Popular Science Monthly 1920-08: Vol 97 Iss 2

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AUGUST

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2 oi T is important that you say “Hires”. Because Hires is pure and healthful; while imitations of Hires, being artificially made, may be harmful. Nothing goes into Hires but the pure, healthful juices of roots, barks, herbs, berries—and pure cane sugar. The quality of Hires is maintained in spite of tremen- dously increased costs of ingre- dients. Yet you pay no more for Hires the genuine than you do for an artificial imitation. Don’t trifle with imitations. Say “Hires” at the fountain or order in bottles, by the case, from your dealer. THE CHARLES E. HIRES COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA ‘es contains juices of 16 roots, barks, herbs and berrie:

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Popular Science Monthly ps ES ae He ek ees It is worth your while | to know the truth fee Re ee The Trademark VICTROLA was originated by the Victor Talking Machine Company. It is applied to our various products—Instru- ments, Records, Styli, etc.—and see- ing it on any Talking Machine, Record or accessory you may know 5 that the article is genuine and was manufactured by this Company. Every talking machine dealer : knows this, and you may assume 9 that if you ask a dealer for j VICTROLA products and he hands 3 you something not manufactured o by the Victor Talking -Machine * Company, he is attempting to deceive you and is not giving you iy apt en what you want or the service you menace are entitled to. y Remember the Trademark VICTROLA cannot be properly or | honestly used as referring to goods not manufactured by us. 2 Bate ee Time ee NE eT wet OA KE 38 eee ae i BMA: . a / REG. U.S. PAT OFF. SS "HIS MASTER'S VOICE” 4 4 : ih meena: ee Talking Machine Co. -§ VICTOR TALKING MACH Oo = CTOR TALKING MACHINE Camden, New Jersey ie

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Popular Science Monthly AUGUST, 1920 Volume 97-No. 2

CONTENTS AERONAUTICS Tomorrow's Weather Advertising for Denizens of the Heavens An Airplane that Any One Can Afford to Buy.. The First Horse to Ride in an Airplane A Landing-Light for the Use of Airmen It Keeps the Windshield Clear The R-38—Our Newest and Biggest Dirigible.. The Wasp Is the Speediest Hydroplane INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS Paris Uses Science for Killing Vermin........ The Railway Fire-Engine ee ee Surgeon to Worn-Out Documents and Books... You Can Read the Inches Lights Control Traffic An Easy Way to Mend Umbrellas.... Put the Milk-Pail in a Holder Making Their Own Roads as They Go Cutting Logs at 130 Miles an Hour A Fim-Engine to Regain Sunken Treasure Launching Ships by Machine Carrying Power on a Separate Boat Air-Projected Powder Puts Out a Gasoline Fire. . The Circular Saw Consults Its Own Dentist... . Are Your shoes Durable? ......... 62.6 .6scs0c oe This Stoker Wears a Safety Belt. . London's Subway Guide New Styles in Harness Bring Ease to Horses. The Counter Printing-Press for Shopkeepers.. . . An Electric Bond-Tester for Mining-Camps Cooling the Cows with Electric Fans Unloading Thirty Railroad Cars in an Hour.... Magnifying the Voice for the Despatcher An Ancient Industry Modernized A One-Man Motor Saws Stumps A Machine that Will Shine Shoes It Digs Up Germany’s Sunken Ships The Post-Office at Your Door Taking the Laboratory to the Well Gunning for Germs (Continued on page 4) Copyright, 1920, by the Modern Publishing Company PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is issued monthly. Yearly subscription in the United States, $3.00. Canada, $3.50. Foreign, $4.00. Single copy, 25 cents. PopuLaR SCIENCE MONTHLY may be had at all newsstands in the United States and Canada; also from the International News Company, London, and at Brentano’s, Paris. Advertising rates on application. Forms close the twentieth of the second month preceding date of publication. Entered as second-class matter Dec. 28, 1915, at the Post Office at New York under the act of March 3, 1879. Entered as second-class mat- ter at the Post Office Department, Canada. The contents of this magazine are copyrighted and must not be reprinted without permission. H. J. Fisher, President; R. C. Wilson, Vice-President; O. B. Capen, Secretary and Treasurer. Modern Publishing Company 225 West Thirty-ninth St. New York City

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Popular Science Monthly Waldemar Kaempffert, Editor August, 1920; Volume 97, No. 2 Published in New York City at 25 Cents a Copy; $3 a Year 225 West Thirty-ninth Street wwawaeweanm | a @ OOWNN OV UV@O HPO OAanruvcdrwmon How Much Gas Can You Breathe? Thousands of automobiles will use the vehicle tubes to be built under the Hudson. By Yandell Henderson What about their exhaust gases? Consulting Physiologist, United States Bureau of Mines F a man or animal were shut up in a I small garage with a four-cylinder car, three cylinders of which were missing, the carbon-monoxide dif- fused by the one active cylinder would induce death before the three other cylinders had discharged enough un- consumed gasoline to produce by itself slight nausea. Every automobile driver knows that the products of combustion discharged into the atmosphere by his engine are highly poisonous. But he erroneously attributes their toxicity to vapor- ized, unburned gasoline and not, as he should, to carbon-monoxide. It is true that gasoline vapor breathed, has an intoxicating, nauseating effect; but it is the carbon-monoxide that is really to be dreaded. Moreover, the combus- tion of one part of gasoline vapor in an engine produces about two parts of car- To Dr. Yandell Henderson was given the task of finding out how much poison gas a man or a horse can safely to become a dangerous poison unless there is a full supply of air. This gas is responsible for more deaths than all other gases combined. It is the chief constituent of illuminating gas, and to illuminating gas in turn may be traced an unfortunately large number of fatalities in American cities. Now this deadly carbon-monoxide, which is discharged by automobiles, found in mines, and liberated by coal fires, is itself almost odorless. It has no irritating effect on the lungs. It is peculiarly treacherous and subtle. While it has no direct effect upon the tissues of the body or even upon the nerves, it impairs the blood. It has an avidity for hemoglobin, the red coloring matter of the blood, in which respect it resembles oxygen; but the avidity with which it combines with hemo- globin is three hundred times greater 5 bon-monoxide — all the more reason pg Saco wd oe than that of oxygen. It kills because 2 why a man should know more about tunnel are based on his investigations it reduces the oxygen-carrying power : the fumes dis harged : of the blood and not be- 5 by his engine. z cause it forms a perma- 2 What is carbon-mon- : nent compound with oxide? Every one is If You Were Shut Up in a Garage hemoglobin. That ex- " more or less familiar with with a Car plains why a man whois 6 it, not so much in a only partially overcome 4 chemical as in a prac- tical sense; for carbon- monoxide is one of the. principal constituents of the smoke from burning buildings, the fumes that rise fromcoal fires and ex- plosives, and the “‘after- damp” of explosions of methane and coal dust If you were shut up in a small garage with a four-cylinder car, three cylinders of which are missing, the carbon-monoxide produced by the one active cylinder would kill you. A tunnel for vehicles of all kinds is to be built under the Hudson river between New York and New Jersey. Riding behind the thousands of automobiles passing through this tunnel, by carbon-monoxideneed only be carried out into the open air in order to restore the oxygen-carry- ing capacity of his hemo- globin. : There are, I believe, more than six million au- tomobiles in the United States, not to mention ne in mines. would the accumulation of gases suffocate you? | several hundred thou- ~ Whenever coal, or for Professor Henderson here tells the POPULAR sand motor-trucks. All . that matter any form of SCIENCE MONTHLY readers whathe has discovered. of them discharge into ed mn. it; carbon, is burned, ca rbon- monoxide is generated, the air exhaust gases containing more or less 19 ee — RET SE TEE OE i ‘ | i | e | a ' i

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1 een 9 aa J aaa a a yp Na san mma re oes am ea, 4 nneencasintaiaAA Sn denen came a DE PN Sn 8 Vb, Bae rr errr —— SSS, rn TORE cena iced iplatatreties em aed carbon-monoxide. On the open road this is a matter of no moment; but when it was decided to construct tun- nels under the Hudson river between New York and New Jersey—tunnels to be used principally by motor-vehicles, trucks, and passenger-cars—it became at once a very practical problem to find out how far the air in a confined space may safely be polluted by car- bon-monoxide. Other Tunnels Are Planned Boston is planning to bring East Boston and the summer resorts nearer to its citizens by constructing similar tunnels under the harbor, and vehicu- lar tunnels are said to be under con- sideration in New Orleans where the Mississippi river checks travel. Lord Ashfield recently proposed that London should seek to relieve its congestion by constructing under- ground tubes for its motor- and horse- drawn vehicles. To carry out these undertakings without first providing safe ventila- tion would certainly be reckless. Curiously enough, a systematic, scien- tific study of the effect of carbon- monoxide’ under conditions that would prevail in a vehicular tunnel has never been made. The condi- tions in coal-mines and in gas-pro- ducing plants have been studied, but the results recorded apply only to healthy workingmen. Tunnels for vehicles will be used by the general public—by healthy adults, children, and even invalids on their way to the hospital. Many thousands of automo- biles and motor-trucks will discharge exhaust gas into the Hudson river tunnels. The length of the proposed tunnels from portal to portal is 8,500 feet and the distance between the ven- tilating shafts at the pier heads on the two sides of the river is to be about 3,600 feet. No tunnel of these dimen- sions has yet been constructed for motor transportation. Passenger-cars are expected to travel through the tun- nel at the rate of ten or fifteen miles an hour, making the trip in ten min- utes; slower motor-trucks in half an hour. Two lines of traffic abreast will pour in a constant stream through each of the two tubes. Yet no serious blockade can occur; for if a car breaks down the vehicles behind will pass around it, and an automobile derrick will always be on hand to remove it. It might be argued that a powerful blower system which would always scavenge the tunnels and insure a con- stant supply of fresh air could be in- stalled. But engineers tell us that such a blower system would be ex- tremely expensive, and, moreover, that a veritable gale would have to sweep through each tunnel to remove the gases. No one would care to use the tunnels if a hurricane had to be en- countered when passing through them. The tunnels must be ventilated in the least expensive and the least ob- jectionable way. The thousands of men and women who will daily pass back and forth through the tunnels must not suffer from headaches as the Measuring the volume of a man’s breath in order to determine the amount of gas-charged air he takes in with each respiration result of breathing exhaust gas. First of all, the human equation must be considered. As we have said, there is much in- formation on carbon-monoxide, but it does not cover the problems of the engineers who will construct the tun- nel. Dr. J. S. Haldane, an eminent English authority, scientifically con- sidered the safety of miners after mine explosions and fires; but he was con- cerned chiefly with determining the amount of gas which would incapaci- tate or seriously inconvenience a man, rather than with the amount which ee E: = . us = NY LLALAL AMAL A EEL Lae : The proposed system of ventilation includes a fresh-air duct below and an exhaust-air duct above.’ Fans at the side distribute the fresh air. Suction above expels the stale air 20 Popular Science Monthy would be compatible with perfect com- _fort and efficiency. Accordingly, the bridge and tunnel commissions of the states of New York and New Jersey through Mr. Clifford M. Holland, their chief engineer, requested Mr. Van H. Manning, Director of the United States Bureau of Mines, to make a scientific investigation which would determine, first, the amount and character of the exhaust gas ex- pelled by various types and sizes of motor-trucks and passenger-cars, and second, the nature of the poisonous substances and their allowable con- centrations. Since the writer had previously had experience in conduct- ing research on the physiological effect of gases, he was asked by Director Manning to find out to what extent exhaust gas must be diluted with air to be rendered practically harmless for short periods. Gasoline Affects a Man Like Ether A gasoline engine exhausts car- bon-dioxide, carbon-monoxide, water vapor, a little hydrogen, and some unburned fuel. Of these, the carbon- monoxide is the most important. Hence, the investigation was confined largely to a study of its poisonous . effect. We found in the laboratory at Yale University that gasoline vapor affects an animal much as ether will. That is, it acts as an anaesthetic. Unlike ether, it irritates the cerebral cortex— the outer covering of the brain. A man under the influence of ether is often excited ; but gasoline vapor in- duces also violent convulsions. Be- tween consciousness and death there is but a short gap when an animal is brought under the influence of gasoline. But a more important matter to de- termine was, what percentage of car- bon-monoxide may be present in the air of tunnels without causing injury. How much carbon-monoxide may be absorbed without producing appreci- able discomfort? That was the first question that we had to answer. At what rate will the driver of a car or a truck absorb carbon-monoxide in various parts of the New York-New Jersey tunnel?. That was the second question to be answered—important, because the amount of carbon-monox- ide would not be the same every- where in the tunnels. What is the in- fluence of any physical exertion upon the volume of the breathing and then upon the rate of absorption of carbon- monoxide? That became the third question to be answered. And, lastly, all this physiological information had to be expressed in some form which would enable the engineers to design a proper ventilating system. First of all, we built a little chamber of six cubic meters capacity—roughly five and a half by six by seven feet. We made it gastight. In this cham-

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_ i eT Sj ee ck N = I Tre nd in- pon hen on- \ird tly, had 1ich sign iber zhly feet. August, 1920 How They Will Blow Fresh Air into the Automobile Tunnel Trim-looking ventilating shafts will stand like lighthouses above the water. The tube will be ventilated in sections, each shaft taking care of the section to which it belongs. Beneath the shaft is seen a crass-section of the tube itself,-showing the roadway and the fresh-air duct beneath it. Above the roadway is the duct through which foul air is expelled. In each section will be fans to circulate the fresh air a i Ann ll i tte ne en na ee re

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Popular Science Monthly In aclosed garage Dr Henderson made tests from exhaust gases expelled by a Ford car. The effects of measured amounts on men and horses were observed ber members of the investigating staff were subjected to tests for periods of one hour. They breathed various quantities of carbon - monoxide — quantities that varied from two to eight and in a few cases ten parts in ten thousand of air. A man could stick his hand through a sleeve in the wall of the chamber without admitting air, so that blood could be drawn from his finger. Blood was thus drawn at the middle and end periods and usually one or two hours later. How much air did a man breathe under varying con- ditions? , We made the necessary measurements. Did his pulse rise or fall? We counted the number of the beats. Was his sight affected? We ex- amined his retina and tested his eye- sight. Could he stand with his eyes shut after breathing carbon-monoxide in varying amounts? We made the test. Did he become dizzy after physical ex- ertion? We made him ascend and de- scend four flights of stairs in eight seconds. Of all signs and tests, headache is the most definite. No one suffered appreciably from headache after a period of one hour in the chamber charged with four parts of carbon- monoxide in ten thousand of air. When six parts were introduced, a slight effect was usually felt. When the amount of carbon-monoxide was increased to eight parts, decided dis- comfort was felt for some _ hours, although the subject could still work efficiently. Ten parts of carbon-mon- oxide made the most resistant man miserable. He had no desire to work for five or six hours after he had breathed that amount of the gas. After we had conducted these ex- periments in the small chamber we made large-scale tests. A_ brick chamber thirty feet square with an air capacity of twelve thousand cubic feet was built—approximately the capacity of a section of a tunnel holding one car. In this chamber we installed a Ford automobile so that the rear wheels turned large paddles that mixed the air. We ran the car under different conditions so as to vary the amount of exhaust gas. From ten to twenty men at a time were taken into the chamber. They certainly learned at first hand the effect of carbon-monoxide (or oxygen deficiency )—headache. The Ventilation Problem Solved What did we learn from these large- scale experiments? There was slight discomfort due to smoke and smell when the engine was not running well, but the men suffered no appreciable ill effects when concentration of car- bon-monoxide as high as five in ten thousand parts was maintained. When we introduced eight parts in ten thousand for an hour, practically all the men became ill with headache and nausea. The volume of breathing proved to be the most important element; it caused individual varia- tions in the effects of inhaling the gas. We found that the expired air of a | NORTH RIVER vl moe 2 iy haat as s A plan of one of the proposed vvhicle tunnels, showing the ventilating shafts. Within the box is a man who breathes measured amounts of gas. He puts out his hand to have a sample of his blood taken healthy man contains five or six per cent less oxygen than the inspired air, and this percentage deficit is nearly the same during rest and during physi- cal exertion with a respiration several times as large. In other words, the volume of air breathed by a man is roughly proportional to the oxida- tion and energy liberation occurring in his body. A strong, active man, who breathes a large volume of air, absorbs carbon-monoxide more rapidly than a small-breathing man. A motor- truck driver is therefore worse off in a badly ventilated tunnel than a clerk who leads a sedentary life. The dif- ference between the two men in blood- saturation percentages will favor him who breathes least, while persons who walk and thus double their breathing will absorb carbon-monoxide twice as fast as when they are at rest. We can say, then, to the engineers: ‘‘Ventilate the tunnels on the basis that for periods up to one hour, four parts of carbon- monoxide in ‘ten thousand of air will be the maximum pollution for a man at rest.’’ As a result of the investigation, it is clear that if the tunnels are venti- lated longitudinally, or in sections, so that the concentration in some places is only one part or less, the air that finally emerges may contain as much as six parts of carbon-monoxide in ten thousand. This means a considerable re- duction in the cost of ventilation, and yet gives an assurance of safety and comfort. ee POR eS aa The tunnel, as planned, will consist of metal section tubes, each tube being a “‘one-way”’ passage for automobile- or horse-drawn vehicles 22

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August, 1920 HE Polynesian people. inhabiting the eastern groups of the South Pacific Islands, and the Papuans who inhabit the western, were almost con- tinually at war for centuries, and in New Guinea and the Solomons they are still atit. Yet it never seems to have occurred to the majority of these tribesmen to construct any kind of armor. Only on one little group of islands, the Gilberts, where a Polynesian people reside in what is really Papuan territory, was ar- mor invented. Even there it was not in general use owing to the great. labor required to make it. Each village of any size was pos- sessed of one of these remarkable suits of armor. In recent years peace has settled over the Gilberts, and these suits of armor, always limited in number, are now as rare as first editions of Walton’s “‘Compleat Angler.”” One of the few still in existence is shown in the accompanying photograph. It was made of closely woven coir (string made out of coconut-husk) into a fabric that was as strong as a stout board, but had a lightness no wood could give. This fabric was carried up about two feet above the shoulders at the back to protect the wearer in case an enemy should attack from behind or in the | Mailed Knights of the Far South Seas . event of his falling face downward, the rear shield would lessen the force of any-delivered blow, and save him at least fatal injury. To make the

This suit of armor, which once served the South Sea Islander in combat, is woven from _ coconut-husk _ strings armor doubly strong and proof against spearthrusts a further breastplate made out. of the skin of the stingaree or ray fish was attached. This is as hard as bone when dry, but very. light. The Gilbert Islanders had an original way of using this armor. As each village had only one suit, it was naturally given to the great- est warrior. When trouble arose with a neighboring village over hunting privileges, the stealing of a woman, or for any of the countless causes for which men fight, the rival villages ‘chose «their two best men. Each of these donned his home town’s armor and went forth to mortal combat just as the knights in the brave days of old. Thus was the trouble settled. Beside the armor is shown two sharks’ teeth swords, wooden weap- ons edged with the teeth of the monsters of the deep. These swords are capable of doing terrible dam- age, inflicting great jagged wounds. Around the neck of the figure in the picture is a string of human teeth, very valuable in the Gilberts. They are greatly prized by the women, and the exceptionally large neck- lace shown herewith is almost price- less. With this in his possession a man would have all of the Gilbert Island ladies at his feet. Drawing Unseen Objects by the Sense of Touch OR one who can draw it is not so difficult to look at an object and depict it on paper. But to draw by the sense of touch instead of the sense of sight is apparently not so easy; it is a good test of the influence of thought on the senses. In a demonstration of ‘mental drawing” the artist was blindfolded, instructed to feel certain objects, and then to draw them. The result was curious. A wooden toy representing

a woodpecker was taken for a model of a piece of machinery, and so drawn after a cursory examination. After a more careful examination by the sense of touch alone, the artist made an almost perfect drawing of the real object. He actually drew the toy woodpecker upside down, and did not know, until he saw it, what it was that he had drawn. The artist ran his hands lightly over a cloth-covered face, feeling the features. Again the mind tried to jump at conclusions. The artist fan- cied the concealed face to be that of some one known to himself. After his fingers had thoroughly explored the contours of the face, he was able to make a more truthful delineation rep- resenting ‘what he had “‘seen’’ with his sense of touch. Any one may make the experiment, either by drawing or by a written description.

A toy woodpecker was placed before the blindfolded artist. He was told to feel it and then draw it. At first he thought it the model of a piece of machinery After the artist had studied the shape of the unseen object he drew it upside down. Not until he saw the picture, did he realize what he had drawn 23 Feeling the covered face of a boy under the cloth is not the easiest way of studying its contours before drawing them. But it is excellent mental training for the artist es ee: 2

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whi ® a a TE Aili i lal SEER te ae ha ae en ce BOERS ID A aoodcneneene ee aeeneens ae a ee ee nee aT ot ened ened Science has add- ed one more task to the weather- man’s daily chore —preparing air- charts for airmen. The future will see numbers of weather stations, looking like light- houses, scattered over the land. From. daily charts prepared by the Weather Bureau, airmen will ‘‘see’’ the in- visible currents of the atmosphere. Popular Science Monthly Tomorrow's Weather Sounding -balloons are sent to great heights, carrying in- struments for recording the temperature, air pressure, etc. Continuous automatic records are thus obtained at altitudes up to about 18 miles, that are too high to be reached by a human being. These rec- ords are of especial value in forecasting weather conditions With the increasing use of passenger airplanes accurate weather forecasts are essential By Calvin Frazer HEN the Age of Flight has fully come, the world’s weather bureaus will have to expand about ten times their pres- ent size, in every way, to take care of the new duties imposed upon them by the demands of aerial navigators. Already these institutions are being expanded as rapidly as possible in response to such demands; but—as is frequently the case—the keepers of governmental purse-strings, both here and abroad, require vigorous prodding to awaken them to needs that ought to speak for themselves, and official meteorologists are finding themselves sadly hampered by lack of the funds for establishing aeronautical weather services. A sketchy service of this sort exists in the United States, representing the combined activities of the Weather Bureau, the Army, and the Navy. It serves fairly well the immediate needs of the aerial postal routes and the. military flying-fields, but it is quite unequal to the demands that are likely to be made upon it in the near future by large-scale commercial aeronautics. What Airmen Need It is high time to consider just what kind of service the aeronaut will de- mand of the weather man, and to take steps to get it. Every reader of mag- azines knows that meteorologists have already devoted a great deal of energy to exploring the air with kites and balloons. A world-wide atmospheric survey of this character has been in progress for twenty years. The re- sults have made it necessary to re- write the text-books on meteorology, and have furnished much information of practical interest to the airman. General rules have been deduced concerning the prevailing winds of the globe at different levels, the normal variations of the wind with altitude under given baromet- ric conditions, the typical be- havior of thunder-squalls, the average prevalence and depth of fog in different regions, and so on. Work will undoubtedly con- tinue along these lines; but the object-lessons afforded by the great war show that a practical weather service for aeronauts must perform duties of another character, entailing Meteorologists of the United States Army Signal Corps preparing to begin a pilot-balloon run 24 a far more elaborate and comprehensive organization

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=a Wwe ts 1e er It 1s 1e. te re 1e al yY> on he ve be ial ith et- e- he th nd on- put for ties ing ind ion August, 1920 The wind in the upper regions is a very important matter which aviators starting upon a trip must consider in advance. To show graphically the currents aloft, a stereo- than is now possessed by any meteorological institution. An interesting analogy tc these new undertakings is furnished by a recent enterprise of the United States Weather Bureau known as the Highway Weather Service. Reports on the condition of the roads over a given area, particu- larly with reference to snowfall, are now assembled at a central station within the area, and dis- seminated for the benefit of auto- mobilists. ; Forecasting does not neces- sarily enter into this work toany great extent. It is primarily a system of reports on existing conditions. The public may be skeptical of the bureau’s ability to hit the nail on the head with regard to the state of the high- ways a day or two hence, but it will entertain no doubts about the value of reports upon their condition at the present moment. The fact is, the value of all weather forecasts is in inverse ratio to the range of time they cover. This is true of forecasts relating to surface condi- tions, and it is conspicuously true of those relating to the air aloft. Value of Weather Forecasts A slight change in the force and direc- tion of winds in certain regions, or a slight local departure from the condi- tions broadly depicted on the weather map, may easily retard an aerial jour- ney to such an extent as to eat up all its profits, if it is a commercial under- taking. The success of commercial aeronautics depends in a very great de- gree upon the utilization of favorable winds. The British dirigible R 34 flew from the British Isles to the United States in 108 hours. The return journey, though covering about the same distance, was made in 75 hours. The differ- scopic chart ‘is made. wm 2- 1920 S, 4, 03 KEY TO WIND-ALCFT VA? Arro# Velocity Scale Character. Mertaecs pact Sec. ° Cale 1 l to S«/s 2 a7 4 * 3 \ seh Ieper 4 ste de ta 5 16°20 °°. 6 2°26 °°. 7 are 28 .? «0 8 34 And abuve. u Data missing. The following Characters when renorte are cisei1;. nave the following sigat*i- cance: F No observation, Fog. HM No oveerrvation, Haze M Report ntse.ne7. R No observation, Rain S. Wo observation, Snow. RCL Here is an enlarged view of one side of the stereo- scopic chart. Each of the arrows is num- bered, to indicate the direction of the wind at certain altitudes. A simple calculation en- ables the making of a companion drawing which furnishes sufficient displacement of the black arrows to make them stand out in strong relief when viewed through the stereoscope 25 ineerted at various stutions C “o observation, Ciouds. Place this picture in a stereo- scope and you will notice that the black arrows stand out and show the wind’s direction at various levels ence was due entirely to the meteorological conditions. The two. hundred regular sta- tions of the Weather Bureau, ' with a few exceptions, make ob- servations twice a day, at 8 A.M. and 8 P.M., Eastern time, and telegraph the results to Wash- ington, the principal forecasting center, as well as to various other centers. There are twenty-five stations, including those maintained by the Army and the Navy, which make daily or twice-daily ob- servations of the winds at dif- ferent levels aloft, by means of kites and balloons. In most cases the kite and balloon flights are made in the afternoon, and the reports reach Washington in time to be used in making the evening forecasts. European meteorologists have anticipated us in the discovery that reports of observations The weatne: men were kept busy while the R 34 was moored at Mineola, near New York. Special precautions had to be taken when high winds threatened, or when strong sunshine upset the bal- ance between the lifting power of the expanded gas and the ballast SRE EE SEERA BR taal DE SETI LE BIE I RO ge Se er Tee -_

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REE LEO EEL eR EES RS ea ea manana ST = = : at A A SETA: ae neon” = taken two or three times a day at a relatively smal! number of stations, however well they may have served the requirements of the forecaster and the public before the advent of aeronautics, are wholly inadequate for flying purposes. The number of observations at the various European stations has been increased,andthecomparativelyslow process of assembling the observa- tions and disseminating forecasts by ordinary telegraphy has been largely overcome by radio-telegraphictrans- mission. In France, for example, reports of observations at a score of places in France, Belgium, and the occupied zone of Germany are now collected and broadcasted four times a day by the high-power wire- less station on the Eiffel Tower. Moreover, observations made as often as seven times a day at a num- - ber of stations in France are dis- seminated by the smaller radio stations of that country. These reports include a large amount of logical conditions. The Weather Bureau sends kites intothe air to determine wind velocities and meteoro- The strings are of wire Popular Science Monthly detailed information not hitherto embraced in weather reports and intended especially for the benefit of aeronauts. This system of fre- quent and elaborate weather re- ports, together with forecasts for only a few hours in advance, was evolved for military purposes during the war, but its advantages under peace-time conditions are so obvious that it is being generally adopted in the European countries. The full realization of such plans is, however, greatly hampered by lack of funds. As compared with the old-fash- ioned weather bureau, an aero- nautical weather service needs more stations, more men at each station, and special equipment, including kites and balloons and appropriate fields on which to fly them. Last but not least, telegraph tolls, already a large item of expense in the operation of a practical meteorologi- cal service, will be greatly increased. Let us begin now to educate Congress! Taking the Laboratory to the Well HEN the French farmers, after the retreat of the enemy from the fighting zone, returned to their devastated farms in the north- ern and eastern parts of France, they found their homes in ruins, their woods and orchards cut down by shell-fire, and their fields deeply pitted by shell craters and torn by trenches. The wells, and even the springs, had become contaminated so that the water from them was no longer safe to use. The govern- ment, recognizing the possibility of an epidemic, which was almost certain to result from the use of the polluted water for drinking pur- poses, created a special bureau for testing the wells and springs in the ten departments of northern and eastern France that had been in- vaded by the enemy. Now a commission has_ been appointed for each department, composed of chemists and bacteri- ologists. A commission travels from place to place and makes prelim- inary tests of all wells and springs. The investigators, from two to four in number for each traveling unit, make a tour through the district to which they are assigned, in automo- biles of a type specially designed for the purpose. Each car has a strongly made chassis, supporting the boxlike body that gives to the car the appearance of a moving-van. The roof is high enough to permit a man of average height to stand erect in the car. The interior is well lighted by four large windows on each side and smaller transom windows. The driver’s seat _ — SSS =a SS > Sterilized tubes draw water from the wells. Contaminated water is sent to a government laboratory for further analysis is protected by a permanent top and front and adjustable. water- proof curtains on both sides. The rear wall of the body is horizon- tally divided in the middle, and the two parts are so hinged that the upper half may be raised and braced to form a roof extension, while the lower half forms a platform resting on iron supports and provided with a small ladder. The car is equipped with glass- ware, chemicals, microscope, and 26 other instruments and apparatus for making chemical and bacterio- logical tests of water. It is roomy enough for comfortably accommo- dating the investigators during their trips through the country. The traveling officials, on their arrival at a farm, obtain samples of the water in the wells and springs in sterilized tubes lowered below the surface of the water. Each sample is preserved in a separate, well-sterilized stoppered bottle, and labeled with a number and data fixing the exact location of the well or spring from which it was taken. A complete record is kept of each sample and the results of the tests. Samples of all waters that are found unsafe by the traveling in- vestigators are then sent to the lab- oratory of the bureau in the nearest city for a thorough chemical analy- sis and careful bacteriological in- vestigation. This is how the French Government sends experts through devastated dis- tricts to test the well and spring water

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August, 1920 Paris Now Has Scientific Stations for Killing Vermin TTENDANTS of the new disinfecting stations in Paris, France, have a convenient scientific method of solving problems of disinfection. Fumes of sulphur are not agreeable to the vermin that find their abode in the clothing of incautious persons; nor are the sulphur fumes pleasant or safe for the in- dividual who wears the clothing. It thus becomes necessary to separate the person from the infected clothing when dis- posing of the vermin. While the wearer takes a special bath, his clothes are subjected to special treatment. Besides the sulphur-chambers for killing vermin, there are rooms adapted to other modes of disinfection. Formerly a steam bath was used to kill the bacteria of disease. To prevent the staining of linen it was neces- sary to wash the cloth before subjecting it to the steam proc- ess. This was unpleasant for the attendants and also dan- gerous. Five classes of apparatus are now installed in the new disin- fecting stations. The first takes care of materials which are un- harmed when subjected to super- heated steam; the second is in- tended for those materials which would be affected and spoiled under the steam. These are automatically rinsed before treat- ment. One_ half-hour __ disinfection through the sterilization pro- duced by heat and moisture kills the germs. The clothing is then dried in free air. In other parts of the stations tanks are installed in which leather shoes, books, and toys can be sterilized by the use of formal gas. The gas is a ts z © ore View Co. held in weak solution with water A room for disinfecting bedding. Sealed and evaporated at a certain compartments enclose the sterilizing fumes rs Step Into the Camera and Take the © Keystone View Co. A compartment in which cloth- ing is placed to be subjected to sulphur fumes. The attendants wear helmets and overgarments to protect them from the vermin temperature. A metal chamber having two doors is used. The materials to be disinfected are carried in one door, exposed to the gas, and then removed through the other door. There are com- partments for long exposure at low temperature, and others for short exposure to the gas, at higher temperatures. The man who enters the insti- tution for the purpose of being thoroughly disinfected suffers no inconvenience during the proc- ess. While his clothing is being sent through the various cham- bers he is treated to a comfort- able hot bath. In about half an hour, or perhaps a little longer, his clothing has passed through the fumes of the metal chambers and every germ is killed. By this time the disinfected clothing is ready. Picture UPPOSE you were small enough through the small aperture and are aperture, the image on the screen will to get inside of your camera and_ brought to a focus on the opposite be brighter and, according to the focus it from its own point of view wall. When a lens is placed in the . character of the lens, will be better instead of from a reflector. defined. It would be a novel sensa- tion, but you imagine the supposition is absurd. Step into a small room, and make it totally dark, then make a tiny hole in the window-curtain. Look at the wall opposite the hole in the curtain and you will see an inverted picture of the scene that lies in the sunlight outdoors. On the white wall of the dark room is projected the pic- ture as plainly as though it were painted there in faint colors. The rays of light from This is the principle of a large camera used for copy- ing photographs. The room itself becomes the interior of the camera. Back of the lens the photographer adjusts the sensitive photographic plate or sensitive paper. In front of the lens in another room is placed the photo- graph or object to be photographed. Two pow- erful electric lights, one at the right and the other at the left of the object, cast sufficient light to make its image of the right inten- the obj ects outdoors have Two electric lights illuminate the picture to be photographed; passed into the room the photographer steps through a door into the camera itself 27 sity to be recorded on the plate in the camera-room. Ra AA EE le Re oe

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Popular Science Monthly \ Hurdling with a Canoe i ‘Photographs by Universal Film Company a Some clever tricks | an expert has taught - his birch-bark steed pempmeepmeens Canoe-hurdling is the original | sport of Mr. Charles H. Clark. ; When he has mounted the hur- nit} dle, he balances a moment iH across the other canoe before taking the downward plunge ell Hii! mai | ee | 1 l i Sua ; BEG oa rat 7 When he’s ready for the Taking a canoe hurdle plunge, he tips his body seems an easy feat for the i forward and the canoe rider, and one that is a) | slides off into the water. pretty to watch. The ie He can complete the en- hurdling canoe rises grace- ri tire hurdling operation in fully at the bow, and ni less than three minutes slides over the one beneath ie | We Ne Wig | HM bate | eet ° . i } il A canoe is like a balky horse: its behavior depends on Ae the skill of the rider. Mr. Clark can ride dangerous if Ne swells with his paddling partner perched on the bow ia| i ny | Hf Hie H { i ieee rat | nS ti. q Mr. Clark finds that in the wake of a steamer “They’re sinking!” you exclaim. Not at all. These two i f he absorbs some of its speed. He runs down people are merely showing you that a canoe will stay Bie a hill of water at a speed of twelve miles an hour up and even move toward shore when filled with water be Hg iia 28 i

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August, 1920 Tailoring a Racer’s Sails _ The art of George E. Ratsey, master sailmaker Making the sails foraracerisanartin fact that he attends to every detail which many years of experience brings himself. Tine business was established perfection. To Mr. George E. Ratsey, in1790. Here are some of the yachts he who comes of a family interested heart has helped to make presentable for | and soul in the sport of yachting, the famous races: the Resolute, Vanitie, ,.— art of sailmaking comes naturally. Shamrock, Atlantic, Karina, il Mr. Ratsey credits his success to the Intrepid, and the Vagrant. / | | . . The strips of canvas are trimmed and fit- ted as carefully as an evening gown. The hemp ropes_ are stitched by hand, and, in order to run the needle through several thicknesses of canvas, the worker wears a metal disk in his palm instead of a thimble on his finger Mr. George E. Ratsey in the office of his sailmaking plant; he is busy over the drawing- board, where some new problems of design are being worked out Women sew the straight lengths of canvas on ma- chines. Nct cnly must the seams be perfect, but the canvas must be reinforced by intermedi- ate seams, called bights eaimareaaie o> « i fi hie ; Vd dddlddiiysidddddddddidddddddidddddéddatddddddddddtdicccdddddaassdcadeacoddce SSS .\ se suneaueasennnnsenenmnemnnrneneeeneeenes Raters en sa ne Liye rs - AAA Ng Qa ROMRRBEBET tbls ddsscidadéiéiiu UMMM MMOL The mainsail of the Vanitie is receiving a refitting. This sail weighs more than a ton and measures more than a hundred feet at its greatest length The club topsail of a yacht. The sails are cut and fitted from designs drawn upon the floor. From these guides as a pattern the sails are finished Wire “‘luff-ropes” are at- tached tothe canvas. The sail, when it is first tried out, is carefully guarded NO ay fer against undue stretching by a high wind. On the day of the race the sails of the yacht should present absolutely straight lines

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shins avin Senn sam east ert Se eee Popular Science Monthly Wireless~—~ | Spotting _, Top 15 Gun _,| Dir eclor ¥ Jower ™ XS, Gun Director Tower Bridge © Sun and New York Herald The Railway Fire-Engine FIRE in the woods, ten miles from the nearest town— sounds rather bad, doesn’t it? And it would have been but for the new fire-fighting railway car. This fire- fighter is a reclaimed oil-tank with a capacity for ten thousand gallons, now used for water instead of oil. _ It is equipped with two duplex pumps and a tool-box that holds a complete outfit of nozzles, wrenches, tools, and hose. Steam for running the pumps is furnished by the loco- motive, and is fed through a flexible pipe. A forest fire near the railroad tracks? to the scene. This converted oil-tank will race It is filled with water now and has two powerful pumps 30 England’s new super-dreadnought, H. M. S. Hood, is the biggest war-ship afloat. torpedo “blisters” on her sides. These blisters, which bulge out mysteriously at The Greatest Sea- NGLAND’S new super-dreadnought, H. M. 8. Hood, which cost $30,000,000, is the result of lessons learned in the recent war. She has greater displacement than any of her older sisters, and she is so beamy that locks and many docks will have to be widened to accom- modate her. Both of these features are due to increased protection both above and below water. The battle of Jut- land proved this necessary, even at some sacrifice in speed. Below-water protection is provided for by ‘“‘blistering.”’ The “blister’’ is a mysterious bulge at the sides and bottom of a ship to protect her from torpedo wounds. Some of England’s battleships were thus ‘‘blistered’’ during the war. In spite of the Hood’s immense size, a very large part of the hull is covered with heavy armor. On the turret roofs the armor is of double thickness to allow for the effect of plunging fire, which proved so destructive in the first North Sea engagement. Everything has been done to secure the utmost strength and resisting power. In fact, the Hood is better equipped to resist attack from any weapon known to naval science than any war-ship afloat. The Hood could hardly be sunk by torpedoes, according to Sir Eustace =) PF we wh ee le le le QO. =

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Is. August, 1920 36IN. 3612 a Searciiights j . Searchlight s CROSS SECTION AMIDSHIPS She is 70 feet longer than the Mauretania. The Hood is equipped with anti- bottom and sides of ships, were used successfully on ships during the war Fighter of Them All Tennyson-d’Eyncourt, Director of Naval Construction at the British Admiralty. The Hood carries eight fifteen-inch guns, mounted in such a manner as to permit them to be elevated through an angle of thirty degrees, thus increasing their range to forty thousand yards. The Germans were the first to resort to the elevation of guns so as to increase A Traveling Welder ROKEN metal is best mended by welding. This, of course, means bringing the broken edges to a white heat, so that, when joined together with fresh fusible metal, they re-unite with a strength equal to, or in Many cases greater than, the metal of the tool or article which is to be mended by the traveling welder. Until recently it has been necessary to take 7 Se their range—this before the war. There are sev- eral five-inch guns and a few anti-aircraft guns. An elaborate system of fire control known as director firing has been installed. It includes the main director station on the tripod foremast and a long-base range-finder in the gunnery control. No official details of the torpedo armament are available, but the present tendency is to revert to the above-water position for torpedo-tubes. The Hood is 860 feet Indifferent to rain, the welder repairs a broken dredge. over all. He is using his portable electrical welding machine the broken parts to the welder. But now portable electric welders have been perfected. The illustration shows one of them in action. It is being used to repair a broken dredge bucket of a machine operating on a river. i In the case of railroad locomotives, such a welder is of great value. It can be used directly on the locomotive for repairing the broken section, elimi- nating the necessity of removing the parts to be repaired and resulting in a saving of time. Ae ae

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eS alee SR RY gy ete oT os agg Se ae COOLER PA SLA key aoe Popular Science Monthly See Yourself in Your Dog’s Eye OOK into the eye of a per- son or a dumb animal and there will be seen a reflection of yourself and the surrounding locality, if there is light enough to make objects visible. A bright background reflected from the 2ye makes objects closer to the ‘mirror’ appear in silhou- ette. It is interesting to thus see oneself in the eyes of others, but it is more interesting to be able to photograph the reflection. The eye is an optical instru- ment composed of a lens as the light-collecting part. It is from the strongly curved front of the crystalline lens that the light is reflected. Strong contrasts of light and shade are necessary to make the image perceptible, and as the image is very small, one must look closely into his friend’s eye to see the minute reflection. The eye of a beetle contains many exceedingly small lenses. By the aid of a suitable micro- scope to magnify the infinitesimal images formed by these little lenses, it has been possible to photograph them. Think of seeing the image of a postage-stamp in its multiple re- flections, actually photographed in the many lensed eye of an insig- nificant beetle! It has been done. Here, in the kindly eye of a faithful Airedale, can be seen the small image of the photographer, caught in the act of taking his own picture in the dog’s eye- mirror. The dark background of the interior of the eye serves as an excellent backing for the lens, making of its surface what is equivalent to a black mirror. An ordinary double convex lens can be made to illustrate reflection from the back instead of from the front of the lens. Paint the back of such a lens with a coat of opaque black paint and hold alight in frontofthe lens. One can readly find the correct position from which he can see the light reflected from the concave back of thelens. If heisat a point too close to the lens, the image will be seen in an upright position, but when he moves to a distance be- In the eye of the Airedale is seen the re- flection of several figures, one of which is the photographer himself. The front of the eye’s lens makes a convex mirror which reflects the light, just as a polished steel ball would reflect it. Contrasts are needed to make the image visible yond the focal point of the rays of light, the image will be smaller and in- verted. But where the reflection takes place from the surface of the dog’s eye, the image is upright, like that formed by a mirror, except that it is distorted by the curvature of the eye’s surface. Making Photographic Enlargements Rapidly NE of the most interesting diver- sions of photography is making enlarged prints from one’s negatives. Many of the cameras used today are so small that they can be carried in the pocket. Contact prints from these miniature films are too small to be impressive, and enlargements are fre- quently desired. A device has been patented by which numbers of en- largements of different size can be handled rapidly by photographers who make a business of enlarging the small negatives for their custom- ers. The device consists of a support that is automatic in adjusting the camera to form a sharp image on the fixed support that holds the sensitive paper. Lenses of differ- ent focal length and. pictures of sizes within a wide limit can be handled satisfactorily. The size of the enlarged image depends upon the focal length of the lens, the distance of the negative from the lens, and the distance of the lens from the screen. The closer the negative .is brought. to the lens, the farther the lens must be removed from the screen to make a sharp picture, and consequently the larger the picture will be. sence nage en eee When the distance between the nega- tive and the lens is increased, the dis- tance between the lens and the print- ELECTRIC LAMP NEGATIVE RACK FOR AUTOMATIC FOCUS ee l “yw The camera support, which adjusts the lens and negative at the same time that the enlargement apparatus is adjusted 32 ing paper can be decreased and the image will be less enlarged. All of this is done automatically when the screws of the mechanism are set. The device enables the busy photographer quickly to vary the size of the enlargement without taking time to adjust the distance between the negative and the lens in order to make a sharp picture. The mere ad- justment for the size of enlargement serves also to make the adjustment for definition. In the old method of working it is necessary to move the enlarging lantern to a suitable position from the screen to provide the correct size of the enlargement desired. Then the distance between the lens and the negative must be altered to bring the image into sharp focus. Two operations are thus re= quired. The busy photographer now does the whole work in one simple operation. When he has adjusted the image to the size desired, all he has to do is to place the paper in the holder and make the exposure. When one has a number of prints to make, this saving of time is important. Pr a ——_

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eu eS Se August, 1920 Surgeon to Worn-Out Documents and Books In his attic laboratory at the Congressional Library William Berwick restores priceless old manuscripts By Fred C. Kelly T is astonishing how the world I contrives to learn about master workmen who toil quietly in obscurity. For example, there is William Berwick, whose workshop is in the attic of the Congressional Library at Washington. He is at- tached to the manuscript division of the library, and his official title is Restorer of Ancient Documents. Berwick works entirely without press-agents, brass bands, or public- ity funds. Yet, in various parts of the world those who have occasion to know of such things are aware that William Berwick possesses more skill at repairing ancient manuscripts and documents than any other man now living. A few years ago the Guildhall Library in London wished to have restored a collection of records of the Cutlers’ Guild, dating back to the time of the great plague of 1665. After an investigation, they decided that if they were to have the best possible workmanship on this valuable historic record, they must send the tattered pages to Wil- liam Berwick, Congressional Library, Washington. The papers were so ragged and de- cayed that they looked like the lining of a rat’s nest. Special arrangements had to be made to get them through the Customs House without examina- tion, for one extra handling might have ruined them beyond repair. Almost-New Books for Old When Berwick got through with them, they were as firm and usable as when first prepared back in the seven- teenth century. And only a close - scrutiny under a microscope will reveal where his repairs were made. So skil- © Keystone View Co. © Keystone View Co. William Berwick, noted restorer of old manuscripts at the Congressional Libra- ry, working in his laboratory on time- worn pages written by Thomas Jefferson fully does he bevel the edges of the paper when inserting a patch or add- ing a new margin, that the finished product looks like a fresh sheet of saffron-colored paper, that has merely become slightly spotted by having got wet. While at work on the Guildhall documents, Berwick had an odd ex- perience that might almost be classed as a bit of adventure. In the process of rejuvenating the papers he was steaming certain sheets. He noticed a streak of red that began in a mere spot and then extended nearly half way across the paper. It was not red ink, because ancient ink does not flow in the steaming process. Neither was it blood, for he had not cut his finger. He placed the red spot to his tongue. It was wine! And the startling fact was that it had been spilled when the sheet was still blank, for the writing seemed to be on top of the spot. Evidently he was tasting a drop of wine that had been spilled away back yonder more than two hundred and fifty years ago! Restoring Washington's Will Berwick was called upon to restore the original will of George Washington, consisting of some twenty-three containing his signa- ture. Berwick was born in England, but he has been at his present job in the Congressional Library for the past twenty-two years. He was working in the Government Printing Office at Washington when a happy chance led to his being transferred to the Congressional Library. Proving how a stray bit of know- ledge may become useful, Berwick recalls going to a Sunday-school en- tertainment when he was eleven years old and seeing a man demon- strate how to split a sheet of paper and thus separate the writing on the two sides. The feat interested Ber- wick at the ttme, but he never thought of it again until a few years ago when he had to repair a document having writing on both sides, and so thin that it could not stand much hand- ling. Then he remembered the paper- splitting trick—now almost a lost art. He steamed the sheet, took it apart, and added a new middle layer, making the finished product firm and strong. With a covering of thin silk gauze glued invisibly over the writing, that sheet would stand handling for many years. © Keystone View Co This was the condition of an old volume of records of Virginia when Mr. Berwick received it for restoration A Maryland land record after Mr.-Berwick repaired it. It was in an almost ruined state when sent to him thirty-five pages of foolscap—all but -

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| | | AAS Bie RAND Hin SUR, i annoy agar ce re 3 RTE ae = cone aoe = 2 of * ant ty Nagata PPM tna Ree one : OS TENS Popular Science Monthly Efficiency Plus Courtesy HEN a sudden downpour sets in during the afternoon of a clear day thousands of men and women find themselves without an umbrella. In Dayton, Ohio, is a great indus- try conducted on the plan of utmost business efficiency, and courtesy plays no small part in this plan. Comfort in every possible way is provided for the workers, and their interest in the company is further stimulated by a profit-sharing system. Also when a sudden rain comes up and catches the employees of this plant without umbrellas, the company has a supply which it lends to them. Lock the Electric Bulb ih oh hed Sveti ep dnl bulbs are often neces- sarily left out in exposed places where any one so inclined can take them. But there is a way to lock the bulb and at the same time to insure it better pro- tection from a shock or jar which otherwise would break either the filament or the glass. A strong wire frame is fitted into a metal disk which is firmly attached to the metal part of the bulb. The steel wire: guards are heavily tin-coated and are electrically welded, forming When the Weather Is a Sculptor HERE the plain shaft of a tombstone has turned into a perfectly sculptured human face, and those inclined toward psychic beliefs might see in the phenomenon an attempt at materialization from the invisible universe of spirits. But very material forces are responsible for the face carved in this monument. Erosion, due to alternate freezing and thawing, is the weather-sculptor’s right hand. It works per- petually all over the earth. Upon the upper block of the monument can be seen the face of a man. He wears a heavy, up- turned mustache, and a long, well trimmed beard. The Curious Rocks of Amoy HINA’S mountains and rivers glisten in the sunlight when the stars glitter in the heavens of America. The country is rich in agricultural and mineral wealth, and its natural scenic wonderland is associated with the cradle-days of civilization. These. remarkable formations, called: the ‘‘Amoy Rocks,” lean against each other in impressive bulk, forming a grotesque out- ‘line when seen from the harbor. Gunning for Germs N Missouri, an effective method of combating hog-cholera germs was discovered. Thewarfareagainst the germs was waged vigorously with a hand-power spray as a siege- gun whose ammunition is cresol or other coal-tar disinfectant in proper dilution. The machine is wheeled around, the liquid atomized by means of a hand-pump operated on top of the disinfectant container, and the sty thoroughly sprayed. The nozzle of the spray is pointed into the com- partment where the hog-cholera germs are to be exterminated. It is a very simple device. You Can Read the Inches HEN you tackle any- thing with calipers in order to measure it, you need the assistance of a ruler. A calipers is not interested in inches, and simply does your measuring for you. But now there is a new calipers, invented by Robert Eames of Detroit, that has a pointer anda circular scale attached to it. When you open the calipers the pointer moves too, and indicates the exact number of inches on the scale. The scale is attached to one of the arms of the calipers, but leaves one unbreakable piece. © Keystone View Co. _ the point free to move. Popular Science Monthly

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August, 1920 ° A New Gas Treatment for Horses URING the war Ger- man horses were badly neglected, and many of them are now suffering from skin diseases.. A new hospital has been built for their ben- efit just outside Berlin, and here they are given a new gas treatment. The sick horse is led into a small booth and his head is thrust through a sort of cap into the fresh air. The booth is lined with pipes that con- tain the gas. While being treated, the horse looks out, breathes the fresh air, and is indifferent to what goes on inside this specially con- structed booth. Walking Home with the Family Dinner as HO is that man with the peculiar can?” ‘“That’s the family provider bringing the evening meal home to his fam- ily.” Then the curious ones passed on. But the man didn’t. Neither did the can. After a careful examination, the can turned out not to be a can at all. It was a specially con- structed thermos container in which was everything rom soup to hot coffee, each dish in its proper place and most appetiz- ingly prepared by the members of the Evanston Cooperative Cooking scheme of Chicago, IIli- nois. The man’s family met him at the door, the wife took charge of the thermos container, and in- side of fifteen minutes the meal was being consumed. It is always cheaper to buy and cook in large quantities. Thus the cooperative cooking plant is able to prepare meals and sell them at a profit to its customers. The Homeliest Woman in the World - Y face is my fortune,” said the pretty milk- maid. “And so is mine,’ says the lady below. But her reasons are different. Her fortunate face won her a five - thousand - dollar prize in an ugliness contest. And now she has come from Eng- land to appear in American moving-pictures. Her name is Mrs. Mary Bevan. Watch for it in the headlines! You see, you don’t have to be beautiful in order to get into the movies. If you are ugly enough, your chances of a movie job are very good. Lights Control Traffic HE traffic on Fifth Avenue, New York, is perhaps the heaviest in the country. Even with a policeman at every corner, it is very difficult to regulate. So the city recently installed signal towers like the one above at in- tervals along the avenue. A _ police- man in the tower does the regulating by pressing buttons that cause lights to flash in the three great globes above. At present, the yellow light located in the center signals vehicles to move up or down Fifth Avenue. The red light is flashed on for a few seconds to warn drivers that side-street traffic is about to start. When the green light flashes, all vehicles come to a stop and . side-street traffic begins to move. Measuring Energy by Breath Control Dp? you ever pant and gasp after climbing several flights of stairs? If you have, you are an excellent subject for Mr. A. D. Waller’s experiments, con- ducted in London, England. Stand at the bottom of the stairs. The experimenter places in your mouth a tube attached to a bag. You breathe into this, and it is removed. Then you begin to climb, breathing quietly. At the top of the second flight you are panting. A second tube, attached to a bag similar to the first one, is placed in your mouth, and you sobbingly breathe into it. Mr. Waller takes the two bags into his laboratory and figures out how much carbon-dioxide was breathed into the first bag and how much into the second. The difference in the amount of carbon-dioxide contained in each bag will determine the amount of energy which you" expended in climbing those two flights of stairs. i i i i ii |

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| | an nn es Po we Ld ee E emnipemcenvanal ee Le eee antenna irtith gion Per 5 FO Popular Science Monthly No Quarantine for This: Baby’s Voice O near and yet so far! Wives and children of the men on board H. M.S. Renown know well what this means. The battleship was quaran- tined after returning from a long voy- age. Eager relatives thronged the dock but were unable to talk to their menfolks on board. And then some one thought of a speaking-tube. It was rigged up from shore to ship, and all the relatives took turns at the tube. Assistance to Johnny-Jump-Up HE inventor of this spring does not seem to realize that it takes energy to compress a spring, and that the recoil is due entirely to the efforts of the man who wears the spring. The walker who uses this invention may meet with many a surprise, not all of -which will be pleasant, if the base of the springs comes in contact with the pavement at a disas- trous angle. a > es Gee FS wD Put the Milk-Pail in a Holder To device was patented by Jean H. Ormandy, of Healdsburg, Cali- fornia. It consists of a metal frame in which to hold the pail. A strap can be attached to it so the pail can be held con- veniently to the person, or the strap can be swung around the neck. In the lower part of the frame is an arrangement for holding a pointed stake, so that the pail can be staked to the ground. There should be no complaint from any one but Bossie herself when she finds that, try as she will, it is impossible to kick over the pail. The Cow’s Friend Hance regard with favor the new one- horse well. This well has a long un- gainly bucket made of cowhide that adequately supplies them with plenty of drinking water. The horseman ties the rope which runs over the pulley from the cowhide bucket to the horn of his saddle. He lowers the bucket and drives his horse forward. The bucket comes to the surface. The horse is halted, the horseman dismounts and pours the water into a trough. The im- patient cows slake their thirst and walk away, with no regrets at the passing of the old oaken bucket. Where Your Ostrich Feathers Come From ASHION ealls for ostrich feathers and all the ostrich farms get busy. There is a large one at Pasadena, Cali- fornia, where many a feather gets its start in life. Ostrich eggs are quite large and usually weigh about five pounds. They are carefully collected in pails and wheelbarrows and hatched into baby ostriches. The feathers in their natural state are grayish-brown. An Easy Way to Mend Umbrellas Pee! a strong wind and rusty wires, the ribs of your umbrella are almost certain to puncture their cover. A recent invention prevents this and facilitates the repairing of the ribs. Charles W. Martin, of Brooklyn, New York, has devised a separate connection for the metal “stretchers” so that when one of them becomes disjointed it can be mended without removing them all. © Publisher’s Photo Service Inc.

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August, 1920 Catching the Ashes UCH has been said about ashes and dust, mostly in connection with housekeepers’ troubles. A new cigar-holder has recently been invented that will hold your ashes until your cigar has reached its end. The holder is a curved metal tube that completely envelops the cigar. It is made so that it may be ex- tended to fit any cigar and is pulled apart to let the cigar in. There is a regular mouth- piece at one end of the holder and at the other end there The Padded Palm BANKS employ men who do nothing but count money all day, and they must constantly moisten their fin- gers. Edward Ode, of Or- land, California, has invented a finger-moistener for these counters, and also for page- turners. It fits on the palm of the hand and is held in place by metal clips that ex- tend around to the back of the hand. The moistener is adampfelt pad. It is kept wet by water that leaks througha hole in the wali of a reservoir is an opening through which air is admitted. Gay Dresses of Portuguese Peasant Women I" may be said that the peasants of Portugal are always in gala attire. In the field, at home, or dressed for market-day, the habit of the village folk is but to be admired. To the eye of the American the array of colors in fabric and design is not in full accord with the conventions of color harmony ; but worn by the bronzed and picturesque peasant of Portugal, winsome, philosophical, and yet pleasingly phlegmatic, i their dress charms the eye of the stranger. There is no more de- lightful country for a tour than the little republic of Portugal. Will This Bat Help to Win the Pennant? EINIE GROH was worried about his batting average and he decided that his bat was at fault. Whereupon he ap- peared on the diamond with the new one shown above. Quoth Heinie: “‘All bats now in use—except this one—are wrongly built, badly balanced, and do not deliver the ‘punch’ to the ball.” All the weight in the new bat is in the right place to swat the ball a crushing blow. The Giants thought it worth $150,000—with Heinie behind it! Heinie is a “Red” and he’s not ashamed to admit it. In fact, he wears a large Red emblem on his business suit. Other Reds like his new bat and walk off with it when the opportunity offers, in true Red fashion. nestling against the palm. By scratching the palm the fingers are kept moist. Berlin Now Has Some Four- Legged Boarders N Berlin some of the inhabitants have the raw material for their meals housed in their homes. They are making the most of flats by sheltering live stock. Chickens occupy the kitchen. Each hen is supposed to pay one egg a day for her board. Rabbits shyly run about the hallways. They are supposed to giveupa victim now and then for the landlord’s stew. Goats are in the spare bedroom and are expected to pay their rent with milk. A frau and fraulein are here shown exercising their four-footed boarders. ce I AA A

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ener aa ST Ee ey ean oe wn a BON TES Sp ELT Popular Science Monthly No Horse’s Hoof Treads This Exclusive Street SOME of the exclusive people in Los Angeles are so very exclu- sive that they cannot bear the sight of a horse; in fact, they have forbidden horses to walk on their streets. So the ex- clusive set has rebuilt a road in such a way that horses cannot walk on it. Two thin strips of concrete were laid a short distance apart on the roadbed, and the space between them was built high, so that a horse could not walk on it without soon falling off. Automobiles are graciously invited to ride down the concrete strips. What would the people do if a great ugly truck took advan- tage of the invitation, profaning this ultra modern exclusiveness ? A Sock-Puller for the Aid of Invalids AN invalid need no longer moan over the stupid way in which his socks sag when he attempts to put them on. Andrew Deiley, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has in- vented a device to straighten out sagging socks. Over the bottom of this device the invalid places his sock, and, before it can slip off, clamps it down with the holders on either side. By pulling the handpieces together, the sock is stretched and with easy precision the foot is slipped into it. Florida Has Developed a New Delicacy—the Dasheen A NEW table delicacy is grown in Flor- ida. It is the dasheen, a vegetable Making Their Own Roads as They Go OIN the road gang and see the country! In England there is a huge traveling machine that transforms a dilapidated road into a thing of beauty. The gang that travels with the machine breaks up one half of the road and feeds this material to the steam monster. While it proceeds to mix, crush, and, with the aid of tar and other materials, prepare a new road-surface from the old, the gang breaks up the other half of the road. Half of the new surface is laid and then the other half. No time is wasted.. Slowly the traveling machine moves on, leaving a beautiful road in its wake. This is recommended as an eco- nomical way of seeing a country where roads are being’ recon- structed. Perfect Your Putting Play- ing Golf in the House HE game of golf is usually associated with the broad green levels and slopes of the golf- links. But there are enthusiasts of the game who do not ignore the possibilities of practising indoors for delicate precision. The Lady Golfer’s Club con- ducted a “putting” contest upon the carpet of the club room. Instead of nicely tapping the ball with exactly enough force to send it into a hole in the turf, the indoor player must send the ball up an incline before it can reach the hole placed on the carpet. The task is obviously not an easy one, Notice the picture below. which has all the good qualities of the potato. Both the tubers, of which there are a number, and the “‘corms,”’ like cab- bage heads in formation, are edible. Growers in Florida are turning over many acres of land to the cultivation of this vegetable, which has all the good qualities of the potato, to say nothing of some excellent properties of its own. Those who have eaten dash- eens long enough to acquire the taste for them keep them as one of their staple articles of food. 38 © Kade! & Herber:

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-_ Ve = we ivy ww (WY ee August, 1920 A Vacuum Cleaner for the Player Piano A VACUUM suction pump for cleaning tracker-bar in player pianos, has been invented by a man in St. Louis, Missouri. The chief merits of this new player- piano device are the patented double-valve suction arrange- ment, sanitary dust cup and dust screen, designed along scientific lines according to the vacuum- cleaning system. By the opera- tion of this tracker-bar cleaner the debris is drawn through the openings of the tracker-bar and collected in a dust cup. Press a Button to Keep Yourself Cool bk you find it too much work to wave a graceful fan in hot weather, buy this more modern type. You press a button and the tiny blades whirl around just as in the case of a large electric fan. But that is natural since the small one is run by elec- tricity too. The blades revolve at high speed and create quite a breeze. When not in use, you can fold the fan together. and slip the whole thing in your purse. Cutting Logs at 130 Miles an Hour ROM a block of steel which weighed more than half a ton came the monster circular saw. It is nine feet in diameter and has 190 teeth in the rim, and when running at full speed each Would You Like Leg of Lion for Your Dinner? Ys. they’re eating lions in Paris now. Lion meat sells for seventeen cents a pound, whereas beef and lamb cost three times as much. This is remarkable since lions are so much harder to capture than cows. Above you see the inside of a Parisian butcher shop. A huge lioness hangs on the wall. The butcher will sell any part of her for seventeen cents a pound. The Dripping Spout Conquered at Last GERMAN will gladly sacrifice the beauty of his teapot in order to spare his ugly red-and-yellow table-cloth from possible tea-stains. Here you see a German teapot. You will promptly note tooth travels around the circle of the saw at the enormous speed of 180 miles an hour. The huge saw is at first started slowly. Gradually it gains high speed. Cutting through the air the pitch rises until finally it hums a tune in a high key, and at last the teeth of the saw are cutting at the rate of 180 miles an hour. Logs placed under their keen edge are quickly sawed through. the unbecoming double chin from which the spout suffers. This will catch any drops that try to slide down the spout. Thus the table-cloth is spared, but at what a cost! The spout loses its natural shape and the hausfrau must find it most difficult to clean. How- ever, you may prefer the double-chinned teapot to a spotted table-cloth. AA r 39 i} Hi il Hi

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: > : SO NAT TT EMAISET BATT LSS AEP en * aecpigeniccmeiantiae SG SE a 2h a RAO ET EN aot ne tic Spang - ea nay ee ee molegciaere totem rect pean ge a eee He eae ene Hf # aT 4 ; Cron ayt: A Fire-Engine to Raise Sunken Treasure ably true—that more money has been expended in efforts to reclaim sunken treasure than the total! value of the wealth sought for. Many fruit- less endeavors have been made and described from time to time, but special interest, from both a historical and practical point of view, attaches to the operations now in progress in Tobermory bay, Isle of Mull, Scot- land. After the dispersal of the Spanish Armada in the English Channel in the year 1588, one of the surviving gal- leons put into Tobermory bay for revictualing and repairs. According to the state papers of Scotland, there were good reasons for believing that the bulk of the Armada’s wealth had been transferred to this ship, and that this wealth, equivalent to more than one and a half million dollars, included the crown for the coronation of Philip II. of Spain as king of England, in the event of a British defeat. As the result of a gunpowder explosion on board, the galleon caught fire, and sank in about ten fathoms of water about eighty yards from the shore. After countless unsuccessful attempts to salve her, the “‘Ar- mada Galleon Syndicate” was formed, with Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie Foss, a man of great experience in deep-sea diving (more especially in connection with the pearl-fisheries of Ceylon), as director of operations. Colonel Foss finally adopted a new method of clearing away the soft clay into which the galleon had sunk to a depth of some thirty feet, and be- fore the war he had actually suc- ceeded in recovering portions of the cargo. Interrupted by the war, operations were suspended until the spring of 1919, when they were resumed and carried on with great success. Then, with the prize almost within his grasp, Colonel Foss met with an accident that again post- poned operations. A_ powerful water-jet, which was a princi- pal feature of his salvage plant, struck him and knocked him down, [’ has been stated—and it is prob- How modern methods are bringing out of. the depths of the sea treas- ure sunk for three hun- dred years near the Isle of Mull, off Scotland By P. J. Risdon resulting in a very serious injury. The plant employed by Colonel Foss in the first instance consisted of a salvage lighter moored over the site of the wreck, from which an ordinary boring plant was worked by means of a pue-driver. This boring plant, how- ever, proved unsuccessful, owing to the difficulty of maintaining the lighter steady during swells, and to the fact that the boring rods and tubes were frequently bent in consequence. Sub- sequently a “‘grab,’”’ worked by a winch from the staging, was used by which the clay was excavated from the sea- bed and lifted into a screen, where it .was sluiced for the purpose of securing “finds.” By this means many interesting ob- jects have been salved, including coins, silver cups, and dishes valued at $500 an ounce, and even bottles of port wine that had been lying in the wreck for more than three hundred years. Among the more gruesome relics were clothing, buttons, and human bones. Unfortu- nately much damage was done to the recovered articles by the grab; bottles Miss Margaret Naylor, secretary to Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie Foss, de- scending under water to the old galleon 40 Popular Science Monthly of wine were broken, and silverware was crushed. For this reason the use of the grab was discontinued, and Colonel Foss then had recourse to a different method. ° A fire-engine was employed by means of which a water-jet, delivering sixty pounds of water a second at a pressure of one hundred and twenty- five pounds to the square inch, was provided.. Deducting a water-pressure of, say, forty pounds a square inch at the depth of the galleon, this provided a jet with a working pressure of eighty-five pounds a square inch, by means of which divers were enabled to remove the clay from the ship. The divers descended by a ladder, carrying the water-jet nozzles with them, and at a given signal water- pressure was turned on. Telephonic communication. was maintained :be- tween the divers and those in charge above water. The silver articles and some pure- gold buttons, apparently from the dress of some notable person, were recovered from what is believed to be the stern of the ship, while pewter plates and bronze coins (reals of about five cents value each) were recovered from the crew’s quarters. The oak hull of the galleon is in a good state of preservation hav- . ing been protected from the rav- ages of the teredo by the clay in which it has been embedded for more than three centuries. An interesting fact in connection with the salvage operations is that Miss .Margaret Naylor, secretary to Colonel Foss, has taken an active part in the work, having descended in diver’s equipment to the wreck, and going on record as the first woman to attempt deep- sea diving. Apart from the great value of the treasure which it is believed the galleon contains, its recovery after three hundred and thirty- two years would constitute an historical event and a feat of great perseverance. It is to be hoped that Colonel Foss will eventually pe able to carry the operations to a successful conclusion. Ponular Seience Monthly

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S ceamenome August, 1920 Pd ag a - - FTER lying at the bottom of the Tobermory bay, in Scotland, for three hundred years, a galleon of the Span- ish Armada has recently been partly salvaged by operations conducted under Lieutenant-Colonel Mackenzie Foss. Colonel Foss installed a fire-engine by means of which a water-jet, delivering sixty pounds of water a second, is em- ployed to remove clay from the sea-bed. Divers descend a Science Brings Up Precious Objects from the Deep | 4l ladder, carrying the water-jet nozzles, and ata signal water- pressure is turned on. Many interesting objects have been recovered, among them silver cups and dishes, valuable coins, and even bottles of wine. It is supposed that among the treasures was the crown intended for crowning Philip of Spain king of England, so sure were the Spanish of a victory over the English

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oe \} i} it Hi Popular Science Monthly if Developing Athletes with } Photographed on one plate, The first successful attempt to photograph action was made in Paris more than twenty-five years ago, when Muybridge set up a bat- tery of twentY or more cameras, each focused on a moving person or object,and released the shutters in rapid succession at intervals of a fraction of a second. Then came the motion-picture camera; but the new method, al- though in many respects superior to Muybridge’s multiple-camera method, had two serious faults: it was expensive and wasteful, and each picture was separately made, so that it was difficult to use the pictures for comparison. Some years ago a French in- ventor named Marey materially improved the methods of obtain- ing photographic records for the study of motion. Marey uses a single camera provided with an This human spider is one man, photographed as he swung around a bar. After studying his motions in this picture the athlete’s next “siant swing’ was a great improvement SoS QAAASAMA SAAN AAS NALA GALAN HANAHAN AANALAAAAAAEAAANRATAASDSTSASTEST Yin! —— " “llldlvUlile POOL COM . . 4 . 4 4 SOON QAO AAMAS AAA A AAA AAA SRWAOUMAWWWOAVWAHANAVVAIH These photographs were taken by the new Marey apparatus that will take a whole set of movements on one plate. The ten men you see in the picture below are really one man 42 Se ee oe — a

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August, 1920 the Help of the Camera they resemble moving-pictures Jl automatic shutter, which is set so as to open and close at reg- ular intervals, making a series of exposures of - the moving person or object on the same plate. What appears to bea group of persons is in reality a series of photographs of the same per- son, showing in chronological sequence the positions of the moving subject at predeter- mined intervals. The pictures are taken against a non-reflect- ing black background, while a strong light is thrown on the moving subject. These photographic studies can be used in training factory workers and athletes. Looking at a series of his own motions, an athlete can see what mis- takes he makes, and correct them. SHAAN ABH SHE SNAMAAGNEDWHVHIHFA_HAwyAy_q_ www *=”D NW DI The proper way to lift a heavy dumb-bell is demonstrated here. The photographs were made slowly on the single plate instead of in rapid succession, bringing out each movement LL ee, Lc ddildhddecdddeddceccedcceeecdeeeccceacaddeedcdddddaaddeccdcdedeededdihdddedeedddedda AAA \ MAASAI SRR AAAAAAAETAD WN LL ccccdddKoddccddkcccca00a0cacoaaaacccddcddddddeddddeedadddddddddddddedaddadddddeadddededddedeeddeededdedecdedeeddecedededdaecddsssdedddsdismmmidsmmmmiiiés tht The instructor held the athlete’s feet while he exercised his abdominal muscles. The camera clicked seven times as the athlete raised himself to a sitting position. The result is weird

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fj #} bit er a retarermech—mese Sl eno ST SEA TT eT TE CaP s ge eee ee iiciciientanir tina llinee> aera Obs PSL fee. Pa oo Launching Ships by Machine Popular Science Monthly © A mechanical hammer knocks out the retaining wedges of a ship than the breaking of a bottle over her bow, the signal to the workmen to let her go, the cheers of the crowd, and the final splash into the water. Down under the bottom of the ship, several hours of hard work by gangs of twelve or more men must be done before the vessel is started on her way to the water. And it is of this generally unknown work that this article is written. When the United States Shipping Board undertook to build a great American merchant marine to offset the peril of the German submarine, it listened to every new idea put forth to speed up any phase of the work. Asa result, we are to-day building steel ships, and doing it more rapidly than it is done anywhere else in the world. Yet, with all the improvement in ship- building, the launching of vessels has remained virtually unchanged for the past three or four decades. 4 ee is more to the launching r- By Joseph Brinker It fell to Joseph N. Borglin, of Seattle, Washington, to speed up launching by introducing -a machine, operated by a gasoline engine, that eliminates the slow and hard hand labor heretofore necessary. Mr. Borg- lin’s machine does away with driving up the launching wedges by hand- hammering and substitutes a mechan- ical hammer which is more certain and much quicker. ‘ There are five main steps in the building and launching of a ship by the endways method now universally employed, except where the water at the point of launching is very shallow. The weight of the ship is first sup- ported by keel-blocks laid lengthwise of the hull along the longitudinal centerline and under the bottom plat- ing, and by side shores placed along the sides of the bottom plating where the hull curves from the horizontal bottom to the vertical sides. In this position no provision is made for launching. After the ship has been sufficiently completed to launch, longitudinal stationary ways are laid on the ground on either side of the keel-blocks and parallel to them. These ways remain permanently on the ground and are covered with grease on the top. Next, the launching-ways are placed directly on top of the stationary ways and bolted to the latter at the forward end near the bow of the ship. These launching-ways do not yet touch the hull of the vessel, and the weight is still carried on the keel-blocks and the side shores. To launch the ship, its weight must be transferred from the keel-blocks and shores to the launching-ways. This is done by filling in the space between the tops of the launching- ways and the hull with wood blocks and wedges driven up from the KEEL BLOCK LAUNCHING WAYS HAMMER TRIP SPRING DRIVEN KAMMER The automatic hammer at work driving the launching wedges. This method of launching a vessel is much more rapid and more certain than the old method in which gangs of twelve or more men were employed doing the work by hand 440

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iL August, 1920 outside. By driving up correspond- ing wedges on each side of .the ship at the same time, the entire vessel is lifted clear of the keel-blocks and thus supported on the launching-ways. The keel-blocks are then knocked out and the side shores removed. The actual launching is started by cutting the connection between the launching- ways and the stationary ways either by sawing off the bow ends of the launching-ways or by means of one or more types of trigger devices. The ship then slides down into the water on the launching-ways. The driving up of these wedges takes time, for they must be ham- mered gradually so that too great a strain is not put upon any point of the launching-ways to crush them. The work is generally done by two gangs of men, one on each side. The gangs start at the stern and move forward at the same rate of speed, driving up each wedge in turn with a few taps of the hammer and then returning to the stern and starting all over again until the weight of the vessel is lifted clear of the keel-blocks. Instead of this hand-work Mr. Borglin’s machine employs a small mechanical hammer, mounted on a platform moved lengthwise of the ship on rails laid on: the ground. Each hammer is alike and consists of a small gasoline engine mounted on a hori- zontal table built up on the platform. Through a set of gears the engine revolves a shaft provided with an offset or crank suitably supported on bear- ings. As this crank revolves, it catches the outer end of a rectangular stepped- off block of metal or hammer made to move in and: out in grooves on the table-top and forces the hammer out- ward. As the crank automatically disengages from the-hammer when it passes over the dead center of its stroke, the hammer slides inward striking the wedge a sharp blow. A Knowledge of nemhee saved This B bs got something in it,’’ you say as you hold your aching eye and run to the doctor’s. That something proves to be a tiny, almost invisible, speck; yet it felt like a nail, at least. Imagine, then, the sufferings of a chemist in whose eye fifty small pieces of metal were embedded! He had been working near a tank containing hydrogen at two thousand pounds pressure. A defective valve caused the safety diaphragm to blow out, and many of the small pieces flew in the corner of his right eye. The doctor tried softening the cornea in the hope that the metal pieces would drop out of their own accord. But they didn’t. When three weeks had passed _ Automobile bodies are heated before they are given a dip in a tank of japan and then they are baked in an electrically heated oven. That’s what gives them their high finish How Your Automobile Gets Its Shiny Coat NEW automobile gets its brilliant finish in an oven. It is dipped in liquid japan and then baked. The process is simple, but dangerous. -After several automobile bodies have been ‘apanned and baked, the accumu- lated fumes in the hot oven may cause an explosion. There is a new kind of japan known as water japan. It is an emulsion of asphalt, linseed oil and water. Of course, the asphalt and | linseed, oil don’t dissolve in the water, but they mix well and have no tendency to settle. Also the danger of explosion is removed. There are two methods of apply- ing the japan—one for small arti- cles and the other for large ones. Electricity plays an important part in the first method. The article is positively charged and then dipped into a tank of japan negatively charged. An even, smooth coat of After suffering several weeks from tiny pieces of metal in his eye, a chemist evolved a mercury cure of his own with great success 45 japan, free from solvent, is deposited. Automobile bodies, etc., are heated before they are dipped into the japan. - This frees them from grease and dirt, and then causes the japan to form a deposit on the metal as if it had been given a positive charge. Automobile-license tags are given a coat of japan and then baked in an electric oven Man’s Eyesight and his eye was no better, the chemist thought he’d try a remedy of his own— removing the metal by amalgamation. He purified some mercury by treat- ing it with nitric acid and then re- distilling it.. Next he got out. his eye- cup and applied the mercury to his eye. Almost immediately the fine projecting points of: metal: began to disappear into the mercury. He repeated the applications, using fresh mer- cury each time. Within two weeks the eye was normal. Mercury is that strange liquid metal that is not wet. If you heat mercury or dilute it with an acid and mix it with almost any metal except iron and platinum, the two will combine and form an alloy known as an amalgam.

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Popular Science Monthly Carrying the Power on a Separate Boat How a floating power plant solves the problem of propelling a boat by electricity ** A LL aboard!” A peculiar thrill al- ways accompanies these words. Visions of scenes in strange lands, or of new regions to be explored, flash before the mind’s eye and fire the imagination. Visitors who step aboard the yacht, the New Era, have an added thrill, when they know that they are to make a voyage upon one of the most remark- able of boats. From the deck they see, near by, another boat called the Dawn. This boat is connected with the New Era by a flexible insulated wire. cable for conducting an electric current to the last-named boat. By Latimer J. Wilson electric lighting. Storage batteries are used when the boat is at anchor, or when the floating power plant, the Dawn, is not connected with the yacht. In the New Era one will find electric heating, cooking, and also electrically provided means of refrigeration. The innovation started with this pleasure yacht opens a new era for the maritime future. In no distant day one may see a string of electrically propelled canal-boats crossing the green meadows along the line of the sky-reflecting waters of the canals. Why continue to have the canal-boats pulled along by a tug, when a floating power plant can do the work better? Cables connecting the members of the flotilla’ will enable each boat to move with the force of its own propeller. The ease with which the New Era has passed through the locks of the barge canal has demonstrated how satis- factorily the ordinary canal-boat can be made to travel with electric motive power. It is not a wild dream to im- agine even a more far-reaching applica- tion of this mode of furnishing power. _ The New Era is possibly the first attempt to make “Two boats that act as one,” exactly describes the distinguishing innovation invented by Mr. William T. Donnelly, a yachting enthusiast and an engi- neer. The Dawn is equipped with all the ma- chinery necessary to fur- nish electric power for all the requirements of both boats. It is a floating power plant which will accompany the New Era upon all of its voyages; one boat to carry the heavy machinery and fuel; the other to be exclusively used by the passengers. The New Era is unen- cumbered by the motive equipment, crew, and stores which ordinarily take up a large part of the space in a yacht. This provides room for more comfortable living quar- ters, and actually enables one to travel upon a boat which is really unsinkable, as will be seen. The after cabin of the New Era isa room 9 by 12 feet. Instead of the usual transom seats, a full-size davenport makes a comfortable couch for the day. Opened at night, it becomes a double bed. There are large closets for wraps and coats. There is a combina- tion dresser with mirrors; and toilet facilities are furnished in two locations aft, the water-pressure being provided by an automatic air compressor worked by electricity. The pilot-house is about 9 by 10 feet and across one end is a daven- port similar to that of the after cabin. Under the forward deck are two berths such as are. found in other yachts. There is ample locker space through- out. A current of 110 volts provides the Dawn, following in her wake. boat accompanying another as its power plant is original The boat in the lead in the picture, the pleasure yacht New Era, is furnished with electric motive power by Electric power can be generated in one boat and supplied to the others by cables. sea, canal-boats through the locks of the canals, and car ferries under the power of their own propellers can operate more easily in the harbor Barges can be propelled at The idea of one a power boat of its size unsinkable. The cabin floor is placed six inches above the waterline, and all the vacant space below is ar- ranged with airtight cop- per tanks. To lighten the craft and aid in the un- sinkable quality, the irreg- ular parts of the vacant space below the cabin floor are filled with balsa weod, a tropical material lighter than cork. The frames, keel, stem and stern are of selected white oak. The planking below the waterline is of cedar; that above the waterline is composed of long lengths of Oregon fir. Mahogany is used entirely in the finishing of the little boat.

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sw s- welUCU rH UCU make the towing of vessels August, 1920 To illustrate how near the per- fection mark as a non-sinking craft the New Era has attained, Mr. Donnelly opened a hole in the bot- tom of the boat, which permitted the water to flow freely in. - The water poured in until it had reached a point measured both in- side and outside by a bare two inches of increased draft! The New Era went down only two inches and sank no farther. The principle of this construction carried out on the large scale of an excursion steamer would make a craft of this type safe to a degree not heretofore thought possible. By removing all of the heavy ma- chinery from the steamer the first step is taken in making the craft lighter. Such a boat at the piers of the crowded city sweltering in summer heat, would offer a welcome relief to those who would enjoy the breezes of the water. There would be plenty of room aboard for refresh- ments, music and dancing. With no furnaces, the danger of fire on such an excursion boat would be minimized. One of the most clumsy specimens of harbor craft is the car-float, slowly plying its way under the guidance of tugs. Freight-trains of different lines loaded for the necessary transfer from terminal to terminal occupy the deck of these ferries. Instead of the tug furnishing all of the propelling force for these clumsy floats, the new power boat would be of much service. It could generate the elec- tricity which the cable wires would transmit to the motors with which each float would be equipped. Thus, under their own propellers the car- floats with their loaded box-cars could make better time and be more easily controlled in their trips across the har- bor. When motor-trucks become the more general means of freight-transfer special ferries will likely be designed to accommodate the greatest number of trucks. Here the use of electric power generated to fulfill the ferry re- quirements will be an aid to the quick transfer of freight. From the small power yacht to the largest ocean steamship, the final results of the experiment which began with the building of Mr. Donnelly’s Dawn may ultimately be applied. It is not impracticable to utilize one boat as a power station supplying electric power to another. On the high seas, where huge waves a difficult and a dangerous undertaking, the cable can be lengthened. The time may not be far distant when the wireless transmission of power will be tried. Then Even car-floats can be equipped with motors and propellers, and, furnished with current from a floating power plant, they may acquire greater speed two boats need not be physically connected. The motor which turns the shaft of the New Era is capable of twenty horsepower. It is practically noise- ‘less, enabling the yacht to glide through the water without any of the vibrations characteristic of the ma- chinery of a power-boat of its size. The motor is mounted under the floor of the wheelhouse. To prevent the water reaching either the motor or the exposed electrical parts, the whole motor is in a water-tight box. The boats are connected by tele- phone and are equipped with search- lights and wireless. They can make nine miles an hour in speed. The Dawn is provided with an auxiliary set which will generate four kilowatts of current for one hour, consuming a gallon of gasoline. This gives 4000 \20.4.R MOTOR A diagram of the New Era showing the copper air- tanks which make her unsinkable. Note the absence of all machinery except the 20-horsepower motor 47 watts of electricity for the price of one gallon of fuel. Look into the future and see a far reaching application of the _ princi- ple set forth in these little crafts. ‘Already scientists have begun experi- ments in the wireless transmission of power over short distances. If the principle can ever be applied to long- range transmission, then a remarkable scene will be witnessed by the trans- atlantic voyager of the future. On the seas ships of all kinds will be coming and going. There will be palatial steamships upon which no heavy engines or massive coal bins will be required. Every inch of space will be available for cargo and pas- sengers. Only the- motors operating the propellers will be in the vessels’ hull.: The ships will be unsinkable, and will be equipped with every con- venience. Strange ships they will be without smokestacks. More re- markable still is the method by which. they will be fur- nished with electric motive power. Strung across the sea at regular intervals will be the floating power-generating stations. These will _be boats which are in every way complete in the mech- anism which they require. In this forecast, though, one must assume that the matter of liquid fuel has been solved, and _ that these power-plants at sea can be readily supplied.

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ae tc Re eel Ee ES LT Fa Popular Science Monthly Do People Cut Across Your Well Kept Lawn? “00K at that path across our lawn!’’ moaned the owner of an attractive bunga- low situated on a street corner. “It is completely spoiled by people making a short-cut over it, and lumber is too expensive for me-to build a fence. Be- sides, a fence detracts from a garden’s beauty.” Why not build a fence set at an angle across. that corner? The suggestion was taken, and the fence shown in the picture was built. But some will overcome this . obstacle to a short cut by leap- Seven Weeks Old and Weighs Only ing the fence, you will argue. One Pound The owner of the fence doesn’t agree with you. And he seems Beenie OUSSET is quite the smallest person in the to be right, for his lawn stays world. At present she weighs just one pound, and she is in an ideal condition. already seven weeks old. When she was born she weighed How much lumber did this one half as much, and doctors declared that she couldn’t pos- man save building a diagonal sibly live. But she is alive and kicking—just like any ten- fence instead of a right-angled pound baby. , one? Consider the problem Jeanne’s doll is larger than she is and the doll’s clothes are from a geometrical viewpoint: entirely too big for her. Both of them are shown here side The. diagonal fence is the hy- by side. Her doll is much more wide-awake than Jeanne is, potenuse of the right triangle but that won’t last for long. Jeanne formed by the imaginary right- is improving every day and will angled fence. soon gain another pound. In the Lion’s Mouth with a Brush Hew would you like to clean a lion’s teeth? That was the job assigned to a London cleaner and he accepted it with calm indifference. But, of course, the lion in question was a metal one and his teeth were quite harmless. In fact, the lion whose teeth he cleaned was one of those famous lions that guard Nelson’s monument in Trafalgar Square. Once a year the lions are given a thor- ough cleaning and polishing. A ladder must be used to reach the lions’ ears, but the teeth can be tackled from the base, as the illustration shows. These great bronze lions were modeled by Sir Edwin Landseer. He started work on them in the year 1859 and did not finish them until 1867. Each one is twenty feet long and weighs seven tons. The final casting was done by Baron Marochetti. The statue of Nelson which the lions guard was made by E. H. Baily. The statue stands on a granite column, 145 feet high. copied from the - temple of Mars Ultor in Rome. 48 Air - Projected Powder Puts Out a Gasoline Fire ESTS with a fire-extin- guisher based on a novel principle have recently been carried out in Berlin. Burning gasoline, oil, etc., or fires due to short-circuiting cannot, as everybody knows, be extin- guished by using water. Wa- ter spreads such a fire. The new apparatus uses a powerful and uniform jet of powder projected by com- pressed air. The conduit which supplies the compressed air is.so de- signed that the latter stirs the powder thoroughly, the jet making a dense cloud above and effectively putting out the fire. The steel bottle containing the compressed air is fitted in the interior of the powder-tank and accordingly is always surrounded by an ample layer of powder, insulating it against the influence of variable tem- perature. This apparatus takes up very little space and is entirely automatic in working.

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August, 1920 Who Wants To Be a Music Conductor ? D° you want to be the conductor of your own phonograph? Play a record on your phonograph, then slowly shove a small feather duster or a silk handker- chief into the mouth of the tone-chamber. Doesn’t the tone become muffled and softer? Draw the duster or handkerchief toward the opening and the melody increases, crescendo! If the loudness is annoy- ing, push the duster or handkerchief back. How faint the music! Crescendo or pianissimo, as you like it. The Circular Saw Consults Its Own ‘‘Dentist’’ HE sawmill man can be a “dentist” for his own circular saw, whose teeth have become bent and out of line. Making hundreds of revolutions a minute, the teeth must conform to the desired curva- ture or they will strain the metal disk and waste lumber. A steel frame supports the saw, and this carries a straight edge and a tension gage for testing the curva- ture. The support is designed to hold the saw while it is being tested and also while being hammered to re- move imperfections and make them conform to the curvature. The device provides for an anvil to be placed beneath the parts of the saw that have to be hammered into shape. Any one having experience in the mill can thus straighten and tension his own saws, saving the ex- pense of having it done by a special workman. A Mechanical Card- Dealer for You HIS is a French in- . vention for rapidly dealing cards. It consists of a metal tray large enough to contain a pack, and a wheel kept in contact with the top card by a spring. Connected to the wheel is a chain to which is attached a wire ending in a loop. When the wire is pulled, one cardis dealt, the spring bringing the wheel into con- tact with the next card. In spite of its ingenuity, imagine the courage re- quired to introduce this in- vention to old card-players. Advertising for Denizens of the Heavens H ERE is a hotel that is glad it has a roof to advertise on. But what good can this kind of advertising do? A great deal. In the first place, the hotel in question is situated in San Francisco, and, in the second place, San Francisco is the center of quite a bit of airplane traffic. The huge sign and the white cross shine up at the aviators in the day- time and at night and suggest their stopping at this hotel. Surely aviators are struck by this novel adver- tisement and their admiration aroused. A Clothespin for Your Newspaper “T OOK at that!” exclaimed Mr. Brown as he looked out and saw what had happened to his morning paper, scattered all over the front yard from the steps to the hedge beside the pavement. The next day the newsboy was instructed where to put the morning paper so it would not blow away. A clothespin was the magic charm which was to save the day, one of the kind which takes a tight hold upon whatever is placed between its clips. It was attached to the front-porch post. The newsboy sticks the paper between the tight jaws of the clip, and the paper is held high above the damp ground. Only a very strong wind can do it much dam- age. ‘“‘What a relief to find the morning paper where it is, all together, and not blown about the front lawn!’ says Brown to himself every morning when he steps out to bring in the paper. “I'll give that newsboy an extra quarter for his Christmas present.” Are Your Shoes as Durable as They Should Be? Wet are the effects of Ep- som salts and glucose on the wearing quality of high-priced shoes worn today? What portion of cowhide is most durable as shoe- leather, and what is the compara- tive durability of leather tanned by minerals and that tanned by vege- table extracts ? The Bureau of Standards has devised a machine for testing the various kinds of leather. Hemlock- tanned leather in which glucose and salts have not been used, and that in which a ten per cent solution of these materials has been used, have been compared with oak-tanned leather

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IE SS Ee ea OEE TT pes sete 2 Sa de See SS ESTERS aI RAT TG EI ER RIP. ry e a eee BA ess Giana mr atans ee ee scmmntimpatihest yee, ann z [Tae oe ee ae a en ©@Kadel & Popular Science Monthly Fc An Automobile Lamp for Taking Pictures PUSSY simply refused to pose for her picture while the sun was just in the right spot. But as soon as Old Sol had departed westward and the light in the room had be- come dull, she was as willing as could be. Her master, knowing her well, had ex- pected exactly that sort of contrary behavior, so he was fully prepared for it. With the aid of a trans- former he connected his auto- mobile searchlight to the elec- tric-light socket in the wall. te turned the light full on the cat and snapped her pic- ture, holding the light in his right hand a short distance behind the camera, which was placed on a tripod. Being in the spotlight doesn’t seem to. disturb pussy at all. But we hope that on a dark night she will take more interest in head- lights and spotlights. Dead cats are not nearly as attrac- tive as live ones. Herbert He Wears a Safety Belt While He Feeds a Fiery Furnace SHOVELING ore into a red-hot furnace is not a pleasant job—particularly when the furnace is below you and you are apt to slip into it. The man in the picture has just such a job, but he is roped to a beam so that if he slips he will simply dangle at the end of the rope. Rope or no rope, the job is not one we should choose. They May Look Alike, But They’re Very Different MITATION diamonds are oftentimes difficult to distinguish from real dia- monds. The same holds true of Panama hats. At first glance imita- tion Panama hats, made by machine and costing seventy-five cents apiece, sometimes resemble the real thing. The hat on the left was made by hand and cost one hundred dollars. This expensive hat was made at Mon- tecristi, Ecuador. A great amount of labor was spent in its production. It was woven entirely by hand by na- tives practised in this work. The hats shown in the picture on the right were woven by modern machinery, and, although they look like hand-made hats, they will not last as long. 50 A Safety Rod for the | Swimming-Pool [F you wish to learn to swim, go to a _ swimming-pool. You can see bottom and know what’s down there. You have no breakers to worry about. Your instructor can see your every move and correct you more accurately than if you were floundering about in the ocean. Above you see a new pool device for helping people learn toswim. It consists of a pole to which a leather belt is at- tached by means of two heavy ropes. The ropes pass through ’ a loop'at the end of the pole, and the pupil passes through the loop made by the belt and ropes. Thus he is allowed perfect freedom of motion. The instructor holds the pole as he kneels at the edge of the pool and holds up his pupil. It is surprising how little. effort need be exerted by the person holding the pole. The man above who is learning to swim weighs one hundred and seventy-five pounds and yet he is being supported by a fifteen- year-old boy.

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August, 1920 a ae J You Can Now Hear an Entire Opera on the Phonograph A PHONOGRAPH that will play an opera or symphony straight through without changing records, has been invented. For such an entertainment a ring-shaped record is used. The ring record is placed on a cylinder, which also serves as a long projection horn. This rotates and the needle of the reproducing apparatus travels along the cylinder. The cylinder is long enough to carry nine or ten of the ring records, providing a continuous concert of an hour or longer. With this phonograph the ordinary disk record can be used. George W. Bowers of Somerville, Massachusetts, is the inventor. A Protection for the Useful Fire-Hvdrant FIRE-hydrants stand perilously near the curbstone and are always in danger of being hit. Passing trucks with overhanging loads often take the covers off unsuspecting hydrants. That’s why San Francisco has recently purchased sev- —— eral discarded railroad rails. These rails were cut up and three sections placed around each hydrant in triangular position. They do not hinder the hydrants in time of fire, yet they do protect them from the blows of every-day life sustained from automobiles and heavily loaded wagons. An Airplane that Almost Any One Can Afford to Buy Have You Your Beauty-Box with You, Gentlemen? HEREs a clever device permitting a man a complete shave in the city or camp. The brush-bristles are fastened into a holder screwing into the main tube of the container. In one part of this tube is a receptacle for shaving-cream, while telescoping into it is another section used for holding and sprinkling taleum powder. After dipping the bristles in water a slight turn of the powder-container in the tube holding the cream, forces the shaving- cream through a center opening in the bristle-holder. A perforated revolving cap on the talcum-powder can permits the closing of the powder receptacle. ae —, == , HESE mechanical butterflies are very small and very cheap. If you can afford to buy a six-cylinder car, you can certainly afford a “But- terfly.”’ Above yousee a “Butterfly” just after it has made a successful trial flight at College Point, New York. The “Butterfly” is a monoplane weighing 595 lbs., measuring 19 ft. in length and 29 ft. wing spread. It is driven by a two-cylinder motor and has a capacity of 383 lbs. Reducing the size of airplanes goes on apace, keeping step with its first Cousin, the automobile. Soon we’ll be ordering them by size instead of by name. 51 © Kadel & Herbert London’s Substitute for New York’s ‘‘Follow the Green Line’’ VisiToRs to large cities struggling with complicated railway systems would appreciate the “silent guide,” in- stalled in London at the Leicester Square tube station. It isa map of London’s sub- ways around which are the names of well- known places with an electric button beside each. Press the button that accompanies the name of your destination. Lo! four lights glow forth on the map. A large red light shows you where you are; a green light, where to change; a small red light, where you alight; and a white light, the location of the place you wish to reach. The First Horse to Ride in an Airplane PEGASUS, the flying steed of Olympus, has arivalin the horse that was recently taken up in an _ airplane. Moving-pictures were made, showing plainly how a “flying horse” is strapped in the fuselage of the aircraft. Though taking a horse up in an airplane may seema foolish performance, it has a deep significance. It shows that the ingenuity of man has ac- tually conquered the ocean of the air. The modern heavier- than-air machine can be so constructed that bodiesmuch larger than a horse can be taken through cloudland. alin ie I aia ar eRe NTO a ae — ee Sana

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2 ae TS eT a a aa aa -~- win wb an x: : BRO iictnietonee = . z x 2 — mt ors - peered ag 2 Rll ae Sek ROS RR ee RN aD i at ota ee er Ue tbe 7 The Counter Printing-Press for Shopkeepers HE enterprising mer- chant cannot get his name or his picture displayed too much in public. A simple printing machine has been invented which enables a storekeeper to print his name on the wrapper of every package taken out of his store. The device will work auto- matically on bag, package, or box. It can be easily de- tached and by a rolling motion used to print the same ora different ad. The smearing of the ink, a diffi- culty that has heretofore pre- sented itself, is prevented by a device which dries the ink. sits jeeiha? weary URES New Styles in Harness Bring Greater Ease to Horses LTHOUGH the automobile truck is rapidly stealing his job, the truck horse has not been overlooked in the matter of improvements. A new kind of harness has been con- structed. It is much easier to manipulate than the old, and disposes of the old- style collar and saddle, so uncomfort- able to animals, distributing the pull more equally over the body. The animals have free action of their shoulders and legs, and in the tests already made, seem much happier with the new harness than with the old. The inventor is a farmer from Orange Free State in South Africa. Popular Science . Monthly An Instrument that Measures the Growth of a Tree OW tall does a tree grow in a week? The dendrograph is a simple device for answering that question. It consists of-a collar and belt which encircle the tree and are attached to an arm hold- ing a stylus which indicates on a rotating drum the grada- tions of measurement and time. The dendrograph is not sensitive enough torecord the minute pulsations, “the heart- beats” of the living tree, but it accurately measures the fractions of an inch by which the growing tree overcomes the pulling force of gravity. Tree growth varies according totemperature andthe species to which the tree belongs. This Palace Is the Realization of a Postman’s Dream ELOW you see the queerest palace in the world. The builder is a postman of Hauterives, France. In the spring of 1879 Ferdinand Cheval found in the mail he was distributing an unaddressed volume dealing with archi- tecture. It was illustrated with pictures of palaces, chalets, mosques, and castles. Thereafter Cheval spent his nights por- ing over these pictures until there grew in him a great longing to have a palace of his own After his day’s work the postman gathered stones, sea-shells, and sand, loaded it on a barrow and dumped it on his quarter-acre of ground. Out of his meager salary he managed to save a little each week for cement and lime. Recently Cheval finished his palace, after forty years of labor. - But, after spending the best part of his life building his pal- ace, Cheval still lives in his little white house at the rear. Though laughed at for years as a mad- man by the rest of the community, Cheval, by reason of his strange palace, has put Hauterives on the map.

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August, 1920 A Versatile Motor for a Lady’s Boudoir N the domestic arts the small motor plays a useful and busy part. It runs the sewing-machine, it freezes the ice-cream, it washes and dries clothes, and it sweeps the floors. Now the small motor run by the house-lighting cur- rent can smooth the finger-nails and buff them to a pink polish. The utility of electricity in small ways is coming more widely to the aid of those who would save the labor and bother of doing these things by hand. Such operation of the motor is often no more notice- able in the effect upon the meter than is the use of the current for reasonable lighting in the house. A Straight Smoke or a Serpentine One? TR whiff of a cigarette has a different flavor when it is drawn through a serpentine coil, according to Mademoiselle Dacia, the pop- ular- dancer, who uses this unique cigarette-holder made entirely of glass. A cool, soothing whiff of the ‘‘divine weed” exerts a spell upon the smoker which might well put some in a cautious mood. The e combination of woman and “ serpent might awaken a sense of suspicion in Fancy’s illu- sions painted in the blue wisps of smoke. The winding course of the smoke through the coil causes condensation of the moisture. Merrily He Rolls Along on His One-Wheel Bicycle ERHAPS it was to save shoe-leather or bicycle wheels—we do not know. At any rate, a Berlin business man ap- peared on the street one day riding along cheerfully on half a bicycle. Surely it can be no easier to pedal up and down than to walk—unless you are an ex-convict accustomed to the lockstep. But of course you are able to travel faster on a wheel than you are §@ on foot. a The chief diffi- 4 culty occurs at % crossings. Howcan 4} you stop wheeling suddenly and man- age to maintain your equilibrium? In fact, your equi- librium must be in excellent condition throughout the con- tinuance of your one - wheel - bicycle ride. This man ap- pears to be very sat- isfied with himself and not at all averse to having his pic- ture taken. © Int. Film A “‘One-Man Top”? Is Lifted Easily “CAN a man handle a ‘one-man top’ with ease?” “Surely,” says Mon- tague Love, well-known film star, “‘if he has a double,’’ and demonstrates how a man and his double can put down a top. Two pictures were taken on one film, both alike in all details except the location of Mr. Love, in one picture standing at the right of the automobile and in the other at the left of it. WW N \\ SSA \S WL A Government Divides Its People’s Money A BANK note capable of being di- vided into fractional values is issued by the French government to meet the metal-currency shortage. Perforations along a vertical line di- vide the four-franc note into two equal parts, while a horizontal line di- vides each of these, making four one- franc sections. One of these sections can be divided into two half-francs, another into four quarter-francs. To make change from a four-franc note, one or more of the sections is torn from it. When too many bits of the paper money are collected, they can be pasted to- gether and treated as com- plete bills. The French are careful about destroy- ing paper nowadays! 53 An Electric Bond-Tester for Use in Mining-Camps As seen in the picture, the electric bond- tester is a simple device. For use, it is placed as shown. A pair of drill bits bears upon each abutting rail. The switch in the tester’s handle is closed, and _ by means of downward pressure the drill points rotate and cut rust or other material on _ the rail until the current is set up through the rail joint. In the lower part of the in- strument there is a buzzer connected with the receiver at the workman’s ear. If connection is poor, the buzzer will buzz; if good, there will be no buzzing.

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| U f t) oF ' KS. ny eae caper OAR th EBA Mh a on me 2 ENE AAA ae mearers Bay CET ecmeups 2 See ancl ste ie lly Sree v i tn BE Be tt HE tin = te DAY ata a Nate ee re ae 9 bh or Committee on Public Informa- By the Skin of Their Teeth People who face death daily in the game of earning a living To the left you can see Myrtle Kennett, who paints Cincinnati smokestacks for a living, and enjoys it. Where are those European writers who talk of the spoiled, useless American woman? Introduce them to Myrtle At the right see how, in spite of the fact that the wind blew and the flagpole swayed, the intrepid painter on top plied his brush. The crowds below were thrilled, but he seemed to take his position as a matter of course Popular Science Monthly © Underwood & Underwood tion Loading shells is one of the most dangerous jobs in a munitions factory. In the event of a shell exploding, the loaders and supervisor would be its first victims > a = In a search for wheat lands, these intrepid men climb the treacherous slopes of mountains. One misstep some- times results in’ a man’s death. Climbers usually wear spurs to keep them from slipping He’s sounding the coal above his head. Should he strike a loose section it would fall and probably maim or kill. him. More than nine hundred miners in this coun- try are killed by fall- - ing roofs every year © Underwood & Underwood Cleaning statues is this man’s job. climb out on that arm. 54 If a statue thrusts out its arm, he must He is here climbing the Nelson column in London

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August, 1920 Keeping Up with the March of Science Facts for the man who wants to know Pumping Air into the Brain HE brain, as you know, is the most delicate part of the human body. Physicians hesitate to tamper with it. Recently a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital discovered a process by which purified air may be pumped into the brain. This makes it possible to locate exactly the position of tumors, and to re- movethem. A brain tumor usually causes either idiocy or death. How to Keep Hot Pipes Hot ILL an asbestos-covered pipe keep hot longer than an uncovered pipe?” “Yes,” you say. And we answer, “Not necessarily.” Tests have recently been held in the re- search laboratory of a large electric plant, and these have shown that if asbestos is not applied properly it will tend to dissi- pate heat rather than conserve it. The layers of asbestos should be put on loosely. Three layers having a thickness of thirteen thousandths of°an inch will reduce heat loss considerably. A New Sugar Tree "THE Douglas fir-tree has a new use— sugar is obtained from it. But, unfor- tunately, not all Douglas firs are sugar- producing. In fact, there is just one small tract—in British Columbia—where the sugar fir is found. The masses of white sugar appear on the branches and leaves of the tree. The Indians used to eat this sugar years ago, but it is differént from the sugar that we know. Analysis shows that it contains seventy-five per cent melezitose, about three per cent sucrose, and more than eleven per cent reducing sugar. Italy Is Making Glass Cloth = AS fine as spun glass,” writes the in- spired poet. If you wish to know just how fine spun glass is, take note. Felt and cloth are now being made out of it in Italy. Signor Luigi Bisigato is the man responsible for the fabric. Of course, glass cloth is not used for making clothes—it might scratch. But it is very useful as insulation for storage batteries. Glass, as you know, is a non-conductor of electricity, and spun glass has the same property. Prenatal Effect on Canaries DOCTOR who has been breeding canaries for several years tells an interesting tale. For months an airplane flew daily over the outdoor cage in which he kept his canaries. Each time the air- plane passed the birds would screech and exhibit signs of distress. During this period twelve eggs were laid, yet only seven of them hatched out. All the seven hatchlings were badly de- formed. One baby bird had an extra pair of wings; two other baby birds had twisted legs stretched out full length beneath their bodies. The same parent birds laid several broods both before and after the airplane flights, and none of these resulted in crippled chicks. It seems clear, therefore, that not only were the parent birds fright- ened by the airplane, but the scare left its mark on their young. The Old Wooden Clothespin pveRY Monday morning thousands of pulley lines squeak and thousands of clothespins are jabbed into place. In spite of many new inventions, people the world over still use the primitive wooden clothes- pin designed years ago by a New Hamp- shire man. Twenty million feet of lumber are needed each year to supply the clothes- pin manufacturers in the United States. Of the clothespins manufactured an- nually, two hundred and fifty thousand boxes are exported to England. Many manufacturers have thought that they could use slabs and edgings for making the ‘clothespins, but this is not practicable, since most of them are cross-grdined. Steel that Won’t Stain IF you have ever used a needle you will realize that steel rusts and stains. But now a Stainless steel has been invented in the research laboratories of an English munitions factory. It will not tarnish when exposed to the action of different acids. This steel was discovered while work was being done on armor-piercing pro- jectiles. Its resistance to erosion, to- gether with its high tensile strength, have led to its use in the manufacture of ex- haust valves for airplane engines. Since it is not affected by salt water, it is also used for marine purposes. Making Barrels Out of Paper WilcH is worse, the paper shortage or the high cost of wood? A barrel manufacturer thought the matter over, finally voted for the wood, and decided to try out a new machine for making paper barrels. A large roll of paper, six inches wide, is passed through a device that slits it in two and coats one side with glue. The two strips are attached to mandrels that revolve and thereby make the barrel. A flour-barrel can be completed in twenty seconds. Feeding Garbage to the Pigs ARBAGE used to be a total loss. It was carted away and dumped in some long-suffering spot. But now garbage is sold to stock feeders and fed to hogs. As you know, pigs will eat practically any- thing. The city of St. Paul, Minnesota, received nearly twelve thousand dollars for garbage sold in one year. This took quite a slice off the city’s budget. Surcharge Airplane Engines Dp” you know that the higher up an airplane goes, the smaller the amount of power the engine gives out? For in- stance, at a height of twenty thousand feet an engine’s power is only forty-five per cent what it is at sea-level. But aviators are now using surcharges when they reach high altitudes, and thus are able to keep up the speed they made below. When Major R. W. Schroeder ' made an altitude record flight of more than thirty-one thousand feet while carrying one passenger, his engine was surcharged. Fish in a Power Plant Ats#£ and other water growths per- sisted in growing in the cooling towers of a large power and light plant. Chemical solutions did not seem to affect them, and finally the company hit on the plan of placing carp in the towers. Immediately the water began to clear up, and soon all trace of alge had disap- peared. The fish did not interfere with the purpose of the towers, so they still live there. Guard Against Influenza ROM hand to mouth—that’s how dis- ease is spread. This is the belief of Colonel Cummings and Colonel Lynch of the United States Medical Corps. If people would keep their hands away from their faces there would be less disease. Take, for example, a case of influenza. The patient asks for a drink of water. He holds the glass to his mouth and drinks; the germs are transferred to the glass. You carry the glass away and the germs are transferred to your hands. Presently you brush your lips with your hand, and, presto! you swallow the germs. Robbery by Airplane HIS is not the title of a moving-picture but of a newspaper yarn. Highway- men held up a bank in Benson, Nebraska, and collected more thana hundred thousand dollars. Two of the robbers were recog- nized later and arrested. But they were able to prove that they were in St. Paul,

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Minnesota, the very afternoon of the rob- bery. Many people had seen them. The distance between the two places is so great that only an airplane flying at the rate of at least one hundred and fifty miles an hour could have transplanted the men from one city to the other in so short a time. Detectives are now looking for the airplane. Is the Toothbrush Harmful? HY do we have more trouble with our teeth than our ancestors did? Today there are improved tooth-pastes and toothbrushes—and yet the amount of decay has increased. The food we eat is generally blamed for it, but now there is a scientist who sug- gests that the very toothbrushes we use in order to preserve our teeth are causing the decay! He says that the toothbrush is an unnatural instrument, which damages the teeth and is not very effective for cleaning the interstices. He recommends rubbing the gums with the forefinger in- stead of using brushes. Platinum Money for Russia? RUssi4, we hear, has found a new way out of her financial difficulties—using platinum as a basis for paper money. Russia’s normal platinum production be- fore the war was between two hundred and fifty and three hundred ounces a year. According to a statement from Germany, the Bolshevist Commission of Finances expects to issue sixty-five million rubles in notes of fifty, one hundred, five hundred, and five thousand. A platinum reserve of one hundred and twenty-five thousand ounces will be needed to cover the amount. Rain, Rain, Blow Away OU know how rain on a windshield blinds the driver. Just so, rain, steam, and frost on the motorman’s window make it difficult for him to see ahead. One large railway company has decided to equip each.motorman’s box with air-blowers. - Two air-jets are fastened outside of the window, and are connected with three- eighth-inch pipes. The motorman regu- lates the flow of air by a valve located near his right hand. The air supply comes from the main air reservoir. What Pencils Are Made Of A LEAD-PENCIL is really not a lead- pencil at all—it’s a graphite pencil with several other things mixed in. Formerly pure graphite was used, but this became too expensive, and a soft, gritless clay was added to it. When the ingredients are _ properly mixed, they are squeezed through a strainer, and the long, thin rods are pro- duced. When dry the rods are placed ona grooved board and smeared with glue. Then another grooved board is slapped on top of it and the two are pressed together. Next they are planed off until the pencils are completely rounded out. Dandelions for Health NEXt time you pass a field of dande- lions, sit right down and eat some of them. Not only do dandelions make you healthy, but they also keep you young. Dr. Josiah Oldfield says that a daily diet of dandelion leaves, fowl’s eggs, grapes, lettuce, milk, watercress, honey, and salads in general, will do more toward keeping you young than anything else. Says he: “Old age is caused largely by deposits in the blood-vessels and cells of the body of waste matter.”” Fresh vege- tables help remove this waste matter and form new cells. Artificial Wool in Germany GHEEP still grow their coats as long as ever, but that doesn’t prevent a wool shortage—particularly in Germany. There- fore it is not surprising that a German has invented a process for making artificial wool. _ Wool scraps—shreds, ends, short fibers, washing wastes—that have not been used heretofore are compressed and then soaked in a solution of cellulose and glue. The resulting product is cut into thin strips and made waterproof. This is done by various applications of chromium, formal- dehyde, and tannin. Glycerine is used to make it flexible. ~ Pickling Railway Ties you pickle bones to preserve them, so why not pickle other things—railway ties, forinstance? | A Western railroad that has tracks near Salt Lake, Utah, has been storing its ties in a corner of the lake, and the high salt content in the water, act- ing as a preservative, has greatly length- ened the lives of the ties. They are usually soaked for a year or two, and emerge much healthier for their bath. - This practice was begun when engineers of the company noticed that fir piling lasted indefinitely in the salty water. Poison Gas Kills Germs A LARGE quantity of poison gas— which Germany introduced to us as a weapon of war—was left over when the war ended. But now some of it is being used to kill typhus germs. A small epidemic of this disease broke out among the refugees in Paris. Most of them were wearing second-hand clothes, and the authorities decided to fumigate clothes, mattresses, blankets—even combs and brushes. The germ-laden clothes were hung for twenty minutes in a cylinder containing a mixture of chloropicrin—one of the poison gases used in the war. The epidemic soon died out. Saccharin—Is It Harmful? AT saccharin! That’s what you’re told every time sugar takes another jump for the worse. But many people believe that saccharin is harmful. The 56 Popular Science Monthly United States Department of Agriculture has been unable to prove it. In the year 1916 the department started an argument with a large St. Louis chemical concern because it sold sac- charin. The case has been brought up in court several times, but a decision has not yet been reached. Since it is so difficult to prove that sac- charin is harmful, you are not likely to suffer much if you try some. More Pay for Executioners YOU'RE not the only one who suffers from the high cost of living. The New York State executioner has just asked for a large increase in salary. When he took the job in 1914 he received fifty dollars for an execution. His salary has gradually been raised until now he receives one hun- dred and fifty dollars for the same work. He has asked that it be raised to two hundred and fifty dollars. He complains that he has had only one execution in nine months. Has pro- hibition anything to do with this falling off of his trade? Troublesome Spiders A SPIDER in Buenos Aires spun its web near a telephone cable. The wind caught the web and wrapped it around the wires. The web soon became damp and caused several short circuits. Other spiders in the neighborhood fol- lowed the adventurous one’s example, and now it has become necessary for the tele- phone company to send a man out every few days to_clear the wires of webs. Lunching in an Airplane W HEN passengers first. made airplane flights, they said their prayers be- fore they started and shook with fear all the time they were up. Today passengers actually grow hungry and want their luncheon. That’s why several of the airplanes that make regular London-to-Paris trips are equipped with luncheon-baskets. A bas- ket contains six sandwiches, fruit, choco- late, and something to drink. It is sold for seventy-two cents. Clean Clothes with Ether AQUART of ether is much more expen- sive than a quart of gasoline, yet it is cheaper, in the long run, to use ether for cleaning your clothes. You need only a drop or two of it for erasing the spot, whereas you need a pint of gasoline in order that the same spot may be cleaned properly. Most of the gasoline bought today contains kerosene and is apt to leave a distinct rim around the spot you cleaned. The only way to clean a garment prop- erly with gasoline is to dip the entire gar- ment in a basin of gasoline; thus it is just as expensive to use a few drops of ether. “The time has come,”” the Walrus said, “to speak of many things,’’ not the least of which is how to make clothes last.

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August, 1920 Behold Carnation King Sylvia, the bull of bulls. He’s worth more than a hundred thousand dollars. The name ‘‘Sylvia”’ cer- tainly strikes one as not very appropriate, but what’s in a name when you’re worth a hun- dred thousand good dollars? Jasper is signing a three-year vaudeville contract for a thou- sand dollars a week. No wonder he can afford to wear diamond- studded collars! And Jasper is really clever, as everybody admits who has seen his performance There is nothing very unusual about this cat, but Mayor Hylan of New York thought there was. The cat, employed as rat-killer by the Board of Educa- tion, drank six dol- lars’ worth of milk in three months. There was a bill for the milk, also an official inquiry Ten Thousand Dollars for a Hen, Six Thou- sand for a Rhino— Would You Pay It? This “Glorious Girl’ may not be your idea of a glorious girl, but at least one man considers her very precious. He is Mr. E. B. Thompson, and he paid ten thousand dollars for her > te . hey aan: °c he. te Ra A # 9a Sn es SST A Next time you call any one a _ baby hippo, you'll know what you’re talk- ing about; these are baby hippos. Like the rhinoceros they are very rare and are conse- quently very ex- pensive. These two charming pets-cost only ten thousand dollars together This fellow was the first Indian rhinoceros to come to this country in fif- teen years. He cost six thousand dollars and is the largest one in captivity pega aa eo mmenanepepeeern yanmar See - a Me a

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we win Sees See —— aoe: ene narsonentiiie te fog This is not a bovine hospital ward, but a modern barn for dairy cows. It is supplied with electric fans and individual drinking fountains Cooling the Cows OESN’T it seem a little ultra fashionable for one hundred and eighty cows to drink out of individual fountains while electric fans waft the cool breezes over their aristocratic backs? Mr. Asa D. Candler, Jr., of Atlanta, doesn’t think so. He says that his cattle show the results, and he proves it by referring to ‘‘Lizze,” who since her arrival in the lap of luxury has produced daily forty-four quarts of milk. Getting Her Sealskin Ready for Next Winter VERY Alaska Indian maid has her sealskin coat. It isn’t lined with ‘silk and cut in the latest style, but it keeps her warm during the long She makes it herself. winter months. Here is an Indian maid scrap- ing the inside of a skin to re- move the bits of gristle and meat that cling to it. She has stretched the skin on a frame to make it easy to work on. Indians and Eskimos inAlaska depend almost entirely on seal- skin for their clothing, bow-and- arrow bags, and fire bags. Deer- skin is sometimes used, but it is not so oily as sealskin, and not so waterproof. Seals are speared. A native will sit for hours with his spear in his hand, ready to ‘‘throw”’ when a seal comes up for air. He cuts holes in the ice and drops a bone needle tied to a string into each hole, fastening the other end to a piece of bone stuck in the ice. Then he sits ‘ watching. When the seal comes ‘up the string vibrates and he shoots his spear down the hole. with Electric Fans Mr. Candler’s barn has concrete floors, wooden blocks, electric lights and fans, steel-frame stalls, individual drinking fountains, milking-machines, concrete feed-troughs, electric silo equipment and milk-bottling machines. There is always a small amount of water in the bottom of the cement drinking-cup to entice the cow, and when she attempts to drink, she forces the valve open and supplies herself with fresh water. This Alaska Indian maid is scraping the inside of her next winter’s sealskin coat 58 Popular Science Monthly This Double Boiler Is a Surgical Sterilizer OU cut your finger and run to the doctor’s. After he has cleaned it, he goes to a _ white- enameled double boiler on the table and takes off the lid. He puts in his thumb and pulls out—a roll of bandaging! As he winds it around your finger you realize that it is hot. The white-enameled pot is the new surgical sterilizer. In the bot- tom compartment there is a can of solidified alcohol. In the upper pots the doctor places his small instruments, bandaging, and such things. The new sterilizer is like a double boiler. Solidified alcohol is the fuel used. The upper pots hold instruments and dressings Seaweed and Cotton Make Strong Thread INGHAM that used to cost ‘twenty-five cents a yard now costs a dollar a yard. The same thing is true of most cloth. What are you going to do about it? Japan is bringing down the high cost of cloth by mixing sea- weed with cotton. The seaweed used for the purpose is known as sugamo. When it is properly treated and mixed with raw cotton it will make a very strong thread that is much cheaper to manufacture than pure cotton. The outer casing is removed from the seaweed and the fibers within are skinned. These fibers are used in making the thread. Fish-nets woven out of this new material are excep- tionally strong, and are not affected by sea-water. There is said to be an un- limited supply of sugamo in Japan today, which is lucky for the Japanese. Perhaps we shall all soon be profiting by this economical discovery.

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r il August, 1920 Unloading Thirty Railroad Cars in an Hour HERE was a time when it re- quired two hours of work by a gang of ten or twelve shovelers to un- load a railway car filled with coal, grain, ore, or any other commodity usually transported in bulk. With the aid of highly improved machinery and appliances like those in use at Kiel, Hamburg, and other German seaports at the present time, thirty railway cars can be unloaded in an hour by two or three men. One of the appliances shown in the accompanying illustrations is an un- loading apparatus mounted on a large railway truck. It con- sists of a horizontally revolvable platform bearing a tiltable track. At each end of the truck an inclined and slightly curved track section may be let down to connect the railway track with the tiltable platform. ‘The loaded car is pushed or pulled up the incline, securely fast- ened and braced to the tiltable track. The revolvable platform is turned to bring the car into the proper position for unloading, the track bearing the loaded car is tilted, the lower end wall of the car is removed, and the mate- rial slides out. Five or six cars, each containing about 120,000 pounds of coal, can be unloaded in an hour by this apparatus, which is electrically operated. The other illustration shows an un- loading crane of unusual construction The cars to be unloaded are shunted on a trestle bearing a double track. The car is run on a platform and se- curely fastened. A powerful crane lifts the platform with the car on it, swings it over the hopper suspended above the hatch of the ship to be loaded, and, tilting the car, empties its contents into the hold of the ship. With this unloading mechanism, which includes a horizontally re- volvable platform and is operated by electricity, two men can unload five or six loaded coal-cars an hour Thirty loaded coal-cars can be emptied into the hold of a ship in an hour by the aid of this mod- ern unloading crane, which lifts the platform with the car on it How They Carry Wine in Portugal E do the ox no injustice when we call him stupid. Take, for ex- ample, the oxen shown below. They drag behind them a barrel of good port wine, yet they aren’t even interested. That barrel might just as well contain kerosene! However, the picture was taken in Portugal, where port is plentiful and not in disgrace. The chief center of the port wine industry is Oporto, a city in the Douro district. Since the beginning of the eighteenth century the wine of this district has been exported in large quantities. The vines are grown on the mountain slopes. At the be- ginning of October grape- gatherers start cutting off the Z es tf at» bunches of grapes. Great care is taken to see that no bruised grapes are left with the good ones. After the te . fs 146 These Portuguese oxen don’t realize how lucky they are. Right behind them is a barrel full of excellent port wine 59 juice is squeezed from the grapes, it is allowed to ferment until the right degree of sweetness is obtained. Then it is drawn off into vats, and wine brandy is added to stop fermentation. The ancient city of Oporto is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, the archi- tecture being strongly Oriental. It is situated on the Douro river, which is subject in win- tertosudden and violent floods. In summer, however, there is boat-racing between local clubs and those from Lisbon—Eng- lish residents having intro- duced this sport, as well as lawn tennis and cricket. The wine is manufactured and stored principally in pic- turesque red-tiled lodges.

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© Popular Science Monthly Making Over War Airplanes for Peace-Time Uses cleanin actaenneeensinnet ee : r “Pip sniper sohadrga of old biplane parts, the triplane Avro 547-K, States. There are rumors of ten thousand machines to be sent to here pictured, carries four passengers and has a speed of ninety- _ this country. four miles an hour. This shows what Great Britain can do in It is the opinion of Major-General Charles Menoher, director of salvaging parts of old airplanes. the Army Air Service, that this influx of foreign airplanes into A syndicate has been organized in Great Britain, headed by the United States may jeopardize the American airplane industry. F. Handley Page, which is frankly out for foreign business. In one Yet if the old machines are made over as successfully as was the week it is said to have exported fifty-seven airplanes to the United Avro 547-K, what is to become of the American airplane industry? 60

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wee wee August, 1920 The Lincoln Highway—Our Wonder Road The ocean-to-ocean highway is no longer an unrealized dream EVEN years ago the idea of a transcontinental highway — con- necting New York with San Francisco, improved throughout its length and forming a backbone for a great national system of arterial roads, was only a dream in the minds of a few. To-day the accomplishment of this great memorial route stretching from ocean to ocean is assured. The Lincoln Highway breathes the twentieth century. In years to come it will be adorned, as were the Roman roads, with statuary, landmarks, homes, hotels—a panorama of the achievements of man. It will be the path of advancement, a golden chain linking the Atlantic to the Pacific. The motor-truck is in its infancy and highway freight-transportation as an adjunct to the railroad is only just beginning. But the Lincoln Highway Association feels that it is well within its province to act as a clearing-house for the best thought in the United States concerning the probable re- quirementd of main arterial American highways in the next twenty years. What will be the. specifications for this wonder road? That has not yet By Fred Gilman Jopp been decided. The association real- izes that it is undertaking a difficult problem, but it believes that it will have, in solving it, not only the interest and support of the American public, but the co-operation of the engineers and highway commissioners, and also the best technical experts the country affords. - Some of the finest concrete roads of the country are to be found in Michi- gan. These have a standard thickness at the sides of six and a half inches. About the best stretch of highway we have at present is the Lincoln Highway from New York to Philadelphia. It is ninety-six miles long, and every day there passes over it an average of two thousand tons. This road is eight inches deep at the sides and ten and a half inches at its center. This is the thickest surfacing in the United States to-day. Whether the show road of the world will be of this thickness or deeper is under consideration. There is some thought of making it ten and a half inches at the sides and twelve inches at the middle, for it must be permanent. If the added advantage of this thick- ness overbalances the additional cost of construction, then the plans will call for this depth. It may be made even thicker than this. No one knows until the engineers have expressed their plans. The width must also be carefully thought out. The association’s plans do not stop with the construction of the road itself. It has long been apparent that ulti- mately there must develop along America’s main routes of heavy pas- senger and freight transportation, a new and distinctive type of accommo- dations catering particularly to such traffic and situated perhaps in the open country. Such accommodations, removed from the traffic and noise and necessarily higher prices of the congested centers, would provide for the tired and dusty tourists, or the drivers of freight-transport vehicles, convenient night stops where every ‘effort would be made to cater to this particular type of patronage. In conjunction with such accom- modations arrangements would be provided for those tourists or travelers desiring to camp out. Free camp- sites are even now being provided. The right of way will be parked and beautified for some distance from the fence line. This construction shows the paving as wide enough for four lines of traffic with no barrier between the east and west bound 61

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Popular Science Monthly A “‘double-decker” lawn sprink- ler. Fine holes through which the water is forced split the stream into a “spray” of very realistic artificial raindrops simulating the soft rain of spring In the unusual nozzle shown below two streams whirling in opposite directions are brought together, the water is atomized and the fine spray is thrown out over the grass or the flower-bed a — At the right you see a hose- nozzle that can be used either to throw the water “straight”’ or can be placed on the ground and the spray of small holes opened to throw the water into the air, whence it descends like rain NOZZLE -TURNING Prd sr This sprinkler automatically travels uphill and down until it has made the rounds of the big, old-fashioned lawn, leaving nota single inch of turf unsprinkled 62 Many and Various Are the The makers have spared making devices to satisfy the Vis \ 2 ‘fg NEEDLE-VALVE ae Bee CONTROL ge ee Here is a garden hose that is convenient to hold and regulate by hand. The thumb-screw at the back regulates the size of the drops in the spray by a slight twist of the hand on it ae A ss Rl. ..377_

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August, 1920 Centrifugal force, created by the curved channel through which the stream of water must flow, sends the water out of this nozzle in the form of whirling drops of spray resembling a mist Here is a metal barge to move the sprinkler around the lawn without cutting off the water. It sends out a plentiful spray in every direction Sprinklers to Keep Your Lawn Green The sprinkler pictured at the left is a most extraordinary type of sprinkler. Notice the curved pipe. This pipe is perforated with fine holes so arranged that no pains in planning ,ain- pipe arcund, sending the spray e ~ into the air in a graceful swir thirst of every variety of grass A\y | PRESS LEN The sprinkler below throws water im a rectangular shape. A square-headed noz- zle contains passages through which the water is forced, form- ing a fine veil of spray Be JET p NOZZLE The pressure of the water works a device which rotates the nozzle ; of the hose automatically, throw- ing a spray of artificial rain- ae drops over the lawn to an me area of about one hundred feet ggg OUTLET AND. ; SQUARE DEFLECTOR 63 Ss

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NC it errr rman ented cin earn, ah ein The grocer deposits his goods in a small compartment in the door and the compartment locks automatically The Door Receives VERY time Mrs. Jones goes up- stairs the door-bell rings. First thing, it’s the grocer; then it’s the butcher. She has to stop working, go downstairs and open the door to take them in. But now there is a new kind of door that will receive packages by itself. It has two good-sized com- partments in its lower half that open from the inside and from the outside. When the grocer comes with his corn- flakes and soup, he opens the door of one of the compartments and deposits his groceries within. As he closes the door it locks automatically, a “taken” sign bobs up, and the inside door un- Your Packages locks. It is a very simple matter for the housekeeper to take the packages off the shelf when she happens to pass by. usually enough for the average family’s needs, but more can be supplied. As the outside door of the compart- ment locks, the inside one unlocks. In passing you remove your groceries Two compartments’ are This oxyacetylene landing-light for guid- ing night flyers is complete in itself and can be pulled around the landing-field with ease Head-Hunting in the Solomon TEALTHILY creeping among the luxuriant undergrowth of the tropics, the cannibal of the South Sea Islands collects the heads as those of wild beasts, and thick woolly hair. In color their skin ranges from copper hue to dark brown, merg- Popular Science Monthly A Landing-Light for the Use of Airmen PAIR of headlights will guide a motorist at night, but they won’t suffice the airman. He has to deal with a third dimension. That’s why powerful searchlights are essential at landing-fields. A portable oxyacetylene landing- light, made in London, is shown here. It is mounted on regular airplane wheels and can be pulled around the field to suit the wind changes. The high mounting of the axle enables the light to be pulled over rough ground. The searchlight is mounted on a fixed a on which it is able to revolve freely. The projector body in which the light is lo- cated has a para- bolic mirror in the rear and dis- persing mirrors infront. There are also two pairs of cylinders, con- taining acety- lene and oxygen. Ar- mored hose- pipes lead from both and termi- nate in a mix- ing chamber, whe-e the gases are mixed in the proper propor- tions. They pass up the burner pillar to the jet. Islands ing the native artfully into the shadows of the bushes in which he hides. The sea Dyaks are inveterate head- hunters. Among them a of his enemies. He spends weeks smoking the relic until it is sufficiently dry to be decorated with paint. His effort is to make the head as “‘lifelike’’ as possible, and when he has succeeded, and the head adorns a con- spicuous place in his abode, along comes the daring civilized white collector of souvenirs, and soon this same head ornaments the case of a museum in some distant city, horrifying the less bloodthirsty _inhabi- tants of the temperate zone. Brooding in the shade of the sandalwood and ebony young man can find no girl who will accept him until he has brought her at least one head. The rich foliage of the Solomon Islands invites the cruising yacht to rest there for a while, but the danger of encountering the in- habitants is still a matter of present-day concern. The evidence that the natives are particular in their manner of disposing of their enemies by way of cannibalistic methods is shown in the nature of the utensils used in their savage feasts. Curious forks and forests are these strange descendants of pure Papuan stock, tall and sturdy, with projecting brows, deep-set eyes, restive and shifting Smoked and painted heads brought-from the South Sea Islands. Numbers 1, 3, and 4 are from the Solomon Islands. 9 are from the Punans, an aboriginal tribe of- Borneo, and were captured by head-hunting Dyaks, afterward being retaken by a British punitive expedition. Wooden forks (5) and a meat-hook (8) are shown. Figures 6 are the dinner-plates, also of wood 64 . Heads 7 and knives of wood were us d because the custom of the islands forbade the use of metalin handling thecooked flesh of human beings.

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August, 1920 Magnifying the Voice for the Train Despatcher ID you ever get a loud ‘folt’”? when listening at a telephone receiver? The operators and des- patchers in power plants, where heavy charges of electricity may provoke in- duced currents in the pri- vate telephone systems of such companies, now have a way to protect them- selves from injury. ©The shock to the ear-drum caused by a short circuit or other disturbance on the power lines can be prevent- ed by using a megaphone instead of the ordinary receiver. The specially adapted re- ceiver is a great improve- ~N are very noisy, and where important business must be transacted, the use of the high-power system employ- ing the megaphone is a relief. It is possible to talk over noisy lines, and voices can be more dis- tinctly heard over greater distances on comparatively quiet lines. The energy for a private telephone of this kind is furnished by a stor- age battery of the automo- bile type, charged occa- sionally by a small rectifier of the Tungar type. The private telephone in a plant where heavy loads of current are switched is ment over the ordinary apparatus, with which we are familiar. On quiet lines the kind of telephone receiver one finds at home can be used satisfactorily. But in great power plants, where the lines The despatcher seated at his desk in a power plant. He uses a megaphone equipped with a high-power circuit supplied from an automobile-type storage bat- tery. The voice is thus pro- jected into the room naturally subject to induced inter- ferences. This produces that loud rattling or rap- ping sound so very unpleasant to a listener who is trying to catch the faint sounds of the voice at the other end of the line. The Latest Model in French Hydroplanes VER since the days when the little old ricochet hydroplanes startled the world by the phenomenal speeds they attained on the Seine, the French have been staunch believers in the hydroplane idea, and until the out- break of the war had developed this type of craft to a very high degree, as shown by the records made at the annual Monaco regattas. Since the war the French designers have turned their attention once more to gliding craft, and, in preparation for the Monaco meet, they built several boats which, according to press reports, at- tained speeds upward of seventy miles an hour for short spurts on the quiet waters of the Seine. One boat, built by Depujols and powered with a British Sunbeam motor, was said actually to have exceeded seventy miles an hour; and the boat shown below, which is driven by a Renault aviation motor and air pro- peller, also is said to have made ex- tremely high speed. From its design this is difficult to understand. It will be noticed from the photographs that the hull is a rectangular scow, the bottom of which is divided into several planes set at a slight angle of incidence, but without the lateral angle or V shape that is characteristic of the well known Fauber type of hydroplane. It will be noticed also that a space has been left between the planes which undoubtedly is to permit the entrance of air behind the space to relieve any tendency to a vacuum and conse- quent eddy. The designer may also have figured that, by thus admitting air behind the space, the friction of the water on the bottom would -be cut down to some extent by its mixture with air. There is no doubt that this type of hull has possibilities for speed in per- fectly calm water, where conditions will permit the hull to rise out and run on the tips of its planes; but in choppy water it is obvious that the skin friction of the water on such a large surface would be detrimental to speed; and, while the boats may have attained the speeds claimed for them for short distances on the river, it is almost certain that these speeds will not be possible in open water. seventy miles an hour. 65 * Strange as it may seem, this boat can attain a speed of — ———\ The hydroplane type of boat is wheeled down to the water— Its the wheels fitting in two of the queer square shape enables it to skim swiftly over smooth water, but makes it travel slowly over rough. It will enter the annual races at Monaco this year grooves in the bottom. These * grooves relieve any tendency to a vacuum and consequent eddy. They may alzo cut down the friction of the water by admitting air under the boat ae ae eae \ SNe ubadiad a P - ene — eS peepee: seer ore 7 — aoe sine ae

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The flivverette is not limited to two passengers. It will seat three children in a trailer your mind your idea of the poor man’s automobile. While every one will not agree as to what consti- tutes the most desirable car, due largely perhaps, to the difference in individual automobile requirements, nevertheless in the essential elements there is little diversity of opinion. Dr. R. Slaby, the eminent radio inventor, of Germany, whose name is known to every wireless amateur throughout the world, and Mr. H. Beringer have jointly invented and . built a miniature electric automobile. It embodies no new principles, but its design is simple, compact, and worthy of wide attention. The smallest electric car in the world seems to solve the problem of the automobile for the man of mod- erate means. The New Flivverette Readers, meet Dr. Slaby’s flivver- ette, which was invented to carry you for less money than even the trolley, and which is small enough to be parked in your back yard or upon the porch. Note its narrow-gage wheels and diminutive body, which will permit it being garaged in almost any waste space. On closer inspection of the pic- tures you discover that it is not a cross between a toy and _ baby- carriage, as you at first thought, but a practical means of transporta- tion, and that it appears to be the ideal solution of the poor man’s motoring problem. Since it is driven by a twenty- four- volt electric motor, and its motive power is derived from a fourteen-cell storage battery, the operating expense is immaterial— below that of the usual trolley fare. Two and a half kilowatt hours are required for charging the battery, which at a cost of twelve cents gives the car a travel range of approximately twenty-seven or twenty-eight miles. One of the striking features of the car is its extreme lightness of construction, the car heing only four hundred and fifty pounds in ay ve have, no doubt, pictured in _ from twelve to fifteen amperes.

weight. This is due to the compact design and the application of airplane principles of construction. The little car travels with truly astounding ease and smoothness. This is probably due to its extreme light weight and the ball-bearings in the wheel-hubs. A _ single person can be comfortably seated in the car with his legs stretched out be- neath the hood. Position of the Motor There is no leg interference; the motor is set beneath the driver’s seat, where it is easily accessible for adjust- ments or lubrication. This electric twenty-four-volt motor is of special design, insuring a marked improve- ment over other models, and enabling the car to get away from a standing start with surprising quickness. The motor is fed by a fourteen-cell accumulator battery charged to a maximum of thirty-three volts and There are two speeds, controlled by a lever similar to that of the average electric automobile, which enables the car to travel at from ten to twenty-five miles an hour. The braking system comprises three brakes: a foot-brake, which for the convenience of crippled war vet- erans can be converted into a hand-

Popular Science Monthly Motoring May Be Cheaper than Trolleying Will this pocket edition electric automobile solve the poor man’s motoring problem? » By Fred Gilman Jopp brake; an electric brake for emer- gency cases; and a brake acting immediately upon the rear wheels. The wheels are about the size of those upon a child’s tricycle, and they are fitted with either solid or pneumatic tires. The steering gear comprises a steer- ing lever and handle, operated in about the same manner as that of a motor- cycle. This lever can be lifted clear of the car body when the driver wishes to enter or leave the car. Asin the modern electric, a special catch keeps the steering handle in a _ hor- izontal position when the car is left standing at the curb. Transmission of the steering gear to the front wheels is effected by means of a thrust-and-tension rod, resting at both ends in hardened ball-bearings. The rear wheels are driven by a sub- stantial roller chain from an intermedi- ate shaft. How the Shaft. Is Mounted This shaft is mounted by means of ball-bearings with a bulbous adjust- ing ring in aluminum bearing-blocks, which are readily shifted to the lower frame of the car’s chassis, thus allowing the drive chain to be tight- ened whenever it is necessary with a minimum amount of effort. A special set-serew at the bearing-

And here is the flivverette garage.

A platform placed at a certain stall enables two men to push the little car into its berth, where it rests comfortably and out of the way

66

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August, 1920 With these little electrics anybody can have an outing in the country on a Sunday, These are only a few of the machines that are in actual operation in Europe blocks serves for the finer adjust- ments. This is similar to the adjust- ments used for tightening the sprocket chain of a bicycle. The intermediate shaft is operated by means of a roller chain from the electric motor situated beneath the driver’s seat. The motor insures a remarkable high starting torque with a very low current of consumption. The driving gear is locked by a safety key, which prevents the car from being stolen when it is left standing in the street. By attaching a small trailer that accompanies the car another passen- ger may be carried, or even three children; or the trailer may be used as a baggage compart- ment. Different from a Gasoline Car How different is this tiny electric from the gasoline car! All the complicated and an- noying repairs arising from such parts as fouled spark- plugs, wrong carburetor ad- justments, ignition troubles, and so on, are eliminated; for with a minimum amount of care the car can be kept free of mechanical difficulties. Dr. Slaby’s invention has the city—out into the refreshing country so necessary to the man of sedentary indoor tasks. When a man’s business necessitates his getting about town quickly, he finds the flivverette the ideal car for the purpose. Its narrow gage and its flexibility enable him to wend his way in and out of traffic quickly and easily without fear of collision: for the car is so small that he may ven- ture in where larger cars would fear to go. When he is through with the day’s work he parks his flivverette in what we might term a dog-house, which he has made expressly for the purpose. A special electric: charging station can also be bought for this car at a nominal sum. It is operated from the lighting current in his home. Why should he worry about the high cost of gasoline? Cost of Electricity and Gasoline Contrast electricity with the cost of gasoline today. You pay as much for one gallon as you did for two before the war, and its quality is inferior despite its high price. Electricity, on the other hand, is plentiful, it is all the same quality, and you are certain of getting what you buy. This is the reason why electric cars have increased eight hundred per cent in England since the be- ginning of the world war. Serious competition be- tween this tiny electric auto- mobile and the motorcycle is now an established fact. In reduction in weight has been a prominent factor. A good appearance, too, has been aimed at and attained; in fact, the little vehicle comes very close to resembling the full grown electric automobile. Almost anybody can own one of these cars. It is pos- made it possible for people of small means to get away from the clatter and stuffy odors of The nearest American equivalent of the Ger- man flivverette is this gasoline cycle-car, here displayed to show our idea of a small, cheap car 67 sible to ride a long way for a few cents, garaging the little car in some vacant corner. the design of the flivverette ee neenennenecanaraneamnaman parenegicn. aang. Nae eee erie cine damy ance’ aihtienlin-etistnmnmaapnitt corset Sn pe a a LE sme

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. ee ra Ss ae ee eee Tiger wre zi r iy nt doa pane wee SI aii - Sere Syne. aN. es eH eNeP frineeatnciooricnah Mone ssc” oD . om niin een ame aR RTS SG -———. > > BOEING oe ee — Me ena sth art meenenande Roatan = ee — PESO COUN eee iS aA, SD oumaencnmnetieteats It Keeps the Airplane’s Windshield Clear HEN a great cumulus cloud piles upward or rolls serenely along. over the landscape, one can picture the conditions encountered in such a cloud. The aviator has an opportunity to experience some of the weather afforded in the cloud itself. It is not always his desire to do so, and as a rule he will avoid such an encounter; but when he flies into a cloud where a storm is taking place, he finds himself in the midst of rain, snow, or sleet. The windshield of the airplane may become thickly covered with the moisture, completely obstruct- ing the view. Now we have an invention calcu- lated to overcome this objectionable feature of air travel. It is an automatic windshield cleaner, so arranged that the pilot can move it around to any position to remove the moisture from the transparent shield. To accomplish this result the device is placed in the center of the front screen. Aviators avoid clouds at low alti- tude, but while flying very high the most violent storms may occasionally be encountered. The earth is hidden from view, as in the case of the trans- atlantic fliers, and the horizon is lost. Then the airplane may be upside down a part of the time, the pilot sense of stability being for the time deceived. With the collection of moisture on the windshield, he is deprived of the momentary glimpses afforded by open- ings in the cloud. The value of the windshield cleaner is more readily appreciated when a landing must be made in the rain. Then, if ever, it is imperative that a clear view of the ground be afforded. The instrument indicating the alti- tude cannot be relied upon to make a safe landing. The pilot must judge his distance from the ground before he permits the wheels of the machine to touch the surface. Airmen will appreciate this automatic wind- shield cleaner, especially when running through moisture or when making a landing Popular Science Monthly The R-38, constructed for the United States by an English firm at Bedford, $2,700,000; it will hold nearly 3,000,000 cubic feet of helium, and reach a length Our Big Dirigible, the R-38, LARGE dirigible, the R-38, is now being constructed for the United States by a company at Bedford, England. -Within a short time this mighty ship of the air will point its nose toward America and start its trip of more than three thousand miles across the Atlantic ocean. An American crew to man this great airship is now being trained for the pur- pose. The huge skeleton of the R-38 is pictured here. Officials of 68 the United States government are go- ing over it and examining it minutely. Although the frame of a great dirig- ible looks like a bulky mass which would have considerable weight, it is one of the lightest of mechanical structures. The strength of the frame- work depends upon the structural combination of comparatively frail material, each part of which is, in it- self, weak. Expert workmanship and a high degree of skill are demanded of the builders of such aircraft. When

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RS ah aT A lA RM ce August, 1920 The Wasp Is the Speediest Hydroplane LENN CURTISS, the man who began his early experiments in aviation over one of the small lakes of New York state, has brought out a type of hydroplane which has estab. lished a new world’s record for speed. This hydroplane can travel at the rate of 138 miles an hour, as was dem- onstrated on a trial trip piloted by the celebrated flier, Roland Rohlfs, the Curtiss test pilot. Rohlfs also estab- lished new records in altitude and climbing tests at Roosevelt Field a year ago in this machine. The new hydroplane is equipped with three planes, and has suitable pontoons for landing and taking off onevater. It is now the property of the United States Navy, and will be used at Hampton Roads, Virginia, for pur- poses of training young aviators. The previous world’s record for speed was 126 miles an hour with a hydroplane, and this was also held by a Curtiss machine, the Curtiss HA hydroplane. The present triplane is equipped with a Curtiss 400-horse- power engine of twelve cylinders. The easy control, and the manner in which this wasp of the air can dart here and there, has perhaps suggested itsname. It is called the Wasp. Wealthy people who live near a body of water are taking up the hobby of aviation, and to this the hydroplane seems to be specially adapted. It can fly over land, but when it comes down it requires a suitable stream of suffi- cient width and depth. Along the shores of a lake or the length of the coastline, there are plenty of fine places for the “fish of the air’ to make a safe return to water. It is an attractive sight to witness one of these “‘flying fish’’ skimming the surface of a lake, or following a stream. In the hydroplane one realizes the ‘ achievement of great speed. Over the tall masts of yachts dotting a har- bor the flying boat streaks by, fanning the air into a hurricane with its pro- pellers. England. It is one of the largest dirigibles ever constructed. Its price‘will be of 994 feet. Its maintenance will cost the United States $600,060 per annum Built to Cross the Atlantic the R-38 is finished, the United States will own one of the largest dirigibles ever constructed. It will cost $2,700,- 000, and will contain nearly 3,000,000 cubic feet of helium. Its length will be 994 feet. Such a ship will cost $600,000 a year to maintain. It will carry a battery of small guns and a special cannon, now being developed. While craft lighter than air cannot attain the speed of heavier-than-air machines, they have the edvantage in lifting power, and generally are safer. The fact that the frame- work was made of metal has largely been respon- sible for static discharges duetoelectrificationofthe metal, the discharge tak- ing place as the great ship touched ground. With hydrogen as an inflating medium an explosion invariably followed. The Widnes, *'% tiene aereeleiet ik hen Aluminum frames can be used established a record of 138 miles an hour. It is with the non-exploding helium. used by the government for training purposes €9 a eae

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— 4 5 =— mack TSS ST MOREA ae pte mn ee ee eee eet Popular Science Monthly Carrying Perishables in Refrigerator Trucks A new cooling system for refrigerator trucks occupies less than ten per cent of loading space i cant be done — but here it is,’’ was the slogan of the United States Army Engineers during the war. This terse ex pression held true in many phases of war work, but in no work to a higher degree than that which was performed by the common- place, every-day motor-truck. True, the most spectacular work performed by motor-driven vehicles in the war was in actual war work, such as the saving of Paris by the fleet of taxicabs and omnibuses which threw a division of troops on von Kluck’s flank on that memorable day at the Marne, and the feeding of the garrison at Verdun when every line of railway communication was cut. But the work performed by trucks at home was also creditable—not be- cause it was spectacular, but because it met unexpected conditions in a way that had never been done before. One phase of this great work was the haulage of perishable food products for distances of forty, fifty, and even sixty miles. ‘It began with fresh meat. Dur- ing the summer of our first year of the war, in the railroad congestion coincident with the concentration of our supplies of men and material, one of the large Chicago packing- houses found it impossible to ship fresh meat by railway to ’ its branches fifty and sixty miles away. Wanted—A Refrigerator Truck While that company had for years delivered meat at retail from its branches over routes fifteen and twenty miles long, it had never attempted to ship overland twice the distance by road on account of the spoilage in hot weather. A trip of fifty miles in the blistering summer sun would spoil the fresh- est meat. While the roads were open and the trucks available, no type of refrigerator-truck body could be had that did not require that fully half the load be ice—and this was not a paying proposition. Finally an entirely new system of cooling, By Joseph Brinker With the refrigerator-truck trailer the motor-truck becomes doubly efficient in making long hauls of perishable foods. way of carrying meat, milk, fruit, etc., is becoming very popular as tried out successfully on railway cars, was adopted to provide a re- frigerator-truck body in which the cooling element takes up less than ten per cent of available loading space. Brine-Circulating System This system, in which brine is auto- matically circulated through a series of exposed pipes in the truck body, proved so successful that the Chi- cago meat-packer who first adopted it under the stress of war condi- tions is continuing it now in peace times. Further than that, still more trucks, and even trailers, are being fitted with the new type of refrigerator bodies, 5 he The ice-cream truck has special com- partments for the ice-cream cans, for cracked ice, and for salt, the delivery for all of these being done from the ground 70 and employed to open up new territories not served by rail- roads. Thus the refrigerator truck has _ be- come an impor- tant business builder. While the ice - cream trucks are pro- vided with ice and salt com- partments, meat- or other provi- This sion trucks use the entire length of the truck body for storage, their overhead cooling pipes extending the whole length of the body. Following this first successful in- stallation of the freely flowing brine truck body, the idea has been adapted to hauling milk over long routes, and the hauling of ice-cream through hot city streets, with the cream in better condition than has ever been possible with any previous type of body. The development has been carried still further, and a general utility type of body has recently been delivered to the Post Office Department in Wash- ington, D. C., and will be used in the collection and delivery of perishable fruits and produce on the long hauls of the rural parcel-post routes from the farm producer to the city con- sumer. The accompanying _illus- trations show the adaptation of the body for meat and milk, and for the delivery of ice-cream. Better Refrigeration—Less Ice As examples of the saving made possible by the new system and the higher degree of refrigeration se- - cured, a carload of frozen beef that would take four days to travel, from Chicago to New York by rail,’ stood for fifty-three hours after its arrival, with no change in tempera- ture at the top of the car and a rise of only one degree at the floor. Other shipments. of meat, fruit, and vegetables from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast in cars with the ' new system have shown a reduction of from fifty to seventy per cent in the ice consumption alone. In addition, the system has made pos- sible the increase of the loading space for about twenty per cent, since it eliminates the ice bunkers and brine-tanks of the ordinary refrigerator car. Briefly, the system

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GLB e. PS ee de . he at vel | il,’ its ise Lit, the ion ent In 10S ing nt, ers ary em. August, 1920 consists of a tank from which is run a series of nests of horizontal pipes along the under side of the body roof. The pipes are exposed in- side of the body, and each pipe is made in the form of a U with the tops of the U open where they enter the- side of the tank. One end of the U serves as an exit from thetank and te other open- ing as a return to ta2 tank. _ Filling the Tank The tank is filled from the top with a mixture of ice and salt to form brine. The tank is divided in the center by a partition with check-valves. The sway- ing of the truck while in e . 7 motion causes the brine to surge through the check- valves and pipes. When the truck is swayed to one side, the brine sloshes through the that side; the pipes on that side. The result is a rapid and con- stant automatic circulation as long as the truck is in motion. This circulation absorbs the heat from both the body and its load. When the truck is not in motion, the power of the expanding brine is utilized for its circulation, which is again automatically secured without any cumbersome or intricate machinery to get out of order. The truck has to be iced once a day and needs no further attention. From when it is jolted to the other side, the valves on the first side close and those on the opposite side open and the brine is forced through What Can the Motor-Truck Do in Your Business? This is the second of the Popular Science Monthly’s articles on business uses of the motor-truck. It explains how meat, fish, milk, fruit, even ice-cream, can be carried long distances at a low rate if the truck body is built like a refrigerator-car. No matter what business you may be engaged in, no matter what may be the character of the freight to be hauled, a motor-truck body can be found to meet your requirements. In next month’s motor-truck article we take up the subject of loading and un- loading. We intend to show that, like a railway transportation system, a fleet of motor-trucks must be operated from a properly equipped terminal. one hundred and. fifty pounds to three hundred pounds of ice a day are re- quired, depending on the size of the truck body. The temperature of the truck may vary from 25° to 40°- Fahrenheit. It can be maintained and valves to CROSS-SECTION. PLAN : SAWDUST. The ice-cream truck has a special compart- ment for cracked ice (see picture below). This is used for pack- ing around the ice- cream in the cans just before delivering them to the purchaser The tank is divided in the center by a series of check- valves, and the swaying of the truck in motion causes the brine to surge through the check-valves and pipes BRINE- PIPE ow COILS ICE STORAGE FILLED. CANS regulated by the amount of salt used. Except for the details of the body, the system is the same for carrying meats, produce, fish, fruit, candies, and ice-cream. The ice- cream delivery body, how- ever, is especially worth description in greater detail because of the unique ar- rangement of the compart- ments for the ice-cream cans, cracked ice, salt, and empty containers. Each compartment is ar- ranged so that the delivery of the ice, salt, and cream is all done from the ground. Since the cream is not packed, it takes only a few minutes to load. Similarly, much time is saved in mak- ing deliveries. Because the cream is carried in cans or bricks stacked on the floor, the driver does not have to mine the cans out of ice, as is the case with the ordinary type of body. The driver can also do more and better work in a day as.a result, because his feet and cloth- ing do not become soaked. No More Corroded Pipes Then again, the elimina- tion of ice in direct contact with the cans on the body floor, and the fact that the brine is retained in a leak- proof system of pipes, at once does away with the greatest source of trouble— corrosion of the springs and rear axle parts due to leak- age of water through the body floor. Because the cans are not packed in ice in the truck body, they do not become battered and there- fore last much longer. Ice and salt cannot get into the cream, and some users have discarded covers on the cans as an unnecessary 7 expense and sub- stituted cheap rit covers Peete? The refrigerator motor-truck body. Only a small amount of ice is required to maintain a low temperature. The expansion of the liquid provides continuous cooling during periods when the motor-truck is at rest 71 te —— » A ND EE TSS I a La OE A a TATE LLL TE a eT nt nl a ce acer LOTT

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Serena Sele Cine incerta 1 ion nah i ee RA en te ee a ere ee eee Popular Science Monthly Getting Books to Congressmen ONGRESSMEN _ are just ordinary mortals like you and us. When they are chal- lenged to defend a new bill they telephone to the Congressional Library for text-books on the subject. Now there is a tunnel that runs from the library to the Capitol building, and an electric basket carrier travels through it, the trip between the two build- ings occupying exactly five minutes. When a Congressman wants a book he communicates with the librarian. The book is found, put in a bag somewhat resem- bling a suitcase, then placed in the basket. Then an electric button is pressed, and the book is on its way through the tunnel. The electric carriers are two and a half feet long, two feet high, and five inches wide. The tunnel is five feet wide and nine feet high, in other words large enough for @ man to walk. Fighting Rheumatism by Electric Light Something New in Duster Coats you know how it is when you are driving along a country road and suddenly—pop! It’s up to you to get out and put on a new tire. It may be a beautiful road to look at, but dusty from lack of oil, in which case you will appreciate the duster coat pictured above. This coat is designed to render the wearer genuinely dustproof. The trouser feature of the duster will have a special appeal to the driver who does his own tinkering around the car. By bringing the coat-tails forward around the legs and fastening them in front, the clothes are protected from oil and dirt and the mechanician has freedom for any repair work to be done. An Ancient Industry Modernized HE illustration shows a con- veyor that conducts freshly molded pottery into a kiln to receive such a “‘roasting”’ that it will be baked hard, but without allowing it to be damaged in any way. The slow hand method of making pottery has given way almost entirely to the twen- tieth-century method.. Science . has taken hold of that most ancient and historic of indus- tries and has stimulated it with a dose of modern efficiency. Theconveyorisshown drawing up baked-clay forms which en- close the pieces to be fired. A thin strip of wet clay on the top (black in the picture) cements the top and bottom of form together. The conveyor is carrying the forms into the kiln, where the firing takes place. The baked- clay forms prevent too sudden heating and thus save the pot- tery from cracking, a mishap that occurred frequently by the old method. Growing Hair without a Tonic ON’T become irritable if rheumatism troubles you. Take an electric light like the one in the picture, and place it beside you. Have a towel placed behind and over the light to con- centrate the rays and the heat of the light on the rheumatic area. In a very short time the rays and the heat will begin to be felt. When the heat becomes unbearable, put out thelight. After you have cooled off a little, exercise the rheu- matic portion and repeat the electric-light treatment and exercise several times a day. You will soon dis- cover that the rheumatism has been driven from its lair and that “Richard is himself again.” Hew many men and women have worried over the fact that their hair was falling out, and were inspired with horror at visions of bald pates in their declining years? But in London the women now say: “See what my treatments are doing for me!” What kind of treat- ments? Electrical, of course. A new invention is said to be doing wonders for thinly covered scalps. It is a large bag that fits snugly over the head. When in position, the elec- tric switch is turned and the current rushes through. Though uncomfortably hot, the treatment is said to have very beneficial results. ee ee ee 8

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August, 1920 Something Unusual—A Pure White Coyote HE only one in captivity—a white coyote—is shown below. When lying down he looks not un- like a nice dog, but his ambition in life is entirely different. The coyote would like nothing better than to break loose some night, kill a few hens, and let forth a bloodcurdling yell that would frighten all the creatures for miles around. Coyotes are usually brown in color, with black and white streaks. The tip of their tails is often black. A pure white coyote such as this one is most unusual. As yet he has not misbehaved, but his keepers Mowing the Front Lawn with a Motor DMIRAL Sir Percy Scott comes to the front again— this time as the inventor of a motor driven lawn-mower. He is shown below oiling his new mower before directing it across the lawn. The mower has a chain drive, and its speed may be regulated to suit. The operator guides the mower on its way, but does not have to push it. The grass is cut much more evenly by the motor- driven mower than by the usual hand-operated one. No more diffi- culty in persuading the son of the house to mow the lawn! take no chances; they chain him to the wall of his cage. / by electricity. process of operation. © Univ. Film Co. One Man Runs Stump-Sawing Motor Gome tree-stumps are left alone; others again are pulled out of the ground; others are sawed off even with the ground. Arthur Hamilton, of Har- risburg, Arkansas, has invented a new stump-saw- ing machine that levels stumps and is operated by one man and a motor. The motor and the frame that holds the saw are mounted on a sled that can easily be pulled from stump to stump. The saw is attached to flexible cables fitting over guide rollers and terminate in a block at the top of the frame. Attached to this block is an arm that moves back and forth when the motor is started, causing the saw to do likewise. The man has nothing to do but adjust the machine to the proper position in the beginning by means of a lever at the end opposite the motor. The base is pivotally mounted, enabling the saw to get into any position. August. 1920 A Machine that Will Shine Shoes [Is a shine worth ten cents and a tip? Tony has shined your shoes and looks up at you with a broad Italian smile, you overrule your own veto. Now, however, there is a mechanical shoe-shiner run .Tony simply directs the machine. Large “‘don’t-tip” signs are hung in conspicuous places. The illustration shows a black and a tan shine in © Kadel & Herbert No! But when © Int. Film Co. A Watch that Has a Mysterious Spring “MY watch has stopped again,” said Allen Jay, of Richmond, Indiana, in an exasperated voice. He had just had a new mainspring put in the watch that very day. When the watch was ex- amined it. was found that the mainspring had broken into twenty-two pieces! The watch had not been dropped or handled roughly. Closer examination revealed the interest- ing fact that each coil of the spring had broken exactly in half. No one has been able to solve this watch mystery—can you? The steel from which watchsprings are made is usually above reproach in the fine quality and care of its making. Under the microscope a piece of crucible steel shows a remarkably fine granular structure. It is heat-treated so as to give it the proper “spring.” Its composition is such that so curious a freak of breaking is most unusual. pe ree H . NS eam rn mapa - - ernment! Stan aN Se BS a OT ee s ee

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eee ea i ene te ame i iA we inge ee n oe awe Popular Science Monthly X-Raying the Oyster for Pearls NTIL very recently the oyster of the pearl-bearing variety has been cut open and searched. If no pearl was found, its life had been sacrificed in vain, and any future chances it might have had of developing pearls were ruined. But the X-ray will save the life of many a precious oyster of this species. This method was first suggested by Raphael Dubois, of Lyons, France, in 1901, but it was not tried out until recently. The pearl oysters that breed in Ceylon and Venezuela are thin skinned, and it is easy to discover whether or not they contain pearls. If no pearls, or very small ones, are dis- covered, the oysters are returned to the beds uninjured. Oysters having rough and irreg- ular shells are not so easily tested. Only large pearls may be detected. In the places where pearl oysters are usually found labor is very cheap and as yet the new method has not received much attention. But as pearl-bearing oysters grow scarcer the X-ray will undoubtedly become more popular. Although the shell partly inter- rupts the radiations of the X-ray, it is not difficult to recognize the presence of large pearls. Those engaged in the pearl-growing in- dustry cannot overlook the fact that with this highly perfected apparatus it will be possible to save growing pearls which other- wise would have been wasted when the shells had to be opened to discover them. Considering the fact that pearls are becoming more valuable each year, this process should commend itself to pearl-culturists generally. Millions of logs completely cover the ice on this river in British Columbia. When spring comes and the ice melts.they will float down tothe mill, which is sixty miles away A Canadian River of Wood: N British Columbia there are two hundred million acres of beautiful full-grown forest lands. About nine hundred million feet of the timber, valued at twenty million dollars, is cut each year—usually during. the wintertime. When the logs are ready to be milled, they are thrown on the ice-covered river and left there. Then as spring comes and the ice melts the logs float down to the mill many miles away. Men are stationed along the bank who, by means of long poles, keep the logs from becoming jammed. This method is more expeditious than forming the logs into rafts, which is done on slower-moving rivers. When the logs reach the mill they are sawed and then sent on their way by rail. Much of the wood is ex- ported. England, South America, Australia, ‘Africa, China, Japan, Germany, and France, all depend on British Columbia for some of their lumber supply. And so do many of British Columbia’s sister provinces. By using this X-ray apparatus an oyster of the pearl-bearing vari- ety is not wasted if it contains no pearl. It is returned to the beds and given another chance 74

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August, 1920 A Portuguese Shelling-Bee RE you short of farm help? Take a tip from the Portuguese. When their corn is ripe and ready to be shelled, they invite their neighbors to a shelling-féte. Wine and cakes are served and corn-beaters are handed around. The ears of corn are dumped on sandstone slabs and beaten vigorously, and in a.short time the corn is shelled. If you have some wine or even beer—it’s very easily made, we’re told—you can employ your neighbors in like fashion. Corn is an important article of food in Portugal, The climate is good for corn growing and there are very few districts where it is not cultivated, The corn-beaters used in the picture below are made of corkwood and swing on the end of long wooden handles. When shelling-time comes in Portugal neighbors help each other—like the American quilting or husking parties It Digs Up Germany’s Sunken Ships HILE Germany was sinking ships, hers were being sunk. And now she is just as busy as we are invent- ing salvaging devices. Below you see an immense floating drydock, recently built at Kiel. The drydock is towed to the spot directly over a wreck. Water is admitted into the pontoons and the divers get ready to go down. Huge chains that wind around pulleys are lowered into the water and fastened underneath the wreck by divers. When the wreck is well chained, the pontoons are pumped out and the wreck rises. Ag DRUM ROTATES WITH WHEEL ARY CASING Showing the center opening in the wheel which permits the pilot to see the instrument board, also his target Sending the Bomb Straight F the pilot of a torpedo plane could not see the instru- ments which enable him to direct the bomb upon a true course, the results would be disastrous in the ex- treme. The handwheel of the Blackburn Blackburd torpedo plane is made so the pilot finds little to obstruct a clear view of his instruments, and he can look through the forward and downward, mak- ing no mistake when he turns loose the deadly missile. The handwheel is so con- structed that only two spokes are necessary to connect the rim with .a drum grooved to carry the aileron wires, the drum also forming the inner member of the control-wheel bearing. A roller at the end of the control lever enables the wheel to be turned with- out friction. The pilot can thus conveniently manipulate the ROLLER BEARING Wi” CONTROL 4 COLUMN A diagram of the handwheel showing the position of the roller and the aileron cable with various other interest- ing details of the mechanism wheel and look through it at the in- _strument board, while also in posi- tion to look without obstruction through the center of the wheel and the board down at his target. What We Have Learned about Wood Preservatives INC chloride and creosote are often used for preserving wood, but it has been found that sodium fluoride will do as well. The Forest Products Laboratory thought that laboratory tests did not sufficiently prove this, and so in 1914 sap-pine ties were treated by the three pre- servatives and placed side by side. After five years they were examined. Those treated with creosote were in This floating drydock is Germany’s latest invention for raising sunken ships. It is towed to the spot directly over a wreck; chains are fastened around the wreck; the water is pumped from the pontoons and another valuable ship is salvaged 15 the best condition and those treated with zine chloride and sodium fluo- ride showed but little decay. opening in the board both :

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In using a fork for turning cooking meat the juice es- capes. This meat fork has two parts with three wide if prongs on each. When the handle is gripped the parts clamp the meat fast ee ee ee ae Housekeeping Made Easy Keep step with the times and lighten labor This novel container keeps a variety of eatables hot until wanted. The container is made ofinsulated steeland the fourfood dishes of insulated glass are ready at any time to be placed upon the table without the necessity of transference to other dishes TT ate edged the water turned on, and a whirling spray above and below the rack thoroughly cleanses the dishes. A drain carries the refuse and water into the sink This little roller mincer just loves cheap steak and turns 1 the toughest cut into a juicy, tender piece of meat. It operates by merely roll- ing the cutting wheels over the meat to be minced eaueneeten csnsensesenconeteaase phamint ibe it: ba NL Napa visi A rackful of soiled dishes is placed in the machine, Popular Science Monthly agg So ANAS . Here is a clever scheme of getting soup from a kettle without any grease, and it is entirely practical. In- sert a funnel in the soup and remove the grease-free soup from center of funnel AAAANHHONNNOHOG’ For eliminating the cumbersome ice-cooler in a restricted amount of space comes this combination drinking-fountain and bubbler. The water faucet is equipped with a special non-splash outlet. The porcelain makes this a fixture that is easily cleaned A new table-lamp is made from palms dried and enameled white at } the base. The shade is of palm i leaves in their natural color with the in stems enameled to match the base Window troubles may be avoided by using windows embodying all parts in one unit; everything but the wood _trim required for finish. It has all the appearance of an ordinary window 76 No more need you climb down the stepladder to rinse your cloths. This wire rack has squeezer, brush- holder, and pail-holder connected with the topmost step of the ladder Poniular Nevencre Manthl)a

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August, 1920 Do It with Tools and Machines Mechanical aids to big production LL ie yt” guy rin, Wz This is one form of This new nut lock tachometer, an _ in- .% firmly retains its po- zoe | ory. Avs a feet and displays 2 arco meg = tee 7 ETE is tight or loose the reading on a dial \ Unusual in the extreme was this Cleveland street-corner exhibit of a machine actually cut- .ting gears. To many of the spectators, it was a gear-cutting education never before obtain- able except inside a big manufacturing plant Oy D “no Pe ae ar — atta The vest-pocket thermos bottle holds almost a cupful of hot coffee for the mechanic who has to work in a chilly shop. Its Each scale clip is made of spring steel, and can be adjusted for scales of different sizes by ap- plying pressure on sides or top This new oil-can has a_ flexible unusually small size enables spout which is practically unbreak- one to carry it conveniently able and which can be bent to reach places that cannot otherwise be oiled o This combined machine tool and lathe is designed to facilitate the operation of placing work in the machine and removing them SSS SSS When the cloth-cutting machine has cut out the cloth, this machine drills holes which indi- cate the position of the pockets, etc., thus aiding the manu- facturer to speedy production Wee Om . =2-*- ge, 8 ; Sy ~ . . - ate Re -e eel a Pe — Photographing automobile and machine parts is made simple by arranging the parts on a platform slightly raised from the floor, and having the camera take the exposure from overhead with the lens pointing downward 77 anenerenRTeER I o> * omnis oe - = as as A... gg gH ps)

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Popular Science Monthly A Cork-and-Metal Fan-Belt HILE all kinds of materials and material combinations have been tried for automobile fan- belts, none met with success until the introduction of the all-metal 4 ; type shown here. Because it is — " made of metal, this type of belt ; cannot stretch or shrink to such an extent as occurs with jeather or fabric. To permit the metal belt NGER to take a curved semi-cir- cular shape, it was neces- sary to make the belt in short lengths. But a metal belt running on a metal pulley would slip, so the belt manu- facturer cut a hole in each 5 CORK a" RTS Cn AI DA Mw aS : + sale aX The silent watchman throws your head- light rays back at you with a red glare, warning you that there is danger ahead length and inserted a cup- The Sun Works This Signal \ ia shaped metal piece through it SCREEN from the side touching the TILIZING the rays of the sun in the day and pulley. headlights of an automobile at night, a high- Then a thin disk of cork way railroad-grade crossing-signal has just been is forced into each cup, leav- perfected which works on the principle of the angu- ing an air space between lar reflection of light-rays. A the bottom of the cork and No doubt you have often looked out of your win- the bottom of the metal cup. dow and seen something shining on the ground. The cork grips the pulleys You were curious, investigated, and found that ~ over which the belt runs and the shining was caused by a piece of broken transmits the power without glass so located that it caught the sun’s rays slipping. and diffused and reflected them back The air between the cork to your eyes. and the bottom of the cup ud Try to imagine a square one foot provides a permanent air cush- ui to the side reflecting a red light ion which makes the belt f instead of a white one and you will noiseless and slipless. understand the principle of the new automatic signal. In daylight the sun’s rays reflect the red light. At night the rays from the automobile The all-metal fan- belt with cork inserts will not stretch or shrink. It is noise- less and non-slipping The railroad-grade crossing signal shown in detail Thin disks of cork are inserted in the metal belt lengths thus pre- venting it from slip- ping on the pulley Turkey Wants American Tractors headlights accomplish the same pur- pose. The signal is five feet high. But the real problem was to make a white light thrown on the signal reflect a red light. This was accom- plished by developing a special ruby glass, which with a mirror in back of it will reflect a red instead of a white light. There are thirty-six different reflect- ing planesinonetwelve-inch-square lens. The signal body is supported by two heavy angles so fastened to a metal post driven into the ground that radial and anticlinal adjustments diffuse the red rays properly. ROM oxen to horses to tractors have been the usual steps in the evolution of farming in most coun- tries, but Turkish farmers are skip- ping a step, and changing from the. plodding, swaying oxen direct to the modern tractor. They have been quick to see the great advantage in using a tractor over their old custom of using ap- proximately six oxen to one plow. By this modern method, they say, they can accomplish their own salvation through the cultivation of their large areas of fertile soil that have lain idle for many years. Every demonstration draws a crowd of keenly interested farmers, who watch closely and comment freely. At one demonstration near Constan- tinople, where the tractor plowed eight-inch furrows in a large tract of land that had not been plowed for over a hundred years, one wearer of the fez said that it would take twenty oxen to plow such furrows. Many such incidents as the above may be gleaned from reports of United States consuls, making insistent the cry for greater production. | The Turk formerly used six oxen to pull his plow. But now eighteen oxen and three plows are eliminated by one tractor 78 Here is a-piece of land just outside of, Constantinople which has lainidle for years. Notice the tractor plowing eight-inch furrows =

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August, 1920 FRICTION DRIVE, _-FUEL The gasoline mule has this ad- vantage over the small industrial locomotive. Its mechanism is un- derstood by the thousands of men who understand the driving of automobile and motor-truck, and therefore its potentialities for use are enhanced considerably ~ TE WHT Behold the Gasoline Locomotive, a Rival of the Steam-Engine iy. to the great scarcity of all forms of steam-railway equip- ment during the war, the gasoline loco- motive gained considerable headway. As a result, there has been developed an improved type of gasoline locomo- tive. This new apparatus, which is offered in four- and six-ton models capable of hauling eighty- and one- hundred-and-twenty-five-ton loads on straight and level track respectively, is characterized by the close adher- ence to automobile- and motor-truck- designing practice. Aside from the self-contained unit, when a gasoline engine is employed as compared with the boiler and tender Making It Easy NY one who has seen an automo- bile tire taken off its rim by means of screwdrivers, hammers, __ spring leaves, etc., will appreciate how that disagreeable task may be overcome by the simple split-rim contractor and ex- pander shown in the accompanying illustration. The apparatus consists of but three parts: a center turnbuckle and two end members. One end of each end member is threaded to screw into the turnbuckle and the other end is pro- vided with a hook to fit over the edge of the rim. Thus when a tire has to be taken off a rim out on the road, all that _ for coal and water of the steam type, the use of automotive design in loco- motive construction makes the machine readily operatable by the many men who understand the automobile and truck, but not the steam-engine and boiler. ~ The one feature which formerly was quite common automobile practice, and which is used on the locomotive for its great simplicity, is the friction disks for the transmission of the engine power to the propelling wheels. A metal disk is mounted on the rear end of the engine crankshaft. Against this disk and at right angles to it is a second disk mounted on a shaft which to Change Tires has to be done is to hook the end mem- bers over the rim and take up on the turnbuckle. This contracts the rim as shown, so that the tire may be taken off in a few seconds and without pry- ing, hammering, or damaging the rim or the casing. The tool weighs only three pounds and comes in a kit twelve inches long. It will fit into any tool- kit without making it bulky. While tire-changing can never be- come a task of joy unalloyed, this ingenious invention will considerably alleviate the sorrows of the auto- mobilist, to say nothing of the time that will be saved for happier occupations. FABRIC Sy BOTTOM \ aS ie ™ WIDENING CHANNELS The tire is a cross between the This view shows how the use of a hollow center per- mits the tire to ride over a stone without damage solid and pneumatic type; it is split at the center and provided with a core ring as shown 79: -from their solid tires. drives the locomotive wheels by a sys: tem of roller chains. The different driving speeds are obtained by moving the second disk along its shaft so that the point of contact on the revolving engine shaft or driving disk changes from the center of the driving disk to the periphery of the disk. The speed of the driven disk increases as it is moved toward the circumference of the driving disk, while the reverse speed is secured by throwing the driven disk beyond the center of the driving disk on the opposite side. The split-rim contractor and expander fills a long-felt want for the motorist Getting 50,000 Miles — Motor-Truck Tires OST automobilists are satisfied i with eight thousand miles from their pneumatic tires, and _ truck- owners if they get ten thousand miles A new type of cushion tire has been designed for use on all four wheels of trucks up to one- ton capacity and for the front wheels of trucks up to two-ton capacity. It has given as high as fifty thousand miles under exceptional conditions. The main constructive feature of the tire is its hollow center, which permits: the tire to absorb a good-sized stone. EEO RC aS RET SN NL EES OT ESN ae CA SN SANNA SAA AN Sn 2 RRNA FEE STE ATE ATE DOAN, new how mre caer = seaienaapaniranteantpastameremsengen ae ee en en cre a a a RN eC RT

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ees CaN ERIE = Waseca cates cilia niainana cca RING aie AGRI Rear cabo ere meen ste nt Se = See ieerieoeee a = mem seman mBTA~ n n eee = —— eS I 2 saat SURE ed Sern mre Sse eons ae mons adr ordi xo - ror ita This trailer is a veritable home on wheels and provides sleeping room for two people. The trailer is constructed of rolled sheet: steel and is very light An electric automobile clock operatéd by cur- rent from the storage battery is the latest in automobile accessories. | Its inventor _ states that the clock con- A new dash lamp has two sockets, one carrying a permanent lamp for light- ing the dash instruments, the other being used to plug in a trouble lamp, etc. Popular Science Monthly Keeping Pace with the Some novelties recently 44 One of the standard automobiles has a neat little compartment for gloves and goggles. It is out of the way and yet it is also within easy reach of passen- gers on the rear seat You could study this car for a long time without discovering what make chassis it is built on. After you sumes less current in a year than the dash With a swinging crane and by means of a short hose the lamp does in one hour gasoline tank can be quickly filled. When the crage is not in use it swings back to an inconspicuous position against the wall - LAMINATED STEEL DISKS on ‘VALVE SEAT 1 2 VALVE OPEN IN VALVE CLOSED NORMAL POSITION UNDER PRESSURE Automobile engine valves made of thin lami- nated disks of steel which do not need grinding A new multiplex air-pumping spark plug acts as a self-starter for any automobile. Each plug is a primer, oiling cup and relief valve all in one give up we will tell you it isa Ford. The front seat is adjustable This device is very useful to the automobilist. It will intensify the spark, save trouble with carbon and poor gasoline, and show the driver at all times if the ignition system is working properly. He need not stop the car in order to make tests Easily adjusted non-skid chains for motor-trucks are fast coming into prominence. Here isa new kind which are clamped on the tire in sections

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August, 1920 Motor-Accessory Makers placed on the market The automatic road A fender which automatically guide indicates the drops when the front bumper car’s exact posi- of the car strikes anything tion on the road This spark-plug has a neut:al gap to provide . a double circular gap mounted high from the insulator, thrusting a chain of sparks well down into the gasoline CYLINDER THREE ~\WAY RING WALL") PRESSURE) SPRING SECTION PISTON TRIANGULAR RING GROOVE This tractor, being built on the two-wheel prin- ciple, most of the weight is placed on the driv- ing wheels, enabling it to get great trac- tion and draw-bar pull The inside, triangular- shaped part of this three-part piston-ring has a wedge action that goes upward, down- ward, and outward In a recent motor- cycle contest held upon a mountain- side with a fifty-per- cent grade, out of fif- ty contestants only two reached the top A piston-ring compres- sor in the form of pliers pulls a wire tight around the piston-ring, thus per- mitting it tobe easily in- serted into the cylinder The connections and operation of this battery-charging apparatus are very simple. The weight is only ten pounds and it has a cover which enables it to be carried easily One can get around the terror of clean- ing springs by attaching two scrub- bing-brushes to the end of a mop-stick Making the instrument and fuse-wir- ing connéctions instantly accessible, a new car has them on a hinged plate

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Bumper Combined A motor-truck is no stronger than its radiator. This iron guard prevents it from being injured accidentally Radiator Guard and HE radiator of the motor-truck is one of its most vulnerable parts. All of our war trucks ship- ped abroad were equipped with radiator guards, be- cause they were to be used in convoy formation and operated by more or less inexperienced drivers. The experience gained with radiator guards abroad has shown that they are equally as efficient in every - day, peace - time work. In fact, they are one form of truck insur- ance that helps to keep the truck earning money by reducing the time for radiator repairs. As a result of this need for radiator guards, many different types have been placed on the market since the war. Many of these, however, were not entirely suitable

The post-office on wheels, an innovation of the United States government, serves as a clearing-house in congested districts

Popular Science Monthly A Post-Office at Your Door ISTINGUISHED as the first of its kind in the United States, the operation of a “rolling post-office” in Washington, D. C., promises to speed the collection and delivery of. parcel-post packages in the congested areas of the national capital. Although inaugurated at the Christmas season, when the facilities for clearing the mails are most severely taxed, the post-office on wheels is to be a fixture in the collection and delivery system in a city where franked matter has no off day. The diminutive office is equipped with all the facilities for handling parcel-post packages, which are receipted by uniformed postmen. The truck is six feet wide and six feet long. The equipment consists of a lobby, a counter, two doors for patrons, steps, windows, a stove, and electric lights. Not unlike the peanut vendor whose goober-parcher capitalizes the tramping-grounds of the congregated floating population, the movements of the post- office on- wheels are sub- ject to the fluctuations of the parcel-post business in various sections of the city. As a clearing-house it may remain stationary for a week, only to move elsewhere when business slackens. This innovation in post- offices was introduced to the service amid a spec- tacular parade, viewed by thousands as it moved up Pennsylvania Avenue. The maiden journey through the streets was made at the head of a pro- cession of thirty-five par- cel-post trucks. Seeing the picture, you’ll not be surprised that it was one of the most popular ex- hibits. Feeding Steam with Fuel NEW steam carburetor for gaso- line automobile engines has re- cently been perfected to give more engine power and reduce the carbon formation. Its action is based on the idea that when steam is injected into gasoline there is a chemical reaction in which the carbon of the fuel and the oxygen of the

because of their clumsiness or difficulty in mounting. Some others were attached directly to the radiator casing, so that whatever blow was struck on the guard was transmitted di- rectly to the radiator itself —and resulted in radiator damage either to the core or the casing. One of the later types of guards, and one that over- comes these disadvantages, is shown above. It is mounted entirely separately from the radiator, and can

Vi < ee water combine to form carbon monoxide, and set free the hydrogen of the water. The cylindrical mixing- chamber for the steam is screwed into the exhaust man*fol!, A pipe is led from the water-jacket of the engine to the mixing- chamber, where the exhaust gases splash the water into steam and from where this live steam is then suckea é into the carburetor and -° into the cylinders with the regular fuel through a sec-

be fitted in a few moments’ time by the truck driver with an ordinary wrench. Steam-cleaning the gasoline to give more en- gine power and reduce the carbon formation is the function of this new steam carburetor ond pipe leading from the mixing-chamber to the carburetor.

Popular Science Monthly

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_ SS _ dl tO Ww US ft ‘is C- he he August, 1920 Aunuct 1090 Protecting the Motor- Truck’s Tail-Light AMPS for lighting the license plates on motor-trucks are usually placed in back of the li- | | cense plate. In such a position, | the lamp is unprotected and is often broken, either by being bumped into by the front end of a following vehicle when the body overhang is small or by backing up the truck against one of the walls of the gar- age in which it is maintained. To overcome light breakage due aances bree 48 aepowons QF : IN MEMBERS 4 HANDLES ee to either of these two reasons, one truck-owner in New York city de- vised the novel method of protec- tion shown below. The lamp is placed above and slightly behind the plate, but entirely in front of the rear truck-frame _cross- member, which thus acts as a protection against the lamp breakage. A device which eliminates guesswork in truing up automobile wheels, and by which one man can test more wheels in less time than two men could using the old methods Truing Up Automobile Wheels Accurately T was to overcome the complication of pre- vious truing-up methods that J. F. Duby, of Mat- tapan, Massachusetts, invented the type of wheel gage shown in the illustration. The instru- ment tells instantly whether or not’ the wheels are out of line. It can be used for either the front or the rear motor-truck. The apparatus consists of two horizontal telescoping members which are placed be- tween the two wheels and which are held off the floor by means of two small wheeled carriages near the outer ends. At the outer end of each hori- The tail lamp on a truck is so placed that in many instances it is easily broken. An ingenious method of preventing this accident is shown here zontal member is right-angled or L-shaped framework. The two inner ends of the horizon- wheels of automobile or. tal members are provided with flat handles pivoted together at their mid- points, so that by closing the handles the telescoping bars are made to over- lap more than when the handles are opened. In the latter instance the ends of the horizontal bars are forced outward so that the L-shaped frames at the ends contact with the front edge of each tire and the front and rear of the wheel rim at the height of the horizontal bars above the floor. When each L-shaped frame is thus in contact at three points, the parallelism of the two wheels is measured by two pointers, one on top of each of the smal! wheeled carriages previously mentioned. This is done by introducing a small arm between the pointer and the long arm of the L-shaped member. If the pointers on each side do not register alike, it indicates that the wheels are out of alinement. It Keeps Tractors from Overturning N the use of light-weight tractors for farm work, difficulty has often been experienced because of the ten- dency of the tractor to rear up when an obstruction is encountered, as when the plow strikes a root orstump. Un- less the power can be shut off in- stantly, the tractor will probably overturn. To guard against such accidents, Frank T. Ritter, of Edgerley, Louisiana, has perfected a stopping device that operates the instant the tractor reaches a pre- determined angle with respect to the ground over which it is travel- ing. A U-shaped member, which may be made ~ ei from sheet or cast metal, is bolted rigidly When it strikes an obstacle this device stops the tractor to the drawbar of the tractor. A flat plate is secured to a pintle at one end, the opposite end being rigidly secured to the tongue or drawbar of the plow. A bent plate is loosely mounted on the pintle constituting, in fact, a half hinge. The pintle has HINGE J DRAW- BAR - an elbow and is provided at its end with an upturned portion having a slot.° An arm is pivotally mounted by a bolt to the elbow portion of the pintle and extends through the slot, the outer end of the arm being con- nected to the clutch lever by a chain. When the tractor is pulling the plow, or other implement, the arm will move up and down in the slot, follow- ing the movement of the tractor. When the load becomes too great, as when the plow strikes a root or stump, the tractor moving upward and carrying with it, the clutch- lever brings the arm to the top of the slot thereby releasing the clutch. ame a 7 Bary, ~ _— ema FE : 5 “ ; ’ ‘ ‘

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Putting the World on a Right Footing Popular Science Monthly This corrugated roller (above and left) brings back muscular and bone efficiency. The muscles are exercised and the arch bone throws the toe joints in- to their proper positions A flat foot should be rolled regularly, says a Chicago doctor. Four of the rolling-pins he uses are shown in the picture to the left; a fifth is under his patient’s foot Strapping fallen arches brings the muscles and Fs bones back to where / they ought to be / With her high-heeled, narrow, pointed pumps, this young lady was a charming sight to see as she walked down the boulevard. Afterward, however, she took off those pumps and relieved the soreness in her feet by resting them on a small electric-light cabinet.Elec- tric light cures many ills Why Not Beat -the Ice Trust with Kerosene? automatically every summer, and the "Txt cost of ice to the consumer goes up weather conditions of the preceding win- ter have little to do with the in- crease in the price. Yet we must have ice. A German inventor seems to have solved the problem of making ice on asmall scale for domestic use with an inexpensive machine that can be operated and maintained at a trivial cost without experience or mechan- ical training. Two cylindrical metal containers, communicating one with the other through one or more pipes, are attached, side by side, to the same horizontal shaft, which may be slowly rotated by hand power or by a small water motor. One of the compartments contains chloride of zine with a little water. After the air has been exhausted from both compartments they aremade airtight and require no further attention. To start the operation of the ice plant, the heat of a kerosene or (A Water, a little labor, and the periodic ap- plication of a kerosene flame does the rest 84 alcohol flame is applied to the compartment containing the chloride of zinc. evaporates the water contained init, and causes The heat the steam to pass to the other com- partment, where it is condensed. During the heating the cylinders are slowly rotated around their common shaft. At this point a double-walled metal hood filled with cold water is placed over the two cylinders and the flame is re- moved or extinguished. As the mass of zine chloride becomes cool the condensed steam in the other compartment evaporates, and is absorbed again by the chemical. In this process so much heat is absorbed that the water in the hood becomes rapidly chilled and changed to solid ice, which is taken out and placed in the refrigerator. The operation is then repeated until a sufficient quantity of ice has been obtained. Only water and a little heat are required. The zinc chloride lasts indefinitely.

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August, 1920 A Miniature Lathe that Is Easily Made UCH of the lathe work done in the course of the average ama- teur’s work is so small that it can be done on avery small tool,and it happens that it is much easier to make such a tool than it is to make a larger one. Moreover, a very smal! lathe takes up but little room, requires very little power and, altogether, is a desirable thing to have. Without going too much into detail, it will not be By Howard Greene will only be necessary to cut it to the right length. This is to be secured .to the bent end of the bed, and it will This is important. make a neater job if one end of the plate is rounded to match the bed end. Get two pieces of cold-rolled steel— also finished, if possible—3%4 in. square and 2 9/16 in. long. Both ends must be carefully squared and true. It will be a good thing to get the

clear a few funda- -mentals of in- 7 ends trued up in a lathe, if ri

struction that you can apply. difficult to make possible, and at wsbs the same time

One of the stumbling-blocks | he " “lhe Vy ge | Ko > have a shoulder turned down on hy

is usually the 15° | one end of each

bed. Forasmall | lathe of, say, a 4-in. swing, the bed can be made of a piece of steel shafting 14 in. in diameter. Get a piece of such shafting 2 in. longer than the full length of the re- quired bed, and bend it in the middle, forming a long fork with the tines parallel, as in Fig. 1. Heat the steel before bending, and heat it only at the point where it is to be bent. Take pains not to bend the straight parts in the least. It is of course practically impossible to get the two legs perfectly parallel at the first bending, but this can be done by degrees when the steel cools. Use a pair of calipers to get the legs parallel. Then lay the bed on a piece of plate- glass or a surface plate and test for twist. Keep testing both ways and bending slightly until the legs are as true as you can get them. A good length for the bed for a 4-in. lathe will be 15-in., for which a 32-in. length of steel will be required. Space the legs 1 in. apart. Next comes the headstock. Keeping to the same scale, make a plate of cold-rolled steel 3/16 in. thick, 4 in. long, and 134 in. wide. In many cases this can be obtained ‘‘finished” or bright, and flat and true, and it

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, Was Yona ie) | a m7

eseas. ioe sae | LA 2 3" —_—__+ ess FIG 2-HEAD-STOCK DETAILS Here are the headstock details. The steel can be obtained bright, flat, and true, it only being necessary to cut it to the right length FIG | - BED The shafting is bent to form a long fork with the tines parallel. be heated at the point where it is bent | piece 14 in. long, forming a round part %:in. in diameter. But the work can be The steel must done by hand, and it is not essential that the round part should be per- fectly round. The important thing is to have the shoulder perfectly square with the end and }4 in. from the end all the way round. In the opposite end of each piece drill a %%- in. hole with its center 1 13/16 in. from the shoulder. Then drill a 14-in. hole in the center of the end of the piece running into the 5-in: hole. Both pieces are to be exactiy alike. Fig. 2 shows the headstock details. Now drill two 5-in. holes in the steel plate with centers spaced 3 in. apart. Thus the centers will be 1% in. from the ends of the plate. They must be exactly in the center line of the plate. Countersink the holes on both sides of the plate—very slightly on the top of the plate—so that the shoulders of the square pieces will fit down snugly, and somewhat more on the bottom. Put the square pieces in place in the plates, and there will be 1/16 in. of the round part projecting through. Rivet over carefully, ham- mering over the edges with the ball end of a machinist’s hammer and using light, sharp blows. It will be best to support the square pieces while riveting by putting through the holes a round rod as large as will go in, resting the rod on the slightly spread jaws of the vise. This will eliminate all danger of buckling the rather thin metal at the sides of the holes. Do the riveting job carefully, for much de- pends on it. _ Midway between the two steel standards drill the plate for a 3¢-in. bolt, which passes through a plate at the bottom of the bed, holding the headstock firmly in position. To make the tailstock, which is shown in Fig. 3, proceed much as in making the headstock, making the plate of the same material, but only 3% in. long. Make a pair of posts of square steel as before and rivet them 85 into the short plate, spacing the holes each °% in. from the ends of the plate, so the posts will be flush with the ends when in place. Leave one of the posts 3/16 in. longer than the other at the top, above the hole, and do not drill either of the tail-stock posts from the top. Drill for a bolt between the posts, as in the case of the headstock. Now get a piece of steel shafting that will just fit in the 5-in. holes in the four posts. A piece 1 ft. long will do. With headstock and tailstock in place, but loose so they can be moved, run the shaft through all four posts, thus holding them in line. With calipers get the shaft as nearly as possible true with the bed. Then tighten the two bolts, holding head and tailstocks firmly in place. Turn the whole affair on end, tail- stock up, and pour melted babbitt into the space under the headstock; holding the meta! in by clay luting, sheet asbestos or any convenient way. This sets the headstock permanently in place. When the metal is set, turn the lathe upside down and pour babbitt in under the tailstock, blocking at each end of the plate. Fill up to with- in 14 in. of the thickness of the bed bars. As the idea is to hold the headstock immovable, it will .help matters to FIG. 3. TAILSTOCK DETAILS SLOT

TAPPEr - ls P| wu 4 ie eee CLEARING

ba

be Bs 4S je : oe: nea [ j The long post of the tailstock can be split with a hacksaw at the top as shown herewith

rough up the plate and the bars where they will be covered with babbitt by using a rough file, or making a great many center-punch marks; or, better yet, by drilling a number of -in. holes to a slight depth, say \ in. _ In the case of the: tailstock, you must drill the bottom of the plate, making as many holes as you. have patience to drill. Do not drill straight, but at all sorts of angles, and do not let the drill go through. This will ensure the babbitt sticking fast to the plate. It must not stick to the bars, however, which should be heavily smoked with a candle, so that they will be coated with black soot. Take pains to see that there is soot on the bed bars wherever the babbitt will touch, but. none on the plate. Now you will have a tailstock that will ed Ses dal = --

ansapanr? = soneeane nen Sn NS LT LAT SE TTT EE LE LEA CTT

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FIG 4 — T-REST | DETAILS The T-rest is made from cold-rolled steel and one end is rounded in a semicircle slide easily along the bed, and the way it slides will be a test of the care taken in making the legs parallel and true. Instead of a nut on the lower end of the tailstock bolt, use a thumb- screw, so that a wrench will be un- necessary. The piece of shafting can be removed from the holes, for its work is finished. For the spindles in both headstock and tailstock use steel shafting, and select it very carefully, for this ma- terial is sometimes defective. It should be % in. in diameter. Better yet, get a piece of tool-steel drill-rod of the kind that is straight and round. Get a piece at least a foot long. With the headstock and _tailstock at opposite ends of the bed, and the tailstock clamped down, pass the steel rod through all four holes, as was done with the %-in. shaft, and hold them in position with two pieces of wood, drilled to fit the rod tightly, clamped to the outer sides of the posts at the extreme ends. Now adjust the rod until it is true with the bed, and this means the most painstaking work you can do. At the same time have the rod as nearly as possible centered in the holes in the posts. Don’t skimp on time or trouble in this job. Then clamp the wood pieces so the rod cannot move, block up around the rod in the headstock posts with putty or clay and pour full of babbitt through the top holes. Before pouring, heat posts and shaft as hot as possible with- out burning the wood. Smoke the rod so the. babbitt will not stick to it. Then babbitt around the tailstock end of the rod, filling both holes. To do this, turn the lathe on end, headstock up, and pour into the ends of the holes. As there is already a wood piece block- ing one hole, it will be necessary only to block one end of the other hole. When the babbitt is cold, take out the rod, remove the luting, etc., and trim up all rough places. Drill oil- holes through the tops of the head- ' stock posts with a %-in. drill. The headstock spindle will be a piece of the rod projecting 34 in. on either side of the posts; the projection at the rear is useful for mounting small grinding and buffing wheels and the like. Use one, two or three small grooved pullies, which are best purchased ready made and do not cost much. Prevent end motion of the shaft by putting a collar on it so it will bear against the inside of the back post. The long post of the tailstock, which, by the way, must be placed at the end of the plate nearest the headstock, is to be split with a hacksaw from the top, as shown in Fig. 3. Then drill and tap, as shown in the drawing, for a 4-in. screw and drill the head for a %-in. bar. This serves as a “‘pinch’’ to hold the spindle wherever desired. The tailstock spindle is moved back and forth by means of a lever pivoted to a link which, in turn, is pivoted on a 3/16-in. screw tapped into the left post of the tailstock. The illustration makes this sufficiently clear. Make a point on the end of the tail- stock spindle by putting it in the place of the headstock spindle after the lathe is otherwise finished, and turning it down with a hand tool. If the spindle is of drill rod, the point should be hardened and tempered to a medium straw- Popular Science Monthly end center and drill a 4%-in. hole and countersink both sides slightly. Get a %-in. finished bolt with hexagon nut. Screw the nut as far as it will go down on the thread and saw the bolt off flush with the top of the nut. Cut off to a length of 11/16 in. Square the end opposite the threaded end ac- curately, shoulder it to fit the half-inch hole in the foot-plate and rivet it in precisely as you did the headstock and tailstock posts. Drill a %%-in. hole clear through the piece of bolt length- wise, and be very careful to center the hole accurately and have the bolt perfectly vertical while being drilled. Split the hollow post with a hacksaw, running the cut \ in. below the thread. Cut a piece of 3-in. stee] rod 2 in. long and bend 14 in. at one end to an angle of about 40 degrees. File the bent part, on the outside of the bend, to form a flat 5/16 in. across, and to this rivet, with two %-in. iron rivets a piece of 14 x \% in. cold-rolled steel of the length desired for the rest. It will be well to make, say, three of these fittings with the rests of various lengths—say 1 in., 2% in. and 5 in. cr Hy ia color. Drill the headstock spindle for centers, using a 3/16- in. drill and tapering the hole - with a taper reamer. This hole must be truly central. The back end of the drill should be held against the tailstock spindle while drilling. If de- sired the tailstock spindle can be treated in the same way, and it will be a great improve- ment, as any kind of center can be made and used. The last job is the T-rest, Fig. 4. For the foot use a piece of cold- rolled steel 334 in. long, 1 in. wide and \% in. thick. Round one end toa semicircle. Cut a slot 25 in. long from the other end, wide enough to take the squared part of a quarter- inch carriage-bolt. At the rounded Be careful to center these holes and have the bolts fit vertically while they are being drilled The 3%-in. rod will just fit in the hole in the post, and screwing the nut down to the end of the thread will clamp it in position. The lower end of the carriage-bolt that goes in the slot in the foot-plate passes through a plate of 1/16-in. steel large enough to rest on the under side of the bed legs. How a Heavy Casting Was Welded By Donald A. Hampson HE sketch illustrates a steel cast- ing that broke under the stress of ahundred tons. The break extended from the hole BREAK outward, on one side only. It was thermite welded in the usual manner, but it cracked in the same place in a few weeks, the rea- son assigned being the uneven heat and conse- quent greater contraction on one side. The second time i was welded the hole was filled up, solid, and the crack was also welded. To fill the hole, it was necessary to heat all around it to 86 CRACKED CASTING How a broken steel cast- ing was made whole by an ingenious welding the same temperature, which meant that the contraction would be even. The proof of the correct- ness of this theory was | the service of years under a greater load than before. In the large manufac- turing plants and even the small machine-shops there are pieces of broken ma- chinery thrown away that could easily be made as good as new by welding. To machine new parts for a complicated lathe, or the like, costs money these days, yet the manufacturer hesitates to install a welding apparatus. WELDED FULL

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August, 1920 If In the interest of hu- manity—in the interest of safe and sane mo- toring Put on your Weed Tire Chains‘‘at the first drop of rain,’”’ and insist that others do the same. Seer Ihad only put on- WEED TIRE CHAINS Regrets avail nothing when the harm is done. Many an accident might have been avoided and many a life saved if drivers of automobiles had only exercised ordinary, everyday pre- caution and had listened to the warnings which for years have been sounded through the magazines and daily newspapers, viz.—,“‘Always put on Weed Tire Chains when the roads and pavements are wet and slippery.” It’s all very well to say, “I’m sorry—I didn’t mean to do it.” Regrets don’t mend broken limbs or bring back the lives that have been taken. The innocent victims have suffered through no fault of their own while the careless motorist escapes with a reprimand, the payment of Doctor’s bills and the expense of having his car repaired. Is there no way to make such fellows realize their responsibility and have more regard for the rights of others? Skidding accidents would never occur \f every motorist exercised care in driving and put on Weed Tire Chains whenever roads and pavements were wet and slippery or covered with mud and slime. AMERICAN CHAIN COMPANY, Incorporated BRIDGEPORT CONNECTICUT In Canada: Dominion Chain Company, Limited, Niagara Falls, Ontario Largest Chain Manufacturers in the World The Complete Chain Line—All Types, All Sizes, All Finishes—From Plumbers’ Safety Chain To Ships’ Anchor Chain GENERAL SALES OFFICE: Grand Central Terminal, New York City DISTRICT SALES OFFICES: Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Portland, Ore., San Francisco i aie

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Taking Flashlights by Electricity A method by which indoor photography may be accom- plished without the aid of flashlight powder or paper URING the war, law forbade the manufacture and sale of powder for flashlight purposes. Accordingly it was almost impossible to find a dealer who had any back stock on hand and even if such a stock were found, its price was apt to be beyond the amateur photographer’s pecuniary limitations. One ingenious lad who was an amateur but who did occasional por- trait work professionally, would not let the inconveniences of war disturb his work. As the lens of his camera was of slow speed and most of his work was in- terior portraiture it was .absolutely necessary to obtain some means of artificial light. He procured a large dishpan, marked the center. line around the side and divided it into eight equal parts. At each point he drilled and filed out a hole large enough to accommodate a standard, Edison base sign receptacle. Two pieces of 34 in. by in. band iron, each approximately 2 ft. long, ;were bent and soldered to the pan for a standard. See illustration Figure 1, ‘which shows the front view of the ‘apparatus and Figure 2, which shows the side view. On the back and bottom of the pan ‘was mounted a three wire Edison base FIG.2 Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the front, side and back views of the machine. There is nothing com- plicated about it fuse receptacle with ten ampere plug fuses installed. Over this was mounted a double pole double throw switch. See Figure 3. The wiring connections are shown in TLigures 4 and 5, the first showing the direct method of connection while the second shows the simplified or developed wiring of the same. A pear FIG.3. By Theron P. Foote The illustration shows how the appa- ratus will appear when the photographer is ready to take the picture. There is no danger in using the device push button mounted on the end of a 10 or 12 ft. extension cord connects to one terminal on the fuse block and. one terminal on the switch. Another 10 or 12 ft. extension cord having an attachment plug mounted on one end connects with the fuse block and supplies the current from the city circuit. If the city circuit in your locality is approximately 110 volts, eight 65 volt lamps, each of approximately 60 watts, should be placed in the sign receptacles. Setting the apparatus in place a little to one side and a trifle back of the camera the attachment plug is connected to the city circuit and the double pole double throw switch is thrown to the left. This connects every two lamps in series and the four ‘sets of two in parrallel, or requires about (65+ 65=) 130 volts to bring to full candle power. On a 110 volt circuit they will burn a little below full candle power. This will give suf- ficient light for the correct focusing of the camera. Now reverse the double throw switch, throwing it to the right. With the plate or film loaded in the camera, the push button in one hand, open the shutter with the other, press the button for a duration of less than one second and 110 volts will flow through each 65 volt lamp. From ex- perimental tests it has been found 110 VOLTS A [ear oust 0000 TSI.” (ROR: 65-VOLT LAMPS DP. DT SWITCH FIG.S If the city current is approximately 110 volts eight 65 volt lamps should be placed in the _ receptacles 8S Popular Science Monthly that when double the normal voltage is applied to a lamp the result is ap- proximately seventeen times the normal candlepower. This intensive illuminating materi- ally shortens the life ‘of the lamp so that a lamp on double voltage will last on the average only two minutes, provided the current flows constantly. The short life is due to the excessive temperature. When the push button is pressed for only a second or fraction thereof the lamp rarely reaches a maximum point of temperature, therefore it will give a life of more than 120 flashes. As the up-to-date lamp gives a little better than one candlepower per watt, in normal burning the eight lamps should give (8 + 60=) 480 candlepower. As only 110 volts instead of 130 volts is thrown across each 65 volt lamp, we will assume that the lamp gives fifteen, instead of seventeen, times the normal candle- power, or (480 + 15=) 7200 candle- power. This candlepower, although perhaps not equal to a large powder flash, will greatly aid in the taking of of I\ Sy = FIG.4 Figure 4 shows the direct method of connection with the house current interior photographs and_ successful work has been accomplished with the aid of this scheme. When the amateur is confronted with the need of making a picture of an object in which the detail is very fine, he may find the ordinary focus- ing methods not suffciently exact. At a slight expense, a camera with a ground glass focusing arrangement can be equipped with a superior focus- ing screen. Take an unexposed plate, and ex- pose it for one second in the dark room to a candle at a distance about 10 ft. Developing and fixing it in the usual way will yield a plate with a slight tint of gray. This will be found much better than the screen now in use.

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August, 1920 i ee than a decade ago Mazda Service took form in the Research Laboratories of the Gen- eral Electric Company. Chemists, physicists, metallurgists and engin- eers, coordinating and cooperating in a steady forward drive for scientific knowledge, have built the fountain- head of experience and _ technical skill from which Mazda Service flows. The laboratories that house it are without counterpart in the world. Mazda Service has made possible many things. Its outstanding achievement is the Mazda lamp. The modern X-ray tube, powerful, adaptable and reliable, is another result of the search of these men for the perfect incandescent electric lamp, and the study of the ther- *“‘Without research no scientific discoveries or inventions have been made.’’ ENCYCLOPAZDIA BRITANNICA mionic emission of its filament. This is one example of the far- reaching influence of Mazda Service. What part this influence played in the use of electricity in the war; what it has contributed to wireless communication, through the im- proved vacuum tube; to surgery, in X-ray development; to the art of lighting, with electric lamps as large as melons and as small as peas; to industry and commerce, to the progress and comfort and health of humanity, is a story that has not been told. Because it has entered deeply into everyday life, because the benefits it has brought are universal, the story of Mazda Service is worth telling, and worth hearing. RESEARCH LABORATORIES OF GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY IMA Bang AZDA

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Popular Science Monthly Make big Profits hepairing Jires D° you want more money? Do you want to get into a fast-growing, uncrowded busi- ness where you can make from $250 to $500 a month the first year? Do you want to be inde- pendent? Do you want to share the profits in the richest industry in all America? Of course, you do. Then investigate the tire repair business—and doit now. The Jim Dandy Tire Repair Plant is making money for many men. It can do it for you. Fortunes have been made in all lines con- nected with the automobile industry—but none has ever offered greater opportunity than tire repairing with a Jim Dandy Plant offers you today. The tire repair men of America have a $200,000,000 business ahead of them this year. Think of it! By January Ist, 1921, there will be 40,921,076 | tires in use in this country. Every one of these tires must be repaired some time. More tire repair shops are needed. Big, profitable busi- ness is waiting for them. Do you want it? Business is Going Begging This is your opportunity. The tire repair industry needs business men of ambition and ability. The field is uncrowded—the number of tires to be repaired is increasing at the rate of 40% a year. As proprietor of your own tire repair establish- ment you will be dealing with the wealthiest and most prominent people in your community. These people will ask you for advice about tires, accessories, even automobiles—unlimited oppor- tunities for profit will be yours. And you will be in a business which is an ab- solute necessity to the community. Tire repair trade comes again and again. You will have a steady repeat business getting bigger and bigger every year. $250 to $500 a Month With your own Jim Dandy Tire Repair es- tablishment you can make your income $250 to $500 a month or more depending on your energy and initiative. Many tire repair men who have done a business of $250 the first month have increased to $500 the third month. What these men have done you can do. They started like you and learned the business. Their success is not unusual. Get started in tire repairing with a Jim Dandy plant and get started now. There will never be a better time to start. :

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August, 1920 HY depend on another man’s business to make a substantial income for you? Why not put your time and ability into your own tire repair business—then you will get all you earn. You can be independent just as well as the other men who own Jim Dandy Tire Repair Establishments. These men broke out of the rut, stopped working for somebody else— and started their own tire repair establishments. We Teach You FREE You can start a highly profitable business today with a few hundred dollars. One Jim Dandy Plant equips you—we teach you every- thing about tire repairing—how to start in busi- ness—how to get trade—what to charge—how to figure your cash profits. You can learn in one to three weeks—and be ready to make money. It makes no difference what your present business is. You can make a success of your own tire repair establishment. You don’t have to be a mechanic. Neither do you require a college education. Tire repairing is a business man’s business. If you have the energy and the will to do, we can teach you in a short time. We have had forty-one years successful busi- ness experience. Since 1879 we have been gathering the information and experience which help you make a quick start today. You under- stand, of course, that we give you our training and help without charge. The men who have made big money are the men who have had the foresight and the nerve to break away from the crowd and strike out for themselves when they saw a chance for inde- [ pendence. Don’t let a salaried position keep you from your chance to own your own business, be your own master, pocket your own profits. t Many a “job” has kept a man from a bigger | opportunity as an executive in his own business. : |. Your Opportunity Haven't you often felt that you could manage the business you are in now, if you had the training and opportunity? MHaven’t you Own YourOwn Business-ide Lndependent In your own tire repair business you will have a chance to do the planning and give the instructions. Inashort time you can have more work than you can do alone. Then you will have assistants to do the actual work, while you give your time and thought to the active management. No previous training—no long apprenticeship —no large investment. You can get started im- mediately—open a shop—and in a short time you have more work than you can handle alone. Good tire repair men are badly needed. Your profits start the day you set up your Jim Dandy Plant. There is no city too large or town too small for you to do a profitable tire repair business. To every 11 per- sons in the United States there is an automobile with four tires to be repaired. No matter where you are— what your age or occupation—in one month from today you can be making money from your own tire repair business if you start now. Let us prove it. A Jim Dandy Tire Repair Plant makes it easy for you to learn the business and to turn out the kind of work that brings customers back again and again. It is the only tire repair plant on the market which uses super- heated steam. Perfect work is assured even when you are a beginner. You can make any kind of a repair— and you buy: no unnecessary molds or parts. You do not pay for anything that will not bring returns. The Jim Dandy has the largest capacity of any plant of its size on the market. It is fully guaranteed and backed by our long experience in the tire repair business. We have established tire repair businesses for men of many ages and professions in towns of 200 population and up and have no record of a failure. We are ready to give you every assistance. Get The Facts By Return Mail Investigate. Send the coupon below or a letter or postcard. This brings you full information—personal consideration and advice—and a big catalog. Tells all about the tire repair business. How you can make money—be independent. By return mail you can have all the facts before you. You might as well make $5000 a year. It is up to you. You know you want it. Then investigate. Use the coupon below. Scheffer & Rossum Company Established 1879 St. Paul Minnesota a suggestions and ideas which you know would T make bigger profits possible? Give yourself a JIM DAND ty chance to use these ideas where they will pay you. TIRE REPAIR PLANT | 5. : ee eee —— TEAR OUT HERE—MAIL TODAY === -—=-—-—-—-—-—— === =—— " FREE INFORMATION COUPON “A Scheffer & Rossum Company, ail 185 E. Tenth St., Saint Paul, Minnesota OU SS. FREE book entitled, ‘‘Your Opportunity.” eee ee ee ee ee ee Cree eee e sere esse eee seers eee eer eeeeeeeeeeeese eee F ee eeeee Gentlemen: Please send full information about how I can start in the tire business with small capital and make a good income. Also your COOPER EOE HEHEHE HEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEEEHEEEEH EEE EEE HH EE COOPER EEE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE EEE HEHEHE HEHEHE HEHEHE TEESE HEHEHE EH EOE PA GAR RESET IEC i

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Popular Science Monthly How to Make a Two-Step Night-Light Transformer HE miniature transformer illus- trated herewith is intended to operate on the regular 110-volt, 60-cycle house circuit and may be screwed into any lamp-socket, taking up about as much space as a regular 25-watt globe. It will light one 6-volt 2-candlepower miniature screw-base bulb or one 2.8-volt flashlight bulb; the CARDBOARD OR 1/ FIBER HEAD PAPER CORE WRAPPING a. | aoe. 7 ; a STRIP ALSO ACTS AS Vv TAP FiGt. Ten layers of shellacked paper are wrapped over the paper core as shown in Fig. 1 6-volt size is preferable, for it may be dimmed on the 3-volt tap, yet will furnish plenty of light for use as a night lamp and can be _ instantly turned up if desired, a convenience not found on the commercial devices of this character. It is of the open-core type and con- nected as an auto-transformer, that is, no separate secondary coil is used (Fig. 7). This makes an exceedingly \e iG STRIP BRASS By H. H. Parker ONE SECTION PARTLY WOUND CHUCK RPM: COUNTER a” . 72 WOOD MANDREL ‘ 7 1 t IN HAND ORILL, LATHE OF ( HAND-POWER BENCH GRINDER 4 MANDREL The revolution counter is placed at the end of the coil and the number of wire windings counted with it. A hand drill will spin the coil so that the work may be uniformly done ing beyond end disk of longer section. This forms a center connection for the section windings as well as the 6-volt tap. WINDING JIG: The coil may be wound in a crude wooden rig, a lathe if at hand, a breast or hand drill clamped in a vise, or by removing the wheel from a small hand-grinder and screwing a hardwood bush over the spindle end. This arrangement is about as satisfactory as any. If a revolution-per-minute counter can be obtained, attach to other end of the mandrel, as in Fig. 2, to count the turns; otherwise a little experiment- ing will be necessary to find the right tapping points. WINDING: About three ounces of No. 38 enameled wire is necessary. To save space no insulation is used be- LOW VOLTAGE TAPS small and compact ar- rangement for the purpose, tween layers. Coil is in io wae two sections, both inside MAKES CONTACT though not exactly suit- able for bell-ringing, where a closed magnetic circuit would be better, in order to cut down the core loss, and. where a _ secondary SOLOER. FILE OFF AFTER SOLDERING TO PLATE WITH INSIDE OF CASE ends being soldered to the brass strip, which is then paper insulated. Wind sections in opposite direc- INSULATION both finishing ends on the LEAD To) SCREW tions. This method brings . coil entirely separate from the service mains would be desirable. The con- struction is simple, as the following specifications will show: PLUG /TERMINAL / Pia ee Wind on the remainder of the wire and test the coil again to make sure outside and does away with the fragile and poorly insu- lated inside end otherwise used. If the revolution- per-minute counter is at hand, wind on 2600 turns CoRE: Wrap about 10 layers of shellacked paper around a rod 9/16 in. in diameter and glue the edges, Make this cylinder 1% in. long. When the winding is completed, fill this with straight soft _iron wires, ~ about No.18 or 20 gage, 1% in. long, then file off flush with spool faces. TAPS BENT OVER HEAVY PAPER FiG.4 SWITCH BLADE GLUED TO PAPER INSULATING DISK PSOcKeT TERMINAL SPOOL: Cut wee SCREW, INSULATED mis rom cover ° OUt three heavy cardboard disks Fig. 4. How the taps are bent over on the paper. Fig. 5. The brass strip is glued to inside paper disk about 134 in. in diameter, with center hole to allow them to slip tightly over paper core described above. Glue into place at distances shown in Fig. 1. Slip a short strip of | thin brass under center and project- on the longer section and bring out a paper-insulated brass strip soldered on, as the 3-volt tap (the inner strip serves as the 6-volt tap) ; then com- plete the section with 4400 turns total. Put 2600 on the narrower section (13/16 in. long), making 7000 turns in all. Then remove from’ mandrel, slip in a l4-in. temporary ‘iron core, and test out. If the number of turns can- not be counted, wind the short section full to about 15/16 in. in diameter. Wind the other section a little less than half full, bring out a tap, complete the coil and test. If not right, unwind the longer coil and tap at another point. More turns if lamp isnot bright enough. Wind on the remainder of the wire and test again. 92 nL FIG.6 fi. MINIATURE SOCKET ‘\x_)) J SCREW SLEEVE SS 'SOLDERED TO COVER” TURN COVER: TO Solder wire ends to brass strips (Fig. 3), insulate them and glue into place and wrap the whole coil in paper. CONTAINER: A brass case is best; either a length of 13%-in. olive drab tubing or preferably a cylindrical box with friction cover such as paper fast- eners and similar office supplies used to be sold in. Cut off lower end to make suitable length. Cut a sheet- brass disk to fit bottom and drill out to take the brass screw inner sleeve of a screw attachment plug. Solder this plug to the disk, file off the end of the sleeve and cement the screw-base sleeve to the bottom to prevent its turning. Solder a short flexible lead to the bottom coil terminal (short section), thread it through bottom disk with a heavy paper or fiber insu- lating disk at each side (Fig. 3), and when bottom is soldered to case, in- sert coil and attach wire to 6VOLTS_ __ the bottom ~"4400 TURNS center termi- “eet tia nal of the ey) WITH CASE» plug. The upper coil « 12 terminal is ¢% aot bent over to 2 3280 make contact & eos with the case 3 = inside. Make sure that the lower coil ter- minal is well insulated ee ae ae E70 ATTACHMENT PLUG FIG.7 CENTER TERMINAL Here is the wiring dia- from the a of oe auto- ransformer. © sec- a ondary coil is used move the inner screw sleeve from a miniature porcelain socket and solder it to the cover. Glue a heavy paper disk inside the cover, drill a3/16-in. hole through the center viioaaial and insert the small cen- ter screw. Glue a brass strip to the inside paper BRASS CASE > ° ° 4 disk (Fig. 5), and tap it The trans- for this screw. Make former as it sure this center terminal _ anger is insulated from - the ished.Make COVer. Slip. another pa- surethat all per disk over the top parts are coil terminals (Fig. 4), a insu- and bend them over so ated and that the center cover that all the ; z ; contacts Strip will contact with aretight them.

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August, 1920 Blue Buckle verAll/s O “Strong for Work” Blue Buckles give men a new idea of how much comfort and wear-service overalls can hand out. From the generously roomy comfort - cut down to the last detail of finishing, skilled Union workers put the most painstaking care into Blue Buckles. Exceptional features like Blue Buckles’ rein- forced back band, tack-stitching on pockets and seams, and carefully inspected materials and workmanship save you money in a longer-last- ing work garment. Blue Buckles are America’s biggest selling overalls—the choice of men who want the best because they are mosteconomical. Get intoa pair for your own comfort and service satisfaction. Ask your dealer for Blue Buckles Jobbers OverAll Co., Inc. Lynchburg, Virginia Largest Manufacturers of Overalls in the World This ticket appears on every pair of the biggest selling overalls in the world.

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4 ” : oO

Lire, ACCIDENT BURGLARY, Fire 4 RTS ee Sette: ia ing eed het

iat hy Sym Dual Protectors Of the American Home

prevent, would be complete. Thus—the stealthy shadow of the auto thief, seen from your bedroom window at your garage door, vanishes into the night when you challenge him with a COLT. The sneaking figure of the fire-bug who, with venge- ance in his heart for a fancied wrong, means to make a ruin of your home or factory when surprised, surrenders when confronted with a COLT The night prowler caught upon your veranda has no =} other thought but flight, instead of the savage rush he premeditated, when he comes face to face with a COLT. Instead of battling the futile resistance of empty

HAT home would be without the beneficent insurance policy which restores and repairs after loss and damage? Without insurance those catastrophes, beyond the power of individuals to And we companion this insurance with ee. protection of a COLT to thwart harmful and evil influences which. unless prevented, lead to catastrophe. COLT’S PATENT FIREARMS MFG. CO.

the hands, the bold hold-up man who has stopped your car on the lonely highway becomes a shrinking coward when he finds you argue with a COLT! And so we have the dual protectors of American homes, #35 the insurance policy which provides a recompense for fey those losses which could not be helped, and a COLT & Automatic Pistol or COLT Revolver which reduces to ex a minimum the unpreventable danger. bre When you buy a COLT remember that you are getting & “The Best that Money can Buy.” Nothing else should & satisfy. Drop in and tal‘ it over with your dealer

HARTFORD, CONN. Manufacturers of

Colt’s Revolvers Colt’s (Browning) Automatic Machine Guns

Piss Bes

Colt’s Automatic tols

Colt’s (Browning) Automatic Machine Rifles Qo SOS Phat, ENSICS Cart

Popular Science Monthly Plans Quickly Drawn to Scale on a Typewriter ERE is illustrated a practical method of drawing rough-scale plans on a typewriter and without the © use of a single instrument. Even if this way of making a sketch plan took longer than doing it on a drawing-board, there would still be much to commend it. In the first place, a board and drawing-instru- ments are not always at hand, while

1 : BEDROOM tetas ' : " 4 4 . H 10"x20" LIVING- ‘ : ' ; ROOM H : Rus =<=eh 16°x 25¢ bet 6 ‘BATH tt ian Ze femmmomy, 5'x9' H H ' =o in| ~ eae 14 t Geo aa as - rs or te ee o---+ 5 hi I 4 eS ! KITCHEN! +: ° mx '(9'x lol DIBING-ROOM 1 : 1H 9'x 15! 1 : t .

SKETCH PLAN OF BUNGALOW FOR MR.H. SMITH SREET #1 18ST. FLOOR SCALE: -3-1' Make your house-plans on a type- writer. You will find they easily come to scale .and are quickly produced; several copies can be made at a time not even a scale or rule is needed to draw the plan on the typewriter. Second, as will be seen, the plan is neat, clean, and clear. Finally, there is the very considerable advantage that several copies can be instantly made at once and without any extra work whatsoever. These points would frequently war- rant the expenditure of a little extra time on doing the plans in this man- ner, but they can, as a matter of fact, be drawn as quickly on the machine as they can by hand, and sometimes even more rapidly. The fact that the typewriter auto- matically produces equal spaces makes it easy to figure the sizes of the various walls and partitions and to properly place doors and windows. It is true that sizes of less than one foot cannot be readily indicated graphically in this manner, but this is of little im- portance, as no sketch plan is supposed to be accurate, and exact sizes are in- dicated by the figures anyway. A little practice will enable any one familiar with a typewriter to get out such plans very rapidly. Of course a visible writing-machine must be used. The lower wall (the one nearest the bottom of the sheet) should be drawn first, then the right-hand wall. Win- dows should be indicated by the double dash, distance lines by dots, doors by spaces, as indicated.—HENRY SIMON. Cast Lead Laps for Truing Crankshafts F an engine crankshaft is slightly scored or scratched, it may be polished up by means of a lead lap charged with oil and fine abrasive

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August, 1920 Thermometers To help you’ main- tain a temperature in your house conducive to good health. Jos Bath Thermometers To enable you to get the most good from your bath. Ilr Home Set Bake Oven Thermome eter. Candy Thermom- eter. Sugar Meter. The secret of accurate results in cooking. Ios Hygrometer To enable you to keep the humidity of the atmosphere in your home correct at all times. Beos Weather Barometers Forecast the weather twenty-four hours ahead with dependable accuracy. Jplr Quality Compasses To show you the right way in unfamiliar country. Tyeos Fever Thermometers A necessity in every home. Office hermometers An _ aid in promoting business efficiency. (Ask Your Dealer) * Refrigeration and Zycos N ancient times a Roman gentleman tired of drinking warm wine. So he experimented. Placing a bottle of wine in another vessel containing water, he threw some saltpeter slowly into the water, at the same time rapidly rotating the bottle. Result— a cold, refreshing drink. And it is said that the natives of India at even more remote periods were familiar with this method of reducing temperature. From such simple experiments refrigeration developed. Today, though the thermometer soar upward, fresh meat, vegetables, and other necessities and delicacies of life, are shunted here and there across the earth in perfect safety, thanks to the development of temperature indicating, recording, and controlling instruments. For in refrigeration temperature control goes to the very root of civilization. Without tem- perature indicating, recording, and controlling instruments there could be no cold storage and refrigeration. Without refrigeration the world would go back to the dark ages and every man would have to produce his own supply of perishable food. In thousands of ice making and refrigerating plants, where ice for home and commercial use is made and countless tons of food, furs, and other articles are stored, Jeos Temperature Instruments are used. And in this as in hundreds of other industries, the name Jycos stands for de- pendable accuracy. There are over 8,000 different types and styles of instruments in the Jeos line. At the left we list J instruments for home use. Ask your dealer about them. If he won’t supply you, write direct to us sending dealer’s name. Literature on any instrument or type of instruments in which you are interested will be mailed promptly. Taylor Instrument Companies Rochester, N. Y. There’s a Tyeos and Taper Thermometer for every purpose

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Published in

Industry.

Crack o’ doom any day in the year the interest of Elec- trical Development by an Institution that will be helped by what- ever helps the

Midday—the sky suddenly overcast—a storm breaks in darkened fury—click, click go the electric switches all over town—lights twinkle cheerily in office, shop and home. A scenario you'll recognize. It’s being played somewhere every day. ‘The storm is the villain, threatening inconvenience and danger, while in the nick of time the Electric Light Company steps in and saves the. day. But it is not by chance that this public servant can take care of the abrupt daytime demand, rising in a few minutes from almost nothing to full capacity. Such an emer- gency was anticipated in the very design and construction of your Electric Light Company’s plant. There are boilers specially devised to meet sudden calls for steam—stations inter- connected by a network of wires, so that one can help another—generators built at great cost to carry an overload for hours. Meanwhile to report the approach of trouble, the Electric Light Company keeps in constant touch with the weather bureau _ and maintains its own lookout. Thus there is ample’ warning to stir the fires into new life and to bring extra gener- - ators and transmission lines into action, so that we may have light when and where and how we want it. But if the engineers did not make ready be- fore the actual need, a storm would be a time of darkness and fear. The stoppage of busi- ness might prove the least of the harm result- ing. Or if, on the other hand, the method of be- ing prepared was tokeep the entire plant going at full blast at all times without regard to de- mand, the waste in operation would lead to increased costs and ultimately to increased rates. It-is by applying economy to the solution of emergency demand that the central station protects the subscriber's dollar at the same time that it safeguards his service. stern Electric Company Visualize a catalog seven inches by ten, with No. 17 each of its 1100 pages devoted to listings and information a devices ad materials.- This will give you some idea of the many-si tive: t ° pany in serving the public's aatvient i ao

Popular Science Monthly powder. The illustration shows two simple forms of cast laps. Fig. 1 shows the ordinary form operated by means of two handles. This is cast ‘in a wooden mold. The mold is built

up of dry lumber and should be well constructed so that it may be used for recasting the lap when worn out. Holes are drilled for the handles and the adjusting eye-bolts and these are pushed through into place before run- ning the lead into the mold. A round wooden block is screwed in the center

HANDLE PLACED . (iN MOLD a, EYE-BOLT PLACED IN MOLD

PLACE SHEET OF CARDBOARD i BORE OUT co | aegis: IN LATHE

ee

ADJUSTING — © steal

-—-— | {)- —<-<- w_J_ croove This is an easy way to polish an en- gine crank-shaft that is slightly scored FIG.2 and two sheets of cardboard are put in place, dividi-+ the mold in two, the lap being ma _ in two parts to allow for adjustment and for placing over the crankpins. A coarse thread is cut on the inner ends of the handles to assist holding them in the lead. After the lead is poured and cool, the mold is taken apart and the handles removed. Then the lap is placed in the lathe and bored out: to fit the bearings, when it is ready for use. Fig. 2 shows a lap of similar con- struction except that it is cylindrical in shape and has a groove turned in it around which a heavy cord is wound and the lap is rotated by pulling the cord back and forth. This allows of. a higher rotative speed than the handles of Fig. 1, and hence faster grinding. The bolts must be set deep enough not to interfere with cut- ting the groove. A Quick Way to Mend Granite Ware RANITE ware pots and pans that have sprung leaks can be mended by the simple process of cleaning the metal around the hole and soldering in the ordinary way. If neces- sary scrape. or chip away a little of the lin- ing to get clean edges. Flow the solder all : over the ex- INS posed metal, A good way to mend right up to the a granite or enamel lining. Spots ware kitchen utensil where the lin- ing has come off, leaving the metal exposed, can be tinned in the same way and the utensil’s life lengthened.

Popular Science Monthl;,

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Se eS le .— swe eee eS it rel 2) 1g S- or an Ww all 2X- al, he ots in- alr, August, 1920 For Speed and Accuracy SMASHING double to right; a sacrifice; a “*squeeze’’ play—and the home team comes across with the winning run. Speed and accuracy tell the story on the diamond; and in your morning paper. ‘The crack_of the ball on the bat has been echoed by the tap of Corona’s keys in the press-box. ‘The report is complete to the last detail. Such out-of-the-ordinary uses demonstrate Corona’s extra efficiency. Its lightness and sturdiness, its handy size and unfailing readiness for work, qualify it to do even exceptional things and to do them well. b But Corona finds its real use in the less spectacular field of every-day life. In your home, on trips by sea or land, on your vacation, Corona serves you faithfully and serves you well. Corona is everyone’s friend— the typewriter of universal service. CORONA TYPEWRITER COMPANY, INC. GROTON, NEW YORK Branches and Agencies all over the World wenn — Cle Personal Writi TRADE MARK ng Mach ine Aryaqust. 1920

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Science Monthly's List of BOOKS THAT WIN) Help yourself up the ladder to Better Pay by becoming more efficient. The easiest way to do this is to buy and study these helpful books. CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL ALTER- NATING CURRENT MOTORS. ByA. E. Watson. This book contains complete in- structions for building small alternating cur- rent motors in several sizes. The designs will be found in harmony with those of the very best manufacturers and they can be worked out by the amateur for making useful instru- ments. Fully illustrated. Price, $1.25, Postpaid. AUTOMOBILE REPAIRING MADE EASY. By Victor W. Pace. A thoroughly ractical book containing complete directions or making repairs to all parts of the motor car mechanism. Written in a thorough but non- technical manner. This book contains special instructions on Tire repairing and rebuilding. Latest timing practice. Ejight- and twelve- cylinder motors, etc., etc. You will never “get stuck” on a job if you own this book. 1,000 specially made engravings on £00 plates. 1,056 pages. 11 folding plates. Price, $4.00, Postpaid. SHEET METAL WORK. By WILLIAM NEUBECKER. A manual of practical self-in- struction in the art of pattern drafting and construction work in light and heavy gauge metal, including skylights and roofing, cornice work, etc. Cloth, 288 pages, 370 illustrations. Price, $2.00, Postpaid. MENSURATION FOR SHEET METAL WORKERS. By W. NEUBECKER. Price, $1.10, Postpaid. MACHINE SHOP WORK. By FREDER- 1cK W. TURNER, OscAR E. PERRIGO and H. P. FAIRFIELD. A comprehensive guide to the most approved methods in modern shop prac- tice, including the construction and use of im- proved tools and machines, and other details of shop equipment and management. The use of various hand tools‘is explained, followed by a comprehensive discussion of the lathe and lathe tools, with the methods of screw cutting, taper and eccentric turning, etc. In- dex. Leather, 275 pages, 325 illustrations. ° Price, $2.25, Postpaid. STANDARD PRACTICAL PLUMBING. By R. M. Starsuck. This is a complete treatise and covers the subject of modern plumbing in all its branches. It treats ex- haustively on the skilled work of the plumber and the theory underlying plumbing devices and operations, and commends itself at once to everyone working in any branch of the plumbing trade. A large amount of space is devoted to a very complete and practical treatment of the subjects of hot water supply, circulation and range boiler work. Cloth, 406 pages. 347 illustrations. Price, $3.50, Postpaid. Book Dept., Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th St., New York City Popular Science Monthl An Airplane Shot from a Bow GREAT deal of fun can be had with toy airplanes. Here is a novel way of starting them with a common bow. The planes are simple in construction and are started on their flight the same as shooting an arrow. 2 ae Shooting the small airplane from a bow does away with rubber bands to drive its propeller. The toy takes on a realistic appearance as it flies away Below is a brief description of the arrangement of the bow and the airplanes. Any bow can be used, provided it is solid enough to propel an arrow a con- siderable distance. The guide is made of a strip of wood about 2 in. wide and as long as neces- sary so the bowstring will not be pulled beyond the end when pulled back the required distance. Nail two light strips of wood, one along each edge, to form a channel in the center of the guide for the stick of the airplane to travel in. Be sure this is well smoothed down with fine sandpaper. Bend a clamp of stiff metal. Then square the bow at the middle and clamp the guide to the top of it with the clamp. A bolt projects down through the clamp and serves as a handle to hold the bow by, so the hand will not interfere with the movement of the plane. Be sure the clamp binds e3 END VIEW Syne BOLT CLAMP a] : : © RUDDER w The parts are very simple to make and are shown in this detailed drawing 98 the bow to the guide tightly enough to prevent twisting. The airplanes are nothing but wings and stabilizers: attached to an arrow. Select a light, square stick about 12 or 15 in. long for the arrow. Near one end tack a wing of stiff, light-weight bristol-board or celluloid. A smaller wing or tail is likewise attached near the opposite end and an upright vane for arudder. Try each plane first by hand to determine its stability in flight. Changes can be made as necessary by cutting away unbalanced portions of the wings, etc., and adding or reduc- ing weight at the front by using sheet tinfoil or lead as shown. Cut a notch at the tail end for the bowstring. Set the plane in the track of the guide, place the bowstring in the notch, pull back the required distance and let go. The plane will be shot along the guide into the air, where its flight. depends upon the force of the released bowstring. Aim it at a slight angle above the horizontal. Using the Ladder as a Wheelbarrow HERE are times when a short ladder has to be loaded on a wheelbarrow with some carpenter’s tools and lumber, and pushed to the scene of operations. Why not discard Hy i { =A. SPRING CLIP fo i) BEARING F i IRON wae” NOTCH Ashort ladder may be used instead of a wheelbarrow if the idea in the illustra- tion is adapted to your particular need the barrow and utilize the ladder for the carrier? This can be done as shown in the accompanying picture. Cut a round notch, suitable for a bearing to an old wheelbarrow wheel, in each end of the ladder uprights. A metal plate underneath to swing open and shut will hold the axle in place. Then pivot two iron rods, as shown, to the inside faces of the up- rights, to be swung vertically when necessary to act as racks for prevent- ing the load on the ladder from inter- fering with the wheel. These can be folded back. and held in place with little spring clips when not in use. To use, simply set the notches over the wheel axle and close the pivoted plates over the opening. Then raise the racks and let the load bear against them so it will ride as near the wheel as possible. Grasp the opposite ends of the ladder and push it ahead of you as you would a wheelbarrow. Remove the wheel and lower the racks when .the ladder is to be used for its regular work.—WINDSOR CROWELL.

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nce hot its the cht ort er’s the ard ING CH ATE for ve ra eel, hts. ring » in , as up- hen ont- ter- . be vith August, 1920 The Working Hands Friend ORKING hands must be protected or they will suffer from the constant attacks of grease, dirt, paint, dust and minor injuries. Boss Work, Gloves turn the trick. They protect. They wear. They serve. They cost but a trifle. They are the working hand’s friend. And they protect comfortably. They wear — They permit you to “feel’’ your work, in spite of their tough texture. They slip on and off easily. Everybody wants them. Everybody sells them. Everybody needs them. They have a _ thousand uses. Your wife needs them about the house. You need them about the shop. ‘Thousands of other hand workers are using them. Buy themregularly. Keep a pair handy—at home as well as at work. Three styles of wrist—band, ribbed, and gauntlet. Sizes for men and women, boys and girls. This Trade-mark identifies THE BOSS MEEDY—The world’s favorite work THE BOSS XTRA HEVY—The world’s cham- genuine Boss Work Gloves. Be sure it is on every pair you buy. Trade Mark ( K } I N ait 7 a Ail glove for odd jobs around the house and garden, and all light hand-work. Made of the best quality, medium weight canton flannel. THE BOSS HEVY—The best bet for all work work glove. Strong, flexible and built that requires a strong, wear-resisting glove. Made of the very best quality, heavy weight canton flannel. flannel. The Boss line includes highest quality leather-palm, jersey, ticking, and canton flannel gloves and mittens. THE BOSS MANUFACTURING CO., Kewanee, Ill. pion heavyweight handwear for rough work. Made of the finest grade of extra heavy canton flannel. THE BOSS WALLOPER—This is the super for rugged work. Made of the high- est quality, heaviest weight canton i) «

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UMMER brings its own sports and delights, among them swim- ming and diving. Slides, shoots, and springboards have been adopted to add variety to the fun to be had in the water, but now comes a new one— the slide for life. With a taut wire, some good rollers and an easy incline, one can have all the fun contained in those variations just mentioned. First to construct is the carrier. The foundation of this consists of a piece of oak about 2 ft. long, 6 in. wide and 2 in. thick. A little less than 6 in. wide will not matter so long as the strength is there. Along one edge, which we will call the top, fasten with screws a strip the same width and length and about % in. thick. This can be removed at any time by re- moving the screws. Then cut out two more blocks of 2-in. wood about 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide. Bolt these, one to each side of the long block, about in the middle and so the bottom edge of all three blocks come flush with each other. Next, get hold of a pair of strong, easy- running barn-door rollers of the single- A New Water Sport All aboard for the airplane dive ~~ By Lawrence B. Robbins The detailed drawing below ‘ shows the various parts neces- sary to make the apparatus. Be sure that all parts are sub- at bothends. Force this pipe through the hole by: driving with a wooden mallet until equal portions project on each side of the carrier. This is shown in the end view. Then take two l1-in. pipe-caps and drill a hole in the center of each about 1-in. large. Run a strong woven wire rope or solid wire through each hole and hold it inside the cap by tying a large knot in the end. This arrangement sus- pends the swing or trapeze at the lower end of the ropes. This swing is made of a piece of solid wood with a hole bored in each end to receive the rope, which is knotted underneath. By adjusting the knot on one side or the other the swing can be made to lay horizontally. Suspend it about 2 ft. below the bottom of the carrier. At one end of the carrier nail on a narrow section of old automobile shoe for a bumper as shown. This is the front end. At the back end put in a screw-eye to which attach a cord used How to Make the Apparatus telegraph wire. ROLLERS ON OPPOSITE SIDES “Yy strap pattern, that is, one of the legs of the two straps ends close to the bottom of the Daas, ROLLER HANGER —~ wheel or roller. Screw @ REMOVABLE STRIP WIRE one roller to each side al ) of the long block in ——j nk —- Mt | } the position shown, = iLL so the long strap will butt against an end of the short block on t 8 LU i | } its side. Be sure and place the rollers as close as possible to ‘ the removable strip without their touch- ing. Now bore a 1-in. hole through the three blocks about in SWING SUPPORT SWING ROPE AND HANDLE stantially fastened and that the cable is a flawless length of Determine the speed by using a dummy weight Popular Science Monthly to pull the carrier back to its starting- point when a slide is intended. The “take-off” consists of a pair of strong posts erected at an advantage- ous point near deep water. Be sure and place them where there will be no dangerous obstruction to strike the user. Set them vertically about 4 or 5 ft. apart and 10 ft. or so above the surface of the water. Tie them to- gether by bolting a piece of 2 by 6 in. board to them horizontally. Brace them well toward the shore and on the water side if desirable. Turn a large eye-bolt in the middle of this tie- , beam, one strong enough to withstand considerable strain. Now proceed to string up the cable which can be made of a flawless length of heavy telegraph wire or of small- diameter wire rope. Let it be a cable strong enough to withstand a heavy strain and if galvanized it will be im- pervious to the weather. The length depends somewhat upon the pitch to which it is to be suspended, but with a sufficient pitch to attain good speed down the incline, a wire 60 to 75 ft. long should be enough. Fasten each end securely to a turn- buckle either with wire clamps or by twisting the wire about the eye and securing telephone- wire fashion. Be sure itis strong. _ Hook one turn- buckle to the eye on the take-off and set the other over a loop of wire sur- rounding atree, pole or similar means of ROLLER HANGER END VIEW the center, taking care to bore it exactly perpendicular totheir surface. Have a piece of 1-in. pipe cut 1% ft. long and threaded TIRE BUMPER WIRE ATTACHMENT AT TAKE- OFF END OF SLIDE : TURN} BUCKLE support back from the water’sedge and at a greater height than the take-off. The height should be great enough to give a good pitch down toward the take-off and so the carrier will slide

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August, 1920 ' — oS | ' “ve wer fw FF Vw wow isei™s w | ~ ww — + a wa wa F wt ew NT Flr . Be sure the name Champion is on the Insulator and the World Trade Mark on the Box CO ee ell oe Oe el | , Ov VK Ve ee \ Dependable Spark Plugs Did You Ever Lose a Dollar? HAT is what it means to you when you drop and break a spark plug. If you ask your garage man, he will tell you that at least one out of every twenty spark plugs is broken in one way or another. Figured on that basis Champion Spark Plugs with an annual output of over 25,000,000 save their users over a million dollars a year on breakage loss alone. Our famous No. 3450 Insulator has been developed and strengthened to such a degree that car owners who use Cham- pion Spark Plugs are entirely free from spark plug breakage as well as from trouble due to excessive heat, shocks and temperature changes. There is a Champion Spark Plug specially designed for every type of gas- oline engine. Save money. Order a set from your dealer today. Insist on Champions. Champion Spark Plug Company, Toledo, Ohio Champion Spark Plug Company, of Canada, Limited, Windsor, Ontario 101 SS ee eee

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What does your key ring tell you? Take out your key ring—look and see! Do all your keys bear the ‘*Yale’’ trade-mark? If you don’t see ‘‘Yale’’ right on the keys, they are nol ‘‘Yale’’ no matter what you thought. “Yale” is our trade-mark. It is on all our products, denoting true origin. It guarantees that the product will give the better service which you expect from ‘‘Yale.” No one else may use the trade-mark **Vale.”’ It is our signature—our abbreviated corporate name. When you ask for a Yale lock of any type, door closer or chain block, you can be sure to get * ‘Yale’’—by looking for the trade-mark on it before you pay for it. What does your key ring tell you? Yale products include: Yale Builders’ Locks Yale Door Closers and Hardware Vale Bank Locks Yale Padlocks Zale Time Locks Yale Night Latches Yale Chain Blocks Yale Cabinet Locks Yale Electric Hoists Yale P.O. Lock Boxes The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co. Makers of the Yale Locks General Offices and Works: Stamford; Conn. New York Office: 9 E. 40th Street Chicago Office: 77 E. Lake Street Canadian Yale & Towne Ltd.. St. Catharines, Ont. $3 Investment Worth $50 You will get 4000 new ideas in ~ mechanics and science for only $3.00 in a year’s subscription to Popular Science Monthly. One of these new suggestions may be worth $50.00 or more to you. Others have had this ex- perience. Why not you? Act to-day. Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York ae ee ee eee COUPON oe ee eee ee, I accept your offer and enclose money order for $3.00 for one year’s subscription to Popular Science Monthly. PD ECU Gc ce shesGe Rib sess 6s bes bbe aesebe ns Terrreeeeer rere ere ee eee ee ee ee ee ee 2 es CROCCO OL Ee eS ESE He SeEeLEerS OLE LESS OLEESEE ee If you play quaint, dreamy Ha- waiian music or latest songs on the Ukulele you will Lewanted everywhere. We give you a penuine Ukulcle, Absolutely Free, with an inexpensive waiian music and eter. No ligation! Send no The Hawaiian “Institute of Music Dept 1400 Broadway, ew York | down at considerable speed, but not enough speed to be dangerous or exces- sive. This can be determined only by experiment, either by the builder him- self or by using adummy weight. Then draw up on the turn-buckles until the wire is taut and capable of supporting the weight of a person without undue sagging. Remove the strip on the top of the carrier and slip the wire under the rollers and in contact with them. Then replace the strip. This pre- vents the rollers jumping off the wire from sudden vibration, etc. By re- moving the strip the carriers may be taken off at any time for repairs. Lastly, fasten a second section of _ automobile tire to the shore side of the take-off just where the bumper on the carrier strikes. | AvtHousH the work herein de- scribed is easy to do, it is nevertheless a useful art. A little practice will develop to skill, and all that is necessary to be successful is this practice and a few materials of a simple nature such as plaster-of-paris, wrapping paper, flour, paste, and some clay. The plaster can be purchased at any paint store, and the clay is found in nearly every hilly section, or it may be bought. Pro- cure some com- mon brown paper such as_ butchers use for wrapping meats, some old newspapers, and a pot of flour paste. Start with an easy model first, for ex- ample,a vase; later more difficult ob- jects can be made, the principle being the same in all of the work. Add hot water to the clay, knead it with the hands until it is soft enough to be shaped easily, then place it on an old piece of tin or other metal that will not melt readily. Be sure to have enough clay to form a bed for the model. The next step is to grease the vase with lard or oil and lay it on its side in the clay. Press it down firmly until it is half buried in the clay. After this is done, take a knife and smooth the edges of the clay so that it covers just half of the. vase. Now mix the plaster- of-paris with warm water until it becomes workable like putty. Pour it over the vase in such a way that it 102 One can make an infinite variety of things of papier-maché, among them be- ing toy soldiers, dolls, candy boxes, etc. Popular Science Monthly Now you are ready for the slide of your life. Pull the carrier up to the starting- point by pulling it along with you by the cord. Hang from the swing, lifting the feet from the ground. You will instantly commence a swift de- scent to the take-off over the water. Then, when you strike the bumper, or slightly before, let go the swing and you will be projected into the water at a speed proportionate to the speed of the carrier. Experienced swimmers can vary the time at which they release the swing so they will be compelled to turn somersaults in the air, etc., due to the momentum with which they strike the bumper at the take-off. All sorts of stunts can be accomplished and much enjoyment derived from this slide. How to Make Papier-Maché Novelties By George F. Kuhne covers every part not covered by the clay. Make this plaster covering about two inches thick. Next, place the whole thing in an oven, and allow it to remain there until it is dry. When dry, remove it from the oven and pour cold water on and along the seam that divides the clay from the plaster, using a small tea-pot for the pouring. This will loosen the cast. Allow the water to soak in thoroughly and carefully pry the plaster cast from the vase. It will be a_ perfect half. In the iden- tical manner make another __ plaster cast of the other side of the vase; upon its com- pletion you are ready for the- papier-mache. Take several thicknesses of paper and soak them in a basin of water, then wring them out. Spread the paper on the table or flat’ board and smooth out all of the wrinkles. Apply some flour paste to one side of one sheet of paper. Then grease carefully the in- side of the plaster mold and lay the paper in, being sure that the side of paper without the paste is next to the mold. Press the paper down firmly and evenly into the mold. Place the two molds in the oven. When the paper is dry, remove the molds and carefully extract the paper. Trim the paper edges and paste the two halves together. After the paste dries the vase’ can be painted as désired.

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.; = a a UO ea ee Ol | 2 Oa ae ee ee a August, 1920 HE United States Rubber Company considers it just as important that its Bicycle Tires should give complete satis- faction as that U.S. Royal Cords should be the best automobile tires made. U. S. Chain Treads, U. S. Cords and seven other treads in~ Clincher and Single tube styles. United States Tires United States @ Rubber Company ~ Auaust. 1920

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The laborer is worthy of his hire All service is worthy of its hire and good service cannot be continu- ously obtained unless adequately rewarded. From the beginning of telephone history the American public has re- ceived the best telephone service of any country in the world. In pro- portion to the service rendered the people have paid less for this tele- phone service than any other coun- try in the world. ‘Fhe reason why the American people have received the highest typeof telephone service at the least proportionate cost is because the Bell System has been operated on a scientifically economic basis. Ga &) SEF One Policy One System Every device which inventive skill, engineering ability, labor and time saving talent has been able to create; every efficiency known to buying, operation, executive control and financial conduct has been employed. Public service companies feel the high cost of living as well as indi- viduals. Pay them enough to make possible their giving good service. There is no permanent saving in poorly paid service. In this land of opportunity none of us is willing to jeopardize his suecess or happiness by stinting the payment necessary to secure the most helpful and efficient service. “American TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES Universal Service $10.00 FOR YOU. How would you-like to make $10.00 a Yweek durit during your spare time? Others are doing it ey, representing POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. Why not you POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 25 West 39th Street, N.Y.C. Arithmetic of Electricity A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules. $1.50 Postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 223 West 39th Street New York AGENTS $60 WEEKLY Robinson Folding Bath Tub. Big ” Seller. Costs little, no plumbing, little water. Weight 15 — _ folds into small roll. Ful baths, far bet‘er than tin tubs. Guaranteed 10 years. $10 a day easily made. Write for free tub offer. ROBINSON CABINET MFG. CO. 201 Factories Bidg., TOLEDO, OHIO. TAMMER mor A scientific method that “‘kills the fear” of stammering. Re-education the key. This marveloys method fully outlined in an accurate, dependable, worth while book—HOW TO STOP STAMMERING.” Mailed on receipt of 10 cents. The HATFIELD INST., 109 N. Dearborn, CHICAGO TELEGRAPHY (Both Morse and Wireless) and RAILWAY sQcunrenes taught thoroughly and quickly. Big salaries now paid. Great a for advancement. Olc est and lar; est school; established 46 years. Endorsed by Telegraph, Rail- way, Radio, and Government officials. Expenses low— opportunities to earn large portion. Catalog free. DODGE'S INSTITUTE B Street, Valparaiso,.ind. EASIEST SHORTHAND Learn in 5 even.ngs home study; then uire speed with K. 1. Short- hand. Amazin simple,easy. Ap- proved by — w 2 dictation, en, messages, ¢ s afterbrief a cumiupetetion Favor- ite method for age t --4 tes at lectures, me confidential diary. Big rials in ‘tn any enone reese or ; aid in your 8 oxrTa- G ra antve ane SU, Broot Lessons, suaren KING Tete EH.188, Station F, NEW YORK city 104 Popular Science Monthly How a Motorcycle Is Lubricated OTORCYCLE motors are oiled by a combination of splash and positive feed. The oil is taken from a tank, mounted on the frame of the machine, by means of a mechanically operated plunger pump which is ad- justable to meet varying conditions. The oil is fed by the pump into the interior of the crank case in which the fly-wheels revolve. The working parts are lubricated by splash, the fly-wheels throwing the oil on to the bearing surfaces of the motor. In the illustration, 2 is the oil-tank with the pipe, 3, leading to the in- take side of the mechanical oiler, 4. -cylinders, There is nothing complicated about the lubricating system on a motor- cycle. A glance at the illustration shows how the oil is distributed This oiler is a plunger pump driven by worm gearing from the main shaft of the motor. The oil is pumped through the pipe, 5, to a passage through the rear wall of the front cylin- der at 6; it then lubricates the piston and cylinder walls and descends to the crank case, being taken up by the re- volving fly-wheels. The fly-wheels throw the oil as in- dicated at 7 and send part of it through a port, 9, to the rear cylinder and piston. The oil contained within the crank case is never more than a few ounces in volume, this being churned into a mist immediately the motor is started. A rotary valve is fitted to the gear, 10, which is so arranged that when the pistons descend in the communication is estab- lished between the crank case and the interior of the timing-gear casing. Some of the oil flows through this rotary valve and into the timing-gear casing, lubricating all gears and bear- ings within. Surplus oil finds its way out through a breather pipe on this casing and serves to lubricate the front drive-chain. When extra oil is needed, on long steep hills or at high speed, a hand pump on the side of the oil-tank at 1 is used to send oil through another pipe to the crank case direct. . aa, ee Fe | Ue Se

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August, 1920 You don’t carry tt; you wear tt— like a watch. MADE WITH A VEST POCKET KODAK The Vest Pocket KODAK With a “‘ Vest Pocket’? you’re always ready for the unexpected that is sure to happen. Your larger camera you carry when you Alan to take pictures. The Vest Pocket Kodak you have constantly with you to capture the charms of the unusual. It is small in size but lacks nothing in quality. The price is $9.49. Film for 8 exposures is 25 cents. Both prices include the war tax. All Dealers’. ACTUAL SIZE Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y., Ze Kodak City

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Don’t Wait T en Years for That Big Job Let LaSalle home-study training help you to win fen years’ promotion in one. That big expert accountant’s job witha salary of from $5,000 to $10,000—or even $15,000 —is waiting for you when you are qualified by knowledge and training to fill it. Thousands of men have got out of the crowd of ‘‘office help ’’ become expert accountants and made swift and sure progress to positions of great importance, trust and ‘profit by the aid of LaSalle training. LaSalle Men Are “Problem-Trained” Big business today wants men to come to it prepared to make decisions and to shoulder responsibility. LaSalle trains its members by the famous LaSalle ‘‘ Problem Method’’ which, in effect, takes them be- hind the scenes of big business. The mem- ber uses his knowledge in the solution of actual business problems just as though he were on the job and sitting at the desk he is training to occupy. It is like being privi- leged to sit in a council of big executives, and taking part in the solution of their daily business problems. High Salaries Await Expert Accountants The Expert Accountant commands a high salary because he is the man upon whom the directors and officers must depend for information and facts about every department of the business upon which im- portant decisions are based. More high execu- tives, officers and directors are being picked today from among the men trained in Higher Accountancy than from any other class of men. For such men the road for promotion leads clear up to the president’s chair. Send Coupon and Get the Facts If you want to get out of the rut and move quickly to the front in your organization, send the coupon below with your name and address. We will mail you full information as to the LaSalle home-study train- ing course in Higher Accountancy, the low cost and convenient terms of paymént. We will also send you a copy of our famous book, ‘Ten Years’ Promotion in One’’—a book which tells how men with the aid ‘of LaSalle training have gained in one year promo- tion which other men without this training have not realized imten. Send the coupon today. Decide aow to train at ‘Home by mail fora bigger job. Don’t wait ten years for promotion. Training—not waiting, is what is necessary. Find out how—today. LASALLE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY The Largest Business Training Institution in the World Dept. 883-H Chicago, Illinois / Please send without cost or ob ligation to me. fuil infurmation about the LaSalle Problem Method of home training in Higher Accountancy together with a copy of your helpful book,’*TenY ears’ Promotion in One.”

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Popular Science Monthly A Lily Pond Built on New Lines By Windsor Crowell HE usual method in building a lily pond for decorative purposes in the garden, is to wall up a hole with cement, fill the bottom with loam, set out the lily roots and fill up the re- maining space with water. In the lily pond herein described, however, are several features of design and construction that are somewhat novel. First among them is the sepa- rate compartment for planting the : roots... It is cir- °C" ae

cular in form and located in the ex- act center of the pond. Then the supply pipe for water passes up through the center and supports a. cement bird bath at the top. As will be seen by studying the illus- trations, the lily pads are all grow- ing from the center of the pond and completely surround the bird bath, making a beautiful effect when the flowers are in bloom. To secure a circular form for the lily bed is not always easy. It was done in this case as follows: The inside diam- eter of the bed was first determined upon. Then a strip of sheet iron, similar to roofing iron in weight and flexibility, was procured. In size, it was three and a quarter times as long as the diameter. The strip was riveted together and spread into as circular a form as possible. The puz- zle was how to render it perfectly round. It was done in this way: The inside was filled with wet sand tamped down solidly. The result was that the iron was under even pressure from every, point and made a nearly perfect circle. This was done of course at the center of the bottom of the pond. A second strip of metal was riveted together and set around the first, its size adjusted to leave a space of several inches between the two. Sticks of equal length forced between the already round strip and this second one forced the second strip out to a shape similar to that of the inner one. This formed a space for pouring in a cement wall. The sticks were left in. the cement. When dry, the two iron forms and the sand were removed. A prac- tically circular wall was left, and was filled with rich loam and some of the natural mud in which pond lilies grow. As will be seen, the suppiy pipe passes up through the center of the lily bed. It should not be quite as high as-the intended water level. The bird bath was molded of cement upon an octagonal board of the required size. A short length of pipe the same size as the supply pipe was 106 GRAVEL & MUD—” _“SMALL HOLE IN CAP J

driven through the center of the board, a flange threading to it and screwing later to the top of the supply pipe. Then eight pieces of board of suf- ficient height were nailed around the edges of the octagonal board and the cement was poured in. When the cement was sufficiently hard to allow the sides to be removed, the pipe was let down over a spindle placed verti- cally in a_ vise. Then the octagon- al block was spun rapidly about the spindle and the soft corners of the block removed by holding an old chisel against

This is the form for the bird bath. The water pipe is set in the center. When filled with sand and tamped down it will make a perfect circle. The ring is made from sheet iron them. This was done until it was well rounded. The inside was hollowed out in the same manner. Later, when it was well hardened, it was gone over with one or two coats of thin cement to give it a finish. When ready it was threaded upon the top of the supply pipe as previously stated. This held it partly out of and partly in the water when the water was up to its maximum level. A cap witha small hole in the center was threaded on the end of this small section of pipe and furnished a nozzle which sprayed the water to a considerable height when it was turned on. One advantage of such an arrangement is that while the center of the pond may always be filled with lilies, the water around the outer edge will invariably be clear. < SUPPLY-PIPE--— A New Device for Preventing Tire Punctures T is safe to say that during the last twenty-five years, hundreds of pat- ents have been taken out for the pre- vention of punctures in pneumatic tires. In most of them the central idea was to make the tire impene- trable to nails and pieces of glass, etc. An inventor recently approached the problem from a new angle by studying the process by which the nail gets into the tire. He found that nearly all nails lie flat on the road. In motor- cycles and automobiles ninety per cent of nail punctures are in the rear tire. Punctures occur most readily at high speeds and on dry roads. The front tires are pierced by short nails, the rear tires by long nails. From these observed facts he con- cluded that rear-tire punctures are caused by the front tire turning ob- jects on end, with the result that if the rear tire reaches them before they fall again, it is pierced. Experiments conducted over a track strewn with nails verified this theory.

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107

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THESE SUCCESSFUL MEN H. O. Fleming and W. J. Boyce write from New Zealand: “We had good salaried posi- tions, but wanted to work for ourselves. It was a long way to Indianapolis, but the trip certainly paid well — present iness promises earnings of $8000.00 by 1921.’ WRITE TODAY ee Sear 1290Capitol A Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. Dear Sir:—Please send me by return mail your A co) free book on the new Haywood Tire Surgery Method, also details regarding your free course ‘tn this profitable business. Name Address 11.000 MILES TO LEARN TIRE SURGERY Came half way , around the world to learn this good paying profession. Today they are successful. Are making money fast. Are duplicatingrecords of other students—of Buchmann who made $800 in 1 month; of Oldham who made $2200 in 4 months; and of many others. In every corner of this great globe—right in your own town there’s a pressing need for The Field for Tire Surgery Is Unlimited : IT’S AN OPPORTUNITY for YOU to quickly get into a business that PAYS BIG right from the begifning. We teach you FREE. YOU can learn easily. No special educational qualifications necessary. Unlike any other process. HAYWOOD’S TIRE SURGERY is a scientific method of RECLAIMING and REBUILDING discarded, wornout, gashed § tires. By this system YOU can ADD from 4000 to 5000 miles to casings now thrown away as useless. Our FREE course includes methods, how to handle a station, scale of Aa charges and all other necessary details to be successful. Qur FREE book explains everything. Send for a py AT ONCE, HAYWOOD TIRE & EQUIPMENT CO. 1290 Capitol Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. This Interesting Free Book shows how you can become a skilled player of piano or organ in your own home, at one arter usualcost. Dr. Quinn’s famous ritten Method is endorsed by pom musicians and beads of State “Conservatories. Successtul 26 Play chords at once and complete piece in every key, within Giese sons. Scientific yet easy to understand. Fully illustrated. For begin- mers or teachers, old or young. All music tree. piptoms granted. Write today for 64-paze free hook. ‘‘How to Study Music’ M.L. QUINN CONSERVATORY, Studio ZH, 596 Columbia Road, Boston, 25 Mass. New Big No. 14-206 pp. Wireless and 100 pp. Electrical Cataloz Wireless catalog mailed for 12¢c and electrical catalog for 6c. You may deduct this amount on first $1.00 purchase. atateg not sent other- wise. Any lee less amateur will tell you it is the one catalog to have. As an encyclopedia _ of information it is invaluable. The largest and most elaborate radio catalog pub- lished. Values that cannot duplicated elsewhere. THE WILLIAM B. DUCK COMPANY 212-214 Superior St. TOLEDO, OHIO =a [)L[AMOND BUYING —— DON’T BUY WITHOUT THIS BOOK It’s filled with solid facts about the values of high grade Diamonds, Watches and Jewelry that will double the purchasing power of your purse, CATALOG NO.14 ANYON ELECTRICAL WRITE FOR THE ROYAL CATALOG (Edition 174) A wholesale jewelry house in a nutshell; | = oodsat prices minus middlemen’ sprofits. —— f et acopy NOW: it is FREE; learn how ig to open a charge account and pay monthly > 3% or weekly if you like. Ask for EDITION 174 ‘ LIBERTY BONDS ACCEPTED ROYAL Diawonp & Watcx Co, 35. Maiden Lane ~ New York Be aTractor Expert On the big farms and ranches of the West thou- sands of. Tractors and Trucks are used. Every Tractor and Truck requires the services of a trained expert for its operation, upkeep and repair. There has never been enough men to fill these jobs, and now the shortage is greater than ever. $200 to $400 a Month Such jobs pay from $150 a month we and board. The hours are reasonable, the work pleasant. e teach you to operate and re- vair any make of Auto, Truck me peaitonary engine, farm lighting, electric starting and acetylene welding In 8 weeks we make vou anexpcrt. We —_TF you to superin- tend the big jobs — fitting you to The a - ical Executive, Write for Free B Lincoln Auto & Teactee School “*The School That Teaches You to Boss the Job"’ 2429 O Street - Lincoln, Nebraska BUCHSTEIN'S FIBRE LIMB soothing to your stump— strong, cool, neat, light. Easy payments. Braces for all deformi- Guaranteed 5 Years ties. Send for Catalog Today. Learn to Dance! rou can learn Fox-Trot, One-Step, Tyv0 Btepy Waltz and latest ‘ ‘up-to-the-minute”’ society lances in your own home by the Nees: Peak — of Mail Instructio Method. Easily learned; Waite ter Gescisl Toman Send today for FREE a and surprisingly low off + tb ANDLER PEAK, M. B. Room Tit 621 Crescent Place -- Chicago, fll. 75 cents (no stamps) for All the Parts and Plans of this Plane =r YS Most popular aeroplane in the wo-!d. 2 hrs. FUN makingit. Flies 75 ft. Any color you want. Airplane Circulet, 4 cent stamps, shows 7 other models, all cloth wings, non-breakable. NIFTY NOVELTY & TOY CO. Mailing Office, Newark, N. J. $200 to $600 monthly. New inven- tion guaranteed prevents puncture— adds mileage—smoother riding. Mo- torists buy oh sight. Big future for men wanting business of their own. Agents wanted everywhere. New ter- ritory open. Exclusive rights. Noex just Pep. We show you how to sell. men’s course furnished rience necessary, Complete sales- free... Great opportunity for men to a a paying pusiness. Every auto owner is Write today * Findlay, O TIRE INSOLE. MFG. C CO., Dept. 2 with esther ne Monthly Hundreds of active men are working for POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY in their spare time. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is growing so fast that it has opportunities for additional men in communities all over the country. Can you arrange to give an hour a day, | or one day a week, or one evening a week? The plan can be adapted to your time. Now is the time to apply. Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York 108 Popular Science Monthly Not only were the nails seen to turn on end, but they were caught “‘red- handed,” as it were, by a high-speed camera. The puncture preventer de- signed as an outcome of these observa- tions turns down nails as fast as the front tire turns them up, and so the rear tire is saved. The form that is suitable for motor- cycles consists of a rubber canvas flap, 3 in. wide, usually mounted on a scroll spring attached to a curved steel bracket fixed by one bolt through the fore end of the rear mudguard, but occasionally attached to the muffler or to a special adapter. The flap covers the rear tire, and clears the road by half an inch. It lasts for about 25,000 miles, and can be renewed at little cost. Make the Alarm-Clock Turn on the Light ANY people need more than an alarm-clock to wake them from Some need noise, light, and For those who wake as soon sleep. water. as a light appears in the room, this method is recommended. As soon as your alarm-clock goes off, the alarm winder winds a piece of This string is string around itself. ALARM-CLOCK You can’t go back to sleep if the light The alarm-clock it is going off shines in your eyes. turns it on while fastened to a bulb which lights almost immediately, thereby . keeping you awake and assuring you of being at the office on time. It is also useful when taking medicine every few hours. This is easy to make with the illus- tration to help you. Twist a piece of wire of about 1/16 in. thickness around the socket-switch finger piece, as in the sketch, and attach ashort piece of string on the non-operating end and a piece to reach the alarm-clock, the length depending upon the distance the clock is from the light. The socket will have to be taken apart and the contact points loosened, in order to lessen the resistance, which makes it easier for the clock to wind up the string -that throws the switch and makes the light. The operating string is wound as in sketch on to clock alarm key. During the time when the clock is not attached you can use the strings on the light as a chain- pull socket. The arrangement must be tried several times in order to determine the amount of slack string to allow, this depending upon the ‘amount of winding necessary in fixing up alarm.—H. E, MENDE. °

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ne | | August, 1920 BAI WII!) Oy Cer eh Equals a Gallon of Gasoline , ee MIRACLE MOTOR GAS makes a tankof Gasoline os size —, vee Equal - in - Service A tank of Gasoline, this size This Positive Guarantee Protects You — GUARANTEE — We guarantee that Miracle Motor Gas, when used according to direc- tions, will increase mileage from 15% to 40%, eliminate and prevent carbon deposits, cut cost of fuel and make the car run better in every way. We guar- antee that it contains no ACIDS, ALKALI or ETHER, or other chem- icals that could possibly injure any part or parts of the motor or other mechanism of the finest car. We further guarantee to make good to any purchaser any injury to his automobile, caused through the use of MIRACLE MOTOR GA Signed: The Miracle Mfg. Co., Toledo, Ohio. Reference: Commercial Sav. Bank & Trust Co. Read These Letters from Enthusiastic Users Saves 40 Per Cent “‘We can recommend Miracle Motor Gas to do all you claim for it. We are savin on gasoline bills fully 40 per cent an believe we can do better than that, as the carbon is all gone; that alone is worth more than the cost, to say nothing of the additional power and speed we get.’’— Jj. S. Neeland, Los Angeles, Calif. 700 Miles for $1.00 “I am well pleased and satisfied with the results obtained by the use of your MIRACLE MOTOR GAS. Where I used to get 18 miles to a gallon of gasoline, I now get 25 miles, an increase of over 40 per cent in mileage, besides the car runs smoother, oe up quicker, and itively removes all carbon. Seven hundred addi- tional miles at a cost of one dollar is cer- tainly satisfactory.” ‘ I. T. A. Lewis, Los Angeles, Calif. POSITIVE PROOF G. A. MORGAN, Chemist, 536 Ohio Bldg., Toledo, Ohio, May 29, 1919. Charles A. Butler & Co., Toledo, Ohio. Gentlemen: Enclosed please find analy- sis of sample of MIRACLE MOTOR GAS. he material is completely soluble in line at ordinary temperatures. It eaves absolutely no sediment. It is neutral in reaction, that is, it con- tains neither acids nor alkalies, and will therefore have no harmful effect on various parts of the engine with which it may comeincontact. F It does not contain any oxygen bearing matetials, such as camphor, alcohol or ether and its products of combustion will, therefore, be similar in character to those produced by the combustion of high-grade gasoline. . A. Morgan, Chemist. TOON A Wonderful Chemical Discovery that Increases the Power of Gasoline Fully One-Third Big Money Saver. for the Motorist, Prevents Carbon, Makes Engine Run Smoother, Saves Gas, and Greatly Increases Mileage. Don’t be skeptical. The impossibilities of yesterday are the realities of today. The entire motor world has been endeavoring to find a remedy for the high cost of gasoline. The remedy has been found. It is here. It is MIRACLE MOTOR GAS. You will be amazed, astonished, at the way this wonderful product multiplies the power of gasoline. An avalanche of letters from all over America proves its worth, testifies that it saves up to 40 per cent gasoline, besides eliminating carbon. Miracle Motor Gas is used WITH gasoline. It is the combination of Miracle Motor Gas and gasoline that gives such phenomenal results. For ex- ample, if 100 gallons of gasoline gives you 1,500 miles, 100 gallons of gasoline and one package of Miracle Motor Gas will give you 2,000 miles. We guarantee Miracle Motor Gas to be harmless to the mechanism of your car. We guarantee results claimed for it or money refunded. It is used in every State in the U. S. and in many foreign countries. Start using Miracle Motor Gas today and you will be delighted with results. $200 A WEEK For You as a “Miracle Man” Here, now, within your grasp, is the opportunity to make from $5,000.00 to $15,000.00 a year. This new, scientific, chemical discovery opens the road to fortune for one live man in each community. We want Exclusive Representatives everywhere. MIRACLE MOTOR GAS positively gives 15 to 40 per cent more mileage from every gallon of gasoline used in an automobile. It eliminates and prevents carbon, the “‘black plague’”” of motordom; makes engine run smoother, and better in every way. At the present high price of gasoline think what it means to save from ONE-THIRD to ONE-HALF on your gasoline bills. MIRACLE MOTOR GAS is the biggest, most sensational success in the automobile field. Motorists are amazed at its wonderful work. Exclusive Territory, 300 Per Cent Profit, No Competition, Read on and be Convinced No matter who you are, where you live, how rich or how poor, this is YOUR CHANCE. You never dreamed of a better Opportunity than this. Realize the tremendous possibilities. Five Million Automobiles in the U. S. need this wonderful product. Thousands of motorists in your County want to economize on gasoline and are eager to buy MIRACLE MOTOR GAS! Don’t you see what the EXCLUSIVE COUNTY AGENCY will mean for you?- It may mean your fortune. Practically every auto owner buys the minute you tell him what MIRACLE MOTOR GAS is GUARANTEED to do. Delighted customers, astonished with results, will boost it to their friends. Your success is sure, positive. Motorists will literally BEG you for it, once they know what it will do. GET BUSY — DON’T WAIT Don’t make the mistake of being a doubter and losing this great opportunity. Our guarantee protects you. To convince yourself be- yond the possibility of doubt, send us $1.00 and we will send you two packages of MIRACLE MOTOR GAS (Retail price $1.00 each) with the understanding, after you have used them, if you are not entirely satisfied, just write and tell us so, and we will refund your dollar. Re- member, MIRACLE MOTOR GAS is a proven, guaranteed proposition. It has demonstrated what it will do and now we want hundreds of live men to sell it. So get busy—send in your order for two packages, or if you prefer, just sign the coupon for complete information about this astounding product. Tell us what territory you want. But you'll have to act quickly as territory is being snapped up very rapidly. Better get the coupon on the way to us with a dollar by return mail. Wire if you want terms for Exclusive Rights for your territory. THE MIRACLE MEG. CO. 168 Miracle Bidg., Successors to Chas. A. Butler & Co. TOLEDO, OHIO Ref c ial Savings Bank & Trust Co. a. “Show-Me” Offer TG EVERY MOTORIST IN AMERICA You Mr. Motorist, want to save from one- third to one-half on your gasoline bills. To Prove to you that MIRACLE MOTOR GAS will do this, we make the following \iberal offer: Mail the coupon below to us with $1.00. We will send you TWO $1.00 packages ($2 worth) with this understanding: Use them and if you are not satisfied. tell us so, and we will im- mediately return your dollar . You don’t have to return anything. Thfs offer ap- plies on your first order only as we will have an agentin your County within 30 days, and from then on you will have to pay $1 @ package. 0. V. Darling, S. Bend, Ind., Makes $210.00 Profit in 4 Hours *“Made a test of MIRACLE MOTOR GAS today on a 103 mile trip. Had two Fords. The one with MIRACLE MOTOR GAS used 3% gallons of gasoline; the one without MIRACLE MOTOR GAS used 7 gallons.”’ As a result of this test he sold MIRA- CLE MOTOR GAS like hot cakes. Writes later: ‘‘Sold 600 packages from 10 until 2 —four hours ($210.00 profit).’’ Dave isom, Boise, Idaho, Makes $60.00 Profit in One Day Next comes this letter from Dave Isom: ““My whole heart and soul are in this work. The Commercial Club of 4,000 members is boosting for me. Everyone is wel pleased. Have two more men working for me. Send me 800 more packages by express. Can't afford to be waiting for goods. Sold 90 packages yesterday.” (That’s over $60 profit.) Volibrecht Will Order in Carload Lots And then read this letter just received from R. Vollbrecht: ‘Miracle Motor Gas a big success. My 6 dozens were gone in two hours. Ship 50 dozen by return ex- press. Will have to order in car load lots soon. Miracle Motor Gas is a wonderful proposition.” What Are You Going to Do? Are you going to “get in” on this op- ortunity—are you going to be one of the 9ig money makers? Why work for a bare living when you can make hundreds every week? Don't let this chance slip by. Sit right down now and write us. Show the kind of stuff you are made of—show folks that you, too, can make big money. Any- one with ambition and a _ willingness to work can make good with Miracle Motor Gas. Read all those jetters again. They peoxe you take no chances. . wire our ank, They'll tell you how we stand. MAIL THIS COUPON TODAY! Tue Minacte Mee. Co., 168 Miracle Bidg., Toledo, Qhio If your proposition is all you claim for it, would like the exclusive agency for RCs chs Pe ve be ROR E Es enema ee County. Enclosed is $1.00 for two packages of MIRACLE MOTOR GAS. (Retail price $1.00 each). If I am not satisfied after I have used them, it is understood that you will refund my dollar. NMOMG sc ccc cvccccesoccscusccecessvces CRF. cccccccccceccctocveecccevsvesecs State. oo ceccccscccccscsccccccccess oe

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$50 tosl00aWeek as an Automotive Electrical Expert Vou can quickly qualify for a highly paid position in the great new field of Automotive Electricity. Big salary jobs are open in all parts of the country to experts in starting, lighting and ignition as ap- plied to automobiles, motor trucks, tractors, motor- cycles, aircraft, farm lighting plants, etc. Our Free Employment Bureau helps you to a good posi- tion in this clean, interesting work. Earn While You Learn Twelve weeks of intensive, full-time training makes you a master of all kinds of Automotive Electrical equipment. If you prefer to earn your way while learning. you may devote part time toa well-paid position in Milwaukee which we will se- cure for vou. Low tuition fee; dormitory and other special privileges. ° Write to-day for Big Free Book our new, fully illus- trated book on Auto- motive Electricity which we will be glad to send you without obligation. Find out about the op- portunities in this great new field and learn about our efficient method of training. Do not miss this chance to slip into a $50 to $100-a-week position. Send a pastel to-day. SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING OF MILWAUKEE Dept. 8-H—373 Broadway, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Puncture FREE pe tuse m1 °lelom iim Clueleclel ass UNION TIRES rcoresent the ard in reconstructed tires. Their reinforcement of 4 extra layers of fabric reduces greatly blowout and puncture possibilities. Over 200,000 in use, To further increase mileage, we 41 include with every tire ordered A *| PUNCTURE PROOF TUBE FREE that under ordinary conditionswill last ten to 20,000 miles. Our 5,000-mile tire guarantee certificate with every tire. Prices Include Tire and Tube 80x38 - o-oo & S2x444 ....- $12.00 oe ef B0x31% .....-. 8.50 | 33x4% .. 12.50 $2x3148.S.only 9.10 | 34x434 .....- 13.15 Slx4 .......10.85 | 85x4%.. 13.40 $2x4 .10.70 | 36x4% .. 13.85 B3x4 — cecceee 11.15 | 86x5 =o. 00 85 et eee 11.50 | 37x5 14,95 Reliner Free With Every Tire te whether you want straight side or clincher, Siece non-skid. Send $2 deposit for each tire ordered, alance C.O.D., ject to examination, or 6 percent nt if full amount is sent with order. RUBBER COMPANY oan = tome Ave. & 15th St, Chicage > Mining Engineer . A great profession not overcrowded. The Michigan College of Mines (est. 1886) located in the heart of one of the greatest copper mining districts of the world offers a unique combination of the- Oretical instruction with practical experience in a four year course which can be completed in three calendar years. Its breadth affords foundation for expert specialization in that field of engineering which most appeals to the student. Great mines, mills, smelters, electrolytic and power plants are practically a pat of the college equipment and constitute a factor of eno-mous value in the course of instruction. Managers of large operations regu- larly lectu-e to Classes. Region affords unusual opportunities for geological study. Nine buildings, Advanced Methods. Vigorous Athletics, Bowling, Billiards, Tobogganing. ‘**M.C.M.Men Make Good.” For descriptive book address 262 College Ave., Houghton, Mich. Michigan Mines GET BIG BUSH OFFER We do not dea} through -—, distributors rr College of Lioney-Rack guar County antec. bush light four and De Luxe six. Don’twait. Write today! BUSH MOTOR CO., Chicago, Ulinois, Dept.x111 Bush Temple BE AN EXPERT ADD 7S LE, “he Ske ke he FASS. Wonderful, new device, guides your hand; corrects your writing in few days. Big improvement in three hours. No failures. Complete outline FREE. Write C. J. Ozment, Dept. 52, St. Louis, Mo. Popular Science Monthly Can You Sharpen a Pencil with One Hand? By Leon Aker » OW where did I put that knife a or razor-blade?” Then you waste about half an hour of your val- uable time looking for it. When you finally find it, you proceed to make your room untidy with the lead and shavings on the floor, besides shav- TIN BOX AND COVER PA7NE ALAND By drawing the pencil over the slant of the razor blade it is easily sharpened ing the skin of your fingers with the safety-razor blade and wasting a good part of your fifteen-cent pencil. With the simple arrangement illus- trated in the sketch shown above you can hold ycur T-square with one hand and sharpen your pencil with the other, long, short, flat or round, just as you wish, and no shavings on the floor. An old safety-razor blade (one of the rigid kind) and an old tin box with a cover is all that you require. Compelling Attention N enterprising business man who realized the possibilities of mov- ing advertisements before the public, installed a novel device in his place of business which slowly carried a series of small advertisements before the eyes.of the public. The arrangement consists of an elec- tric-motor-propelled belt which was made up of the cloth-backed adver- tisements, themselves, rolling on two vertical rollers. A step-down gear was procured with a ratio of about thirty to one, which was connected to the motor. The whole was housed in a long box as shown in Fig. 1 and each end was enclosed to hide the mechanism and the rollers. Between them glass pro- tected the belt from dust. The motor was housed in one of the end boxes, and the step-down gear arranged as shown in Fig. 2. The rollers were made of 24-in. hardwood, EEMETAL CONNECTIONS SA WA QA MSDAA FIG.1. This shows the whole mechanism housed in a long box. Glass protects the belt from dust and foreign matter and were provided with a wide metal disk on the lower ends to prevent the 110 The latter should be about 2 in. wide, 314 in. long, and about 1% in. high; one of those ‘assorted nail’’ boxes you can buy at the ten-cent store will do nicely. Remove the lid and with a pair of scissors cut off the two long sides, and straighten out the ends. Then place the box in the middle and bend up the ends of the now flat piece of tin on each side, leaving one side straight up and the other bent out, making a double bend, parallel to and slightly above the top of the box. Now nail the straight end to the front edge on the right side (if you are right-handed) and the Z end to the under side of the board; being sure that the box slides fairly easily in the channel you have made. Finally, hammer the razor blade into the front edge, leaving about half of same outside and over the tin box. To use this homemade _pencil- sharpener, simply hold your pencil firmly in one hand and draw it at a slant over the edge of the blade, when the shavings will fall in the box, which re be pulled out and emptied when ull. with a Moving Sign cloth belt from working off, and stop- ping the mechanism. In use, the belt was made up of rectangles of cloth with the hinged clips used for fastening small belts together each the same size. Space was then sold to business firms about the town at so much per square, and ROLLER How the step-down gear was arranged. The roll- ers were made of 24-inch hardwood : METAL FLANGE pe STEP-DOWN GEAR after the advertisement was made up it was pasted on the front of the cloth . strip. The idea was so successful that several similar devices were installed in other public places, each paying a royalty to the inventor. The advertisements’ used were of the same size as the advertisements commonly carried in street-cars, while their length was determined by the amount of vacant space over mirrors, etc., which was to be utilized. Popular Science Monthly _

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August, 1920 “Keep Your Eye on Jim!” “It’s not alone what a man does during working hours, but outside of working hours—that determines his future. There are plenty of men who do a good job while they’re at it, but who. work with one eye on the clock and one ear cocked for the whistle. They long for that loaf at noon and for that evening hour in the bowling alley. They are good workers and they'll always be just that—ten years from now they are likely to. be right where they are today. “But when you see a man putting in his noon hour learning more about his work, you seea man who won’t staydown. His job today is just a stepping-stone to something better. He’ll never be satisfied until he hits the top. And he'll get there, because he’s the kind of man we want in this firm’s responsible positions. You can always depend on a man like Jim. “Every important man in this plant won out in the same way. Our treasurer used to be a bookkeeper. The sales manager started in a branch office up state. The factory superintendent was at a lathe afew years ago. The chief designer rose from the bottom in the drafting room. The traffic manager was a clerk. ‘‘All these men won their advancements through spare time study with the International Correspondence Schools. Today they are earning four or five times—yes, some of them fem times as much money as when they came with us. “That’s why I say that Jim there is one of our future executives. Keep your eye on him. Give him every chance—he’ll make good!” Employers everywhere are looking for men'who really want to get ahead. If you want to make more money, show your employer that you’re trying to be worth more money. If you want more responsibility, show him you’re willing to prepare yourself for it. : uP For 29 years the International Correspondence Schools have been training men and women right in their own homes: after supper, or whenever they had a little time to spare. More than two million have stepped up in just this way. More than 110,000 are studying now. Ten thousand are starting every month. Can you afford to let another priceless hour pass without making your start toward some- thing better? Here is all we ask—without cost, without obligation, mark and mail this coupon. It’s a little thing that takes but a moment, but it’s the most impor- tant thing you can do today. Do it now! a —_—oe ee oe ae TEAR OUT HERES oe cee oe Gees T ITERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS wit noe SCRANTON, PA. he 4. the subject before which T L, x ae , OTRI ENGINEER SALESMANSHIP Electric Li Bn Whence end Railways ADVERTISING | Telegraph Engineer Show Card Writer Telephone Work Sign Painter | Cmmomanroar exciveen Railroad Trainmen }Mechanical Draftsman ILLUSTRATING | [QMachine Shop Practice Cartoonin Toolmaker BUSINESS MANAGEMENT | . [jGas fagine Operating Private Sec vee Me pan BOOKKEEPER urveying and Mapping ge her and Typist | MINE FOREMAN OR ENGINEER ‘Cert. ub ic Accountant STATIONARY ENGINEER TRAFFIC MANAGER ] Marine Engineer Railway Accountant Ship Draftsman Commercial Law i ARCHITECT GOOD ENGLISH Contractor and Builder , Teacher itectural Drafteman Common Schoo! Subjects | [Concrete Builder CIVIL SERVICE Structural En; Railway Mail Clerk | PLUMBING AND A 1InN@ AUTOMOBILE OPERATING Sheet Metal Worker Auto Repairing | Textile Overseer or Supt. poe] Spanish CHEMIST 4AGRIOULTURE French | Mathematics Poultry Raising Ttallaa Name | Present rs * | Street and No. ! City ___ State Canadians may send this 7-25-19 to International Corres. e Schools, Montreal, Canada

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Just Published Experiments with 110-Volt . Alternating Currents By J. D. ADAMS Why does the young electrician seldom have any practical knowledge of the 110-volt alternating current— the most important ferm in which electricity is used commercially ? This condition exists because the many books for the beginner, excellent though they are, all seem to so carefully avoid the alter- nating current as though it were something that~ the youthful electrician should not tamper with. The purpose of this book is to show the amateur electrician that the 110-volt commercial circuit may be handled with perfect safety and without involving the expense necessary to maintain a power supply. The only way to gain a thorough under- standing of electricity, as it is used com- mercially, is by direct personal experiment. The knowledge thus gained is of vastly more value and importance than that acquired from the performance of the stereotyped series of battery experiments so uniformly described in the text-books. The many experiments described in this book were all performed at a time when neither a machine shop nor a laboratory was available. The apparatus involved was necessarily made as simple as possible con- sistent with the securing of striking results. Fully Illustrated Price, Postpaid, - - $1.75 Tie Greatest Book Ever Offered to the Public 1920 EDITION JUST READY TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS and PROCESSES Practical Receipts Chemical Processes HOW TO MAKE EVERYTHING FOR THE HOME, 1 0 000 Trade Secrets >] Scientific Formulas THE FACTORY AND THE WORKSHOP Antiseptics, Waterproofing, Lubricants, Rust Pre- ventatives, Dyes, Filters, Cleaning Preparations, Enameling, Beverages, Inks, Adhesives, Polishes, Disinfectants, Flavorings, Cosmetics, Ceramics, etc., etc.; how to make fly paper; to color flowers arti- ficially; to estimate weight of ice by measurement; to make materials fireproof; to work with metals— aluminum, brass, etc.; to make anything and every- thing, from A to Z. THIS IS THE BOOK every one who seeks PRACTICAL, ACCURATE KNOWLEDGE and guidance in his everyday work MUST HAVE at his command. It is a money-maker and a money-saver; it ap- peals to the young as well as to the old. Great business enterprises owe their success to the manu- facture or sale of simple inventions or compounds, usually the result of an experiment at home. One parent writes: ‘‘I am supporting myself and two small children from the sale of toilet articles I put up by following directions in your book.’ Profit by the knowledge that has made others successful. GET THIS BOOK TODAY. Price, Postpaid, $4.00 Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th St., New York Popular Science Monthly_ To Take Your Own Photograph HEN you want to take your own picture, or automatically operate the shutter of your kodak for any other reason, the following self-operating release can be used to good advantage. It is simple in construction and will do good work. Make the base of a piece of hard wood 3 in. long, 1 in. wide and 1% in. thick. At one end glue and nail a small METAL RIM SLIDING BLOCK Place a spiral spring over the nail between the block and the back rim. The spring should exert a tension when the sliding block is first pressed for- ward against the cross-slotted block. Measure the distance from the flange on the end of the cable on the camera to the push button on the rod, and press back the’ sliding block a trifle more than that distance. block of wood Then file two the width of the base, and slots in the met- al rim asshown. about % in. thick. Through the centerof the block cut two slots at right angles to each other and nearly the full depth. These should be rounded at the ends slightly. Cut them about 3/16 in. wide. Next, tack a rim of light sheet metal about the remaining three sides of the base. This should come flush with the top of the cross-slotted block just mentioned. Drill a hole in the center of the end op- posite the block, large enough for a wire nail to pass through easily. A second block of wood, called a sliding block, is next in order and must be slightly narrower than the distance between the sides of the rim so it will slide back and forth. Make a depres- sion in the forward side and carefully drive a long wire nail through the block, sinking the head in this depression. The shank should go through the hole in the metal end and act:as a guide for the block when moving back and forth. Gesryse OR PAPER TREATED WITH SALTPETE? This automatic camera release shutter enables you to take your own picture, A slow-burning fuse does the trick Tie the block in this position with a cotton string which passes about the outside of the rim and through the slots just mentioned. To operate, proceed as follows: Set the cable and flange in the slotted block as shown in the perspective sketch. Then set the push button in the depression in the sliding block and tie that back far enough so that ro pressure is brought to bear against it. Tie it in this position as previously described. Slip a piece of fuse or strip of paper, soaked in a _ solu- tion of saltpeter and dried, between the rim and the string. When lighted either one will smolder slowly until it reaches the string. Then it will burn through and release the spring which will push the block forward and operate the cable release to the camera shutter. The time of operation will depend upon the length of the burning fuse. A Solution of the Telephone-Book Problem HE most unsightly thing about the average telephone is the dilapi- dated, {though necessary, directories which must be kept always handy. The illustration shows a novel and at the same time practical device for keeping the books handy for reference, while at the same time it neatly disposes of them and also provides a good desk upon which they may be opened for reference. The handy man will be able to construct this little cabinet without difficulty as it is very simple in design. It can be made with two or three compartments to suit the number of books it is necessary to hold, but the sug- gestion is made that if only two compartments are used the top ex- tensions be made sufficiently long to completely support the book when 112 When you are in a hurry to telephone, the directory is usually not tobefound. This little book-holder and -rest keeps it always at hand opened. The compartments should be wide enough to allow the book to slip in freely; for the book gets gradually looser with continued handling. The cabinet should be madeinasize to hold the books just level with the top and front. This will make the outfit neat in appearance. The holder illustrated was constructed of 14-in. stock for the back piece, the bot- tom piece, and the side shelves. The remainder was made from J-in. stock. Two 2-in. strap-iron right- angle corner braces were placed underneath the side extensions to keep them rigid, and the cabinet, after having been neatly stained to match the telephone box, was secured to the wall directly underneath the telephone, where it was held by two good-sized screws through the oppo- site sides of the back board.

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August, 1920 Monarch of the Motorcycle World is the Indian Powerplus Big Twin. Itrepresents years of arduous endeav- or in mechanical refinement by the largest manufacturer of motorcycles anywhere. It was born to regal strength and domination. Mile after mile of high- way — good and bad, muddy and rough, dusty and snow-drifted—has passed beneath its sturdy tread. And with the miles and the years and the victories, it has gained in power, prestige and popularity. Today the Powerplus commands the ingenuity of the best engineers, the Merited Supremacy -Skill of the best mechanics and the pride and patronage of the largest fraternity of enthusiastic friends, deal- ers and riders in the wide world. It has served in the commerce and pastimes of peace. It has fought in the fiercest of wars. And the record of its performance proclaims it a leader in stamina, power and dependability. Ally yourself with Big things—the Big out-of-doors, the Big men who are enjoying clean, man-size motor- sport. Give your red blood a chance. Look up your nearest Indian dealer today—and get acquainted. Department 38 HENDEE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Springfield, Mass. The Largest Motorcycle Manufacturer in the World 0 ¥ . Eve ere

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You can stop almost © = e in mid-air No matter how fast you fly, Garco will slow down your car as easily as nothing, or stop it as quickly as you wish. Garco is as tough, strong and endur- ing as able brake lining engineers can make it. First grade material and careful workmanship are woven into every foot. The Garco dealer will cure your brake lining troubles. General Asbestos & Rubber Co. Charleston, S. C. CHICAGO NEW YORK PITTSBURGH Genuine Leather The “American Gentleman” bill-fold is made of genuine leather through andthrough. A good- looking bill-fold that you will be proud to carry on any occasion. Itis neat,compact,andcom- bines 12 features that you need daily. (See picture). Stitched throughout, no edges pasted. After owning one you wouldn't be without it. In tan or black,$1.50 at any dealer’s. Or send $1.5@and your dealer’s name and we will mail you one postpaid. Charles K. Cook Company, Inc. Dept. D, Camden, N. J. Dealers—write for profitable dealer proposition Makers of Brief Cases Collar Bags Tobacco Pouches Photo Frames Traveling Bags , Pito-S:O4#S-9-S°-S5:93-S:S:S:S:-S-S:S:: Arithmetic of Electricity A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules. $1.50 Postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York Popular Science Monthly Simple Reamers Made with a File By Judson de Graff NE of the most frequently en- countered ‘‘stickers’ in automo- bile-repair work is the odd-sized bush- ing which comes undersized and which shrinks still smaller during the oper- ation of pressing it into the hole it is to occupy. The usual procedure in the absence of a complete set of standard reamers is to lap away the surplus material with a strip of emery-cloth wrapped on a short length of rod or to scrape away with a three- cornered scraper until the hole is large enough so that the shaft or pin which is to be entered will slip through. Either method is unworkmanlike and un- less it is carefully and slowly done it produces an uneven fit. The remedy is a simple one. It consists of constructing a reamer like that shown in the illustration, which may be made with a file. A piece of cold-rolled steel which is the same diameter as the finished size of the hole in the bushing, is deeply notched with a file, that side of the notch which is to be the cutting face being cut parallel to a plane drawn through the center, and parallel to WELLED FOR 4 CLEARANCE You can do an excellent job with this kind of reamer the length of the piece. The corner should be chamfered the circumfer- ence of the shaft on the end, cutting deeper as the cut proceeds away from the cutting edge. This is to give the cutting point clearance the same as a drill or any other reamer. On account of the fact that this style of tool cuts up along the side of the cutting lip as well as on the point, it is neces- sary to give this lip a slight clearance also. If this is not done, the tool will wedge in the hole. This is done with a few light blows with a punch on the edge of the cutting face. The metal which is thus forced out is then carefully dressed off and the tool case hardened by heating to a bright red and rolling in potassium-cyanide several times, fol- lowed by plunging it into cold water. If the pin which worked in the original bushing is not to be used again and it is found to have an end which is not in the least worn, it makes ideal stock from which to make the reamer, for it is already the size needed. On account of the single cutting edge. the rest of the tool acts as a guide. A Towing-Rod Made from Gas-Pipe By Dale Van Horn TOWING-ROD for use by the in- dividual car owner or the garage man, may be made easily from a length 30° > >| — : ee | ) \ t “ " = $00 PIPE 4 STEEL PUMP-ROD — REDUCER? HEAVY STEEL SPRING HEAD RIVET Disc-rd the old rope that breaks continually and make this towing rod for your car. It does the work with- out straining the car’s mechanism of 1-in. gas-pipe, a steel rod and a 2-ft. coil spring. Secure a length of 1-in. gas-pipe 3 ft. in length, thread one end and screw on a reduction nipple with a hole slightly larger than the diameter of a 14-in. rod. Get a 2-ft. length of steel coil spring that will fit loosely into the pipe, preferably of 3 16-in. steel stock. Then heat a 4-in. rod and shape a thick head large enough to prevent the spring from slipping off, yet small enough to slide loosely within the gas- pipe. Place the spring on the rod, run it into the pipe and extend the end of the rod through the hole in the reduc- tion nipple, and shape it into an eye as shown in the illustration. Bore two holes in the rear end of the 114 pipe 14 in. in diameter and flatten the ends of two steel pump rods, drill and bolt to the pipe as shown. Then bend the free ends of the rods into hooks, so that, when released, they will fit one over the other. When used, the hooked ends of the pump rods are slipped over the front axle of the car to be towed. Give that Cow More Rope HE illustration shows a very good method of tying cattle or horses so that they may have free range without entangling their ropes. Bossy can’t entangle her hitching-rope if it is attached to a wheel which re- volves as she moves about to graze Secure an old cart-wheel and its axle. Set the off end of the axle in the ground with the wheel uppermost, then tie the cow’s rope to this wheel.

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SOS a Se \w af August, 1920 Cross Out These Mistakes in Shaving End hot towels, finger rubbing and the other daily faults : Science has been turned to shav- ing. And a new method of soften- ing the beard has been perfected. This method is embodied in Palmolive Shaving Cream. It elrminates hot towels and finger rubbing. It makes shaving easier than you have ever known it. And quicker. And more delightful. We wish men to know this from their own experience. Hence we offer free, a trial tube of Palmolive Cream to every man who requests it. The oil coat on the beard Every hair of the beard has an oil coat. The ordinary lather fails to act effectively on this oil. Thus it is hard for the water to pene- trate the beard and soften it. Hence men use hot applications and rub with the fingers. It is different with Palmolive. The lather instantly emulsifies the oil. Then the beard —a horny substance—quickly absorbs water. It absorbs 15 per cent of water within one minute after lathering, as proved by laboratory tests. And that makes a wiry beard wax-like. Stays foamy 10 minutes Palmolive makes a_¥ richer, creamier lather than you have ever known. And it stays moist and foamy on the face 10 minutes. You don’t have to relather. A mere bit is ample for a shave. For Palmolive multiplies itself in lather 250 times. There’s enough for 152 shaves in the reg- ular size. A cream so active, you know, is something new. Palmolive is also a lotion. It contains palm and olive oils. Thus it soothes and refreshes the skin, and gives a delightful “after feel.”. Try it free Put Palmolive to the test. Satisfy yourself as to its amazing qual- ities. ‘This you can do at our ex- pense. We will send you a trial tube absolutely free. Take advantage of this offer today. Clip the coupon now, be- fore you forget. You will know shaving as a new thing after you have tried Palmolive. Large size tube at druggists, 35c THE PALMOLIVE COMPANY, Milwaukee, U.S.A. Hot towels— not needed Finger rubbing— a second mistake Too light a lather— a third mistake Lather that dries-— a fourth mistake A trial tube to every man E who requests it. Mail the coupon. Learn whata dif- ference Palmolive Cream makes in shaving Lotions unnecessary Palmolive is a lotion in itself Copyright The Palmolive Co. 1920 ‘ Dept. 123, Shaving Cream Se eee eaenaes ea eS & sy 4 4 Pe Dee P.O.6P 89 BO e CE 6 O10 Oe Ve 6.2 06 bee ames ows Mail the Coupon A free trial tube will show you a new kind of shave. Mail coupon now for the free tube, THE PALMOLIVF COMPANY, Milwaukee, U. S. A. Please send me a free Trial Tube of Palmolive et tat ee he eee ee ee ak ta ee ee wh a Oe ee ee et ee FPSO TAA CSOT REET Uwe ee eee ee wee °. ow 6.6 eet Bene k Oa eos ereeeereceseereeseere ‘| iy | : ‘ y ; bi

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Chinese Phonetic on a Typewriter is the only typewriter in the world on which you can write Chinese, Phonetic-China’s new National lan- guage, Japanese Kata Kana, and other Oriental languages and change instantly to English or to another foreign language. ‘Just Turn the Knob’’ to change language or type. Over 365 different styles of type and languages to select from. The instantly interchangeable type and language feature makes the Multi- plex the world’s most wonderful type- writer. No other Typewriter Can Do this— Put Beauty Into Your Iybing Go You Bo In Your Shoughto-- Put as much force and emphasis in 7-4 0d YOU do in your speech. dhere's only one machine on which you can do this - and that's the MULTIPLEX Write today for Free Booklets. They will show you the many marvels of the phasis into your writing—how you can give to your letters a personality and distinction only to be had by the type changes which the Multiplex affords. Write your name and address on the mar- gin of this page and mail the margin to HAMMOND TYPEWRITER CO. 639 East 69th Street NEW YORK CITY Also an Aluminum Portable Model, 11 Ibs. Full capacity. Ask for special folder. ,Make Every, Electric “Socket Twice as Useful Every single electric socket in your home can be made twice as useful and the use of your Electrical Appliances twice as enjoyable with Th lity Plug IN am 8 At your Every - Dealer's Sh 330 BENJAMIN ELECTRIC MFG. CO. Chieago New York San Francisco ee Na.92 A Comfortable After-Dinner Lean-Back Chair ANY of us like to lean back on our kitchen chairs, to rest more comfortably after sitting straight for any length of time, especially after a meal, to smoke or read. The illus- tration shows how easily one can at- tach a rocker arrangement on the Short rockers attached to that comfortable straight chair will transform it into arocker back legs of a chair, and the advan- tages are: It eliminates all dents, holes and all wear and tear on your floor-covering; acts as a silencer when moving chair around the room, and provides you with a rocker. The rockers can be made of wood, iron, or steel, which will give you the thickness that is to be taken off the back legs, which also must be rounded to fit the curve of rocker. The best length for the rocker was found to be 5 in. and the curve is made to suit the person using the chair most. When fastening, make sure to use long strong screws strong enough to stand the leaning strain.—H. E. MENDE. A New Device for Testing Electric-Light Bulbs HERE are many ways of testing electric bulbs, but the method described herein is one adopted by a BASE r= A BINDING POST BULB = (ee Hitt (itd BINDING~- fi POST Ji For those who have numbers of electric-light bulbs to test this device will speed up the work large motion-picture house using liter- ally thousands of bulbs in its illumina- tion and where testing is almost a daily occurrence. 116 Popular Science Monthly “Reo” Cluster Metal S LSplogies. V-Crimp, Corru- gated, Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized Roof- Sidings, "Wall Iboard, Paints, etc., direct to you pry thee Bottom Factory Prices. Positively greatest offer ever made. Edwards ‘‘Reo” Metai Shingles cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painti orrepairs. Guaranteed of rot, fire, rust, lightning proo: Free Roofing Book Get our wonderfully low prices and free samples. We sell direct to you and save you all | in-between dealer’s TE Rio 898 Ask for Book LOW PRICED GARAGES Lowest prices on Ready-Made Fire-Proof SteelGarages. Set upany place. Send postal for Garage Book, showing styles. THE ‘EDWARD: S MFG: 2 848-898 Pike St., Cincinnati, 0. FREE Samples & | ‘Roofing Book | AN EASY WAY TO MAKE MONEY .2::: pone pod hd on a small salary. Be independent. Go in ale’ Sie re goleige business. One man ane “I made $60.00 the first a Others average $200 to $500 a ——— B. little capital needed. fy plentiful, Ever torist a pos: sible customer. No experience needed. ‘¥ We teach you. SHALER Tire Repair peat a ied roved ae) "ther teeta f cae as the big hi Le —s outfits. y i. can use “it. It’s the only eee that has ities th Heat Control, and can’t undercure or overcure a a ‘tire, wires no watching or regulating. “FREE Book ie tals. Gpen x The Ra air S! ells how make mo bs Don’t delay. Write quick. - ney. e. C. A. SHALER CO. 2107 Fourth St. Waupun, Wisconsin Rough on Rats nage be rats and mice from houses, 8, etc. Economical and sure. th ts and tr Mi with any bait that rats orf B sweety Atdrug and general stores—Write for Booklet—"‘Ending Rats and Mice.” E. S. WELLS, Chemist Jersey City New Jersey sMusic Lessons At Home ~ A Complete Conservatory Eaires yM il Wonderful home study music lessons under @ll great American and European teachers. Bored by Paterewaki. Master teachers guide and coach ons a marvel of simplicity and completeness. Any Instrument or Voice Welling are interested in—Piano, Harmony, Voice, Pablic School + ae Violin, Cornet, Mandolin, Guitar, Banjo, or Reed Organ—and we will send our FREE CATA wc covering al] instrumental and vocal courses, Send UNIVERSITY EXTENSION al 6328 Siegel-Myers Bldg. icago, Illinois. == Cleartone Phonographs om i $4.00 to $200.00 Retail Our Sundry Devt. offers Needles 39c Motors $1.35 t Rut 75 each. Tone- 1 EO $1. 30 to $5 45 pee set. Main springs 2U0c 0 each. Records, Needles 3, Sapphire Points and Parts at reasoneble. prices Write for our 84-page catalogue, the only one of its kind in America, Pilustrating $3 different styles of Talking Machines and over 500 different Phono- graphic Parts. LUCKY 13 PHONOGRAPH COMPANY Export Dept. 46G, E, 12th Street, N.Y., U.S.A. x er thousand. rms and Re- |

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= Ree _——Eeee id. te- Uc its its 10- August, 1920 ~ . > - =" A baseboard, A, was made of a piece of non-conductive material 10 in. long by 8 in. wide. For this purpose, hard rubber, marble, slate or some such material can be used. Down the center a line was scratched as a guide for assembling the two con- tacts B and C. Contact B was a strip of heavy brass reaching about half-way down the base. This was connected to one of the main wires of the electric circuit. A binding-post here would make the tester portable. Contact C was a piece of brass cut in the shape of a large V. This straddled contact B, the bottom of the opening coming just below the - bottom of B. It should also be raised from the base % in. so the sides of the bulb screw will touch it. This can be done by setting three little blocks of material under the ends and the point of the V. Connect the point with the opposite main wire of the circuit. Bulbs are tested by setting the end against B and sliding down until the sides of the screw come in contact with the legs of C. Testing can be speeded up with this apparatus. A Satisfactory Table Drawer that Swings HE chief objection to drawers, racks and the like that turn on a hinge or pivot, is that they often sag or stick on account of the weight they support. There is shown here a method of construction that over- Your table drawer cannot sag or stick if it is improved as shown in the illustration comes this difficulty. The drawer is made with two compartments, the par- tition between them consisting of one or more blocks equaling the depth of the drawer. A hole is bored through the blocks and also through the top of the table or bench, and through this hole a bolt is passed from above. With washer and nut on the lower end of the bolt, the drawer is supported in posi- tion so that it may be swung in either direction, depending on which com- partment it is desired to reach. The head of the bolt should be counter- sunk in the table-top, while a thin washer on top of the central block will cause it to turn freely without binding. This is superior to a sliding drawer in many ways, especially for kitchen table and work bench. Every part of it is more quickly reached, and thereis never the danger of pulling it out and spilling all the contents.—H. F. GRINSTEAD. After 10 Days Your teeth may also glisten All statements approved by high dental authorities Millions of teeth now glisten as they have not done before. You see them everywhere. A new method of teeth cleaning has, in late years, come into very wide use. Thousands of dentists are urging it. Multitudes of people - have proved it and adopted it. And every person is now offered a free ten-day test. To combat the film The purpose is to combat the film which causes most tooth troubles. Film is that viscous coat you feel. It clings to teeth, enters crevices and stays. In the months between your dental cleanings it may do a ceaseless damage. It is the film-coat that discolors, not: the teeth. Film is the basis of tartar. It holds food substance which ferments and forms acid. It holds Sent to any The Pepsodent results are quick and apparent. Everyone who sees them will desire them. So, to spread the facts, a 10-Day Tube is sent to anyone who asks. Pepsodent is based on pepsin, the digest- ant of albumin. The film is albuminous matter. The object of Pepsodent is to dissolve it, then to day by day combat it. A new discovery has made pepsin pos- sible. Pepsin must be activated, and the usual agent is an acid harmful to the teeth. Pepsaodent REG. U.S. The New-Day Dentifrice A scientific film combatant com- bined with two other modern req- uisites. Now advised by leading dentists everywhere and supplied by all druggists in large tubes. the acid in contact with the teeth to cause decay. Millions of germs breed in it. They, with tartar, are the. chief cause of pyorrhea Very few escape’ Very few people have escaped some of these tooth troubles, despite the daily brushing. The ordinary tooth paste does not dissolve film, so the tooth brush has left much of it intact. Dental research has for many years sought a way to fight this film, and the way has now been found. Many clinical tests have amply proved its efficiency. And now leading dentists everywhere are urging its adoption. The method is embodied in a dentifrice called Pepsodent. And millions of people are now enjoying its benefits. one who asks But now a harmless activating method enables us to constantly fight the film-coat in this way. Send the coupon for a 10-Day Tube. Note how clean the teeth feel after using. Mark the absence of the viscous film. See how the teeth whiten as the film-coat dis- appears. Do this now, for few things are more im- portant. The results may be life-long in ex- tent. Cut out the coupon so you won't forget. =e ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ey 10-Day Tube Free THE PEPSODENT COMPANY, Dept. 648, 1104 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, IIL Mail 10-Day Tube of Pepsodent to w& So] N wooo ree ee were eee eee er eee eeeeeeeeenee — eee ame or ae ee ee wets eee reese eee eee eee er eee eer eeeeeeeeeees Only one tube to a family 117 | i h » i

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Ce rs s No I Punctures f Vall iy for Bob! 4 When he goes for

a ride he knows that his tires won't go flat, miles from home. Wise Each tire is treated with world-famous NEVERLEAK TIRE FLUID FREE You may have a hand- some Neverleak pencil clip simply by writing for it. Mention Popular Science Monthly. boy!

z i Stops every leak instantly, even Wy) while you are riding. Saves \ ‘> costly repairs. Makes tires last Rad Re longer. Preserves the rubber. e One tube, cost 30c, treats a tire. Get the genuine *‘Neverleak.”’

WATCHES NCREDIT SEND FOR FREE CATALOG There are over 2,000 ph potestaehte yy trations of Diamond Rings, Diamond La Vallieres, Diamond Ear Screws, Diamond Scarf Pins, Diamond Studs, Watches, Wrist Watches; also our wonderful showy assem- bled Solitaire Diamond Clusters.

‘Hearts _—_ Cased in Handsome Ring Box Loftis Perfection Diamond Rings Each Diamond is specially selected by our diamond experts and is skil- fully mounted i in our famous Lof- tia ‘*Perfection’’ 14-karat solid gold 6-prong ring, possessing every — of delicate grace uty. $10 co. ont 0 i $20 Soom, $l0a Month, buys a $100 Ring, $ Down,$12.50a Month, buys @ $125 Ring. Every Article in Our —_ Jewel ~ | Catalog is specia selected and priced unusually fow. Whatever you select will be sent prepaid by us. You see and examine the article right in your own hands. If sat- ned. pay one-fifth of purchase price and keep it; balance divided into eight ~ pees amounts, payable monthly. — ard world-renow watches on credit terms as low a: $2.50 a month. Send for Catalog. LIBERTY BONDS ACCEPTED.

OF TI The o Rational Credit Jewelers + 108 | N. State St. BROS & CO. ists STORES IN woo thom seme

Build Your Own PHONOGR APH | It's Easy With Our Help A few hours’ interesting work saves many dollars and gives you a machine exactly to suit your ideals. We furnish motors, tone arms, case material, blue prints and full instructions. Plays any record. You can make fine profit Fe yee og phonographs for your 4 friends. Write Today for Our Free Blue Print Offer Agents wanted for our ready built phonographs Choraleon P' aph Co. 806 Monger Blas Eikher, Ind. * ——F VAAXKO N i! MV M) A

Sliding Table that Fits Over the Piazza Rail N the summer tables are always in use on the piazza, but inconvenience is sometimes experienced in disposing of them or in placing them to advan- tage in the narrow confines between the rail and the house. The table here described fits on the buttress rail, can TABLE -

TE hy: if Mie LHS Mie, MT

L "HINGED BOARD RAIL <P SIDE vIEW . FRONT viEW DETAIL. Where the porch is crowded a piazza table will be just the thing on which to serve luncheon be taken off instantly, and will slide to any position along the rail. Build a flat table the desired size, and nail or screw a piece of wood along the back edge and at right angles to it. Then nail a second narrow strip at right angles to the first one, and it will form a sort of hook which will fit under the back edge of the rail. Fit this on the rail and mark on the under side of the table where the near edge of the rail comes. Turn the table over and hinge to it a narrow board, as shown, which will fold inward. Turn it down at right angles and bore a hole through the table and this board at each end. A flat-headed bolt slipped down through each hole will keep this hinged board in rigid position and in this way will support the table on the rail without a load causing it to tip. It can be slid to any desired point and may be removed by taking out the bolts, folding back the hinged board and lifting the table off. A Lawn-Roller that You Can Make at Home NY one having the care of a lawn will know that when the frost leaves the ground in the spring the ground is very lumpy. If the lumps are not rolled down at once the lawn will be rough all summer. An inex- pensive lawn-roller can be made at home by following these directions: Obtain a length of tile sewer-pipe, the size desired for the roller. A tile pipe of 12 to 24 in. diameter will usually serve the purpose. Set the tile on end, small end down, on a wooden platform. Through a hole bored in the platform insert a 1-in. round iron bar, long enough to project beyond the ends of the roller a suf- ficient distance to provide bearings for the handles. Make a wet mixture of concrete, proportions 1-2-4, which means 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 4 parts small stone or gravel. Place the bar exactly in the center of the tile, and pour in the concrete mixture up to the swell or 118 Popular Science Monthly NINE MONTHS TO ray te possession on our wd Easy ey Payment plan—the most liberal terms ever offered mo a a8 Se Ee eons bicycle. FACTO prices gave you lb We cae our bicycles in our own new model factory and sell direct to you. We hi pet meg of in them and our } ene must satisfy you. t LES, colors, and sizes |PWRy to wes from in our, famous \WN RANGER line. Send for big, beautiful catalog. anew parents advance the ayment and energetic boys ee id jobs—paper ey deliv- A for stores, etc., e the bicycle earn money to meet the pmo Payments. DELIVERED FREE on Approval and 30 DAYS TRIAL. Sel nts: wheels and parts for all bicycles—at half usual a. SEND NO MONEY but write today for the big new catalog, prices and terms. M cE A CYCLE COMPANY Dept D109 Chicago

Send Your Name and We'll Send You a Lachnite Dav T god a penny. J yet cond your name and say: ee ted in 10 days’ free ermine Biren gecesi, eas i 1 ‘or if any of your friends can tell fing for L/ fail days. za Been you decide to buy it md rea acorns eee rin ona Sed cag oreeete hmanCo., 12 N. Michigan Av. Dept (-178 Chicago s “DONT SHOUT” “Thear you. Ican hear now as wellasanybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY PHONE. I'’vea pairin my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right. The Morley Phone for the DEAE is to the ears what glasses are to the eyes. Invisible, comfortable, weightless and harmless. Anyone can adjust it.” Over one hundred thousand sold, Write for booklet and testimonials. THE MORLEY CO., Dept. 797, 26 South 15th Street, Philadelphia “Lighting Fixtures” Ready to hang. Direct from manufacturers. Completely wired including glass- ware. Send for new No. 18 catalogue. ERIE FIXTURE SUPPLY CO. Desk A, Erie, Pa. ‘BOWLEGSanlKNOCK-KNEES UNSIGHTLY SEND FOR BOOKLET SHOWING PHOTOS OF MEN WITH AND WITHOUT The Perfect Leg Forms 4 PERFECT SALES CO. ,140 W. Mayfield Ave., Dept. 45, Chicago, Il. Agents—$50 to $70 a Week Easy outdoor work applying the Century Process to automobiles and furniture. Every auto owner is your prospect. Three to six autos can be treated per day, at from $5.00 to $10.00 per auto. We teach you and put you in business. Complete particulars free. Write at once. CENTURY PRODUCTS CO., Dept. F-2. CINCINNATI, OHIO } if ‘ y ! st \ ) ‘ ’ tl i \ ' ) ’ } ’ ' ) ,

Keep Young Thru Pandiculation

You feel the need of exercise. You haven’t time. 15 min- utes use of Pandiculator equals 2 hours in gymnasium. Gives you punch, pep, and vigor. The lazy man’s gym.

32-p. booklet FREE. The Pandiculator Co., 343 Advance Bldg., Cleveland, O.

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August, 1920 bell of the tile at the upper end. Allow the concrete to set for about ten days, when the roller may be turned on one side and the bell of the pipe may be chipped off with a cold chisel and hammer. Attach a forked handle as shown in the illustration. Your black- smith can make it for you at small ex- pense. As the axle is a fixed part of the roller, the forked ends of the roller handle are provided with holes, in which the axle can turn. To avoid friction on the ends of the roller it is well to place a couple of washers on the axles at either end, then slip the handle forks over the axle and place another washer outside at each An iron bar, a piece —— of tile pipe, and some concrete made this lawn - roller end. Bore a small hole through the axle just outside this washer and place a cotter-pin through it to hold the handle in place. A roller 18 in. in diameter and 2 ft. long will weigh about 500 lbs. Use a smaller-size sewer- pipe for a lighter roller, or place several small pipes inside the large one, and pour the concrete around them; these will form hollow spaces inside the roller and lessen the weight of the lawn-roller.—MORTIMER V. TESSIER. Did You Forget to Put Out the Cellar Light? HY get a reprimand from your economical wife for for- getting to turn off the cellar light, when you can avoid it and save money on your electric-light bill? Purchase a porcelain wall socket, place it alongside or over the wall switch, as illus- trated. Using FRONT SIDE the single-pole A C system, you can fasten one wire to the turn-off switchandtwist 8 GHT SWITCH the other on the — > cc ' one you loos- | _ ened. Then WIRING fasten the first you can’t forget toturn off to the screw, aS the cellar light if it is con- in B. Tomake nected up in this manner this a series of two lamps, you must use 60-volt lamps at each end, with about 15 watts for the best results. Color the kitchen lamp red to at- tract your attention and remind you to turn it off. This arrangement is very simple and it can be installed by any one. To people with forgetful minds, such an invention as the one described above is of real monetary value. Tom Cooper enrolls in the Rahe Auto & Works with his own hands in the best equipped shops ever used for training pur- poses. Learns first — all about ignition starting an a oy cmenigrises apparatus. 2)¥_f) Studies an- under Master Mechanic In- a errs a Cre rd eee 272 i Ue -_ His Rahe di- month job the day he - uates 4) Tom Cooper How Tom Cooper Won Out CHAPTER 1. OM COOPER lived in a small town. He hag tried several jobs, but none of them suited him. One day he read about the great Rahe Auto & Tractor School in Kansas City where any man from 16 years up, could learn the Auto and Tractor Business in 6 to 8 weeks. Over 80,000 men, thousands of them of Tom’s own age and station in life were Rahe trained men, and numbered among the biggest and most successful men in the Automo- tive Industry. They were making good, they had found success. Tom began to think. ‘1¢ I stay here, what will I be earning 5 years from now?’ he asked himself. “And how much money will I be getting if I go to the Rahe School and become an expert on autos, tractors and aviation?’”’ He took a train for Kansas City. CHAPTER 2. The very day he arrived Tom Cooper enrolled asa student in the Rahe Auto and Tractor School. He foun‘ he had no dull books to wade through. He set to work at once in modern machine shops that were to be his school rooms. His instructors were wide- awake, Master Mechanics.. Every possible kind of tool and machine was there for him to use with his own hands and men who knew all about them ex- plained everything tohim. At the close of his first day he had learned what made motors run and why some wouldn’trun. For the first time in many days Tom was pleased with his work. CHAPTER 3. Inside of a month Tom found he knew most of what there was to know about motors. He found every kind of equipment there was to know about. And he found that it was easy to learn. It was one of the few things he had ever done that he liked. day his training took in new work until the facts about autos, tractors and aviation were learned, through actual practice. As Tom put it, he was sure ‘headed right.”’ CHAPTER 4. The more Tom Cooper learned about the automo- tive business, the more his interest in the work grew. The time went by so pleasantly that almost before he knew it he was in his last week, learning how to manage a garage and by that time had decided that some day he would have a business of his own. CHAPTER 6. Before the end of the second month Tom gradu® ated. He was now a Rahe trained man. “Here's @ job for you at $150 a month to start,”” said Mr. Rahe, as he handed Tom his diploma. Tom went to see = garage mentioned. “Yes,” said the owner, Rahe just called up about you. His O. K. is aon for me—the job is yours.” CHAPTER 6. Cooper worked at this job four months when the big chance he was looking for came. Best of all it was in his own part of the country, He went into the garage business for himself. Today Tom sup- } ports his wife and mother and has a mighty nice bank account. As he says himself, “I am my own boss and doing well. Rahe trained me to be success- ful from the start.”’ Here is a coupon that will open to you the same door of opportunity into which Tom Cooper walked to suc- cess. A special low tuition rate for Full Life Scholarship now if you fill out and send it at once to HENRY J. RAHE, Dept. 2889, Kansas —_ MAIL THIS COUPON for Special Tuition Offer and Big 68-page gn ye won Be = log giving Proof of Success and showing ties now open, vet oe NAME 0. oc ccccccccccccs secccccccecccccoces-ccescecncesessooes se eeereeee Pia RS TN! ~ OE ra —onacemnar Sew Fas mars ne some

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Make YOURSELF ~ Worth While span Don’t stay in the class of ‘‘no-good” men whoneverareableto do anything that counts; who are despised or pitied by successful wide-awake people—as miserable sickly fail- ures in the business of life. You never can amount to anything, while chronic ailments have a grip on you, making your life miser- able, turning you into a sickly grouch, and utterly unfitting you for successful work of any kind. Don’t fool yourself by sticking your head in the sand, like an ostrich, and re- fusing to look the facts in the face; you won't “set better pretty soon”—you'll get worse, and go sliding down into the scrap- heap of useless human wrecks, unless you Brace Upand Build Yourself Up There isn’t any doubt that you can do it, if you just WILL to do it, and go about it the right way. You. can get rid of the constipation, indigestion, dyspepsia, biliousness, headaches, or other chronic ailments that are destroying all your chances of success in life; you can break away from any habits that are undermining your constitution and hold- ing you back; youcan strengthen your vital organs, build up your muscular system, sharpen your wits, and become well and vigorous again—just as thou- sands of other sickly discouraged men already have succeeded in doing. Patent medicines and drug- gist’s dope didn’t work a cure for them and won't for you. Pills and potions will only empty your purse and put money into the pockets of their promoters. Take the right road. Let Nature Help You Do It I have spent my lifetime studying out Nature’s ways of restoring lost health, strength pom | energy, to weaken- ed. devitalized, unfortunate men. I have learned the secret of the wonderfully recuperative, rejuvenating power she exerts, when a few ot her simple laws are known, observed and followed. It is the force on which every surgeon and medical man depends in the treat- ment of his most difficult cases. It never fails, when conditions enable it to be efficaciously applied. STRONGFORTISM Strongfortism is the system of living life in Nature’s way---as it was meant to be lived---and of getting the greatest enjoyment out of it. It is the system which has restored vigorous health, strength and energy to thousands of my pupils. many of whom had given up all hope of ever getting back the health they had lost. What Strongfortism has done for them it can and will do for YOU, no matter what your present condition or what causes brought you to it. Give Nature a chance to build you up. Strongfortism will show you how. Send for My Free Book You will find ‘‘Promotion and Conservation of Health, Strength and Mental Energy’’ the most in- teresting book you ever read. It will tell you all about Strongfortism; how YOU can build yourself up, just as my other pupils have done and are doing in all parts of the world, make a MAN of yourself, with red blood, pep and energy that will give you a fair chance to make a big success of whatever you undertake. No patent medicines to buy; no complicated, expensive apparatus required ; you can practice Strongfortism and get all the benefit of it in the privacy of your own home, if you like, without in any way interfering with your present occy- wie Don’t put off sending for the book—IT’S FREE. rite today. Fill out the coupon below and enclose three 2c stamps for packing and postage, and I will mail you a copy at once, together with a special letter on the Points in which you are specially interested. LIONEL STRONGFORT Physical and Health Specialist 1340 Strongfort Institute NEWARK, N. J. CUT OUT AND MAIL THIS COUPON Mr. Lionel Strongfort, Newark, N. J. Dear Strongfort—Please send me _ your motion and Conservation of Health, Mental Energy,’’ for postage of i cents in stamps to cover mailing expenses. I have marked (X) before the subject in which I am interested.

é&. STRONGFORT The Perfect Man

book, ‘‘Pro- Strength and which I enclose 6 (1340) ...-Colds .-Deformity .. Weaknesses ...Catarrh . Insomnia ...Weak Eyes ... Asthma .-Heart Weakness’ ...Falling Hair ...Hay Fever .. Short Wind ...Poor Memory .-. Obesity Flat Feet ... Rheumatism . .. Headache ..Constipation ...-Poor Circulation ... Thinness .. Biliousness ...- Skin Disorders ...Rupture ..Torpid Liver ...Despondency ...Neuritis . Indigestion ..-Round Shoulders ...-Neuralgia ... Nervousness ...Lung Troubles .-Flat Chest ..Bad Habits ..Increased Height Red iS G Eas eub bode +00s0ns skbaduwcers geen Write plainly epee & ES Pailin 0 ccgk chia sites consowsccs vend SED nkhhsadbcninaies seb cake hkdan esses bien e~vscachanence>*s Sey SD 5. chet hscaknieeees sos onsen

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An Easily Operated Lock for Garage Doors HE usual style of latch for garage and other double doors that are exposed on one side to the weath- er, allows the doors to warp, which makes them difficult to fasten. To avoid this, the fastener shown in the sketch was devised. The device con- sists of a 16-in. long, 2-in. wide, and 34-in. thick steel lever working on a pivot on one door, a washer being placed between the door and the lever. At 4 in. onthe right- and left-hand sides of the pivot, holes are bored. Two U- shaped pieces are then made out of flat iron bars that are of sufficient size to slide easily along the bar. Two 1 in. round bars are cut to suck a length that they will project 11% in. over the top of one door and the bot- +)

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Eats = | 4 en

=a This device will be found to be a prac- tical and convenient door fastener which gives satisfaction in all weathers tom of the other. One end of each bar is then welded to the center of each U- shaped piece, a hole being bored at a right angle to the side of the piece and through the legs. A rivet is then in- serted through the hole in the round bar and legs of the U section. The rivet should be of sufficient tightness to allow the bar to move freely up and down. Makea guide out of a piece of a rectangular iron bar, part of which should be twisted while hot at a right angle. A hole of sufficient size to slip over the top of the plunger is bored in one end, and screw holes put through the opposite end. This bar holds the plunger in a vertical position. To prevent wear on the holes in the casing and sill, it is best to have a short, flat bar of steel with a hole bored in its center and also screw holes near its ends, screwed to the top casing and sill of the door. A guide is also to be made for the bottom plunger. Both the top and bottom plunger rods should be tapered slightly at their ends, so that they will easily enter the holes bored in the casing and sill. When the handle of the lever is in a horizontal position the plunger rods are level with the top and bottom of the doors. A rabbet nailed to the outside of one door and extending over the joint, makes a storm-proof joint. For enter- ing the building, it is customary to have a small door made in the large door opposite the one carrying the

lever.—W. S. STANDIFORD. 120

Popular Science Monthly RRR 8 A RRM Study ENGINEERING Reinforced Concrete Engineering by Structural Steel Designing Mail Structural Drafting Concrete Drafting and Estimating An A-1 Engineer with 30 years of experience has arranged these courses for technical men who do not “‘know it all’ and for High School graduates who wish to take up this profession asa life work. Itis really private tutoring by mail. Prices moderate. Free literature: write for it IMMEDIATELY. Wilson Engineering Corp., Box O, Hanover, Mass.

Don’t Grope for Words We areall trying tosELL something —it may be brains, or automo- biles, or soap—but words are the universal medium of exchange. LEARN TO USE THEM COR. RECTLY—PROFITABLY. Get a command of English! Spend gd med = — Gren- ville eiser’s Mail Course in Practical English and Mental Efficiency. It will quickly teach you how to and Win Use Good English Enlarge Your Stock of Words—Use the Right Word in the Right Place—Win Promotion— Write Compelling Business Correspondence, Stories, Advertisements, Speech Cc an Engaging C. sationalist, etc. Write for interesting Booklet ‘‘ How To of English ;” mailed freee No agents will ot payne he FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Dept. 400 New York, N.Y.

In connection with Personal Training aereets ray ee oes ate ‘enxious to qualify himsel — 7) EARN $150 TO $400A MONTH ying business > rite today for full information, stating age, occupation resent cir- cumstances, ‘ applications). KANSAS CITY AUTO & TRACTOR SCHOOL

GHIPFITTERS, Structural Workers,Carpenters, Bricklayers, Mechanics, Plumbers,Pipefitters, Boilermakers and others can earn more money if they know how to read Blue Prints. By our method, we train you in a short time. Write for Catalog B, stating trade. We also teach Drafting. Be a Draftsman! Earn big money. Draftsmen in demand. Books and tools FREE. Write for Catalog G. COLUMBIA CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL Est. 1904 Dept. X, Drexel Bldg., Phila., Pa.

Over 100,000 in U: Mostly sold through recommendation For Pe ‘\Adding Machine. GOAG @ P.E. Gancher, A. A. M.Co.|9 148 Duane St., New York |g Janadian Agency ~- / PAT MAR 104-MAR 27 06 Bare stare es aarren iot Agents wanted “istics -Subteacts

fier POEMS,COMPOSE MUSIC OF ANY DESCRIP- F ECURE COPYRIGHT AND EMPLOY ORIGINAL if CONTAINS METHODS FOR FACILITATING FREE PUBLICA- VALUABLE INSTRUC

<i) Motorhicycle SS A dependable, easy evening, y, y powes motorbicycle 8 at low cost. Chain mony: galion of line. Absolutely at once for full information A ment—makes your old bike a motorcycle,

SHAW MFG. CO., Dept. 468 GALESBURG, KANSAS

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August, 1920 Safety in Working with Live Wires OMETIMES it is necessary to cut a live wire and splice in new wir- ing, or do other work at a time when it is impossible or impracticable to turn off the current. In doing such work there is great danger of bringing two sides of the circuit togeth- er and mak- sam ing a “short sii 1 5 ot and so blow- ENDS ing out the ge fuse. This Gite can be avoid- ed by a little care. Cut one wire at a time, and as soon as one its cut wrap the ends with several thicknesses of tape. Then cut the other and do the same thing. Tape the ends of the wires to be spliced in, that is, the ends opposite those to be spliced. Splice in one end and tape it up carefully. Then remove the tape from the next pair of ends to be spliced and splice up, and so on. Thus there will never be any bare wire that can cause a short circuit. Live wires can be safe- ly spliced if all ends ex- cept those being spliced are carefully covered up Something About Vaseline that You Don’t Know HY pay a painter eight dollars a day when you can do the job yourself, you ask triumphantly as you put on your overalls and mix up the paint. But when you’ve finished you find that you splashed paint on the door- knob, hinges, light fixtures, etc., and that it won’t come off. Here is where the _ professional painter gives you a hint: Smear vase- line on all the parts that you don’t want painted. Then when you have finished the job, wipe it off. Any paint that you may have dropped when you were flapping your brush in the air will come off too. A Low-Tension Magneto Becomes a Dynamo OW-TENSION magnetos, for- merly used in many automobiles for ignition but now seldom seen, make very good little dynamos for running LAMPS Connecting up lamps in parallel for run- ning with current from low-tension magneto small lamps. No change whatever is necessary, the only troubie being to discover what lamps are most suitable. EARN DRAFTING ~ f->)| At Home in Your Spare Time A tM Get into this constructive branch of industry where big salaries are paid. No previous training is necessary to become a capable draftsman. With the kelp of the Columbia School of Drafting and the personal instruction of Mr. Roy C. Claflin, yo.. can master the Big Concerns Employ ‘¢ Columbia Graduates’”’ The best concerns in Amer- ica employ Columbia grad- uates in their drafting practical Jessons of cur famous home study course in your spare time at home, and become a trained specialist through your choice of one of our special post graduate courses. Draftsmen Get $35 to $100 a Week Because of the importance of his work, the draftsman is paid a big salary and is always in line for advancement. A knowledge of drafting is the stepping stone to departments because the thorough practical training we give them enables them to step right into important drafting positions. Students of the Columbia School of Drafting often secure positions at $2000 or more a year to start before completing the course. Our diploma is the entering wedge into big drafting rooms everywhere. As one of our graduates you are recognized as an experienced draftsman. Our training spells Success for you. Many Opportunities Now at better salaries than ever before. big technical positions in the industrial field paying as high as $50.000 a year. We are called upon to place trained draftsmen more rapidly than we can produce them. General construction companies, manufacturers, railroads, ship building concerns, engineering projects, all need draftsmen today in greater numbers and Send This Coupon Today Let us tell you the fascinating story of drafting and how you can master this lucrative profession of big salaries and steady advancement through our help. Write today to COLUMBIA SCHOOL OF DRAFTING ROY C. CLAFLIN, Pres., Dept. 1148, 14th & T Sts., Washington, D. C. This Complete Drafting Equip- "“""“ ment Furnished to students of our sc..ool. The instruments are of standard American make of the best quality, fully guaranteed, and become your property on completion of the course. Every instrument needed for the course is included. . .Architectural Drafting . . . Structural Drafting a acne OF DRAFTING C. Claflin, President, Dept. "1148, 14th & T Sts., N. W., Washington, D.C. I am interested in your practical training in Mechanical Drafting. Please send me Free, your illustrated book of particulars, testimonials, pat od I am also interested in the special post-graduate course chec ices Drafting, or Machine Drafting. 1 is the foundation course and is complete in itself) . .Automotive Drafting . -Automobile Drafting . . . Highway Drafting . Hydrographic Draft- . Electrical Drafting . . Patent raphieal B ing .. Aeroplane Drafting .. ety ars pare. .Machine Design .-Special Machinery... rafting . -Teol ——_ Drafting * “Statistical Drafting . .Shop Mathematics . . Sheet Metal Drafting . . . Radio Drafting . .Builders’ Course Genuine comfort and relief in the heat day and night may be yours with one of these remarkable non-electric fans. Every home and office needs one for health and efficiency. This fan is ideal for the sick. It is a proved success, quiet and convenient and runs any- where at almost no cost without elec- tricity, springs or wires. Sixth season. Three models. Three sizes. BE WELL—KEEP COOL _ LAKE BREEZE MOTOR 581 West Monroe St., - - - Chicago 0 2 DS ebegvir tga tis aoa han coal or n the same stove, vo Makes Its Own Gas {2m,cca} i! (kerosene) at one-fourth the cost of city gas. Everybody knows gas means cleaner, cheaper, quicker cooking, and a cooler kitchen. No fires to start, - oom no chopping, choreine, pole poking and dragging of . Saves h hours of dirt. iis er odor. You regu- ww ea valves, Siaole, sale, = put in or en ou! ¥ setson grate, No damage to stove. Lasts a thoueandeat of users, In use 10 years. SAVES. ‘MONEY -- FITS ANY STOVE 16 different models. one for every stove. S Write for free literature—tells how two i kerosene equals more than Pd ninety-seven pounds Oliver Gil-Gas Burner & Machine Co., 2007 Pine St., St, Louis, Mo, With the magneto running at’ high Western Shipments From San Francisca 121 NE tg a arg CLANS fe oe ye Siete abe a ad Seek eee ade See DEE Ee Oe ee ee ee oe ee ee ee ro ee MNEs "2h a save xo pins a SAME aa ual ee ae Sy ar oe a » RUNS ON KEROSENE oe ALCOHOL OR GAS ANYWHERE Violin, Hawalian Guitar, Ukulele, Guitar, Mandolin, Cornet, Tenor Banjo or Banjo Wonderful new system of teaching note music by mail. To fret pupils in each locality, we give a $20 superb Violin, Mandolin, Ukulele, Guitar, Hawalin Guitar, Cornet, Tenor Banjo or Banjo abso- lutely free. Very small charge for lessons only, We guarantee suc- cess or nocharge. Complete outfit free, Write now. No obligation. SLINGERLAND SCHOOL OF MUSIC, Inc., Dept. 27, CHICAGO, ILL. 2 OE wee BY DOING “ae em = all ELECTRICITY taught by Actual Practice In America’s foremost and oldest institution for trade training. No Books Used Individual Instruction. Start Any Day Write for FREE 64-page catalog THE NEW YORK ELECTRICAL SCHOOL 40 West 17th St., New York City

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Mechanical Engineering Learn at Home! Employers everywhere are looking for men with mechani- cal ability. Splendid salariesand rapid advancement are offered. There is an easy, delightful way in which you can learn right at home in spare time. For 29 years the International Cor- respondence Schools have been giving men and women just the training they need for success in mechanical engineering and more than 200 other subjects. Hundreds of thousands have stepped into good positions through I. C.S. help, but never were opportunities so great as now. Let the I. C. S. help you. Choose the work you like best in the coupon below, then mark and mail it today. This doesn’t obligate you in the least and it will bring you information that will start you on a successful career. This is your chance. Don’t let it slip by. Mark and mail this coupon now. ea Seles eT Se oe TE AR OUT ACR Se come meee, ae INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS X 7688, SCRANTO) Explain, without oblig ys me, how I ne al for the position, or in the sub; ‘ore which I mark X. ELEOTRIOAL staan ‘4 SALESMANSHIP Rleetrie g and Rys. ADVERTISING Electric Wiring Window Trimmer Telegraph Engineer Show Card Teiephone Work Sign Painter MEOHANIOAL ENGINEER Railroad Trainmaa Mechanical I!rafteman ILLUSTRATING Machine Shop Practice Cartooning ae BUSINESS MANAGEMERT . Bogie Operating Private Secreta: ivi NGINEER BOOKKEEP: Surveying and Mapping ory ed and Typist MINE FOREMAX or PENG'R Cert. ib. Accountant STATIONARY ENGINEER TRAFFIC MANAGER e Engineer Railway Accountant Ship Draftsman - Commercial Law ARCHITECT GOOD ENGLISH Contractor and Ballder = — Teacher Architectural Drafteman Soot School Babjects Concrete Builder CIVIL SERVICE Structural Engineer Railway Mail Clerk PLUMBING AND HEATING AUTOMORILE OPERATING Sheet Metal Worker Auto Repairing Textile Overecer or Supt. ~ rod rele Spanish OHEMIST on TURE French ema’ altry Raising Italian Name Present Occupati Street and No City. State. Canadians may send this cou; to 7-26-10 International Correspondence Schools, ‘Montreal, speed; try it on several lamps of, say, 6 volts and about 6 candle-power. Connect the lamps in parallel. By a little experimenting you can find out what lamps will give the best results. Be careful to try the higher-voltage lamps first, for the low-voltage lamps might burn out. Or, if you have or can obtain only low-voltage lamps, less than six volts, run the machine very slowly at first, and if you find that there is current to spare you can use lamps of greater capacity. With the lamps in parallel the light is less affected by fluctuations in speed than if they are in series. A Novel Way to Oil Bearings and Pulleys NYTHING that tends to cut down the cost of manufacturing and reduce accidents is essential in shops and factories these days. The oiling device shown in the illustration will save time and money. Any pulley or bearing can be reached with it by the workman in perfect The stepladder is a thing of the past for oiling overhead shafting. This new oiler does it from the floor with- out danger of accident to the workman safety without the use of the cumber- some and dangerous stepladder. There is nothing complicated about making this oiler, and the illustra- tion shows every part clearly. Three screws hold the oil-can in place and its bottom is pressed by the operator pushing down on the handle which compresses the block against the bot- tom of the can.—F. E. LEITCH. To Keep Small Boats from Fouling Their Moorings UE to the rise and fall of the tide, small boats, when moored with ropes in the ordinary way, have a tendency to foul under the dock or between the piles to which they are tied. This fouling can be avoided by adopting the simple method shown on page 123. 122 Popular Science Monthly Your Chance to Make Big Profits in Vulcanizing Here is your chance to ¢ into a hi a rofitable Dust ness whic make you in- dependent. “High class vul- canizers are in demand every- where. Many of ourgraduates make $%,000 a year and over. We make the Anderson steam vulcanize~ and Ander- son retreader and teach you the famous Anderson Method ° of Vulcanizing Our students make good because they can do superior work with the Anderson machine and method and do it at one-tenth the cost re uired by all other vul- canizers. Highly satisfied customers and large profits means a paying business. Not only are we ble to convince you of this but we invite you to compare the Anderson make and method with others. We have installed Anderson schools of vulcanizing in 30 states for teaching the Anderson method of vulcanizing. The course requi"es 5 to 10 days and costs $35. If you buy an Anderson vulcanizer we return your $35 and pay you $5 per day expense money while learning. ur reputation is valuable. We expect Anderson vul- canizers to do work which will outlast the rest of the tire. We expect Anderson students to succeed in a business way. Their success is our success. ‘'herefore we do not sell an Anderson vulcantzer to anyone who has not receired our course of instructions. Don't miss this opportunity. Write today for full par- ticulars and address of Anderson school nearest to you. ANDERSON STEAM VULCANIZER co. 13 Williams Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind., U. 8. A. Print your name to avoid mistakes Shoot Without Noise Avoid disturbance, alsu flinching. Enjoy quiet shooting, anywhere, anytime. Use a MAXIM SILENCER Price, .22 cal. $7.00. Send 6c in stamps for catalog and book- let of astonishing experiences of Silencer users. The Maxim Silzncer Co. 91 Homestead Ave. Hartford, Conn. You CanSave $50.00 By recovering your old auto top frame yourself. Sol aaa oak emeee ol fit al es and models oj cars. Any person that can $8. 93 one 2a drive a car can put it on. We furnish instructions. Roof and quarters sewed together with rear curtain, fasteners, welts and tacks. All complete, aire es I se — name, og end model number of your car and we w LIBERTY TOP & TIRE CO., Dept. E8, Cincinnati, O and quote you exact price. If You Have a Bicycle You Can Havea Motor Cycle, B¢2 e004 sports *man and put a Steffey Motor Attachment on your bicycle. Easy to attach. Costs but little. Converts it into a reliable Motor-cycle. Send stamp for Circulars. .» Dept. S., 5025 Brown St., Phila. Pa. Dollars in Hares We pay $7.00to$18.50 and upa pair and express charges. Big Profits. We furnish guaranteed high grade stock and buy all you raise. Use backyard, barn, cellar, attic. Con- tractand Illustrated Catalog Free. STANDARD FOOD AND et vend 407C Broadway York Send for a Complete Catalogue of MASONIC BOOKS Jewelry and Goods ‘ REDDING & CO. Publishers and Manufacturers Dept.S New York 200 Fifth Avenue (picks Your Own circulars rs, dabels ; tags, menus D Fact in short ol Will last for years. Easy to use, printed es sent. Print ‘tor others, TODAY for press catalog, TYPE, cards, paper,envelopes. THE PRESS CO., D-33, Meriden, Conn.

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August, 1920 First fasten two planks, say about 4 in. by 4 in., to the pier and allow them to project about 5 or 6 ft. from the edge of the pier. From the end of one plank suspend a pulley with a groove large enough to take a light chain. The chain need not be a heavy one; %4 in. is large enough. Provide a weight, such as those used for windows, and fasten to one end of 424" BOLT-—3 aye 4 “a PULLEY CHAIN PIER ROPE—S. PADLOCK OR HOOK SIDE VIEW \ ,) aO_} a Dp a —— ————— The weights keep the moorings taut, but still allow the boat to rise and fall with the ebb and flow of the tide the chain. The other end of the chain is fastened to the bow or stern of the boat, with either a hook or padlock, as shown. To the other plank fasten a rope, one end of which should be fastened to the other end of the boat. The rope should be long enough so that when the tide is lowest, it will be a trifle slack. The chain, on the other hand, should be long enough to allow the weight to swing free, thus keeping the chain taut at all times. The weight, of course, should not be so heavy as to strain the rigging. The weight, exerting a steady pull on the chain, keeps the boat in a line between the two planks and prevents it from drifting to either one side or the other.— FRANK W. HARTH. Rubber Plugs for Testing Radiator Leaks HEN testing automobile radi- ators for leaks it is the usual custom to plug up the water connec- tions with large stoppers, and pump in air. These plugs are generally made of wood, which split, chip, or wear out so that tight plugging is impossible. To overcome this annoyance the fol- lowing idea will be found useful: Saw off sections of a clothes-wringer roller long enough to make stoppers for radiator use. Use a hacksaw, as the usual roller is built upon a steel core. The rubber covering will be found sufficient ly thick to be tapered to fit the opening. The tapering may be done with a Pa nia iti coarse file,and anemery cloth should be used | ! ORIGINAL for smoothing | (i JA~ LINE OF down. We ROLLER Rubber plugs are much better than wooden ones for testing leaky radiators Such stop- pers will stand hard usage better than wood, and if tapered true, they will always make a tight joint. Johnson Twin is the only Two-Cylinder Motor in the world to drive a bicycle. THE TWIN-CYLINDER ¥ -- Johnson Motor Wheel { Er. AND POSITIVE TRACTION The Twin-Cylinder Johnson Motor Wheel takes narrow paths, holds the_roads and avoids obstacles with the greatest ease. The illustration above shows a rider passing between a stump and a boulder and another crossing a stream on a plank as surely and safely as on a bridge. Positive Traction is very important in any vehicle, particularly so in a machine like a bicycle which requires some skill in keeping balanced. Every bicycle rider should investigate this wonder- ful little power plant. Any ordinary bicycle can be changed into a Two-Cylinder Motor Bike by simply replacing the bicycle rear wheel with a Johnson Motor Wheel. Not until this has been done will you realize the many conveniences and pleasures which you are now missing. Tt does not detract from the graceful appearance of | the wheel and it will travel 150 miles on a gallon of gasoline. It will carry a rider weighing 200 pounds as easily as a boy weighing 90 pounds. Ask us to mailyou today illustrated book- let containing very interesting detailed description of the Johnson Motor Wheel. SSS VR 3 A rl THE JOHNSON MOTOR WHEEL CO. 906 East Sample Street South Bend, Indiana ; Oh Boy! e . Build This Car _ This nifty little car : driven by gasoline motor, can be built by any boy. Parts are furnished y us an and price list of parts showing how to build this lad’s car. SYPHER MFG. CO., 174 Sypher Bidg., Toledo, Ohie That is what gives them chances for promotion. salary — $110.00 a month and expenses, The work is important, for the safety of thousands depends on their vigilance, And when they do their work as we teach them they attract the favorable attention of their superiors. Promotions then are rapid. Learn This Profitable Profession All you need is a common school education for entrance to our three-month’s course, which is easy to learn at home during your the. so good. THERE IS A BIG We know of fine openings for our grad Man: ago OUR BOOKLET tells of this ideal vocation —out in the big out-doors—how you associate with big men—how you can earn an excellent salary from the start—how you can climb to the 4 top. oO (below) is your key to a better 1 a much bigger f 5 no} it Remember you start at $110 a month, and witTH ce | BIG MEN ij Y, They start in at a good Ep Rg ie wa: ic inspec od. RE IS A DEMAND 1M THIS FIELD. uates, y who started our course a few months now hold positions. ver The portunity COUPON §« now WE SECURE YOUR POSITIO Standard Business Training Institute, BUFFALO, N. Y. Ple nd, without obligatt your Booklet D-99, —A.- FA le Irispector’s Course. BIG PROFITS IN A FAST GROWING BUSINESS Wouldn't you like to make more money, and be independent? Wouldn't you like to get all the profits by owning your own business? To be sure you would; then here is the opportunity. $18,000 IN ONE YEAR Tire Rebuilding is one of the most profitable fields of the Automobile Industry; $18,000 made in one year by a man who started in a small way. YOU CAN DO IT TOO Vanderpool Tire Rebuilding Plants have made big money for ambitious men. One firm writes ‘Our plant is very ee. we got our money back out of the first month’s profits”. Many have said that after working on several makes of Vulcan- izers, they chose the Vanderpool, when going into business. Names on request. LARGE PRODUCTION—BIG PROFITS The Vanderpool 5 Cavity Plant will rebuild and retread 9 Tires and 5 Tubes at the rate of $30 an hour. Any one or all of its parts can be shut off making it economical and speedy. The Vanderpool can be furnished in all sizes and we will design special plans for equipping your shop whether you start in a large or small way. DO IT NOW—DELAY LOSES MONEY Write for price list and Tire Rebuilding Manual full of valuable information. Price 25c. Vanderpool Vulcanizing Co. Dept. 7-F SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

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choolat Hp «High-School Graduate -Electrical Engineer ‘ -Elec.Light& PowerSupt. .. .»Hydroelectric Engineer «e+ 1 elephone Engineer -e- Telegraph Engineer . «+ Wireless Operator .--Architect «Structural Engineer . Mechanical Engineer Shop Superintendent .Steam Engineer .-Draftsman and Designer .. .-Photoplay Writer oe -Employment Manager HIGH SCHOOL COURSE IN YOU ARE BADLY . ka ee ig 00 HANDICAPPED training. You cannot attain business or social prominence. You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of practically all worth-while positions demand High School train- ing. You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FOR A BIG FUTURE This Course. which has been repared by some of America’s leading pro- essors, will broaden your mind, and make you keen, alert and capable. It is complete, simplified and up-to-date. It covers all sub- jects given in a resident school and meets all vequirements of a High School training. From the first lesson to the last you are carefully examined and coached. USE SPARE TIME ONLY Most people idle away fifty hours a week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your wasted hours for study and you can remove your present handicap within two years. You will enjoy the lessons and the knowledge ng 7 1 gain will well repay the time spent in study. iié $ K So that you may see for yourself how thorough and ci complete our tracing. is, we invite you to take ten lessons in the High hool Course—or any course of specialized training in the coupon below—before decid- ing whether you wish to continue. If you are not then satisfied, we will refund your money in full. We absolutely guarantee satisfaction. On that basis you owe it to yourself to make the test. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full Particulars and Free Bulletin. AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE Dept. H.C.75 Chicago, Illinois Explain how I can qualify for the position checked. .~..-Lawyer .- Business Manager . -- Bookkeeper ...Stenographer -.-Automobile Engineer .--Airplane Mechanic POSSE HH OHHH HH EOE EHE SESE ESE EEEETE SES OEEES ™. = 7 TWO YEARS . Certified Pub. Accountant ..-Accountant and Auditor ...Fire Insurance Expert .-.Sanitary Engineer . - Building Contractor ..-Master Plumber . Civil Engineer ..-Heating & Vent. Engineer ..-Automobile Repairman «General Education Course -Common School Branches -Foreman’s TrainingCourse Popular Science Monthly Concrete for Economy on the Farm By John Upton HE first question the farmer will ask about concrete is apt to be in regard to the amount of material re- quired and the proportions to use in mixing the concrete. For low foundation walls, small buildings, grout- ing for floors, and other work not requiring much strength, a mix- ture of one part cement, three parts sand and six parts gravel or broken stone, will be right. Sand means any grains that will passthrough a sieve with meshes 4 in. square. Larger than this, the material is called gravel. You may wish to use the gravel and sand mixed as taken from the pit. This can be done if one part cement to six parts of the pit gravel and sand is used for the above work. A good medium mixture for cellar walls, barn. foundations, retaining walls, walks and single course floors, is called, one: 214: 5, or one: 5. A better and stronger mixture is needed for engine foundations, tanks, cisterns, and watertight work, and the pro- portions may be 1: 2: 4, or 1 to 4. For work subject to strains, as col- umns, fence posts, reinforced concrete and top coat for floors, use one part cement to three parts gravel and sand. If you wish to figure out the amount of material needed, this table will help: Materials for 1 cu. yd. of Concrete Barrels in 1 cu. yd. Proportions of Concrete Stone or Stone or Cement Sand Gravel Cement Sand Gravel 1 1% 3 Zz. Ss: 6. a. oe 4 RS Sak. a225 1 2% 5 125° 3.25: 26:5 i 4 6 1.10 3.30 6.60 A barrel, or four sacks of cement, is 3.8 cu. ft., and a barrel of sand or gravel means the same amount. A bottomless box or frame 10 in. high by 2 ft. 3 in. by 4 ft. will hold two bar- rels. Such a frame may be set on the mixing platform and lifted off after it is filled, leaving the gravel ready for the cement. For cellar and basement walls the following table gives the amount of material needed and the thickness that the walls should be for different heights. Thick- Height ness at Thick- Cement ness at for 10ft. Sand Gravel of wall bottom top of wall for 10 ft. for 10 ft. ft. in. in. bags cu.ft. cu. ft. 6 6 6 6 14 29 8 10 8 12 29 58 10 15 10 25 60 120 I have found in actual practice that a good stable floor can be made by 124 Concrete saves the farmer a lot of money these high-cost-of-living days using a barrel of cement for each 50 sq. ft. of floor, where there are gutters, as in a cow stable, and for a plain floor one may get 60 ft. to a barrel. In building foundation walls by using large stone and putting in all there -was room for, [have made 40 cu. ft. of wall with a barrel of cement, but this was in a thick wall where large stones could be used to good ad- vantage. For most work it is best to figure on about 1 cu. yd., 27 to 30 cu. ft., for a barrel of cement when the leanest mix- ture is used, and about two barrels of cement for 1 cu. yd. of the richest mixture that is com- monly used. For economy the sand, gravel, and stone should be of varying sizes, for the coarser they are the less of the finer materials—cement and sand— will be needed to fill the spaces. If you want to build a good wall with as little cement as possible, you should use as large stones as you can place in the forms, and leave an inch or so outside of them for the mortar, and you should use as many of them as possible while leaving room between them for mortar. A New Tool for Recovering Broken Taps HEN an amateur machinist happens to break a tap below the surface of the metal, he is usually puzzled for a time to find a suitable method to remove the buried end. The tool shown below is simple to make and will prove a great help in such emergencies. Bend a piece of round steel rod in the manner indicated and harden it. Thelegsshould be slightly smaller than the diameter of the hole. When the tap breaks, first squirt kerosene liber- | i ally into the We hole. Then in- sert the legs of the tool be- tween two op- posite flutes and shove them down as far as they will go. This gives a firm purchase and by turning it anti-clockwise the stub can be easily unthreaded and brought out.— WINDSOR CROWELL. 5 ROUND STEEL ROD BROKEN TAP Removing a broken tap isn’t such a hard job if you know how to do it

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Augusi, 1920 A War-Time Radiotelephone Transmitter OW good wireless telephony was rendered possible during the war, was explained in a speech re- cently delivered before the Institute of Electrical Engineers in London by Major C. E. Prince of the R. A. F. The circuit is shown in the accom- panying figure, in which P is the power, and C the control valve, L the choke coil, T the microphone transmitter, H T the source of high-tension supply, and F the filament battery. The anodes of both valves draw their high- tension direct-current supply through the choke winding, and as long as the microphone is quiescent the output and general behavior do not differ from those of a power circuit considered as a plain one-valve oscillator. When, however, variations take place in the a= nT esata ’ Radiotelephone circuit with the antenna in the circuit of a vacuum-tube oscillator and another tube for a modulator - controlling valve anode circuit at speed frequency, very large surges are set up in that of the power valve, which may approximate to the orig- inal high-tension d. c. potential, and so sweep the output from nearly double its steady value to almost zero. Choke control proved eminently suc- cessful for air working, and no other system of working survived in com- petition with it. There are no critical adjustments anywhere. Almost every constant can be changed within quite wide limits, and though it may thus be caused to work more or less effi- ciently, it never reaches the point of complete failure. This circuit is one of the most con- venient for use in small power tele- phone sets and ma, be used to advan- tage with small aerials at land stations as well as on airplanes. A Wireless Telephone in a Tree-top RADIO station in Los Angeles, having a unique situation was designed by thirteen-year-old Charles Schuessler. It is located in the top—cr what used to be the top—of a huge pepper-tree. The building was con- structed of old piano and dry-goods boxes. The young builder’s feat will 42 Z Z At Home Quickly and Easily Radio Telegraphy and Telephony Can Now Be Mastered at Home By Marvelous New Method You can now learn Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony quickly and easily in your - spare time at home, by mail, eae through the famous Home Study Course of the National Radio Institute, and with the help of the wonderful Natrometer outfit which a we will send you. Then you can travel or locate in land wireless work near your home. Complimentary Membership in the N. R. I. Relay League with blue and gold membership pin. Handsome diploma sui able for framing. Personal help in securirg position. SEND FOR FREE BOOK Send the attached coupon TODAY for free copy of our valuable and interesting book ‘‘Wireless The Opportunity of Today,” tclling how we help you win success in Wireless. NATIONAL RADIO INSTITUTE America's First and Foremost, Established 1914 Dept. 264, 14th and U Streets, N.W., Washington, D. C. Send Coupon for FREE Book NATIONAL Bg age INSTITUTE, Dept. 264, 14th and U Sts., Washington, D.C. Send me yous FREE Book “Wireless The Opportunity of Today.” Tell me about your famous Home *Study Course in Wireless Telegraphy and Feepbeny your Post Grad- uate Course—membership in the N. R. 1. Relay League —your Special Instrument Offer. Earn Big Money Our graduates start work as Senior Operators at $125 a month with all living expenses paid. This in- cludes board, lodging, laundry, etc., which when totalled and added to the salary amounts to $200 or more a month. Advancement to high positions with bigger pay is rapid. Radio Electrical Engineers receive $2,500 to $15,000 a year; Radio Aids $6 to $15 a day; Aerial Mail Service $1,500 to $2,400 a year plus a 10% bonus; Radio Inspectors $1,200 to $3,000 a year. Our grad- uates are guaranteed positions upon securing their official license. This Fine Natrometer Set to Every Student We send you this wonderful Natrometer while taking our Home Study Course. It becomes your personal property o> completion of the course. The Natrometer automatically sends you messages at varying speeds, just as you would receive them from distant wireless stations. This set is operated entirely without the use of ‘‘aerials.”’ Special Privileges to National Radio Wrtte N. W. Plainly Institute Students NN re ee ee re ee Oe ee ee ee ee Combination course in Wireless Telegraphy_ and GIR es: NMI aioe! ae 50a ogh orecbtceigeabcignets Daneel Telephony for the price of one course. Post Grad- uate Course FREE. City-s-- eee ee cee eee eee eee. State “ASK AN ee WHO HAS USED IT” TR I AL Buy a Brandes Su- perior Headset and OFFER use & gg for ten days. Then, if it doesn’t come up to our claims or your expectations, return t and your money will be cheer- fully refunded. ‘Test it—com- pare with others—for sensitive- ness, clearness, distance. Prove for yourself the fine quality, the ‘‘matched tone.’’ The two diaphragms toned exactly alike, strengthen the signals and pre- vent blurring. Used by many U.S. Gov't experts and experts abroad; by colleges and techni- cal schools; and by profession- als and amateurs everywhere. Send 4c for Catalogue R Cc. BRANDES, {nc., 32 Union Sq., Room 813, New York, U. S. A. VIRELESS RECEIVER SPECIALISTS | Wireless Telegraph— Transformers With amateur can cover which any great distances. Write today Bulletin on Wire- for less. a Choctas Company Warren, Ohio ar ger dl Set 2000 ohms Be An __Amateur JaesKeb Comm @)olcb uct me) & Set up your own Wireless Station and ‘“‘Listen-in” on radio news from everywhere. Anybody can do it. Our new book, ‘‘How to Set Up An Amateur Radio Receiving Sta- tion” tells what you need, how to get it, how to set it up and operate it. Explains wireless so everyone can understand and gives infor- mation about Radio work. Send | x EXPLOSION WHISTLE You are gambling with death if you are-not sure your warning signal is absolutely dependable. The warning device that cannot fail is the Buell Explosion histle. E uipment for ninety- -five manufacturers. Over 200,000 in use.. 10 Year guarantee. In Single Tone or Chime. Buy from your dealer or write for interesting circular. BUELL MFG. CO.” Cottage Grove at 30th, - 10 cents in stamps now and get a copy. DE FOREST RADIO TEL. AND TEL. CO.. 1393 Sedgwick Avenue, New York City S* THERGS SIONEY IN IT-”? - SARZLEARN TELEGRAPHY=iiie _.. —_-_MORSE AND WIRELES A ees SY NE, RN, sR al - TEACH YOURSELF in half usual time, at trifling cost, rin the wonderful Automatic Transmitter THE OMNIGRAPH. Sends unlimited Morse or oy messages, at any speed, just as an expert operator would. ger yo U. S. Gov't. and leading Universities, Colleges and Telegraph Schools. a ctylen, Catalog free. OMNIGRAPH MFG. CO., Dept. H., 39 Cortlandt St., New York. Chicago 125

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A Human Dynamo I Will Make You Look Like One Act Like One Be One Today the world is calling for the man of pep, ginger and action. The man who is on his toes every minute— ready to jump in and do things. # The big man of powerful phy- sique and untir- ing energy. The man who is bub- bling over with life, having the keen, alert brain, the bright, flash- ing eyes and the spring and step of youth. This is a day of critical events coming in rapid succession. Are You Fit? How do you measure up to these require- ments? Can you feel the fire of youth surg- ing through your body? Do you have the deep full chest and the huge square shoulders, the large muscular arms that mean you are 100% efficient? Can you go through a good, hard physical tussle and come out feeling fresher and better than when you started? If not, you are unfit. Get busy— steam up at once before you are thrown aside as a failure. I Will Give You HEALTH STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT * EARLE LIEDERMAN The Aeme of Physical Perfection I will make a new man of you ina remarkably short time. I will fill out your chest so that every breath means increased life, purifying your ‘blood and filling you with vim and vitality. I will develop your whole body so that you will be admired and sought afterin both the business and social world. I will give you the strength and power to do things that others would not even attempt todo. And Iwill do all thisinsoshorta time that you will say, “‘I did not think it possible.’ I have already done this for thou- sands of others and my records are unchallenged. What I have done for them I will do for you. Come, then, for time flies and every day counts. Let this very day mean the beginning of new life to you. Send for My New Book “Muscular Development It tells the secret, and is handsomely illustrated with 25 full-page photographs of myself and some of the world’s best athletes whom I have trained, also full particulars of my splendid offer to you. The valuable book and special offer will be sent you on receipt of only 10 cents, to cover cost of wrapping and mailing. Sit right down now and fillin the coupon. The sooner you get started on the road to health and strength the easier it will be to reach perfect man- hood. Don’t drag along one day longer — mail the coupon today. EARLE E. LIEDERMAN Dept. 1307, 203 Broadway, New York City interest other young Americans who are prevented from taking up amateur radio work on account of lack of house room. Two great branches having a spread of 714 ft. at an approximate height of EARLE E. LIEDERMAN, Dept. 1307, 203 Broadway, New York City Dear Sir: I enclose herewith 10 cents, for which you are to send me, without any obligation on my part whatever, a copy of your latest book, ‘‘Muscular Development.” (Please write or print plainly.) This is the way an amateur has solved the question of high rents 15 ft. from the ground, form the foundation. The office compartment is 5 by 5 ft., allowing a porch or landing, 21% by 5 ft. Windows at ends and sides afford ample light and ventilation. The aerial mast, only part of which is shown in the picture, has a length of 56 ft. 3 in. In connection with the establish- ment is a “shocker” for conveying messages to undesirable visitors, to get out. It consists of two large tin plates fastened to the floor of the landing and connected to the electrical apparatus by wires run under the floor. By turning on the juice the operator generally succeeds in ridding himself of an unwelcome caller.—E. B. R. Precaution Against Shorting Batteries HEN arotary switch is employed to cut batteries into a circuit at the will of the operator, great care must be taken to space the contact points at such a distance that the blade of the switch does not touch them both or any two at any one time. Not to do so would short circuit some of the cells with the switch arm, as is clearly shown in the sketch. The life of dry bat- teries, especially small flashlight batteries, is ma- terially shortened when this occurs. Sometimes ama- teurs are careless about this mat- ter. On the other hand, if the switch arm does not short some cells the circuit opens. You must balance battery cost against clicks and bats in the ear and decide for yourself.—E. T. JONES. 126 How to space contact points or rotary switch to avoid shorting small batteries used in plate circuit of ‘audion Popular Scvence Monthly You Gan KNOW all about AUTOS, TRACTORS, AEROPLANES, STARTING and LIGHTING SYSTEMS, STORAGE BAT- TERIES, VULCANIZING, etc. Valuable Book FREE **How to Succeed in the Automobile, Tractor and Aeroplane Business,” gives much new and very useful information; also tells all about the many splendid advantages and practical training vou can get at thiscollege in a few weeks. Tear this out and write fora copy, FREK, today. Cli ee} ER aes OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING ‘Dept.58 1519 S. Wabash Ave. 07 i Le7-Veje) WP DOUBLED Typewrite the NewWay—80 to 100 words per minute guaranteed. Earn $35 to $40 weekly. To- tally new system, Givesspeedand accuracy. If youwant more_money in your Pay En- velope write for book, explaining the Learn System. Tells how — hundreds of NEW WAY Zraduetes increased _ their Salaries $300, $500, $1000 yearly. SEND_ POSTAL TO-DAV FOR FREE COPY THE TULLOSS SCHOOL 3678 College Hill, Springfield, O. THE NEW WAY IN TYPEWRITING Brooks Appliance Co., 255C State St., Marshall, Mich. (So RSE ASEM OY 9 EN PONE ALACRA RSA AOTC Don’t Wear a Truss Brooks’ Appliance, the modern scientific invention, the wonderfu! new discovery that relieves rupture, will be sent on trial. No obnoxious springs or pads. MR. C, E. BROOKS Brooks’ Rupture Appliance Has automatic Air Cushions. Binds and draws the broken parts together as you would a broken limb. No salves. No lies. Durable, cheap. Senton‘trial to proveit. Protected by U. S. patents. Catalog and measure blanks mailed free. Send name and address today. Expert electrical engineers are being paid fabu- lous salaries—thousands needed today. We give you personal and thorough training —practical, technical courses 3 months to'2 years under ex- pert engineers in electricity, steam, gas, armature winding, drafting, etc. Extensive laboratory and shop equipment. Not a trade school. Training is condensed—if your time is limited come to the Finlay Engineering College—only one of its kind in the. West. Day and night sessions—enroll any'‘time. Write for FREE catolog, a post card will do. FINLAY ENGINEERING OLLEGE 1002 Indiana Ave. Kansas City. Mo. DIRECT FROM FACTORY TO YOU OUR NEW CATALOG WITH 600 OF THE LATEST UP-TO-DATE DESIGNS FREE. Cc. K. GROUSE CO. 22 Bruce Ave. North Attleboro. Masa JASS PINS-RINGS I know because f-was Deaf and had Head Noises for over 30 years. My invisible Antiseptic Ear Drums restored my hearing and agers Head Noiees, and will do it for you. ey are Timmy Megaphones. Cannot be seen when worn. Effective when Deafness is caused by Catarrh or by Perforated, Partially or Wholly Destroyed Natural Drums. Easy to put in, easy to take out. Are “Unseen Comforts.’” In- expensive. Write for Booklet and my sworm, statement of how I recovered my hearing. A. O, LEONARD Suite 301, 70 Sth Avenue ° « New York City DEAFNESS IS MISERY >=

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August, 1920 A Direct-Current Generator with No Commutator HE writer has recently invented a d. c. generator with no com- mutator or collector rings. This im- provement will provide a generator especially adapted for radio-telephonic and -telegraphic use, and for sustaining the filament and plate potentials of vacuum tubes. The commutator type d. ¢c. generators introduce current fluctuations. -A storage battery is not always financially practicable when a plate potential of several hundred volts is desired, and such high-plate potentials are becoming increasingly common in radio work. My generator is an inductor type. The essential parts are: two stators, supporting the armature and field windings, a rotor, and a frame. In the drawings which are reproduced from my patent, Fig. 7 is a vertical section through the generator. In Fig. 8 is shown a front view of the rotor and shaft. A front or face view of the high-voltage machine is shown in Fig.9. The rotor is built up of laminations of magnetizable material, with radial projections at regular intervals. These Vertical cross-section of a high voltage generator which has no commutator. (Fig. 7 of inventor’s patent specification) form spiral ribs about the peripheral surface of the rotor, as indicated by 14. These ribs are the active pole pieces and are arranged in a spiral form so as to feed or screw the magnetic flux from one end to the opposite end, parallel to the shaft. The poles numbered 15 are supported by the frame 16 and may be self or externally excited, as desired. z The pole faces of the stator are curved on an arc of a circle whose axis is the shaft 18. They are grooved on their concave faces, as shown in Fig. 9 at 13. These grooves are at right angles to the shaft and contain the armature windings 13. These armature coils are held in place by the pole pieces or shoes 21, which are spiral to the shaft. These shoes are placed at an angle opposite to that in which & the shoes of the rotor are placed. TRADE-MARKS AND COPYRIGHTS PATENT SP ECIAL OFFE PATENT ABLE NATURE Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form ‘Evidence of Conception.’’ This should be signed and witnessed and if returned to us to- gether with model or sketch and description of the inven- tion, we will give our opinion as to its patentable nature. Our Three Books Mailed Free to Inventors Our Illustrated Guide BOOK HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Sent FREE on Request Contains full instructions regarding Patents, Trade-Marks, Foreign Patents. Our Methods, Terms, and 100 Mechanical Move- ments illustrated and described, Articles on Patent Practice and Procedure, and Law Points for inventors. OUR TRADE MARK BOOK Shows the value and necessity of Trade-Mark Protection and gives information regarding unfair competition. OUR FOREIGN BOOK We have Direct Agencies in all Foreign N Countries. Write for our illustrated Guide AN Book on Foreign Patents. SPECIALIZATION Our Staff The field of invention is so vast that it is impossible for any one man to become an expert in all the different classes of invention. Only those practically skilled in the class to which the invention relates are capable of rendering efficient service. For this reason Victor J. Evans & Co. employ a number of patent lawyers and mechanical experts who have been selected for their special knowledge and ability in certain lines of invention. Each case is placed in charge of experts in the classes in which the invention relates. THE VALUE OF YOUR PATENT Will depend much upon the skill and care with which your case is prosecuted in the United States Patent Office. This work will receive the benefit of skill and experi- ence acquired by a long and successful practice. We spare neither time nor pains to secure the broadest possible patents that the inventions will warrant. That every case entrusted to us receives our best efforts, and that our work is done consistently, skillfully and thoroughly is evidenced by the many unsolicited letters of commenda- tion that we receive constantly from our clients. We will furnish upon request lists of clients from any State in the Union for whom we have secured patents. Our New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, and San Francisco Offices Owing to the growth of our business we have established for the benefit of our clients Branch Offices in New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., Chicago, Ill., and San Francisco, Cal. These branch offices being located in these large commercial cities, together with our Main Office located nearthe U. S. Patent office, in Washington, enables us to more promptly handle the business of our clients, particularly as the brahch offices are in constant touch with the Main Office and fully equipped to handle pat=nt business in all its branches. Highest References—Prompt Attention—Reasonable Terms Fe ON Se Sh PE COUPRRIE © ob en enter ee ! Dh (all | M] VICTOR J. EVANS & CO. } , \s a ) | ! Patent Attorneys , i h Af IMI) «New York Offices Philadelphia Offices Pittsburgh Offices ; : oo | Ny 1007 Woolworth Bldg. 135 S. Broad Street 514 Empire Bldg. ! \ sii Mi Chicago Offices, 1114 Tacoma Bldg. San Francisco Offices, Hobart Bldg. i anh | Main Offices, 760 9th Street, Washington, D.C. , | ik rm =U 0)} Gentlemen: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your books . it Nt hs afi 2s described above. 1 ort NN ace te TN oe i a ' 127

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PATENTS F YOU HAVE AN INVENTION which you wish to patent you can write fully and freely to Munn & Co. for advice in regard to the best way of obtaining protection. Please send sketches or a model of your invention and a description of the device, explain- ing its operation. All communications are strictly confi- dential. Our vast practice, extending over a period of seventy years, enables us in many cases to advise in regard to patentability without any expense to the client. Our Hand-Book on Patents is sent free on request. This explains our methods, terms, etc., in regard to Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, etc. If you are a reader of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN you are probably aware of the fact that it has a special appeal to the inventor. Each issue contains a description of a large number of recently pat- ented inventions. Pending pat- ent legislation as well as the most recent rulings of the Patent Office and the courts are considered in its columns. MUNN & CO. SOLICITORS OF PATENTS 683 Woolworth Building, New York 624 F Street, Washington, D. C. Tower Building - Chicago, Ill. Hobart Bldg., 582 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. peewrreeo erereaeeetaerrearard Ciitenevere PATENTS Trade Marks Send sketch or model for actual search and report. Write for Book- let of instructions on patent practice and procedure. Prompt personal service.... Geo. P Kimmel Patent Lawyer 39-1 Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D.C. . PERE RESESEUES SEE SCE ESER SED EOR CEL SPER SES SEE RELI E TPPPP PRO UU PORE SESE ERE REE ROR REER ERE REESE ESTEE SSSR ES EO tat = - - ~ - ~- - - - - - - - 7 - - - - - ~ ~ - “ « - “ - — ~ o - - - - - - = - — = = - - - - | Free on Patents Before applying for a patent write for a Free Copy of our book “How to Obtain a Patent,’’ which contains valuable information and advice to inventors. It tells how to secure Patents. Send a model or sketch of. your invention for our ‘Evidence of Conception” form and our opinion of its patent able nature—Free. Twenty years’ experiencein patent matters. Write today for your B OOK. way an ae SS SixTr €ornon By return mail FREE. Write LACEY & LACEY Dept M Washingten.DC WILLIAM C. LINTON Consulting Engineer and Patent Attorney “Inventor’s Adviser’’ Mailed free on request. Gives full information as to Patents, Trade Marks and Their Cost OFFICE 364 UNIVERSITY ST., Montreal, Canada. SIXTH EDITION 916 F ST. N. W., Washington, D. C. ATENTS PROCURED and____ TRADE-MARKS REGISTERED Twenty Years’ Experience. Terms on request. ROBB, ROBB & HILL, Attorneys at Law Specializing in Patent and Trade-mark Practice exclusively 840 McLachlen Bldg., 1336 Schofield Bldg., . Washington, D. C. Cleveland, Ohio. Instructions and PATENTS Send model or drawings for examin- ation and opinion as to patentability. Highest References—Best R Assured Send for free g BH wy WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer 624 F Street, N. W. Washington, a. ConstTaverion OF INDUCTION COILS AND TRANSFORMERS, by as Stanley Curtis. Full of practical notes and instructions. Tells, ou : both the why and the how. atte ke is — eo ° en and us you core transformers are both takenup. For a ; & practical in- struction book on the whole subject this ae is hard to price. Price, a ae 25 cents. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHL reals York P etc. patentable nature. : IE OA TI RANDOLPH & CO. RE SAR: 130 F St. N. W., Washington, D. C. : EE CMR ATENTS SECURE A PATENT, send for Our Guide Book, HOW TO GET A PATENT, sent Free on request. Send model or sketch and description of your invention and we will give our opinion as to its 225 West 39th Street IF YOU HAVE AN INVENTION and DESIRE TO LEARN HOW TO Tells our Terms, Methods, Pe a ee ee Popular Science Monthly A frame of mild steel completes the internal magnetic circuit. The arma- ture coils are connected in series and the magnetic circuit is constantly being fed from one end of the rotor to the opposite end when in operation. The magnetic lines, therefore, pass through the armature coils always in the same direction and producing the unidirectional electro-motive force. Ftg.10 RENN . : 1 SS LRKENN At top, Fig. 8 shows spiral ribbed rotor which screws the magnetic flux past stator of Fig. 9. Fig. 10 shows section of assembled generator Since the spiral projections 14 on the rotor are inclined at an opposite angle to the projections 21 on the stator fact, it is evident that these will be crossing each other during the rotation of rotor, and the projections are so spaced that each shoe of the rotor will, at any one time, be cutting a plurality of shoes of the stator. The lines of force are always moving parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor and moving from one end to the opposite end, depending upon the direction of rotation. This gives rise to a revolving magnetic field moving parallel to the axis of rotation. In this parallel movement the magnetic flux traverses the armature coils which are at right angles to the axis of rota- tion of the rotor and magnetic field. By lengthening the rotor and paral- leling the stators, as shown in Fig. 10, ‘sufficient series turns may be added to the armature winding to deliver sev- eral thousand volts. This machine is therefore adaptable to sustaining the high-plate potentials used in radio telephone and telegraph apparatus.—O. S. Mock. Constructing a High-Tension Wireless Transformer HIS transformer is designed to operate direct from the city light- ing current of 110 volts, 60-cycle a. c., without any external resistance. | The necessary materials for construct-

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August, 1920 ing it are usually found in the experi- menter’s laboratory or at the amateur’s best friend the junkman’s. The ma- terials required are 1 sheet of silicon transformer steel or stove-pipe iron, 3 by 4 in.; 234 lbs. of silk-covered copper wire No. 36; 3 lbs. of DCC copper wire No. 16; 3 ft. lamp-cord. The primary coil is wound on a core 1144 in. in diameter. It consists of 725 turns of No. 16 wire. This coil may be wound by hand, but care should be exercised to insulate each layer of wire from each other. Bring out taps at 600, 625, 650, 675, 700, and 725 ’ turns. These taps are to be taken off with lamp-cord or any other rubber- | : covered stranded: wire. The secondary coil is made up of 20,000 turns of No. 36 SC wire wound ‘ in layers of 300 turns each. First : make a core of empire cloth or oiled linen by shellacking (not gluing) the ends of the cloth together to form a cylinder 114 in. in diameter. Then fasten one end of the wire to a piece of lamp-cord that has been flattened with a hammer. Then wind on 66 layers of wire having 300 turns in each layer. Be- tween each two layers place a strip of waxed condenser paper for insulation. When this coil is finished it may be impregnated with bee’s-wax or oil. The iron sheet is cut into strips 31% by 1 in., and 5% by 1 in. in equal number. These strips must be per- fectly flat and even, or they will not fit well. Build up one side and one end by placing the strips together at right angles and build it up 1 in. thick. After the two coils are thoroughly taped and the tape brought out, slip them on this iron core and complete it. Mica may be used to insulate the coils from the core, but this is not absolutely necessary if the coils are well made and taped. A suitable condenser may be made from 30 5 by 7 in. photo-plates with tin- : foil between them.—E ARLE L. RUSSEL. / Setting Slide-Rest for Parallel Work HEN a lathe slide-rest has to be ; set for parallel work, it can be easily done by putting between the centers a mandrel that is known to be , true, and running a sharp-pointed tool — ; B y MANDREL U This is a simple method of setting a slide-rest for parallel work in a lathe Wwe (Ye *dn20 SLIDE REST Ll 7 eg along in the slide-rest. The tool may be started at one end of the mandrel as close as it can be set without touching. ) If the rest is truly set, the tool will . ae travel without touching the mandrel p , and without moving farther from it. If it does not, the necessary change in setting is plainly indicated. . ECHANIC ANS TIRE SURGEON Owns *6000 Home has substantial bank account; does $100 business daily; ready to start second and larger Tire Surgery Station. This is record of John W. Blair, Ohio. Two years ago he was practically broke. Today he’s successful. relist All credit to his prosperity is given to Weteach you This interest- grep eras ’ free. Can be ing and profit- URGERY learned quickly in our school at PRE Indianapolis, oe — is availabletoevery , man—to YOU. = ima Big records; Oldham earned $2,200 in 4 months; Gibbard, Mich., took in $45,000 in 9 months, etc. Can be EQUALLED or SURPASSED by you Tire Surgery Reclaims Casings From Junk Pile , $200 to $500 Month Earnings #29¥00¢'s newTire > . Surgeryisascientific method of rebuilding worn, ragged, threadbare casings. Makes them like new. Adds 4,000 to 5,000 miles to old tires. Millions of tires used; thousands gy discarded — field is unlimited. Our instruction is thorough and complete — free, We give you a diploma that fits you for business management — shows you are capable in every phase of Tire Surgery, Big openings everywhere—cities, small towns or villages. You are looking for an unusual money-making opportunity. Here it is! SEND THIS COUPON | Great Opportunity for You! , , Write — investigate; read and learn what others 4 Mr. M. Haywood, President, have éoge—ear “REE book and circulars explain every- HAYWOOD TIRE & EQUIPMENT CO, ng. Simply sign your name to coupon. it now! 1289 Ave., Indianapolis, ind. 2—P' ood Tire & Equipment Co. g A Amit Wt 11 Uf i. 1289 Capitol Ave., In polis, Ind iii CAN YOU think of a simple, practical idea that will fill one of the many re- quests we have on file for new inven- tions? It may mean a fortune for you. Thousands of things are needed Ricut Now. Your brainscan help. Send to- day for our great new book—“‘Invene tions and Trade Marks, Their Protection and _ Exploitation’”’ and learn more about making money from ideas than you ever knew before. It tells many things that are wanted, t00. A postal will do— it is free. To the Man With an Idea | I offer a most comprehensive, ex- | perienced, efficient service for his prompt, legal protection and the development of his proposition. Send sketch, or model and description, for advice as to cost, search through prior United States patents, etc. Pre- liminary advice gladly furnished with- out charge. My. experience and familiarity with various arts, frequently enable me to accurately advise clients as to probable patentability before they go to any eS | We help our clients, PATENTS expense. ie Without charge, to get Booklet of valuable information and form [}5@ the dollars out of their ADVERTISED for properly disclosing your idea, free on [Fg ideas—having facilities request. Write today. om | none others possess. For SALE FREE RICHARD B. OWEN { Advice free. In INVENTION And Patent Lawyer Ba | Don't delay—get the “ 6 Owen Building, Washington, D.C. [/-# : 2276-D Woolworth Building, ie ee —~ New York City AMERICAN Published for the man with an idea INDUSTRIES, INC. fend for fres sample 201 Patent Dept., copy. One year'ssub- WASHINGTON, D. C. tm ecription 50c. ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING diagrams, $1.75 postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York Spare Time Worth $2.00 an Hour By Horstman & Tousley You can easily earn $2.00 an hour in your spare A necessary book for electricians. Full facts and | time taking subscriptions for this magazine. Write to-day for the agency in your town. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York ol ME N TRADE-MARKS COPYRIGHTS : Send for our free book of patent information ee aes octet free. 804 F St., Washington, D. Co onderful resuits. Beale & Par 16 S.Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa. WINSLOW E. CHASE, Washington, D. C. DO YOU KNOW EVERY MOVE YOUR ATTORNEY MAKES? INVENTORS ~ My clients are immediately informed of every step in the prosecution of their applications. WriteNow PATENTS Send Sketch Free Booklet on request Office of WARNER 1. CUBBERLEY, Patent Attorney, 20 National Union Bidg., Wash., D. C. aT EN T So >=.$ Before disclosing your invention to “— anyone, send for blank form “Evi- ~~ dence of Conception” to be signed and witnessed. Form and _ infor- mation concerning patents FREE. LANCASTER AND ALLWINE 274 Ouray Building. Washington, D.C. (Orivinators of the form "Evidence of Ce 129

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? ; , 4 ? 4 ates Coaster has Wheel on the sides: fate b- pe easter cake - 7 oe’ club o “You'll Have to Have “An Auto - Wheel to Keep Up.” It’s the coaster wagon that real fellows have. Genuine er-Bearings make the ride smoother. The Auto - Wheel glides up to the finish line—Jleading all the —. Has steel tires and axles and a low racing body. eel wagons are well built, A Not just rattie-traps, but high-grade, Eo ae -duty wagons. Carry ig: Material care- fully” Ro a put together right. # Two Models—Take Your Pick. Auto-Wheel Coaster—the old standard and stand-by. Just as — for coasting as for hauling. uto-Wheel Seernate Bt Roadster isthe newest thing in w: Sides can fold up or down (on on durable pivots.) If you want a roadster just swing sides up. For errand wagon fold sides down to form box-wagon. Auto- Wheel Owners Are lub Members. Write for details. Send names of three coaster dealers, mentioning which ones carry the Auto - Wheel. We'll put you 22 » a list of Auto-Wheel “ Sporeme oy about our big PRIZE CONTESTS : The Buffalo Sled Co., 157 Schenck St., N. Tonawanda, N.Y, In Canada: Preston, Ont. Get a Copy of Our Complete Wireless Cai and Order All of Your RADIO MATERIAL Toe mann From One Source of Supply and Save Trouble Send 25c for a copy of Wireless Manual and Catalog A 12 Vou cannot get satisfaction from wireless instruments unless they are absolutely perfect. The slightest i ee fection in construction destroys their efficiency. offer for sale wireless apparatus only of the highest quality. guaranteed to be mechanically and electrically perfect Our combined Manual and Catalog illustrates and accurately describes the uses of standard radio instru- ments and should be of great assistance, not only tothe amateur but to the professional user and experimenter in selecting proper radio material. WE MAKE A CHARGE OF 25C FOR THIS MANUAL, ISSUING A COUPON REDEEMABLE ON AN ORDER FOR $5.00 OR MORE. IT 1S THE LAST WORD IN WIRELESS CATALOGS. SEND FOR A COPY NOW. YOU CANNOT AFFORD TO BE WITHOUT ONE WHEN YOU WANT TO BUY. Manhattan Electrical Supply Company, Inc. New York, 17 Park Place St. Louis, 1106 Pine St, Chicago, 114 So. Wells St. San Francisce, 604 Mission St. q Your IMitiay Gee AGENTS = NESS eto] Rp) TRANSFER > 38 @ MONOGRAM INITIAL LETTERS FULL TIME OR SIDELINE LICENSE NO EXPERIENCE NO Every automobile owner A my | ts bie initiate on hiscar. You appl; them while he waits, char. side of his car; 6 initial otters ie nlf sat i him’$1.50; you make $1.38 profit. He could not t ge ; then i painter omnes give him as nicea as y id - rience in 15 minutes; or ol cS individual auto owners their nitiale; oF you can sel! farage and supply stores complete dis- play its like the one il strated at big profits. A P men dignified business for ambitious men—put in your whole time or spare time. Write us today for free sample, General a and ft , aeheaie showing how you can make $10 to $25 TRANSFER MONOGRAM SUPPLY CO. Bowers Building, Desk S, 191 Market Street, Newark, N. J; LEARN AUTOS AND TRACTORS * Wonderful opportunities constant- « ly offered trained men; we train io —_ thoroughly to start your ers usiness or make good —. motor expert, driver, shop man, etc. 5000 graduates making good. Catalog Free. Popular Science Monthly A Wooden Plug for Boiler Leaks By W. S. HE domestic apparatus that con- tributes so much to the home hap- piness and comfort of the human race will occasionally break down and upset the smooth running of the household; the breakdowns usually occurring at the most inopportune times. The present article tells how one emergency repair was made. A large kitchen-range boiler in a boarding-house exploded on a holiday morning, a circular hole 14 in. in di. ameter being punched in its side, near the center. Through this, steam and hot water escaped and the floor was flooded. The landlady was frantic, as no plumber could be found and it was necessary to have plenty of hot and cold water for culinary pur- poses, with fifteen board- ers in the house to be fed. Standiford the house. A piece of pine wood 3 in. long and 34 in. thick, was whittled, one end being tapered so it would enter the hole easily. The plug was then driven half-way into the boiler by means of a hammer; and a 2-in.-wide strip of muslin was tied around the boiler and over the plug to hold it in position. This was found to be unnecessary, as the wood projecting in- side the boiler swelled so quickly in the remaining hot water that it locked tightly into place, and no further leakage occurred. The illustration shows the boiler with the plug in place. The boiler had under- gone hard usage, the fire being kept burning day and night—hard coal be- ing used. As the fire was banked at night, the boil- er had no chance to cool WOODEN PLUG One of the fifteen, I eneias your kitchen boiler off, the result being that was called upon to decide SPrung a leak. Could you steam issued with the what could be .done to keep the boiler in oper- ation. The first thing I did was to shut off the cold water by means of the water-pipe stop in the cellar. This prevented any more hot water from flowing onto the floor and also shut the water entirely off in all faucets in make an emergency repair ail tie a pe ona’ water from the hot-water faucet when it was turned on. The use of a pine plug or peg for an emergency of this kind can be depended upon. The boiler with its plug was in use two weeks, giving its owner ample time to purchase a new one. It Makes Automobile Washing Easier ERE is a homemade brush that will be of much help when wash- ing the car. It screws to the end of the hose, and washes the surface of the automobilewith a steadysupply of fresh water. This brush consists of two lengths of small copper or brass tubing such as is used for gas installations, a supply of old rags, and a pipe cap to fit the end of the hose. Tear the rags into strips an inch or so wide. Secure the lengths of tubing CLOTH STRIPS FED IN HERE AS TWISTING PROGRESSES STICKS FOR PIPE-CAP ¥ eens OF CLOTH ieilanhiad BRASS TUBING TWISTED TOGETHER The water flowing through the holes of the tubing into the rags makes an excellent cleaning medium to a support as shown and the two other ends to a short stick a few inches apart. Then with the tubing held taut the stick is revolved slowly, twisting the two tubes together, the rags being fed between the tubes as they are twisted so that a quantity of the cloth strips is securely held in place. This process is continued until about a 130 twenty-inch length of the tubing has been twisted. The ends are then cut off with a file and, after bending into a loop, inserted through a hole drilled in the pipe cap, and soldered there, the ends of the tubing projecting enough to avoid danger of getting filled with solder. The brush is completed by drilling very small holes through the tubing alternately every inch or so, so. that the water when turned on will be forced out and along the mass of cloth strips. How to Straighten Warped Disk Records OMETIMES through neglect disk phonograph records are left in the sun or a very warm room, and not kept perfectly flat. They become warped, preventing the attainment of the best results, and if too much warped, they cannot be played at all. I have used this method and found it worked with perfect success: Place the bent record in the hot sun or in the oven of the cook-stove, watching it until it becomes very limber. While in this condition, place it on a marble-top table or plate-glass, pressing it firmly down with both hands, holding it for about a minute, until it gets hard again.

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le as ut a in he th ng ag at be th 1.

ENGINE PRICES ( ~ an the face of rising costs, I § have reduced engine prices. By in- creasing production, making my factory the largest, selling direct to user. I build engines for less and give you the benefit H 10-YEA 90 Days Trial .Jorsar. You have 90 daystotry the OTTAWA and you are protected by my liberal ten year guarantee. Sizes 1% to 22 H-P. Cash or Easy Terms— make engine pay for itself while you use it. EASIEST TO STARTS § \ WITHOUT — es GCRANKING § Kerosene, Gasoline, Gas q Use | fuel nd to e ° day for Wf special money i] saving offer and

we a Y aor \ -s \, on Combustion - Engineering “ Fuel-Economy wie wr The demand for fuel , with the ever- increasing price of coal and oil, was never as reat as now, Combustion Experts make big money. e Hays Course fn Combustion Engineering has been pre- pared in simple style at avery moderate fee by the leading fuel ex- perts—Joseph W. Hays, Educational Director, Hays School; W: L, Abbott, Chief Operating Engineer of the Commonwealth Edison Com- any; Joseph Harrington, formerly Administrative Engineer, ss ‘uel Administration; Fred R. Low, Editor of ‘*Power’’; Prof. S. W. , Department of’ Chemistry, University of Mlinois; David Moffat » formerly Advisory Engineer of U. S, Fuel Administracion, ,D.C.; Arthur L. Rice, Editor of ‘*Power Plant Engineer- ing’’; I. E. Moultrop, Construction Bureau, Edison Electric [lluminat- ing Company. Get into the Combustion Expert class now while the real apportunity exists. _ Send for FREE k and further details today. HAYS SCHOOL OF COMBUSTION, 1412-14 So. Michigan Ave.,. Chic ago, It!., Dept.200 C Deafness a, * Perfect hearing is now being re- Eamaw Stored in every condition of deaf- ness or defective hearing from causes as Cata Deaf- ness, Relaxed or Sunken Dru: ae Thickened Drums, Roaring an Hissing Sounds, Perforated, Wholly or Partially Destroyea rums, Discharge from Ears, etc, eV D Wilson Common-Sense Ear Drums ‘Little Wireless Phones for the Ears?’ require no medicine but effectively replace what is lacking or defective in thenatural eardrums, They are simple ee, ee the wearer easily fits into the ears where they areinvisible. Soft, safe and comfortable. Write today for our 168 page FREE book on DEAF- giving you full particulars and testimonials. WILSON EAR DRUM CO., I ted 038 interSouthern Bldg, LOUISVILLE, KY. $*The Baby?’ Soubic Action Revolver ose 0

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electrical, rope, air- plane, piano, pipe- , organ, flat, hoops, bale-ties, tacks, nails, barbed-wire, i a eae ment, springs, net- ting, wire fences, steel posts, trolley-road wires, and rail bonds, wire wheels, auto-towing ca , horse-shoes Illustrated Books Describing Uses, FREE American Steel & Wire Co. *-B=2<tsV.F.andG. S.A. TOOL CASES for Machinists and Toolmakers Write for our booklet showing the best built and most practical selee- tion of Tool Cases on the market. We ship direct from factory and guarantee to please you or refsad all money

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A Lace-Cutter Made from a Safety-Razor Blade ERY often intricate lace or silk cutting demands something sharp- er than a pair of scissors or a knife. A safety-razor blade is just the thing,

FIG)

FIG 2 Use up the old safety-razor blades by mak- ing lace-cutters from them. Does this suggest other uses for old razor blades? but the housewife doesn’t like to use it for fear of cutting her fingers. Two easily made and handy holders for different-type blades are shown in the illustration, which need no further description. In both instances, when working, the blade should be slightly raised at the end before beginning the cut. You Can Make an Auto- mobile Muffler Cut-Out OWADAYS the low-priced car is not provided with a cut-out; in fact it is against the law in many states. It is necessary, however, to. have one for testing the engine. This provides a quickly constructed homemade device for releasing the excess pipe pressure and exhaust gases. It is light, efficient, and absolutely practical. Procure a hack-saw and cut a V-shaped piece out of the exhaust pipe beneath the floor boards of the

If your car isn’t fitted with a cut-out, make one from a piece of sheet-iron driver’s seat. Fit over the pipe hole a piece of galvanized sheet-iron bent round about 2 3/16 in. The sheet-iron is connected in the manner shown in the illustration. The result is a practical cut-out ready for use at any

time.—P. P. AVERY. 181

a sD = Learn rafting Employers everywhere are looking for skilled draftsmen. They are offering

. good salaries to start with splendid chance for advancement. Drafting offers exceptional opportu- nities to a young man because drafting itself not only commands good pay, but it is the first step toward success in Mechanical or Structural Engineering or Architecture. And drafting is just the kind of work a boy likes to do. There is an easy delightful way in which you can learn right at home in spare time. For 29 years the Inter- national Correspondence Schools have been giving boys just the training they need for success in Drafting and more than 200 other subjects. “Thousands of boys have stepped into good positions through I. C. S, help, but never were opportunities so great as now. Let the I. C. S. help you. Choose the work you like best in the coupon, then mark and mail it. This doesn’t obligate you in the least and will bring you information that may start you on a successful career. This is your chance, Don’t let it slip by. Mark and mail this coupon now. eee ees eee oe ee TEAR OUT 6 mee ee ee oe ee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS BOX7689, SCRANT Explain, without chante me, how I can qualify for the e

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Wi * iring You can save money and trouble _ by doing your own odd jobs of wiring. You can also become an expert wireman and secure an electrician’s license by the use of the rules, tables, diagrams and ‘explanations in the Electricians’ Wiring Manual This book contains all the essential in- formation needed for the proper instal- lation of lighting and power systems in houses and other buildings. Written in simple, plain English by F. F. Sengstock, an electrical engineer with many years’ experience as an inspector on the Chicago Board of Underwriters. Wiremen and Apprentices It places in your hands compact, prac- tical information applying to any sort of light or power installation in strict accordance with the National Electrical Code. Eliminates trouble by showing how to avoid it. The apprentice, by following its direc- tions, may become an_ intelligent wireman, able to give, off-hand, re- liable installation data. Electrical Contractors will find it a book to place in the hands of their workmen, and one that they will appreciate, because it explains what they want to know without technicalities, and further it gives them the idea of how to do the work from an inspector’s point of view, one thing the contractor wants. Supplies valuable estimating data and standard forms and _ specifications used by companies -having long ex- perience. Building Engineers and Maintenance Men often called upon to do odd jobs of wiring—you will appreciate the value of this book. It will fortify you against any mistakes and enable you to tackle anything in this line of work. Approved by Inspectors Your work will pass the most exacting inspector if done in accordance with the simple rules in Sengstock’s Electricians’ Wiring Manual. Flexible binding. Pocket size. Price, Postpaid, $2.50 Popular Science Monthly 225 West 39th Street, New York. A Pencil Hard at One OMETIMES a draftsman or artist has to use two pencils of different degrees of hardness, perhaps a hard one for ruling dimension lines and a softer one for putting in the figures ‘or for lettering. When both are used alternately and both are the same in outside appearance, trouble is experi- enced and time is lost, due to get- ting them mixed. If one is notched all around near the top, it can be distinguished ea- sily, even by the sense of touch, without having to look at one every time it is picked up. If a third pencil of another grade is used at BRASS SLEEVE ) WITH STRAIGHT COGE together. | the same time, it may be given two notches. When the pencils are about half used up, they may be fastened together NOTCH INDICATES SOFT GRADE Time can be saved by using soft and hard lead-pencils connected Here is the way to do it Popular Science Monthly End, Soft at the Other by a light brass sleeve, as shown in the sketch, thus having both the hard and soft one always at hand, it being necessary only to reverse end for end. A notch should be cut in one as before. Before putting in lettering in pencil, it is customary to rule light lines to letter by, but time can be saved and a neater-looking drawing will re- sult if a sheet of paper with a straight edge is laid upon the drawing and the letters put in, us- ing the top edge of the paper as the bottom line of the lettering. It is impossible for the letters to ex- tend below the paper as long as this is not allowed to move, but it should be held parallel with the edge to obtain speed in your work. Angle-Plate and V Block for Rough Work OR a large variety of work not requiring extreme accuracy or smooth finish, rough castings not machined at all will make just as good fixtures as the more elaborate Rough castings, not machined, Kd, will make as good fixtures \\\ as the more expensive kinds \ and expensive kinds, and they have the advantages of cheapness and quick- ness and ease of construction. The illustration shows one of a pair of V blocks useful for holding shafting for spotting or drilling shallow holes or chipping keyways, etc. They may be made any convenient size. Three loose pieces are attached to the pattern as shown. These form a three-point support, and when the casting is at hand, they are quickly smoothed off with a file or disk grinding-wheel. The castings require no other work done upon them, though they should be reasonably smooth and free from fins. An angle-plate is also shown. While the upright will only be approximately 132 at right angles to the base, work of the character described above may be bolted to it and shimmed for drilling, spot-facing, etc. The slots are cored out, using green sand-cores, but allow- ing plenty of draft, as shown. A fillet must always be fitted into the corner of the pattern; this may be of wood, leather or wax. Unlike the V block, the angle-plate here illustrated has four bosses; these are filed up so that the device will rest evenly on all fours when on the drill table or other plane surface. As in the first case, no other machin- ing will be required, except perhaps drilling for clamp bolts.—H. H. PARKER. The Brush that Has a T-Slot Scraper HEY say that necessity is the mother of invention, and the brush shown and described herewith proves the statement. Practically all machine tools have T-slots in them at some point and this brush is used for cleaning out these slots: The sheet-metal T-shaped piece on top of the brush cleans the heavy accumulation of dirt at one scrape, while the brush gets into the corners and re- moves all par- ticles of dirt that are left. With this equipment the brush accom- A little piece of T-shapea Plishes a dou. metal on top of your brush ble_purpose.--- helps clean machine slots J. W. MOORE. Popular Science Monthly

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August, 1920 Removing Brake-Drums from Axle Housings N repairing tubular axles or drive- shaft housings, it is hard to drive the ends from.the main housing, even after the rivets are removed and every- WHEN HOT DRIVE OFF_WITH WOOD 4 MEU dad A novel and easy method of loosening brake-drums from the main housings thing disconnected. Even with the housing held securely in a large vise and a pipe-wrench used, it is practically impossible to separate the parts. To overcome this difficulty I have found the following method very ~ valuable. Clamp the housing securely in a bench vise. Light a plumber’s blow- torch and, while this is getting warm, slip a piece of rubber hose over a water- faucet. Heat with the torch the part that is to be removed, then turn cold water on it as shown in the illustration. This will contract the parts sufficiently to drive them out.—P. P. AVERY. Do You Know When Your Gas-Stove Needs Oiling ? VERY one who has used a gas- stove has noticed how quickly they wear loose, so that they become sources of danger, as well as incon- venience, because a touch will open or close them. Of course the wear can be taken up by tightening the screw at the end of the plug, and wear can be minimized greatly by simply putting alittle heavy oil or vaseline on the plug and the washer at the end of the plug, so that there is lu- brication wherever there is fric- tion. This applies equal- ly to lighting fixtures. Often if a gas-tap is a trifle tight it will turn with a series of jerks, making it diffi- cult to adjust the flame just as it is wanted. The lubrication will cure this.—HOWARD GREENE. ' Vaseline or oil applied to the plugs of the gas- cocks will prevent loose- ness for a long time Aaanust 1990 NEW MOTORS FACTORY GUARANTEED - ALL SIZES - 18 ORIGINAL BOXES { - Your Opportunity one for all = Battery Single Phase Motors 110-220 volts, A. C., 60 1800 R. P. M. with pulley mc 4 tin H. P. Oe oe alee $28. 50 load start ~ - HO ne Nor ine Ve tei Charging and Power pa beemchg 8 volts, 10 amp. WH 'volts, 10 amp, - 4 volts, 6 amp, - 110 v. 2% amp. 110 volts, 6 amp, 40 volts, 30 amp, " $38.50 W/o pin H. P., ‘tt volts, re. | $52.50 1 a. a tt $76. 50 33% i. P., Lye Ly $1 16-50 Shuma. $142.50 Suen, $184.50 - $19.50 $24.50 $31.50 - $31. - $46.50 - $78.50 110 volte, 18 omg, . $106.50 110 volts, 6 ame. $146.50 Guertirtt rss. $106.50 =p SB ‘To Buy New Guaranteed Electrical lame sale Apparatus of Standard Manutaeture. in 2 and 3 phase, A. C., 220 v. 60c., 1750R.P.M., complete with base and pulley “DP. - $46.50 1BP. - $64.00 ZU. - $81.00 SEP. - $96.00 Sur. $4 12: 00 RPM. hye $36. 50 2 phase only - Battery Charging Outfits To operate on A. C., 60 cycle, single phase.. Voltage as specified.. mp atattee $68.50 wptattatien. $68-50 sme kb mate $68.50 Mftac th tases, $88.50 Mp r wthent nena 2 09-00 WRITE FOR CATALOG. BARGAINS IN MOTORS AND GENERATORS : 4 WASHING MACHINE MOTORS Suitable for 15%, deposit required on all orders. Balance C. 0. D. by attached by freight. MANUFACTURERS’ DISTRIBUTER CHAS. H. JOHNSTON, Box 14, West End, Pittsburgh, Pa. im be SHIPPING TERMS: Faces sicht traf with Bil of Usdag smeetva mm: yee sain \ Tapes and Rules b)9 ACCURATE Send to us for Catalog No. 12 "aa nee “ich Power Benders THREE : NEW MODELS a- PR mcg (pats) leatriaglin: oper- one to = 1 inch to hs inches. Send f rinted mat. ter. We also mangfac: —k' o.her sizes, h: to bend from 1-8 to6 inches. The Midget Slide Rule will instantly add, subtract, multiply and divide either whole numbers, dec- imals, fractions or mixed numbers. It | FR . culator ever invented. gf Price with i Book, $1,50 ’ “Satisfaction ja om Send for our Catalozue and ——— in Logarithms and Gilson Slide Rule Co. Niles, Mich. Don’t Freeze Next Winte You must burn coal or wood. Coal is scarce and high priced. Wood is plenti- fuland cheap. Get a WITTE Drag Saw. sa) Cut your wood for almost nothing, ims You can get delivery if you buy now. Big demand later. Write for Special Prices for Summer Delivery is Lever Controlled. You to Start—Pull tostop. Any speed you want fi igh hi y stopping. C: fast eo oe wi ig. ey e Deiat Bg orca wat gaia Bek “Wire Encine Works 2224 Empire Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Pilliod TOOL CASES EXCEL Machinists, Tool Makers and Carpenters them most satisfactory in construction, appearance, s¢ service and price, Booklet describing 20 styles on request. The Pilliod Lumber Co. Dept. A. Swanton. Ohio WANTED Representatives in Every Factory ey Science Monthly keeps abreast of the times in new inventions discoveries. any of the best ideas come from the skilled work- men in the factor: WE We want representatives in every, factory In the country. It will make good. 225 W. 39th St., New York mean money to you if you Popular Science Monthly, CONCRETE ON THE FARM AND IN THE SHOP This new book illustrates and describes in plain simple language many of the numerous appliances of concrete within the range of the home worker. Price, postpaid, $1.00 BOOK DEPARTMENT POPULAR SCIE sed MONTHLY West 35th Street, New York Price Includes Equipment as Shown in Itustration How to Run a Lathe 42.80 pase book. address for tencents, silver or stamps accepted. 133 South Bend Lathes For the Machine and Repair Shops 13” Lathe - $385.00 | 18” Lathe -$ 735.00 137” —(« = 483.00 | 21” « =- 900.00 16” « - 550.00 | 24” = 1250.00 Made with straight or gap bed South Bend Lathes are in use in manufacturing plants in 54 countries throughout the world. Est. 1906. Free catalog mailed on request. SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 425 E. Madison St., South Bend, Ind

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Counter-Records Aid Machine Development Trained judgment without a counter must experiment slowly in developing high production from a machine. Your eye will tell in a general way how adjustments, improve- ments and operating methods affect the running, but a counter supplies the production-figures for more accurate judgment of the results. Experienced inventors, engi- neers and machine builders use COUNTERS as the “instruments of precision”’ for measuring machine output over timed periods and daily runs. The small Revolution Counter below registers one for a revolution of a shaft, recording a machine-operation. Though small, this counter is very durable; its mechanism will stand a very high rate of speed, making it especially suitable for light, fast-run- ning machines, and most adaptable to experimental work. If run backward, the counter sub- tracts. Price $2.00 (Cut nearly full size.) The Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Coun- ter below is for the larger machines, such as punch presses and metal-stamping machines, where a reciprocating movement indicates an operation. Registers one for each throw of the lever, and sets back to zero from any figure by turning knob once round. . Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as required. Price with four figures, as illustrated, $10.50. (Cut dess than \% size.) There’s a Veeder exactly suit- able for the type of machine you’re interested in; write for new illustrated booklet. The Veeder Mfg. Co., Hartford, Conn. 44 Sargeant St., Popular Science Monthly Make Your Lampshades at Home By Edna Purdy HE parchment lampshades one admires in the shops cost con- siderable money. At a fraction of the cost they can be made at home. Buy parchment paper, which comes in white rolls. Then decide what shape you wish your shade. If you want a flaring shape, cut a circle as in Fig. 1. This circle may be cut from cardboard and then traced on to the parch- ment paper, as shown in the picture. If you wisha shade that is straighter up and down, cut the circle as in Fig. 2. Next, size a piece of heavy wire so that its circumference will be as great Fig. 1 is the outline for as the extreme a flaring shade, Fig. 2 outside of the for a shallower one circle, and also size another piece of wire so that its circumference will be as great as the inside of the circle. Reenforce this smaller circle with three strips of wire fastened by-a metal piece in which a hole is drilled in the center. Either buy a stencil of the design you wish to decorate the shade with, or make a stencil of your own from an embroidery pattern, which may be bought at any dry-goods store and transferred by placing it over the parchment and then passing a warm iron over the design. Next, apply the colors you select for FIG. 1 FIG, 2 With a little time and ingenuity very pretty lampshades may be made at home 134 the design. No artistic talent is necessary—just follow the lines of the pattern. With linen thread sew the parchment to the two circles, and over the sewing marks sew gold braid, fringe, or chenille trimming. A lampshade which might cost fifty dollars can thus be made for less than two dollars, exclusive of the silk fringe, which may or may not be expensive, according to selection. Most parchment shades are oiled to give them a more transparent look. This is done with sweet-oil and a brush, and the shade must be allowed to dry thoroughly before applying the paint for the decorations. Making Dirty Water Run Back into the Sink N ejector for emptying large im- movable vessels of liqyids can be made of pipe fittings, at very little cost. Take a pipe coupling that will fit a common faucet and fit a 4-in. nipple in one end of it. To the lower end of this nipple thread « on a Y coup- SUCTION aries eV CONNECTS HERE~ S$@ BUCKET HOSE MUST REACH BELOW BOTTOM OF BUCKET Simply dip the ejector in the tub of dirty water and turn on the faucet. The water is then drained into the sink ling with a stop-cock in the bottom of it. Then thread a second nipple in the projecting angle of the Y. If the faucet from the main water system is over a sink, screw the top coupling to the faucet and connect the Y nipple to a rubber hose im- mersed in the liquid. By turning on the faucet and opening the cock in the ejector, suction will be created by the water flowing down the main pipe of the ejector sufficient to draw the liquid from the vessel. If a piece of hose can be attached to the cock and the discharge end hung below the bottom of the vessel, the ejector can be operated for a mo- ment and then turned off. After a flow has started from the vessel a syphon will be created which will continue as long as the end of the discharge tube is held below the bot- tom of the vessel.—L. B. ROBBINS.

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August, 1920 Here’s a Way to Salvage a Lost Anchor HE following article illustrates and describes how a lost or fouled anchor may be salvaged. Two men, two rowboats, a length of manila rope, an oak-buoy (5 in. in Through an accident the boat’s anchor was lost. It was recov- ered in the manner illustrated diameter if the anchor is a large one) and some small weights are the requisites. Knowing the approximate location of a lost anchor, to salvage which these means were employed, two men, taking advantage of the low tide, rowed around slowly so that the slope The weighted rope was trailed along the bottom until it came in con- tact with the anchor. Then a link was let down to make it fast of the rope came in contact with the claw of the anchor. The rope ends ‘were then brought together, and the link slipped over the ends where it sank to the claw of the anchor to hold it fast. Then the windlass was re- volved and the anchor was brought slowly to the surface.—J. A. STEVENS. Making a Worn-Out Thread New Again N cases where a machine screw has stripped the thread in a tapped hole, it is frequently a simple matter to drill the hole larger, tap it and screw in a plug and drill and tap to the original size through the plug. But if there is not sufficient metal around the hole to permit larger drilling the problem becomes more complex. There are at least two solutions. If there is but little strain on the screw the hole may be filled with the hardest solder obtainable, and drilled and tapped, first carefully tinning the inside of the hole. More strength can be gained by tapping the hole with a tap a very little larger than the origi- nal, tinning it, and screwing in a brass plug, also carefully tinned and screwed in while both are sufficiently hot to keep the solder flowing. Then drill and tap to the original size. Saws 25 Cords a Day The Ottawa Saw falls trees or cuts off stum level with grou 2 Gawe up cuts up branches, ice cutter, runs pump jack and herbeltmachinery, Mounted wheels. tomove anywhere. 10 Year Guarantee. . Write for Free Book and Cash or Easy Terms. CTTAWA MFG. CO., 1801 Wood St., Ottawa, Kans. ‘ ASBESTOS We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any quantity. We produce all grades at our world famous BELL ASBESTOS MINES, in Canada. We also card fibres, spin yarns, weave cloths, and make all sorts of Asbestos products. : For anything you want in Asbestos, turn to KEASBEY & MATTISON COMPANY Dept. S-4. AMBLER, PENNA., U. S. A. Owners of the world’s largest Asbestos Mines $100 to $300 Profit ‘You CAN MAKE Bic Prorits Charging Auto Storage Batteries Every Month Start Now making BIG PROFITS. HB Equipment most dependable on the market—no repairs, no burn-outs, no expensive renewals—pays big- gest profits with least expense—eco- nomicai to operate, never wears out. It costs only 10c to 15c¢ each to charge batteries the HB way— customer pays 7°c to $2.00 You get those profits! : An HB Battery Charger for Every Size Battery Business Small Cash Payment Puts Any HB Charger in Your Garage—Choose the Size You Need Mark a cross (x) on picture of HB Charger you need —then tear out and mail this ad. All you need is the small cash payment—you have almost a year to pay balance.on easy monthly terms Your HB profits will do it—easily. Sold on 10 days trial under HB Absolutely Money-Back Guarantee. You run no-risk. Write TODAY for information. HOBART BROTHERS COMPANY Box S-87 Troy, Ohio | Successful Manufacturers Since 1893 135 Electricians’ Knife Scissors and Tweezers We can meet dealers’ demands at once and offer attractive quantity prices Write for description MATHIAS KLEIN & SONS, Mfrs. CANAL STA. 3, CHICAGO

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SIMONDS CIRCULAR SAWS

tis the way they are made TheSIMONDS method of flattening and tem- pering under pressure, in one process — and without hammering— is a vital factor in the keen, egdeholding qualities of SIMONDS Circular Saws. The fact that SIMONDS own and operate their own Cru- cible Steel Mill, insures | steel of the exact analy- | ° sis desired for every SIMONDS product. Simonds Manufacturing Co. “The Saw Makers,’ Established 1832 Fitchburg, Mass. Chicago Montreal New York Portland, Ore. Memphis San Francisco New Orleans Seattle Sao NA EL EET I DIM Hl

SAW STEEL apes

A Draft-Check for NLESS the ventilator fans used in public places for driving out bad air and insuring ventilation are driven constantly, there is apt to be a strong ip E) CDGE OF TIN BENT OVER

WIRE OR ROD TAPLES ag AIR iy al GOING <f,— OUT Y 14 STh A homemade draft check that pre vents a back sweep of cold or damp air draft blowing into the room through the opening.’ On cold days and in rainy weather this is a nuisance, yet few such openings are provided with any means of check to allow the Popular Science Monthly the Ventilator Fan passage of air in only one direction. The illustration shows a simple homemade device which was applied to such‘a fan opening and worked very well. The check consists of several strips of galvanized iron 3 in. wide and just long enough to fit into the open- ing. These were then fastened to lengths of wire, the upper edges being bent around the wire in such a way as to form a hinge when the wires had been secured by staples as shown. These were then stapled to the casing of the opening so close together that the bottom edges of the strips over- lapped 44 in. over the top of the next strips beneath. It will be seen that this check does not materially retard outgoing air driven by the motor fan inside, yet pre- vents any back sweep and drafts through the opening when the fan is not in operation.— DALE VAN Horn. Blasting Basins in Rock with Dynamite Y neighbor desired a watering- basin for his stock hewn out of a solid rock ledge. It was to be about 24 ft. long, 1014 ft. deep, and 7 ft. wide. Of course, the only way to construct such a basin was to blast it out with dynamite. I employed the method usually used by blasters in putting down wells through solid rock. With a rock drill, bore-holes are put down in a circle slanting toward the center at an angle of about 45 degrees. These holes may be drilled to any de- sired depth. If the basin isn’t to be too deep, the stone can be broken down to desired grade in one shot, but if it is to be a deep hole, it is necessary to take it out in benches. The drill-holes are loaded about half full of dynamite and tamped firmly with damp clay or wet sand. The tamping should reach to the top of the bore-hole. An electric blasting- cap must be embedded in each charge and an electric blasting-machine used to fire the charges, because it is abso- lutely necessary that they discharge simultaneously. A shot of this kind will blow out a funnel-shaped opening. Where the basin is to be a large one, as it was in this case, it is necessary to blast out a number of these funnel-shaped holes. The partitions between them are then blasted out by loading charges in drill-holes pointed in opposite direc- tions to the holes first drilled to make the funnel-shaped holes. Of course, these processes are repeated as often as may be necessary to get the basin the desired diameter and depth. After taking out the center, the basin is squared by putting drill-holes straight down, close to the sides. In the basin that I am describing, I was able to take out about 4% ft. of rock at each shot. This was done by putting down the drill-holes about 4144 136 ft. I could have taken out more, but it was not advisable on account Of the nearness of buildings. I prevented damage to the buildings by laying brush over the bore-holes after loading them and holding the brush down with heavy timber. I used from 2 to 2% sticks of dyna- mite in each bore-hole. The holes were spaced about 24 in, apart. The rock basin that resulted was a great success.—M. C. POTTER. Bringing the Bottle-Opener Back to Usefulness NCE upon a time long, long ago, in the dim ages of last July, there was a little bottle-opener. Its owner thought that he would have no more need for a bottle-opener, so he parked it away up high on a dusty shelf. Long afterwards in getting some books down from the shelf he upset the little bottle - opener which fell with a ring- ing cry at his feet. He saw it and smiled. Then he said, “Poor little bottle-opener, don’t you cry,

you'll be a \ serewdriver LF by and by.” This little bottle- And that is opener reformed and became a screw driver just what he made of the , little bottle-opener as you can see for yourself. The little bottle-opener is usually made of hardened metal and is well worth the time spent in transforming into a screwdriver. Try it and see:

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ms nyc T & ct or i ee ee alli! —— August, 1920 The Old Clothes-Wringer as a Newspaper Weight EFORE throwing away the old B clothes-wringer you should utilize the rubber cylinders in the following way, that is, provided you own a newspaper-stand. Remove the two rubber cylinders from the wringer. There is an iron = ——— ee SO Ae oe a eh }“onnre |S OR PAPER mee, |, = RACK “ae . WG eae \ FROM CLOTHES-WRINGER WIRE. 7 NEWSPAPERS MAGAZINES, ETC: Newspapers can’t blow away from this stand, for they are weighted by rollers axle about 44 in. diameter projecting from each end of the cylinder for 2or3in. One quarter inch from the end of each cylinder is a cog-wheel. Now take a 3-ft. piece of iron wire, mark off three spaces of 12 in. each, then take two 12-in. pieces of the wire and bend until perpendicular with the middle 12-in. part, which will form three sides of a square. Fasten the wire to each end of the cylinder, then fasten the combination to a news-stand as shown in the illus- tration and your weights are com- plete.—M. C. Grosz. Sharpen the Kitchen Knives with an Old File - N excellent knife-sharpener can be made from a small block of wood and two bits of 14-in. round or square file. First get a block of wood 14 by 2 by 6 in. and notch it to receive two pieces of broken file about 3 in. long, as shown in the illustra- -tion. Holes may be cut or bored for the lower ends and Y (i =q Deine: FILE the tops held with staples. The block BLOCK OF should then be varnished and nailed edge- ways to the wall. It is now ready to be used. Simply place the blade to be sharpened in the notch be- tween the files and draw it back and forth, bearing down at the same time as if try- ing to cleave the files apart. With a few strokes the knife is sharpened. This device will answer the require- ments of the average kitchen for years WwooD Old files broken and set in this manner make ex- cellent knife-sharpeners Midsummer Madness Nothing will bring it on quicker than slam-banging screen doors. Noisy screen doors get on your nerves. They take rest and quiet out of life. Give your nerves a treat this summer. Put Sargent Noiseless Screen Door Closers on your doors, and you will have the quietest, most restful summer you ever had in your life. Sargent Screen Door Closers close screen doors swiftly, firmly and quietly. There’s no rebound to put doors, locks and hinges out of commission. They are simple in con- struction and a carpenter, or any one handy with tools, can attach them in a few minutes. When you: take your screen doors down put your Sargent Screen Door Closers on your storm doors or light inside doors. They are made to work all year ‘round. If your hardware dealer doesn’t have them write us. SARGENT & COMPANY 55 Water Street, New Haven, Conn. without adjusting. —P.L. FETHERSTON. . A Nevly Invented § AW Rl RIG Wi saw your winter’s wood in a few hours and shee. | you can make sers say _they oun ie are a day cating wood for SennuCTon neighbors. Expensive cumbersome rigs used in the past are made unnecessary by theOttawa Saw Rig, 1 Does all practical work any other saw rig can, For a small part ¢ of oo cost - bag one of these high-priced and rigs you can now own the OTTAWA SAW RIG gone tooperate, light tomove, diatehatiendin. Pow 1 Torden — —*, rives any be't m fenete, inery when not sawing. ce ae eee te Vesn Dearantees Lah tna, Owen Sark D: r' 0 Year ee. month for you te prove our claims, Write to. Gun BOOK TODAY. A MANUFACTURING COMPANY ore

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21) ACT A AOE A RETR RGL AU a IO lp i I Ag ANGE 55S DERE MEO TOE ANOLE BS HAT could be more attractive to the average man or boy who has the slightest interest in tools than one or more Stanley high grade Planes ? Planes made and guaranteed by a Company who have been manufac- turing Carpenters’ and Mechanics’ tools for over half a century, insure a quality that cannot help but please. Iron and Wood Bench Planes— Block, Rabbet, Router, Plow, Dado, Circular, Fillister, Dovetail—in fact Planes for every wood-working job that calls for the use of such a tool. We can only show here a few of the many styles and designs we make. Catalogue No. 34S tells you some- thing about them. _ At all Hardware Dealers MANUFACTURED BY STANLEY RuLeE & LevetCo. New Baitain, Conn. U.S.A. Popular Science Monthly A Sturdy Clamp for an Airtight Box By Paul J. Kordes HEN a large box is to be kept airtight, opened and closed in a short time, where screws and bolts are inadequate, a successful clamp can be made from a pine board — 36 in. long by 4 in. wide and 1% | thick. The board is cut in two. A notch 5 in. deep and 134 in. wide is cut into one end of one of the boardssothat it will aeecommo- From the other piece of wood make a lever the shape of a pipe or Indian club. On the upper end of the “‘bowl”’ drill a 1-in. hole, which will receive the carriage-bolt, so that when pres- sure is applied to the handle it becomes an eccentric and binds the cover to the box. On the end of the handle fasten a 12-in. chain havy- ing 1-in. twisted links. When this date the other board easily. One is done, on the cover of the box inch from the top on the side drill « a 4-in. hole fasten a straight hook, which is to receive the links through both of the _— projecting teeth to receive a lj-in. carriage- bolt surgly. This board is now fastened with several screws to the side of the box, so that the lower end of the notch comestothe level of the cover of the box. The chains pull! the levers down tight and clamp the cover firmly and hold _ the lever in place. To remove the cover, all that is necessary is to bear a light pressure on the handle and unfasten the link from the hook. The box can be opened and closed in less than a minute. Steering a Rowboat with the Feet By L. B. Robbins HERE are often times when row- ing a boat that you wish you could steer the boat with a rudder rather than jockeying with the oars. This can be done in the manner illustrated ~~ BOLT-HOLES This spring attaches to the boat-steering lever. It can be made by a blacksmith and is simple enough to be constructed and installed by any amateur car- penter. ' First make a tiller for the rudder similar to the one shown in the illus- tration. Then between the rowing seat and the stern arrange a lever on the bottom which can be conveniently reached with the feet when rowing. Make the lever of oak, ash, or other strong wood. Bore a hole in the center and a small one at each end. Then bolt a block of wood to the center of the bottom of the boat at a point where the lever is to be placed. Pivot the lever to it near the forward end; place two washers between the lever and the block. A pair of fairly stiff springs, similar to that shown in detail, should be fashioned by a blacksmith and the ends forming -the bolt placed between the washers on the pivot bolt just described. The flared ends of the springs should then be curved up to meet the edge of the lever. The tension of the springs should be adjusted so the lever is kept at right angles to the length of the boat. . 138 Connect each end of the lever with a corresponding end of the tiller and lead the line through pulleys in the corner of the stern as indicated. The lever can be used to brace the feet when rowing. A slight pressure on the lever with either foot will change the direction of the rudder so the boat can be steered in any direction desired. Thus, by pressing the right foot upon the lever harder than the left, the lever is forced aft at that end and the opposite end shifts forward, which pulls the rudder to the left, turning the boat in that direction. In this way, by manipulating the oars at the same time, the boat can be turned around SPRING PULLEY cy "SFOOT-BAR TILLER How the apparatus appears when in the boat. Manipulation of the oars is confined to the actual rowing very quickly and possible collisions avoided. The man who does a lot of rowing will find this steering apparatus in- dispensable for it eliminates constant turning of the head and extra work with the oars. It is made at a very small cost and is well worth while.

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Wwe ean. Sa © August, 1920 An Auger Bit Used as a Small Worm-Conveyor OMETIMES a small-scale worm- conveyor is desired, either for a model or for an experimental machine. It is an expensive and troublesome piece of work to make such a worm to order, and in most cases, unless a An auger bit will provide a ready-made worm should you want to make a small conveyor STEEL THRUST BRASS TUBE OR IRON PIPL WKY 7 eee ———- } CELT WASHERS BRASS OR C.1. BEARING SAW OFF TAPER SHANK OUTLET TuBE_,| v worm of extra length is required, an auger bit will answer the purpose and provide a ready-made worm. It is necessary only to cut off the square- taper shank drive or shrink on a steel thrust-washer and cut a couple of felt washers, and the conveyor-worm is ready to be fitted into its tube and bearing. The illustration suggests an ar- rangement where the worm rotates in a brass or iron pipe tube with a cast- iron or brass bearing fitted into one end. The felt washers help to prevent the conveyed material from getting into the bearing. An oil-hole is drilled and a drive-pulley of some sort at- tached to the outer end of the worm- shaft. The form of the hopper and outlet chute depend entirely upon the type of the machine of which the conveyor is a part.—H. H. PARKER. A Small Bench Jack Made from Pipe Fittings HERE it is necessary to apply considerable pressure to work, a convenient small jack is easily made from common materials. For the COUPLING PIPE SHOULDERED NUT 2 f 4 z= HOLES FOR TOMMY-BAR An extension jack that is useful for applying pressure. It is made from pipe fittings body use a piece of pipe or tubing of any desired size. For the screw use a common bolt with the head drilled with holes for a tommy-bar File a shoulder on the nut, making the shoulder of such diameter that it | will be a driving fit in the pipe. In the other end of the pipe there may be loosely inserted whatever is requird in the way of a pad, center, or the like. If a long body is needed, use pipe threaded and fitted with couplings, permitting lengthening to any desired extent. If a broad base is required, screw the end of the pipe into a com- mon flange fitting. ; “—That’s why I say he knows his trade.” “Look at his tools spread out on that planer bed. Every one’s got _ the Starrett trade mark on it. It’s a pretty safe guess that a man with Starrett Tools, knows how to use ’em.”’ “Guess you're right. I’ve worked around considerable, and everywhere I’ve been, I’ve noticed that the high- class men use Starrett Tools. It’s easy to see why. You've simply got to have good tools for first-rate work. Starrett’s name on a tool is enough for me. I’ve been using them since I was an apprentice, and I know I can depend on ’em. When I’m ona high-grade job—or just an ordinary one, for that matter—give me a Star- rett Tool.” THE L. S. STARRETT COMPANY The ‘World’s Greatest Toolmakers Manufacturers of Hack Saws Unexcelled ATHOL, MASS. There are 2100 tools listed in the Starrett Catalog—toolsof the highest quality. Write for Catalog No. 21 W. 42-68

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- \ R | ) if f een i, & Barner | Chisel and Punch | Auto Kit SMITH & HEMEXWAY CQ, Jo mmcton § EhTm rool CLaRaNTETD A handy and useful little kit for Motorist or Machinist. In almost any kind of repair work the kit will be in con- stant demand. For example, removing valves and piston rings in cylinders, cotter pins in crankshafts, relining brakes, replacing rivets, and repairing fan belts. Every tool made of octagon stock, Swedish analysis point 80 carbon steel. Absolutely the highest grade steel and the best possible for the pur- pose. The tools are five inches long. Every tool guaranteed. 2 Cold Chisels Ph 2 Cape Chisels ‘ 1 Half-Round Cape Chisel 1 Round Nose Chisel 1 Diamond Point Chisel 2 Machinist’s Pin Punches 1 Center Punch 2 Solid Punches In a-neat little khaki case that can be rolled up and put bi in your coat pocket or the side door pocket of your car. EK RECURSO? f ih SL OI EL ON EERE, Sis At your dealer’s or direct from us for $3.50 Mention style No. 169 | Send for Tool Booklet Ae LOONIE a OMET EIS Be : | SMITH & HEMENWAY CO, Inc. i 264 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Factories: Irvington, N. J. ig Manufacturers of a complete line : of Pliers, Glass Cutters, Screw Drivers, Hack Saw Blades and Frames, Snips, Auger Bits, Climb- A ers, Connectors, Lock Washers, etc. Popular Science Monthly Quick Adjusting Lifting-Chain for Mechanics By W. S. Standiford HE usual type of sling chain used ‘by machinists and electrical and automotive factory repair men_ has the drawback of being slow to adjust, unhandy in use, and, last but not least, unsafe. As the maintenance forces in all plants have to work at top speed when a machinery break- down occurs—which happens more or less in all shops—and also in various places where there is not much room to work, an especial interest attaches to any device which will enable the work to be done more quickly. The sling de- vised by the writer has been found from many years’ experience to give satisfac- tion in all sorts of places where there was small space to work, as well as in positions where room was plenti- ful. The type of sling shown in the illustration is well liked by all work- men who try it, and preferred to the usual model of lifting-chain used by machin- ists, which consists of a_ short piece of chain with a ring on one end and a hook on the other, the latter being made out of a round iron or steel bar. This pattern has the defect of having to be wrapped several times around the object to be lifted in order to obtain a balance, the hook being then fastened close to the chain. Where castings are uneven in sec- tion and weight, it takes a lot of ad- justing until a non-slipping place of balance is found—thus delaying the work. It is also a very unsafe form of sling to work with, as the chain is apt to get twisted, thus bending the links. Since the strength of any chain is the strength of one link, a person can never tell when it is going to break; in fact, the writer has had many nar- row escapes from injury by using the regular form. As contrasted with the latter, the double-hook model has this advantage: That if one side breaks the load will still be supported by the other from falling upon people passing underneath, when work is being done near the roof of a factory. In regard to the speed of adjustment, the hooks being made out of square iron and made on an angle they will grab any link on the chain and hold wherever plaved. Further safety is secured by the fact that the weight lifted is divided between two chains instead of being supported by one, as is the case in the usual device. 140 chains? How much do you know about lifting- The author gives you some valuable information in this article Speed of adjustment is obtained in the double-hook pattern by simply passing each chain around the article to be lifted and putting the hooks between links. If a casting is uneven in weight, one hook can be put a link or more higher up on one side of the chain, thus compensating for the lack of balance. So much for the ad- vantages of the double-hook pattern of sling. As the constructional details are so clear, no description is necessary, except to say that the length of the sling should be made to suit the average weights and diameters of machinery used in the plant. The writer has ‘used slings made as depicted to lift 4-ton steel-mil] rolls and also small ones to lift 2500-lb. castings, and has never had any double hook- slings break since he used them. An articleof 2500 Ibs. capacity is about right for the average run of repair work in shops. There are two metals used for the purpose of making lifting-slings, viz.: steel and wrought iron. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. Comparing two new chains, both having the same thickness of metal in each link, and also links of equal length, it will be found by testing that the steel chain will lift 50 per cent greater weight than an iron one. But after it has been in use for two years or more, it loses some of its elasticity and tensile strength, this being due to the metal in the links changing texture from a fibrous to a crystalline form. At this stage the steel chain will still possess greater strength than the iron one, but it will not stand the rough usage that chain slings receive from the average factory employees, which usage consistsof the chain being thrown on any casting or other article after the sling is used. Steel links are apt to get cracked or broken by this treat- ment. Contrasted with the steel variety of sling, the links of the wrought-iron one will maintain their fibrous nature, which was imparted to the metal by the rolling process. Iron links stretch slightly after they are in use for a number of years, but this does not seem to interfere with their strength to any appreciable extent. Wrought- iron chain also withstands rust and rough usage better than the steel one. So much for the advantages of steel Ponular Science Monthiy

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August, 1920 ~ and iron lifting-slings. To enable any person to select the proper size of steel and iron chain to be used for sling- making, a list of the strength of steel chain is appended—none for iron being given, it being understood that iron has approximately about one half the tensile strength of steel. Since this style of lifting device consists of two short lengths of chain fastened to an iron ring, the latter should be made out of iron having double the diameter of the iron or steel link size. Thus if the thick- ness of rods of which the links are made is 3% in., the thickness of the ring should be 34 in. It being im- possible to force the %4-in. metal through the end links of the two chains, have the blacksmith make two pear-shaped links, one for each side of the sling, made of a good quality of wrought-iron rod of the same diameter as the metal in the links. It should have sufficient length so that the top and bottom will be nicely rounded. The grab-hook ought to be made of square iron of the same diameter as the ring and bent on an angle. It should be so constructed that it will pass easily through the center of the ring. This comes in handy when the apparatus is used in places where there is not much room to work, and also for handling irregular-shaped cast- ings where it is difficult to get a hold in the ordinary way. The sizes indicated are the diam- eters of rods from which the links are made. The safe working load is about one half of the proof test shown below, while the breaking strain is about double the p sof test. Tensile strength of steel chain lengths Size of rod inch. 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 Proof testin lbs. 700 1200 2500 3500 4800 6200 The above table of the tensile strength of various-sized steel-chain links will enable any person who desires to make a chain sling and to select chain having the right strength for a given load. In buying steel chain it should be remembered that, as this metal is subject to crystallization to a certain extent, it is best to get chain with as good thickness of metal in the links as is consistent with ease of handling. This allows the sling to have a greater margin of safety. Heavy iron chains should be chosen with the same object in view. In adjusting iron or steel lifting- slings in either of the single or double pattern, care should be taken that the links are not twisted, since this puts on the metala strain that is apt to make the links break. Heavy objects weighing near the lifting capacity Every Home Needs The Saw Most Carpenters Use of a sling should be lifted with two | double slings or one heavy single one having large-diameter links with suit- able strength to lift the load. Before using, each link should be carefully inspected for cracks. Attention to these details will insure, as far as possible, that no accidents will occur. N inexperienced man reds good tools more than an expert does. A good carpenter could get better re- sults with a poor saw than the average householder, but Ae wouldn’t use a poor saw. He would use a Disston! When you do the little repair jobs around the house, you shouldn’t cripple yourself by using a poor, blunt saw that sticks and binds in the softest wood and simply will not make a clean, true cut. Get a Disston Saw! Note the keen, balanced blade of Disston-made Steel; the well-set teeth that instantly bite into the hardest wood; get the ‘‘feel’’ of the handle that really fits the hand. In doing your own work there’s a personal satisfaction that means more to you than the money saved. . Any work involving sawing is half done when you start with a Disston. The burden of the work falls on the saw, where it belongs, and not on the muscles of your arms and back. Send for our booklet on the proper selection, care, anduse of Disston Saws. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, Inc... General Offices: Philadelphia, U. S. A. ISSTON SAWS AND TOOLS

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Achy, AOL neat ETI

Better Dies Make Superior

Drop-Forgings 1 k= slogan “Better tools make better workmen” may be gs sone as “Better dies make superior forgings.” In certain lines, a_ skilled craftsman is often able to turn out a creditable job with in- ferior tools. But, the economi- cal production of superior drop-forgings requires some- thing more than dies that follow a model or drawing with minute accuracy. Tho their final forging impression be absolutely true to form and size, they are not “better dies” unless they have been so constructed as to care for the preliminary operations properly. It is here that skill, backed by experience is positively essential. And it is here that Williams’ experience gained during nearly half a century, is invaluable. J. H. WILLIAMS & CO. “The Drop-Forging People” 7 RICHARDS STREET, 7 VULCAN STREET, 7 SoutH CLINTON STREET, BROOKLYN, N. Y BUFFALO, N. Y. CHICAGO, ILL.

WILLIAMS’ ‘* VULCAN”? Forged-Cutter Tool Holder Better Tools make better workmen—and you can’t buy better Tool Holders than Williams’ ‘*Vulcan’’ All the advantages of a solid bar without its expense; change the Cutter—not the tool. Five sizes of Holders with shanks % x 1 to 14%x2%. High Speed Cutters for al! regular machining operations. Ask for literature

Popular Science Monthly _A Quick Way to Make Split Brass Bushings By James Mclntyre HE next time you have a number of split brass bushings to make, try the following method, which is used by a factory that produces them in lots of one hundred or more. ' From a foundry you can secure castings that conform to the. piece shown in Fig. 2; or else make a half- cylinder pattern with a core to meet the particular measurements for your work. Have it long enough to make a number of bushings from one piece. Now take your half-cylinder pieces to the shaper or miller and machine the surfaces indicated by the arrows in Fig.2. Remove only enough metal to have a good surface to sweat to- gether. Do not permit any grease to DIA

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ta Hla

Fi@) ——-,} ale BRASS CASTING 1S MACHINED IN A SHAPER ON THESE SURFACES [.-

HALVES SWEAT = HERE FIG2 Split brass bushings can be quickly and cheaply made if one has access to a machine-shop; the, article tells how get on the finished surfaces, not even the grease from your hands, as this will prevent a _ successful carrying out of the operation. Take two of the half cylinders to the furnace or forge and lay them on top of a piece of in. sheet-iron so as to prevent the naked flame coming ‘in eontact with the finished surfaces. Heat until the solder will melt on the machined surfaces. You have, of course, moistened these surfaces with a flux of some kind to make the solder stick (a paste or acid flux may be used). When the pieces have become hot enough to melt the solder evenly at different points, flow the solder over the surfaces that are to be joined together. With a pair of tongs place one half on the other, and then lift both pieces together in a vise in their proper relation, then tighten the vise and quickly cool the pieces by dropping water on them. When cool, the pieces are securely held for the. subsequent operations. Your sweated cylinder is now ready for the chucking operation, which is accomplished in a lathe equipped with a chuck into which the cylinder is placed, trued up, and bored a dis- tance of 1% in. so as to start the drill accurately. Referring to the sizes given for the bushing in Fig. 1 a drill having a diameter of 47/64 in. was used; this leaves 1/64 in. for the finish- ing reamer that is put through the

hole to give the required size—.750. 142 With the hole reamed to size the partly finished cylinder is forced on an arbor with the aid of an arbor press, and the turning operation be- tween the lathe centers is now in order. The outside of the cylinder having thus been determined and turned, one end is squared and all the lengths are made from this end. The position of each bushing is set by a cutting-off tool cutting a 1/16 in. slot nearly down to the arbor. After all the machining has been accomplished on the different bush- ings, the next operation is to take the same cutting-off tool and cut the metal in these slots all the way down to the arbor, being careful not to cut into the steel arbor, as these cuts will act as a broach when the bushings are being forced from the arbor, thereby making ridges inside the holes. The bushings are now taken to a marking bench and stamped in pairs with the same figure on the same side, so that if the halves should become mixed they can again be _ paired by reference to the numbers. Before separating the halves, the sharp corners on the two edges of the hole are removed. The oil holes can be drilled when assembled in the caps. ‘A Flat-Stroke Brush from a Round One SPECIAL form of brush made for sign and card writers is known as the “‘flat-stroke”’ brush. A very good substitute can be constructed out of an ordinary camel’s-hair brush. Fig. A shows the ordinary brush while Fig. B shows how the hair is 4 CUT-AWAY AY iJ

c -END VIEW You don’t need to buy a flat-stroke paint-brush because you can make one by applying collodion to a round brush _ trimmed away. Fig. C shows an edge view of the hair allowed to remain. After trimming the brush in the manner described, flatten it out be- tween the thumb and finger. Now, holding the brush hair upward, apply a drop of collodion to each side, as in Fig. D. When this is nearly dry flatten the brush into the form of Fig. E and allow it to thoroughly dry. When the brush is filled with color, the hair will assume the form of Fig. F.—JAMES M. Kanz Popular Science Monthly

_— a

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CEO DTC'AAR LUD August, 1920 How to Make a Clamp for Odd Shapes HERE odd-shaped pieces have to be held for any purpose, such as gluing, the clamp here illustrated is useful, and it is obvious that it can be made in various forms. The dimen- sions may be varied according to the Bwork Hi, | With this clamp a piece of any shape can be securely held needs of the mechanic, so no dimen- sions are here given. For a base use a piece of stiff cold-rolled steel plate. Drill in it a number of holes just large enough to take sawed-off bolts. These bolts must be threaded right down to the heads and cut off so that there will be just enough of the thread- ed shank projecting to take the nut. Drill the heads for screws as large as can be accommodated, and tap them. Screws of various lengths can be used, and the bolts can be shifted about from hole to hole, according to the nature of the work to be held. This Emergency Wrench Is Also a Useful Tool ERE is an emergency wrench that is useful as well as orna- mental. If possible, procure a bolt or steel rod which is threaded at least a foot along its length. Then run on two square nuts, fairly tight fit. At each end of the bolt, cut it up with little barbs with a cold chisel GE, — BAR ON END OF BOLT. jadnanA \crape — : we NUT TO BE UNSCREWED The long handles of this pecu- liar wrench permit the operator to turn the nut with ease and hammer. Then wrap each end thus scarred: with several turns of electricians’ tape so as to cover the barbs well and make a smooth handle. By closing the nuts upon the sides of the nut it is desired to turn, and grasping the handles in each hand, . this tool will be found to make a very serviceable wrench.—T. HALLETT. efeT eu uHe PRATT Machinists’ Tool Kit No. 597 OUNG machinists, stu- dents in trade and technical schools, and all others desiring a compact and convenient set of ma- chinists’ tools will find in this handy set the solution 7 to a long-felt want. This small, compact set of machinists’ tools is put up in a genuine leather case, lined with canvas. All the tools are of the finest quality. GOODELL: PRATT COMPANY The following tools are con- tained in this set: Screw Pitch Gauge Semi-Flexible Steel Rule, 6-inch Combination Square Center Gauge Outside Spring Calipers, 4-inch Inside Spring Calipers, 4-inch Spring Dividers, 4-inch Center Punch This set can also be furnished with tools with metric gradua- tions, or with Whitworth Center fs and Screw Pitch Gauges. Write for a com- plete description, or for a catalog which shows the 1500 different tools. Greenfield. Mass ,

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Popular Science Monthly Johnson’s Car Savers Keep Your Car Young — today to reduce the depreciation of your automobile. You can do it yourself with but very little effort. An hour or two a month and JOHNSON’S CAR SAVERS will prove their value in dollars and cents when you come to sell or turn in your car. *| There isa JOHNSON CAR SAVER for every purpose. No oe is necessary for their use—they can all be applied by the amateur with perfect satisfaction. ——o —— i. eke ene Ae RAH ES EE sites ye eee a EP Se ESS OOS Ages PP SOS * Johnson’s Radiator Cement—in liquid Johnson’s Prepared Wax Liquid—for form and easy to use. Will ordinarily polishing body, hood and fenders. Im- fe seal leaks in from two to ten minutes. All you parts a hard, dry, glass-like polish which will not =| have to do is to remove the radiator cap and collect or hold the dust. Preserves and pro- = pour it in. tects the varnish. " Johnson’s Stop-Squeak Oil— pene- Johnson’s Valve Grinding Compound 7 trates between the spring leaves thoroughly —will remove pits and foreign substance from pd lubricating them. Simply paint it on with a valves giving a velvet seat. brush or squirtitonwithanoilcan. Reduces the liability of spring breakage. Johnson’s Carbon Remover—the easi- Johnson’s Cleaner—for body, hood est, cleanest and most satisfactory remedy for and fenders. It removes spots, stains, carbon. Willsave you from $3.00 to $5.00 tar, alkali, etc., preparing the” over any other method and without surface for a polish. Con- laying up your car. You can tains no grit or acid. easily do it yourself in ten minutes— - and the cost is trifling. Ante Lak | | a LMOHNSON E SOM ae | "NE. Wis. U-> JOHNSON’S BLACK-LAC Q\cem — : 5 é a perfect top dressing. One We coat imparts a rich black sur- JOHNSON’S AUTO-LAK an automobile body varnish - that amateurs can use success- face just like new. Easy to ap- fully. Goes on easily and quick- ply—dries in fifteen minutes — is ly—you can finish your car one day permanent, water-proof and inexpensive. and drive it the next. A pint is suff- cient for a roadster. Insist upon your dealer supplying you. Write for our booklet on Keeping Cars Young — it’s free. S.C. JOHNSON & SON Dept. P.S.8 _ Racine, Wisconsin, U.S.A. ; * ‘ Di ii Ak oye ke hay e is 2 2 ————————