Pay Joh Quick! My advice to any man 16 a —. = years and up is to get into the Auto Repair Business right now! Pays highest and needs most men. Most other trades are overcrowded and are cutting down wages. Tete School No Special Schooling Needed oe | You train your hands by a actual trouble shooting of all kinds on real autos of makes and models. Don’t say you can’t—that you are not mechanically in- clined. Nearly 40,000 men are Rahe Graduates. Few had any Special Bent for mechanics. Yet Rahe trained men hold high-pay jobs and are in business for them- selves in every state, You will make good! Start now! q a al Get fine 68-page t 0g Free! Fooe Catalan, Shows , preferred opportunitiesopen to you and proofs . Of graduates’ success, All Free! Write today! Address School Nearest You HENRY J. RAHE Dept. 2887 ¢

nati brings %

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: Chicago, Il. in East and South. “@®@ — -_ Saves railroad fare. i ee t| || {} | : ae | RIDIN DR = INR ORR nce ot ERIRREROTORIRE ES SEXUAL dard Underwoods ¥ Nu Ow L D E F 5-Year Guarantee E. G ine Standard Visible Writ. ILLUSTRATED : By WINFIELD SCOTT HALL,M.D.,Ph.D. SEX FACTS MADE PLAIN What every young man and Every young woman should know ve 1 00 What every young husband and —=—— e Every young wife should know Postpaid _,,What every parent should know

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FREE tssson Arthur Murray, America’s greatest dancing teacher, has invented a new method which makes it possible for you to now learn dancing by mail. The simplicity of Prof. Murray’s method is amazing. To prove to you how easily youcan learn, Arthur Murray gives you a dancing lesson free but asks you to help pay for the packing, etc., by sending ten cents. A dime is only a fraction of Mr. Murray’s ex- pense. The free offer is good for only a limited time. Write today. ARTHUR MURRAY SYSTEM Studio 4 290 Broadway New York

Parents, let your children play ; in the school band or orchestra. fim =Get them Conns, the easiest | pees blowing instruments made. - N Used in the world’s greatest f. musical organizations. Send for |s FREE BOOK and details of cf free trial offer. C. G. Conn, Ltd. LAUNDRY SUPERINTENDENCE AND MANAGEMENT There are 10,000 Laundries in this country. Properly qualified Superinten- dents and Managers are needed. The Power Laundry Cooperative Course trains men in two years, half time spent in actua! laundry work for wages. Other Intensive Two Year Day Courses INDUSTRIAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ARCHITECTURE INDUSTRIAL ART For special announcement write the OHIO MECHANICS INSTITUTE Dept. B Cincinnati, O.

95

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4 ' | ' Popular Science Monthly “Beauty Is Only Skin Deep” GOLD BRICK always looks good. It has to. Its promising appearance is its sole virtue. Looks alone will not sell goods today. Merchandise with a name—the name of its maker—has the call. For only the maker of worthy goods can long afford to advertise. At the High Court of Public Opinion any other sort is soon condemned. Wise manufacturers seek good publi- cations to tell the story of their wares. The publishers seek the reputable adver- tising for the readers’ guidance. The well-informed buyer seeks news of good merchandise through the columns of the best publications. This proves the value of advertising. Neither advertiser nor publisher can pros- per without your patronage. Therefore, it is to their advantage to cater to you. They do it, too. And it is distinctly to your advantage to be guided by the message they lay before you—the advertisements. Read them Regularly! THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Improvise a Bed for the Baby HOULD ‘visitors accompanied by a baby come to your house to remain for a few days and you have neither a cradle, crib, nor baby-carriage, you may improvise a bed for the young visitor if you have a Morris-chair. Remove the rod supporting the back of the chair, tilt the back until it is level with the seat and support it with a box or low chair. Place a blanket, comforter, and other necessary bedclothes on the impro- a BA ~ atte Co x re “ee, os ‘ Your Morris-chair, arranged in this manner, will serve in place of a crib to accommodate a little visitor vised bed and you will have an excellent crib for the baby. The arms of the chair will prevent the squirming little sleeper from rolling off during the night. These Small Drawers Were Made from Tin Cans LD tin cans, cut in half and then nailed on two strips of wood, as shown in the illustration, make convenient drawers in which to keep assortments of nails, tacks, brads, screws, bolts, washers, etc. These small compartment drawers can be pulled out from their slides and carried to odd GP A . PULL CALF SQUARE \—HALF ROUND CANS CANS Countless are the uses of old tin cans. Here is one adapted to the requirements of home and shop jobs away from the work-bench more easily than large compartment boxes of wood. The illustration shows how round or square tins may be used to form the sep- arate compartments in the drawers. If you have enough of these drawers, you may construct a cabinet for holding them. Each drawer should have a front board with a knob and a label indicating its contents.

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5 we - rT) September, 1921 530 to 950 Clear Profit a Day Make big moncy in floor surfacing busi- ness. Experie “nce unnecessary. The build- ing program is going big, Get started ’. Go into business for yourself. Be your own Boss. You work with big con- tractors. Also n ake big money, resur- facing floors. Operate one or more machines. he American F'oor Surfacing Ma- chine finishes more flooring ina day than six men can finish by the laborious, ex- Pensive hand process, and does the work better and cheaper. Machine is electricallv operated; surfaces old and new flooring to walls without hand-work. Removes ground-in dirt. paint and varnish, quickly and easily; leaves floors clean. No job too large, none too small. Man: nay for machines first. month_ from earnings. Own a profitable, | per- manent business —write us today for complete Prop- osition. Don't de- lay—act NOW! The American Flocr Surfacing Machine Co. 524 So. St. Clair Street, Toledo, Ohio AN EASY WAY TO MAKE MONEY 22: plod along on 8 small salary, Be independe Go in the tire re- airing business. One man says at made $60.00 the first ay.’’ Others average $200 $500 a month. Very little capital needed. Jobs plentiful. Ever, a | motorist a pos- sible customer, No experience need We teach you. SHALER Tire Repair Outfit ineovel We Wrapped Tread Method Tire Manufacturers Does as work as the ne priced vu —s outfits can use it. It’ e only walensioes that has Automatic Heat Control, and can’t undercure or overcure a ‘tire. Requires no watching or regulating. FREE Book **How to Open a Tire bie Shop.” It — how to make big money. Don’t delay. Write quick. C. A. SHALER CO. 2108 Fourth St. | Waupun, Wisconsin es a I'm glad I said PATRURER Fountain Pe Pen | Lr reaatasen Sa pe ee SE SGT | RR | ORR OR ST AS National College “*keaues:” of Chiropractic: — (RESIDENTIAL 16N. Ashland Blvd. eam Cation. Distinguished Faculty. Modern and 2 ae laboratory y oumoment. Large jum and Ke aid dept. Chi "s op- portunity for self help tintin . Enter quarterly. 3-year term h Year een Can Save #*50.00 By recovering your old auto top frame yourself. We make these recovers to fit all makes ont pao’ “a. ny person n car can iton. We furnish p instructions. Roof and quar- Parcels Post Paid ters sewed together with rear curtain, fasteners, welts and tacks. All complete. Give us the name, year and model number of your car and we will send you our catalogue with samples and quote you exact price. LIBERTY TOP & TIRE CO. Dept. E8, Cincinnati. O. Motorcycle Bargains SAVE 29% to 65% on Slightly used and Rebuilt Motor- cycles, Side Cars, Johnson Motor # heels, Evans Power Cycles. Bicycles. Send for Free jin Bulletin and Money Saving Message, listin hun: “i ‘s dreds of Bargains in used ad. rebuilt ax uy 5 tie new machines,supplies, accessories, ng AMERICAN MOTOR CYCLE co. Dept. 902, 2047 W. Chicago Aves, CHICAGO THE HOME WORKSHOP This Ladder Can Be Used on Steps HE illustration below shows how a ladder may be arranged to be used on stairs or on uneven levels. The uprights or string-pieces of an ordinary ladder are cut about 11% in. below the bottom rung and 2-in. holes are drilled below the two lowest rungs and counterbored on the inside face of one of the uprights as indicated in the diagram below. Two screw-clamps made of 34 by \% in. iron are bent into shape and fastened to One of the string- pieces of this lad- der can be ex- tended so as to rest on the lower step CLEARANCE- GROOVE FOR END SIDE VIEW VIEW the uprights of the ladder as shown. The clamps act as guides and hold the extension leg in a position parallel with the upright. The wood extension leg is made of the same material and size as the uprights; about 28 in. long. A clearance groove for a 14-in. bolt is cut in the center of the extension leg as shown. Two wing-nuts make it possible to set and fasten the extension leg to give the ladder a vertical position with a firm bearing on two steps.—D. KRIEGEL. For Cutting Holes with a Bearing-Ball ween paper gaskets are to be fitted on differential covers, crank-cases, timing-gear covers, and transmission cases, it is necessary to punch a large number of holes through the gasket. These holes must be of the correct size and placed accurately to coincide with the bolt-holes in the rim. Usually the holes through the gasket -are made with a punch, but this method is apt to give inaccurate results. A much better method is here illustrated. The paper gas- ket is placed in its proper position on the rim of the differential cover, Cut the bolt-holes and a steel bear- in the gasket as ing-ball, slightly shown larger than the bolt-holes, is pressed down on the paper over each hole. A slight tap with the hammer will cut the hole through the paper smoothly and ex- actly in the right place. DIFFERENTIAL COVER Your Choice 75c a Week With every set is included — FREE —a Consulting Membership which gives you the privilege of submit- ting your perplexing problems to a corps of experts for an entire year. This Consulting Membership regu- larly sells for $12.00. No matter what your occupation, one of the home study sets listed below will quickly fit you for a better job and bigger pay. Any set you select will be sent for seven days’ examina- tion, and if you decide to buy you may pay the rock- bottom price at the rate of only 75ca week. But you must act now! We cannot guarantee these reduced prices for any great length of time. These books are the work of recognized authorities. They are written in plain, easily understood language, by recognized authorities, and contain hundreds of photographs, diagrams, tables, etc., that make diffi- cult points as simple as A-B-C. Handsomely and durably bound, and stamped in gold. Pay-Raising Books At Greatly Reduced Prices Accountancy and Business Management, 7 = 2700 pages, 1000 pictures. Was SE UO Frc cen anid aietalso.cigieb alan ereeoe Now $29.80 Pent and Contracting, 5 volumes, 2138 pages, 1000 pictures. Was $37.50. Now 24.80 Civil Engineering, 9 volumes, 3900 pages, 3000 pictures. Was $67.50 ......... Now 39.80 Electrical Engineering, 8 volumes, 4100 pages, 3300 pictures. Was $60.00 ...Now 34.80 Automobile Engineering, 6 volumes, 2600 pages, 2000 pictures. Was $45.00....Now 24.80 Machine Shop Practice, 6 volumes, 2300 pages, 2500 pictures. Was $45.00...Now 24.80 Steam and Gas Engineering, 7 volumes, 3300 pages, 2500 pictures. Was $52.50, Le Pa ae CT: SY Ne a: 29.80 Law poe Practice (with reading course), 12 volumes, 6000 pages, illustrated. Was i, EE EL EE IED Now 49.80 Fire Prevention and Insurance, 4 vols., 1500 pages, 600 pictures. Was $30.00..Now 19.80 Telephony and Telegraphy, 4 volumes, 1728 pages, 2000 pictures. Was $30.00..Now 19.80 Sanitation, Heating and Ventilating, 4 volumes, 1454 pages, 1400 pictures. Was Ne ooo vnikcivd abel nates ccc eeu nan Now 18.80 Drawing, 4 volumes, 1578 pages, 1000 pic- tures, Eluo-gaiate. etc. Was $30.00...Now 19.80 Employment Management and Safety, $5 = 1800 pages, 540 illustrations. A . Melee Ces valved Hike e hee eaneee 9.80 Send No Money Shipped for 7 Days’ — Yes, we'll gladly ship any set right to your home or office upon your simple request. Pay only shipping charges when the books arrive. Don't send a penny until after you have used them seven days, then re- mit only $2.80 or return them at our expense. Pay balance at the rate of $3.00 a month—75c a week. 97 Act now—while these splendid books are being offered at 20% to 50% less than regular prices. This offer is open to every person within the boundaries of the U. S.and Canada. pony Fy opportunity— fillin and mail the coupon American Technical Society, Dept. X-206, Chicago i Satie Technical Society, Dept-X.206, Chicago, U.S.A. | | Piaane ach We G66 Giieck cv cncdcccdscaceseses will send $2.80 within 7 owe and $3 each month, for 7 DAYS’ examination, shipping charges collect | I will Cy the books thoroughly and, if satisfied, until I have paid the special SS If I decide not to keep the books, will notify you at once and hold them subject to your order. itle riot to pass to me until the set is fully paid for. NAMB. ccececs eoccccecce eoccccccece eocccccccsccce ADDRESS. 20 cccccccccccccccceceesecs sone eMeneeees | REVERENCE cc ccccccccccccccccccecosvcceseceece eee |

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Popular Science Monthly PATENTS F YOU HAVE AN INVENTION which you wish to patent you can write fully and freely to Munn & Co. for advice in regard to the best way of obtaining protection. Please send sketches or a model of your invention and a description of the device, explain- ing its operation. All communications are strictly conf- dential. Our vast practice, extending over a period of seventy years, enables us in many cases to advise in regard to patentability without any expense to the client. Our Hand-Book on Patents is sent free on request. This explains our methods, terms, etc., in regard to Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, etc. If you are a reader of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ou are probably aware of the Fact that it has a special appeal to the inventor. Each issue contains a description of a large number of recently pat- ented inventions. Pending pat- ent legislation as well as the most recent rulings of the Patent Office and the courts are considered in its columns. MUNN & CO. SOLICITORS OF PATENTS 683 Woolworth Building, New York 624 F Street, Washington, D. C. Tower Building - Chicago, Ill. Hobart Bidg., 582 Market Street, San Francisco, California think of a simple, practical idea that will fill one of the many ree quests we have on file for new inven- tions? It may mean a fortune for you. Thousands of things are needed Ricut Now. Your brains can help.- Send to- day for our great new book—“‘Inven- tions and Trade Marks, Their Protection and Exploitation’’ and learn more about making money from ideas than you ever knew before. It tells many things that are wanted, C00. A postal will do— it is free. PATENTS ADVERTISED For SALE FREE In INVENTION And MANUFACTURING SUPPLEMENT. Published for the Man with an idea. Send for free sample copy. One year'ssub- We help our clients, Without charge, to get the dollars out of their ideas—having facilities mone others possess. Advice free. Don't delay—get the , book at once. AMERICAN INDUSTRIES, INC, 201 Patent Dept., ' WASHINGTON, D. C. \ iit ecription 50c. Piand made. Finest materials. Ss F (No Seconds). FREE: Tikes FOR YOUR CAR to one user ineachlocality. Be first to weer ~4 for special le % MZLLINGER TIRE & RUBBER Co. 925 North Oak St., Kansas City, THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Clear a Camp of Poisonous Reptiles | glee eosimesger-s and copperheads add an element of danger to camping in the wilder sections of the country. A little knowledge of the habits of these reptiles enables campers to destroy them. The hill in the illustration has been de- nuded of trees by the artist to show the snake-hunter how to proceed. In the fall the snakes go into dens in the rock ledges and in the spring they come out again. In these seasons search the cliffs, examining every hole that appears to lead back into the hill beyond the frost line. Some day the snakes will be found going into or com- ing out of a den by scores or hundreds. Sometimes two hundred are found within a radius of fifty feet. By the time summer camps open, the last of June or first of July, the reptiles have scattered. The rattlers hunt rats, mice, chipmunks, and other small animals in fields and underbrush. Copperheads are more apt to be found along streams and in marshy places. To find them in the day- time it is usually necessary to turn over stones and logs. They hunt at night. A systematic search of a camp-site will bring them to light. Hunters’ feet and legs must be protected by heavy shoes and leggings. Hands must eS Autumn and early spring are the sea- sons for exterminating the poisonous snakes not be laid cn any doubtful spot. In case of a bite, cut crisscross gashes with the fang-marks as centers, suck out the poison, rub in permanganate of potash, and send for a doctor. Drinking whisky increases the danger. Harmless snakes should not be molested. They are economically valuable. The Best Known Method of Breeding Meal Worms HE meal worm is the larva of a blaek beetle known as Tenebrio molitor. The larva is yellowish and represents the first stage in the development of the beetle from the egg. This larva sheds its skin a number of times and from it the pupa, the resting-stage develops. Finally the pupa turns into the beetle that lays its eggs for the next generation. In order to raise meal worms a large earthenware pot or jar, glazed on the in- terior, is used. This jar is filled with bran, some flour, and a few linen rags until two thirds full. Woolen rags do not serve this purpose; they only favor moths, which are injurious to the meal worm. It is advantageous but not absolutely necessary to place a few pieces of insect- bored wood to a height of about 1 in. at the bottom of the pot. The wood is covered with a layer of rags. Over this place the bran, then a few more rags, flour, and bran, until two thirds full. To start the colony, place meal worms, their larve, or the full grown insects into the jar. Then the jar is covered with a piece of cloth tied firmly about the edges. The rags are moistened from time to time. It is best to begin breeding these worms in the spring. Let the pot stand during the Follow the directions given and you will have a good crop of meal worms summer, occasionally moistening the rags, and in the fall, seven to eight meal worms can be removed daily and fed to birds, tree toads, chameleons, or turtles. A Simple Way of Making Cement Steps GtErsS are made of various materiais, according to the use they are to serve. For the garden, wooden steps are unsuit- able, since they do not last long enough. Permanent steps have a greater value, and since they are easy to make, should find more universal application. Broken or partly broken, glazed or unglazed, drain- pipes can be successfully used. These pipes are placed into the position the steps are to occupy. They are slightly sunk, so that they will remain in position. When the steps are in place, cement is made, and a layer of about 14 in. applied. Then a number of flat stones are carefully imbedded in the cement, and more cement Steps for the garden made of stones and broken drain-pipes bound with cement is added to fill all cavities and depressions. The flat stones not only save a large quantity of cement, but they also give the proposed steps the required shape. Use 1 part of cement with 7 parts of sand adding water to obtain the desired consistency.—E. BADE. 98

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September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP Lamps Can Be Made Out of Empty Bottles Gunes campers who take pride in their camp can easily make a brilliant display of illumination by turning the empty soda-bottles to use. For gala occa- sions there is no sight more welcome or romantic than the darkness of the woods broken by an array of lighted torches. The ordinary small soda-bottles are the best to use. Punch a hole in the tin cap just large enough for a lampwick to go through. The round wicks are the best to use, but if not at hand a small flat wick will do. If wicks are not obtainable, several pieces of cord twisted together will serve. Insert the wick into the cap so that 1 in. projects. The bottle is filled with kerosene and the rest of the wick immersed. The tin cap is fitted on the bottle and the torch is ready for use. A piece of wire is looped around the bottle and the other end of the wire bent into a hook, enabling one to hang the torch at any desired place. For the most effective arrangement of lights a wire should be strung from one tree ine made of bottles containing kero- sene and suspended from wires will make your camp more cheerful on a dark night to another and the bottles hung on the wire equal distances apart. To hang up the torches or take them down, a pole with the head of a nail pro- jecting at the top is very convenient. How- ever, the bottles need not be taken down more than once every few days to adjust the wick or replenish the kerosene. To light the lamps while they are hanging, use a lighted candle tied to the end of a pole. To extinguish the lamps, the burning wicks need only be covered for a moment with the end of a stick. To vary the effect of the bottles they can be hung on the trunks of the trees or suspended from the branches. To Soften Aluminum for Repoussé Work ALvUMinuM will make a very good substitute for copper, for repoussé work, if it is rendered sufficiently soft. To do this, heat it slowly until it glows red in the dark, rub it with a lump of fat, and the moment the black mark left by the car- bonization of the fat disappears, remove the plate from your annealing oven or sub- stitute, and cool it fairly quickly. Both aluminum and other metals may be used much thinner than is usually done by amateurs, if the heaviest indentations are made with wooden blocks while the pitch bed is kept slightly warm, finishing as usual, and, if very thin, backing with melted lead or white metal. PATENTS varies | SPECIAL OFFER ERE OPINION as To PATENTABLE NATURE Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form ‘‘Evidence of Conception.’’ This should be signed and witnessed and if returned to us to- gether with model or sketch and description of the inven- tion, we will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. Our Three Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide BOOK HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Sent FREE on Request Contains full instructions regarding Patents, Trade-Marks, Foreign Patents. Our Metheds, Terms,and 100 Mechanical Move- ments illustrated and described, Articles on Patent Practice and Procedure, and Law Points for inventors. OUR TRADE MARK BOOK Shows the value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protection and gives information regarding unfair competition. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in all Foreign Countries. Write for our illustrated Guide Book on Foreign Patents. SPECIALIZATION Our Staff The field of invention is so vast that it is impossible for any one man to become an expert in all the different classes of invention, Only those practically skilled in the class to which the invention relates are capable of rendering efficient service. For this reason Victor J. Evans & Co. employ a number of patent lawyers and mechanical experts who have been selected for their special knowledge and ability in certain lines of invention. Each case is placed in charge of experts in the classes in which the invention relates. THE VALUE OF YOUR PATENT Will depend much upon the skill and care with which your case is prosecuted in the United States Patent Office. This work will receive the benefit of skill and experi- ence acquired by a long and successful practice. We spare neither time nor pains to secure the broadest possible patents that the inventions will warrant. That every case entrusted to us receives our best efforts, and that our work is done consistently, skillfully and thoroughly is evidenced by the many unsolicited letters of commenda- tion that we receive constantly from our clients. We will furnish upon request lists of clients from any State in the Union for whom we have secured patents. Our New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and San Francisco Offices Owing to the growth of our business we have established for the benefit of our clients Branch Offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, Ill., and San Francisco, Cal. These branch offices being located in these large commercial cities, together with our Main Office located near the U. S. Patent office, in Washington, enables us to more promptly handle the business of our clients, particularly as the branch offices are in constant touch with the Main Office and fully equipped to handle patent business in all its branches. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms f TOU aly \ | i i aa! IK i au Poni | mcew > J. EVANS & CO. Patent Attorneys York Offce: Philadelphia Offices Pittsburgh Offices 1007" Woolworth. Bldg. 135 S. Broad Street 514 Empire Bldg. Chicago Cffices, 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Cffices, Hobart Bldg. , Main Offices, 760 9th Street, Washington, D. C. , Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books | So RS tv wit i I a. ret ayo gto is Gbesa See che Aida ai. sith oat. Bee ee ! 99

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A A OOO IO Sek om Tg eR A Fa Popular Science Monthly P patentable nature. 130 F St, N. W., ATENTS SECURE A PATENT, send for Our Guide Book, HOW TO GET A PATENT, sent Free on request. Tells our Terms, Methods, etc. Send model or sketch and description of your invention and we will give our opinion as to its prccscoccscsc cess RANDOLPH & CO. Washington, D. C. IF YOU HAVE AN INVENTION and DESIRE TO LEARN HOW TO ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING By Horstman & Tousley A necessary book for electricians. Full facts and dia- grams, $1.75 postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York To the Man With an Idea } I offer a most comprehensive, ex- i|:4 perienced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Pre- liminary advice gladly furnished with- out charge. My experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately advise clients as to probable patentability before they go to any expense. Booklet of valtiable information and form for properly disclosing your idea. free on request. Write today. RICHARD B. OWEN Patent Lawyer 6 Owen Building, Washington,D.C. 2276-D Woolworth Building, New York City oe a re > * ¥ Ik fre: ERE on thee, na PROTECT YOUR RIGHTS WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BOOK ABOUT PATENTS and “RECORD OF INVENTION” for establishing evidence of conception. The book tells how to proceed, the usual cost of obtaining a patent and contains good sound practical advice every in- ventor should know. “RECORD OF INVENTION” should be filled out, signed and witnessei before you disclose invention to anyone. Send rough sketch or model and description for free report upon patentable nature and cost to Patent, etc. Prompt, personal service. Reasonable fees. a payment plan. Preliminary advice without charge. J.REANEY KELLY PATENT LAWYER 632-COLUMBIAN BLDG. WASHINGTON, D.C. ————APATENTS A Hand-Book of Essen- tial Information and Advice ———— relative to Patents, Trade- ANUEACTURERS Marks; Assignment, Sale or Licensing of Rights; Abstracts from Leading Decisions; State Laws on Patent and Trade-Mark Property. FREE! Write LACEY @ LACEY Established 1869 Dept. B, Washington, D.C. PATENTS Secured Prompt Service. Avoid dangerous delays. Send for our “Record of Invention” form and Free Book telling How to Obtain a Patent. Send sketch or model for examination. Preliminary advice without charge. Highest References. Write TODAY. J. L. Jackson & Co., 169 Ouray Bidg., Washington, D. C ; PATENTS - »end us sketch or model for potepteblity opinion and exact cost of patent. Our boo meen ‘How to Obtain a Patent” Sent Free on re- mapquest. It tells how to apply for Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, Copyrights, etc.; gives information on Patent Procedure; tells what every inventor should know. Th ds of I ‘3, who are our chents, are our references. CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE, 25 Years‘ Experience SIXTH EDITION smaead SY TEN TS cus Send for our free book of patent information Beale & Park %5.:ic?etees.2: ¢ DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form ‘*EVIDENCE OF CON- CEPTION” to be signed and witnessed. A sample form together with printed instructions will show youjust how to work up your evi- dence and establish thesame before filing ap- plication for patent. As registered patent at- torneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and_Canada in the ad- vancement of inventions. Ourschedule of fees willbe found reasonable. The form “Evidence of Conception,” sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees oot i request. Ask for them,—a post card 0. 274 Ouray Bldg. WASHINGTON, D. C. Originators of forms ‘‘Evidence of Conception.” THE HOME WORKSHOP Keep the Mosquitos Out of Your Tent OU should cover the entire front of your tent with netting so that you may keep the flaps of your tent open and at the same time prevent mosquitos and other insects from flying in. The netting should be cut and sewed the same shape as the flaps, with enough Mosquitos are a menace. Keep them _ out by overlapping flaps of netting material for the two sides to overlap. Then the netting is sewed to the top of the tent entrance. When the flaps are rolled up, the netting acts as a screen. To prevent the netting being blown about by the wind, weights should be fas- tened along the bottom.—B. Fox. This Bank Flashes when a Penny Is Dropped In E init a few scraps of material found about the house and this little light- house bank is easily made. The body of the lighthouse is made of a piece of sheet tin or brass bent to form a tube and is nailed to the wooden base, which is cut out round. A piece of large enough tubing Every time you drop a coin in this bank the lighthouse lamp will flash would serve the purpose as well. The top piece has a slot cut in it with two contact pieces. The coin dropping between the pieces closes the circuit and flashes the lamp in the top. The lamp chamber is made of a small strip of sheet celluloid. The battery is placed in the base of the bank. St

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September, 1921

To Pay cS a Te id: AS To Play

A Buescher True-Tone Saneei 0 j opens the way for you to greatly in- _ erease your income, opportunities, 4 popularity and pleasure. Easiest of all wind instruments to play —you can learn toplay the scale [4 in an hour and in a few days be playing populer airs. Prac- tice is @ pleasure. <A ie e ou W! to use Saxophone Book Free Saxophone 5 tinely. ttes, or i ar band; how nspose cello par g por end many other things you would like toknow. ° You can order any Buescher instrument Free Trial ba ty ye A without ee If tii 5 or it on easy paymen' suit your pone Bey Mention the instrument Interested in and a complete catalog will be mailed free. (26) BUESCHER BAND INSTRUMENT Co. Makers of Everything in Band and Orchestra Instruments 3126 Buescher Block, Elkhart, Indiana PATENTS Highest References Best Results Se / ?

Booklet Free Promptness Assured Send drawing or model for preliminary examination of Patent Office records and report ‘as to patentability All Business Given Prompt and Proper Attention WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer, 624 F St., Washington, D.C.

TEACH YOURSELF in half the usus! time, at trifling cost, witn the won- derful OMNIGRAPH Auto- Tra Sends you unlimited Morse or Con- tinental messaces, at any speed, just as an expert operator would. Adopted by U. S. Gov’t., cont Colleges, Universities— Telegraph Schools throughout United States and Canada.

4 Styles Catalogue free. OMNIGRAPH MFG. CO. 26R Cortlandt St. ew York

~ Build and Fly Model VaXey ue)e) cab alen) Rulld a Model Acroplane that will fly like areal one. With IDEAL Scale Drawings and Building and Flying Instructions you can easily build exatt, 3ft. duplicates of Big Aero- = Send now for Drawings an nstructions for the one you will build: RA -7 Curtiss IN4D-2T raining mwii,7,f ‘Plane, De Havilland Battle ‘Plane, NC-4 c Naval Seaplane,Curtiss iS Tractor, Bleriot Monoplane, Nieu- port Monoplane, Taube Monoplane........... Catalogue of IDEAL Model Aeroplanes and Supplies, 5¢ Postpaid. Ideal Aeroplane & Supply Co., Cor.W. Houston & Wooster Sts., N.Y.C.

Electrical and Mechanical Engineers receive fabu- lous salaries. Thousands wanted. 3 months to 2 years. Practical-Technical training under experts. ‘ Not a trade school but a Practical-Technical College teaching electricity, steam, gas, auto-electric, armature winding, drafting. Extensive laboratory and sho equipment. Degrees awarded. Day and night sessions. Enroll any time. Don’t judge us by size of ad. Write for free catalog. FINLAY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, 1002 Indiana Ave., Kansas City, Mo.

This Car This nifty little car driven by i Build

SYPHER MFG. CO., 174 Sypher Bidg., Toledo, Ohio THE HOME WORKSHOP

Teaching the Fish to Ring for Their Meals [' is far more interesting to tame sunfish and other finny visitors along the edge of a lake than to catch them. A few angle- worms distributed each morning will soon bring a large school and they will become so tame as to eat from the hand. To an overhanging limb attach a lever switch wired to an electric bell on the tree or in the tent or cottage. The switch can easily be made from a strip of brass, slightly bent and mounted on a block, with a light spring under one end to hold it away from the contact point on that end. One wire of the bell circuit is attached to this contact point and the other to the pivot of the switch. Two or more dry cells furnish the current. From the other end of the switch a line is hung. This is baited with a worm strung

Nature lovers will have fun educat- ing fish to signal for food by 1inging on a thread. No hooks! The fish pulls down, closes the circuit and rings the bell. If worms are thrown in from the shore, it may be found that the fish will continue to pull the string after the bait has all been pulled from it. If fed at a regular hour in the morning, the fish will appear regularly each day.—ARMSTRONG PERRY.

A Non-Spilling Oilcan for the Tool-Chest HAT is more disgusting than to open up the tool-box and find that the oil- can has tipped over and smeared the in- terior with a slimy, oily mess that necessi- tates removing everything and cleaning house? To prevent this put a safety guard on the spout as shown. Cut out a disk of stiff tin or other con- venient metal slightly larger in diameter than the bottom of the oil-can. Then cut a small hole in the exact center, making this so that it will be a snug fit around the spout near the bottom. Smooth off all rough edges with a file or emery- paper and slip the disk in position. Then touch a drop of solder above and below, and the guard is done. The oil will not run out when the can is capsized, the guard holding it so that the end of the spout is elevated. — L. B. ROBBINS.

It is simply impossible to upset this oilcan

101

to School at Hom, Fa HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN TWO YEARS You Want to Earn Big Money! Ard you will not be satisfied unless you earn steady promotion. But are you prepared for the job ahead of you? Do you measure up to the that insures success? For a more responsible position a fairly good education is necessary. To write a sensible business letter, to prepare estimates, to figure cost and to com- pute interest, you must have a certain amount of preparation. All this you must be able to do before you will earn promotion. Many business houses hire no men whose general Saontetas is not equal to a high school course. hy? ause big business refuses to burden itself with men who are barred from promotion by the lack of elementary education, Can You Qualify for a Better Position? We have a plan whereby you can. We can give you a complete but simplified high school course in two years, giving you all the essentials that form the foundation of practical business. It will prepare you to hold your own_where competition is keen and exacting. Donot doubt Spend ability, but € up your mind to it and you will soon have the requirements that _ will pring you success ig money. YOU CAN id Let us show you how to get on the road to success. It will not cost you a single working hour. We are so sure of being able to help you that we will cheerfully return to you, at the end of ten lessons, every cent 7 sent us if you are not absolutely satisfied. hat fairer offer can we make you? Write today. It costs you nothing but a stamp. * AMERICAN SCHOOL Dept. H-675, Drexel Ave. & 58th St., Chicago American School’ § ES 1 Graduate S In two yous $3,000 to $1 wo

Address... So OPO GE OG oO GED Y fi

Page 90

Mechanical Engineering

Learn at Home! Pay

wae, Nee | Employers are looking for men with mechanical ability. There is an easy, delightful way in which you can learn right at home in spare time. tional For 30 years the Interna- Correspondence Schools have been giving men and women just the training they need for success in me- chanical engineering and more than 390 other subjects. Hundreds of thousands have stepped into good positions through I. C. S. help. Let the I. C. S. help you. Choose the work you like best in the coupon below, then mark and mail it today. This doesn’t obligate you in the least but it will bring you information that will start you on a successful career. This is your chance. Mark and mail the coupon now. ——_—_ —— == ==—=<=—=§TEAR OUT HERE oO -— INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS BOX 7634-B SCRANTON, PA. Without cost or obligation, please explain how I can qualify for the position, or in the subject before which I have marked a2 X in the ELEC. ENGINEER Electric Lighting & Rys. Electric Wiring Telegraph Engineer Telephone Work MECHANICAL ENGR. Mechanical Draftsman Machine Shop Practice Toolmaker Gas Engine Operating CIVIL ENGINEER Surveying and Mapping MINE FOR’N or ENGR. STATIONARY ENGR. Marine Engineer ARCHITECT Contractor and Builder Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer PLUMBING & HEAT’G Sheet Metal Worker Text. Overseer or Supt. CHEMIST Pharmacy Name

list below:— BUSINESS MANAG’M’T SALESMANSHIP ADVERTISING Show Card & Sign Ptg. Railroad Positions DD ILLUSTRATING OD Cartooning 0 Private Secretary © Business Correspondent (0) BOOKKEEPER 0 Stenographer & Typist 0 Cert. Pub. Accountant 0 TRAFFIC MANAGER () Railway Accountant (J Commercial Law (0 GOOD: ENGLISH AUTOMOBILES Mathematics Navigation Banking Hie Mail Clerk Agriculture Ip Spanish 0 Poultry Teacher

Street and No. 7-t 2t

City State

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Popular Science Monthly

z j by f 4 . 4 Pray,

ted, S i & ending * 35 Se: idings, Wallboard offer ever made oe ES ae ae Lowest prices on

any place. Send postal THE EDWARD 948-998 Pike St., Cineineati, 0. Edwards “Reo” Metal Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No paintin orrepairs. Guaranteed rot, fire, rust, lightning proc LOW PRICED GARAGES | Ready-Made Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set for , showing styles. S MFG. CO. Sy at Factory

OT ye “Reo” Cluster Metal Shingles, V-Crimp, Corru- es am, yg ~~ a or Roof- ’ aints, etc., direct to you at Rock-Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all in-between dealer’s Book ‘Roofing Book

THE HOME WORKSHOP

Protecting the Outdoor Sleeper from Mosquitos ITH a few branches or sticks a simple framework can be made that can be put up or taken down in a minute. Mos-

Sleeping out of doors may be made comfortable by providing a cover of mosquito netting supported by a light framework quito netting hung over this framework offers the sleeper full protection. Two long branches that can be bent into semicircles form the end supports of the framework. The ends should be sharpened to a wedge shape. These ends can be wedged into the joints of the cot at the head and foot and in this manner will be held firmly in place without any nailing or tying. Four sticks, long enough to reach from one hoop to the other, are cut and nailed to the hoops as shown in the picture. Over this framework mosquito netting is placed and small weights tied to the bottom of the netting to keep it down. The sleeper can easily creep into the cot from either end. By simply pulling out the wedged ends of the hoop the entire canopy can be lifted off bodily. To replace the canopy at night means only to push the wedged points in place.—B. Fox.

How a Wrench Will Serve as a Vise NE of the needs of the motorist who travels away from his home workshop is some sort of a portable vise. For this purpose a 15-in. monkey-wrench will serve

GROOVES IN FACES OF JAWS

RUNNING-BOARD

Motorists find a monkey-wrench with a hexagonal nut a good substitute for a vise if arranged as shown in the illustration. A heavy wrench is at all times a desirable tool, especially where the steering-gear becomes bent or it is necessary to remove a wheel. Likewise the C clamp will serve all purposes, from repairs to a broken spring to the removal of a tire from a rusted rim. ° Select a wrench with a hexagonal nut for adjusting the distance between the jaws. Usually the tool-kit contains an open-end wrench that will fit this hexagonal nut for adjusting. Alter the jaws of the monkey-wrench by filing the cross slots as shown in the picture. This is to obtain better gripping, especially on round stock. Clamp the wrench to the running-board or other surface with the C clamp and the motorist has a small but dependable vise.

One Way of Fooling Trout while They Watch You "T Rout fishermen usually fish a stream rapidly, believing that the fish will bite at once or not at all. Any one who has the patience to sit or stand quietly by a clear pool for half an hour can prove that trout —even big trout—will come out in plain sight and bite a hook. The fisherman must remain perfectly motionless until the trout appear. Then, very slowly, he can raise his rod and lower his lure into the water; half an inch a second is about as fast as he can move at first, but after half an hour he can walk very slowly along the bank. He may place

Casting is not the only method of catching trout. This way is equally effective his bait under the nose of a trout a dozen times without effect and then get him at the thirteenth trial. When a stream is lined with fishermen and the water is low and clear a cautious fisherman may get half a dozen good trout out of the pool in a day, while other men. fish two or three miles of stream and go home with an empty creel.—A. PERRY.

A Poker-Chip Holder from a Solid Block & eer is an innovation in poker-chip holders. It is made from a single block of wood measuring about 8 in. square. The block should be trimmed perfectly smooth and then four holes are drilled at an angle of 30 degrees about three-quarters through the block. These holes are indicated by the dotted lines. Then a saw cut is made, cutting part of the block away so that it

FIG. How to make a poker-chip holder from a solid cubical block of wood will appear as shown in Fig. 2. The holes are cut just halfway through. Of course the holes must be just a bit larger than the poker-chips.—W. H. HoscHkKE.

102

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September, 1921, THE HOME WORKSHOP Try a Vertical Tank for Washing Blueprints HORIZONTAL sinklike washing- tank such as is commonly used for blueprints occupies more room space and is more difficult to install than the narrow vertical tank here illustrated. In making this type of tank the end BLUE- PRINT Economy of ground space is the im- portant feature of this washing-tank for blueprints boards may be extended below the tank bottom to serve as legs or supports. A draincock for emptying the tank into a bucket should be provided. The blueprints may be clipped to a supporting rod in a doubled position and a piece of pipe may be used as a sinker weight.—EVERETT ROGERS. Improvising a Dividing Head for the Lathe D'VIDING heads are not supplied with ordinary lathes and the amateur usually finds it necessary to do without one. The screw-cutting gears. may be pressed WIRE ‘nto service for a SCREW this work in the manner shown. The proper gear is placed on the spindle and a heavy piece of brass wire is at- tached tothelathe. This is held in place with a screw. It is so bent that the end of it will engage the teeth of the gear. In this way the proper division can be made for different work. 60-TOOTH GEAR A good substitute for a dividing-head Various Methods of Making Wood Fireproof K EEPING wood wet, coating with suit- able paints, and using certain chemi- cals are the three methods of increasing fire resistance tested at the United States Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin. Painting, while not the most effective, is the cheapest and most prac- tical treatment in small accounts. A paint of linseed oil, zinc borate, and chrome green retained its fire resistance for years. \ “I Cut You stort and stop saw blade without stop- piny moter by simply pulling out Friction Clutch. A great time-saver and convenience. 3 Cords an Hour with My OTTAWA Log Saw”— GB bn pa a Y Fenton, Mich. “I saw any size logs. Have ou, too, can make good money sawing wood for yourself and neighbors with an OTTAWA One-Man Log Saw. Many ambitious men are going into the wood business—making big money, for coal is scarce and highin price. Get the most powerful Log Saw—the fastest sawing, the easiest handled Log Saw. - Get the i za Fipow AK. ch (sR ii wf 3h The OTTAW. tached to mach s easily at- peal 2 OTTAWA 1 ONE-MAN) OG SAW >’ Now Selling at New Low Prices f the OTTAWA Saw is now 50 low that ‘ ee wood to cut cannot afford to be without one. Power Force Feed | Fastest Cutting Bisa Makes the OTTAWA ny oe ay Nao ae oni w the Human way | screws. 4-cycle frost-proof saw th cre peyele frost th jest, quickest | engine with po safest way. Most 30D - F : [Bree 07 powerful motor. aysTrial Exw7 r- icti r i Trial-- Friction Clutch £27: shipped on. 30 Days Trial lled; roller bearing, en- pe ou to start ont stop eu, Bares times i ine, ° provides absolute safety. Guarantee. Cash or terms. + Don’t saw Special Offer Oxy ‘nore wood the old back-breakin: way. Instead saw more w rT e gneto ped th with the OTTA- Ma ti Equip 1 WA. Let me send you our tion--no batteries are ever | mew Special Trial Offer and Gov- | big Free Book. Write Today, a ti needed. ed =a Send Now ana OTTAWA MFG. CO., 8 1803-A Wood St, Ottawa, Kans. % Wood Should Bring High Prices You know that coal is very scarce and high in price, now. Prvduction has de- creased. Wood will be used in larger quantities for fuel purposes. Why not start, now, to pile up wood to sell when weather is cold and coal prices are high? You can make good money saw- fag wood the old way by hand—bat you can make More Money with an OTTAWA Log Saw because it saws faster and relieves ou of all the hard, back- reaking work. Now the OTTAWA is selling for a very low price and on easy terms. Write for these new low prices—today. Send your name and address—a post card will do. These Owners Say: Simple as Winding a watch “My OTTAWA enables me, @ man 72 years old, to saw more wood than 6 able-bodied men can cut with a common saw in the same length of time and I can do it easier. Operating an OTTAWA is as simple as winding a watch; they are made to run an they do. Use an OTTAWA one day and you'll never be satisfied to go back tothe old cross-cut. If there is timber on your farm you can’t afford to get 2 without an OT- TAWA.”- -P, Adams, Sew- ard, Okla. “My OTTAWA is a marvel. Allthe ye hardly real- ize it can do the work of 10 men with cross-cut saws. I cut enough wood in less than 4 days to last two families a whole year. ee 26 _— off a e beech log and used fess than half a lon_ of fuel!” D. Kinsey, R. 2, Fare mersville, Ohio. Cuts 27 Cords a Day? **I cut 27 cords of wood a day with my OTTAWA Log Saw and in 62 hours sold and de- livered $75 ‘worth.”” Noah Digge, Jacksonville, N. C. Made $34.50 in One Day “TI am ying yes one-man OTTAWA Log Saw and am well pleased with it. It does at what you said it would pao Ay a .50 sawing stave bolts.” --H. W. Emerson, -SFRNFSTCS = Without obligation to me, please send & me vais Book and New Lower % Priceson theimproved OTTAWA Log Saw. § 8 Lae ae Ce: ae Se t e 4 Baceieiramaae| .@ ADoaess ~ - Vy . ATrerrrtt yy tt er). ee Ai you! e. Write for Catalog “‘S” Cleveland | LIGHTWEIGHT » THE CLEVELAND MOTORCYCLECO. CLEVELAND. USA Independent Economical Transportation line for every * assed for men who want dition. Sold for free catalog. MOTORCYCLE 24 Mill St., urdy, Convenient, Economical. There isa tool chest in the Union ept handy, safe and in good con- under absolute, money back guarantee. Write UNION TOOL CHEST CO., lochester, N. Y nsur- tools me How to or Stamps Run a Lathe An 80- page book for 10c¢ Postpaid, Coin SOUTH BEND South Bend Lathesare made in eight sizes, Established 1906 For the Machine and Repair Shop je eee $215.00 18” Lathe ....cccccess 50.00 ae a ee $275.00 16” Lathe............ $525.00 pags eS error $365.00 18” Lathe...........- $685.00 SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 433 MADISON STREET, SOUTH BEND, IND. LATH 9-in. to 24-in. swing inclusive. Free Catalog 103

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Popular Science Monthly LIGHT WEIGHT CAST Telehe PISTON “The Successful Light Weight Pistori o PATENTED U.S.A. " FOREIGN PATENTS PENDING 2 i oo INSIDE Very LIGHT ano VERY STRON Do You Own a Car? DELUXE light weight, cast iron pistons will increase the power, speed and flexibility of any motor and at the same time use less gasoline and oil. They also reduce repair bills by eliminating vibration. Thousands of motorists in every part of the world are proving this every day. DELUXE PISTONS ARE 40 TO 50% LIGHTER THAN STOCK FACTORY CAST IRON PISTONS The weight is saved and strength gained by their patented scientific reinforced construction. Note the rein- forcing ribs under the head and down the skirt. These reinforcements give the piston much greater strength. The reinforcing ribs also serve to carry off heat, insuring a cooler running motor. The DELUXE piston has much less expansion than either aluminum or heavy cast iron pistons. They can be fitted close. Write for booklet giving full information. Supplied standard or over-size for more than 800 makes of automobiles, trucks, tractors, airplanes, motorcycles and marine engines. Patented and Manufactured by CLARK-TURNER PISTON CO. Station C Los Angeles, Calif. For Sale by All Good Dealers and Repair Men. ASBESTOS We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any quantity. We produce all grades at our world famous BELL ASBESTOS MINES, in Canada. We also card fibres, spin yarns, weave cloths, and make all sorts of Asbestos ‘ products, For anything you want in Asbestos turn to Keasbey & Mattison Company Dept. S-4, AMBLER, PENNA., U.S. A. Owners of the World’s Largest Asbestos Mines “Lighting Fixtures Ready to hang. Direct from manu- facturers. Completely wired in- cluding glassware. Send for Catalogue No. 20 ERIE FIXTURE SUPPLY CO. Desk A, Erie, Pa. Only $45.00 For This Job Complete rbitant freight Save exo ie ig! * Not Fwy Patterns exact ny one can ' Parts Complete assemble this job. Com letewith beod. radiator. Bhell, instrument screws, etc. upholste It Fiat radiator she shell Farolehed made made, de, UP Designed low with lack of urther particulars on request. The Central Auto ale Ce. yy Dept. 122 Louisville. Ky. THE HOME WORKSHOP ees to Aim Your Rifle Accurately By Frederick C. Davis =~ shooting is an art which re- quires skill ac- “quired only by persistent prac- tice sees a rifle is a simple yet difficult matter. All rifles with fixed sights are so adjusted by their manufacturers as to necessitate aiming them in one certain way in order to place the shot where it is de- sired. Often the user of a gun believes it inaccurate, when in reality he does not aim it correctly. The rear sight of a rifle is shaped like two hills with a valley between, while the front sight projects upward and presents, when viewed from behind, the appearance of a narrow projection like a tiny pole; some- times a ball (bead) is affixed to the top of the front sight. When the rifle is held to the shoulder and the eye sighted along the barrel, it is possible, with a little practice, to see three things at once: the rear sight, the front sight, and the spot where it is desired the shot should hit. In order to place the bullet where desired, these three things must be | adjusted relatively to one another in just one way. The correct way to aim is this: adjust the rear and front sights so that the peak (tip) of the front sight is exactly level with, and equally distant from, the two peaks of the rear sight. Each of these peaks must appear to be of the same height, and the middle one should be in the exact middle. The barrel is now adjusted, but in order to point it directly at the desired spot, it must be moved (without changing the positions of the three peaks) so that the spot to be hit is directly over and touching the tip of the front sight. When the trigger is pulled, the bullet will hit in exactly the desired spot. Any alteration of the relative positions of the sights will cause the bullet to miss the mark. In the second diagram of the top row note that although all three sight peaks are of equal height, the front sight is not equally distant from the two peaks of the rear sight. The front-sight peak is closer to the left rear-sight peak than to the right rear-sight peak. The result is that the bullet hits several inches to the left of the desired mark. The black spot appearing to rest on the tip of the front sight in each diagram is the spot it is desired to hit. The third diagram in the top. row shows the same defective aiming, but in the oppo- site direction. In No. 1 of the middle row another mistake is made. Although the front-sight peak is equally distant from the two rear-sight peaks, the middle peak is not of the same height as the other two peaks; the middle peak is shorter. This causes the bullet to hit directly under the desired spot. The next figure illustrates the exact op- posite of the one before. The middle peak is higher than the two outside peaks. This causes the bullet to hit several inches higher than is desired. The sixth figure shows a double mistake; this incorrect aiming is a combination of the mistakes illustrated in Figs. 2 and 5; the shot hits upward and to the left. The figures in the bottom row illustrate incorrect sighting, combining two elemental mistakes in each. Another mistake the marksman is apt to make is the tilting (canting) of the rifle— that is, turning it slightly on its side. The two peaks of the rear sight must at, all times be horizontally level. & ch oh Showing how the positions of the two sights affect the aim of the marksman The only correct method of aiming, then, is this: Adjust the rifle barrel so that the front sight peak is equally distant from, and of the same apparent height as, the two peaks of the rear sight; then place the tip of the middle peak directly under and touching the spot to be hit. How to Stop a Leak in a Water-Pipe ye a leak in a water-pipe is dis- covered, pails or pans are hurriedly requisitioned to prevent an inundation; but that does not stop the leak. The writer, in the face of such an emergency, com- bined a brass pic- ture-hook (ham- mered to the proper curve over the leaking pipe) and a_ ten-cent clamp, as shown in the illustration. A leather pad and a “hunk” of chewing-gum un- der the picture- hook made the combination perfectly ef- fective.—J. D. ENFIELD. PICTUREPHOOK An inexpensive way of stopping a leak 104

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September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP Display Your Colors in Your Buttonhole ASTIDIOUS dressers like to wear a flower in the buttonhole of their lapel. A bit of bright color enhances the artistic effect of the otherwise somber costume. But flowers of the desired color are not always in season. In such case, a pretty and attractive substitute for a flower may we ee ae This, buttonhole decoration is not a flower, but a little pinwheel of colored glazed paper be made from a few small pieces of glazed paper in the desired color or colors. From the bits of glazed paper a little pin- wheel is made, the pin of which is stuck through two thin little disks cut with a sharp knife from the cork of a. medicine bottle. One of the disks should be in front, the other on the reverse side of the lapel and the pin should pass through the button-hole. The point of the pin should be clinched to prevent it from slipping out of the disks. If made carefully, the pin- wheel will rotate in the slightest breeze. Stir the Stew to Keep It from Scorching paeecnon and persistent stirring is necessary to prevent the scorching of soups, stews, sauces, etc., while they are simmering over the fire. The danger of scorching is greatest for the thicker parts of the stew, nearest to the bottom of the pot or pan, be- cause that part, DETACHABLE being directly "ANOLE over the fire, is exposed to the fiercest heat. Scorching may be prevented by the use of a me- chanical stirrer as shown in the accompanying il- lustration. Turn the crank and The device prevent scorching consists of a rod of iron that forms the shaft of the stirrer, a cross piece, also of iron and provided with several T-shaped plows, which is perma- nently attached at right angles near the lower end of the vertical shaft, and a crank handle for rotating the stirrer. The shaft passes through a hole in the cover of the pot and its pointed lower end rests in a cup- bearing that is preferably hard-soldered to the bottom. The crank handle is detached when it becomes necessary to remove the stirring device in case the pot is to be used without stirrer.— WILLIAM A. JACKSON. Pager 1/4, HP Motors $13.50 We offer 1000 quarter Horse Power ALTER- NATING CURRENT MOTORS of the very latest type, 110 volt, 1740 RPM, 60 Cycle single phase at $13.50 each FOB Chicago. . May be attached to any light circuit in the home or power circuit in the factory. Remarkably simple in design and. sturdy in construction. Fan-cooling ventilation system prevents overheating. These motors carry the Manufacturers ONE YEAR GUARANTEE against mechanical defects and are shipped to purchaser, ‘ready for use in original container just as received from factory. Satisfactory performance guaran- teed, or money refunded. Single terminal—with AT THIS EXCEEDINGLY LOW PRICE cord and plug—Non- CASH MUST ACCOMPANY ORDER. SPECIAL PRICE ON THREE OR MORE MOTORS OF $13.00 EACH. These Motors are Ideal for use in the home on washing or ironing machines, or on the bench; in the garage or machine shop or any place where one can used. They are quiet cool running, efficient and practical —with a very small chance of getting out of order. OUR SUPPLY AT THIS PRICE IS LIMITED TO THE ABOVE NUMBER Se sovanniis ibaa. coe: GET YOURS BY SENDING IN ORDER NOW. poe fn oy ea Northwestern Electric Company 410-420 So. Hoyne Ave., Chicago, Iilinois TUTTE TT 7 Ewa! TOOT TITTIES Sinn service and satisfaction-giving qualities of Brown & Sharpe Tools are a reflexion of the pride and care with which they are built. This new tool, Micrometer Depth Gauge No. 607, is of a design which appeals to the users of fine tools and its excellence will be appreciated through every-day use. Measures from 0 to 3” by thou- sandths of an inch. Circular describing this new tool together with Small Tool Catalog No. 28 sent to any address. BROWN & SHARPE MFG. CO. Note how PROVIDENCE, R. I. readily measur- ing rods are inserted. U.S. A. [oe ey ee 105

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waned ot OO NG a NS A RAITT getgd mapaitela ren lens mtr sec ong mag

Big in Pipe-Threading are these 5 Oster Bull-Dog features for easier pipe- threading:— 1 Self-locking, adjustable ° dies 2 Self-locking, self-center- * ing guides 3 No “unwinding” after * a cut A Three-lever control— “e dies reset instantly to size No loose bushings or * treakable, small parts. ep | THE OSTER MFG. COMPANY CLEVELAND BULL DOG DIE STOCKS

Are Found Wherever Lathes Are Used Schools and Colleges use them for instruction purposes; Automobile Man- ufacturers, Makers of Small Tools (who require work of minute accuracy), Machine Shops large and small, many other industries, even hotels and de- partment stores, are using Monarch I. athes with universal satisfaction. Monarch Lathes are built with all the latest improvements and many exclusive features, in many sizes to meet all lathe work requirements —the small shop handling only light work, or the largest shop or plant where the heaviest work is done. Monarch Lathes are reasonably priced within the reach of every prospective purchaser. Write today for catalog and price list. Schools write for our special school proposition The Monarch Machine Tool Co. 116 Oak Street Sidney

Ohio

WANTED—A rg muggy ae in every fac- tory in the United States. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York.

THE HOME WORKSHOP

Did You Know an Electric Iron Is a Fine Toaster? THRIFTY housewife who did not wish to buy an electric toaster discovered this method of supplying her hus- band with toast at the breakfast-ta- ble. An ordinary kitchen pot will serve as the base and two knives as the support. If so desired, a bracket to hold the iron in its position of flat side up can be made easily. Bend up two strips of iron and fasten them to a wooden base. The space between the strips of iron should be wide enough to receive the handle of the iron.—B. Fox. TOAST ELECTRIC IRON

KITCHEN sox An electric i-on makes a_ good bread-toaster KNIVES

An Improvised Pencil-Holder from a Wire Clip [ Sheen are apt to slip out of your pocket when you stoop unless they are provided with a clip similar to those on fountain-pens. A_ serviceable holder may be improvised for any pencil from a wire paper-clip and a thin rubber band. Bend the clip as shown in the illustration and fasten it with the rubber band as indicated. By pressing against the raised end of the clip the opposite end will be lifted sufficiently to be slipped over the edge of the coat pocket. — HERBERT NEANDER.

Not ornamental, but very useful

This Mantel Clock Was Made from an Alarm-Clock A VERY presentable little mantel clock can be put together with the use of an alarm-clock. First the box is made. This should be nicely sandpapered and painted with filler, after which it is again sand- papered and varnish applied. The hole in the front of the box is made just large enough so that the face of the clock will show. Two small pillars are cut out with a coping-saw and these are glued

Build an attractive casing around your alarm-clock and you will have a useful ornament for the mantle to each side of the box front. Of course the design can be elaborated by the mechanic. The back of the box is left open so that the clock can be wound.—G. BENDER.

Popular Science Monthly AUTO OWNERS Save half of your tire cost by using Double-Mileage, Double-Tread Tires, Guaranteed 6000 Miles. we lead, others try to follow.

Pie \\5 AL Th are reconstructed of highest ee ie <0 “ ade material — hardly ever blow ss Pe ou ey are only guaranteed for es eet 6000 miles, but have run from 8000 2s DtS4 to 10,000 miles. Order today at ERE | JAY these’ low prices: ee esi Size Tires Tubes == RPA) 30x3 65.50 $1.60 ERS | IP s0xaig Rea irate, 1.75 EBs | A BAREIS ccscsecersess Re issccsets secsscre 1.85 == $2x3}4 700 2.00 == 3ix4 8.00. 2 25 ‘S| 7 82x4 8.25 2.40 Ss 83x4 8.50. 2.50 4x4 8.75 2.60 3ix4h¢ 10.00 3.00 35x446 11.00 8.15 RR | Re 3.40 7x5. 12.75 3.75 RELINER FREE WITH EVERY TIRE Send $2.00 de ped with each tire ordered, balance O. D. Tires shi lect to your examination. State AA 8. S.or Ci ay ort non-skid is desired. All same price. By Sof ull amount with order you cad save 5%—our special cash-with-order discount. DOUBLE MILEAGE TIRE & RUBBER CO. 2035 W. Harrison, Dept. 102, CHICAGO, ILL.

BE — OWN BOSS. MAKE : MORE MONEY With little capital, you can establish a business in your own home town and muke $10 to $30 per day with Anderson’s Steam Vulcanizers. Better work, less cost and bigger profits. There are Anderson schools in 34 states, one is near you, Better schooling plus finest equipment makes Anderson tireologists successful. We teach you the famous An- derson method of vulcanizing and the operation of the An- derson Super-Heated Steam Vulcanizer and Retreader. Takes 6 to 10 days in school and costs at any time you buy an Anderson Vulcan- izer, we refund your $45 and pay you $5 per day for each of the 10 school days, because we sell the work you do.

“DON'T SHOUT”

1N6

FOR ALL PURPOSES We = tell you wow to make money. Write today. NDERSON STEAM VULCANIZER CO. 101 Willies Bldg. Indianapolis, Ind. by ih OT0 RS STANDARD MANUFACTURERS PROMPT DELIVERY ALL SIZES UP TO SH.P. We Specia'ize In Small Motors € Generators ALL PHASES AND FREQUENCIES IN STOCK AT ALL TIMES Largest exclusive Mail Order Small Motor dealers in the world. CHAS. H. TT HPs: End, Pittsburgh,Pa. Pp: volts-A.C, 1750 R.RM. Pp: PR, H plug and pulley

. EACH Soecia I Quantity Prices Write For Catalog.

“Thear you. Ican hear nowas wellasanybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I'vea pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right.” The Morley Phone for the DEAF is to the ears what glasses are to the eyes. Invisible, comfortable, weightless and harmless. Anyone can adjust it. Over one hundred thousand sold. Write for booklet and testimonials. THE MORLEY CO., Dept. 797. 26 Sonth 15th Street, Philadelphia \ wis Pilliod TOOL CASES EXCEL Machinists, Tool Makers and Carpenters find them most satisfactory in eonstruction appearance, service and price. Immediate shipment. Booklet describing 20 styles on request. The Pilliod Lumber Co. Dept. A. Swanton. Ohio New Big No. 15-225 pp.| Wireless Catalog Wireless catalog — for aoe ‘Th atm in stamps orcoin. Any wireless The Wiliam B, Duck amateur will tell you it is the one ANYTHING catalogue to have. Asan ency- ges clopedia of information it is in- valuable. Thelargest and most elaborate radio catalog pub- lished. Values that cannot be duplicated elsewhere. THF WILLIAM B. DUCK COMPANY 224-228 Superior St TOLEDO. OHIO

CATALOG NO. te

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September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Make a Simple Weather-Glass O make a weather-glass, fill with the following solution a test-tube about 10 in. long and about %4 in. in diameter. Camphor 2 dr., saltpetre (potassium ni- trate) 14 dr., pure salammoniac (ammonium chloride) 4 dr., absolute alcohol 2 oz., and distilled water 2 oz. Shake these together and gently heat to dissolve. While the solution is still warm, pour it into the test- tube, filling it to within an inch of the top and then seal the top. Put the tube in a little wooden stand or some kind of holder, and place it out of doors. When bad weather is coming, you will see a feathery crystallization at the top, and the lower it falls the longer the cold will continue. When the upper part is clear with crystals in the body, rising to the top and collecting, expect windy and stormy weather. If the upper part becomes cloudy and thick in cold, fine weather, expect wet. If small clear crystals rise, the liquid remaining clear, in fine warm weather, expect rain. Sharp-pointed featherlike formation is a sign of fine weather; when these break up and become cloudy, expect unsettled weather.—E. A. MCCANN. ri HOLDER This weather-glass is more reliable ; than a corn When the Milk Is Delivered the Bell Rings PENING the outside door of the built- in box or cabinet shown in the accom- panying illustration automatically closes an electric circuit that rings a bell and in- OUTSIDE SWITCH G SPRING & MILK BZ BOTTLE When the milkman brings the milk, the opening of the cabinet door will auto- matically cause the bell to ring forms the housekeeper that the milkman has delivered the milk. When the door is closed, the two contact springs, which have a tendency to meet, are held apart by an insulating plug attached to the door and is forced between the contact springs when the door is pushed shut. The cabinet or box may be permanently built in, taking the place of one of the panels of the rear door, or may be set in a window that can easily be reached from the outside. The cabinet may be provided with an additional door, opening toward the inside of the house. Use Starrett ACCURACY FIRST— ‘Remember that accuracy is the first requirement of a good machinist. Speed comes after. “Starrett Tools are absolutely accurate. You can depend on ’em. “In the long run, that means more than getting jobs done right—it means saved time and saved material. All of which helps save your job when the tool-borrowing, time-wasting, botch workers are being weeded out of the shop. “Overhaul your Starrett Tool kit first chance you get. Make it complete. Keep watch for the new Starrett Tools and get em. The more Starrett Tools you have, the better you are fixed to handle any job you get. “When you go home to night, it would be a good idea for you to drop into the hardware store and look over the Starrett line. “Get posted on tools you need. Write for the Starrett Catalog No. 2@-W.” The L. S. Starrett Company The World’s Greatest Toolmakers Athol, Mass. MOST POWER~LEAST COST A PULLS 2% 33 =— For H-P. —he ‘ Quality—the best buy ofall. ———— smaller ont nes— eae Ni ieees 29 or Terms. Lifetenee Guarantee. From Pittsb’gh, —, Stt% WITTE ENGINE WOR RKS, 2220 Oakland Ave., Kansas Ci » Me. 2220 Empire Bidg., Fitts Gas, Air, Water, Gasoline Pumping by vacuum or pressure of air with — BROS. AIR PUMP naces and agitating A... and chuc' “ Leiman Bros. m #8] Walker St. N.Y. Incre: D make these lower prices and — OTTAWA ENGINES NOW | Selling At At New Lower Prices OTTAWA Engine prices have been lowered again! You can, now, get a genuine OTTAWA~—the dependable engine for all farm and yd a any size or {ype a the lowest irect from our at fac saves you extra p ased AO na lower an of ee big exize D and d manafectaring savings possible. Cheaper to a an O TAWA than to be without one. Prompt shipments guaran KEROSENE—GASOLINE| 7-H. P. bnT eid ie Isend 22-11 br Magnets ~All Other Sizes Equipmen or Batteries. stellate ally rice in years. Shipping rofits. 35" t Proportion LOW PRICES. tiftinde ot work. Every owner abooster. "90-Day Tria 0-Year Guarantee. Give the OTTAWA every’ test at your own work for three whole months 10-Year Guarantee Write for Special Ort pattefac: fon. Cash or FA, Fayments, , Vente Sos Oe How T. OTTAWA . MANUFACTURING : CO. 1954 King Street, Ottawa, Kansas. Manufacturers of Hack Saws Unexcelled 42-181 Rotary Positive widely used for gasoline measuring pumps, printing press paper feeders, package wrappers, bottle filling de- vices, fuel oil heating outs. gas al , Other solutions, sand blast- ing, testing or leaks, vacu- um anes. priming engines imps. milking, vacuum lowing away stamp- — a and gee from presses

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Le ee Ree TF a S cg ek Riledih dial = bai thei nana anne sear enean te ea een ie Serene ee emerges, a tp wage ct eae ed Dewil ‘REG. U. S. PAT. OFF Auger Bits 3314% easier boring than any other bits — Which means no pushing or breaking of bits— bore smooth holes and straight in any wood—bore with or against the grain — no clogging or splin- tering. Have 10% greater clear- ance than any other bits. “Red Devil” Auger Bits are developed on an entirely new prin- ciple. Designed to take hold quickly and strongly—pull themselves in tractor fashion. ‘“‘Red Devil” Auger Bits embody the latest in scientific design and best in workmanship. **Red Devil’’ Pliers made in 100 styles—one gg Nt gy he ey ncaa dealers or from us, $1.25. Just turn the brace—the bit | does the rest! Get the fullest value for your money—ask your dealer for the genuine ‘Red Devil’ Bit. If not in stock, send 80c for a “Red Devil” Auger Bit No. 2400—10-16” size. Write todzy for Mechanics’ Tool Booklet. SMITH & HEMENWAY CO., Inc. Manufacturers of “ied Devil” Tools 264 Broadway New York, N.Y “‘Red Devil’’ Glass Cutters—the glaziers’ standard tools of the world. ‘“‘It’s all in the wheel.” Made in 40 styles—one quality. No. 024 shown here, from dealers or from us, 20¢c. | Popular Science Monthly eee Se SS THE HOME WORKSHOP How to Build a Log Knockabout "THE main part of the “hull” of this knockabout consists of a large well sea- soned log. To make a boat that is buoy- ant, select a log from 16 to 18 ft. long and at least 20 in. in diameter—2 ft. would be better. Saw down one end at a slight angle—about the same angle as_ the stern of a rowboat. The opposite end can then be hewn to a point with the hatchet to represent the bow. Curve up from the bottom, as shown in the illustration, so that the sweep of the curve will clear the water line a few inches from the extreme end on the bow. In the middle to the top of the log, and at right angles to it, saw a notch 4in. wide and 2 in. deep, as shown in detail; 1 ft. from the stern cut a similar notch. The outriggers for the stabilizers consist of two pieces of 2 by 4 in. about two thirds the length of the log or from 11 to 12 ft. in length. Lay an outrigger in each notch and fasten to the log with two or three large spikes. Set them so that the same amount of timber projects at each side and so that they lay parallel. If the bottoms NOTCH IN LOG FOR By L. B. Robbins 4—TILLER ¥ OUT-RIGGER } Build a knockabout like this now, and enjoy it when the season opens again of the notches are not parallel, shim them into line by placing chips, ete., between the timbers and the notch bottoms. The deck is made by laying planking over the tops of the outriggers, extending about 3 ft. over the sides of the logs. A stern board like STERN that shown in detail BOARD is then spiked to the slanting end of the log. The top of this board must project at least a foot above the log and the bottom edge must be curved to conform to it. Next spike the stabilizers, which are simply two smaller logs about 15 ft. long and from 6 to 8 in. in diameter, to the ends of the outriggers. The back end of them should project beyond the main log at least 3 ft. If placed correctly, they should almost touch the water when the main log is floating on an even keel. The tiller is nailed rigidly to the steering- bar and a loose bolt run through the two and fastened solidly to a wooden block on a plank which forms the forward deck. An outboard motor of any conventional type is then clamped to the stern board. Controls from the motor can be led to one side of the seat. This Blow-Torch Boils Water in Wooden Barrels GASOLINE blow-torch cannot be praised too highly for its many, many uses on the farm, yet there are new func- tions being added to the list daily. Here is another simple one you might add. A coil of 1\%-in. galvanized iron piping 5 EF oy WATER EXHAUST PIPE COIL BLOW-TORCH “FAUCET The flame of the torch heats the air in the coil and the hot metal soon causes the water to boil is placed within the base of the barrel, re- moving the upper head. One end protrudes through the wall of the barrel at the same height as that of the nozzle of the torch when set on the bench or ground beside the barrel, and the other comes through 1 ft. higher, but on the opposite side. The pipe is coiled around in the barrel 3% times, giv- ing about 10 ft. of surface exposed to the interior. The pipe is bent by heating it in the forge a few inches at a time and pressing it around a circular body. The entrance or lower end protrudes through the stave 34 in. to receive the blaze of the torch. The barrel is filled with water, the torch is lighted and set beside it with the nozzle and blaze pointed directly into the entrance of the pipe, throwing intense heat into it. Soon the water will seethe and bubble with heat. A faucet is provided at the base of the barrel to draw off the heated water. A Better Way of Using a Mailing-Tube oe photographs or other articles are mailed in mailing-tubes, the ends often protrude and become battered during transportation. In some cases the article becomes lost. By cutting four notches in the mailing-tubes and placing a piece of string in the posi- tion shown, the material in the NOTCH mailing-tubes can- not find its way out. The label bearing the ad- dress can be glued over the string.— Try this idea when us- GEORGE BENDER. ing a mailing-tube 108 ra

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September, 1921 THE HOME WORKSHOP An Easily Lowered Flagpole for the Yard we do you do when the rope on the flagpole breaks? Most flagpoles are not strong enough to support the weight of one attempting to fix it. Nothing remains, therefore, but to dig up the pole, splice the rope, and then replant the pole. Not so with the pole shown in the illus- tration. Two 4-in. pipes, capped, are set in concrete in the ground toa depth of 4ft. These are spaced 4 in. apart. Twopairs of holes are drilled through both, one pair at the top and the other about 1 ft. from the ground. The holes of each set are on the same level. The pole con- sists of four sec- tions. The first section is of 3-in. pipe 14 ft. long; the next is 12 ft. long and 2) in. in diameter; the third section is 10 ft. long and 2 in. in diameter, while a last is 8 ft. in length and 114 in. in diameter. These four sec- tions are connected with reducing couplings and the top is equipped with a small snap, with another one 2 or 3 ft. down. Bolts are run through the pairs of holes in the stationary pipes and through holes in the base section of the staff. When the pole is to be raised or lowered, the bottom bolt is removed, allowing the pole to pivot on the other. When the pole is thus lowered, the flag may be easily attached, or, in case of a storm and at night, as easily removed.—DALE R. VAN Horn. This staff can be easily lowered or removed This High-Pressure Plunger Cleans Drains B* combining an old bicycle pump with a rub- ber plunger-cup in the manner indi- cated in the illus- tration a highly ef- fective apparatus for cleaning ob- structed drains may be made. The foot part of the bicycle pump with the delivery tube attached is removed and brass collars or ferrules are soldered to the cylinder to hold the narrow part of the rubber plun- ger-cup in place. Tomake the con- nection airtight under pressure, a hose-clamp is fastened tightly around the neck of the plunger, between the two collars. The pump develops powerful pressure. RETAINING RINGS yy Few obstructions in the drain will resist this high- pressure plunger . every purpose. 1 or 2 Screws, 16 sizes. J. BROOKLYN 7 Richard St. PRICE vs. SERVICE Just “because they’re cheap” is no reason why you should buy cast Clamps and Lathe Dogs. dear at any price if not dependable and no cast product can be dependable for such service. Williams’ lines of drop-forged tools will never fail you and will last a lifetime. CLAMPS: -11 patterns, in a wide range of sizes for SAFETY LATHE DOGS, Bent or Straight Tail, Literature on request. H. WILLIAMS & CO. “The Drop-Forging People’”’ BUFFALO 7 Vulcan St. They’re They’re all guaranteed. CHICAGO 1007 W. 120 St. THE MODEL T FORD CAR Its Construction, Operation and Repair, Including the Fordson Farm Tractor, F. A. Lighting and Starting System, Ford Motor Truck. Price $2.00 Postpaid. r POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 W. 39th St., New York THE BOY ELECTRICIAN Practical Plans of Electrical Apparatus for Work and Play with an Explanation of the Principles of Every-day Electricity. $2.60 Postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 W. 39th Street, New York Cold Pipe Bending Machines . Standard of the World Bends all sizes pipe from in. to 8 in. nd or mo- tor operated. Models E&F Send for Catalog Standard Pipe Bends 1” to 6” pipe, in stock for immediate delivery. AMERICAN PIPE BENDING MACHINE CO. 51 Pearl Street BOSTON, MASS. 109 INSURE YOUR MEASUREMENTS Stocked by Déalers-—Send to us for Catalog No. 12 ze [urvan frase C0."

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Popular Science Monthly 08 a ROR A TN - cnePen ——— Spa LE ON AS RR midconettga oe Showing a Veeder Counter of the large set-back type on a Blake & Johnson arch press, counting the work as produced. What You Most Need to Know Produttion is the big consid- eration when you build, buy or operate a machine; the reason a COUNTER should go on a machine be- fore you consider it complete. With a Veeder Counter attached, a machine indicates not only its produc- tion, but the mechanical moves or operating methods that ensure you the most production. The small Revolution Counter below registers one for a revolution of a shaft, recording a machine operation, or product. Though small, this counter is very durable; its mechanism will stand a very high rate of speed, making it es- pecially suitable for light, fast - running machines, and most adaptable to experi- mental work. If run backward, the counter subtracts Price $2.00. (Cut nearly full size.) Counters for practically every type of machine are illustrated in the Veeder booklet. A copy should solve any counting prob- lem—and it’s free. The Veeder Mfg. Co., 44 Sargeant St., Hartford, Conn. THE HOME WORKSHOP Make Picture-Frames with a Pocket-Knife ESCRIBED be- low is the way sailors of old used By E. McCann making it of three- slot pieces. A wider and firmer frame was A made by using three- slot pieces all around ‘ +5 ° ‘ 33 tlt) to make _ picture- . ya gg a frames from cigar == boxes. First they made a mold or pat- tern (Fig. 1) out of =—wY instead of two, and the top was some- times built up in the hard wood; a flat base with a side piece 4% in. wide and 3/16 in. thick. At one end they cut a mold for the single pieces, 11% in. long, with aslot in the middle % in. long, and half the depth of the side piece tapered at each end. At the other end they made a mold for the double or key pieces, 2)4 in. long, with a slot of the same length having its center % in. from each end, the ends tapered like the short mold (b). They then cut a number cf strips of wood, 3/16 in. square in cross section, and pointed and slotted them, using the pat- tern for guiding the knife. The same num- ber of long and short pieces was cut. wood Next they placed a pair of two-slot | pieces slot to slot (c), held them together with another pair (d), and locked them with a one-slot pair. The same was done with the other end and so on until one side of the frame was completed. For the corner a three-slot hair was required on the inside and a one-slot hair on the outside. The corner was sometimes extended by form of a crown by the use of four- and five-slot pieces. The glass, picture, and back could be set right into the spikes, but it made a neater E job to fit in %-in. strips of wood with a rabbet for the glass. Idle hours may be pleasantly spent making picture-frames from cigar-box The sailors often FIGS used different colored woods to vary the design. The com- pleted frame was then varnished so that it could be cleaned by rinsing in soapy water. A more simple frame can be made from pieces of wood 2 14 in. long by in. wide and about 3/16 in. thick. Cut them as shown in Fig. 3 and pass the thin end of one through the slot in the other until you have enough to encircle your picture. Make the slot in the last piece wide enough to slip over the head of the first and jamb it with a wedge of wood or little nail. Do not make the pieces fit too tightly or they will not bend without breaking. This frame looks well made in alternat- ing light and dark wood, and should be fitted with an inner frame like the other one. You May Have Your Own Electric Printer HE who has an electric printer knows how much time is saved by this simple little device. It makes uniform pictures because the whole process is mechanical ORANGE GLASS INTERIOR DETAILS Ambitious amateur photographers will find this homemade printing-box useful The printer can be made from any sort of a box. The wood should be about 34 in. thick. The box is cut down to 8 by 9 by 12 in. The cover must be 1 in. in thickness and extend 2 in. on each side. In the center of the cover a large opening is.cut in. which a glass plate is placed. Near the edge of two of the sides brass rods are placed on which the two masks can slide. These masks are made from thin tin and must be cut accurately. The hinged presser is made in two parts; an iron flange engages it, and, when it is pressed down, it is held in place by a hook. The other extremity re- ceives a bar, which, by means of levers, lifts a yellow or orange screen, allowing the print to receive the light.—E. BADE. A Sewing-Table from an Old Hat-Box A NEAT little sewing-table can be made from an old hat-box, as shown in the illustration. Four thin legs are cut to shape from a piece about 1 in. thick. The legs can be about 1 in. square; they should be about 30 in. high. The legs are carefully sand- papered and then tacked to the box. The tacks are driven from the inside of the box into the legs. The cover is then put in place underneath the box and this is held in the same manner. HATBOX A new use for an old hat-box nn ne eenene ena Nn) paar Daath ROR ee Ce AIR ER nin 110

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_ September, 1921 What to Do-to F all mushrooms, the edible mushroom is the easiest to cultivate. Eight different species are found growing wild. Mushrooms never grow in direct sun- light. A uniform temperature of about 53 to 60° F. and a fairly moist condition of the atmosphere, without being very damp or dripping with water, will cause them to attain their highest perfection. Under cultivation mushrooms can be raised at any season of the year, while the wild species are restricted to the fall. Mushroom beds can be laid out in some shady nook during the summer, or the hot- bed can be utilized if it is kept well shaded. Light does not injure the growth of the fungus, but dryness and the heat of the sun retard its development. The most favorable places for its development are natural caves, underground passages, cellars, or similar places, where the tem- perature can be so regulated that it is uniformly about 60°. Slight ventilation, such as will cause a gradual evaporation, has been found to be a necessity. All of the higher fungi live on putrefying and decaying material. “hey cannot take their food from the inorganic salts of the soil as do the higher plants, but are dependent upon other organisms. The substances that they use for food are those that serve or have served other plants or animals for food. This must be given the cultivated mushroom in the form of stable manure. Fresh manure should be obtained. This should include the litter used for bedding the animals, unless coarse weeds have been used. Stable manure that has been well trampled is nearly always well pre- served and is frequently much richer than any other kind. The manure is piled in heaps about three feet high. It should be watered until well moistened throughout, but not drenched. About a week later it will become necessary Grow Mushrooms Rich black humus, such as may be found in the woods, is essential for covering the mushroom-bed Mushrooms, wild or cultivated, con- stitute a food nourishing and delicate The soil should be mixed with loam and lime and. spread smoothly over the mycelium-bearing manure to fork over or “turn” the manure. A second turning is required ten days later. If it has always been well pressed and moist, the manure will not burn and, moreover, there will be no tendency to sour fermentation. In from 15 to 21 days the temperature will begin to fall, the violence of the decomposition will show a subsidence, and. the compost will be ready. for the construction of the bed. The bacteria of rapid decay will become less and less abundant and finally, when the beds are prepared, the spawn will be able to grow in spite of the bacteria present. The compost is considered ready for the beds when nearly all objectionable odors are lost and a sweet fermentation, as growers term it, has begun. In making a flat bed for the cultivation of mushrooms, the entire floor space may be utilized or the beds may be arranged in the form of tiers or shelves. The manure is placed to a depth of about 2 ft. then firmly packed. Leave it to cool for a day or Successfully two and when it shows a temperature of about 45°, the spawn can be introduced. Mushroom spawn is sold in the form of bricks and contain the mycelium or the germinated spores of the fungus. The spawn-bearing clay is chipped and the chips placed in the manure at a distance of about 6 in. from each other. The entire bed is now covered with straw and left for about two or three weeks. The thread-like mycelium of the fungus grows with exceeding rapidity and soon extends its delicate network throughout the bed. After this has taken place, the beds are covered to a depth of 4 in: witha moist layer of good garden or hotbed soil. It is best to mix it slightly with loam and lime. The soil is pressed firmly on the bed, but before adding it, it should have the same temperature as the place in which the mushrooms are cultivated. When the soil becomes lighter in color, it should be carefully moistened with luke- warm water to prevent the drying out of the threadlike growth of the mushrooms. In the course of the fourth or fifth week the first mushrooms make their appearance. They do not come forth singly, but in groups, so that it pays to harvest them. Now is the time for good ventilation. Also see to it that the moisture content of the beds remains as constant as possible. Never let it become dry or partly dry. This prevents full development. When harvesting the mushrooms, it is immaterial whether they be all fully de- veloped or not, but it is best to wait until the umbrella gains in width. The life of a mushroom bed is from 2 to 38 months. At the end of this time the exhausted manure is removed and the beds are throughly cleaned and aired before a second crop is started. Although mushroom culture is not restricted to any definite season of the year, the best results are obtained during the spring. After four or five weeks the mushrooms yield a bountiful harvest Ball-and-Socket-Joint Rattle Can Be Eliminated HE ball-and-socket connections in steering-gears are in need of constant adjustment to avoid shake and rattle. A method of overcoming this periodic re- moval of the cap.and filing for clearance, is shown in the illustration. When the cap of the bearing is removed, the surface of the cap is filed or ground until 44 in. of metal is removed. A gasket is then cut from a piece of leather. This is soaked in oil and the cap is then replaced with this leather gasket under it. Y yyjeed@¥€d@f eee@« d’@d¢ecded@ddedecdeee Eee PUEX“@EE”,_'/ PE 0 (YL LOCK WASHER VEZ ll ; ae eg: mis °—-_ LEATHER WASHER~ Try the remedy suggested here and it will stop the rattling 111 Before putting the nuts on the securing bolts, two heavy lock washers are placed under them and the nuts drawn tight and cotter-pinned. The leather holds sufficient oil to keep the ball lubricated while the spring of the lock-washers holds the cap snug against the ball, eliminating: the rattle. The writer has used this method for many years with perfect results, obtaining good tight steering connections and com- plete elimination of rattling noises.

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THE HOME WORKSHOP Simple and Accurate Is This Homemade Plumb-Level Not every handy man has a spirit level, but a very good substitute for the carpenter’s level when laying out the foundation for an outbuilding, or of the engineer’s level when ditching for drainage

PLUMB-B0B For rough work this plumb-level may safely be used in place of a spirit-level or irrigation, is the “triangle,” a device made of four pieces of straight lumber and a plumb-line. As shown in the illustration, the pieces are nailed together in the form of the letter A with the line suspended from the top. When completed, set the triangle with the lower side on an approximately level sur- face, and mark where the line strikes on the middle piece; reverse and note second position. Ifthe marks are not the same, the surface is not level, and a mark midway between the two will mark the position of the line when the triangle is perfectly level. With a fine line as accurate leveling can be done with the triangle as with a spirit level. The bottom side of the triangle should be perfectly straight, and it should be held so that the plumb-line swings clear. If gradu- ations are made on the middle bar each side of the central mark, any desired grade can be run by letting the plumb-line swing opposite the required mark.

Porch-Screens Put Up without Using Nails OUSEOWNERS who contemplate screening their porches to keep out flies, mosquitos, and other insect pests may profit from the suggestions contained in this article. Four years ago I decided to put up screens around my porch. Previous experience had taught me that the frames of the screens fastened together with nails invariably split when the nails are taken out in the autumn. I also had learned that Th i} I | HINGES ON THIS SIDE i] FASTENED WITH BOLTS H

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Porch-screens should not be nailed, but should be fastened together with bolts. They are easier toput up and takedown

nailed screens soon become loose and that. screws, though satisfactory at first, lose their power to hold after they have been removed. I therefore decided to use bolts and the result was that after four years my screens were as good as they were when originally put up. Along the ceiling of the porch I nailed bevelled molding-strips. Between these the screens were slid. These moldings-were left intact when the screens were taken down. No moldings were used on the floor. The bottom pieces of the frame were fastened to the flooring with screw-bolts. After the screen-frames were set up, they were bolted together tightly with screw- bolts. Washers were placed under the heads and the nuts of the bolts and the screens fitted so closely that no insect got through the cracks. For the door-frame I used boards double the width of the frame lumber. The hinges were fastened permanently with screws to the door, while screw-bolts were used to fasten them to the door-frame.

He Converted a Fruit-Jar into a Bucket | ebeeoarage are useful for many pur- poses, but are extremely tiresome to carry a considerable distance, because they have no handle and are too bulky for the pocket. A glass jar like that shown in the illustration may easily be changed to a bucket with the aid of a piece of soft wire and a suitable carrying han- dle, such as is used for carry- ing parcels. Twist two ears or loops in the wire at such distance from each other that one will be ex- actly opposite the other when the wire is placed around the neck of the jar. The free ends of the wire are twisted to- gether until the wire firmly grips the neck. The _ twisted ends should be bent over against the neck of the jar. The hooks of EAR TWIST

END TWiST ; the handle Showing the handle in should be slip- use and how it is made ped through the loops or ears of the wire and bent to prevent them from slipping out.—JESsE L. BLICKENSTAFF.

Testing the Power of Your Binoculars LF mage buying a pair of binoculars you often want to make a test for power and clearness. Close to and above the middle star in the Great Bear (Ursa Major), may be seen with the naked eye another small star. With binoculars of power six, you should be able to distinguish, between them, an- other star of magnitude eight. 112

Popular Science Monthly A Darning-Needle that Threads Itself — -THREADING darning - needles may be made in a few minutes from these of ordinary type, by the following simple method: Hold the eye end of a needle in the

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SEWING NEEDLE

This darning needle is easily threaded. The yarn is slipped in the open eye and is held by the spring. flame of a match or candle for a few seconds so that the steel is softened, and then file off the end, leaving the forks as long as possible. Now insert the point of a small sewing- needle in the fork, close to the shank, and close the prongs until an eye is formed, with the end bent outward. After the desired shape is obtained, place the needle in the flame again, and then plunge it into a cupful of cold water. Repeat this hardening process several times, and the eyelet will possess sufficient spring to receive the wool strands when slipped into the open end of the needle.

Make an Ash-Tray from a Coconut Shell A VERY serviceable ash-tray may be made from half of a coconut shell. A wooden base is fitted to it by first drilling a hole through the bottom of the shell and through the center of the wooden base. A bolt is passed down through the base and the bottom of the shell. This is a very at- tractive ash- tray and costs nothing to make.—G. BEN:

Part of a spool forms the base of this coconut ash- DER. tray

Can You Square with an Ordinary Rule? Gye you square a board correctly with an ordinary rule? It is well to know how to accomplish the task. First draw a line partway along the center of the board as at A B. Next, lay the scale at the center point C; place a pencil at D and describe the arc E. Join the two points F and G, and the line you get will be exactly square with the edges of the board.—J. H. Moore.

Here is shown a method of squaring a board with a foot-r1ule if you have no carpenter’s square

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