Popular Science Monthly 1919-02: Vol 94 Iss 2

Page 1

FEBRUARY ,..,, 20 Cents Popular Science Founded MONTHLY /872

Page 2

Or Return It At Our Expense Keep it For $3.00 Per Month i oovesoree™ f. one eo eee. “4 id » ee Po \ KO The Oliver Typewriter—Was $100—Now $57 The Guarantee of a $2,000,000 Company that it Is the Identical Model

Be your own salesman and earn $43. You get signature of this advertisement. This is a $2,000,- the identical typewriter formerly priced $100—not — (000 concern. a cent’s alteration in value. The finest, the most We offer new Olivers at half price because we expensive, the latest Oliver Model. Old methods have put typewriter selling on an efficient, scien- were wasteful. Our new plan is way in advance. tific basis. It is in keeping with new economic tendencies. It You can now deal direct—sell to yourself, with does away with waste. Inflated prices are doomed no one to influence you. This puts the Oliver on forever. a merit test. During the war we learned that it was unneces- sary to have great numbers of traveling salesmen and numerous, expensive branch houses through- You Save $43 Now This is the first time in history that a new stand- out the country. We were also able to discontinue ard $100 typewriter has been offered for $57. Re- many other superduous, costly sales methods. member, we do not offer a substitute model, cheaper You benefit by these savings. nor different. But the same splendid Mail Oliver used by the big concerns. Over Brand New—Never Used a 700,000 Olivers have been sold. We ship direct from the factory to you. No money down—no red tape. Try the Oliver Nine at our expense. If you de- cide to keep it, send us $3 per month. If you return it, we even refund the out- going transportation charges. You are not : placed under the slightest obligation. That’s our Oo Ship 2 a -_ Oliver Nine for five days free inspection. If I keep whole plan. it, I will pay $57 at the rate of $3 per month. The title to remain in y « x ? ’ wis telah eller onté bor We rely on your judgrent. We know you don’t want to pay double. And who wants a lesser type- writer? You may have an Oliver for free trial by checking the coupon below. Or you may ask for further information. ‘ * An Amazing Book All the secrets of the typewriter world are revealed in our startling book entitled ‘‘The High Cost of Typewriters—The Reason and the Remedy’’—sent free if you mail the coupon now. Also our catalog. Order your free-trial Oliver—or ask for further information at once. Canadian Price, $72 THE OLIVER TYPEWRITER CO. 1102 Oliver Typewriter Bldg., Chicago NOTE CAREFULLY — This coupon will bring you either the Oliver Nine for free trial or further information. Check carefully which you wish. Do not confuse this with offers of earlier ThisC models, rebuilt or second-hand. Note the ist oupon

THE OLIVER TYPEWRITER COMPANY 1102 Oliver Typewriter Bldg., Chicago NRIs Be ode ey ints ie 6a ns wk 6 a oe Wain bbe oa 6’ Spniae sy This does not place me under any obligation to buy. If I choose to return the Oliver, I will ship it back at your expense at the end of five days. O Do not send a machine until I order it. Mail me your book—‘ The High Cost of Typewriters—The Reason and the Remedy,” your de luxe catalog and further information. Q Ga bs w ad » o ag =< << <=

|

a Beas ea

Page 3

Popular Science Monthly Waldemar Kaempffert, Editor February, 1919; Vol. 94, No. 2 Twenty Cents; Two Dollars a Year Published in New York City at 225 West Thirty-ninth Street

The Derelict—Rival of the U-Boat How the Coast Guard fights the grimmest menace of the sea By C. A. McAllister, Engineer-in-Chief of the United States Coast Ciara EACE hath its perils no less than P war—to paraphrase a famous saying; and, while the menace of the submarine has been re- moved by the victory of the Allies, the Coast Guard must continue its never- ending warfare against the derelict. “Another chapter has been added to the mysteries of the sea”—how often have you not read that in a news- paper account of a ship that never returned? Such are the vicissitudes of storms and tidal waves, so-called, that the reason for many dis- appearances can never be known. But the men who sail the Seven Seas be- lieve that derelicts, the grimmest menace of the sea in peace times, are responsible for many marine disasters. Such is the danger of the derelict that it became one of the leading sub- jects of discussion at an international conference of the maritime powers held at Washington in 1890. The confer- ence recognized the importance. of a systematic removal of derelicts from the paths of commerce, and adopted resolu- tions that something should be done. But after a few spas- modie efforts the <a Government again lapsed into indiffer- ence. By 1906 the mari- time interests of the leading Atlantic sea- ports appealed forci- bly to Congress. An act was passed au-

Clinging to the slippery bottora of the derelict, they cut a hole in the keel for the towing-line thorizing the construction of a special derelict destroyer, and the responsibility for systematically destroying derelicts was placed upon the Revenue Cutter Service, now the Coast Guard. The ves- 13

A boat from the cutter carries a line to the derelict schooner, which must be towed to land el was completed in 1907, and the larger revenue cutters were outfitted with submarine mines and other appa- ratus. Forthelast tenyearsthe work of destroying derelicts hasbeen vigorously carried on. In general, there are but two types of derelicts: sunken and floating. Sunk- en derelicts, with their spars projecting above water, are generally found in the routes of coastwise traffic. Floating derelicts drift promiscuously about at the impulse of current and wind, but sooner or later find their devious way into the steamship lanes. How many people realize that the waters along the greater part of our Atlantic coast, owing to the gradual slope of the bottom for a distance of thirty to fifty miles, are in many places not more than from ten to twenty-five fathoms deep? No wonder that when sailing-vessels, and even steamers, are sunk off the Atlantic coast, their spars project well above water—a menace to every ship that plies the near-by waters. In these days of radio communica- tion it is not a mat- ter of great difficulty to locate a wreck, and the nearest available cutter be- gins search at once. Even if the wreck is soon found the cutter must often “heave to” and await good weather conditions. The handling of gun- cotton mines and the

Page 4

necessary detonating apparatus in gmall boats, tossed about in .rough ‘water, is not, as may well be imagined, the safest of occupations. Carefully the mine is secured to the projecting mast by a bridle, and attached to a water-proofed electric cable. . Then it is allowed to slip down to the foot of the spar. Off rows the boat to a safe distance. | One vigorous downward thrust of the magneto, and there is a dull roar. Hundreds of tons of sea water are cascaded upward. In the midst of-the mass of glittering white % water is~the huge Me spar, jerked loose from its steel shrouds. Two, three, four, five, and sometimes six times the boat re- turns and places mines, depending ° upon the number of masts in the sunken vessel. Wreckage Must Be Towed Away Even when all the spars are blown up, the task of the cutter is not completed. Frequently the wreckage is tan- gled in steel stays and shrouds, which must be cut. The spars are usually lashed together and towed to shore. After all ¢he spars in sight have been removed, soundings are taken over the wreck, and the in- formation thus obtained is dissemi- nated to shipmasters through Hydro- graphic Office bulletins. : Floating derelicts, although less numerous, are much more difficult to remove. The records of a decade show that fully ninety-five per cent of floating derelicts are lumber-laden, the timber in their holds keeping them afloat. Statistics also show that the stormy waters within a radius of one hundred miles of Cape Hatteras are re- sponsible for most floating derelicts. Two cutters are stationed in that vicinity. At first, attempts to locate these ocean waifs were not succcessful, but navigating officers have now evolved systems of search whereby failure has become less frequent. At first it was the practice. to follow a zigzag course in the direction which it was assumed the wanderer might have taken. Searching after this fashion was mere guessing. Nowadays the “spiral system’’ is employed. A cutter starts from the position where the derelict was last sighted, and from that point steers a series of courses approximating a spiral curve, the distance between the convolutions being equal to twice the radius of visibility, or the distance at which the object could be discerned from a lookout in the crew’s-nest. In clear weather; and with portions of the spars on the wreck still standing, this radius can safely be taken as five miles, so that the distance between the convolutions of the spiral will be ten miles. Since a derelict must be sought in daylight, a lineal distance of The boarding party from the cutter, after some difficulty, has gained a foothold on the derelict and is now making fast the towing hawser about 145 miles can be covered in one day’s cruising by the average cutter. In spiral cruising one day’s searching under ordinary conditions will make it reasonably sure that the derelict is not within an area of 1522 square miles. On several occasions this method has met with success within a few hours. Derelicts Towed to Port Floating derelicts, when found, are not destroyed. In fact, it is almost impossible to destroy them. To blow the drifting wreck out of the way is simply to heighten the danger. Burn- ing is usually ineffective; the upper With a visibility of five miles, the cutter in a 145-mile cruise with a course laid out by the “spiral system”’ covers an area of 1522 square miles 14 Populur Science Monthly works alone are consumed, because the seas extinguish the flames as they near the water’s edge. There is ‘but one sure way of removing these terrors from the seas. They must be tediously towed to the nearest port. Most difficult of all to handle is the bottom-up derelict which has been capsized with all sails set. -It is hard ~ to find, because of the small amount of exposed surface above the water, and it is still harder to tow, because there is no place to which to fasten a tow-line, and be- cause spars and resist- ant sails project hundred and twenty-five feet below the water. The boat crew must approach the slippery bot- tom of the dere- lict cautiously to prevent be- ' ing dashed upon it by the sea. Picking their mo- ment, they jump on the upturned craft and cling to the keel, the only projection avail- able. Even then they are in danger of being washed off by some break- ing sea. A long iron strap is fastened to the bottom of the keel by a number of ten-inch spikes. At the end of the strap is a ring through which the towing-line is secured. Towing is wearisomely slow. As the coast is approached the masts strike bottom and- break off. Such wrecks are difficult to get into harbor, and so they are sometimes grounded and allowed to wash up on the beach in an onshore storm. Probably three fourths of all the floating derelicts recovered are repaired and put back into use. An International Derelict Patrol For the ten-year period ended June 30, 1916, covering the entire time in which records of derelict work have been kept, 268 derelicts have been de- stroyed or removed. At the Inter- national Conference on Safety at Sea, in session at London in 1913,.brought about by the loss of the Titanic, the deiegates from all the great maritime powers voted unanimously to invite the United States to undertake to rid the entire North Atlantic Ocean of derelicts. Unfortunately, before the convention could be ratified by the several governments involved, the war broke out, and the international dere- lict patrol was, temporarily at least, postponed. from ninety to one .

Page 5

Photographs © Underwood & Underwood All Hands! Repel Boarders! Captured by an implacable enemy that returns to the attack year after year, this United States battleship is struggling to free herself. The great guns of the forward turret are spiked, the decks fore and aft are held by the enemy. It is time to sound the call: ‘‘All hands! Repel boarders!’ Such battles with Winter in his North Atlantic stronghold put hardened sea fighters to the test. The crew work swiftly to free the decks, but it is exhausting business in below-zero weather, when the flying spray freezes as fast as pick and ax can clear it away, and hot water from the deck hose is a welcome reinforcement. Many a time, in midwinter, ships come limping into port listing badly and all but overcome by the sheer weight of ice.

Page 6

Treat "Em Rough HE men on the top of this derrick have just dropped a safe, which can be seen whirling through the air. What is more, when it hits the ground, half a ton of bricks will be dumped on top of it. Then, if L’stening for the Whir of an Airplane Motor HE characteristic purr of airplane motors was always a cause for excite- ment among children; and, now that the war is over and the-sky is comparative- ly clear of airplanes, children miss them very much—particularly the two young- sters in the picture above. Their father had rigged up for them an outfit for de- tecting the sound of an airplane motor long before the ear, unaided, could catch the sound. An old phonograph arm forms the basis of this mechanism. A large horn is at- tached to it, which is turned skyward to gather in sounds. At the other end of the arm a wire—instead of a needle—is at- tached which runs up into the head-gear. This head-gear, which fits the head just as a telephone receiver does, Kas two small mag- nets within it for reproducing the sounds. Coasting on Dead Weeds Popular Science Monthly To Save a Tree ERE is a magnificent old sycamore in Los Angeles that the people are trying to save. It stands just below the central. piers of a bridge across the Arroyo Seco, at a point where the bank extends far into the a eee pentiammrtareceetner ® — f ] — — + TF s+ Mm SOO it still survives, it will be baked GINCE snow comes only in winter-time, most of us for eighty minutes in an oven are content to do our sleigh-riding then. But heated to 1,500 degrees. The not so the frisky folk shown here. One fine day men are quite hopeful of finding it in autumn, as they wandered about California, they intact after the eighty minutes happened on this hill. The tall weeds and grasses are over, because they baked which had covered it in spring had died in the summer it just before they hoisted it to heat, and now lay ‘smoothly on the ground. the derrick top. Its baptismal The frisky ones got out their sleds and brought them baking was not quite as severe as to the top of the hill. One trip down proved that all this second one, being for a period the thrilling tumbles of sleigh-riding could be experi- of only forty-five minutes. enced on dead grass. Moreover, a tumble resulted “wash.” The roots are exposed for many feet. Two years ago a reinforced concrete pillar was placed between the bridge-pier and the tree, and to it heavy tim- bers were bolted to form a bul- wark against the mighty floods that sweep down from the moun- tains. But the waters formed an eddy behind the structure and es ted 45 += 4d ~_ | These men are not dangerous ex-safe-breakers, nor inmates of a lunatic asylum, out on a spree —though one might easily think so. They are respectable safe- builders finding out just how much punishment their safe will stand for. If it doesn’t cave in after all this rough treatment, it is surely worthy of its name. And, even if it does, its survivors will be worth taking a chance on, for seldom are safes treated so cruelly in actual - use. The worst of safe-breakers would treat a safe more merci- fully than these earnest owners. in a healthy dirt bath instead of a chilly wetting. Now all California has taken up the sport. 16 tore the timbers out like paper. A still greater expanse of the ancient roots was exposed, That effort hav- ing proved a fail- ure, residents of the vicinity have devised another plan for saving the sycamore. They have placed a heavy pile of concrete, many tons of it under- ground, at the spot that bears the heaviest shock of the winter’s flood. A lot of time, labor, and money have been ex- pended in trying to save this noble landmark, but it appears doomed.

Page 7

10re are low rOss 1ere the sed Oa was pier im- bul- ods yun- | an and per. the 1av- fail- s of lave ioe ra Decorating the Graves of Fallen Aviators N this quiet hillside in France are buried many of the famous airmen who gave their lives that we might live in peace. And, now that world peace is secure, the greatest tribute is paid to the aa memory of those who made this so. a a e Here we see fellow airmen who 5 OE survived the fighting, keeping fresh the graves of their fallen comrades. They have placed at the head of the graves, not the customary wooden crosses, but damaged airplane propellers, which, like the men at the head of whose graves they stand, fell fighting. Each propeller has been finished off to resemble a cross, and each bears an inscription telling of him who lies below. © Underwood and Underwood Africa’s Jitney Bus British official photograph _He’s Hugging Millions i" costs only a nickel an hour to be toted around Africa, rickshaw fashion. This English officer has spent his nickel, and can now study in comfort the accouterments of his driver. White paint alone relieves the gorgeous creature’s feet of stark nudity. Beads and bands, big and small, reach from’ his waist to his neck. From the neck up he is surpassingly marvelous. A mass of white feathers form a background for two ferocious horns and his head. HIS famous movie bad man William S. Hart, has just picked up one hundred millior dollars. He invaded New York’s Sub-Treasury one fine afternoon, riding-boots, and two large guns. These latter induced William S. Twiddy, deputy associate treas- urer of the place, te open up bin 89 and offer to the other William S. the contents thereof. But what’s a million more or less to Hart? Chances are, he won’t even carry it away. This Theater Is Now a Home for New and Used Cars OUGLAS BURRELLE is not starring to-night at this some are sure to go under. This is one of them, and just at the theater in his latest play, ‘“New and Used Cars,” as might time that it went, Burrelle happened to be looking for a gaudy be surmised from the picture below. He is not an actor, but an show-room for his new and used cars. automobile dealer. Why is his name in front of the theater? He bought the complete outfit, and, except for removing the Because the theater is no longer a theater, but an auto show-room, mate, is using the former -theater just as it stood. The same and Mr. Burrelle owns it. electric signs, bulletin- On Broadway, New boards, and show cards York, where so many all work cheerfully for theaters compete, their new owner. a em a wearing a Wild West hat, heavy | —— tes ——

Page 8

What Next? The Electromagnetic Gun? But perhaps we have had our last world war F the bombardment of Paris from a distance of more than seventy miles served any useful purpose _ at all, it was that of calling attention _to the limitations of modern artillery. Through the popular press of the country, the public has learned that every gun—and, above all, the huge piece that shelled Paris—is short-lived. Sir Robert A. Hadfield, England’s greatest -steel-maker, once stated that the actual firing life of a gun’is less than three seconds. Why? Whenever the gun is fired (and it can be fired scarcely more than two hundred rounds), the hot powder gases wash away the steel lining of the gun- ’ barrel as if it were so much wax. Apart from the difficulties encoun- tered because of erosion, as_ this washing away of the steel is called, - ordnance officers would hesitate about building a great gun because of other difficulties encountered. A range of more than seventy miles can be ob- tained only by enlarging the powder- chamber so that enormous charges of explosives can be used, and by length- ening the barrel for the purpose of enabling the powder gases to act fora longer time on the projectile. If the barrel is inordinately lengthened, spe- cial machinery must be invented to turn it. Theoretically, there is no limitation to increasing the size, caliber, and range of guns; but it requires more than mere theory to build guns that are efficient for the purposes of war. Guns must be made of some’ material, and, un- fortunately, there are limitations to the physical strength of every material known to man. Once upon a time guns were made of leather or wood; but, as the range and power of the guns was increased, stronger and ever stronger: materials had to be found to resist the increasing strain. Medium-Sized Guns Most Effective In the last fifty. years the evolution of artillery has made rapid progress. Chemistry, physics, metallurgy, and engineering were pressed into service and contributed their share to the marvelous development of this par- ticular and most scientific arm. But scientists are inclined to believe that the limits of possibility in the evolu- tion of the present type of ordnance has nearly been reached. The building of bigger guns is limited ' slower the fire. by considerations of a technical nature. The larger the gun, the This is a serious draw- back. Practice teaches that medium- sized guns are the most effective. The monster guns of the most recent type are as big as can be built with the steel presses and converters now in use. To exceed the present muzzle speeds of projec- tiles, explosives of greater power must be found. However, the known laws of the expansion of gases do not sug- gest the possibility of obtaining a gas pressure behind a projectile that will propel it at an initial speed much above 4,000 feet asecond. The erosive power of high explosives must also be taken into account. The Electromagnetic Gun Because steel is so easily washed away by powder gases, because big guns are so difficult to make, attention has once more been directed to the electromagnetic guns proposed from time to time by engineers. The electromagnetic gun is extreme- ly simple in principle. attracts a piece of steel. Suppose that electromagnets were arranged in a row, so that the first would attract a steel projectile, then the second, the third, the fourth, etc., until finally the projectile would be hurled into space. It sounds very simple, doesn’t it? Several guns of that type have been invented and patented. As they are based upon the same principle,—a principle that allows but little latitude in the method of its application,—the guns invented by Professor Kristian Birkeland, Levi M. Bowman, Eli M. Alderman, Paul T. Kenny, Foster, and a few others differ mainly in the ar- rangement of the solenoids and in the method employed to cut out the electric current from the electromagnets after the projectile has passed them. Professor Birkeland’s invention, probably the most important of its kind. so far patented, contemplates a gun-barrel made of bronze or steel, which is surrounded by solenoids. These solenoids are supplied with an abnormally heavy current, that is to say, a current beyond the capacity of 18 Any magnet Popular Science Monthly A big electric power plant like this would have to go with each electromagnetic long-range gun to supply the power the solenoids as calculated by the methods now in vogue for determining the safe carrying capacity of a coil. According to the plan of the inven- tor, the heavy current that energizes the first solenoid is shut off by the pro- jectile as it reaches the coils toward which it is drawn by the magnetic force of the solenoid. At the same time, the next group of solenoids is energized. The magnetic force of the energized coils acts upon the iron pro- jectile and adds to its speed; but again the current is cut off by the projectile before it has time to raise the tem- perature of the solenoid to a degree high enough to destroy it. Is It Practicable? The inventor calculates that for throwing an iron projectile weighing two tons and containing 1000 pounds of nitrogelatine at an initial speed of one thousand feet a second, a gun about ninety feet in length would be required. The projectile would be about nine feet long and nineteen inches in diameter. The gun solenoids may be made up of square wire, each solenoid containing 720 windings witha resistance of fifteen ohms. The length of each solenoid is made about three- eighths of an inch and the height about eight inches. With an electromotive force of 3000 volts, this will give a current of 200 amperes. Major-General William M. Black, Chief of Engineers, U.S. A., does not: believe in the feasibility of such a gun. At the thirty-fourth annual convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, in June, 1918, he said: “You can understand theimpracticability of transporting the electrical plants required for any number of such guns. I think that you will agree that, until new dis- coveries give a much improved method of storing or generating electricity, smokeless powder will continue to be the most com- pact and convenient form of stored energy for guns.”

Page 9

February, 1919 a ag nisin iin E TN

the ‘ing ; ek. Each of the dyna- f ‘a mos would have 1 to produce 3000 sats S \ volts and 30,000 izes , ‘amperes, being ITO- 5 the equivalent : of about 120,640 -— : horsepower etic Se wi : i _ baeaaes ame e* ae

the 1 % ¥ oro- rain ‘tile em- e ; a

for Teer a ung SS eeIN A bt Le nds ; ~ es —P : Ens Ane Fe : F z 1 of ines eee 4 fe “18 Sa & Tv ‘ , vat ihe Phag n gun Nise Ce ~ =i sw Tie — | be mee, nese | —_ - , < 4 : # TION } i

a | +4 +4

een oids ach igth out tive ea

As the projectile passes through the barrel of the gun, drawn by the tre- ack, mendous electromagnetic force of not: b the solenoids, it breaks automat- ae un ically the circuit behind it, and ener- ~ _— gizes the solenoids ahead of its course, tion thus gathering speed and momentum ‘ical for its long flight throu~h space fo Pe ds ( tgs oe CIRCUIT BREAKER [AND MAKER CONTACT WIRE ility liired hink dis- d of eless :0m- ergy :

eo Such would be the appearance and size of one ¥ of the electromagnetic guns of the Birkeland type if it werz to be large enough to carry a large pro- jectile a distance of one hundred miles or more 19

Page 10

Page 11

ly | . February, 1919 yun WAN OMUULULU MULE UUM ELEM MULLIS MILA MIME ION EEE j lease eg ge a a * i icin ena + 5 I. F SSG Oe eacaaddaaaaauuaaaummauauaadauuautuuuuamuaaaaaaauaaaudddddaamaaaaauaaaiaaaddaudaaaaiiicccecedeiddadadddddmaddeddttrerrixxrcccl © International Film ‘ Lea - : , Soldier metal-work- The cavalry got its chance in the war’s last days; but ¥ Se ereepemamens pocmmmammianee es : what’s cavalry but horses, and where would the horses ’ "ae ers made tin Huns have been were it not for these “wranglers” from our | ee hae to teach the young West, who can gentle a “bad hoss” and keep him fit? aan . infantryman how to shoot. If you think their time was wast- ed, apply for particu- : lars to W. Hohenzol- lern, general delivery e Never Pulled a Trigger 2 tin, mn of modern war is’ quite likely to be a meek-look- ing pigeon whose passion smell powder who carry on for home is relied upon to } . e deliver the goods. These ~ at business of making war pigeons were the especial P care of the signal corps Ce a geet in stints . is © International i y Film b. © International Film n The engineers often work under fire, and, while they sometimes get into the fight, they are usually otherwise ie occupied. Here they are at work with a portable machine-shop equipped to tackle any man-sized job 21

Page 12

. Machinery propels the knife which, guided by hand, cuts up the carcass A Machine that Is a Skilled Butcher F the saw, cleaver, and knife were the only implements used in slaugh- ter-houses for cutting up carcasses, steaks and chops would cost even more than they do. When thousands of steers, hogs, sheep, and swine are killed and cut up every day, labor-saving machinery must take the place of the hand tool. Two New Yorkers, August and Charles Karhan, invented a machine which can be used even by a man who is not a skilled butcher. Imagine a kind of see- saw or rocker. From one end a counter-weight is suspended; from the other | the cutting implement. The cutting implement can be raised with hardly any effort. The cutting imple- ment is so suspended from the rocker that no side movement of the cutter is possible. The blade is driven from a power shaft by means of a belt and pulleys. You have simply to grasp the handle and let the machine cut. It isn’t even necessary to guide the blade; for the inventors have provided a point below the cutting edge which enters the spinal cavity in a way that prevents the knife from swerving. A New-Principle Paper and Fabric Cutter UTTING and winding “strip” or tape from broad webs of paper, fabric, and other materials was formerly accom- plished by very crude methods. But recently the demand has been for more clean-cut products. The manufacture of clothing, underwear, shoes, caps, etc., re- quires a vast quantity of cloth in strip form for bindings, trim- mings, etc. Manufacturers of flags, automobile tires, typewriter ribbons, canvas belting, automobile tops, surgeon’s bandages, and numerous other lines consume a great yardage of fabrics in the form of strip tape. Also the manufacture of electric ap- paratus consumes a large quantity of such material for insulation. The paper trades especially de- This machine unwinds a roll ‘of paper, passes it between a hardened roll and a cold-chisel cutting edge, and afterward re- winds the strips thus cut mand accuracy andspeed, since roll paper must be cut for automatic wrap- ping machines, adding machines, recording and registering machines. The machine that is . illustrated above is the result of many years’ work and ex- perimentation to produce a clean cut through paper, fabric, felt, sheet, rub- ber, or composite materials. It will take paper or fabric from a roll, pass it through and cut it into desired strips, and roll it up again. The knives or cutting rollers, being made of a special steel with a V or cold-chisel edge which presses against a glass-hardened roller surface, cuts the material clean on the edges. Because the cutting is accomplished by a cold-chisel action, the chance of 22 Popular Science M onthly the desired strips the machine arranges the strips in rolls the cutting edge becoming dull is out of the question. The machine is also constructed to take material from bolts instead of rolls. The uses to which this machine can be applied are unlimited, since almost anything to be made in strip form can be cut with it and rolled up in suitable packages. Lightening the Luggage- Carrier’s Burden OR the benefit of the great army of “luggage-toters’” fuming and fretting under self-imposed burdens, a carrying strap has been invented. It will carry luggage; but we prefer a wheelbarrow. It is made of leather or canvas, and is used on either shoulder. ‘The rear part of the looped strap has a widened exten- sion, which rests against the shoulder- blade and back and is supposed to distribute the pressure of the burden. A pin fastening is provided to prevent the strap from slipping off the shoulder. Carrying luggage ceases to be a terror if you use one of these shoulde¢r-straps Fe

Page 13

it 0 ts is in od . OR the sake of FE greater efficiency ‘yards. February, 1919 A Box-Car Filled Every Ten Minutes And it takes only two men to do the work that in handling coal at Baltimore, one of the greatest coal-distributing ports in the United States, the Balti- more & Ohio Railroad Company has’ adopted a system of loading and unloading, storing and handling coal, invented ana patented by Francis Lee Stuart,. formerly the chief engineer of the railroad. The system comprises many novel features in the arrangement of the docking, storing, and distributing facil- ities, and the use of machinery for loading and unloading, which formerly was accomplished by a large force of shovelers, stevedores, wheelers, and other laborers, in addition to numerous locomotives for spotting and switching the coal-cars in the An Electric Loading Machine One of the most important time- and labor-saving ma- chines used in connection with this system is shown in the pictures. It is a loading ma- chine driven by electric power, requiring the services of only two men—an engineer, who is stationed in the cab, and a loader, who directs the opera- tions of the loading arm of the machine. One of these ma- chines, with its crew of two men, can load a box-car with coal in ten minutes and an open or gondola car in less time. The machine is used for loading the coal from vessels into railroad cars. The coal is taken from the hold of vessels moored to a long pier, and deposited, in hoppers which feed it to the thirty-inch main conveyor belt. This belt runs the entire length of the pier, is located between the rails of the main track, and is driven at uniform (/ “as - ee ie at he ae RECEIVING HOPPER ——” was formerly accomplished by a large force speed by electric power. The loading machine is mounted on trucks, and runs on the center track. It is driven by a motor, and can travel the entire length of the pier, so as to be brought in line with any car standing on the adjoining tracks on either side of the center track. Getting the Coal on the Car The conveyor belt runs through the loading machine, which is equipped with a twenty-inch intermediate con- veyor operated by the motor of the loading machine. This intermediate belt carries the coal up an incline, and drops it into a hopper, which The loading arm, with its conveyor belt, is extended through the door and deposits the precious coal first in one, then in the other half of the car The man in the glass cage on top of the loading machine has the powers of a wizard. By a few levers he controls deposits it on the twenty-inch delivering belt of the loading arm. The coal is automatically weighed as it passes through the loading ma- chine. Before loading, the tonnage to be delivered to each car is deter- mined. The register is set for one half the quantity, the loading arm is swung into position for loading one half of the car, and,when the predetermined quan- tity of coal has been delivered, a bell gives the signal to stop the loading. Then the arm is swung to the other side of the car and the loading is completed. Control of the Mechanism The control of the entire mechanism for driving the belts and for running the loading machine is located in the cab. The power is supplied by three wires strung along timber bulkheads between the rails of the center track. A fourth wire inter- locks the main belt control and the control on the hoppers. _ The loader is put in motion by the closing of a switch in thecab. The belts are started in their proper sequence. Pro- vision has been made to stop all operations from any point along the pier in case of an accident or for any other reason. LOADING ARM CONVEYOR BELT the entire mechanism of the conveyor belts, directs the movements of the machine, and operates the loading arm 23

Page 14

J cE A shadow phenomenon observed by aviators and invested by them with various superstitious meanings Specters that Haunt the Clouds HE accompanying picture rep- resents an optical phenomenon that has been familiar from time immemorial to the birds of the air, but that has, until recent times, lain somewhat beyond the purview of humanity. Even at the present day, though it is well known to aeronauts, few of them are able to explain it or to give it a name. The picture shows the shadow of an airplane cast upon the clouds, and surrounding it is a ring of rainbow-colored light. The appear- ance of this light has been likened to that of the emblem painted on the wings of the Allied aircraft, and super- stitious aviators regard it as an omen favorable to their cause. Like the ‘Ring Around the Moon” This phenomenon bears, however, a German name, for it is known as.the “specter of the Brocken.” True, the traditional Brockengespenst, which fig- ures in German legend and in the nar- ratives of mountaineers, is the shadow of the observer seen on a vertical bank of cloud or fog, and hence visible only ~ when the sun is low; but it is identical in character with the shadows that balloonists and aviators see below them ° on a horizontal sheet of cloud, with the sun overhead. In both of these cases the sha- dow may be surrounded with one or more rings of prismatic color, —the “Brocken-bow,’’ — though this is not always visible. This bow is due to light that is reflected back to the ob- server after penetrating the cloud a little way, and is broken up into its component colors by the water drops or ice particles. The process involved is called diffraction, and itis the same that produces the reddish corona, or circle of light, seen around the sun or moon when passing through fleecy clouds. The weird shadows of themselves seen by mountaineers are often de- %4 scribed as of gigantic size; but this is an illusion caused by the impression that the shadow is distant, when it is really only a few yards away. It would be interesting to know whether aviators cherish the same illusion concerning the shadows of their aircraft. Our Picture Is Faulty Another mistake about Brocken specters is perpetuated by the various drawings that have been made of them, including the one here reproduced. The mountaineer can see his own sha- dow, but he cannot see that cast by another person at a distance of more than a few feet from him. Similarly, the artist who made the picture above has drawn the shadow and ring as they appeared to the occupant of the airplane shown in the picture; but, from the assumed angle of vision of the artist himself, the phenomenon would have been invisible. _ Tr © sheeted em ay | © _— -— —. an ae ottlUmSlUDlCU OOS

Page 15

ild Irs ng US m, na- by ore ly, ve as the ut, of February, 1919 The anti-slipping cleats are molded as part of the rub- ber soles and cannot work loose under the hardest wear Non-Slipping Shoe Soles N Idaho lumberman has invented the anti-slipping device shown in the picture above. The soles of the rubber boots are corrugated in the usual manner. Two V-shaped cleats, with the apex of the angle pointing toward the toes, are molded in the rubber of the soles and form an integral part of them. Another smaller and curved cleat is provided at the point of the toes, and a curved cleat conforms with the outside curve of the heels. Calks, provided with points, are set into the cleats of the heels and the V-shaped cleats of the soles. They are held in place by pins clenched upon the inner surface of the shoe sole. Freezing Test for Sandstone O test the qualities of sandstone, the Bureau of Standards at Washington recently designed and set up a curious machine. Inside of a boxlike wooden structure from five to six feet high and two and a half feet square, a miniature elevator is raised and lowered by the revolutions of a threaded hoisting shaft driven by an electric motor. Walls, top, and bottom of the structure are well in- sulated with layers of ground cork and heavy boards. At the top of the inner chamber, surrounding the elevator, pipe is coiled, to be filled with steam under pressure. Similar coiled pipes occupy the lower half of the chamber, and are filled with ammonia vapors, to produce a freezing temperature. By placing a water-soaked sample of sandstone on the elevator and subjecting it first to the freezing tem- peratures of the lower half of the machine, then raising it and thawing it out in the steam-heated upper portion, all the effects of alternate freezings and thawings, such as the stone might experience in the open, can be produced. Continuous opera- tion of the machine makes possible “as many freezings and thawings in a single day as would normally occur in two or three years. The disintegra- tion produced, determined by weight, gives an indication of the stone’s durability. Suitable partitions on the elevator prevent the air of the two halves of the inner chamber from in- termingling. An electrically driven fan circulates air around the stone. A clock operates the machine auto- matically, closing the circuit through the hoisting elevator’s motor at definite intervals. REMOVABLE COVER . ERMA TIAL = is ie SMA hs CARMEL SALLE O THAWING CHAMBER, Ses This machine gives sandstone as much wear in a single day as it receives outdoors in three years 25 This boot has a layer of hot water inside which will warm the wear- er’s cold feet Have You Got Cold Feet? EOPLE who suffer from literal cold feet, and who at the same time prefer comfort to, beauty, will welcome this new cure—a hot-water boot. It is a large, clumsy affair, like a German soldier’s shoe. The inside casing is made of rubber, and fits the foot so snugly that air is excluded from the space between the foot and the casing. In this way the foot gets the full benefit of the hot hay water. To facilitate this. the casing is arched and curved in just the places where feet arch and curve. Then comes the layer of hot water, and then the outside casing. This outer casing is quite shapeless, the inventor’s idea being to get it as far away as possible from the inner casing in order to give the water plenty of room to flow about in. It is, of course, fastened at the top to the inner casing, so that no water will spill over the edge. The two casings are vulcanized to- gether in several other places (toe, heel, and ankle), so that the outside one won’t break when the wearer is walking. Hot water is poured in through a hole in the toe of the shoe, which is duly corked up when the shoe is loaded. Straps at the top of the boot insure a perfect fit in at least one place. As to what happens when the water cools off the inventor says nothing. We assume that the wearer uncorks the boot, lets the water run out, and then puts his foot under the faucet for more. Or perhaps, like the farmer in our picture, he will fall asleep from the soothing effect of the warmth and be too far off when the water cools to care about it.

Page 16

By this process it is possible to mark and cut out seventy-five or more layers of mohair at one time Popular Science Monthly

Mounting and adjusting the automobile tops re- quires considerable mechanical skill and great care Taking the Bumps Out of Automobile Traveling OOD upholstery is one of the essentials of comfort in automobile traveling. Without soft cushions and a top that will keep the rain out, touring would not be a great pleasure. The pictures above show how some of the work of upholstering is done. The average seven-passenger automobile requires three large cowhides for the uphol- stery. An average skin contains sixty-five square feet of leather, but not all of this can be used for upholstering. The automobile tops are covered with mohair. Huge rolls of the material are unwound and spread upon a cutting table until seventy-five or eighty layers have been spread. By means of an electric knife, keen as a razor, which the operator guides along chalk .lines, the material for one hundred car-topsis cut out in asingle day.

A Road-Scraper that Cuts . through Snow NEW road-scraper which may be used for smoothing uneven || dirt or gravel roads or for scraping |} a path in the snow for automobiles || or other vehicles, is attached toa || powerful automobile truck. The || blade is twelve inches wide and is 7 of carbon spring-steel. By six carbon steel springs the blade is | suspended from a hanger board, N which is set between the front and j ia 4

: VOLTMETER ON WEIGHT-READING N DASHBOARD ~_, DIAL * RESISTANCE gency POINTS : y . < DRY bAW EAE

I teumet ene fh J ?RESS- BUTTON é SWITCH, CIRCUIT WIRES,

WIRE CABLE 9 TOAXLE

rear wheels of the truck. The scraper is hinged to a shaft, and can be raised or lowered by a chain and windlass operated from the driver’s seat. Two small scrap- ers, placed in advance of the front wheels, are designed to provide good traction for the drive-wheel of the truck.

With one of these scrapers you can keep your roads clear of snow all winter How the weighing device is attached indicator. The rheostat drum is under the truck, the dial on the dashtoard Press the Button to Weigh Your Load MODERN device for weighing truck-loads may be considered as a kind of spring scales with an electrical The body of the truck, which carries the load, rests upon springs supported by the rear axle. The heavier the load, the more will the spring be depressed, the flat- ter will it become, and the nearer will the body of the truck approach the rear axle. To the under side of the truck body, at a point directly above the rear axle, a drum is attached, containing a spring pulley to which is fastened one end of a small steel cable. The other end of the cable, which is held taut by the spring, is fastened to the rear axle. A resistance coil is connected with the cable drum, and revolves with it. As the load is increased, the body of the truck moves nearer to the rear axle. The spring automatically winds up the slack of the cable by turning the pulley and the resistance coil. This changes the position of a fixed contact arm in relation to the re- sistance coil, and the change is recorded on a dial on the dash- board, if the current from two dry cells, turned on by pressing a button, is allowed to pass through the resistance coil. ee

Fe

SSS SS hmeeCOCOSOSsONEEAAANNS-— ~ . 3 =H 1 TS 4 ctr b_ Vee ° tie oe ee

Page 17

1g. ge ve a he ' + ' t ' t ‘ ’ f i ' t i ' a ly, le, ne ier le. February, 1919 To Keep the Novice Driver from Accident EFORE the automobile novice has acquired proficiency it is not safe to intrust him with a car; but he must learn independence. An invention recently patented by Clifford M. y Bishop, of New York, solves the prob- LOCK, ANO lem by providing double control for ast fe cars used for instructing novices. bes There are two steering wheels and brakes. The instructor’s wheel is larger than that of the novice, while the diameter of the spur gear operating the brake-chain is smaller on the in- ! ‘ structor’s wheel. This enables the MULTI- POLE mi, instructor to overcome the control by SWITCH i} the novice to prevent accident. % STEERING WHEEL FOR. NOVICE A turn of the key locks the lever, cutting out the ignition circuit How to Block the Stowing Away the Automobile Thief Spare Tire NEW method of securing f = Oo ‘ mS HE owner of a light de- an automobile against ies \ fy livery automobile with a thieves is applicable only to top over the whole car hit cars provided with magnetic upon a clever plan for stowing gear-shift. Ordinarily the away an extra tire and some shift lever can be moved to five tools.- He built a box of light positions — reverse, neutral, boards for the tire, and placed first, second, and third speeds. in the center a smaller box with The inventor has added an- bd + a sliding lid. Then he fastened other position, the locking \ FOOT BRAKE the contrivance to a cross- position, which cuts out the When. thke - chains “ceetiiensiiilins ~ teetentcs brace in the top, back of the entire ignition system. “rattled,” the instructor can prevent accident driver’s seat. No More Flying Glass when Automobiles Collide HEN an automobile collides with SPRING ROLLERS another vehicle or with a trolley car, both are often wrecked. Sometimes the impact is not powerful enough to break or disable the engines or to do any serious damage to the wheels, tops, or mud-guards. i But even a slight collision will smash every >> bit of glass of the wind-shield and side windows. Very often the passengers are severely cut by the flying glass. This danger can be eliminated by fitting cars with automatic curtains behind the wind- shield and behind the glass side panels in case of a closed car. William A. Uttz, of Mis- souri, has invented such cur- tains, and they are oper- ated automatically in case of a collision. They are connected with the bum- per by a system of rods andlevers. Thecurtain remains out of sight when not in use, and does not detract from the pleasing appear- A hinged tray under the automobile top for your spare tire and repair-kit other at the bottom, all inside of the body and behind the wind-shield: The curtains are normally wound around the lower rollers, and are provided with side guides to connect them with the top rollers without inter- br fering with the driver’s vision. Each cur- j SJ tain is operated by a rod extending back wets siahiaciih Fas ae from the bumper alongside of the chassis didi comiiae seen frame. This rod operates a second rod inside the body and directly beneath the bottom rollers by a system of levers. Hooks on the rod are attached to the lower edge of the curtains. Whenever the bumper is forced backward by col- liding with some obstacle, the inside curtain rod is forced back and the hooks released from their hold on the curtains. The springs in the top rollers ‘ then automatically raise the curtains behind the glass. At the same time, the current is cut off from the engine ance of the car. and the brakes are ap- Each curtain is ae plied as an additional mounted on tworollers, It looks like a pretty bad smash-up, but the ‘automatic measure of safety for one at the top and the curtains protected the passengers from the flying glass the passengers of the car. 27 RELEASE HOOKS

Page 18

Popular Science Monthly Labor-Savers that Helped Beat the U-Boats The slow and expen- sive sledge and cut- ting-bar method of getting rid of rivets and nuts that can- not be turned has given place to the air- operated cutting-gun, which works quickly and can go into ac- tion in a narrow space. Three men make up a gun At work on a shaft with the oxy-acety- lene torch. The powerful flame cuts steel as easily as a knife cuts cheese Arivet-cutting gun for punching out coun- ter-sunk rivets. A bar is placed against the rivet-head and the gun does the rest Aside lead beveling-machine that works automatically helped speed up fhe fit- ting of a ship's timbers in war days Tom Sawyer would have had an even easier time persuad- ing the other boys to do his fence-painting for him if he had had this paint-spraying machine. It does the work of six men, and by its aid new ships get their christening suits as if This overhead cableway makes it possible to handle great quantities of material easily and quickly. Some idea of the size of the huge masts supporting the carrying cables may be obtained by comparing the masts with the man standing at the foot of the one at the extreme right 23 by magic an dom ae oo | aie ee if

Page 19

mn d- to 1g id 1g 1e id ps 1g ic February, 1919 By post-card comes a blue service star on a silk back, and an appropriate verse asking the recipient to detach the star and wear it For Those Who Carry On The service flag still waves and makers of novelties find many ways to display it For one who is still “over there’ she : wears this tie-pin > with a star in the center of a red heart in a white field This letter-case is bound in khaki, with a red, white, and blue service star on the covers. Inside the front cover is space to write the soldier’s name, company, and regiment There is also the service star ring —which is all right if your family of fighters is not too large A frame with a star to hold the photograph of the man in Uncle Sam’s service It’s a_ service wrist locket, and of course his picture is inside. The star deco- q rates the cover ; A candy-box for children is in the form of a traveling-bag with a service star on one side His hat is in the ring, and his dime is in the hat; for it’s a ser- vice bank, as. witness the star on the band. It’s a good way to get Tommy to save for thrift stamps Big brother’s pho- tograph on the in- side of a_ locket which carries out- side of it a service star is sure to please the small sister A bit young for the last draft, but ready for the next, he is equipped with a service star rattle made in the form of an Uncle Sam hat

Page 20

Popular Science Monthly’ How the Modern Steel- Furnace Does: Its Work What man has learned about handling the metal that gave civilization its start in life HEN primitive man, perhaps V \ prompted by curiosity, picked a formless and heavy mass of a strange substance from the ashes of his camp-fire and, in trying to break it up by pounding it with a stone, found that this strange substance did not break, but could be hammered into any form, he laid the foundation of the framework upon which rests human Civilization. For the strange sub- stance was iron, which had been smelted from the iron-bearing rocks around which the fire had _ built by chance. In its various forms, as soni or plowshare, as tool, rail, or wire, nail or screw, engine,’ boiler, crane, mag- net, battleship, or cannon, iron has contributed more to human progress and civilization than any other of the component parts of our planet. Its abundance and properties make it the most valuable—in fact, an indispens- able—factor of practically every branch of human activity. Getting Iron from Its Ore Iron is a metal, but it is found in its metallic form only occasionally and in small quantities, principally in meteorites. It occurs most frequently in the form of oxides or carbonates— that is, combined with oxygen or with carbon and oxygen. These combina- tions yield the metal readily when smelted with carbon. Until about 1860 only threeimportant classes of iron were known—wrought- iron, stéel, and cast-iron. Wrought- iron was almost free from carbon; steel contained between 0.30 and 2.2 per cent of carbon, and cast-iron more than 2.2 per cent. To-day a great many more kinds of iron and steel are distinguished. Their characteristic qualities are due principally to the amount of carbon they contain, the method of their production, and the presence or absence of certain other metals combined with the iron to form alloys. In modern iron-works the iron is obtained from its ore in specially designed furnaces. These furnaces are about ninety feet high, and at their widest part have a diameter of about twenty-five feet. They are built of steel, in form like an elongated barrel, and are lined with fire-brick. The low- er parts, in which the heat is for the blast. By Ernest Welleck greatest, are lined with hollow bronze bricks through which a rapid stream of water is forced. Under the furnace is the fire-brick basin in which the molten iron is collected, and from which it is drawn off. Another opening per- mits the slag to run out. Four Hundred Tons a Day The furnace holds about 1,300 tons, and is kept filled by adding layer after layer of ore, coke, and limestone as the mass sinks and becomes fused at the bottom. The temperature varies be- tween 300° F. near the top and 3,500° at the bottom. The reduction of the ore takes place in the upper part. The high temperature required in PROCESS OF REDUCTION PROCESS OF HEAT 22 \) ABSORPTION : | rcces OF {|} FUSION PROCESS OF COMBUSTION HOT BLAST MOLTEN IRON At = IRON DRAW-NOTCH BLAST FURNACE 1S 90 FEET HIGH AND 25 FT. DIAMETER : LOAD 1S 1300 TONS The furnace shown in this sectional view is capable of turning out 400 tons of iron every twenty-four hours One furnace and four stoves furnish the initial heat The stoves are heated red-hot 30 the production of iron is obtained by blowing into the furnace air previously heated in four stoves accompanying each furnace. These stoves, as big as the furnace, are of steel lined with fire-brick, and are heated to red heat. Only one stove at a time is used to supply the hot blast for the furnace, while the other three are being heated. The molten iron is run into sand forms and cast into bars, called pigs. Each furnace produces about four hundred tons of pig-iron a day. The pig-iron contains a small percentage of carbon and a number of impurities, which must be removed before the iron is changed to steel. For changing iron to steel two proc- esses are principally used, the Bess- emer and the open-hearth process. In the Bessemer process the iron is changed to steel in a steel vessel, about twelve feet in diameter and twenty feet in height, called a converter. The Bessemer Process Converter The vessel, which resembles a big bottle with the neck broken off, is lined with fire-proof material a foot thick, and has a removable bottom, through the fireproof lining of which a number of pipes extend into the con- verter. The vessel is tilted, and enough molten pig-iron is poured in to cover the bottom to a_height of eighteen inches. Then a blast of air at a pressure of twenty pounds to the square inch is forced through the pipes in the bottom, and supplies the oxygen which oxidizes or burns up the impurities. By the addition of a weighed quantity of carbon, the iron is transformed into steel. In the open-hearth process the iron is converted into steel in a saucer-shaped pan or hearth lined with magnesite, dolomite, and lime, @nd. cov ered with a roof of silica brick.” First a layer of scrap-iron is placed on the hearth, then a layer of pig-iron. Hot gas and air are forced into the hearth and over the iron. The pig-iron melts first, then the scrap-iron. The hot gases, forced over the molten mass, cause the impurities to become oxidized, forming a crust of slag on top of the molten iron. The pure iron thus obtained is then changed to steel by add- ing carbon, manganese, or what- ever metal may be desired.

Page 21

% In the Bessemer process the converter, vessel about 12 feet in diameter and 20 feet high, is tipped over on its side and molten pig-iron is run into its mouth; then it is turned upright and a blast of air is sent through it i i 16 feet wide. In the open-hearth process the molten steel lies 18 inches deep on a bed about 40 feet long by Here the current of hot gas and air is shown being forced above and around the molten mass. Ore of less purity than that used in the Bessemer process is successfully dealt with by the open-hearth method ————-

Page 22

British official photograph OW will the boys of the Allied armies keep busy until they are mustered out of service? That is the question on many lips to- day. Itiseasily answered. They Popular Science Monthiy © Underwood & Underwood about and hammered each other in boxing matches, wrestling matches, and fencing bouts. Ifyou doubt the pleasure and excitement they get from these will have a gloriously good time— and it surely is due them. For these men have borne the chief burden of war, risking their lives, fighting the fight in its truest sense. One would naturally expect that all their amusements would be far removed from the thoughts of fighting with which they might be supposed to be “fed up.” But, strange to relate, no sooner had they finished hammering the Huns than they turned Vacation-Time for the Boys in France fights, look at these two pictures. There can be no doubt about the intense interest in the fight of the thousands of British sailors who are watching it, for not one of them has turned to look at the photographer. And as for the two fellows who are having a bout at singlestick, they could not have looked more fiercely interested when they were bayo- neting Germans but a short while before. Their audience is most responsive. The Squirrel Takes to the Bottle = yas little bottle-baby is an orphan only two weeks old. When his mother died he would have followed suit if somebody had not given him his chance by feeding him milk from a doll’s bottle. The eager way in which he goes to it, holding the nipple with his front pdws, is a reas- suring indication that he will make good and grow to full-sized squirreldom, though his body now is pitifully thin and very much out of proportion. In spite of his appetite, we may be sure, from the sad droop of his mouth and the wistful look in his eye, that he is truly mourning his loss. A Box-Car that Is Now a Schoolhouse HE little red schoolhouse has - been revived in the heart of Death Valley; but it isn’t a building standing in the shade of agreen grove. It is a faded box-car out under the burning sun and in the path of driv- ing sand-storms, at the little town of Tecopa, in Inyo County, California. It was discovered that at Tecopa a group of children well past school age had never seen the inside of a schoolhouse. When the town peti- tioned the county for school facilities, the authorities had difficulty in find- ing a suitable building. Then the superintendent of the Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad came totherescue with the box-car. The pupils are apparently perfectly satisfied with it. Alas — This Poor Doggie Had None! E was born into the world without the usual alldtment of dog-feet—two forepaws he was shy. As he raised his moist, ap- pealing eyes to his owner, that kind person had not. the heart to kill him. Instead, he bought two rubber-tired wheels, and made them serve as paws by strap- ping them to the dog’s body where the paws should have been. The playful pup philosophically made the best of his artificial limbs, and can be seen any day playing with more fortunate comrades on the streets of his home town, Jacksonville, Florida. aa mm @ eh et mie ae oh we iC ™~ © eT a5 | a Shed

Page 23

ng nd ase of ne for uld yo- gie vorld ment > was b+, ap- that art to t two made strap- body have ically limbs, laying arades town, SCREW ADJUSTMENT P SPIRIT LEVEL SHOULDER CONTOUR-PINS Going Under the Tailor’s Yoke OING under the yoke in Caesar’s day was a token of submission. Recalling that, and admitting that most of mankind is submissive to its tailors, it is easy to see how Edward C. Berriman, of Chicago, got the idea for what he calls a “shoulder- yoke,” .which, in the language of the Patent Office, is “a device for accurately determining the width of collar and slope of the shoulders of an individual.”’ . The tailor clamps the neck-piece around the neck of his customer, glances at a spirit-level attached to the yoke to make sure that, the arms are level, and adjusts the pins to mark out the shoulder curve. Then it’s -all over except coming back next week for the try-on. They’re Choosing Pet Crickets in Cages O us a cricket is but one of the tribe of noisy insects that visit us each summer, predicting hot weather, and so unloved. Not so in Japan. There he is a household pet. Caught by cricket-venders, he is placed in a fancy cage and sold to an admiring public. Solitary con- finement soon starts him shrieking for his lady-love, and the house is filled with music. _ Of course you know that a cricket’s song is made by rubbing the smooth side of one wing against 130 ridges on the under side of the other one. — A Gas-Tank’s Moving Day gas-tank 75 feet high and weighing 250 tons, with a capacity of 150,000 cubic feet, was recently loaded on two barges and towed to a point half a mile up a river, where it was needed on account of the increased quantity of gas used in the construction of ships. . At the point that the tank left the street for the trip down the bank to the barges, the cribbing was built up to a height of 19 feet, a difficult feat because the bank consisted mainly of sawdust. Two barges lashed together, préparatory to the trip up the river towed by tugs, were the danger point. It was seen that the barges would list heavily if the load were rolled on directly from the staging. To counteract this, cantilevers were constructed, and the weight placed in the center of the barges. Only 7 inches list was registered when the load was applied. During this procedure all passing boats cut off their power and drifted by to minimize the wash, which would have literally upset all the work that had been accomplished. No difficulty was encountered. The tank arrived at its destination, was placed on shore, and was jacked up 22 feet to the top of a solid sand bank, where it is now working satisfactorily. ’ bird they hear. They Look Enough Alike to Be Twins | "THEY are just about old enough and their claws are just about strong enough to enable them to hang om to the cigar of their indulgent master. Their scraggy appearance is not due to rough handling, but to the fact that they are passing through the half-feather-half-fuzz stage. When they grow upthey will be proud, haughty canaries; just now they are simple, trusting babes who know not the perils of sitting on a lighted cigar. The canaries of the tribe to which these two belong are great mimics. They will mimic the song of any Therefore wise breeders keep them near nightingales when they .are learning to sing. A canary with the voice of a night- ingale is worth much money. All Hands Sing the “‘Star- | Spangled Banner’”’ HEN normal Americans are seized with patriotic fervor, they stand up and shout the “Star- Spangled Banner’—perhaps a bit shaky on the top notes, but ending bravely on “the brave.” The deaf and dumb are deprived of this means of self-expression, but does their, patriotism go begging? One look at the smiling seven shown below will reassure you. They are singing “Oh, say can you see—”’ and all that follows, with their hands. As they sing, a band plays the music and a teacher keeps time for both.

Page 24

fe mren “- ww HEN the United States entered into the world war, it caused a demand for shipping facili- ties without parallel in the history of the world. The transportation alone of an army of three million men from one side of the Atlantic Ocean to the other was a tremendous undertaking. Assuming that every transport could carry an average of 5000 men—rather a high estimate—it would require 600 shiploads. But that is not all. An army needs clothing and provisions, arms and other equipment for fighting; and the stores of provisions, clothing, and war materials must be constantly replenished. In England, as well as in the United Use Your Car for Ice-Cu AST winter was so cold that enough ice must have formed to provide a generous supply for the dog-days. But shortage of labor, that old war-cry, applied itself to ice-cutting as well as to other industries. Here is an excellent scheme to make up for the absence of ice-cutters. It is worth trying out if you have an automobile, a cutting- machine, some ice, a place to keep it in when cut, and a friend to help you do it. Simply at- tach the cutting-machine to the auto- mobile, and let the car pull the cutter across the ice. Lest the car skid on the slippery ice, the two back tires should be removed and iron rims with spikes on them substituted. As an extra precaution, put chains on your front heels. — * Ww.

‘and the other guides the machine.

oop erg one é States, cargo-carriers were built in the shortest possible time. By selecting several types best suited for. the purpose for which they were intended, and standardizing them, it was pos- sible to progress with astonishing rapidity toward the solution of the transportation problem. Ships were built of wood, of steel, and even of re- inforced concrete, and the principle of standardization was applied as closely as possible to all of them. The diagram above represents the longitudinal section of a typical steel cargo vessel of modern construction. Steel ships of this type are about 415 feet long from stem to stern. Their width, or beam, is 55 feet,. and their % <= One man runs the automobile If your friend is good-natured, let him trot behind with the cutter handle in his hand. If he is not, | do it yourself and let him run the car. Provided one has the facilities, it is quite possible for two men, one automobile, and a cutting-machine to do the work of many ice-cutters. 34 Popular Science Monthly divine QUARTERS CABIN fnome Haren ENGINE r t BOILER WATCH 3 MATCH The hiiahontey of a Modern Ocean Camel: height varies betweeen 35 feet from the keel-line to the planks of the upper deck, and 64 feet from the keel-line to the top of the chart and wheel-room surmounting the bridge-deck. The planks of the bridge-deck are about 40 feet above the keel, those of the poop- deck astern about 45 feet, and those of the forecastle-deck, crowning the bow of the vessel, about 50 feet. When the vessel is loaded, the keel is about 24 feet below the surface. The keel forms what may be called the backbone of the ship. To it are attached the frames or ribs of the ves- - sel, and upon it rest the pillars or. posts that form the support of the decks and superstructures. Between tting this Winter With an automobile pulling the cutting-ma- chine, two men only are needed to cut the ice The rubber tire is taken off, and an iron rim trimmed with spikes takes its place

Pinte! ALLEL ADE OS AIA a ena A Ltt lesa ol .

Page 25

| eee eel ee ym er to ym. he 40 yp- se he en ut led ire CS- - she en February, 1919 * wineLess LIVING QUARTERS

PRLAR ——————— PuLAR

Why Our Troops Reached France in Time the keel and the hold the ballast-tanks extend through the entire length and width of the ship.. The engine-room ~ occupies a comparatively large*space amidship, and has an air and light shaft extending to the top of the bridge-deck and covered with a sky- light. The boiler-room also has a shaft to the bridge deck, and the furnace flues go through the second, upper, .and bridge-decks to the smokestack or funnel. From the engine-room the propeller-shaft runs aft to the propeller, which is placed between the rudder and the stern plates of the vessel. In its - on Posts——- entire length it is enclosed in a tunnel, and at intervals it rests upon supports, called plummer-blocks, which hold the heavy -shaft- inline. - Above the hold of the vessel is the second deck, which, like the hold, is intended for the storage of cargo. The lower coal-bunkers are in com- partments above the engine-room:-and the boiler-room, Surrounding the air- shafts. In the bow section of the second deck are the store-rooms and chain lockers. The upper deck has the crew’s quarters aft and cargo space at the

the forward and aft guns. Winch platforms surround the fore-mast and the main-mast, with their boom der- ricks for-hoisting .or-lowering cargo through the big hatches. The life-boats are placed aft of the bridge-deck, which occupies the great- er part of the space between the two masts. Underneath the bridge-deck are loading spaces and the upper coal- * bunkers, and the bridge-deck contains the living quarters of the officers, the galley, directly aft of the boiler-hatch and funnel, the captain’s office, the wireless-room, the chart-room, and the | — u ee ek se te OO

ali Beattie a

bow, surmounted by the platforms for wheel-house. A Home-Made Steam Bath for Frozen Feet . HE beneficial influence of local steam baths on frozen hands or feet was recognized early in the world war by Dr. Salignat, a French physician, who used the treatment with remarkable success in the field hospital with which he was connected. Dr. Salignat was killed by a shell in 1916;

With this home-made steam bath anybody . can fight frost-bite /

; y lax but the treatment. originated by him has been continued i i ( a with great success. : RaeeN <: 2, The apparatus is extremely simple, so that it can easily be improvised in any field hospital. It consists of a blue- flame kerosene stove, a boiler made of a pan with a conical cover ending at its apex in a tube, and a steam-box of simple construction. It has a hinged cover, and openings through which the hands or feet are inserted into the box for treatment. The steam enters through an opening near the top, and escapes through small openings in the curved tube, which is connected at its upper end with the tube from the steam- generator and ends just below the floor of the box. The lower opening is closed with a cork, which is removed when it becomes necessary to allow the water of condensation to run out. . Wooden strips are fastened on both sides of the perforated steam-tube to prevent the hands or feet of the patient from coming in contact with the hot metal. Each treatment lasts from ten minutes to fifteen minutes. At first one treatment a day is given; later one in two or three days.

CBLUE-FLAME OIL STOVE 85 oa seaasere en

Page 26

| | | A AS i AAAS Ae Inspired by necessity, the Germans went the old paper collar several better From the skin out and the boots up, Fritz goes clad in paper. These Berlin sandwich-men are advertising wood and paper shoes. ‘Durable and water-proof,” say the signs Photographs © International Film This is a thin paper fabric used as lining for the paper clothes: it is said to be both warm and sanitary Popular Science Monthly By contrast with the paper cloth across the page, this upholstery “‘cloth,”’ = stamped with Everything in the picture is made of paper, except the horses and the soldier. characteristic de- The fittings of the horse, and even the rope around the exhibit, are paper Signs, is durable A corner in the men’s suits division at a paper goods exhibit held at Charlottenburg; don’t they look like regular clothes ? 36 Paper collars have long been the sport of low comedy. Here they appear in sober earnest, supported by paper shirts RT 4 In

Page 27

~ February, 1919 Lusciously sweet and fan- tastically shaped biscuits and butter cakes baked for the harem of the once terrible Turk; and a frag- ment of Asiatic ‘“‘shredded wheat” before molding and baking it into bread In the package are almond - flour _ biscuits prized by the Chinese. Give Us This Day Our Daily Bread Some strange answers to a universal ‘human demand The Japanese knight riding across the foot-square rice cake beloved of his countrymen apparently has designs on the national flower tea biscuit and snow-white sea-weed crackers ($16 a pound) on the left The boxing-glove (upper center) is really a Scotch haggis, of oatmeal and chopped meat. The other exhibits are a few of the made-fresh-every-day “educational”’ breads and biscuits of the Italians More almond cakes and rice cakes. The Oriental peach, the edible kernel of Below it the dazzling- These turbaned, long-nosed creatures are really only a which supplies the flour white rice cakes—most “break-off” of freshly baked Italian army hard-tack; used in these “almond” immaculate of ‘‘crackers” the works of art above, Armenian unleavened bread cakes, is known as uruk Left: Japanese biscuits made of whole seeds, and hard-tack such as Caesar’s legions ate; center: the sun- baked roly-poly that is sold by the yard in Asiatic bazaars; and (right) more samples of Roman bread 37 y= Japanese “educational” biscuits and their water-proof paper-veneer container. The forms illustrated—lotus leaves, peanuts, mushroom fungi, and vegetable minia- tures—are only a few of the many designs found in Japan

Page 28

The road has been cut off by a landslide, so they took a chance on the big pipe An Aqueduct Used as an Emergency Highway. MEMBER of the Los Angeles Motoreycle Club recently ac- complished a feat that fellow members had declared impossible. John E. Hogg drove his motorcycle, with its-side- car, over the Boquet Canyon Siphon of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. The ride over the big pipe had been made “solo,” but the three-wheeled construc- tion of the side-car and motor- cycle combination made the feat more difficult. The ride was not taken in a spirit of bravado. With his wife, Mr. Hogg was return- ing to Los Angeles from the Mojave Desert by the Sole- dad. Canyon Route. After traveling nineteen miles down the canyon, the route was found to be blocked by a landslide. It was ninety miles back into the desert and the Los Angeles Valley again, and to go back by any other route would mean the loss of many hours. Ac- cordingly he drove back up Soledad Canyon to the point where the Boquet Canyon Siphon comes over.the moun- tains, ran the vehicle out on _the pipe, and began the four- mile journey uphill and down over the sloping steel surface’ to Boquet Canyon. To avoid taking unneces- sary risks, Mrs. Hogg walked up and down several of the steepest pitches in the pipe. Stops were made by gradu- ally driving the motorcycle wheels down the slope of the steel until the side-car- was well over the top of the pipe, then lowering the side- car wheel until the tire rested on the steel surface. Hark—There’s Music in the Air HE most remarkable job in piano-moving that has been recorded was put through when one of the big bombing-planes used by the Allies flew from Lon- don to Paris freighted with a full-sized instrument of the up- right type. The airplane was not competing with union piano- movers, nor was there a sudden shortage of musical instruments in the French capital. The flight was made to bring home to the dullest understanding the carrying capacity of a modern airplane. -Big bombing-planes, such as the Handley-Page which carried this piano, carry crews of from three to five in addition to a considerable load of bombs, and the Handley-Page has a record of carrying on a “stunt” flight twenty-one passengers—more than three thousand pounds. Perhaps the greatest weight-carriers how are the Zeppelin airplanes, capable of carry- ing two bombs each weighing a ton, besides gasoline and a crew of four. How to use your bicycle in the winter, when roads are blocked with snow and ice Pedaling Makes the Wheels Go Round BICYCLE, some ropes, some wheels and tools—and an ingeni- ous Frenchman had all the equipment he needed in order to make a living as a machinist. He mounted the bicycle on stands to keep it from start- ing forth when he began A spectacular demonstration of the fact that the Handley-Page is a real weight-carrier $8 . to pedal. On the axis of the rear wheel he attached a large wheel, grooved to receive a band. On the front wheel he moun- ted two similar but smaller wheels, and on a stand fasten- ed above the handle-bars he placed a fourth wheel. He slipped a band around the back wheel and one of the front ones, pulley fashion. He did the same thing to the other front wheel and to the wheel on the stand. Then, on the axis around which this stand wheel re- volves, he mounted an emery- wheel and a small tooth- edged saw. Now, when he sits on his bicycle and starts to pedal, the gears revolve the axis of the rear wheel, which of course turns the attached wheel. The pulley arrange- ment starts the front wheel, and consequently the front axis, revolving. This sets the second pulley in motion and the tools begin to turn. The illustration shows M. Caillé, the inventor, cutting a piece of wood on the tooth- edged saw. Perhaps when he on the emery-wheel. His work is ‘not confined to saw- ing and sharpening, for he can easily detach one of these tools and put on some other one. finishes he will sharpen a tool’ eee ee ae eo — me ae ae a ee le

Page 29

ol) V- 1e of 1e February, 191£ Models that Save Money for the Builder T is one thing to plan and design a structure, and quite another thing to erect it in accordance with the designs of the architect. If the design is conventional in form, size, and material, the task of the builder is comparatively easy; but it be- comes extremely difficult when the plans involve the use of untried ma- terials, new forms, and unusual di- mensions. | In such cases the work of build- ing-is, to a very great extent, ex- perimental. Difficulties, undreamed of by both the architect and the builder, may develop in the course of construction, and upset all calcula- tions concerning the probable cost of construction. A Western builder, whohad under- taken the erection of several large buildings unusual in design as well as in the materials to be used in their ‘construction, realizing the necessity of exceptional precaution, decided upon the construction of a model on a reduced scale of the proposed struc- ture as the first step in carrying out his contract. The model, which required thirty hours’ work by a skilful carpenter, reproduced not only the forms to be used, but also the scaffolding and bracing, and made it possible to study beforehand the best methods of putting together, setting up, moving and dis- mantting the framework necessary in ‘the work of construction. The builder found the preliminary ‘study of the model a great help in the actual work of construction, and com- pleted hiscontract withoutahitch. For example, he discovered, by experiment- ing with it, that if he eliminated all the diagonal sway bracing on one side of the arch scaffold the column forms would go into place more readily. According to his calculation, the use of the model saved him prob- ably ten per cent of the contract price The model is so minutely exact in its proportions that mea- surements for a large building can be taken from it directly Building a group of Ingersoll con- crete houses, shown in various stages of completion. The hole in the foreground is almost ready for the foundation. Beyond it the base- ment floor is ‘‘poured for the house on the next iot, and still farther in the rear, posts and framework for the lower part of a housc are in place This house has been “poured,”’ and the men have begun to take down ¥-the: formis,:to-have:themall-ready .-:- . for the next house to be ‘“‘poured” A Comfortable House for $1,000 HEN concrete came into general use for building purposes about twenty-five years ago, some specula- tive minds thought they saw the solu- tion of the housing problem. In manufacturing centers it is always difficult to keep pace with the rapidly increasing population by pro- viding adequate housing facilities for the workers and their families. In some of the older manufacturing towns you may still find long rows of small dilapidated frame cottages, and equally long. rows of ugly, squalid, and unhy- gienic tenements. Modern civilization, however, is de- manding for its vast army of workers, better, more hygienic conditions than those offered by miserable wood- en shanties and - disease-breed- * ie tenements. Why not build houses of concrete? The material is cheap and ob- obtainable in abundance. tors, among them ThomasA. Edison, devised Several inven- means for making houses of concrete by casting them in one piece. A num- ber of such monolithic concrete houses were built, but the great cost of the casting forms made the houses too ex- pensive for persons of moderate means. Robert H. Ingersoll, the watch manu- facturer, worked out a plan to over- come this difficulty. He selected a type of a four-room house with base- ment, bath-room, and kitchen as the most suitable, and had the forms for casting it made in such a way that they could be used again and again. Even at the present high cost of labor, these houses can be built for $1,000 each. After the ground has been carefully leveled, side rails are staked on the bottom and footings, and the entire floor is then poured in one piece. Next, vertical corner posts extending to the height of one story are set up on wedge blocks, and are held true to the plumb by. trusses and bridging. On this frame are hung the forms that mold the concrete of the outside and inside walls, the floors and roof. construction, the cornice, etc. The ventilating and plumbing pipes, electric conduits, the window-frames, etc., are all set in place before the concrete is poured.. Water supply pipes are exposed in accordance with modern plumbing methods. -A complete house of the four-room type described requires about 1,000 pounds of steel and 75 cubic yards of concrete.

Page 30

ie Photographs © Kadel & Herbert Completing eight hundred miles of pipe-line -The pipe-line across the Kankakee river by putting in place the last connecting piece was first laid on the ice and then sunk The Longest Pipe-Line in the World HE oil-fields of Oklahoma and Kansas have been connected with the distributing terminus at East Chicago by a pipe-line which enjoys the distinction of being by far the longest ever built. It is about 800 miles long and ane foot in diameter. The engineering difficulties that had to be overcome in the building of this pipe-line were great, notwithstanding the favorable fact that practically the entire line could be laid on flat prairie- lustrates the method used in construct” ing the pipe-line across the Kankakee river, which at the point shown is about one thousand feet wide. The line was laid in a curve with the apex pointing upstream, on the ice which covered the river. pipe was cut away and the pipe was allowed to sink to the bottom of the river. The swiftness of the current and the formation of the river-bed had been carefully ascertained to Then the ice around the . Popular Science Monthly Getting the Best of the Coal Man N extremely simple portable oil heater, built on the unit plan, has recently been placed on the market. The heater weighs from eleven to sixteen pounds. A _ sheet-iron case resting on four legs, and having a handle at the top for convenience in carrying, holds the heating device. An oil reservoir, which may be pulled out like a drawer, is at the bottom. It has two or three burners provided with glass chimneys and a reflector of burnished copper behind them. Ac- cording to the amount of heat desired, one, two, or all three of the lamps are lit. land. There were no mountain-ranges to cross, the principal obstacles being numerous rivers and smaller water- courses. The laying of the pipe-line, which had become necessary because of the diffi- culty of transporting oil in tank cars on the congested railroads, was done dur- ing the winter. One of the pictures il- make sure that the pipe would come to rest upon the bottom of the river in a straight line. The work of laying the pipe-line was begun at several points at the same time, and the pipe-laying gangs worked from one section toward the next section until the pipe sections met and were connected. conserve coal and to score one on the coal man Feed Your Furnace with Hot Air and It Will Stop Smoking ITH the fuel that has been wasted since furnaces came into use we could, in all probability, heat all existing furnaces for ... a hundred years. Unfortunately, the - wastefulness of our methods of trans- forming fuel into heat was not recog- nized until recently, and compara- tively little has been done. The cause of the wastefulness that finds its outward expres- sion in black smoke issuing from the smokestacks of our factories and heating plants is imperfect combustion. The heat-produc- ing element in our coal, as well as in most other fuels, is the carbon contained _ therein. When carbon is heated to a high temperature in the presence of air, a chemical reaction. takes place, accom- panied by the liberation of a large amount of heat. The car- bon combines with the oxygen of the air, forming various stages of oxidation of carbon. Leonidas W. West, an au- thority on smoke prevention, has in- vented several forms of a device for aiding this combustion by the in- jection of highly heated air, which, mingling with the hot gases, forms a combustible mixture which consumes the smoke. The device illustrated is an attachment for the door of the fire-box. The door has a draft- opening, the cover of which is au- tomatically raised when the door opens.. The air passes into a cham- ber on the in- side of the door, is heat- ed, and passes into the fire- box. When the damper is closed another device sup- plies the heated air. AIR INLETS 24 HEATED AIRL OUTLETS SMALL INLET FOR COLD AIR When the fireman raises the furnace-door latch, he is reminded by the automatic raising of the damper that air is needed to prevent smoke HEATED AIR. DISCHARGE OUT; OUTLETS a A simple oil heater like this will enable you to Stare RMR BU IES Feb bre shi his wil 1m of vol est are off gor is in ler is

Page 31

\w s ————_— s baal bad 22 RE SSN ATE DE IES T February, 1919 What Will the Breweries Do? Science and economics have united to find new uses for plants worth millions By H. E. Howe [When this article is read, every brewer in the United States will have shut up shop or be at work adapting his plant to changed conditions. That means that machinery costing millions will have to go to the scrap-heap unless ingenuity, guided by the expert advice of the industrial chemist, can find a way out. The amount of capital in- volved is very great, and difficult to estimate accurately, but these figures are significant: Ten years ago a single concern was offered $10,000,000 for its plant and good will, while an English syndicate is said to have $160,000,000 invested in American breweries. H. E. Howe, who analyzes the prob- lem for POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, is a chemical engineer connected with a large firm of industrial chemists. THE EDITOR.| N the past, when industries have | been compelled to cease operations, the reasons have been those of competition or raw materials. The whale-oil industry gradually disap- peared because the produc- tion of oil from petroleum developed rapidly at the same time that whales grew scarcer. But the majority of the equipment involved could be used without ex- pensive changes in other Every brewery cellar had a hundred or more of these resting tanks. They are practically useless for any other purpose ae ti 4 a Pes HS 1 oe BK P f: he im te ue ue oe ce "he directions. It was a comparatively simple matter for those engaged in hunting whales to turn to any of a number of seafaring occupations. When the chemist, after more than five years of research and the expendi- ture of millions, succeeded in producing synthetic or artificial indigo in com- mercial quantities, many square miles of indigo plantations in the far East had to turn to other agricultural pur- suits. The change came quickly, but here again both facilities and labor could be profitably employed in other directions. Unique Case of the Brewers The brewing industry, however, is a unique case. It involves a special in- dustry, and, notwithstanding repeated warnings to prepare for changed con- ditions, there has been, with but few exceptions, no constructive work done to enable the invested capital to con- tinue earning dividends. The amount of this capital is, of course, very large indeed. Accurate estimates are diffi- cult to make, but ten years ago one concern was said to have been offered $10,000,000 for its plant and good will, and an English syndicate is understood to have $160,000,000 invested in Amer- ican breweries. Several view-points are held and various policies followed by the brew- ers regarding the future. “Some breweries have already made radical changes; others are preparing to quit business of any kind, and their owners will retire; several believe post-war legislation will permit them to brew 2 per cent beer, and so will keep their property in condition at consider- able expense; and a few think it wise to scrap old equipment while the metal market is Above: The pneumatic barrel-filling tank is one of the few parts of a brewery’s equip- ment that may be used without change ~ 41 high, awaiting develop- ments before deciding whether to disband or to equip with modern ap- paratus when normal times return. Many brewers hesitate to engage in new industries, or, as they say, “‘to play the other fellow’s game.” They prefer to e | Fs . * ‘ rg jb apt aye ‘ ‘s Rtmekt oy 8 , —— a Each one of these compressors repre- sents $6,000 or more. They may be used for charging non-alcoholic beverages

Page 32

retire on their accumulated savings, but are anxious to put their plants into a new enterprise, although they hesitate to invest capital in addition. The breweries that are vo turn their plants to new uses present a real prob- lem, which for discussion may be divided into three phases: plants to be used with as little change as possible to conserve expense, and to leave things so that brewing may be taken up again if desirable; plants to be en- tirely changed; and breweries that are to be considered aside from the prop- erty—business organizations with capi- tal and experience, prepared to work in an entirely new field, making the start at the beginning, if need be. A Problem in Economics It has-been difficult at times to make those-concerned appreciate that virtu- ally every brewery presents a different problem, so far as its use in new fields of endeavor is concerned. There may be a class of work that most naturally fits in with brewery equipment, but raw materials, market, competition, location, and. other such factors must be considered. The problem often involves more of economics than of science.. ° - The modern brewery is especially designed for a particular set of operations. This is not well suited, of course, to other uses. . Breweries require height out of proportion to floor area from the view-point of other industries. . The foundatiors will seldom carry additional weight on the upper floors; for, with few exceptions, the heavy portions of a brewery’s equipment are on the lower floors, if not indeed on the ground. The power plant will probably require important additions for any new work, although this may be confined to the boiler-room. The refrigeration equipment may prove useful, while the bottling and label- ing machinery will often remain unused. . A brewery is fortunate indeed if more than a portion of its building and mechanical equipment can be put to work on unfamiliar products, or if more than a limited amount of new apparatus is required. The ideal would be a profitable product to be made with little change in plant, by methods differing as little as possible from those already in vogue. This is seldom approached. Some Suggestions So much for the cold facts which must be faced by the brewer whose established brands and trade-marks will be of no material help in his new venture. But let us consider what has -been done as an indication of what it is possible to do, and make the if they are to be used for any other purpose Popular Science Monthly a few timely sug- gestions. Malt is very familiar to brew- ers, and malt products suggest themselves at once. These in- clude malted milk, malt syrup, mal- tose, and malt flour. A Colorado brewery under- took the produc- tion of malted milk before legis- lation was passed making such a move __ desirable. True, dairy machinery had to be installed. This included a vacu- um-pan for con- centrating raw milk, and drying apparatus for fin- ishing the product. The malted milk Two big engines, operated alternately to run- refrigerating plant, must be rebuilt made has earned many friends, and it is understood that the enterprise is already a success. In addition, a portion of the original capital was put to work to make por- celain, with the result that chemists no longer depend upon Europe for satis- factory chemical and technical porce- lain. This work was original, required intricate technique to be mastered, and the product had to measure up to the standard already set by satisfac- tory German porcelain. The under- 42 is now, these storage-casks cost $5,000 apiece. A large brewery had a hundred or more in its cellar taking is an entire success, and gives us one of the best examples of what may be done even in unfamiliar lines, regardless of highly organized competition. Several Brewers Making Malt Syrup Malt syrup is being made by six or eight concerns formerly in the brewing and malting industry, and thus far the demand exceeds the supply. One producer makes 12,- 000,000 pounds a year, and is sold to capacity four months ahead. Success in manufacturing malt syrup and maltose, which is malt sugar, depends on the purity of the carbo- hydrate raw material, as well as care and control in filtering, clarifying, and concentrating operations. Much fine malt syrup is made from barley; corn-starch is the starting-point in other plants. To manufacture malt syrup, the brewer must master filtering with presses, the use of carbon as an absor- bent for coloring agents, and the opera- tion of multiple-effect evaporators at proper temperatures and at high effi- ciency. The product competes with corn syrup and table syrup made from cane. It is considered one third sweeter than corn syrup, and has an advantage of not requiring the addi- tion of cane syrup to make a high-grade ~, = 7 F in i stn bln bed Seed ks ed mi As - wee hat es. Oe Ot , = — «45 bet a ee ee ae

Page 33

es at ar ed ix Id February, 1919 Of these enormous copper brewing-kettles every large brewery had two or more. They cost from $20,000 to $25,000 apiece, and new, of course, become copper junk product. It can be made of good color, has a distinctly pleasing taste, and is a valuable supplement to our sugar supply. It makes superior hard candy, is used in crackers, bread, etc., and enters into many foods. As an article for export it finds a ready market in England for the production of beer, etc. A New Cereal Malt flour is thus far little known in the cereal market. As the name in- dicates, it is made by grinding malt between rolls and sieving the flour to remove any husks. Being very hydroscopic, malt flour presents some minor difficulties in package selection for storage and transport, so that it may be found better to extract it with cold water, and after filtering con- “centrate the solution to a paste. According to C. A. Nowak, these malt products impart valuable char- acteristics to bread, especially those made from strong, harsh flours. The flavor is improved, and the bread dries out much more slowly and is more easily digested. The malt also feeds the yeast, and so shortens the time required for fermentation. No doubt some educational work will have to be carried on to encourage a wider use of such malt products, but this is the case with every new material. Yeasts are really little known, and yet they undoubted- ly offer anattrac- tive field for the brewer. There should be profit in growing spe- cial yeasts under exact conditions as a source of an ex- tract for human food. Yeasts are known to contain proteid and fat, and a properly pre- pared extract should rival beef extract. Some research is re- quired to find theright method, but the reward is large. Then, yeasts offer an excellent raw material for spe- cial stock foods. Combined with some cheap car- bohydrate such as low-grade mo- lasses and a crude fiber ab- sorbent, which might be pith, peat, or sugar-beet pulp, well balanced rations to suit specifications should be possible. There is also an oppor- tunity to market compressed yeast. In dairy districts the brewery may become a factory for milk. products, which are varied as well as numerous. Every brewery had one or more of these costly filter-presses, used for pressing the liquid out of the yeast; they cannot be used for other purposes without material changes 43 They include lactose, casein, butter, and cream. There is always an op- portunity for a distinctly flavored cheese, while many believe this war will establish dry milk in our list of foods, just as the Civil War intrenched condensed milk. Specially fermented milk beverages improving on butter- milk should also be considered. World’s Scarcity of Fat Another food product is vegetable oil. We seldom have an excess of fat in the world, so that the perfection of hydrogenation of oils has been a basic advance. By this treatment of oil with the gaseous element, hydro- gen, in the presence of a catalyzer, (which promotes the reaction without entering into it), the oil is so changed that it resembles hard fats in all es- sentials. Unpleasant oils like fish oils are so changed as to make them useful in such industries as soap- making, while such high-grade oils as peanut, cocoanut, and cottonseed enter the lard and butter class. The refining of oils is another kindred industry. The advantages of dry milk have been mentioned. Dehydrated fruits and vegetablesare nearly as important, and offer possibilities to many a brew- ery and malt house having kiln equip- ment. We are just learning the economic advantages of properly dehy- drated fruits and vegetables. There are hundreds of dehydrating plants in Europe, especially in Germany. One of the largest breweries in the South is about to be converted into such a plant, with which will be combined the manufacture of yeast. Infruit belts sweet fruit juices may be put up, as loganberry juice is bottled in the far West and clear apple cider in Indiana. The process involves the pasteurizing, bottling, and labeling machinery, the refrigeration plant, storage, and some of the vats. One brewery is reported to have gone. into the canning business, putting up elams in addition to the usual fruits and delicacies. Soft drinks have appealed to many. The brewery’s refrigeration plant forms the nucleus of other industries. Functioning as a_ cold-storage plant has already been under- taken. The manufacture of ice and the making of ice-cream also concern this portion of the equipment. At, the moment, industrial alcohol seems attractive; but this interests distillers more than brewers, since a modern still is essential. Unless ways can be devised to permit the wider use of alcohol and it can be produced to compete in price with petroleum products as a motor fuel, there would seem to be an over-produc- tion, now that. the war is over. ~

Page 34

| i é | £ aes a rn nagancey. v =. yo feabinnne Herman Miller, ex- pert glass-blower at the American Museum of Natu- tal History, in New ’ York, at work on a glass model of a sea- spider enlarged to twenty-five times its natural size Assembling the parts of a very complicated model of sea life made up of thousands of delicate parts. This piece of work rep- resents the result of six weeks of labor Making a glass flower. First the glass is heated in the center and drawn out to form a bulb at one end bn ee The sides of the flower are formed by means of a carbon pencil as the glass is held in the flame Popular Science Monthly Wonderful Sea Creatures ia Spun from Glass His tools are a pair of forceps, a car- bon pencil, and a flame; with these and _ glass tubes he copies na- ture’s work exactly - Unusual specimens of the glass-blow- er’s art, which form a part of the won- derful collection at the Museum. This group represents six months’ work Glass model of a branch of a marine’ plant (magnified many times) being held in the gas- flame while the _Small spines are carefully attached to their places Photographs © Publishers’ Photo Service, Inc. Then the glass bulb is blown out to the d eee} esired size, broken open, and shaped by a carbon pencil his, These bits are attached by touching them to the edges of the petals at points heated red-hot 44 ©

Page 35

February, 1919 Turning Out Chevrons by the Hundreds SSS SSE NESSES SATAN ANN NON ADAAGNAAMA NAAT Sn AWA NVOWMIY MUMIA, N | ; N vi Be: Ne 2 ' = = N N ; ix Dey EP ts Ze, Y ¥ y Yitldith Pecado: AWWW WW dd | WA WWW Ww q_ HO © Publishers’ Photo Service A handful of filled shuttles, ready to take the place of fellow workers which run out while the machine is in action. The shuttles, under the supervision of one girl, feed thread to a machine that embroiders , chevrons © Publishers’ Photo Service Evidently when a child she never mixed her fingers up with the needle on her mother’s sewing-machine, for she earns her living now by fearlessly threading the needles on this big machine while it is running Me ec ccceecddeeaecdedeacddddaddddddded vmnmununuuenanaldenuumumnannmmmaatimnmiainin Y- We ecedecdddddddaaamusdauéus SEE Her job is to watch for broken threads on 180 spools; for the machine turns out no fewer than 180 chevrons at one operation AANA RAAANATANVN NNN VW AWAAAANNNHANG ATL SONNY AN NW Tee ad © Publishers’ Photo Service / i The long strips of fin- ished chevrons are ‘carefully cut by hand into individual parts AMM d»ioQiwWwWsTGgGAgAQgAGgWCQ\k _lMFAFW MAsG§AgAiEi_i_ATA_A_AikiTiMAMAi-ysijAaQo ibe i A fr fe AAR RA AAR AKAMA LARA iisind © Publishers’ Photo Service When the ten yards of chev- rons, six rows deep, are fin- - 2 ished, they are laid out on the wer te ialigt table and cut into single strips : Foe Ps A © Publishers’ Photo Service The pantograph makes it pos- sible for certain popular shops to sell beautifully embroid- ered articles at ten cents per We ccccddidets SS : PRES. : SANNA NNN SRE WWW Is © Publishers’ Photo Service With the pantograph a stitcher traces this enlarged chevron, while all the needles on the machine follow the design 45

Page 36

i i a ane 60,000,000 Horsepower Ready to be Harnessed for Work When these giants are set in action, ie the real age of electricity will begin | and our dreams will be realities HE Age of Electricity is about to dawn in America. To some people, especially dwellers in large cities, this may seem an odd statement. Everywhere are to be found applications of electricity,— telegraphs, telephones, electric lights, trolley cars, factories operated by elec- tricity,—so that the Age of Electricity | appears to be already at high noon. Electricity for Everybody But appearances are deceptive. In spite of the vast amount of electric energy generated today, we have, thus far, passed through merely the pre- liminary stages of the electrification of the United States. Only a small portion of our territory is reached by electric power lines, and those of us who are fortunate enough to obtain electricity at all are not able to use it freely for all of the many purposes to which it is suited. Even a million- aire can ‘hardly afford to heat his home electrically—the ideal way. But a new -era~is ap- proaching—a time when not only every town, but every farm, mine, and woodsman’s camp will be able to obtain electric pow- er, and to use it with al- most the same disregard for its cost as the city dweller uses water. This will indeed be the Age of Electricity. Many have Fs og unleashed their imagina- Eee: tions and dreamed about this wonderful time, but By William H. Easton today we are past the necessity of dreaming. The coming of the Age of Electricity is inevitable. Though this era would have come in any event, the Great War swept away all obstacles to its advance and brought it much nearer. We know now that the nation’s welfare depends upon power and transportation, and that our present methods are inadequate. It is plain to everyone that the fuel famine of last winter would not have occurred if we had had available an ample supply of electric power, trans- ported from mine and_ waterfall through cables, thus relieving the rail- roads from the necessity of hauling the vast amount of coal now needed in every part of the country. But what reason have we to believe that the supply of-electric power will be much greater and its cost less than at present? The cost of electricity, like that of any manufactured product, depends very largely on: The 314-ton electric truck leading the horse-drawn wagon typifies the present and past in farm power 46 Popular Science Monthly (1) The efficiency of the ma- chinery for producing it. (2) The cost of the raw material. (3) The volume of production. The more efficient the apparatus, the cheaper the raw material, and the greater the volume of production, the lower the cost. The apparatus for producing elec- tricity can now be considered practi- cally perfected. ‘There is room for improvement, of course, and new dis- coveries may revolutionize present methods, but machines as they stand are satisfactory. We can generate electricity in any desired amount, transmit it any distance, and utilize it in a thousand different ways. Unused Raw Material One of the most important develop- ments is the great increase in the size of steam turbines, which have leaped from 30,000 to 100,000 horsepower in capacity within the last four years, while their efficiency has come close to the theoretical maximum. The raw material for elec- tricity is power. The power power, but we:also have at our disposal another kind of power.- From thirty to sixty million horsepower of waterpower exists in the United States, and of this vast reservoir only about six million is in use. The rest has been closed to de- velopment largely by Fed- eral laws, which were de- now generally used is steam. dus elec . dec duc the ind our driv tric will cals littl elec the: T tori pow gen pose iner will effec will drea Dist A ing t the | gene » Let are f and amo man one 1 a ye follo

Page 37

ae 18, he he ec- ti- for lis- ent ind ate int, e it er of the this bout The o de- Fed- e de-

- industries. - Let us suppose that there February, 1919 signed to prevent its monopolization. Congress is now, however, endeavoring to frame laws that will permit the proper utilization of this vast power supply; and this important step toward cheaper electricity will unquestionably be taken in the near future. The third element affecting the cost of electricity is the volume of produc- tion. In the early days of the in- dustry, when the production was small, the cost was very high. But, as the demand for current grew, larger and more economical plants were built. Thus the cost was reduced. Reduction - in cost gave rise, in turn, to a greater demand, which ‘again caused greater pro- duction, with a further ‘reduction in cost. And so the process has been cumu- lative, until today elec- tricity costs. a fraction of what it did twenty-five years ago. At present we can look forward to the probability of using water- power extensively on one hand, and huge, econom- ical steam units on the other. : The inevitable result is a reduction in cost even with the present demand. But it so happens that two great in- dustries stand ready and waiting to use electric power just as soon as a marked . decrease in cost and increase in pro- duction become possible. These are the railroads and the electro-chemical Soon a large proportion of our railway mileage will be electrically driven; and soon nitrogen will be elec- trically reduced from the air, metals will be electrically refined, and chemi- cals will be electrically made. Only a little improvement in the supply of electric power is needed to electrify these industries. The railways and the chemical fac- tories will use more power than is now being

MAXIMUM H. P. DEMAND ¢owte . 5,000 Coece es a Ree oe son's oe judas As Ane ; putt «a's <n TOWN HpaAWPS This list totals 75,000 horsepower. If each town is supplied by a separate plant (now generally the ec&ase), the combined capacity of the plants must

Motor-driven ensilage-cutters will be common farm machinery when the age of electricity really gets here be at least 75,000 horsepower. But if all five plants were joined together into one system, probably 65,000 horse- power would be enough, because the maximum demands of all five towns would not occur at the same instant. Furthermore, only the largest and most economical of our five plants would be operated continuously, the others being held for ‘‘peak’’ and emergency service. Small and un- ‘economical plants would be scrapped. Difference in Waterpowers To give a specific example of the economy of this arrangement, a careful census. shows that the Chicago district

generated for every pur- pose. This extraordinary increase in the demand will obviously have its effect on costs, and prices will fall to a point un- dreamed of now. ons Distribution Is Important Another factor in reduc- ing the cost of electricity is the method by which it is generated and distributed. are five neighboring towns, and that the maximum amount of current de- manded by each at any one time in the course of a year is as given in the following table: ‘ gupply only the area

is operating power plants totaling 1,050,000 horsepower in capacity, but if all power were supplied from a single system, a capacity of only 825,000 horsepower would be required. The saving in fuel effected thereby would amount to 6,000,000 tons of coal a year, while the saving in labor, land, buildings, equipment, and many other items would be equally great. With waterpower plants the bene- fits of interconnection are especially marked, because waterpowers ‘vary so much in their character- istics. Some, like Niagara, can be depended upon for a continuous supply of water at all times; others have high and low seasons, and of these some can be readily supplied with stor- age reservoirs and some can not. When such pow- ers are interconnected, each can be used to the best advantage with minimum waste of water and maxi- mum economy and reli- ability. The interconnection of near-by plants, being therefore the most eco- nomical and satisfactory policy, is bound to take place rapidly, especially when waterpowers are brought into service. This process has already been begun in the United States, and England has used it successfully for some years. Part the Railroads Will Play A reduction in cost will take place, but mark this point: Independent plants immediately around ‘them, but. several plants brought together into one system are interconnected by a network of wire, and these will be so laid out that they will cover effectively the whole of the inhabited ter- ritory lying between the

The raw material for electricity is power, and we have at our disposal from 30,000,000 to 60,000,000 horsepower such as this 47 plants. With intercon- nected systems, whole dis- tricts will be supplied. What applies to single plants also applies to small systems. These will in turn be wired together, and the larger systems thus formed willalso be intercon- nected. The process will continue until there is hardly an inhabited part of the country that is not reached by electric power. The backbone of the sys- tems will be the railroads, which, being electrified, will carry the main power lines through the densest population, and from these lines branches will run off in every direction.

Page 38

P . SQW AW WAN Qa ogy goo TO PASWWNW WO PEM GHW WWD AWA|sPsApjAH Qx$}

If you wish to travel in comfort, take your hotel with you ~. Country roads are liable to be full of mud-holes in the and board yourself. This is a Texas motorist’s idea spring, and truckmen will find a mud-skid like this useful 4

‘| Reet al okslslehlehees r=! Ni ie ell ad Raaoesaged \ RR

SS == Anold headlight rim used to frame the gasoline rate-card

A. small bulb, operated by a battery, gives enough light for your side or tail lamps BRACKET A small gasoline tractor that will carry two tons or haul a trailer with a 314-ton load. It is very compact, has a four- cylinder engine of 10-horse- power, and is easily handled

vg DIAPHRAGM MAGNETO When your electric horn becomes clogged, disconnect it and remove the accumulated dust between the diaphragm and cover

This flexible heater, which uses 200 watts, will thaw out your pipes and keep your engine from freezing

RERRRRWW WW DD wT We ccccccccccdccceedeeccai N U cccccccudddidda REGATTA AT RANA aE AER TENE, SNA ATA WVWWWW.w_ wy Wo IONE VW WV ww

Yt Z To protect hothouse plants and cut flowers from freezing in transit in winter, a Buffalo, N. Y., florist employed a delivery automobile heated by the exhaust gases from the engine of the car 48

Se Wena

Page 39

the Automobile Owner and Driver SONNTAG WWE ANVOHIN ¥ “eg aE RSE Te & re? i Ate j sini ‘srs ff. BX] ¥ Gravity is much cheaper than man-power. Instead of having the cans of milk rolled from the refrigerator to the load- ing platform by man-power, a large dairy concern allows the cans to slide down a roller-coaster by their own weight A new valve-lifter has a U-shaped bar with a pivoted handle and_holds the valve down while the spring is compressed to re- move the valve pin This automobile oiler measures the ee amount of oil used, and puts it where it is wan ith : - BF , vn 3 ba = ‘ With this vulcanizing cartridge, the engine os thaties _. Ga which supplies its own fuel, mend- ing tubes becomes an easy task VALVE- COMPRESSING BLOCK. ue : A / ‘\ a ip ‘ A new battery-gage warns you when “4 x our storage-battery needs attention SWING-SPOUT ae Ty nee | ‘et 4 che ae BE as =, HNN, The service flag on this radiator Snow, .ice, or water cannot adhere With, this locking device your will never rattle. It is painted on to this motor-driven glass disk automobile will run in a circle 49

Page 40

a eeernareprenhs crate agrees eee EY 7 5 iaaalnicdhe eile iat sess eee Apres t fj “| He F | - Popular Science Monthly Out of the Garbage-Pail into the Fire Fuel bricks are now added to the list of things salvaged by science from the nation’s waste ONG before the world war taught us economy, among other les- sons, there was a saying that a French family could live, and live well, on the waste from a typical American table. The waste leak through the garbage-pail was known to be enormous—and, indeed, we were rather proud of it, as an evidence of prosperity. We've learned better now, and in learning we have unearthed some stupendous facts. For instance, we know that, about the time the war began, there were twenty-nine com- panies in the United States engaged in rendering garbage for the recovery of grease. They treated 1,200,000 tons of garbage a year, and produced 172,000 tons of tankage—a coarse brown pow- der which makes fine fertilizer. How to Save $4,000,000 a Year Not counting the value of the fats extracted,—a value that was well un- derstood when the war pressed home the need for glycerine from which to make explosives,—the tankage was worth more than $2,000,000 a year; and it has been figured by experts that the installation of rendering plants in all cities of over 30,000 inhabitants would result in a tankage production of more than $4,000,000 annually. Grease, from which high explosives are manufactured, and tankage were formerly the principal things of use recovered from garbage. 1AO2 FT. OORT STREET SWEEPINGS GARBAGE GARBAGE 67.012 157.180 CUB YDs. MONUMENT 135. 30: CUBYDS. 39.010 CUBYDS. 105.751 CUB.YDS. CUB.YDS. If all of the waste material collected in the city of Washington in one year were sorted out into its component parts, and the parts set up beside the Washington Monument, monument which is 535 feet in height—would be the smallest in the group REFUSE WASHINGION ASHES STREET By Joseph Brinker But recently there was announced the discovery of a new method of mak- ing fuel from garbage and refuse. This method has been perfected to the point where the government is to conduct exhaustive tests by having one hun- dred tons of the fuel made in the city of Washington. Fuel Bricks from Garbage It’s a pleasant thought that, even if we are careless in the kitchen, we we may escape the just punishment for our sins, since in wasting what might have been fuel for our bodies we gain fuel for the furnace. Of course, in carrying out the tests, what the govern- ment has in mind is to prevent waste of any sort, to conserve the coal supply, and to cut down the number of cars now needed to move coal from the mines to the consumer. The process by which it is hoped the garbage of yesterday may be the cheer- ful fire of to-morrow is the invention of E. L. Culver, of Chicago. His plan is to use garbage and coal-dust, the waste from coal-mines, with about seven per cent of tar. For steam pur- poses no coal-dust is required. After the garbage is sprayed with creosote for sani- tary reasons, it is dumped on a moving belt, where material . such as iron, > bottles, rags, »—___—_1—__—. 93 PT. Fuel that is better than bi- tuminous coal is made from garbage by this plant, which sorts and grinds it, mixes it . with coal-dust, and turns it out in neat bricks weigh- ing two pounds apiece 50 ashes, and the like are sorted out. The residue is fed to a grinder, where it is pulverized and mixed with the coal- dust. Later it is impregnated with hot water, live steam, and a certain per- centage of tar. When the mass be- comes pulp-like in form, it is depos- ; ited in a brick-making machine, and pressed into fuel bricks ready for firing. . The bricks weigh two pounds apiece, so that one thousand bricks make a ton of fuel. A single brick-machine will turn out twenty-five thousand bricks of fuel in eight hours, or seventy-five thousand in a day of twenty-four hours. Advantages Claimed for New Fuel Among the advantages claimed for the new fuel are that it will not slack, no matter how long it may be stored; that it is impervious to water; and that it burns to a cigar-like ash without ao DR are eae &€ 4 oe = ne a &® Aa eh A. — ~& ww iT fA A OF

Page 41

February, 2919 leaving the clinkers which are so de- tructive to fire-grates. Bituminous coal has from 9,000° to 12,500 heat units to the pound, and recent tests of the garbage fuel show it to have from 9,000 to 12,920 heat units. The bricks recently sold in Austin, Texas, where an experimental station was set up, at six dollars and fifty cents a ton. A second plant has been erected in Washington, D. C., where one hun- dred tons of brick will be manufactured for government officials for. testing purposes. Later a larger plant, some- what similar to that shown in the cross-sectional illustration below will be erected. Great Heat Value While: burning, the fuel resembles oak wood, and leaves about the same white ash, though its duration and heat value are much greater. Tests have shown that the garbage fuel contains more heat units than the best bitumin- ous coal. For steam purposes, still - better results are obtained if equal OUST BIN parts of garbage and coal-dust and from five to seven per cent of tar is made the mixture. The binder thus created holds together about eighty | per cent of the coal-dust while it is burning on the grates. Daily Average Waste per Person It may be some time before you will be heating your house with fuel born of the garbage-pail; and in the mean- time, or at any time for that matter, it is well to recall how large is the waste to be reclaimed. Definite figures can be worked out for the quantities and contents of garbage, in spite of its variable character and amount. Ac- cording to a report of the American Chemical Society, the average quantity per person is one half pound a day. It consists of 70 .per cent moisture, 20 per cent tankage, 3.5 per cent grease, 1.5 per cent bones, and 5 per cent rubbish. This can all be convert- rasaryny om GRINDERS ~ "ee a LITT: tat} e ly, 3 ed into a fuel product capable of being burned over a grate with less trouble than with coal. The fuel that is made in the plant shown below is called oakoal, obvi- ously made up from the words “oak” and “coal.” It is so named because in burning it resembles oak wood, and leaves about the same white ash. Aside from the advantages of the fuel as compared with coal in respect to its greater heating value per pound and less ash, its brick formation makes it easy to handle and to save in storage space, since it can be stacked in regu- lar rows. It produces no soot and little smoke in burning, so that smoke-nuisance ordinances can be forgotten when it is used. The possibility of spontane- ous combustion is eliminated, and there is practically no loss in transpore tation. the~ ordinary forms of -

Page 42

Yast OMALUADA LUNE D0/p VMULM) Popular Science Monthly MMM still aMllMlhNli lysine i of a | A Very Independent Clock PPLE growers and eaters who live in Los Angeles are responsible for the exist- ence of this $5,000 clock. The growers built it in the center of their market-place for the convenience of the buyers. Most of the $5,000 was spent in outfitting the clock with special attach- ments in order that it might be quite self-sufficient—and it is. It winds itself up when run down, lights itself up at sundown; turns itself off at day- break, and attends to many other intimate, personal details. In spite of this versatility, the clock is quite good to look at; for all of its complicated mechanisms are hidden beneath four calm, unruffled concrete faces. Its enormous pro- portions can best be judged by comparing it with the three men wevkns on it. around for new jobs. examples for other am- bitious bullets.. . . One of them is work- ing as a flag-holder. The bullet is taken out of the shell and the flagstaff at- tached to the blunt end. The sharp end of the bullet is inserted into the shell, and so the bullet is transformed into a flag-holder.. The other one holds down a more % G, _ Hats Now Used for sssigaeledals ‘in the Best Circles | A PECULIAR form of patriotism has broken out among inventors. Every- thing they invent apes implements of war- fare, whether or not they are appropriate. An illustration is this hat lamp-shade. It is a reproduction of a soldier’s hat, and looks as if a small-sized tipsy soldier, if such there be, had come home late the night before and hung it up there. Modern Truck and Old-Fashioned Bridge M ANY country bridges were built years ago, to hold a horse and buggy or perhaps a hay-wagon. Then progress brought huge automobile trucks capable of carrying tons, and the frail. old bridges began to tremble beneath their weight. Gaze on the picture above. its back, this truck traveled swiftly toward the bridge. . When half way across, the rear wheels broke through the 2)4-inch planking, and the truck came to a standstill. It-is evident that ‘such old bridges: should be rebuilt. UL acl With a small forest on WRAOBN}DWVWVW WVW{W iW WO DO” You Can See Them Grow "TREES grow so slowly, and the consumption of full-grown ones is so great, that before long we _ shall have to take to substitutes. A telephone company has planted in California, for use as telephone poles,the forest of bamboo shown above. South- ern California is particularly fertile, and bamboo forests planted there sometimes grow to a height of sixty feet in a single season. The stalks in the picture grew as much as eight inches in one day. Each new year the stalks become thicker, longer, and stronger. They came’ originally from Japan and China, and are used there in house and. bridge construction; for piping water, and for making furniture. Already we have some bamboo furniture, and perhaps in'time we'll _ have the other things too: SNA NAANO Some Little Things that the War Has ‘Brought Us ULLETS have -been mustered out of service, now that we are no longer shooting Germans, and they have had to hunt These two have found good ones—excellent serious job. A. blade is attached to its. blunt end, and thus it becomes a penknife. Saekaeeean like these, reminiscent of army days, are very popular now—so much so that people are now using metal paper- weights molded in the form of different parts of soldiers’ and sailors’ equipment. Here, for example, are a pair of hats; one is a soldier’s hat, the other a sailor’s. In shape and color they are exact im- itations of.the real thing.

Page 43

~~ VS OO hee CV erwer ss wom teow S&S and if 2 ae, pa cra an ' February, 1919 Take the Key and Lock yoo It Up A, HE lock shown in the pic- ture below looks like a clamp, and. acts like one. Suppose you wished to fasten together the handles of a bag. You would pass one of the arms : With One Hand She Knits for Soldiers Bots persevering woman has refused to let the loss of her right’ forearm make her help- less. So when our fighting boys clamored for sweaters and socks she decided. that she of the lock through the handles, clamp it shut, and lock it. The lock may be applied to almost anything. This home- ward-bound soldier proves it. would knit some. Under her crippled arm she tucks the needle carrying the work, and with her one hand she both guides’ the thread and works the other needle. = MAMWWrWiWRRWW WW WwW WT being trained over it. get up there. Roof-Gardening pa Top of a Garage : A MAN living in southern California was faced with the problem of building. a garage and a pergola in space enough for only one. Finally he decided to build the pergola on top of the garage. The garage is of concrete, and the pergola of wood. Rose and ivy vines are The roof-garden would undoubtedly be a delightful place to visit—if one knew how to Elocutioning in His Front Yard Instead of Hiring a Hall O hire a theater each Sunday in which to recite the poetry you have written during the week would be an expensive undertaking. A Californian poet, Charles Keeler, had this great desire to pass on his weekly creations to an admiring audience, and he hit on an economical way of doing it. His front yard was shaped just like an amphitheater. Fifty dollars’ worth of blast- - Ld idsdddasdadiddsddddddddidddddddddddddudddldddda Tro i cccccncccccccchhccdccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccllclccccclchccceczaasaiaasaaitidaiiaiilaa ta tilias tien tisnis satessaitlmatilatiitialiaesitedinatiatiatala iain aialied 53 ing on the rocky, sloping sides resulted in tiers which would seat an audience of three hundred. The resulting theater is hedged in by large oak and bay trees. In this rustic setting, Keeler recites his works each Sunday, using for his stage the bare ground. A glance. at the picture shows that our army and navy boys have poetic souls. Led dda.dddddddddadedcdddhcd adaddaaadddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddaddddddddadidddddédddiaa hw = AMADA DEL Ue Abi SAE t te DAE PNB AOONAAEAELESGLANAEEL A GEOR SE:

Page 44

Popular Science Monthly Compressed Air to the Rescue How a submarine, sunk in ninety feet ‘of water, was raised and its crew saved HE British had a rod in. _ pickling for the German — Grand Fleet if the Kaiser’s sea. force had ventured: forth again. be specific, the instrument’ of chastise- ment consists of ‘a flotilla of very large.- submarines of a new type, and the pur-* pose for which these boats were built © was the forming of a mobile ambuscade just where ,the foe would be least likely to look for under-water craft. They. were designed to have exception- ally high sarface speed and. to be cap- able of accompanying a pattle squadron - to distant cones of operation offshore, and there, to submerge and lie in wait © for the enemy’s armored squadrons. The present story has nothing to do with the details of construction of these powerful submarines other than to say that they are not propelled by internal combustion engines, but. are driven, instead, by steam-turbines when oper- ating at the surface—steam making it possible to attain greater speed, and possessing other technical and military advantages. Spectacular Feat of Saloage Corps Now, one of the conditions that have handicapped the employment of steam in submarines has been the great amount of heat radiated by the boilers, and the well-nigh insufferably high temperature of the boiler and engine spaces; and it is upon this fact that the present story turns. Several months ago, the British authorities gave an outline of some of the spectacular work carried out to successful _ cli- To. By Robert G. Skerrett foundered on her first deep-water trial trip: to be exact, she went to the bot- tom when making her initial dive. She had aboard of her at the time not only *a full crew but nearly.’double that: number, and among the extra personnel. were certain high officials of the Ad- -miralty. There were fully-ninety peo- ° ple inside of her when she was headed’ seaward. = ; o A Strange Oversight “ It is not certain whether the presence of so many inquiring spectators or the newness of the crew led to confusion and oversight at a critical stage of the maneuvers, but it is known that the primary cause of the disaster was the failure to close some of the ventilators over the boiler and engine spaces be- fore the boat submerged! _ In all probability, the steam plant heated the craft to an uncomfortable degree, and in order to secure relief the ventilators were kept open aft, and this was forgotten during the execution of certain orders immediately preced- ing the fateful dive. As a result, the vessel no sooner settled below the sur- face than water poured in violently through the unsealed ventilators; and, before the descent of the submarine could be halted, hydrostatic pressure increased the speed and force of the invading flood, sending her bottomward like a dropping stone. Half of the people on board, those a in the space aft, were drowned. Those forward were trapped and seemingly doomed. -“Happily, the submarine was under escort, and the. bubbles of air escaping surfaceward steadily from a fixed posi- tion occasioned alarm. Divers were promptly brought. to the site and sent down. They discovered the foundered boat. Their hammer blows upon the hull were answered by. tappings from .” within * the unflooded interior, and signals .were exchanged telling the nature of the accident and the predica- ment of the survivors. Fresh Air ae In The first concern was to save the lives of those in the forwavd half of the boat, and it was realized that air would have to be supplied them be- fore the confined atmosphere became too foul to sustain life. To this end, hose connections were made through the outer deck by way of existing fit- tings, and fresh air was forced into the vessel while the tainted air was withdrawn at another point. From time to time, liquid food was sent down through the hose to the impris- oned men. These relief measures were continued for a day or more. In a somewhat similar manner, com- pressed air was forced into the flooded after half—entering through the top of the pressure-resisting hull and driving out the contained water through an opening which was cleared in the under side of the submarine’s shell. Sufficient buoyancy was maxes by the finally obtained Salvage Section in this manner of ve ee “7 cause the ty. Among these oat to brin performances her bow op was the raising, the surface. by means of A ee Then, by means compressed air, Pe 2 3 a fre “ of oxy-acetylene Ofavesselwhich = |i eee eee| = torches, an — gone to the ES: - a opening was cut ottom in water COMPRESSEDy ae Oe in the exposed ninety feet deep. fa a x dt deck and a way The public re- cleared for the port did not de- escape of the scribe the type \ forty-five survi- of craft; but it has since be- come known that the vessel in question was a ~ COMPRESSED AIR LINE vors within. The submarine was next towed to port, dry-dock- ed, and refitted one of the big for service. steam-driven WATER FORCED our ‘This salvage submarines eg eee achievement mentioned. Liquid food was sent down through the hose to the imprisoned men, stands without The boat and finally the submarine was forced to the surface by compressed air a parallel. | 54

Page 45

a ee, a oe ee a eae or © February, 2919 sin farmer, on the scissors principle. The base of the in- strument is U-shaped, and has a very sharp front edge. Attached to this base is a handle, hinged so that it can travel back and forth. On the handle, near the bottom, is a curved arm on which there is a V- shaped blade. The farmer places the base of the cutter on the ground, with its sharp edge against the tree and thecurved arm around it. Then he pulls the handle, as shown in the illustra- tion above, and the tree is swiftly and easily clipped off. Anybody who has ever performed the back- breaking task of cleaning ‘a piece of woods for planting will register a. silent “thank you” to the inventor of this use- ful device. This.simple cutter for saplings works on the scissors principle, the operator simply pulling the handle Clipping Down Young Trees R. GEORGE UL- RICH, a Wiscon- decided to make a meadow out of some land of his on which there was a large growth of, young trees. He and’ his son start- ed hacking them down with scythes EDGES © and axes — the usual way of clearing :and. In a short time the scythes grew dull and the men became tired and discouraged. This led Mr. Ulrich to invent, as a quicker and easier. means of cutting the trees, a tool that works oS SRE ieee the modern method of packing nails She’s All Dressed Up } © Underwood & Underwood At news of the signing of the armistice,,every ship in New York harbor put on her prettiest dress, togging up in bunting and signal flags from truck to taffrail. The English vessel shown here was already decorated with a riot of camouflage. The war over, the censor allowed her to be photographed with all her face-pzint on 55 With this machine it is possible for one person to pack nails at the rate of 2,400 pounds an hour for Peace An Electromagnetic Nail-Packer HAT promises to be a revolu- tion in the manner of handling nails has been started by an electro- magnetic packing-machine. Instead of being thrown helter-skelter into kegs, where much of the space is lost, the nails are neatly arranged rs “parallel to each other in cartons or It is easy to see the advantages of boxes. The machine is highly ingenious, i though simple in principle and in operation. It is based on the principle that linear iron ob- jects, when in a magnetic field, take up a position in the direction of the lines of force. The nails are dumped into a feed-trough in lots of about a thousand pounds. A shaking device causes them to glide into the paralleling mechanism, where, freely falling, they are paralleled with mathematical exact- ness. After the nails are paralleled, a lever cuts out the current and press- es the nails into a tray which is fixed between the two magnet poles. The sheet-iron tray then swings downward, and the nails are emptied from it into the packet by a slight jerk. After a little training one operator can put up from 600 to 2,400 pounds of nails in - ten-pound packets in an hour. The current required can be taken from the ordinary circuit, and amounts to only one or two kilo- watt hours in an eight- hour day. pone: mene mnt)

Page 46

ype Modern Knights Frrant Create They blazon their devices on airplanes as An interesting feature of the Great War was the revival by the air fighters of traditions and practices of knight errantry. Just as the knights of old wore distinctive devices, so the chiv- alry of the air placed distinct- ive markings on their airplanes We have to show this interesting beast upside down because the Hun plane he decorates fell that way. The ancient griffin, or gryphon, guarded treasure One French flyer sought inspiration from the ancients, Fritz likes boastful heraldry—here we have the Bavarian choosing as his device the symbol of speed and wisdom lion chasing the French cock.- How that rooster came back! The coats-of-arms of which I = ancient families are proud had their origin in the same spirit that led these fighting airmen to blazon the rose upon their plane A Lafayette Escadrille flyer, who, while short on heraldry, evidently believed implicitly in 3 the magic combination of the mystic 13, his lady’s name, and the United States shield Popular Science Monthly,

Page 47

February, 1919 a New Heraldry of the Air warriors once did on shield and armor The “sporting” element of individual combat, quite missing from modérn war on the ground, still lives for the air fighters, as this German plane indicates CLL adc Like the “‘one-shield” knights of romance, the Stork Esca- drille flyers carried one distinguishing emblem on their planes Does the dove seem out of place on a fighting plane? Well, the stork is supposed to be in other business, too Vf deaddddscddiadddidddaddaiduidddadddadsdaccccadded' "Lp cdddddddddaacadaaaaaaiaiacra A Belgian version of the Indian head. © When knight- hood was in flower, this de- vice would have been handed down from father to son, and would have been’ embla- zoned on the flag flying from SVOOOGKH TAA ANT ed the family castle. It’s hard to be picturesque and democratic at the same time = a Ss a LM The “Téte Noire” (black head) device and fighting name of the old Norman is recalled by this Indian head on our modern hero Lufbery’s machine Not only appropriate in its sug- gestion of a “shooting star,” but also, in its character as a comet, a legitimate heraldic device nO AN papinenapne tay eran n i aS

Page 48

~ _ lies. « ‘one illustrated attached to-a truck, ‘every move the truck makesis recorded loaders have been it is difficult to khow where the fault “With a service recorder like -the with absolute accuracy. : The principle it weeks on is this: a truck in motion sways from side to — side. There is a pendulum i in the re- corder ‘whice swings with the truck . when traveling. Behind the pendu- lum is a chart rotating at clock speed. As the pendulum moves, it records the movement on the chart by means of a stylus that is set in the pendulum near its point of suspension. Thus the time when the truck is traveling and This recorder may be attached to any part of the motor-truck ° -PENDULUM,_, 4 PENDULUM x sh HINGED an Si CONTAINING: STYLUS AND PENDULUM SPRING CHART CLAMP The swinging of the pendulum is re- corded by a stylus on a rotating chart Turn a Crank and Shovel Out T was not long after the beginning of the war when the British Royal Engineers, intrusted with keeping French roads in shape, found that they would have to devise some unloading means for handling road material. It was this condition that led Lieu- tenant W. Owen Wilkins to invent the unloading de- vice here illustra- ted. One of the main advantages of the equipment is that it can be applied to any - truck without any changes in» the body itself, such as would be neces- saryif thecommon type of American body. hoist were employed. About four hun- dred -of the un- fitted on British trucks, and a like number on the American _ vehi- cles serving with the United States Engineer Corps. __ The success ob- , tained with the apparatus may be gaged by one test in which two men unloaded a three-ton load of ballast in thirty seconds. The apparatus consists of a flexible false bottom, which is placed inside of the ordinary body and supported on the Loni Popular Science Monthly ee - Know What Your Trucks Are Doing THEN. a truck-owner nde his trucks out for the -day, » he has no means of keeping any chéck on his system. Ifa iver | is out for a long time and accomplishes little, the time when it is standing still show up plainly .on the disk in black and white. side of the chart, and this record can easily be verified if The driver adds his record at the necessary. The section of a chart shown below will give an idea of how this is done. The advantages of this recorder are many. For instance, it took more than an hour for the truck to load, This denoted bad system in the loading department, which was promptly in- vestigated. Then, too, there will be no arguments between driver and bosg in regard to time and overtime, for the recorder tells no lies. If the driver covers a great distance in a very short time, the boss will know he has been speeding. time 44u.and Sim, Jota! stamdimg time 4 hrs. and 55min. This is the way the chart looks at the end of a day’s traveling longitudinal metal skids placed on wood sills placed lengthwise. The false bottom carries the-load, and is provided with a vertical steel plate near the front end of the body. The entire false bottom, which is made up of laths or slats of steel mounted on a flexible base, is Two men canloaded three tons of ballast in thirty, seconds with the aid of this flexible false bottom placed inside the body of the truck 58 moved backward and over a roller at the rear and slightly above the end of the truck-frame and thence down and around a roller underneath. This winding up of the false bottom, which is effected by two men working crank handles, moves the verti- cal steel plate backward, shov- ing ahead of it all the material carried and push- ing it off on to the ground. A wire rope brings the plate back to the front for the next load. em 6 ht betes ot hee lk ll . 2 at at of oth Orr 2 ps et SMe OB tH KH 6

Page 49

ly ice aS 5 Rar “x32 © #3 ‘he ate is ee] ard ler ind dis nd ind ler ing ilse . is wo ng es, rti- ate Ov- ial sh- to ngs to the ‘sleeve upward against the -tank and a balance-spring ‘the equalizing tank line. _ outside follow sleeve has not February, 1919 This New Motor-Truck Hasn’t Any Springs NEW type of motor-truck has no springs, and yet it is said to “ride” more easily than a passenger car. This is accomplished by the substitution of four telescoping cylin- ders, which open and close on a body of oil and air, each cylinder work- ing independently and operating . against the pressure of a central equalizing tank. One of the cylinders is attached at each corner of the truck-frame and to the axles below it. An oil lead from each cylinder is connected with the central equalizing tank, filled with common. cylinder oil and air under pressure. The initial pressure in the equalizing tank is provided by a small engine-driven pump, and is afterward regulated by an ordinary valve on the dashboard. Each cylinder is joined to the axle by means of a ball- and-socket joint, the upper or outside telescoping portion being pivoted to the frame at points in a line drawn parallel with the longitudinal center-line of the truck. This re- moves all side strain from the cylinders. At the rear, the usual radius rods are employed to take the driving strains set up by the motion of the truck. At the front, however, a set of flexible radius rods, resembling the main leaf of a spring, take care of the side sway. While simple in principle, the path of the oil through the cylinders to the central tank is quite complicated. The inside telescoping cylinder which is fastened to the axle is provided with a hollow main sleeve, or tube, which ex- tends upward into the hollow piston and piston-rod of the upper or outside cylinder attached to the truck-frame. The hollow main sleeve has ports cut intoit near the bottom, and these are opened and closed automatically to allow the oil to flow from beneath the piston to the equalizing tank as the axle moves up and down on rough roads. To understand just how the sleeves work, imagine that the cylinder fastened to the axle is suddenly displaced upward in striking a bump. The pressure on the oil be- neath the piston is increased, and this drives the auxiliary Cylinders like this may replace springs on motor-trucks pressure in the equalizing inside the sleeve until the oil is discharged through the ports into the main sleeve, and then upward and out to During this operation, the moved. The piston then moves downward, forcing the follow sleeve down and opening the main sleeve ports and closing the aux- iliary ports until all the main sleeve ports are open. When the piston is within half an inch of the bottom, all the ports are closed to prevent any metal-to-metal contact. The radial rods take care of the side sway of the truck; the cylinders support thé load 59 The sanding device on this street-sweeping mach‘ne may also be used for distributing seeds on farm-land Making the Street-Sweeping Machines Work Overtime N large cities the street-sweeping machines are usually kept pretty busy; yet there are times—for instance, in wet and foggy weather—when they are idle for many hours at a time. Peter J. Owen, the superintendent of the street-cleaning department in San Francisco, has increased the usefulness of the automobile street-sweeping machines of his depart- ment by a simple expedient which is likely to be adopted in other large cities. He removed the trap-door in the front or the rear of the sweeper, and put in its place an attachment consisting of two sand-spreaders, which are geared to be run at two speeds. The sand is carried in a box on the chassis of the car. The sanding attachment can be mounted on the sweeper in less than one hour, and is very useful on wet and foggy days, when the streets are slippery. The sand provides the necessary friction to prevent horses from slipping and falling and automobiles from - skidding. It is also of great value in removing the oil drop- ped from automobiles—this oil being highly injurious to the smoothness of bituminous road surfaces. This sanding attachment can also be placed on a lighter chassis, and may be used for planting seeds on farms. How the sleeves of the tele- scoping cylinders work

Page 50

Popular Science Monthly Scientist and Artist Too ™ “T have only just begun to fight!’ Dwight Franklin makes live again that moment on the deck of the sinking Bonhomme Richard which made Paul Jones one of the immortals Dwight Franklin is a new kind of artist- scientist. He has had to develop hisown tech- nique. All of his ma- terjals—paint, metal, plaster, wood — are handled with equal skill WIGHT FRANKLIN, of New York city, is a new kind of artist. Perhaps he ought to be called a new kind of scientist, too. He delves into the hidden past by making a thorough scientific study of how the cave-man lived, how the,Vikings fought, how George Washington. crossed the Delaware, or how the pirates of the Spanish Main spread terror in the Caribbean Sea, all for the purpose of producing startlingly realistic and minutely accurate models. S Now,. the model is not a new piece, of apparatus in the museum; but in the past it has been both accurate and dead. Dwight Franklin imparts to the model dramatic action. He applies, on a small seale, the very principles that David Belasco and other successful producers of- plays employ to stir the souls of their audiences. What is the most striking event in the career of John Paul Jones? Undoubtedly, that historic battle during which he stood on the quarter-deck of the Bonhomme Richard, when it had been reduced to a mere hulk, and responded to his British adversary’s demand for surrender with: “I have only just begun tofight!”- — “Kamerad!” It was a. great‘ moment in marines at Chateau- Thierry stopped the German rush for Paris. In interpreting sub- jects like this, Mr. Franklin imparts to his model real dramatic action. While the model is not new in museums, it has hither- to been both accurate and dead. In his new art Mr. Franklin ap- plies, on a small scale, the very principles successful producers of plays employ Dwight Franklin dramatizes the incident. He makes a model of the deck. He places on the deck little figures, fashioned with a real artist’s feeling and with a jeweler’s painstaking regard for minute detail. In a word, he stages John Paul Jones and his crew. He mounts the setting in a box, like a little stage, and illuminates it with a keen sense for the dramatic effect. Andtheresult? “Thescene lives. As yet Mr. Franklin has no competitor in his scientific dramatizations. His work, exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and in the American Museum of Natural History, finds no counterpart anywhere. Franklin has had to create his.own technique. Plaster, wood, clay, cardboard, metal—all materials must be worked with equal skill and facility in order to produce the effect desired: He will spend hours, even days, in carving and piecing together a little chair. If the charred ruin of a French village razed by German guns is to be represented, he will first fashion little beams :and then burn them. Thus a new step has been taken by a man who com- “binés the. plastic sense of the seulptor with the scientist’s love of truth. history when ‘the { ¢7 Feln

Page 51

February, 1919 se / -s r x : waShcbsciedbotenconbbaie seareeese” na Oa it es el ek ’s rd ul X, se 2S. fic an -al er, be he ng od, m- ts It was the Romans who set the fashion of spanning pub- lic thoroughfares with huge ornamental arches, usually built to commemorate vic- tory. This one, the Arch of Constantine, built.in the year 315 A.D., is one of the best preserved of all ancient Roman rmozuments The Dewey Arch was built over Fifth Avenue, New York, to welcome the Admiral from histriumphs. To be ready in time, work was rushed day and night on the structure and on the plaster-of-paris statues that adorned it. In spite of the hurry, critics agreed that the arch pos- sessed impressive dignity and beauty. It stood 100 feet high and the flimsy materials weighed more than ten tons 4 Y. i ' EA in * | | | | Here.is the Chinese idea of a handsome memorial arch. . An emperor of the Ming dynasty placed it at Peking centuries ago Beneath These’ Arches Fame’s Highroad Passes When the Yanks come marching home. Sketch by Thomas Hastings of an arch of welcome on Fifth Avenue Bx Most famous: of all modern triumphal arches, the great Arc de Triomphe de 1’Etoile in Paris. Napoleon began it in 1806, and it was completed a decade after his death. The total cost was more than twenty million dollars Were things done now as in the old days, Germany might be suffering from falling triumphal arches; and, as it is, the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin—under which Bis- marck -marched his cap- tive Danes, Austrians and Frenchmen—has . gone out of the triumph business. In the time when the “‘Me und Gott” partnership flourished, only Wilhelm could pass through the central opening 61 ——ee

Page 52

Popular Science M onthly A solid comfort chair which can be made into an invalid chair. The foot-rest and tray are re- movable. A button in the right arm regulates the back A long. platform for the electric ing-machine, rinsing and blujing tubs, and the basket, making a con- tinuous operation from start to finish SWRADBIAAAASSAEECSTAE DIT BAVAASIASES cdlddddddbddddd ve entedracndamnmnmsissdnidiidadsill WRRAIW . NADA aaa. F ds. RMA-_ WDNWWDWDww. One of the newest devices for cutting an apple into slices and coring it at the same time eS Racal fe te Jit by OW ht: B22. > 2 > oe: A new door-bolt for closing : - door tightly to prevent draft : it can be locked with a padlock A glass tube and rubber cover for skimming milk in the bottle. The cream is removed by pressing the cover VELL a lacelalddadi Le dcccccocdccedeeeceea A product of the war: a folding camp- seat made into 4 barber-shop chair : 7 Wise, Sanitary glass receptacles for tea, sugar, etc. They are arranged conveniently on shelves This chair does away with the necessity for a telephone-desk. it has -a. place for. the telephone-book anda swinging. arm for the’: reteiving - stand . f t z C i 62

Page 53

February, 1919 SP | The scrap material that accumulates around every shop becomes a problem ] in large factories. This baler bundles it like paper rn i ara a pie ama farnaaine s en nnn a ge Machines That Were Built to -Hooverize Material and Labor MMOL YO LMOLM ULNA LOU be Yh el LVL GN belli ite A device on the truck. shown in the picture above _re- duces the labor of the handling of kegs toa minimum A small and almost ; : automatic electric al lighting plant for houses. It is so simple that a small child can start it With the aid of a large. emery-wheel A tool that makes -— the thread gages The mounted on a = em that are so neces- hen moving arm, many - sary in standard- difficult grinding opera- tions on heavy castings may be accomplished izing bolts and screws and in the manufacture of modern maciiinery | Mee eco sae PRES ae > i NRC NRE Ba omen mete on Dr, ia UAk es Seater nena SALE AA IR SO OE IE NE OE apes nna ‘ cca pisasicmamenenntl eee “a ectensinamsnensasen nanan een During the war it A _— was necessary to seal all metal cans ‘ sent abroad, - even those containing biscuits. Above is an electrically oper- ated tool for sealing The goose-neck of this finishing tool relieves the chatter and gives a perfectly smooth cut where it is used in a lathe or planer A machine eniployed in paper-milis for finishing the paper surfaces; note the size of the rolls used 63

Page 54

Good screened quartz sand, under the mi- croscope, looks like a mass of pearly — ‘Little Grains of Sand UARTZ is the most valuable com- ponent of sand. It occurs in enormous masses, without definite crystalline structure. Quartz sand, under the magnifying-glass or the microscope, looks exactly as a handful of pebbles looks to the naked eye. These minute pebbles are more or_less rounded and polished by attrition, but they vary in size and color. The picture accompanying this article gives > an excellent illustration of the appear- ance under the microscope of good quartz sand composed of pebbles of uniform size. This uniformity of size is obtained by shifting the sand through screens of fine mesh. Formerly it was believed that sand, to be effective for sand-blasting, should consist of mineral particles with sharp, irregular ,corners. A careful study. of the subject with. experiments has ‘since shown the fallacy of this theory. Such particles,.as a rule, can be obtained only by crushing crystals. These rapidly split into smaller cry- stalline particles, and eventually be- Popular Science Monthly This machine, with a crew of four men, will sade "fe x up and place in position ninety rails an hour A ‘Machine that Lays Railway. Feacks O you remember the old railway- building days? Hundreds of men with picks and shovels graded the the road-bed; trucks with gigantic wheels and drawn by many horses hauled the rails to the right of way and distributed them along the roadway. It required from sixteen to twenty men to carry each rail from the truck to its temporary. resting-place, and just as many -to-put-it-in-position-as-part: of - the track. At the present time one steam- shovel, guided by three or four men, takes the place of that army of men with picks and shovels. Powerful trac- tors carry the rails and other material in a fraction of the time it used to take, and a light derrick-car with four men picks up and places the rails in position at the rate of ninety railsan hour. _ The picture above shows one of these derrick-cars. The power for running the car at the rate of from four to six- teen miles an hour is generated by a four-cylinder gasoline engine, which also supplies the power for hoisting and lowering the rails. One man operates t.e engine, two men are required to-steady-the ends of the rail, and the fourth man attaches and detaches the rail tongs. The levers are operated from the driv- er’s seat. The car, with its machinery, weighs only 4,500 pounds. If desirable, trailers may be attached to the car, in. which to carry laborers to and from work. - Administering Doses of Liquid Iron to Steel Furnaces This is the spoon by which the hungry steel converter is fed with iron N open-hearth steel-making it is cus- tomary to put liquid iron into the . furnace for converting the iron into steel. A recently invented charging apparatus is mounted on a steel platform car which come’ crystalline dust without “abrasive power. It was found that - Quartz pebbles of uniform size and nearly spherical shape are best suited for sand-blasting. Best. “of all are those without , crystalline structure, because they do not split and splinter into dust, and hence !a-t much longer. Owing to their _ great hardness, they can be blown against hard sur- faces without breaking, and their uni- form size and roundngss give to the surface treat- ed by them a smooth, even finish. runs on a track close to the doors of the furnaces to be charged. “Fa* the picture the ladle is, tilted as it would be after it had ‘emptied the liquid iron into the trough shown under the: ladle. The ladle is tilted by means of an electric motor. Another motor trough, which is placed trans- versely in front of the spout of the ladle. The liquid metal runs through the charging trough andinto the fur- nace. operates the telescoping. charging’ prer eed

Page 55

ee . ion ese ing 3ix- ya ‘ich ‘ing two nds J nan») ngs. riv- ighs ilers hich ork. cus- the teel. ‘atus hich loors 2d as ptied ough The f an notor rging’ ch is ans- front ut of | runs the rough e fur- ‘bea wi Popular Science Monthly Can We Beat Our Swords into Plowshares? HERE is none too much war material in the world to-day forthe use of the world if a peace-keep- ing league is formed. The war ma- terial should be divided among the na- tions according to their needs, and then each nation should be permitted, -under the league, to produce only a certain limited quantity thereafter. A breach of this understanding would- put that particular nation under a ban. But, assuming that the material is not to be so disposed of, and that there is to be no adjustment between the Peace League nations to distribute the war material among them for future war needs or world police needs, then the question arises, to what peace use can the material best be converted? From War to Peace The tanks, especially the smaller or whippet tanks, largely used by the French, could doubtless be converted into tractors. The tank itself is mere- ly a tractor converted from peace to war use, and it would be a very simple matter to convert the tank back again from war to peace use. Few of the farms of France are large enough for the individual farmers to own tractors for their farm- work, but proper arrangements could doubtless be made, either by the government or by private companies, to supply tractors for all-round farm use, on terms that would be acceptable to the small French farmers. In the Ukraine, however, and other parts of Russia, there would r use for such reconverted tanks,*but they would not have very much value even for that purpose. It would be much sim- pler, with our means of quantity production in this country, to pro- duce tractors specially designed for the work. At best reconverted tractors could never compete with tractors made especially for farm use. . The main value of war material at the present time lies in guns, ammunition, and ships. These guns and the projectiles made for them would have no value except oer ba me i a By Hudson Maxim as old metal. The same is true of shoulder rifles. A shoulder gun that cost, say, $50 to make might bring fifty cents or a dollar. Big cannon costing $50,000 to build might be worth from $100 to $200. As to Airplanes The cost of transportation and breaking up of the big guns must be taken into account. The same holds true of the big shells. They would bring as old metal only a very small fraction of their original cost. There- fore, if one per cent of the guns and ammunition could be sold for what it is worth for war uses to the smaller na- tions, it would be a better bargain than it would be to attempt to recon- vert or utilize for other purposes all the material there is. ; The airplane engine, of which the Liberty motor is a very good example, is a very highly specialfzed product, made for the purpose of generating the maximum power for a given period. Every part of it is just as strong as every other part, and it has been so tested and timed and tuned that when it goes to pieces it practically goes to pieces after the manner of the one- - It is difficult to salvage the giant war machine, once it goes to the scrap-heap horse shay. Such a motor is not in- tended for continuous use. It is in- tended only for a brief and strenuous use, and the life of the Liberty motor under full load or running at a speed where it is doing its best, I believe, is only about eighty hours. Some of the airplanes, especially the bomb-carrying airplanes, may have a use as: mail-carriers or for similar purposes; but such use is at the present time largely problematical. There is one war measure that will have the very largest kind of peace use. I refer to the establish- ment of plants for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. Had the war continued a little longer, we should have had some very large and well equipped plants which could in time of peace be utilized for making ferti- lizer; but most of the work on these plants has now been arrested. Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen There is no one thing more needed in this country, as an industrial de- velopment, than plants for the fixa- tion of atmospheric nitrogen, particu- larly for the manufacture of fertilizers for agricultural use. The government ban should be taken off waterpower throughout the country, so that individ- ual enterprise may utilize that power Great conflagrations could be staged as spectacles every sixty days, at a sum far less than that which is represented by Niagara’s wasted waternower 05

Page 56

a Re SSS Sa PN Sadana -. Scien as hs wee alii ae eet iain for the synthetic manufacture of fer- tilizers. All of the water passing over Niagara Falls should be utilized to produce electricity for industrial uses, and a large amount of this could very well be applied to the manufacture of fertilizers. There is practically an unlimited demand for cheap fertilizers for the farms. Many of these power plants could be shut off in order that the water might be returned to the falls peri- odically for scenic purposes; but even then it would be a very costly display. Niagara’s Wasted Power It is estimated that 16,000,- 000 horsepower is running to waste at Niagara Falls. To produce this power with mod- ern. steam boilers would re- quire 32,000,000 pounds or 16,000 tons of bituminous coal an hour. If such coal were tc. be appraised at $3 a ton laid down at the plant, the 16,000 tons would be worth $1,152,000. That would be the daily cost of the coal supply to produce that amount of power. The value of the water that is wasted is therefore about $300,000,000'a year. This in gold would weigh 450 tons. A conflagration the size of the great London fire could be pro- vided once every sixty days for pub- . lic entertain- ment and amusement for a sum equal to that which is run- ning to waste at Niagara Falls. “Whippet” tanks could be converted into tractors. __was used as such in dragging its own fuel supply up to the front in France wT ete « The burning of Rome by Nero was a very inexpensive piece of amusement compared with that which is pro- vided for bridal couples who visit Niagara Falls. Enormous quantities of tri-nitro- toluene—that is to say, T.N.T.—and nitrate of ammonia have been made into high explosives. The best way to employ these materials for peace use would be in the manufacture of high explosives. Stupendous quantities of The one pictured here high explosives are made in the United States annually for industrial use. To a considerable extent, however, T.N.T. would have perhaps the higher value for industrial purposes. . Nitrate of ammonia is one of the best fertilizers in the world, and would be worth for farm use all that it cost to produce it. The most important use to which war material could be adapted for a period of peace is the machinery that has been constructed during the war for the manu- factureofwar materials. There are vast quantities of such ma- terials, and large buildings have been erected for the manufacture of war imple- ments. Nearly all of this machinery is very readily adaptable to the manufac- ture of implements of peace. Valuable War Machinery For example, the buildings that have been erected and the machinery that has been installed in them for the manufacture of war tanks can very well and profitably be employed for making farm tractors and automobiles and heavy trucks for industrial use. The vast equipment for the production of airplane en- gines can very readily be utilized in major part of automobile and farm trac- tor engines. One of the largest manu- facturers of munitions of war in the vicinity of New York is already plan- ning tolaunch out in a large Huge cannon, which cost $50,000 to build, are worth only a few hundred dollars when sent to the scrap-heap 66 way in the production of harvester ma- chinery. ee oa re an te 4. ced) 2S 2 | ol Pa a ae es

Page 57

is ial HEN the navy tug Massa- y \ soit was accidentally sunk in one of our Eastern har- bors a few months ago, a gigantic floating crane, which had then just been put in service by the Navy Department, was subjected to a ° severe test. Its First Test It was the first work of impor- tance for which the new crane—-the largest of its kind that has ever been constructed in the United States—was employed, and natu- rally the result of the test was awaited with considerable interest in engineering circles. The crane stood the test perfectly. After divers had passed the neces- sary cables under the tug, the huge apparatus lifted it to the surface in a remarkably short time. Mounted on a Flat-Boat It is difficult to form a correct idea of the enormous size and power of this piece of machinery, even from the accompanying picture. The flat-boat, or pontoon, upon which the crane is mounted is 140 feet long and 85 feet wide and has a depth of 15 feet. The jib of the crane, when it is raised to a vertical position, has a height of more than 200 feet, a height greater than that of an eighteen-story building. The total weight of the crane with all its ma- This powerful machinery, which one man can operate by means of levers and controllers, is the invention that is lifting the boat in the pic- ture just above—the United States Navy tug Massasoit, which had sunk to the bottom of the harbor 67 A Gigantic Muscle of Steel - It picks a sunken tugboat from the harbor bottom as easily as you d lift tenpounds from the floor It is 140 feet long, 85 feet wide, and 15 feet deep, and weighs about 5,000,000 pounds. It rises in the air to a height equal to an eighteen-story building Vegi ae chinery aggregates 5,000,000 pounds. The counter-weights, which balance the movable part of the crane, weigh 600,000 pounds. On a Circular Track The crane is fixed upon a base which is permanently fastened to the framework of the pontoon. It rests upon a circular track, on which it may be turned in any direction upon a horizontal plane. The boom, which may be lowered from a vertica! position to one forming an angle of thirty degrees with the horizontal, is of the cantilever type, and is strong enough to lift a load of more than 150 tons, the equivalent of the combined weight of about one hun-. dred average touring cars. The empty lifting-hooks alone weigh about two tons. Operated by One Man The flat-boat contains a complete boiler plant and an engine-driven generator which. supplies the elec- tric current for operating the various motions of the crane, which are controlled from a small cabin mounted high above the deck. By means of a few levers and master controllers, one operator is able to control all the functions of the crane with the utmost precision. Brakes are provided to stop the entire hoisting machinery; should the electric power fail suddenly while the crane is at work.

Page 58

Use of Paper Dressings for Wounds ~ E have been familiar with paper towels, napkins, and table-cloths for some time. We have heard that the German people are using paper for clothing. But paper used for surgical dressings is something new. Dr. Alfred Kahn, of the New York University Medical College, has been using paper instead of gauze for surgical. dressings, and has found it exceedingly satisfac- tory. The material he uses for internal dressings or drains, either wet or dry, is blotting-paper. This may be prepared in a variety of ways, so - ti it is suited to all surgical uses. Ne Paper bandages have much the a same appearance as have gauze bandages. They come in the same neat rolls of different widths. The paper*is rendered sterile just as gauze is sterilized, and-may be used with perfect safety. In dressing a wound where it is necessary to use internal dressings, the internal dressing of blotting-paper is-held in place by paper bandages. The bandage is applied exactly as a gauze bandage would be applied, and fastened with strips of adhesive paper tape in much the same way that packages are fastened by strips of gummed paner. Both paper dressings and bandages are lighter than gauze, and are therefore more comfortable forthe patient. Often a heavy cotton dressing is burdensome. Other advantages possessed by paper dress- ings are that they may be removed far more easily than cotton dressings, and may be destroyed. Applying a paper bandage to a head wound. Paper is lighter and cheaper than is gauze How to Tell Whether © They’re Right _ joined the Allies, some of our airmen sported a star within a circle as the insignia of our air service, It was not long before the need for distinguishing marks of greater uni- formity was felt, and we adopted the insignia of concentric cireles used by our Allies, the only dif- ference being in the colors. This caused some confusion to artists, and they often got French or Eng- lish color arrangement on American airplanes. In an attempt to help readers te distinguish between the planes when they see them in illustrations, the symbols below have been = given their print or magazine value rather than their Wey, ey actual color value. RED RED RED WHITE’ |-WHITE | -YELLOW BLUE |]GBEEN ||;BLACK. UNITED GREAT FRANCE ITALY’ BEIGIUM GERMANY STATES BRITAIN AND ALLIES A study of color values that will enable you to’ check up the magazine illustrators of flying stories! Popular Science Monthly — HEN the United States first Counts and Wraps Coins Quickly and Accurately HIS ingenious mechanical device is capable of counting and wrap- ping all kinds of coins—gold, silver, nickel, and copper. It consists of a counting-board, a separate counting- tube for each denomination and size of coin, and separate brass tubes for stacking and wrapping. The process of operation is simple. A handful of coins of any denomination are placed in a counting-tube of the Tilting the board, thus throwing the coins into the spaces between the tracks right size. The tube is then run rapidly over the grooved tracks of the counting-board, where they are de- posited. Each track holds only ten coins. When the coins are all placed on the tracks, the board is slightly tilted, thus throwing the coins into the spaces between the tracks. One end of the board is then raised, and the coins quickly run down the aisles into the stacking-tube attached to the end of the tray. This tube contains a paper wrapper, which can easily be closed when the tube is opened. Formerly coin-counting was a job for an expert, but this machine equals in speed and accuracy the best of the old-time. money-handlers known to banking fame. Raising the board so the coins can ‘flow into the stacking -tube

Page 59

4 Trattic Congestion in City Streets One suggestion for relief takes the form of.a novel safety island Be eeated citys the traffic in con- gested city streets is an exceed- ingly difficult problem, made even more intricate by the fact that, as a rule, the streets that have the greatest vehicle traffic are also the main arteries of travel for pedestrians. Where a_ street with exceptionally heavy traffic is crossed by another equally crowded with vehicles and pedestrians, the difficulties of regulat- ing the traffic become enormous. Street - Tailways add to the complication. Duties of the Traffic Police Consider one of these crowded streets at the busiest time of the day. Two continuous lines of vehicles are moving in opposite directions. A driver may wish to turn into a side street. To do so he must cross the path of the ve- hicles going in the opposite direction, necessitating a break in the line. The carelessness or recklessness of a driver who tries to ‘“‘butt’’ his vehicle through the line because he happens to be in a hurry may cause a collision or, worse, a breakdown, throwing the entire traf- fic at that point in confusion. If the line of vehicles extends through several blocks, it is quite possible that traffic for a mile or more will become paralyzed. Picturesque markers for making streets safe for vehicles and pedestrians In large cities the regulation of street traffic is under the control of the police department. Stringent rules governing the movements of vehicles in congested districts are enforced by special traffic policemen; yet, in spite of rules and traffic policemen, accidents are of frequent occurrence. One of the commonest causes of such accidents is the disregarding by some reckless driver of the rule which pro- vides that a vehicle turning into a cross street to the left must make its turn so that it reaches the proper side on the cross street before the ear has competed crossing the main street. For the guidanee of drivers, safety islands of various designs have been placed in the center of the roadways at street intersections. Most fre- quently they consist of a raised circu- lar platform of stone or concrete, sur- mounted by a post with an electric light at the top. Danger in Usual Island” Safety islands of this kind, although they are perfectly efficient and safe as long as the drivers of vehicles observe traffic regulations, become a source of danger when these rules are dis- 69 CAST }RON GRATING regarded. Chauffeurs, taking chances when there is comparatively little traffic and the vigilance of traffic policemen is relaxed, sometimes cut across on the wrong side of the island and smash into the lamp-post. Suggestion from Bureau of Mines To diminish the danger of such ac- cidents, Mr. Otto H. Mohr, head of the illuminating engineering depart- ment of the United States Bureau of Mines, has devised a safety island of a novel type. It consists of a concrete cylinder, about two feet in diameter, set in the road-bed at the center of street intersections, so that its base is less than an inch above the street level. The top of the island, to be of an ornamental dome shape, bears a red light, and has a cast-irdn cover with radial slits through which the rays of light pass. The entire structure is not more than a foot in height. The form of the top has been carefully chosen with regard to the possible effect if an automobile should run against it. If the impact is of sufficient force, the cast-iron top will be knocked off and slide forward, but no serious damage will be done to the island or to the vehicle. FR RT

Page 60

Popular Science Monthly : Finding Your Way In the February Skies Read these monthly articles and the star paths will soon be as familiar to you as the streets of your home town

By Ernest A. Hodgson, of the Dominion Astronomical Observatory Aut the stars visible to the naked eye, and many more that are invisible without optical aid, have been accurately surveyed, cataloguéd, mapped, and named by astronomers. A sixth-magnitude star is hardly visible to the naked eye; yet all the stars, down to and including those of the sixth magnitude, are only about 5,000 in number, and that over the whole round of the celestial sphere. Since we can see but half the sky at any one time, and since as a rule the stars near the horizon are cut off by the intervening sky- line, the number really visible at any one time is only about 2,000. Grouping the Stars The dividing up of the stars into groups or constellations is quite arbitrary. Just. be- cause the stars are said to belong to the same constella- tion does not neces- sarilymean that | they are in any way related. Their grou-_ ping has the advan- tage of enabling stars to be referred to readily, and of rendering the learn- ing of the positions of the visible stars a simple task. The stranger, then, who would sky-pilot him- self among the wonders and beauties of the sky must “get out and get un- der” them, and, recognizing that. the task is not at all the immense one he took it to be, begins to pick out a few of the main “signposts” and “thoroughfares.” The sooner he learns the names of a few groups, scattered here and there over the sky, the sooner will he have a network of “‘landmarks” or skymarks to refer to in locating the other smaller groups or isolated objects. In this article the Big Dipper will be considered in its relations to the visible star groups. In the sky one does not go so many blocks in a given direc- tion before becoming hopelessly tangled up in the policeman’s in- structions. Rather, they trace out a line so many degrees long. Nothing is less valuable than a description of a celestial phe- nomenon given by someone who says, “The meteor had a streamer four feet long.” The proper descrip- tion would have been that the streamer was as long as the arc between two known stars, or so many degrees in length. A span in the heavens as great as from the zenith to the horizon is, of course, 90°. NOZINOH Isvq

below. Yortx, side of this latitude. But other arcs should be added to one’s stock for ready reference. For example, the angle subtended by the two ‘“‘pointers’’ of the Dipper is a little over five degrees, from a point between the pointers to the pole-star is about thirty degrees, etc. STAR MAP FOR FEBRUARY

NOZIYOH HALyon

SOUTH HORIZON How to Use the Star Street Directory This map represents the appearance of the sky as listed It is specifically arranged for the latitude of New 40°N., but is practicable for ten degrees on either Use the map at the times indicated. Hold it over your head with the north horizon to the north. January 5, midnight + February 17, 9 P.M. 4 12, 11:30 P.M. 25, 8:30 xy 19, 11 ig March is - 26, 10:30 “ Fe 13, -7<30 February 2, 10 3 = a7 sé 9; 930 “ ” 29, 6:30 The magnitudes are indicated on the map by stars cf various kinds as follows: 0, open center; 1, eight points; 2, six points; 3, five points; 4, four points; 5 is indicated by a single point. All times expressed in Eastern Standard Time. The Dipper consists of seven stars ap- proximately located as shown in the dia- gram. The two outer stars of the bowl al- ways point to the pole-star, which lies about'six times as far beyond the stars as 70 they are apart. This fact is known to nearly everyone. It is not so generally known, however, that the Dipper stars can be considered as pointing out other stars. Tracing Them by the Milky Way If we trace across the top of the Dipper, in a direction away from the handle and for a distance a little greater than that indi- cated by the whole length of the Dip- per, we come to a bright star—Ca- pella, which serves to mark the position of the constellation of Auriga. Just beyond Ca- Milky Way. Tracing through the center of the bowl of the Dipper, and in a direction away from the pole, we come to the bright star Reg- ulus. It is about as far away from the bowl as is Capella. Regulus forms the bottom of the Sickle in the constellation of Leo. Just at present Sat- urn lies a little above and to the west of Regulus. If we imagine the curve of the handle carried forward, and passing through the lower, outer star of the bowl, continued for a_ distance about as far as to Capella, we come to two bright stars. They areabout as far apart as the pointers, and the line joining them is at right angles to the indicated direction from the Dipper stars. _ The one nearest Capella is Castor, and the other is Pollux. ‘l'hey are the twin stars of the constellation Gemini. Just at present Jupiter is quite near, a little below and to the west of them. If we trace back the curve of the handle and continue the line for an arc a little greater than that subtended by the handle itself, we come to the bright star Arcturus, of the constellation Bootes. Those who wish to see Arcturus pointed out by the handle:of the Dipper may do so by setting their alarm- clock for about 1 A.M. Finally, the constellation of Cassiopeia lies on the opposite side of the pole from the Big Dipper. So, radiating out from our main guide- post, we find direction pointers to Auriga, Leo, Gemini, Bootes, and Cassiopeia, as well as to the pole-star. Having found these, the other stars and constellations can be picked out on the sky-map. WEsT HORIZON

pella lies a section of the

star of the handle .

Page 61

ass the 420. Sat- ttle the the ndle and wer, owl, ance ella, tars. ; the hem ated tars. stor, y are ation piter id to f the e for that if, we us, of [hose inted ipper larm- nally, a lies . pole ruide- uriga, ia, as found ns can

the celestial sphere 40° on each side Te planet map shows a belt around of the celestial equator. It is divided into halves so arranged that any point in either map is exactly opposite in the sky to a point exactly opposite in the other map, but as far above the equator as the first point was below, or vice versa. For example, compare the : ‘positions of the sun and the f at different follow in their trip Ss Sh around the |sun ke Ist. Cut two slips of paper having the curve of the western horizon on the left-hand edge of one, and that of the eastern horizon on Mark the right-hand edge of the other. ap 8 Py, os \. we ANI JOR O ‘ 138 4 N\ 7 LEPUS Le Po, HH * a ox? Sg 2 O2t 2 ee S30 eg MAGNITUDE RGO % § © Spica THE =

How to Find the February Planets 3 vA Xs Cc A. A) oa eas where the equator and the top and bottom of the map meet this cut-out curve. Place the western horizon first. any day, find the point on the equa- tor immediately above the sun’s posi- tion for that date, and place the cut-, out edge so that it cuts the equator at that point. For 6 P.M. on For one hour earlier (5 P. M.), slip the horizon parallel to itself an amount equal to one hour to the right, etc. For one hour later (7 P. M.) slip the horizon parallel to it- self an amount equal to one hour te To POLARIS < = TO CAPEL The Big Dipper is often used as reference in locating other ‘donstellations and stars nated €0 This map shows a belt around the celestial sphere, 40 degrees on each side of the celestial equator. The lower half is simply a continuation of the upper half. For proper illustra- tion of how to use this map see page 78 of Popular Science Monthly for January 71 but are visible in a small telescope. moon positions are indicated by circles, the inked-in portions showing the illumi- part. the left, etc. When this western horizon is once placed, the eastern is placed immediately opposite in the other half of the map. Then all the sky to the left of the western and to the right of the east- ern horizons is visible at that time. Mercury lies so close to the sun as to be scarcely ever seen. Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn can be seen as bright stars when properly placed with respect to the sun. Uranus and Neptune are too faint to be seen with the naked eye, The Planets for February DURING this month Mercury and Venus are again found close to the sun. They are al- ways so placed. Being nearer to the sun than is the earth, we must always look within the earth’s orbit to see them. The diagram shows, too, that Mercury cannot wander as far from the sun as can Venus. When they reach the outer edge of their orbits as seen from the earth, they are said to have reached their greatest elonga- tion east or west, as the case may be. The diagram indicates these positions for Venus and Mercury. Mercury reached that point on January 7. It has since then been coming closer to the sun each day. If we compare their separation on successive days, we shall find they both have the same Right Ascension on February 23. - They are then said to in conjunction. Mercury is passing behind the sun at this time, so the conjunction is said to be superior. If it had been going in front of the sun, it would have been said to be in inferior conjunction. Since Mercury shines with the light from the sun, it is ‘“‘full,’”’ as seen fromthe earth at su- perior conjunction. Being so close to the sun, however, it is not visible. Venus and the moon are in conjunction, i.e., have the same Right Ascension on the evening of February 1, Venus being about seven degrees below the moon. This will be a very pretty sight in the evening sky—the thin crescent moon and the bright planet, Mars is also an “evening star,”’ and is a little east of Venus on February 1, but west of it and nearer the setting sun at the end of the month. Both have the same Right Ascension—are in conjunction—on the morning of the 13th, and the conjunction is-very close, Mars being only about half a degree southof Venus. It will bea good opportunity to compare their colors. The darker one is Mars. Jupiter and Saturn are still retrograding. Jupiter is in conjunction with the moon on the 10th. Saturn is in opposition on the 14th, and a little later on the same day is in conjunction with the.moon. That is, it is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun and close to the moon. So the moon is‘also in opposition, and consequently full. As it comes below the earth's “ shadow,” it is not eclipsed, nor does it eclipse the sun near the beginning of the month, as it is above it. New moon occurred January 31. Uranus and Neptune are in same part of the sky asin January. The latter is retrograding. Their positions are marked with small crosses. The intersection of the cross marks the position of the planet. Neither is visible to the naked eye. The moon’s positions have been indicated by enlarged circles, and the visible portion inked- in to show the phase. We have already noted that it is new on the 3lst of January (6 h. 7 m. Pp. M., E. S. T.), and that it is full on February 14 (6h. 38m. Pp. M., E.S. T.), It reaches first- quarter on February 7 (1h, 52m. p.M., E. S. T.), and last quarter on the 22d. t H { 4 { r

Page 62

This powerful derrick can lift fifty tons much more easily than most people can lift a brick A Special Truck Helps This Derrick to Juggle Huge Stones OW to help a powerful derrick pick from a flat-car a deck slab weighing 65,000 pounds, swing it deftly around in midair, and then gently lower it into its desig- nated place as a part of a viaduct bridge, is a puzzle that has been solved in track elevation work in Chicago. The handling of such loads is made possible through the use of a special truck of 150 tons capacity, placed directly under the massive A-frame, and through the use of power- ful timbers blocked and wedged under the T-shaped head of the A-frame. From the rail to the top of the A-frame is nearly 30 feet. The immense strain of the load in hoist- ing is carried by a central steel tie or tension member, which is anchored to the deck framing of the car. That the entire hoisting equip- ment is massive is indicated by the fact that the hoisting blocks used for this work each weigh from 2,000 to 2,600 pounds. There is a six- part tackle for the main hoist, with ¥-in. wire rope in heavy steel blocks. A wire-rope sling handles the slabs. The ends of the sling are attached to stirrups emhedded in the con- crete, and the shackle is placed on the main hoisting-block. A smaller boom, 50 feet long, hoists 25 tons on a reach of 35 feet, but with the larger 6714-foot boom a load of 50 tons can be handled on a reach of 30 feet.. In moving the derrick the A-frame is laid back over the deck of the car, and the boom rests on a timber horse on a flat-car ahead of the derrick-car. Popular Science Monthly ae Turning a Locomotive into a Stationary Engine N big farms and plantations, in lumber-camps, mines, quarries, and in construction work on a large scale, narrow-gage locomotives of a small and comparatively light type are frequently used for trangs- portation purposes. An invention recently patented by a citizen of Bogota, Colombia, provides means for using such locomotives in the place of stationary en. gines without making any change in their construction beyond placing acog-wheel on the front axle of the engine, When the services of astationary engine are required at any particular point, it is necessary simply to lay a spur track to that point, install at its end the adaptation device, and run one of these small locomo- tives in position. The mechanism for transmitting the power of the ‘locomotive is embodied in a structure placed at the HOISTING DRUM OR PULLEY — > end of the spur track. The structure comprises a base, which may be of concrete or metal. On this base are tracks which align with the tracks of the railroad and which end against an abutment provided with bum- pers and a hooking device for holding the locomotive in place. There are two transverse recesses, corre- sponding with the front and rear wheels of the loco- motive, in the base. The sides of these recesses, farthest from the bumpers, form inclines, and are also provided with rails aligned with the tracks. The gap farthest from the bumpers can be bridged with laterally movable rail sections. These sections are moved aside after the front wheels of the locomotive, approaching the bum- pers to get in position, have crossed. When the locomotive has reached the point at which both’ sets of wheels roll down the inclines of their respective recesses, the cog-wheel on the front axle engages the teeth of an inclined rack, which acts as a brake, pre- venting the too sudden descent of the wheels. -When the wheels reach a point near the bottom of the incline, the side-frames of the locomotive come to rest upon rollers mounted on suitable bearings. The geared wheel on the front axle of the locomotive engages with the cogs of a stationary wheel mounted on a shaft which has at its end a pulley which transmits the power of the locomotive by means of a belt. When it is desired to use the locomotive again for trans- portation purposes, the engine is reversed, the hook holding the locomotive against the bumpers thereby released, and the geared wheel on the front axle shifted from the trans- .mitting gear to the inclined rack, by which the locomotive is raised up the inclines to the track level. The laterally sliding rail section for closing the gap for- merly occupied by the rear wheels is automatically moved in position, enabling the front wheels to cross the gap. Ff Pa ££ y bi GEAR AND RACK Any small locomotive can be changed into a stationary engine simply by placing a cog-wheel on the front axle

Page 63

che 10- the the are ind ive Te- co- lest ded Lest ible the 1m- Lich neir izes ore- the the lers the of a da ns- ling and ans- tive for- . ved yap. : February, 1919 WING to the great demand for iron ore and grain during the war, the freighters on the Great Lakes were operated as far into the winter as possible. A large fleet of boats was caught in the ice at the western end of Lake Erie, and a number of whaleback steamers and several tugs were em- ployed to set them free. The whaleback Henry Cort, while crushing ice, collided with “another steamer and was sunk. When the owner looked for her in the spring in order to raise her, she could’ not be found.. A reward of five hundred dollars for finding the boat was earned by a Lake Erie fisherman. She had been carried more than six miles away, and lay in thirty feet of water. The hull had settled in the mud, and the ice had carried away i SECTION—AS SHE The first attempt to raise the ship was unsuccessful her masts and superstructure. The task of raising the ship was much hin- dered by her being in the open lake, and the work was frequently inter- rupted by bad weather. ' The first attempt to raise the Cort Raising a Sunken Whaleback from the Bottom of a Lake — was a failure because her deck collapsed under the strain of pumping. Then a cofferdam 240 ft. long was built and screwed down to her hull by divers; but, owing to bad weather, the dam was wrecked twice before the boat could be pumped out. After 2 3 SECTION~AFTER. THE DECK OPENINGS APPEARED AFLOAT SINKING. FUNNELAND CLOSED, READY FOR. , DECK HOUSES GONE §=©PUMPING OUT Hull of the Henry Cort about to be towed into port SHOWING CRUSHED-IN DECK (THE FIRST FAILURE) o/4 Z LAYS ffi) 7. OPAC —— VMNEN YG TF several months a successful trial was made. Thecofferdam wasstrength- ened, and additional pump’ were brought into service; the dam was protected from the wind and waves by barges, one on eacli side of the struc- ture, and a steamer was anchored :so that she lay across the end that was ex- posed to the weather. At last the sunken boat was brought to the surface, and her hull was found to be in good condition despite her long voyage on the bot- tom of Lake Erie. The Henry Cort has a carrying capacity of about 3600 tons. 5. READY FOR THE FINAL ATTEMPT (WHICH WAS A SUCCESS). ANCHORED SHIP ACTING AS A BREAKWATER. SECTION OF THE WHALEBACK WITH _ ILA COFFER-DAM IN. Vi PLACE 7. it / | ~ te ad LJ salt) f| 4 f i —— of Vs Z SOA, fe A, f Ap tft fe CL tpt LIS C “fe COOLS OOS SS “es? STEADYING CABLES With the aidof a cofferdam ¢he was finally raised - Pour in the Concrete and Take Out a Ship O expedite the building of concrete ships and reduce their cost, I would suggest that the most service- able types be standardized and perma- nent forms built. I would suggest that a pit be dug, more than double the width of the ship to be built, and abutting on the water. From the water end of the pit, which should have a level bottom, an inclined plane would extend into the water. On the bottom of the pit a track should be _ laid, extending down the incline into - the water. There should be a plat- form, double the width of the ship, resting on wheels or rollers. The outer shell of the casting form I would make in three sections. The bottom part, including the keel, would be an integral part of the platform. The side forms would be in two sec- tions, meeting at bow and stern-post. The inner core of the form I would make in one piece, which could be ‘By F. W. Fitzpatrick PERMANENT TRESTLE -SUPPORT FOR FORMS - -—" tee eweeee-e* ao rH Lang Palla HS CONCRETE FILLING With a sufficient number of movable forms, a hull could -be turned out every few hours 73 raised or lowered by means-of chains or cables and pulleys. To cast a ship, the two outer side - forms are moved in position against the bottom form and properly braced. The metal reinforcements for the hull and the compartment walls are put in position, and then the inner form is lowered to its proper distance from the outer form. The concrete is poured © into the form from the top and through openings provided in the inner form. After the concrete has hardened, the inner form is lifted out of the hull by the raising mechanism, and the side forms are rolled back on the platform, to allow the hull to pass between them. Then the whole platform is lowered into the water by means of the inclined railway and the hullislaunched. Isug- gest that a large number of such casting plants be built, to make it possible to turn out a ship every few hours. acer ae pn vn aaa IA ST

Page 64

ee SS a ee - ee en == ERENT. The faithful workers of the Red Cross are greatly assisted by this device in preparing bandages for wounded soldiers A Mechanical Helper for the Red Cross ILLIONS of bandages of dif- ferent length and width are re- quired in the hospitals for dressing wounds, Miss Lulu H. Miller, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has invented a device for unwinding gauze for surgical dress- ings from the bolt and folding it into even layers, to be cut into suitable lengths. She has patented her in- vention, and will donate the receipts to the Red Cross. A substantially built table, about two feet wide and from eight to ten feet long, has mark- ed along its longi- tudinal edges co- inciding scales in inches and frac- tions of inches. Two strips of wood, equal in length to the width of the table, are provided each with a row of equidistant and sharp-pointed pins extending over their entire length. They have also at each end a clamp by means of which the strips can be securely fastened to the table. Another strip, also provided with clamps for fastening it to the table, has standards at its ends, form the support of a roller or spindle, intended to guide the material as it unwinds from the bolt and is fed to the folding contrivance. In operating the device, the gauze is unwound from the bolt or roll at one end of the table and drawn over the roller. Near the end of the gauze a thread is drawn to make sure that a straight start: is made. The material is folded at the thread line, and fastened to the strip farthest from the feeder by pushing the folded part down on the pins. Then the material is stretched evenly to the other strip, which has been clamped to the table at a distance depending upon the de- which ~ sired length of the bandages. “Then the material is folded, again allowing half an inch margin, and the fold, which must be square to the edge, is pushed down upon the pins. Then the material is drawn to the other strip, and the operation of measuring, folding, and fastening down the fold of the material is repeated. This is continued until the entire bolt has thus been folded between the pin-racks. As the gauze is unwound from the roll it passes over the guide to the pin-racks, where it is folded, ready for cutting Popular Science Monthly No Legs Needed to Run This Sewing-Machine ANY people barred from jp- dustry by loss of limbs, wil] ride back into active life on the tide of invention inspired by the thought of thousands of returning crippled soldiers. ee One such invention, by James M. Jackson of Philadelphia, makes it possible for a person without feet or legs to operate a sewing-machine, It consists of a lever with a handle at one end and a stirrup-shaped fork at the other end. Thetwo ends of the fork are fastened tothe treadle, which may then be operated by rocking the lever back and iorth by hand. By pumping the kandle of the lever, a person without legs may operate the treadle of this sewing-machine It Does ecasthiens but Cook Breakfast F you would like to spend most of your life in one spot, buy one of the complex chairs recently invented by Edwin J. Floyd of Douglas, Ga. When all adjustments are tucked away, the chair is an ordinary one. Swing out a brace in the rear, and it becomes a rocker. Fasten it in a fixed position, and it no longer rocks—it re- clines. Change it once again, and you have a flat, bedlike horizontal surface. When back in the original position, pull some _ wires above your head, and out comes a mirror. Dig down below, and you will find some conveni- ent drawers. Swing ° 14 This chair is equipped with a table, rockers — everything for comfort up a broad leaf hinged to one arm, and you have a table or desk. Suppose you start the day in one of these chairs. First you bring forth the mirror, get out a comb from one of the drawers, and comb your hair. Swing up the table and have your breakfast served ‘on it. Then recline or rock while you read the morning paper. This done, sit. up again and work (material found in the lower — right-hand drawer). When tired of work, play solitaire or knit (lower left-hand drawer). Andsoon until night comes. Then flatten out the chair, turn over, and go to sleep. = i 0OolU pl oo Fl lo FE > eee ee ee poner

Page 65

Oe: Wee, Oe aor Ww ee * Re OHM Oe n, ne th of ir. ur on ne ou ng 1e, al er r). k, nit nd on es. ut er, 2p.

February, 1919 Look at the Chart and Pick Out the’ Reflector You Need GREAT deal more depends upon the re- fiector than the average user of electric lights real- izes. The reflector not only determines the size and shape of the field of illumi- nation, but in a large measure the character, con- centration, or diffusion of the light. The same lamp will give entirely different illumi- nating results with dif- ferent reflectors, and it is a problem of efficiency for the user of electric lights to select for his lamps just the right kind of reflec- tors. The illuminating effect of electric lamps, and its modification by the re- flector used, has recently been reduced to a science. Charts have been worked out which indicate not Make up your mind about : Ny the light and select the reflector from this chart cS Bod Qaseaaa \eerenel Eo) EC) 7 otc, a ee |

Cj am Grey ey a WORRHLA. KEPL caries ae 8 STOR SEAN MS Ls Books Se eS (am em a le allem lin, alle nal ad, atl matter acto init Qs e sss ashe (DSaseaa a ee 4. only the size and shape of the illuminated field, and the rest of the data which it is essential to know for selecting the most effective light and reflector, but also present them in such sim- ple and concise form that a the purchaser who wishes to install electric lamps in his house or place of busi- ness can make his selec- tion quickly, easily, and with every assurance of success. A chart for this purpose, is shown in the accom- F <2 | panying picture. The illus- trations on the chart are self-explanatory and the reading matter on both sides and underneath the illustrations contain addi- tional data for the guid- ance of prospective users of electric lamps.

Dass That Gold Watch of Yours Keep Good Time? OOD watches are expensive, but expensive watches are not always ‘ good. Let us suppose that, in buying a wateh, you are not afraid of depleting your pocket-book, but feel some anx- jiety lest you may not get your money’s worth in the shape of accurate time- keeping. This is where a paternal government steps in. You need only demand a Bureau of Standards certifi- cate, and if thedealercan produce this document you may rest assured that you are getting an excellent timepiece. The tests at the Bureau of Stand- ards, in Washington, are made four times a year, beginning on the second Tuesday in January, April, August, and October. The more elaborate tests, known as Class A, require fifty- four days, while the simpler tests, known as Class B, require forty days. It is perhaps significant of the severity of these tests that not more than twenty or thirty watches are sent to the Bureau for testing each quarter. In the watch-testing room at this establishment the most conspicuous piece of furniture is an immense oak cabinet with a glass door. The cabi- net is air-tight, and its temperature is kept uniform. Watches are tested for position, isochronism (uniformity of rate in time-keeping), and temperature. Read- ings are made with a small telescope through the glass door of the cabinet. Sighting each watch in its turn, the expert taps a telegraph-key as the sec- ond-hand reaches the fifty-eighth, six- tieth and second mark on the dial. Each tap is registered on the sheet of a chronograph (recording clock), and | REEL RE RSS this instrument is also made to regis- ter seconds by an electrical. contact in a standard clock, regulated daily by the time signals of the Naval Observatory. Subsequent examina- tion of the chronograph sheet shows the error of each watch, at the time of reading, within a tenth of a second. In Class A the watches are tested in five positions: vertical with stem up- right, turned to the right, and turned to the left, and horizontal with dial up and dial down. In Class B the right and left vertical positions are omitted. The readings are made onee a day. The isochronism test consists of readings every three hours until the watch runsdown. Thisshows howits rate varies according to the time since elapsed since winding.

A chronograph registers the seconds of each watch as compared with the record of a standard clock

The cabinet through the glass door of which the time-pieces are tested; the cabinet is air-tight

Page 66

In the sphygmograph, the pulse-beat drives up a button on the device, and this motion is transmitted to a needle, which makes a tracing on a camphor-smoked film . JFODERN advance in the sci- M ence of diagnosis has made it possible to weigh and measure the vital organs and func- tions of the body with accuracy. The day of pulse-feeling, tempera- ture-taking diagonosis is almost. a _ thing of the past. Instead of sub- mitting himself to a cursory check- ing over, the patient nowadays —especially if he goes to an up-to- date hospital or sanatorium—will be studied, calipered, and charted ac- cording to an elaborate system in which mechanics play an important part. Here is a list of alarmingly named instruments that are ready to lend their aid in the measuring of @ man: 3 Microscope, chemical balance, po- lariscope, stethoscope, sphygmo- graph, sphygmomanometer, dyna- mometer, polygraph, electrocardio- graph, respiration apparatus, hemo- Popular Science M. onthly The Measure of a Man By Hinton Gilmore stoscope, X-ray, gastroscope, procto- scope, cystoscope, laryngoscope, oph- thalmoscope, thermometer, and es- thesiometer. And here are some of the distinct laboratories that collaborate in the Taking moving pictures of the stomach while it is at work. The patient stands against the cylindrical plate-holder and the X-ray is applied from the rear Leg flexors Leg extensors Thigh flexors Thigh extensors study of a single case: chemical, bac- teriological, urinary, blood, metabol- ism, fecal, X-ray, anthropometric. In the laboratories every impor- tant structure and function of the body is studied and compared with normal standards. Such an exami- nation requires team-work. Half a score of experts, with their assistants, must contribute their special expert knowledge of fact and technique in working out the data necessary for a complete comparison of a sick man with a normal healthy man. ‘Hours of Expert Work Such an examination requires, in the aggregate, many hours of careful concentrated attention and must necessarily occupy several days for its completion; but the in- .formation gained is invaluable. The dynamic capacity of a man is measured by the dynamometer, a machine for testing every one of a set of muscles. Plotted on a strength graph, the results show the relation of the patient’s strength to that of a normal man of the same height .- and weight. If further data are desired, the ac- tual horsepower of the patient may be determined by the eurostometer, or horsepower machine. This is a simple © device in the operation of which the Thigh adduct Ors Thigh abductors The dynamometer is a device by which it is possible to determine termine the strength of the individual undergoing the test, the the strength of every important muscle or set of muscles. The capacity of tle various sets of muscles is totaled in foot-pounds. machine is capable of making forty-five separate tests. To de- The average man has a total strength of 4,500 pounds and the 76 the blo tuk iste blo si0’ ing usu sim tio! ap} pal tio! of tra ace duc

Page 67

of d al i= T,; th yn of ht c- be or le he _ The Electro-cardiograjh Pebruary, 1919 atient exerts his strength against a resisting brake; the result is registered on a scale-beam marked in horsepower instead of pounds avoirdupois. Lung power 1s readily demonstrated by the spirometer—simply a cylinder within a cylinder, the upper one being lifted by the air-pressure generated in vigorous exhalation. The lung capac- ity is registered on the beam as the cylinder is lifted. Abnormal blood-pressure — one of the most significant functional changes in the body —is determined by a com- paratively simple device. A rubber tubing is wrapped around the bared arm and inflated, so that the pressure of the blood is exerted against a tube of mercury. This reg- isters the pressure of the blood with absolute preci- sion. Such serious disorders as arteriosclerosis (harden- ing of the arteries), Bright’s disease, and anemia are usually detected by the simple test. Abnormalities in the ac- tion of the pulse are made apparent by the sphygmo- graph—a mechanical ap- paratus through the opera- tion of which exact tracings of the pulse are obtained. The discovery that con- tractions of the heart are accompanied by the pro- duction of electrical cur- rents has finally led to the perfection of apparatus by means of which in- formation can be obtained respecting the morbid conditions of the heart, both organic and functional, which cannot be obtained in any other way. This apparatus is known as the elec- tro-cardiograph, and is not available except in the larger medical institu- tions throughout the country. Devia- tions of the heart action from the nor- mal are registered in graphic form, and provide an accurate index to diseases of the heart. The X-ray, of course, is invaluable The respiratory calorimeter, for determining the ability Th of the body to assimilate food. The patient is con- e€ nected to the machine by breathing-tubes. of air comes from the machine, and his exhalations go back into it, passing into a container of soda-lime, which absorbs the carbon dioxide. of the oxygen inhaled with the carbon dioxid exhaled it is possible to determine the progress of metabolism em Neck lateral Shoulder retractors aa average woman can develop 2,500 pounds. Under normal con- ditions the trunk-anterior test should register greater strength than any other muscles; but this is not always the case. The * Pronators Supinators His supply By a comparison f Pectorals foot-extensor muscles, 77 Inspiration chest Inspiration waist Trunk anterior in the study of pathologie conditions. It is especially important in observing conditions in the stomach and intes- tines. The patient first eats what is known as a test meal, in which bis- muth, a harmless metal, has been mixed.- This admixture renders the meal opaque to X-rays as it passes through the stomach and into the intestines. Ulcers of the stomach, intestinal kinks, adhesions, and the like may thus be definitely located. Another important apparatus in diagnosis is the respiratory calorim- e eter. This is specially valuable in cases of suspected diabetes. Other Apparatus By means of the X-ray the presence or absence of stones in the kidney and of other. diseased conditions of this organ may be de- termined. By means of the cystoscope the interior of the bladder may be in- spected. The gastroscope permits a visual examination of the interior of the stomach. This recently perfected in- strument may render ma- terial service when other methods of examination prove ineffectual. bronchosecope not only permits an examina- tion of the larynx, trachea, and lungs, but also facili- tates the removal of foreign bodies. ; Neck anterior Neck posterior Trunk lateral as shown by a series of tests made with the dynamometer, are usually the best developed : in the average individual, owing to their constant use in walking

Page 68

Popular Science M onthly The Flying Mail’s Big Debt to War America again takes front rank in the air with machines of mighty power saciid detniarenancetroaee svi | = re ge By Carl Dienstbach So at Racer eeeea Built for war, this new American airplane will be used in the mail service. It represents the wonderful progress made by the science of flying in the past four years trate the representative result of what four years of war- stimulated progress have done for the flying-machine. It is the up-to-date representative of that medium-sized biplane with which the Wright Bro- thers inaugurated flight because it was inherently the most efficient type. It still has room for only two flyers; but that it has lift enough for twice that number becomes apparent from its formidable battery of eight machine- guns. ‘ The essential mechanical advance is seen at a glance: the torpedo shape of the whole, and a display of power that suggests a locomotive. Fortu- nately, this machine, which is the equal if not the superior of the best in the world, is again af er accompanying pictures illus- At first this would seem the height of extravagance in a machine devoted to any but military ends. But humanity is to be congratulated in that war development was, after all, identical with peace development. Only great reserve power (as required for war climbing) makes flying safe under ad- verse conditions; and only by extreme speed can flying compete with other modes of locomotion. Only in the air is such speed useful, because only there does it find a clear road. Now that the war is over, the air- plane shown above will transport mail in place of its heavy battery, and if it had.been designed for that purpose it could not be better fitted to its present purpose. In mail-carrying speed is Such extreme speed could formerly have been attained only if (by re- ducing wing surface and camber) the landing speed were likewise raised to a dangerous degree. But now it ig different. Together with the greatest power, machines are also given plenty of wing surface and an ample camber of the wings, making the wings very lifting. As this would make them climb rapidly at top speed (while insur- ing sufficient support at a low, safe landing speed), they are simply driven “downhill’’—thus transforming climb- ing into horizontal motion—to fly horizontally at top speed. Driving “downhill” would seem like pulling down with the propeller. But the mod- ern tractor propeller in front sends its slip-stream against the planes, and that slip-stream as purely an American product as was the original Wright flyer. But the Wrights flew with 30 horse- power, while the biplane of to-day flies with 435! The Liberty Motor Yet this is one reason why Americans are again in the front rank of flying. It is in the big things that we excel. The watchlike finish required in smaller perfected motors of the high- est grade was long unat-- tainable under American | conditions; and finally, at great expense, the French Hispano-Suiza motor was war, transplanted to this country. On the other hand, the big Liberty motor aimed at once at many hundreds of horsepower, and American ingenu- ity in designing won over labor condi- tions. The war’s necessities for extreme speed and extreme lift, as required in the poorly supporting thin air of ex- treme altitudes and for very rapid climbing in emergencies, were responsi- ble for the astounding increase of power from 30 to 435. The original Wright machine flew with 30 horsepower, while this Liberty motor roars out with 435. The engine, shown here at close range, was built for everything. The only concession to peace requirements should be the ad- dition of a carbureting device to permit low-priced fuel of high heat value, such as crude oil, to be consumed. It seems by no means impossible, especially as the engine might be started and warmed up with gasoline. The extreme torpedo shape of the airplane is the natural outcome of ex- treme power and speed. 73 but finds use now in the air mail service acquires a lifting component at the same rate that. the propeller pulls downward. A Seeming Contradiction In the machine shown the radiator in the slip-stream directly under the upper wing seems a surprising con- tradiction to the “torpedo shape” of the whole. It especially seems to ruin the lift or that portion of the lower surface of the upper plane which is directly be- hind it, and of the corre- sponding upper surface of the lower plane. But the lift of the lower surface is at least less than one-fourth of that of the upper one. And under theradiator there 7s no upper surface of a bottom plane but a fusel- age. Also a radiator could not be placed in a better position for maxi- mum cooling than into the strongest part of the slip-stream. Hence it is ridiculously small for 435 horsepower, and saves further resistance by being unusually deep. The tremendous fan effect makes its long channels cooling enough.

Page 69

rly the Oa est nty ber ery em safe ven nb- fly ring ling 1od- nds the 2am 1ent the ion . the eam pper con- edo oe . the the pper 7 be- orre- e of ; the ce is urth one. pper usel- t be naxi-" ngest it is wer, peing s fan oling “heavier girders than these Biggest of Finished Girders Go Traveling Six giants of seventy tons and two small brothers gave engineers a hard nut to crack HE biggest ready-made girders 3% in the world have been placed in the Park Avenue Viaduct, in New York City, after strange and costly transportation stunts on rail, river, and road. Six giants of the series weigh 70 tons each, and are 137 feet long and 16144 feet high at the largest point. Two smaller ones would tip the scales at 58 tons, and are 107 feet in length. All are awkward in size, for they are double cantilevers, shaped to rest on columns of unequal length. Their jig-saw puzzle forms will be masked by granite ma- sonry piers by the time the $600,000 viaduct is open for traffic next spring. Then automobiles will be cours- ing over a fine elevated driveway which will slope up gradually from Fourth Avenue and Thirty-second Street to the second story of the Grand Central Sta- tion at Forty-second Street and branch around the great terminal on either side to Park Avenue again. There are longer and in the world, but the sex- tette of 137-footers are, as far as engineers know, the largest ever fabricated at position. Preparing to swing one of the double-cantilever gir- ders for the Park Avenue Viaduct to the north by block and tackle. The fifty-four horses that drew the beam have been un- hitched. The 137-foot gir- der is loaded on a truck that weighs twelve tons Fifty-four horses pulling a seventy- ton girder swung to a twelve-ton reach truck—a dead weight of eighty-two tons By John Walker Harrington the mills and shipped all ready for installation. They could not be transported in thé knock-down forms, because there was no room anywhere in Park Avenue for assembling them, and because the whole area from Fortieth to Forty- second Street, which the metal work of the structure traverses, is honeycombed with tunnels and subways. The con- tractors therefore decided that it would be just as cheap to hire a special train and haul the cantilevers. No heavier passengers-ever traveled A derrick 1s shown here hoisting the last cantilever into This is the largest ready-made girder in the world 79 on a special than the steel octette: which was placed aboard the long line of platform cars that pulled out of Phoenixville, in southeastern Penn- sylvania, one Wednesday morning. The train had to be specially routed to avoid bridges that were not high enough to escape brushing the upper spans of the girders. It arrived at Greenville, N. J., on a Saturday night. At the New Jersey water-front, the biggest marine derrick in the world enabled the Merritt Chapman Com- pany to put each girder giant on a car-float. The double cantilevers were landed at the foot of Nineteenth Street, East River, and loaded on ponderous trucks, each of which was drawn by fifty-four horses. When the huge girders were being conveyed, there was only one ramp from Thirty-second Street leading to Park Avenue. When there was a brief pause on the slope, a small donkey-engine to which a steel cable was applied helped -the horses. The girders for the right side of the viaduct were transferred after they ‘were unloaded by means of rollers. | | | { + | \ ee Turning the pole and front wheels of the giant truck with a block and tackle. The eight horses pulling it are equivalent to forty-eight because of the fact that the rope, by passing through the block six times, sexturles the power of the traction They are on their way to the Park Avenue Viaduct site, where the enormous cantilever girder is to be installed

Page 70

© International Film One of the most up-to-date seaplane mothers, H. M.S. Furious, of the British navy. Note the flush deck and the tunnel at the stern HE wind was rising to half a gale, and the pilot of the seaplane felt that it was time to call it a day. “Let’s gd home to mother,” he said to his observer, and set the flying- boat’s nose in the direction of the Eng- lish Channel. An interval of swift flight, and the observer shouted: “There’s mother now!” The seaplane’s nose dipped down, and in a long, graceful curve she swung down to the water. Surrounded by Secrecy ““Mother’s” picture appears at the top of this page, and that of another mother to a seaplane brood at the bottom. They were knéwn in navy slang as “‘Hush-Hush” ships, because of the great secrecy maintained about them while the war wason. _ Although credit is given to the Italian and British navies for de- veloping these mother ships, it was our own navy that first succeeded in launching an airplane from shipboard. Long before the war, a slanting runway was built above the forward deck of a warship, and a_ skilful flyer, starting his. plane at. the top, soared off. Another daredevil later succeeded in landing safely on a similar nar- row platform; but, even with a broad airplane deck provided, such circus stv +s are not en- Popular Science Monthly Ships that Mother Seaplanes Craft of the “Hush-Hush” fleet may couraged. To land safely on so small a space needs the extreme of nice judgment plus luck. When the war saw the seaplane brood increase to large numbers, the British and Italians improvised mother ships from old liners by providing accommodations for hangars and in- stalling special cranes to pick up and lower the planes. Later, craft designed for this particular purpose were built, of which the Furious, shown above, is the last word. Her flush upper deck, of unusual width, gives the airplane pilot plenty of chance to taxi off at the start, since the modern seaplane has wheels as well as pontoons. Under the deck are the hangars, reached through the tunnel-like opening at Although somewhat smaller than the latest ‘‘mother” ships, H. M. S. Argus also provided comfort for airplanes 80 play a part in first trans-Atlantic flight The large traveling crane the stern. forward picks up homing planes from the water, and swings them into the tunnel or lifts them out of their nests to' the*deck, ready for flight. Mother Ships in Peace Perhaps the mother ships will play an important part in the first trans- Atlantic airplane flight.. Believers in the seaplane as the type of aircraft most likely to succeed in that feat point out that mother ships stationed at intervals along the ocean track would reduce the element of danger to a minimum. Seaplanes suffering from engine trouble, or buf- feted beyond endurance by storms while in mid- ocean, could find safe haven and continue their flight; an airplane once committed to the ven- ture would have to go on or go down. The difficulties of mak- ing long non-stop flights is illustrated by the numerous failures attend- ing the attempt to in- augurate an airplane mail service between Chicago and the East. Not only were the first aviators to make the attempts forced down, but their machines were unable to continue the flight and the service had to be temporarily abandoned.

Page 71

crane from 0 the nests play trans- levers reraft 5 feat ioned track ger to from buf- lrance | mid- safe > their - once ven- to go ' mak- flights ' the ttend- to in- e mail nicago > the ke the down, ; were e the ervice rarily _ February, 1919 Logging with Oxen through the Surf at Costa Rica CCORDING to forestry experts, modern methods of handling tim- ber must supplant those of the most primitive sort before the hundreds of species of valuable woods that are to be found in the forests of South America can be appreciated. The accompanying photographs, which were taken at: Punta Arenas, Costa Rica, fittingly illustrate some of these primitive methods. Ponderous ox-carts, with wheels fashioned from solid slabs of wood, are used to trans- port the logs from the forests where they are cut to the harbors where they are loaded on ships. At the water’s edge they are dumped from the carts and hauled out beyond the breakers, Frequently, in his struggles to start a log, the ox loses his balance. This one nearly lost his life when the tide broke over him a distance of perhaps a hundred yards or more, and assembled into rafts. Each log is hauled out separately by a yoke of oxen. Even on days when the sea is comparatively smooth, the oxen often are knocked down by the breakers, and quick work on the part of their driver is necessary to prevent them from being drowned. On days when the sea is rough, the loading of the logs must be entirely abandoned. : Practically all of the tim- ber is in a green, unseasoned state, and will not float. Few of the kinds of timber brought out from the forests will float even when well seasoned. This means that the logs must be dragged on the bot- tom until the point where the raft is being assembled is reached. Here the green tiniber is lashed to logs of light, buoyant woods, and in this way a raft is formed that can be towed out to the ship’s side. Shipments of woods from In South America, clumsy ox-carts, with wheels of solid wood, carry valuable woods from the forests to the harbors. Here they are hauled out beyond the breakers and assembled into rafts cedar), and various dye-woods. This represents only about one per cent of the many valuable species of woods afforded by the timber resources of these countries. The tropical forests of South Amer- ica are vastly different from those to be found in the temperate regions of North America. In a single acre of ground it is not uncommon to find * a score of valuable species. Yet only a few of these species are utilized. . Not until a large percentage of the timber of merchantable size is utilized can modern timber-handling devices be used in the South American forests. The method of cutting a tree here and there, ignoring hundred of others, prevents the introduction of modern labor-saving appliances. He Killed It with His Bow and Arrow N this day of the high-powered magazine rifle, it is more than a little interesting to find a man who goes hunting bear with a weapon older than history—the bow. Dr. Saxton Pope, chief surgeon at the San Francisco Emergency Hospital, isthat man. The South American countries are © International Film — confined mostly to rosewood, mahogany, cedrela (Spanish They hunt with the weapon used by primi- tive man, and it still seems to be effective 81 picture shows him with Arthur Young, another enthusiastic archer, just after the great triumph of their careers as bowmen. It had long been Dr. Pope’s ambition to kill a bear with his primitive weap- on. His chance came when he caught a full grown biack bear pilfering a bee tree. Dr. Pope and Mr. Young opened fire at thirty yards, and knocked ‘the bear out of the tree. The beast rushed savagely at the doctor, who stood his ground and met the charge with steel-tipped ar- rows. The. bear crumpled after receiving a couple of well directed shafts launched with all the force of a bow that has seventy-five pounds’ pull.

Page 72

Popular Science Monthly

= —=

eR BS ca En cS SO RTD Feeding-time at what was the largest pigeon ranch; the 100,000 birds were fed twice a day Ruthless Nature and Her Slaughters LL of the family were not at home when the picture was taken, but even so there are present a fair rep- resentation of the inhabitants of what was the largest pigeon ranch in the world. The ranch, spreading over about an acre of ground, occupied the edge of a pleasant valley on the outskirts of Los Angeles. Its owner had found squab-raising profitable, and _ esti- mated his bird “herd” at more than N the signal serv- ice of the Amer- ican army the Am- erican Morse code is used, and for short distances the signals are given by two flags oper- ated by hand. Sem- aphore signals, as these flag signals are officially called, are used when telegraph, telephone, or wireless lines are not available. The reasons are obvious. Even in good light and a clear atmosphere, flag signals cannot be read distinctly be- yond a distance of 2,000 feet. Haze or fog will obscure them even at short- er range. More- over, semaphore sig- nals are slow. To manipulate two flags rapidly requires considerable effort and is extremely tiresome.

Swinging the disk to the right meansadot of the Morse code 100,000 adults and some odd thousand of babies. The soaring price of grain put many of the pigeon-raisers out of business, but the biggest ranch of all was destroyed in a manner that was much more effectual. _ One night the Los Angeles River ‘connected with a flood in the moun- tains, and led that flood right through the middle of the pigeon ranch. When the water had subsided the ranch buildings were somewhere in the Pacif-

“A The mechanism for tilting the rod with the disk is extremely simp!e 82 A dash is indicated a | by swinging thedisk ,{/47 to theleft of operator ic, and where had once been the birds’ feeding-ground was nothing but a hole in the river-bed, over which the stream has been flowing ever since that time. Tens of thousands of the birds were drowned. The few survivors hovered about their former home for weeks— some of them for months; but they could not be brought together as a family again, and finally they scat- tered. Wigwagging Is Now Done by Machine Lieutenant-Colonel B. O. Lenoir, ' of the U.S. A. Signal Corps, overcomes these disadvantages by signaling with disks. He uses a single disk in place of the two flags, and signals the dots or dashes by swinging the disk to one side or the other. The disks consist of wire hoops covered on one side with black and on the other with white cloth. The size depends upon the dis- tance to which the signals are to be sent. The disk, which is attached rigidly to a light rod about thirty inches long, may be operated by hand or, more effi- ciently, by a device designed by Lieu- tenant-Colonel Lenoir. To the top of a substantial upright post, braced by a sort of tripod, is hinged the rod with the disk, so that it may be swung in a vertical plane at a right angle to the line of vision. The disk is tilted by two cords at-

tached to _ hinged tillers moved by hand. A \

eee

=e -— <4 65 as & & He oat me? CO cee. CUCL Clone ele,

Page 73

o SUre

]

ZY N LZ

HE usual modern: water-pressure system calls for a deep well, heavy pumps, and other more or less costly apparatus. This, added to the cost of the upkeep and operation, is usually prohibitive--to the average farmer, and he continues to plod along with the old windmill or tries to be satisfied with pumping water by hand. The pressure system here illustrated and described is not the latest thing in water supply, but its cost is low, opera- tion is simple, and, moreover, it is one that can beinstalled by anyone possess- ing only a meager knowledge of tools. A well is not necessary; neither are pumps or a running stream. The only essentials are a simple, old-fashioned cistern, an old but tight water-boiler, and some good piping. a Its. Three Parts The outfit consists of three parts: the filtering system, to insure cleanli- ness; the pressure- tank; and the appa- ratus for generating the pressure. The method of filtering and how to procure good, clean water are shown in Fig. 1. Two solid casks are set upon a plat- form, about 18 in. apart, as illustrated. Thread a close nipple or a_ short length of 1-in. pipe, _ and run it into a : 6 ror FLOAT RO ROCKER PIPE

———-<Se ti tems — f

i

bins

layer of clean white sand. When complete, this ma- terial should fill the cask about one third full. Arrange the leader- pipe from the gutters so that it will drop down vertically between the casks and about 1 ft. above them. Pivot the

end of the leader to a

rocker pipe, as shown

(the construction is further shown in the detail Fig. 3). The tee opening should be considerably larger than the inserted end of the leader pipe, so that the rocker can swing through a small arc each way before touching the sides. Pivot with asteel pin secured by washers and other pins. Provide the ends of the rocker pipe with elbows:peinting down- ward to prevent wasting and splashing of the water. Any tinsmith will make up this rocker pipe at a small cost.

LEADER PIPE FROM GUTTERS PIVOT

hole near the bot- tom of each cask and opposite each other. Give each cask a good coat of paint inside and out, using asphalt- um. When dry, pro- ceed to fill the bot- tom of each cask with filtering ma- terial. First put in SKIDS

a layer of loose stones about the size of an egg, then a layer of coarse gravel, and last a

STAND

SUPPLY PIPE TO CISTERN” Fig. 1. To filter the water, two barrels are placed on a stand and the house drain-pipe run to the center between them, where a rocking pipe is attached

COURLING

RUBBER HOSE 83 Now construct.a pair of floats from tin cans, as shown in detail. A verti- cal iron rod should be attached to each float, and lead through an eye soldered to the side of each end of the water- pipe. A stop on the rod will bear against the eye, pressing that end of the rocker up when this ‘particular cask is filled. The operation will be understood by studying Fig. 1. Connect the outlets of the casks to a Y-coupling by heavy rubber hose. This is to lead the water from each cask to a main into the cistern. To Make Connection The method of installing the pres- sure-tank and con- necting it with the air-pump and house piping is shown in Fig. 2. The tank itself is composed of a commen water- boiler as large as can be convenient- ly installed in the cistern. Ifit can be lowered to the bot- tom of the cistern, so much the better; otherwise stand it vertically, as shown, at one side. Attach the main water-pipe to the house so that it en- ters the tank at the

-

Page 74

top, the lower end coming within. about }4 in. of the bottom of the tank. Fit this end of the pipe with a strainer. Lead the pipe underground «deeply enough to prevent freezing, and place a check valve in the line, to prevent water from running back into the tank. Tap another \4-in. pipe into the top SUPPLY PIPE FROM FILTERS ———_ —.2-----—_---_ — other end, thus opening the circuit and stopping the motor. This can be arranged with a double- switch system of control, as diagramed. The operation of the

CHECK VALVE PRESSURE GAUGE ©

CHECK VALVE-4

tt it ) WATER 7 ft | 2 i i} y th; / 1 iy Y, | i CHECK VALVE ' < SS SS Zz, = — — Fig. 2. The pressure tank is set in the cistern or well below the water level “ of the tank, and connect it with an air-compressor placed conveniently in the basement of the house. At some point in the air line place an air-pres- sure gage that will register as high as 50 lb., and between it and the air- compressor fit a relief cock that can be opened <o withdraw pressure from _the tank. Near the compressor insert an air-tight check-valve. This will retain the pressure when pumping. How the System Works The tank should be fitted near the top and bottom with two heavy check- valves with their flaps swinging in- ward.- These will allow the. water to enter the tank, but will prevent it from flowing out when pressure is applied. Two valves will facilitate more rapid filling when the cistern is full. Under ordinary circumstances a hand air- compressor may be utilized; but if the farm-house has electric power, an arrangement like that shown in Fig. 3 may be used. Connect the air-pipe to a small air- compressor operated by a motor of ample power. Extend the pipe out a little way from the gage, and to the end attach a diaphragm pressure-valve such as steam-fitters use. Arrange this so that it will operate at the re- quired pressure. Attach a single knife sw tch, so that when the required pres- sure has been reached the diaphragm will force the stem of the valve out- ward in such a way that it will press against the short end of the switch arm and. break the connection at the

entire system is somewhat as follows: The water flowing from the gutters is conducted down to the vertical pipe and into the rocker pipe, and flows out of the lowest end to the corresponding cask. When it is full, the float raises that end of the rocker until the water flows into the opposite cask. By the time that cask is filled the first is filtered dry, andthe operationis repeated. Thus the cistern is filled with clean water. The water-pressure in the cistern fills the tank through the check-valves and to within a short distance of the top; this space, being filled with air, prevents the water occupying the en- tire capacity. Air is now pumped in by hand or power until the maximum pressure is reached to force water

ROD Y COVER SOLDERED AIR TIGHT se =| DETAIL OF FLOAT PRESSURE GAUGE a AIR LINE—~ AIR RELEASE VALVE CHECK VALVE | YEP tryed e, POWER AIR COMPRESSOR é “oad

4 WASHER AND COTTER PIN THROUGH PIVOT

Popular Science Monthly through the pipes in the house. As the water goes down in the tank the pressure lowers accordingly, but can be renewed at will until the tank needs refilling with water. When this point is reached, release the remaining air- pressure by means of the relief-cock in the air line. This will allow the tank to refill with water. A tank of 50 or 60 gallons’ capacity should supply an average family with water for a day. With the hand air- compressor it takes only a few minutes to bring the water under the required pressure, and, with the electric ar- rangement mentioned, it is necessary simply to throw on the switch and let it. pump until the diaphragm-valve automatically shuts off the motor.

A Good Lacquer Finish on ' Metal -Articles In the production of inexpensive manufactured articles, a lacquer finish’ is commonly used. People engaged in this work will tell you that there is a different finish obtained on castings and sheet-metal work, although each may be similarly treated. ‘The finish on sheet-metal parts is even all over, but on castings there will be light and and dark spots, and many are the con- jectures as to the cause. If the castings are well cleaned and freed from scale and grease, the trouble is due to the structure of the casting. There will be soft and porous spots— spongy—and these, when dipped, will absorb more of the lacquer than the den- ser portions. Unless these can be washed out thespots will always show up. Only by cutting out the spot, which is not practical, or by washing to remove the excess can an even finish result.

SOURSE OF POWER

Fig. 3. Where electric power is installed, this simple motor drive may be used for oper- ating the system with air-pressure. 84 It works automatically by the pressure in the tank

Page 75

ial SF spl eal Po A sabes OAs Eozgs february, 1919 ; : How the Winchester Junior Rifle Corps first started ganized to meet present-day conditions of shooting. It was planned to develop expert marksmanship among boys and girls of America, and, in the thickly. populated communities, to pro-.. vide a range where the sport of rifle shooting could be carried on in absolute safety. The first ‘‘unit’’ of the W.J.R.C. started in New Haven, Connecticut, in the. early part of 1918. It has 34 charter members, 32 of whom have won both the famous Winchester Marksman and Sharp- shooter Medals. All have learned how to handle a rifle intelligently and safely. Today this original ‘‘unit’’ is but one of hundreds of similar W.J.R.C. Units which have grown up all over America. Any boy or girl not over 18 years is eligible to join the W.J.R.C. There are no dues and the members assume no military obligations. Like the great Boy Scout Movement, the W.J.R.C. is growing steadily and gathering new members daily. Boy Scouts are organizing W.J.R.C. Units in their troops to help them earn the Boy Scout Marksman Merit Badge, and to stimulate keener interest in their troops in gen- ‘Te Winchester Junior Rifle Corps was or- eral. There is hardly a town now that has not got its W.J.R.C. Unit. If there is none in your town, write direct to National Headquarters, New Haven, Conn., and get the facts about this patriotic or- ganization of ‘‘live’’ American boys, and learn how you can enter the competition for the famous Win- chester Marksmanship and Sharpshooter Medals. ** How to handle a rifle safely ”’ When you write in to headquarters, ask for the free booklet ‘‘Rules of the W.J.R.C.” and “‘How to handle a rifle safely.’’ It tells you in detail the fine points of shooting, alignment of sights, the three correct positions, rules for gun safety, the care of rifles and the proper rifle for you to use. If you are a boy scout, give your name in full, the troop you belong to and the name of the scout master. If you are not a boy scout, state what organization, if any, you belong to, giving the name of the official in charge. National Headquarters, Winches- ter Junior Rifle Corps, 275 Winchester Ave., New . Haven, Conn., U. S.A. . WINCHESTER Take-down .22 Caliber Single Shot rifle. A low priced, light weight gun made in two sizes. WINCHESTER MODEL .06. Take-dewn Repeating .22 caliber rifle, 20-inch round barrel. Shoots three sizes of ammunition. The most popular .22 caliber repeater, used extensively by. members of W. J. R. C. Winchester Junior Rifle Corps National Headquarters, 275 Winchester Ave. New Haven, Conn., U. S. A. Division) 220. Gentlemen: Please register my name as a member of the Winchester Junior Rifle Corps, and send me a membership button and certificate of member- ship. Also tell me how to organize a Local Unit of the W. J. R. C. Very truly yours, NGG ite os in, anand od ee eeenane Street Address. ok cokabaca eee City. ........-. 2... SM eee ee WIRCHESTER JUNIOR RIFLE CORPS —————— anna : 85

Page 76

ie | ie |) 1 bi | i ih it 4.4 a | 1) 1p ih} +) Ue RI i it i i ite hy ane cB iy | a ti I | se Lower Section of a Flag-Pole Used for a Sewer Vent REAL estate man in a New York suburb encountered a_ serious problem in developing.one of the resi- ,dential sections when a deep sewer was put in through the property from an adjoining town. The sewer was about The lower part of this flag-pole is a gas- pipe which taps the sewer main to vent it 100 ft. below grade, but because of the gréat pressure it was necessary to vent it almost in the middle of his develop- ment scheme. Such a vent would have been a public nuisance and put a heavy handicap on the selling of the property. The mere presence of such a sewer vent, even though harmless, would prevent many people from buying the land. One day he hit upon the clever device shown in the picture. It_con- sisted of carrying the vent up into. the air about 60 ft. and then splicing an- other pole to the top with an American eagle at the end and all the attach- ments of a real flag-pole. The flag- pole. ventilator is so perfect a cover for © the vent that most of the people who live in the neighborhood do not even know its real purpose. Not only does it act as a disguise for the sewer vent, but it also carries the gases far enough up in the air to render them unob- - jectionable. People have often wondered why the flag-pole never has a flag on it. Many a traveling steeple-jack has called on the owner of the property to ask whether he would allow him to fix the pole for flying a flag. The owner, however, has let it be known to a few that he will never let the American flag fly fromm a mast that is a sewer vent. He says it goes against his pride for the flag. So, to this day, the pole has never had the Stars and Stripes fly from it, although it is as perfect a flag-pole as could be built. - be found on an old dry-cell. Signal to Warn Driver Emergency Brake Is Engaged URNED out brake-bands, broken crank-shafts, and enormous fuel consumption are only a few of the many evils that may result from driving a car with the emergency brake locked: in position. After a friend had told him how he had unwittingly driven over twenty-five miles under such conditions, L. B. Robbins, a Florida inventor, set about to devise a means of preventing just such occurrences. The idea can be applied to any ‘“‘shift gear’ type of car, and calls for only the simplest materials. The ‘essential element is a contact spring applied to each lever, that is, the emergency-brake and _ gear-shift lever, just far enough above the floor of the car to allow easy shifting. The spring is a strip of vempered brass, bent as shown, one end being fitted with a screw terminal. This can A short length of rubber garden hose is slit down its length and slipped over the lever to act as an insulator and to keep the two metals apart.. The spring is clamped to the hose with a pair of common hose-clamps. The two ter- minals are then connected by. a coiled piece of ordinary bell wire as shown in the illustration. Attach a metal contact strip to the floor-board immediately behind each lever, so that, when the gears are in “high” and the emergency brake is set, there will be contact between the spring strip on each lever and the metal direct- ly behind it. —m Lever Fig.1 | ) 5 eT]. A vf c, D owing position Detoil of. contact ar springs spring Spring, 35 With brake Fe. .— gear in high jy Wire ih cirvit is broken Broke: a_i as Showing coiled wirs , connect ings —41|— of boih ver A contact spring on each lever makes a sig- nal light show when the brake is engaged Fig.2 Wire these two floor strips to a light or bell, as preferred, which is placed on the dash, and insert one cell of the bat- tery in the circuit. 86 Popular Science M onthly — . When the car is started the emer. _ gency brake is thrown out and the gear lever finally pulled back to bring the — The circuit is then* "4 spring in contact. open. If, however, the brake is accidently left engaged and the gear lever engaged in high, the circuit is at once completed and a signal gives warning to the driver. How to Make an Experimental Geissler Tube HE best results and effects ares obtained with discharges from 4 -$ the secondary of an induction coil in © glass tubes when the exhaustion ig ~ carried to a pressure of about 2 mm; ~ Vacuum A U-tube filled with mercury and in-\— ‘ verted into two vessels of mercury “> of mercury, and the tubes are per- Peg gee . sae A Se Cat ieee is “Toinduction Coil manently sealed. However, for ex- — perimental purposes a Geissler tube © made as described herein gives most satisfactory results. Procure clean mercury, close the ends with the glass » U-tube about 34 in. high. Fill it with > ee fingers and invert: it into two vessels % of mercury. Upon remoying the fingers, the. - mercury columns in the two arms. will fall a few inches; as shown in. the accompanying sketch. the tube, known to physicists as a. Torricellian vacuum. This will — create a vacuum in the upper. part of _. Wires are led from the mercury cups — to two binding-posts, as shown. [If - ‘the electrodes of an induction coil are - connected with these terminals, a luminous phenomenon is produced in - the vacuum in the upper section of the tube. This experiment may be varied by carefully admitting different gases and - vapors into the evacuated space. The luminous effects obtained thereby are _ very beautiful. Different gases pro- duce different colors. The colors are determined by the nature of the residual gas. Hydrogen glows with a brilliant crimson; the vapor of water gives the same color, . indicating that the vapor is disso- ciated by the discharge. ” An examination of this glow by the © spectroscope gives the characteristic lines of the gas which is enclosed in the tube.—PETER J. M. CLUTE.

Page 77

Li AA = E= You Build Send for The Sterling Plan Book VERY prospective home builder should send for the new book of Sterling System Homes before making any plans. Every home.shown in beautiful colors and described in detail with plans. From the modest cottage or bungalow, to the pre- tentious mansion—all designed by architects who know how to give you the utmost in convenience of arrangement and modern design. Are built by the famous Sterling System—from forest direct to you without middlemen’s profit—most economical and prac- tical method of building ever developed. All parts cut to fit ex- actly without waste of material or time. All there is to do is have your carpenter put the parts together when they are received. Save on Your New Home When you build aSterling System Home you save all the waste of material and the waste of time of the old ‘‘HandsawMethod’’. All extras cut ovtandall middlemen’s profits saved because you buy direct from the men who own the very forests that yield the logs for your Sterling Home. Send today for the DeLuxe Sterling Book which shows how this saving can be made. Send This Coupon and 10c today. We will mail you the new 1919 Sterling System Book of Homes, ? Every home beautifully illustrated in colors. This is the most elaborate, attractive and informa- tive book of its kind ever issued. Just full of valuable informa- tion that every home builder should have. Send for your copy. International Mill and Timber Co. 38 Bay City, Mich. Enclosed find 10 cents. Please send me your Sterling System Book of Homes. io ic ctctiincca cc cesassnssc ses sinandisviatnasianuntndsadaungnacabaapianbabinacstagiaeentaaann ~~

Page 78

A Sidewalk Mirror as Lookout for Street-Car Passengers N cold winter days travelers are apt to step into a-corner drug- store to wait for the street-car. In one store, to prevent the opening of the Two runs of stairs are built of light but stout lumber after the pattern shown. If the second floor is 10 ft. above the first, the stairs should be about 141% ft. long in order to furnish an easy climb. Bevel the butting ends of the stairs together, so that when one pair is raised exactly level, the other set will touch the floor at a 45-degree angle. Tie the two sets together at the top with strap irons and lag screws, as shown in detail, with another strap iron, furnished with an eye about lin. in diameter, on the under side. Then run a strong iron strut across between the two stairs to overcome any tendency to sag. If properly constructed the stairs should counter- balance at the eye: where they join. If they do not, Popular Science Monthly : It’s Simple When You Know How It’s Done HIS feat has all the ear-marks of as difficult juggling act and one that has been perpetrated as such on the professional stage. It makes an ex. cellent parlor stunt or after-dinner trick. Procure three glasses of any size, and arrange them on any table go A mirror placed on a post at the Sidewalk edge, where it reflects approaching cars for travelers waiting in the corner store in winter-time add a slight weight on the lighter end until a balance is reached. Hi ity i f aie q i | door unnecessarily and letting in cold air, a mirror was fastened to a pole at the sidewalk edge so that it reflected the car-track and approaching cars. The illustration shows how the mirror on the pole outside is seen from within the store—H. W. HAuN. A Double-Action Disappearing Stairway ARM buildings, as a rule, are greatly cramped for room, and anything permanently in the way is a great inconvenience. Stairs to lofts and upper floors are one of the things that are apt to take up valuable space, but yet to be continually shifting lad- ders about from one loft to another re- quires considerable labor. Therefore the ladders or stairs illustrated are in- tended to overcome both the labor of changing stairs and the waste of space. They can be arranged over the parti- tion between two rooms, and when the space occupied by the stairs in one room is needed they can be raised and access to the floor above can be had from the other room. The illus- trations are self-explanatory. —— STRAP IRON WITH EYE DETAIL OF PIVOT SETAIL SHOWING CATCH Cut an opening in the upper floor- ing, the width between two beams. The ladders should be made so that they will fit between them. Have a pair of iron plates made with an eye for a bearing, and bolt it to the upper floor, as shown in detail. Then pass a 1-in. iron or steel rod through the two eyes on the stairs and into the bearings onthe upper floor. This forms a pivot upon which the whole arrangement swings. Suspend a pull-cord with a ring from each section to pull it down to the floor. Where the swinging end of each section enters the opening, arrange a spring-bolt that will shoot in place under the stairs and therefore hold it up in place to insure safety from falling down if a weight were thrown upon it. Arrange a pull, as shown, so that the catch may be with- drawn to allow the opposite end to be raised. This forms a splendid method of overcoming useless steps in the day’s work, and of securing more than one means of gaining access to upper floors from different locations and with a single device.—L. B. ROBBINS. PivoT ROD, DETAIL OF BEARING The double-acting stairway provides a means for entering the floor above from two positions. While the stairway is down where it is needed it is up in the room where it is not required, the angle which each ladder makes with the floor being 45° 88 The paper rolls with the apples standing on top of them are placed directly over the glasses on a cardboard covering that two of the glasses will be toward the front and the remaining one in the rear, triangular fashion. Then over these glasses place a piece of card- board, a tray, or a flat magazine. On top of this set three uprights, one directly over each glass. The up- rights are made by rolling a card in the form of a tube and pasting or pinning the edges. Three small wood uprights will answer as well. Care- fully place an apple, or a tennis ball, or any round object—a potato will do —on top of each upright. After the articles are so set, stand at one side of the table and ask for the attention of your spectators. Give the cardboard or tray—whichever you use—a smart rap with the palm of your hand, and it will sail to the floor, carry- ing the uprights with it, but leaving an apple in each glass. It looks like a trick calling for con- siderable practice, but as a matter of fact you can do it at the first trial, the only caution necessary being to set the uprights bearing the apples directly over the glasses. The tray does not necessarily have to be knock- ed away—you can get a firm grasp on it at one corner and pull it toward you quickly. The result will be the same. Failure is impossible if the objects are arranged directly above the glasses. The quick removal of the card does not transfer its movement to the apples, and they fall directly into the open mouths of the glasses. The reason for this is that the apples are too heavy to be influenced by the side movement of the cardboard, their only tendency being to drop. The paper rolls which support them are very light and move with the cardboard.

Page 79

at he X= er ard the ver ard- On one 1 in r or rood are- ball, 1 do cand for Give you your ry- gan con- ar of ‘rial, ples tray ock- p on | you ame. s are es. the into The s are . side only yaper light

February, 1919

Make This Your Business at $3,000 per Year Automobile Tire Surgery. There isn’t a business you could get into that offers such sure possibilities of success and fortune. One man and a Haywood Equipment can make $250 a month and more. Scores already have done it and this year there is a greater demand than ever for tire repair work. “30 Million Tires to Repair” That’s not a myth nor some man’s dream. It’s an actual fact. The factories everywhere are geiicio = ee, ees jay plants or the big pe of prosperity in the auto- mobile busiiibss 30 million tires will be manu- factured and every one will need repairing No Experience Necessary No previous training, no apprenticeship. We have a complete course, plainly and profusely illustrated, that explains <a This course is Free with each equipment. If you have a little mechanical turn of mind, you-can quickly become an expert. You learn in a week. Handle all kinds of jobs—figure prices at big cash profits. Nothing is easier to master completely. This is Richard A. Oldham HE EARNED $2200.00 IN 4 chine. Mr. Oldham was telegraph i} Operator for The Illinois Central i} Ry. 20 years. He is now 58 years f) old. He just wrote us: “‘I have m\ earned as much in 4 months as in iwi 23 years as telegraph operator.”’

INVESTIGATE. Send the coupon below, a letter or postal. This brings full information— and a big interesting catalog. Tells all about tires and how to repair them. Shows how to make money—to become independent. Do this today — NOW— before you forget it.

. Haywood Tire & Equipment Company 1167 Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. [FREE CATALOG COUPO! REE CATALOG COUPON Haywood Tire & Equipment Co. fj 1167 Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, Ind. i tl n:—Please send me your catalog, details and plans ap ambitious men in the Tire Repair business. i Name a ee j

amr ae aa

BOOKS ON FLYING Building and Flying an Aeroplane— A practical handbook covering the de- .sign, construction and operation of aero- planes and gliders. Cloth 150 pages. 50 illustrations. Price, $1.00 postpaid

Harper’s Aircraft Book—Why aero- planes fly, how to make models, and all about aircraft little and big. It explains ina simple, lucid manner the principles and mechanisms involved in human flight, and tells how to design and construct model aeroplanes, gliders, and man-car- rying machines. 245 pages. Illustrated. Price, $1.10 postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY West 39th St., New York, N. Y.

How to Prevent Machine Screws from Rusting CREWS employed to join ma- chinery will become fixed, and after a time they will be difficult to re- move because of oxidation. To pre- vent this a mixture of graphite and oil should be used. This will effectually protect them from rust for years. The mixture is an _ excellent lubricant, which facilitates tightening the screws as the friction is reduced-in the threads and hole. An Aid in Saving Gas at the Farm Pump SMALL gasoline engine of 114- horsepower, plus a tubful of rocks, can pump as much water from a deep well as can a 3-horsepower en- gine unaided. This fact was discover- ed by a farmer who owned a 300-ft. well, which was pumped by a wind- mill until an engine was installed two years ago. Both a11}% horsepower en- gine and a 3-horsepower one were tried. A 8-horsepower engine was first used, but, in order to conserve gas, the far- mer is now pumping with half the power. This instance, the pump is inclosed in a small wooden building and the engine is placed outside of the building. Beside the engine is a tubful of rocks suspended from a beam. The beam moves up and down in the slit in the side of the pump-house, as shown in the picture. As the tubful of rocks

A tubful of rocks on a beam helps sn engine to pump water from a deep well descends with a jerk, the weight aids the engine in lifting the water. The beam is attached to a timber, which is connected withthe pump. The engine starts the pump and sets the beam in

motion.—F. L. CLARK. 89

HAMMOND “Many Typewriters In One” The business executive will appreciate the force of emphasis permitted by the interchangeable type system of the Multiplex Hammond. Statistical reports, loose leaf manuals, index cards, eto., revolu- tion! zed through the abi ii ty of the mewMul tiplex to condense typewri ting to 1/4 the space usual ly occupi ed. The Multiplex Petit Gothic type sample repro- duced above (exact size), shows the possibility of condensing your work in perfectly clear manner to one-quarter the usual space. This is invaluable for executives’ manuals, analytical statements, index cazds, etc. No other typewriter can do this— By “‘Just turning the Knob" you can change from one style or size of type and spacing to another. There are over 365 different arrangements of types and languages to select from. Business letters written in the beautiful Hammond Roman, with the emphasized portions in striking italic, invariably compel attention and respect. Verily, the Multiplex is the— Typewriter of Personality Because of the instantly interchangeable type, the perfect alignment, the uniform impression, and many other exclusive features, the Multiplex Hammond is famous throughout the world as the typewriter par excellence. Our free booklet will be sent upon request, if you are a busi:iess executive. Mail the coupon NOW. Multiplex in the Home and for traveiing. Weighs only il pounds. Full capacity. Write for special folder.

The Hammond Typewriter Co. 639 East 69th St., New York City Please send free folder to: ee

ee ee ee ae N Ask nhout special terms to professionals —_—

The New Portable Multiplex Hammond Only 11 Pounds Full Capacity This new light-weight ~ aluminum model travels ‘ in a miniature plush- ‘ lined leather case. Take it with you on your business or pleasure trip. Youforget * you have it, until you ' needit. Write for special descriptive literature,sent Free, and for the unique brochure, ‘““The President and His Typewriter.”

Two of the many styles of type Two different styles of type always in the pecbs ine="Just turn the Knob”

=

an Stel

Page 80

No | Hand Feeding The “YANKEE” Chain Drill is really more than a tool; it is actually a highly efficient machine that automatic- ally relieves the user of effort and respon- sibility. The drill is quickly run up to the - work by the “YANKEE” Friction Feed; We then at the m touch of a m lever, the “YANKEE” 2 Ratchet Feed takes hold and m feeds the drill we through the cut without Ae) attention from the operator. m Saves hand § feeding; saves wm time; saves i drills. Other con- m ditions being we equal,no man, Mam usingordinary ® tools can suc- cessfully com- pete with the userof “YAN- KEE” tools. “YANKEE” Chaia Drill- No. 1500, 3 Jaw Chuck for round shank drills up to % in. Length 94 in. Weight 34 lbs. No. 500. 2 Jaw Chuck for square shank drills _ up to % in. Length 1034 in. Weight 3}4 Ibs. Price $4.50 Your Dealer Can Supply You Write jor free“YANKEE” Tool Book illustrating ef- ficiency tools. North Bros. Mfg. Co. - Philadelphia ‘VANKEE| TOOLS Vlake Batter Vtectutiy How to Make Cuts from Linoleum for Printing Purposes HE surface of linoleum is suitable for use in printing, and if designs are cut thereon, or letters shaped in a reversed position, a very pleasing effect may be obtained. The first step in the preparation of one of these cuts is the drawing, which must be made on paper and then transferred upside down to the lino- Popular: Seience .M onthly ing to balance the rotor dynamically. To locate roughly the proper posi- tion for balancing, hold a piece of chalk so that the high side of the shaft strikes it as the rotor revolves at normal speed. On the rigid shaft the mark thus made will indicate the heavy side; but ona flexible shaft it will prob- ably indicate the light side of the ro- tating part. Fasten some weight on the side opposite the mark, and repeat ‘ the operation. If it leum. The trans- ferred design must be redrawn in ink, so that the lines will be plainly visible. All the parts not to be inked must be cut out. is improved, the weight isin the prop- er place, and the mark will be found to extend farther around the shaft. If the mark is found to have moved, the After the design is carefully drawn on paper it is trans- ferred to the linole- um; then the parts are cut out with a sharp knife making the white spaces Inking the cut, getting it ready for making the impression on the paper With a small sharp knife all black spaces are. perpendicularly . edged. Then, witha side motion of the fingers, the white Rolling the paper down on the cut to make it re- receive the impression weight should be added at the new point. If the mark is found immedi- ately opposite, the reason is that too parts are cut out. One must be careful not to undermine any of the inked lines. When these parts have been cut out, the design, which will stand out prominently, is inked by lightly tapping the linoleum surface with a wad of cotton soaked in ink. A piece of paper held in the left hand is then carefully placed over the design and heavily rolled with the other hand. When the roller has gone over the design once, the paper is taken off. Thousands of prints can be made from one design, or cut, for it will last a lifetime.—E. BADE. Dynamic Balancing of Machine Parts ROTOR with a good static, or stationary, balance will not” necessarily be in good balance while running. It is often necessary to re- balance the revolving member dynam- ically after the assembly of the ma- chine. First the shaft of the machine must be straight before any balancing is attempted. determined by holding a pencil or pointer to the shaft while the latter is slowly revolved. If the pointer touches all points the shaft is straight, and the procedure of balancing may be started. If it does not ‘touch all around, the shaft has been sprung, and must be straightened before start- 90 Pulling the finished print from the cut surface after the impression is made This can be easily ~ much weight has been added. A Tune May Be Played with the Noise of Running Gears O into the feverishly busy ma- chine shops of to-day and watch the rapidly traveling belts and the noisy gears. The outsider is com- pletely bewildered by the noise—some say the workmen become used to it, others that it distracts them too. Some gears are noisier than others. In fact, a vaudeville turn, as yet untried on the public, is to house a number of sets of moving gears and, by opening doors leading to the sets, to release the noises and play popular and patriotic airs through them. For the noise of the gears has “‘pitch,”’ and the more rapidly moving gears give off the higher tones.. It has been determined that the number of teeth contracting, or meshing, in a minute has an exact bearing on the pitch of the tone. The tone A ona piano of low pitch is produced by the vibrations of the strings creating sound waves to the number of 435 per second. And if 435 gear teeth pass a given point in mesh with another gear in a second, the sound will have the pitch of A. And so with every other speed—it has a counterpart on the piano scale.

Page 81

February, 1919 Speeding up Flag-Hoisting on Battleships signaling held by battleships of ‘the American fleet, an interesting in- cident took place. One period was given over to flag-hoisting, the object being was speed and accuracy. Since the penalty for each wrong flag hoisted was a 50 per cent reduction in the score, accuracy was rated as most essential. Some one suggested a sys- tem of blocks to insure greater speed and thus gain precious seconds to be devoted to accuracy, and the following plan was worked out and it proved very successful when used in the sig- nalling contest. A small block, B, was made fast to the yardarm 4 ft. from the eye-bolt A. The hoisting distance, that is, the dis- tance from the flag-locker to the yard- arm, was 60 ft. A signal halliard was roved through block B and block D, - which hung loosely to the halliard and made fast to the eye-bolt A. The lower end C was cut flush with the top edge of the flag-locker and a snap sewed thereon. Halliard A, B, and Sy decalt a recent competition in C was therefore 64 ft. long. Fig.1 C Fla locker Fig.2 | Fla loco A form of block-and-tackle pull on a rope for hoisting the flag quickly The hauling part E was made fast to the ring on the block D, which is inverted, and led to the deck. This is illustrated in Fig. 1. It will be seen that when halliard E is hauled down, snap C goes up with the flag until it is flush with the block B. The halliard A, B, and C has now assumed the shape of a large V, as seen in Fig. 2, forming two sides of an inverted isosceles triangle, with the yard-arm as a base. A glance will show that block D has traveled a distance equal to the per- pendicular bisector of the isosceles triangle—in this case a little less than 31 feet-—M. M. CLEMENT. Why I Am Paid £50,000 A Year How a Poor Young Man Trained for a Big Job — and Got it in Three Years AS TOLD TO S. D. HOPKINS HERE are only a few $50,000 jobs—yet of all the men in the country it is difficult to find enough to fill the few big jobs available. There are plenty of men for the $25-a-week positions—but the thousand-dollar- a-week openings “‘go begging.’”’ How this young man trained himself for earnings of $50,000 a year is one of the most interesting chapters in the annals of even present-day fortune making. This is the story told me, almost word for word, by the young man who did it. “Three short years ago I was $5,000 ‘in the hole’—and earning $30 a week. I had a wife and two chil- dren to support, and I used to worry myself sick about the future. “‘Today—it seems like a dream—all my troubles are over. I am worth $200,000—enough to keep me.and my family in comfort for the rest of our lives. I own two automobiles. My children go to private schools. I have just purchased, for cash, a $25,000 home. I go hunting, fishing, motor- ing, traveling, whenever I care to. “Let me say in all sincerity that what I have done I believe anyone can do. I am only an average man—not ‘brilliant’—have never gone to college—my education is limit- ed. I know at least a hundred men who know more than I, who are better educated and better informed —and their earnings probably average less than $50 weekly while my income is over $1,000 weekly. I mention this to show that earning capacity is not gov- erned by the extent of a man’s education—to encourage those who have not had the advan- tage of a comprehensive education. “What, then, is the secret of my success? Let me tell you how it came about. “One day, about three years ago, some- thing. happened that woke me up to what was wrong with me. It was necessary for me to make a decision on a matter which was of little consequence. I knew in my heart what was the right thing to do, but something held me back. I said one thing, then another; I decided one way, then an- other. I couldn’t for the life of me make the decision I knew was right. “T lay awake most of that night thinking” about the matter—not because it was of any great importance in itself, but because I was beginning to discover what was wrong with me. Along towards dawn I resolved to make an experiment. I decided to cul- tivate my will power, believing that if I did this I would not hesitate about making decisions—that when I had an idea I would have sufficient confidence in myself. to ‘put it over’—that I would not be afraid of my- self or of things or of others. I felt that if I could smash my ideas across I would soon make my presence felt. I knew that here- tofore I had always begged for success—had always stood, hat in hand, depending on others to give me the things I desired. In short, I was controlled by the will of others. Henceforth, I determined to have a strong will of my own—to demand and command what I wanted. “With this new purpose in mind I ap- plied myself to finding out something more about will power and in-my investigation I 91 encountered the works of Professor Frank Channing Haddock. To my amazement and delight, | discovered that this eminent sci- entist, whose name ranks with James, Berg- son, and Royce, had completed the most thorough and constructive study of will power ever made. -I was astonished to read his statement, ‘The will is just as susceptible of development as the muscles of the body!’ My question. was answered! Eagerly I read further—how Dr. Haddock had devoted twenty years to this study—how he had so completely mastered it that he was actually able to set down the very exercises by which anyone could develop the will, making it a bigger, stronger force each day, simply through an easy, progressive course of training. “It is almost needless to say that I at once began to practice the exercises formulated by Dr. Haddock, and I need not recount the extraordinary results that I obtained almost from the first day. You already know the success that my developed power of will has made for me. “People sometimes worry because they cannot remember or because they cannot concentrate. The truth is, will power will enable them to do both. The man who can use his will can not only concentrate: and remember but can make use of these two faculties. And I want to leave this one word with you—no knowledge, no plan, no idea, is worth a penny unless it is used— and it cannot be used unless someone’s power of will does it !’”’ Prof. Haddock’s rules and exercises in will training have been placed in book form, and have been authorized by the publishers to say that any reader who cares to examine his startling book on will power may do so with- out sending any money in advance. In other words, if after a week’s reading you do not feel that “Power of Will’’ is worth $3, the sum asked, return it and you will owe nothing. When you receive your copy for examination I suggest that you first read the articles on: The law of great thinking; How to develop analytical power; How to guard against errors in thought; How to drive from the mind unwholesome thoughts; How to de- velop fearlessness; How to use the mind in sickness; How to acquire a dominating per- sonality. It is interesting to note that, among the 250,000 owners who have read, used and praised ‘‘Power of Will” are such prominent men as Judge Ben B. Lindsey; Supreme Court Justice Parker; Wu Ting Fang, ex-U. S. Chinese Ambassador; Gov. McKelvie of Nebraska; Assistant Postmaster-General Britt; General Manager Christeson, of Wells Fargo Express Co.; E. St. Elmo Lewis; Sena- tor Arthur Capper of Kansas, and thousands of others. As a first step in will training, I would suggest immediate action in this matter before you. It is not even necessary to write a letter. Use the blank form below, if you prefer, addressing it to the Pelton Publishing Company, 14-B Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn., and the book will come by return mail. This one act may mean the turning point of your life as it has meant to me and to so many others. a ee PELTON PUBLISHING COMPANY 14-B Wilcox Block, Meriden, Conn. I will examine a copy of ‘Power of Will’ at your risk. I agree to remit $3 or remail the book in 5 days. eee ee ee ee ee rs) ee ee ee ee ee

Page 82

We guarantee at any time during the fret ear of your enrollment to refund the entire amount paid if im- iately upon the completion of 10 examinations you notify the school you are not satisfied with the Course OUNDS convincing, doesn’t it? Better still, it means if we make good, YOU MUST. More than that, it show’s we’re confident in our ability to fit you for the Big Job—and the pay you'd like to get. If you want to succeed, but are handicapped by the lack of training, NOW is the time to make us MAKE GOOD. We can’t come to you—but the Coupon below will bring us together in such a way that you can’t lose a cent. We're ready to make good. YOU CAN IF YOU WANT TO. NO STRING TO OUR OFFER There’s no ong about the American School gu tee. You’re either satisfied or you are not. ter the tenth examination, if you feel that you are not getting practical, money-making instruction, knowledge you tan cash in on, a notify us you are not satisfied with the Course and you are not out onecent. We accept students on no other basis but that of action or money back. it’S YOUR MOVE You've read our Guarantee—you know that training will pave the way for promotion and better pay—you know you can’t hope to really get anywhere without alized in- instruction—so why not GET The first move for a bigger better future is to check and mail the Coupon. We'll promptly mail you Free Bulletin and full details of Money-Back Guarantee. Dept. T1202 CHICAGO, U.S. A. THE KEY TO SUCCESS Explain how I can quali for the position check «..High School Course Superintendent Beton Engineer .... Lelephone Engineer Manager ..-.Architect Accountant "Mechanical Engineer Soa Civil ineer ....steam Engipeer Adjuster Address ‘ any position. Po our grad Ask for our Free Book. Itezplains our system and terms. THE DeSELMS WATCH SCHOOL 6 87 Perry St., ATTICA, IND. We revise poems, compose music of any description, secure copyright and em- ploy original methods for facilita- ting FREE PUBLICATION or outright SALE of songs Card brings te acopy of our A } you S & Free Booklet which tells you who we ere, explains our methods and contains valu- tion. able information and instructions. This is your opportunity to learn the * truth regarding the Song-writing profession from a reliable and successful concern. KNICKERBOCKER STUDIOS, 88 Gaiety Bidg., N. ¥. City A Postal Arithmetic of Electricity—A practical trea- tise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules. $1.00 Postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York. Popular Setence Monthly. Is It Going to Rain? Watch the Weather House Putting the finish- ing touches to the little weather house SMALL house with two rela- tively large doors is made from thin boards—a cigar-box willfurnish material of the right thick- ness. The porch and the front of the house are decorated with branches to give it a rustic appearance. Two figures—a man with an umbrella and a woman with a handbag—are placed on a small board so that they stand in the center of the doorway. In the center of this board is a small rod, its length a trifle longer than the figures are high, with a hook in the upper end. Get an E-string for a violin—not steel, catgut—and tie it in the hook; fasten the other end to the roof of the house, so that the figures will lean about 34 in. back of the doorways. If one of the figures should be a trifle heavier than the other, a few drops of sealing-wax on the lighter one will equalize the weight. The man with the umbrella predicts bad weather, and the gaily dressed woman with the handbag fair weather. When a drop of water is placed upon the E-string, the side that predicts rain will come out of one doorway, while the fair-weather side will re- treat into the house. This test, of course, must be made before the fig- ures are attached to the swinging board.— Dr. BADE. How to Make Carbon Copying Paper for Typewriters SERS of carbon paper often wish to use a deeper color than those usually sold in the stores. The com- mercial paper has a standard tint, and it is, as a rule, too light to give many copies before the sheet must be thrown away. The writer, after Some ex- perimenting, has made a darker tinted paper by mixing in other colors. Take, for instance, blue or purple carbon paper. By mixing a quantity of carbon bla@k with the blue a deeper 92 If the lady with her hand-bag comes forth for a day’s shop- blue. The addition ping, it is going to be clear Adjusting the piece on which the figures stand so that it will swing in tint is obtained, which makes a very strong copy. Pur- ple is also improved by the addition of lamp-black. Pur- ple color is obtained by mixing red and of lamp-black to purple makes a fine purple-black tint, which looks well and makes a fine copy. Since the strength of colors bought in stores varies greatly, no proportions are given. It is better for the experi- menter to mix a small quantity of the colors until a deep and satisfactory tint is obtained, and then to make up a sufficient quantity to coat the paper. Take fine lamp-black or ivory-black, carmine, or ultramarine blue. Mix thoroughly with soft soap, and rub the mass, with the aid of a stiff brush, on thin but strong typewriter paper. By this method a far better copying paper is produced than that made by fatty oils.—W. S. STANDIFORD. A Home-Made Dark Box for | Printing Developing Paper HE printing device shown in the illustration consists of a card- board box without a bottom. A hole is cut in the side of the box at A to admit the frame and hand of the operator. A hole is cut in the center of the top for an elec- tric globe. The globe B has a cord C and at- tachment plug D for making con- nections to an ordinary electric- light socket thus furnishing the light. In printing, the frame is thrust into the hole A face up, and the light turned on with the other hand for the proper amount of time. Cardboard box used for printing developing papers a 4 PS EN ee ee Se ee ena ee ee ae ae ee a ee el UOUFhUe:l CU CS Por

Page 83

= ow a DO VW MP ee ee Oe oN Ok ee <SANsX FP OMS

February, 1919 Building Bridges Out of Old Railroad Rails HEN wood bridges wear out they should be replaced by structures of more durable material. One way of doing this is to build rough forms and pour concrete into them for the abutments. Make the span out of old rails instead of wooden beams. Such construction is substan- tial and also cheap; for rails can usually be bought for the price of scrap iron. This is no easy job, however, and is very apt to be a failure if good engineers are not employed. Don’t be stingy with the rails; the more used, the better the job. We see highway bridges with “two or three I-beams used for the span, and are apt to think that the same number of rails will be enough. Though a rail is strong enough for the small span between railroad ties (8 to 14 inches), it is not as strong as commercial I-beams of thesameweight. Therelativestrength can be found in any steel hand-book. For instance, a 7-in. I-beam weigh- ing 45 pounds to the yard is as stiff as a rail weighing 80 pounds to the yard, which shows that the rail is almost twice as heavy as the beam of equal strength. The factor that repre- sents the strength value is called the section modulus, and a hand-book will show it to be 10.4 for the beam and 10.1 for the rail.

Paper Strips on Armature Amplify a Buzzer Tone EN making detector tests or- dinary magnetic buzzers are generally used. Although quite con- venient, the faint tone emitted is not as desirable a signal as could be wished for. The tone can be raised by simply placing tightly folded strips of paper between the magnet core and armature and between the armature and contact aper strips f ~ P Key /\ } i |

i Ht

Battery

a | The paper strips are applied be- tween the magnet core and the armature and _ contact spring

spring, asshown. The requisite thick- ness of paper may be determined by experiment. Instead of the paper, rubber bands may be used, if they are wound tightly around the buzzer in such a manner as to occupy the same positions as the paper would. In further adjusting the buzzer for a higher tone, the contact screw must also be regulated.

7 So Hh \\s = P| / mM: Nee — Nt 1 4 TMMENSE increase in production and use of Autos Trucks, and Tractors, now that the war is over, coupled with the most urgent demand for Sales Agents and Motor Mechanics, makes this your greatest opportunity to qualify easily and quickly to make big money. This is a Motor Age. Inter-Community Truck hauling, establishment of thousands of Rural Motor and Aviation Mail Routes, universal expansion of State and National Highways, general use of Farm Tractors for in- ]_ tensive cultivation, and on large acreages — will require greatly increased } Maintenance and Repair Shop facilities. Start a Repair Shop NOW! There are 30,000 towns and rural communities, many of them on National Highways, without a garage or repair shop of any kind. Only a small investment required to get into the best paying business in nearl any community. Before you return home, we give you business as w as mechanical training in our own big garages, without extra cost. Learn Here in 6 to 8 Weeks Earn $100 to $400 a Month Every man, 16 years of age and over, who will apply himself, can learn here, e refer you to thousands of successful graduates, many of them right in your own section of the country, who have made good from the day they left here. No previous experience or educa- tional requirements necessary to learn here. 1 Enorm The great Rahe School now E Or ous has double equipment B oe de- = partment as we recently quipment over the enormous quantity of fe ira autos, trucks, tractors, block motors and electrical equipment used for training thousands of soldier mechanics in the Military Divi- sion of the Rahe School for Motor Divi- i sionof U.S. Army, during war period. | Easy To Learn By The 1 Rahe Practical Method { { Daily work on this enormous up- to-date equipment under supervision of nume erous Master Mechanic Instructors. Same training as used to qualify Soldier Mechan- 4 ics in 60-day courses, Only additional cost to +take your training at ‘‘World’s Oldest. and Greatest”? Auto and Tractor School, is ) { difference in carfare. No books used. No ——= “Extras” to buy Only Life Scholarships Seve! named Food Easel San) issued. Plenty of opportunity to earn part living expenses while here. Special Tuition Pore neste [] Dey Toe) fiom wen. n s e- Rate Now } 208 er Bate txined nine and Se Ee F RE special offer to those who come in the A WJ illustrated og thirty days, Send in the attached coupon at once for full particulars,

Mail This Coupon Today for

RAHE AUTO & fj Name TRACTOR SCHOOL (Oldest and Greatest in the World) i dress 2889 Oak Streets, _ Kansas City, Missouri. * : . ti Age............ Occupation

——— —— 93

Page 84

Stronger, Clearer Voice for YOU! Weakness, huskiness and harshness banished. Your voice given a wondertal, strength, a wider range, an amazing clear- ness. This ie done hw, the Feuchtinger Method, endorsed by leading E' aa usicians, actors and Seeakete, Useti in own home. Simple, silent exercises tdtten a tew minutes daily impart vigor to the vocal organs and give a surpassing quality to the tones. Send for the facts and proofs. Do You Stammer? ou have any voice impediment this method will hep you. You need notstammer or lisp—if you seal fo —- our instructions. Mail coupon for free boo WRITE! —_ cou; an our free book and litera- “ We eo will tell you jut what this method is, will do for you. No Perfect Voice Institute 1772 Wilson Ave. Studio122 Chicago, Ill. Popular. Sevence M onthly... by the hanging piece shown. The gun is fired by depress- ing the key which connects the battery, and releasing it again quickly. It is, of course, evident that the projectile tends to move to the center of the solenoid, and if the key is not released at the proper time, the pro- jectile will either be drawn back into the gun or re- The electric gun as it appears when look- ing down on it from the top, showing its mounting and base. The base is made of tarded in its flight. This fact introduces an element of skill into the firing of the wood and decorated to represent concrete gun. shown have been found effective. {The gun can be made in any size desired so long as the proportions are kept. In order to give the appearance of a long- 94 Reaching the greatest range is, in all probability, the rea- son for the great fascination the gun has had for old folks as well as young.—CHARLES JIORTON. : Feb To Demagnetize a Watch Revolve distance rifle, a wood sleeve is turned Lot It Near a Motor and pushed over the front end of the pipe and a wood part turned and pushed ERY often an electrician, an en- over the rear part. gineer, or even a visitor to an The coil is wound on the space ai electric light or power plant will dis- thus made; but first an iron or steel] as cover after a few days that his watch washer is pushed over the pipe at each aft is losing half an hour or moreeach day. end of the coil space in order to as | This is because it has become magnet- strengthen the flux. The winding is ing ized by its proximity to the dynamos. arranged in even layers and shellacked ant The regular apparatus used by jew- after each layer is completed; or, bet- sen elers for remedying this trouble con-_ ter still, enameled wire may be used to’ sists of an elliptical piece of soft iron which will give more wire and con- ligh with a central hole large the enough to permit the in- —a aw sertion of the watch. Over mo the iron core are wound a number of layers of fine insulated wires. Alternat- Re ing current is sent through the wire. If there is no al- ternating current to be had, 7 an additional device known as a polarity-changer must ob be used for direct current th % ; supply. ba on Signal Engineering With a little trouble and ; : no expense, any one may e 'THOUSAN DS of miles of rail- demagnetize his own watch road must be equipped with by asimilar method. Take _ tal block signal systems. To super- a heavy, thread or a light A sectional view of the gun, showing the mi intend these installations and to string about 2 ft. long, and coil of wire around the firing-chamber and by br prey tage —— _ x oo a tie the ring of the watch _ ried he —_ = a diagram of th soe mast eforet Y. San pith van - =e to it; Hold the string by e telegraph-key an e battery circuit re should write for the free book on Signal one end and turn the watch around sequently more strength to the coil. wi Engineering. until the string is twisted for about 50 When the winding is finished a piece cl If you join the army or navy before you have turns; then allow the string to unwind, _ of thin steel tubing is pushed over it, m completed the further payments will be and as the watch revolves pass it-slowly . which bridges between the two wash- fa postponed yeni, -back and forth about 2 in. above the : ers, thus completing- the - magnetic: of Men Are Need a! fields of a small motor or dynamo circuit. If steel tubing, which is the I e while the machine is running. Care best material, cannot be procured, a Pr At the present time, less than one-fourth of the should be taken to keep the watch piece of thin tin may be wrapped th matic bioc signal soateme mand yrben you read that revolving constantly while it is held around and soldered to form a tube, F roads to install them, you will realize what'remarkable over the motor.—PETER J. M. CLUTE. or else part of a tooth-powder box may W feasioa of ming, ‘The work, is big—broad be used. This iron casing is very im- salary for a Engineer. Write for portant, as the strength of the gun will Send the Coupoit Pte sashiapan This Toy Gun’s Projectile Is be greatly increased by its use. This Pat your name and ad. / Det 1202 1819 Driven by Electricity tube is also used to sypport the gun. Gress in the coupon, or a let- = bay As the illustration shows, two brass fe free book shout Signal 1 Gentlemen: Please send me TOY gun, which is made of YZ-in. hubs are turned and soldered to the tal you how You.can get 4 gous big new, Dove i a Signal brass pipe, makes use of the _ steel tube and mounted in a wood car- need in anger to become / gutit ofor, lets aetinetiy unders movement of an iron armatureintothe riage. In this way the elevation of Gath bemicss J task magnetic field of a solenoid when the the gun, which determines the range, obligation in writ- 7 2 A ’ ge, ing for the book. re current is applied. Mounted near the may be controlled. of ‘Signaling ] rear end of the pipe is a coil winding ~~ The projectiles consist of pieces of F Sy Pe of the usual type. The proportions soft iron rods which are inserted at of the rear and held in place Lomcesett. J ac4__...cccupation or oo mm «ft os OOO OU. hee OO

Page 85

ve |. OT | ee EE ee cl

s- s

February, 1919 Locating a Projecting Nail in a Shoe by Flashlight HE location and removal of a projecting nail from the inside of a shoe is usually accomplished only after much squinting and twisting so as to get sufficient light on the annoy- ing nail, which is finally discovered and extracted by guesswork and the sense of touch. Jt is almost too simple to’ mention that the ordinary flash- light will illuminate the interior of the shoe or boot so well as to do away with the preliminary lost motion.—JAMES M. KANE. Repairing the Crushed Ends of a Shotgun Barrel HE accidental dropping of a rail- road tie on the barrels of a gun obliged me to saw off about 6 in.of the barrels. The ends of the original barrels are shown in Fig. 1. In saw- ing off the barrels, an opening was left between the ribs (see Fig. 2). The channel between the barrels tapers from the breech toward the ' muzzle, being closed at the muzzle by the wedge-shaped plugs A. At the point where the section of the bar- rels was cut off, the channel was too wide for the original plugs, and I closed it with solder in the following manner: First I tinned the channel as far in as possible; then I made a loop of copper wire as at A. Around this I wrapped tissue paper, as at B. Pushing this in the channel, I pressed the paper so that it would fill the space Fig. 3, and then pulled the wires out- ward to bring the paper within 14 in. TOP RIB—~_, / PLUG

FIG3 WIRE TISSUE PAPER (WIRE BENT OVER SOLDER The different stages in making the repair to the smashed gun-barrel of the muzzle. Bending the wire as in Fig. 4, I filled the space with solder. After the solder had cooled I cut off the projecting wires and filed the end smooth, as shown in Fig. 5. The purpose of the paper was in order to make a base on which to build the solder.—JAMES M. KANE.

tt Pal Drafting Is the Back=

>: pes an pat — bone of All Industry -» Of all construction.

y+ a ce gy Fa fh <= LZ e@ The world—its homes, 5 skyscrapers, fac-

tories, ships, rail- : roads and com- mercial and industrial machinery are LY = i] 2 | ) all. monuments i NY Ay Cll! bs Be AN uma to the draftsman’s skill. As a profession—as an avenue of advancement in every known form of engineering—drafting has no equal. Aim as high as you like and you can reach your mark in this greatest of all professions. Just as the reconstruction of Europe will first have to be plan- ned on the drafting table, so has the world been built —so will the world continue to be built. That is why there is no limit to your success as a draftsman. Draftsmen in Big Demand Think for a minute of the colossal reconstruction plans of the United States to say nothing of Europe and you will get an idea of the busy years ahead for draftsmen in all branches. But there is always a big demand for draftsmen because they are funda- mental factors in the world’s progress. Make Drafting Your Profession The American School Home Study course will enable you to mas- ° ter this great, interesting and congenial profession without in any way interfering with your present work. Just give us a part of your spare time and we'll do the rest. Our lessons are simplified, well illustrated, easily understood—and we coach you carefully from the first lesson to the last. You simply can’t fail if you want to win. i 7 DON’T HESITATE. Don’t think you Satisfaction can’t master our lessons by Home Study Guaranteed inti you TRY. So sure are we

that you can do as well as any of our thousands of students, we Guar- antee Satisfaction or refund your money in full. That's how confident we are in our methods. Have you as much confidence in yourself? If so, check and mail the Coupon for FREE Bulletin. :

“ < « a Please Send Me Booklet and Tell Me — How | Can Fit Myself for the Position Marked X ....Draftsman and Designer ....Lawyer ....High School Graduate Business Manag ....lectrical Engineer «+.» Certified Public Accountant ..blee, Light & Power and Auditor onvea Hydroelectric Engineer «ite Telephone Engineer .... Telegraph Engineer .... Wireless Operator cote Architect yee Building Contractor ....Civil Engineer _ wee Structural Engineer oa Mechanical Engineer pes Shop Superintendent Course «.oteam Engineer

o Expert Engineer

American School of Correspondence, Dept. D-1202, Chicago, U. 8. A.

Books for Mechanics Sheet Metal Work—A manual of practical self-instruction in the art of pattern draft- ing and construction work in light and heavy-gauge metal, including skylights and roofing, cornice work, etc. Cloth, 288 pages, 370 illustrations. Price, $2.00, Postpaid. Machine Shop Work—A comprehensive guide to the most approved methods in modern shop practice, the construction and use of improved tools and machines, hand tools, the lathe and lathe tools, the methods of screw cutting, taper and eccentric turning, etc. Leather, 275 pages, 325 illustrations. Price, $1.50, Postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street New York City 95 Address 3 Electrician's Wiring Manual By F. F. SENGSTOCK — Electrical Inspector Chicago Board of Underwriters Shows you how to proceed so that your work will pass the most exacting inspector. Every step explained in detail, made clear by 415 careful drawings. Twenty-seven Chapters, 410 Pages, 415 Illustrations of Sound Practical Information. Flexible Leather Bind- ing. Pocket Size. Price $1.50 postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 W. 39th Street New York City

Page 86

BUYS GIBSON 7 ADAY Terms as low as $5.00 down and at Oe: Mandolin or G Liberal allowance on old nae iF pace caper ae => al new ielin vconatrs ction gradua' and Bac and Stradivari hi treatise on ‘ “How SE Pice. “ehitlhcPe ‘Teach and Sell the Gibson. _ Make $1800 rth nineties

or Become a teacher. tunities for Mand tea ie. wean sex, a | every ity, te class inetragtion ind = of * “Gib; “*made’’ man teacher ae B. and coneietie. We have per- manent teaching and business jena ndid oppor. tunity no for eith gex.. Other sitions pending. r -~. - meyer, St. Louis Mo., Teacher and Director, “Will do 10, business in 1917; did ,000 in 1916.” ae Foe gg R.1 Soloist for endorses the © Gibson."

same of in ** by America’s most eewccosceccscccce successful director, |. Place, now “for Catalog, easy * NOW. FI the Win», COUPON here [} Ms [) Mandolin [1] Mando-cello [] Guitar © (J Mandola [] Mando-bass [) Harp-guitar *,, 482 Parsons St. ( Tenor Banjo [] Guitar Banjo a 2

Seu Finger ‘Print — ’ Not only in the police ts, but in oe ace CEeti atone and other re ‘systems are —_ — .00 to $50.00 a week “ki it mow there unfulfilled demand for or experts.

Applied Desk 1202, wee omcmpaie yeaa all Please send me absolutely free fir Also qeaens es yapeual potted offer” Yeavume no obligations ‘whatever. : Name. = fe Add TESS 1.12.22 -000-000-- * BA nen Oooupati 2

Raise Belgian Hares for us. at home. We furnish stock and pay you $6 a pair and express charges and buy all you raise. Also cavies and squabs. Beautifal illastrated catalog and contract 10c UNITED FOOD & FUR ASSOCIATION 329 West 48th St. Desk 4 New York -l MAGAZINE . Publishes cash ; ‘ assignments, . senate and a on Care } tooning, Designi Hh es ting, Lettering, sand Gh halk ‘Talking. ¢ a, icises of teresting a are coral information for artists and art students. Satisfactory or money refunded. 10 cents a copy, $1 a year. Send $1 NOW, stamps or bill. Ct STUDENTS ART MAGAZINE, Dept.417, Kalamazoo. Mich. ‘THE BOY ELECTRICIAN Practical Plans of Electrical Apparatus for Work and Play with -- $2.00 Post - = Principles of E -day Electricity. ostpa: POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, W. 39th St., New York

Wonderful profits easily made} <

An Electric Automatic Stop for the Phonograph NE of the disagreeable features of the ordinary phonograph is the necessity for leaving one’s seat before the end of a selection to turn off the motor. This produces a nerv- ous strain in the person who is operat-

The shaft with the knob run through the tone-arm for setting the finger at the _ fight point on the record being used . ing the machine, with the result that he cannot enjoy the music. The writer experienced this, and being a music lover devised a method of automatically shutting off the machine. The method proved simple and entirely reliable. Reference to the accompanying illustration will show how the apparatus is constructed. There is inserted through the usual tone arm a piece of brass tube A in which fits a rod B that freely rotates _therein and is held under friction by | the spring C soldered or screwed to“ the tone arm. A knurled knob D is mounted at the upper end of the rod B and secured with a set screw, and the arm E of flat brass is secured to the bottom cf the rod between two lock-nuts. A flat contact F is secured to the floor of the cabinet, and extends upward sufficiently to be in the path of the arm E, serving to make contact therewith. The operation of this part of the

The tone-arm carries a finger that makes _ felectrical contact at the end of the record | device is obvious. Before starting the record, the needle is set in the next to the last groove’ near the center or thereabout and the knurled knob is used to set the contact arm E against the contact F. The friction spring C then holds the arm in this position while the reproducer is lifted and the needle started in the first groove of the record. It is obvious, then, that when the record is about completed the tone arm will have moved over, bringing the contact arm close to the stop, thus making an electric contact. 96

Popular: Science Monthly The rest of the apparatus cannot be shown, because it depends on the type of the machine used. It eon. sists, however, of an electric bell, the bell and hammer of which have been removed, leaving just enough of the hammer to be bent at right angles to form a hook. The stopping lever ig then provided with a spring which tends to keep it in the stopped position, and the hook of the bell is arranged to catch and hold it in the running position when the machine is started. Thus, when the contact is made at the conclusion of the record, the bell magnets will be energized and will pull the restraining catch away from the stop lever, allowing the spring to pull the stop lever to the stop position. There are several refinements that suggest themselves for the apparatus, For instance, the author arranged a flexible ‘cord with a pear-shaped push connecting one wire to the tone arm and the other to the contact spring, so that he could stop the machine at any time during the rendition of the selec- tion, as for instance when visitors en- tered the room who were to be intro- duced. Another refinement which occurred to the author, but which he did not make use of, consisted in attaching a semicircular scale with numbers to the tone arm and allowing the contact arm to play overit. Then each record should be played and the exact position of the tone arm noted, which will bring the machine to reat immediately when the music stops and the corresponding scale number marked on the record at the center, so that it will not be necessary to set the contact arm for any record.—CHARLES HORTON.

Locating Keyways on Direct-} Connected Machines T is often necessary for two ma- chines whose rotating elements are mounted on the same shaft, or are to run direct connected, to operate inseries or parallel. In this instance, the generator voltages should be in phase with each other, and to accomplish this the keyways of the two machines should be definitely located with re- spect to each other. This is done by connecting the fields of both machines in series to the same source of power. The rotating parts are then adjusted, and the keyways so located that with a sudden opening of the field switch no kick is noticed on a voltmeter connect- ed across any phase of either machine. The position is best determined as follows: Set the rotating and sta- tionary elements of one machine with respect to the other, so that no volt- meter kickis obtained across any partic- ular phase when the field circuit is suddenly opened. Then set the sec- ond machine so that no kick is ob- tained across that phase which is to be connected to the phase of the ma- chine on which the kick was registered. A mark should be made on the machine and shaft, for the keyway location.

yy of Oe

Page 87

10t the on- the en the ich On, ing ed. the ell ull the ull hat Us. la ush rm , 80 any lec- tro- ich he in . vith ring hen the ted, rest and ked t it pact ‘ON. ma- are » to ries the 1ase lish ines re- . by ines wer. ted, vith 1 no ect- ‘ine. 1 as sta- with rolt- rtic- it is sec- ob- s to ma- red. hine Febriiary, 1919 Keeping a Record of Flat Keys on Photographic Paper HE illustration is a shadowgraph of flat keys made by the use of gaslight paper, such as is used for mak- ing prints from photographic nega- tives. The paper is placed on top of the keys after they are placed on the A good way to make copies of your keys, so they may be duplicated in case of loss glass in the printing-frame. They are exposed to the paper the same as for gaslight printing. A little experi- menting will make certain the proper exposure. Developing is done in the usual manner. This shadowgraph can be used as a negative, and a number of prints made from it. It is often desirable to have such a record of keys. In case of the loss of a key-ring the keys can be re- placed easily. A locksmith can make new keys from the key record. In clubs and schools and factories where a great many steel lockers are used, and where the percentage of lost keys is very great, such prints would obviate the necessity of keeping on hand a large and expensive supply of duplicates, and would make it un- necessary to keep in communication with the manufacturers of the lockers to replace the lost keys. Reference numbers or letters or'a code of signs could be used on the print to record the locks to which they belong.— HERMAN G. GILBERT. How to Make Good Mercury Electrical Connections ERFECT electrical connections are often made by dipping the ends of copper wire into cups of mercury. The process usually employed is as follows: Pour some nitric acid into a bottle having a glass stopper, and add a few drops of mercury, thus forming nitrate of mercury. In the preparation of this compound there should be a slight excess of mercury. Clean the copper wire and dip the end for a moment into the liquid. Upon withdrawal the wire will appear blackened, but if wiped off briskly with a cloth it will be found brightly amalgamated. The simple test for perfect amalga- mation is that the extremity of the wire should be able to raise a small drop of mercury from the table.—PrtTer J. M. CLUTE. Scams to Fill Bigger Shoes Vf O matter what 4 “kind - of work : you are doing now, fs 2 set of these great ¢ home study books will quick- ly fit you for a bigger and better paying job. We will send any set you select for one week’s FREE ‘examination, and if you want to keep them you pay only the special reduced price—at the rate of 50 cents a week. This is your opportun- ity to make more money—grasp it NOW. Usethese books and a little spare time AND LEARN TO FILL BIGGER SHOES. Day Raise rs Automobile These books are written by | Five volumes, 2400 and well known authorities—the | 222 top-notchers in each line. They will help you make more money. You can’t fail to understand them, because they are written in plain, everyday language. Thousands of photographs, | Machine Shop Su a diagrams, charts, etc., help to tern Maker, Soak Eielemse or make difficult points as sim- | 70° .. Regular price, ple as A-B-C. $30.00. Special price, $19.80. scesvinsseae rinte ints $1800 to $5000 Yearly wre Engineers (all kinds) $2000 to $5000 Yearly Ovfice Manager or Auditor $1800 to $5000 Yearly Carpentry and Contracting Five volumes, 2138 pages and more than 400 illustrations, Prepares for Contractor, Build- ing Superintendent and Car- penter Foreman. Regular price,$25.00. Special price,$17.80. je @ e Civil Engineering Nine volumes, 3900 pages and 8000 illustrations, plates and Mechanic or Chauffeur. Inval- uable to car owners. Regular price,$25.00. Special price,$17.80. MachineShopPractice Six volumes, 2300 pages and : 2500 illustrations. Prepares for iagrams. pares for Civil or Structural Engineer, Transit- man, Estimator, Designer or Chief Draftsman. Regular price,$45.00. Special price,$29.80. Telephony and See our Free Examination—no money down offer below Ventilating Engin’ring Four volumes, 1454 pages and more than 1400 illustrations, ete, for Sanitary Engineer, Heating and Venti- toting _ ngineer, Master Plumber or Plumber, Regular price,$20.00. Special price,$13.80, Mechanical and Architectural Drawing Four volumes, 1578 pages and more than one thousand illus- ions.- Prepares for Archi- tectural or Mechanical Drafts- man. | lar price, 00. Special price, only $14.90. J . ° Electrical Engineering Seven volumes, 8000 pages and 2600 a, plates and ur Experts diagrams. Prepares for Elec- trical Engineer, Power Plant Superintendent, Substation Op- Four volumes, 1728 pages and — Lng me Pp iagrams, e8 hone Enginess, Wire Chief, ‘xchange Manager, Trouble Man or Tel pher. Regular price, $20.00.Special price,$12.80, Steam and Gas Engineering Seven volumes, 3300 es and 2500 illustrations, plates, dia- grams, etc. Prepares for Sta- tionary, Marine or Locomotive . Engineer or Fireman. Regular price,$35,00. Special price,§21,80. + Law and Practice (with Reading Course in 25 bound pamphlets). Thirteen volumes, 6000 pages and 24 illus- trations. Prepares for all Bar Examinations. A wonderful Ask aid to business men. lar | With these books goes free of all | erator or Electrician. Regular price, $72.00. Specialprice,$89.80. | charge a $12.00 Consulting Mem- | *©¢-#5.00. Specialprice, $19.80, Practical bership in the American Technica! Accountancy and Society. If any question’ puzzles | Business Management 1840 Ten volumes, 3680 and you—write us. Our corps of experts | jog filusteations free ote. and engineers will solve any prob- | Prepares for Certified Public lem. Ask all the questions you | {isnages "hcouitaat’ Gault want for a whole year. This serv- | Man or Bookkeeper. ice is absolutely FREE. BDonw’t Senn Any Money: Write the name of the books you want on the coupon and mail it to- day. We will send the books at once, ex- press collect, and you can use them just as if they were your own for a whole week. If you decide you don’t want to keep them, send them back at our expense. If you like the books, as thousands of other men have after examination, just send us $2.00. You can send the balance of the special reduced price the same way— $2.00 each month (50 cents a week). Start right now and learn to fill bigger shoes. There will be a better job looking for you if you do. Be ready to meet it when it comes. Send the coupon now. American Technical Society, Dept. X1202, Chicago, Hill. [American Technical Society, Dept. XK1202, Chicago, Lilinois Please send me set of. collect. I will examine the books thoroughly and, if satisfied, will send $2 within 7 days and paid the special price of. —_____— If I decide not to keep the books, I will return them by ex- press at your expenne. Title not to pass to me until the set is fully pald for. for 7 days’ examination, shi charges fn $2 each month until I have i | Name Address. Aaar [ eererence s 97

Page 88

So writes an enthusiastic, grateful customer. health and strength.

pro position. 241 Rash Building

i Kerosene Oil, Gasoline and Gas Let me send you an engine to earn its own cost while you use it—for my Kerosene engine gives more power frém a gallon of 12-cent kerosene than you can get from a gallon of 20- or oe — . a gasoline

engine—Easy to start; y to ate; mo cranking; no batteries. All sizes_-2 HY P. to : 2 H.P. —Etationary, Portable, and Sa’ Outfits. 10-Year Guarantee on Every Engine. rite for Latest Prices. DIRECT FROM MY BIG FACTORY Ever since I started my factory, years ago. [ have been selling engines direct from the factory to the man in the shop or on the farm. Now, as before, any honest man can engine on 20 0 Days’ Trial 1 'gend out must ma guarantee. No need to pay dounle ~~ _ an iors o\geed engine, or take an out- of-date engine for any kind of a price. Let me show you how fi what an engine is worth and How to Know Better Engines My newest book helps you choose a safe and value- received engine—How to make simple tests—and all about valve in head motor. Send me your address today. Just a postal card will bring this newest and la’ $£0-£- OTTAWA MEG. CO. 1959. Kine Street sf A WEEK PAYS” ay ror Black K Been —e

money. Don’t buy wheel dinary bi- first.

or cycle. Geta Black Beauty — factory - whole- sale price. Built for fel- lows who want a sensi- tional wheel. Snap; lest, raciest, strongest “Bike” ' in all eycledom. 18 Exclusive Features See the wheel itself. Any one of 20 styles shipped ab- solutely at our risk. No advance Woe, Keep or — We freight. fo pay Tt You a

mall amoun acceptance, then $1 a oo . “Greatest off er ever madet (Est. 23 yrs.) Dept.G50 \& ERT eaul Philadelphia \ New 919 Catalog < colors - By Horstmann & Tousley A necessary book for Electricians. Full facts and diagrams, $1.50 postpaid. HAVERFORD. CYCLE Co. ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St. N. Y. SAVE YOUR BODY Conserve Your Health and Efficiency First “| Would Not Part with it for $10,000” _ “Worth more than a farm,” says another. In like manner testify over 100,000 people who have worn it. THE NATURAL BODY BRACE Overcomes WEAKNESS and ORGANIC AILMENTS of WOMEN and MEN. Develops erect, graceful figure. Brings restful relief, comfort, ability to do things, Wear It 30 Days Free at Our Expense Does away with the strain and pain of standing and walking; replaces and sup- ports misplaced internal organs; reduces enlarged abdomen; straightens and strengthens the back; corrects stoop- ing shoulders; develops lungs, chest and bust; relieves backache, curva- tures, nervousness, ruptures, Constipation. Comfortable and easy to wear. Keep Yourself Fit Write today for illustrated booklet, measure- ment blank, etc., and read our very liberal § HOWARD C. RASH Pres. Natural Body Brace Co.

’ POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY; 225

Popular Science Monthly Method of Attaching Stencils to Smooth Surfaces UPLICATION of design or jp. scription is always accomplished with more neatness, accuracy, and much more rapidity with the aid of a pounce, transfer, or stencil. The demand for this mechanical aid ig almost imperative if the work is to appear in parallel. AY [ OFFICE

O fo. \ \ A A Strips of tae are used for attaching the letters in po-ition on the surface to receive the sign With the use of a stencil and moist colors it is absolutely necessary to

Banking is the] cast Penis Siler firm de diamonds, etc,. ao 3 roma = ot amaze we ly tree Write for JOS. 30S, DeRoy Sata different from catalogs, rabgaeee cay ete t je your our bulletin of of idloans. I Jos. DeRoy &

For nearly a quarter : of a century we have paid 6% on Time Certificates, issued for $100 or more, and have never -} been a day late in mailing }} checks for semi-annual in- terest or withdrawals. : For 16 years we have paid 5% on Certificates 3 “| issued for $25 or more and payeble on demand. :4 Our Certificates are amply protected by first “4 mortgage on improved real estate in which all our investments are made. E4 Booklet gives full information—write for it. |: | The Calvert Mortgage Company {: ee 868 Calvert Building Baltimore, Md. }:' 1

Telegraph Pictures. Acomplete set of two machines of this marvelous equipment for only $19.50. Instructive, mystifying and use’ul. This. picture ‘of President Wil- son was telegraphed by these machines. Picture telegraphing is the coming science. Write today. L. J. LEISHMAN CO., Dept. H, Ogden, Utah TYPEWRITER $3 < - SENSATION por. te constructed Latest Model Visible Typewriter with back-spacer, decimal tabulator, two-color ribbon, etc. Every late style feature and modern operating conve- nience. Perfect appearance, perfect action and abso- lute dependability. Sent anywhere on approval. Cat- alog and special price FREE. Harry A. Smith, 306, 218 N. Wells St., Chicago, Ill. THE BOY. ELECTRICIAN Practical Plans of Electrical Apparatus for Work and Play with an Explanation~of the Principles of Every-day Electricity. $2.00 Postpaid. . 39th St., New York

98

keep the stencil in accurate register. Unless the painter has the aid of a helper to hold the stencil in position he must hold it with one hand or fasten it to the surface on which it ig to be placed. Metal, glass and varnished surfaces cause the stencil to slip unexpectedly; and when using a stencil on any of these it is a difficult operation for one man, unless the stencil is small. If it has considerable weight or is of large dimensions it is decidedly a _ two- man job. Having occasion to use a large stencil on the varnished panels of an automobile truck it occurred to me to try adhesive plaster or surgical tape as a means of holding the stencil. I used it with very satisfactory rcsults. Its adhesive qualities and strength are well known, and its flexibility adapts it to almost any situation. It will not deface the surface and the traces of the stickiness it leaves can be easily removed with turpentine, oil, gasoline or alcohol. It can even be painted over if advisable. Three methods of using are shown in the illustration, in which Fig. 1 shows strips of tape applied to the surface of the stencil just above the letters, and retaining it by adhering to the surface just inside the tops of the letters. To remove the stencil, carefully pull off each strip of tape from the paper toward the letter, moving the stencil outward as if rolling up. Dampen a bit of cotton or cloth with turpentine or oil and clean off the traces of adhesive. Always begin as close to the margin edge of the letter as possible, rubbing from the outer edge toward the center, then carefully paint in the space cleaned. In Fig. 2 is shown the method of working on glass. In this case the strips of tape project uniformly over

the upper margin of the stencil and ij UM \\ WY ee

Page 89

ts ot he ly ne ed Wn he he ng lly he he 1p. ith she ter ter lly of the ver ind _ February, 1919 adhere to the glass. If the stencil is roperly taped it can be lifted off the surface like a lid, the strips of tape acting as hinges. Removing the stick- iness from glass or metal is easily accomplished with gasoline or alcohol. In Fig. 3 is shown still another method which may be occasionally used to advantage when working on glass or metal. In Fig. 1 and 3 a heavy stencil may sag a bit, but the application of a second piece of tape over the first at the point of weakness usually corrects the trouble. It is hardly necessary to say that the tape merely holds the stencil in register. Portions of the stencil show- ing a tendency to rise must be held down while working on that particular space. This method of holding a stencil is very handy when the stencil is to be bent around a corner or applied to a circular form. As a precaution it is well to look over the tape oc- casionally, ‘for while it withstands quite a bit of heat, the surface being worked on may become so warm that it will soften the adhesive enough to weaken it so that it will no longer hold.—JAMES M. KANE. -A Double-End Screw-Driver for Close Work VERY convenient form of screw- driver, and one that every work- man should have in his tool-kit, is made by bending a %%-in. round rod of tool-steel to right angles and grind- ing the ends flat to fit the slot in the screw. It is best to have the edges on each part of the bar ground at right angles to each other, as shown in the illustration. This enables the user of the instru- ment to get another hold on a screw by using the other end of the tool when working.in a position where there is not much space to use the ordinary screw- driver. With this tool the user can Two edges made of an angular bar and at right angles to each other provide an efficient screw-driver drive a screw with less effort, which is due to the leverage exerted on the handle—the long- er the handle the more leverage obtained. The legs can be made equal in length, or one leg shorter than the other. After grinding the edges, heat each one to a cherry-red color, and plungethe beveled part into water, leaving the part above it hot. While this part is still hot, rub one of the hardened edges bright with a file, and watch the colors as they extend from the heated part toward the edge. When a light purple color reaches the edge, plunge it into water until it is cold. The reason for lowering the temper of the edge is to prevent the latter from breaking out when the screw-driver is being used.—W. S. STANDIFORD. 175 to $250 a Month! MEN are needed now more than ever. Thousands of high grade draftsmen and designers are in demand. Answer the call; This is your opportunity to get started in a profession that pays straight salaries of from $175 to $250 a month. Ican train you in a short time to fill one of these big positions if you write to me at once. Every industry needs draftsmen badly right now. Under my eee —— — can easily qualfy. Send the coupon below for my new book on draf Learn Draftins—Fill Jobs You who have been waiting to get out of the rut—open the door and come on in. Youcanhavethesejobs. Youcanmakethismoney. I have been training draftsmen for 25 years. I know what they need quick to fill the Ma pease open. Mail the coupon below for valuable book explaining how you can! can become a ski an in a short time and get the experience required. This book is FREE at hon ohn Send for it TODAY. Chief Draftsman Personally on practical work. Here is an opportunity for a limited and ected number of ambitious men ° receive individual fraining. hief Draftsman of a large and old ‘established Company [I have trained on practical home study work hundreds of men who are now drawing the highest top trained by mepersonally until competent and until they have experience to hold a position as first class draftsman, Drawing Table Also FREE | iY —) ae Because of the urgent sedi oa more and better m e draft. ing, field I will l give a absolutely FREE this $15.00 Drafting 0 Outi t to ea Waiving and supertcerottmars ia ose Goa Sit as sen tions. This fs not a regular corpenpuntonte echool course. ¢ blchestp paid bos FREE BOOK Mail Coupon at Once (2220 Because I can handle up a limited number of students ehgineer's Eaupinent Co. to give each the proper and practical training. Therefore, if you @ _DWv- i202 ¢ ute write AT ONCE | I will: consider accepting you as my personal stu- ? pEakvour ® cbilectiqn. please dent to train you on regular drafting room work that will give .@ | Draftsmansbip”’ and, full p you the experience that is demanded. What I want isthe right P d of men andI charge only a nominal price for training ean get the training to hold a high yon that you can Pay, on ay oney ee My ob; ect . to Ys seers ven = department experienced men, ey are iy seletckiecater and for the next twenty-five years to. .g” Mechanical O Ship Drafting C2 Architectrad come. Send the coupon today—now. Address Chief Draftsman DONE /... Engineer’s Equipment Co.—Div. 1202 — Chicago, Ill. You may have your choice of more : : } than 2,000 instruments (90 Gesrs of instrument making \ for a week’s trial in your own home. Play it as if it were your own. Then, if you > ~s I may send it back at our expense. Trial does not cost youa penny. Don’t miss this big | Convenient Monthly Payments satin j Vi The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co. If you deeide to buy you may pay the low manufacturer’s priceat the rateofafew 7 th bio | cents a day. The name‘‘ Wurlitzer” has stood for the hig est qu uality for nearly Fiyith Street © Cingmatt, ¢ % io two centuries. Every known musical instrument soldto you atdirect-from-the , GentiathentStenaonndt ene manufacturer’s price. We’ve supplied U.S. Gov’t with trumpets for 55 years, y cat tely me jour 4 160-page abso! Jost t your name and address on by Aino tellabout your special offer direct | Send the Coupon! i Sina, haa the manufacture: instrument y rested in, ththore is no obligation. We will JZ Name send you the big {o0-page book free and prepaid. Send coupon now! fl The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co. (se S*Wabesh Ave:, Chicago,ti.” Se “"" Name of instrument bere 99

Page 90

uit vaneetnais | Get Your Farm Home from the Canadian. Pacific HE Canadian Pacific Rail- “way offers _you the most wonderful opportunity in the world to own_a farm in_ West- ern Canada. It will sell you land for $11 to $30can acre ‘OI $50 an acre under irrigation. 20 Years to Pay You pay down 10% of the purchase price and have twenty years to pay in full at 6% interest. $2,000 Loan to Farmers The Canadian Pacific Railway will loan to approved settlers on its irrigated Jands up to $2,000 in improvements with twenty years to pay back the loan at 6% interest. (UD Land Under Irrigation In Southern Alberta, we have developed the largest irrigation undertaking on the Continent. _ This district consists of some of the best Jand in Western Canada. An unfailing water supply is ad- ministered under direction of the Canadian Government—no con- flict of law or authority over its use. This land is offered on same easy- payment terms as other lands. Prices ranging up to $50 an acre. This Is Your Opportunity To make investigation easy, spec- ial railway rates have been ar-" ranged. Write /for particulars and free illustrated booklets. M. E. THORNTON ‘Supt. of Colonization Canadian Pacific Railway AS 925 First St, E., Calgary, Alberta a: sicnetenecnreienss TOASCVOCHCUOVADANFVOICHEUED savueenraeneuesnstusteneicieriieey - Chinen eiaed (ETO NONNLATE NATE ioe Te Work with Popular Science Monthly Hundreds: of active men are working for Popu:.aR ScIlENCE MonTHLy in their spare time. PoruLaR ScIENCE MONTHLY is growing so fast that it. has opportunities for additional men in communities all over the country. Can you arrange to give an hour a day, or one day a week, | or one evening~a week? The plan can be adapted to your time. Now is the time to apply. Popular Science Monthly - 225 West 39th Street, New York Popular Science Monthly » Electrical Devices and How They Work _XIV.—Lightning-Arresters By Peter J. M. Clute, B. E. Cree lightning-arresters do not always stop the action and - effects of lightning. They do, however, afford ample protection or insurance against damage to electrical devices. The general term “lightning protection equipment’ applies not only to lightning-arresters; but. also to Wire coil insulated Sheet insulation Terminal Terminal tigh- votoge choke coil Figure 1 Large and small choke-coils used to increase the inductance of a circuit other devices that serve to minimize damage by lightning to electrical apparatus. The term ‘“‘lightning”’ applies to any excessively high voltage disturbance in an electrical generation, transmis- sion, or distribution system. Com- mercial lightning-arresters protect only against the effects of transient abnor- mal line voltages. They are not, asa rule, designed to minimize the effects of continued abnormally high voltages, regardless of how such high voltages may originate. Two Kinds of Lightning Lightning is divided into two gen- eral classes’ atmospheric lightning and internal lightning. The equalization of a potential difference between two clouds oppositely electrifea, or be- tween a cloud and the earth, causes atmospheric lightning. Visible mani- festations of such lightning phenomena are seen in lightning strokes and flashes. This class of lightning may affect an electrical system either di- rectly or indirectly. Arresters, as a rule, are incapable of affording absolute protection against direct strokes. If the current. of a direct stroke passes through a light- ning-arrester, that arrester is usually destroyed. When an excessively high potential is induced on an electrical system by an atmospheric lightning discharge, it is called an indirect or induced stroke. With the commercial 100 forms of arresters, protection against the effects of induced strokes is satis- - factory. What Causes Surges Surges, or internal lightning effects, are excessive voltage rises coming from changes in the load on the electrical system. Such abnormal conditions may, for example, occur on high - potential systems, and may be caused by the opening or closing of switches or by an intermittent ground. The use of the arrester on an electrical sys- tem is to relieve the circuit of abnor- mally high voltages, as a pop-safety valve acts under excessive pressure in a steam-boiler. Any device that will, under abnormal voltage, permit cur- rent to flow through it to ground, and that will, when such condition ceases, stop the flow of that current, consti- tutes a lightning-arrester. Lightning-discharge currents are al- ways of high frequencies, or the equiva- lent thereof. They are oscillary in character; that is, the current .surges back and forth thousands of times a second, and a coil of wire, called a choke-coil, has an apparent resistance that is enormously greater for such an oscillary current than for a steady, direct one. The excess resistance that such a coil offers to an alternating as compared with a direct current is due to the self-in duction of the coil. For a given coil and a given flux density, the inductance is constant; but the apparent resistance opposing the current increases rapidly as the number cf alternations of the current increases per second—that is, the higher the frequency the greater will be the so-called apparent resistance of the conductor. Large and small capacity choke-. coils are shown in Fig. 1. Ina general way, the protective capacity of a choke-coil increases as the square of the mean diameter of the coil. With coils of equal mean diameter and length, Generator, Choke coil —. Choke coil’ | Ground Choke-coils placed in a circuit so that they will tend to force the lightning to ground Figure 2 the protection afforded varies as the square of the number of turns. The function of a choke-coil in lightning protection is to increase the inductance of the circuit in which it is inserted, a im iste (oie eee

Page 91

February, 1919 as is indicated in Fig. 2. It thereby has a tendency to force the lightning- discharge currents to ground through the lightning-arrester. Hence, unless choke-coils, which are especially de- signed to provide inductance, are Mains \Choke coil 7, Spark” gop Resistor -” Ground~, = Figure 3 An air gap, to protect machinery from abnormal discharges of electricity placed in the line circuit as shown, abnormal voltages may be induced in the windings of the] apparatus and cause an insulation breakdown. Where There Is No Protection Referring to the diagram Fig. 3, as- sume that, due to one cause or another, an abnormally high voltage exists be- tween the line and the ground. This voltage would have a tendency to “force a current from the line to the earth, selecting the path of least re- sistance. With no protective appa- ratus in the line, this path would prob- To Gen. Mains V “choke coil | jfiae of magnet Air gap Blow- out coil-” Resistor a Ground connection--~~ Figure. 4 A magnetic blow-out, to be used on direct-current machines ably be through the windings to the machine frame and thence to ground. In seeking ground by this path, the abnormal voltage would break down - the winding insulation, thus damaging the machine considerably. If, as in the diagram Fig. 3, an air gap were connected between the line and the ground, the path through the gap to the earth would probably offer far less opposition to the flow of light - ning-discharge current than would the path to ground through the machine. This is due to the fact that the path through the air gap to the ground would have practically no inductance, whereas the path through the machine and choke-coil would be one of relative- ly high inductance. For Direct-Current Circuits Arresters for direct-current circuits’ are different in design from those for use on alternating-current systems, Where Woman's Service Looms Large War gave woman her su- preme and glorious opportunity to enlarge her field of service. She won her share of the laurels for patriotic achievement. With exalted aim and unflag- ging zeal she figured in practi- cally every activity that made for victory and the relief of dis- tress. She plied the needles that fashioned comforts for our sol- diers. She ministered to the wounded. She labored unceas- ingly in canteen work. She has kept the wheels of industry going; tilling the soil; bending over bench and lathe. © One Policy In counting house and chemical laboratory she has loaned her brains to the cause. In telephone service, also, a host of capable, loyal daughters of America still find expression for their ambition and ability. These girls are privileged to play an indispensable part in the na- tion’s welfare. - They have in their keeping the myriad ave- nues of telephone communica- tion through which the nation’s incustry is guided. The Bell System invites en- listment among its ranks of loyal operators. : AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY AND ASSOCIATED COMPANIES One System Universal Service 241 ASS PINS-RINGS 2h =O DIRECT FROM FACTORY TO YOU NY OUR NEW CATALOG WITH 600 OF THE v LATEST UP-TO-DATE DESIGNS FREE. Cc. K. GROUSE CO. . 42. Bruce Ave., North Attleboro, Mass. Try one of these money saving’ collara at our expense. State size wanted on postal, REVERSIBLE COLLAR CO., Dept. A Boston, Mass. Sera eat Patronize 101 patronize Flowers not only delight the eye, but their forist. beauty and fragrance brighten the atmosphere. Your local florist, within a few hours, can deliver fresh flowers in any city or town in the United States and Canada through the Florists’ Telegraph Delivery service. ee ane ~

Page 92

DRAWING Bic Pay—Easy Pieasant / h ears $150.00 to $300.00 a work ’is ant month. The pleasant and ‘the -. Ye this me All need is the can too. tl ew 18 epee i of Drawing and ; of cost is only 7 cents little of your spare tithe ste coed a ay iene €yclopedia of DRAWING

Lettering—Shades and Shadows—Perspecti i Freehand Drawing—Pen and I k Rend. cing ype rating Draenei an things with the work. y wi FREES have these books for a whole i sending one. cent. iz own—go through them thoroughly back at our expense if you don’t them. If you do keep the books 00. You can send the ce of juctory price — only $1480 the .00 each month. é ‘ "t take any chances. The risk is all its will all be yours—Send the echnical Society , CHICAGO, U. 8S, A.

Technical Seciety Dept.D-1202 » RSE: Yee Oo ee EO a sO ee re eos L

NY violin in our new catalog will be sent Anal After you have p ed it a fall week you may either return it, se pag Se tow direet price in é costs you nothing. Yi. WuRUIZER “ee Unequaled collection of old masters and fine modern violins. Write for New Catalog ¥¢7.$%2, xs. have of fine violine at all prices. Catalog tres, ao cblieatinns Waurlitzer Co., Dept. 1202

The $. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill.—E. 4th St., Cincinnati, O. |

ider Agents Wanted ry where to ride and ex ‘ : bit the new Ranger “Motor- se . Gg completely equipped with ttew eh — light end Vue “SF

parE "| due‘ to thexfact that the:arc sustained by a direct..current across a spark.gap, after the lightning-discharge current has passed, is more difficult to extin- guish than an arc kept up by an alter- nating current. This principle. has | been applied in the design of the mag- netic blow-out direct-current ..protec-

To Generator Mains 2 Choke coil4° te N=-Air gap Resistance --—~ Condenser Cast iron cose

_-Ground, => <~_ connection

Figure 5 A direct-current arrester, called the conden- ser type, suitable for medium-voltage circuits tor, shown diagrammatically in Fig. 4, where the spark is placed in series with a blow-out coil. When an ab- normal voltage breaks down the air gap, current flows to ground through the gap and coil. The tendency is for the direct current in the line to con- tinue to flow across the gap; but the blow-out coil develops a strong mag- netic field in which an are cannot exist. The arc, therefore, is blown out by the field. Condenser-Type Arrester Another form of direct-current ar- rester is illustrated in Fig. 5. It is called the condenser-type arrester, and is- suitable for medium-voltage cir- cuits... It consists simply of a spark ‘gap in series with a resistance, the latter being shunted across by a-con- denser. The gap prevents the flow of current through the arrester when the voltage is normal.. Under abnormal conditions, current is forced across the

‘ Line sj. ee, er air ~~ ak 0) as 7 ; resistor z ? 2 Solenoid-—--I-- z% Hy i — — i i i ee = Ht = | i o~..] |_ Lower a Soft iron i a soe plunger ~~ ~}~-.8 J zZ a Contacte". ; .

Ground ~t

al Figure..@ The circuit-breaker-arrester consists of four air gaps with a resistance between them gap, and the condenser: allows dis- charge to ground. The line current cannot flow, since it cannot. pass through the condenser; and, even

102 though the gap may be shorted, the. Popular Science Monthly current flow will be negligible, due to the large resistance in parallel with the condenser. The circuit-breaker arrester, illus- trated in Fig. 6, consists essentially of four air gaps with a resistance between them. On the grounded side of the current-limiting resister the two gaps have a solenoid shunted across them. When the solenoid is actuated by a sufficiently intense current, the iron plunger is drawn up, thus opening the circuit. The inductance of the sole- noid is so high that practically none of the high-frequency current passes through it. This abnormal current will pass directly across the spark gaps to ground. If the power current follows the lightning-discharge current, being of low frequency, it will take the path of least resistance, namely, through the solenoid. This will actuate the solenoid plunger and thus extinguish the arc. For low-voltage alternating circuits the non-arcing metal gap arrester is used, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 7. In such systems an arc caused -by lightning discharge will not be maintained between the metal cylin-

[ Low voltage mains

| Knurled Metal cylinders ..

insulated base” __ [n= Sspors gaps == ~- Ground connection Figure 7 A diagrammatic view of a non-arcing metal gap arrester for low-voltage circuits ders by the power current, since it will be extinguished when the power wave passes through its zero value. For relatively high alternating-current voltages, up to 3000 volts, a resistor is inserted in series with the spark gaps so as to limit the power current, which, after an arc has been established by lightning-discharge current, tends to flow to ground. Some Other Types The horn gap arrester, shown in Fig. 8, acts on the principle that an arc established between two horns tends to extinguish itself. Due to the uprising of the column of hot gases, the arc rises on the horns, and finally attains a gap length that it cannot sus- tain. Arresters of similar form and ‘construction are made for alternating voltages up to 9000 volts. For higher ‘ voltages a choke-coil is made up as part of the horn gap. The choke-coil produces a magnetic field, which is described in connection with the mag- netic blow-out arrester, and which assists in quenching the arc. The most effective lightning-ar- rester for both alternating and direct current of any commercial voltage is,

i! ee ee or

Page 93

— = = ae - we ™ February, 1919 probably, the electrolytic arrester. Although quite expensive, and requir- ing a certain amount of care and at- tention, these disadvantages are of smalPconsequence in cases where costly equipment is to be protected. The électrolytic protector consists of a sa ~ 4 Re Yorn gaps seme geeere-YAee, “a | Resistors as =-Ground connection Figure & It acts on the principle that an arc between two horns tends to extinguish the arc a stack of cone-shaped aluminum plates spaced about .3 of an inch apart. An electrolytic solution is poured into the spaces between the plates, and the completed stack is mounted in an iron tank, which is filled with oil. The oil prevents a rapid rise in temperature on discharge, besides keeping the elec- trolyte from evaporating. The upper plate of the stack is connected through a porcelain bushing to a horn gap, while the lower plate is grounded on the tank, which is, on a grounded neutral system, connected to ground. The illustration below shows a scheme of diagrams for both grounded and un- grounded neutral three-phase electro- lytic arresters. In lightning-arrester installations it Line ToGen. —4000009-—_ 6000000— ae Ee ee Choke; gops |x Ss N coils Electrolytic Protectors Ground wire Line To Gen. Grounded and ungrounded neutral three-phase _ electrolytic arresters is necessary to provide a path to ground with the least possible imped- ance. In order to accomplish this, large wire and long bends must be used. It is known that lightning- The Davis-Made trade-mark shown above, is a reminder, and a pledge, Dayton Bicycles bear this trade-mark. They deserveit. In the war zones of France (responding to Uncle Sam’s call) or wherever and when- ever there is a desire for Cycle Dept.. THE DAVIS SEWING MACHINE CO., Dayton, Ohie of QUALITY. exceptional service, the Dayton has justified its high reputation. The Dayton Bicycle is ready to serve you. Write for our catalog B-6. It will be’sent gladly, The Dayton Military Model — in service in Grance 35 MILES PER HOUR Is Built bya af from Junior parts furnished Re a by us. Any boy can build thiscar. Paris cor very cheap. Send 26 cents for blue prints an price list of parts showing how to This build this speedy little car. SYPHER MFG. €0. 174 Warren St. TOLEDO, OHIO Over 100,000 in Mostly sold through recommendation For Personal Desk or General e It checks mentalcalculations [ff Buy through your stationer | Writefor 10-dayTrialOffer ff P, E. Gancher, A. A. M. Oo. 148 Duane St., New York , Canadian Agency neers nae 7 Pa Gem PORTABLE on rebuilt at the factory by the well- known “Young Process.’’ Sold for low cash—installment or rented. Rental applies on purchase price. Write for full details and guarantee. Free trial. ' YOUNG TYPEWRITER CO., Dept. 777, Chicago 103 Fit your 22 with a Maxim Silencer and get no end of fun this winter practicing in backyard and basement. AKIN SyLENCER A BETTER MARKSMAN It eliminates recoil and all noise of FREE the report, and steadie: your zim. BOOK Fits any .22 or .22 hich powe: ri“e. Book of stories of actual users, free. MAXIM SILENCER CO. 93 Homestead Avenue., Hartford, Conn. SAVE 25% to 60% on slightly used SRAPLEX-Keo aks Cameras an nses of every descripti qual to new. Save money. Write now = ne Free Bargein Book and Catal listing hundreds of money-savii 3 ing ina in slightly used and new cameras and supplies. oods on 10 days’ Free Trial. Money dealing with we. We hace bose lathe phele, with us. v graphic ‘business over 16 years. Write now. CENTRAL CAMERA CO. Dept. 52, 124 &. Wabash Ave., CHICAGO

Page 94

aR gp AEE PE SO ees SS OS" | 4 6 u “ay ont Send Take your choice. Just send your name and address and we will send to you : at once any pair of these shoes to examine and try on at Built to meet the demand ri of foracity work- er’s shoe as well as for the farmer. Stylish lace Blu- cher last. Special tanning rocess makes the ther proof against acids of milk, GaN sat irs o} hoes. Choice of wide — > narrow, Very flexible, soft and eas: Made by a spec ess which leaves ati the “‘life’’ in the leather and gives it wonderful wee. resistin: uali' ont leather soles and heels, Dust and _ waterproo’ oot tongue. Heavy chrome leather top. Slip them on and see if th are not the most comfortable shoes you ever wore 2 on arrival. If, after careful ti r $3. 85 don’t find th my you expect, somenteation ‘back we wwe return your money a see size and width. Sizes 6 te 11. Order this shoe by No. X150 Stylish Dress Shoe You must see these shoes to .. realize what a remark- 4 able value tiey are. Give wonderful wear. aressy, too. Made of specia ly selected tine quality gun metal leatuer on popular swing toe last. Blu- cher st;le. Solid oak leather soles. Rein- jorced shank and cap: m litary heel. Best expert work- manship. You won't Bes $5.00 or $6 for shoes price. Only a limited quantty at this price. Send now. We send they arrive. a tat, $3-25. If ae a stunn’ ng and Si es 6 to 11 : State your rder this Shoe by No. X10111. | Work asta Genuine Munscn Last Just the shoe you want j for real wear—the genu- fortable last and soft, army toe make this a shoe wonderfully easy f on the feet. Speci i tannedleatherandsolid oakleatherdoublesoles i, and heels make this an outdoor and work shoe that will stand all kinds of hard % usage, wetting,etc. , Comesintanonly, Send no money. ¢ aa $4.10 10 % onarrival Besure by No. X16012. Examine and bh Sizes 6 to 11. see how well made they are. If not satisfacto- ry, return at our expense and get your money back. Send Today Remember, you don’t need to send a penny with your order. 3 When shoes arri pay amonnt stated for aS red. “Exemine them oa If you think them the Bleger bon barcaln zou can ind anpwpete, keep the Otherwie M"Tabe your pick and send your order NOW—today. Order oF cor correct number s as indicated. Leonard-Morton & Co. dept x1071 Chicago Very stylish and discharge currents are confined largely to the outer surface of the conductors, and hence, by using: tubing, a: large conductor with a large surface is ob- tained. If proper ground connections are not provided and maintained, the operation of the arrester may be im- paired and trouble may arise. The best method of making a ground con- nection for protectors is as follows: a large pipe is driven into the earth, and then a smaller pipe is inserted, the space being filled with salt water. A quantity of salt is placed around the pipe, and the ground is thoroughly moistened with water. In placing pipe grounds care should betaken not to locate them near metal pipes or underground cables in order to avoid trouble from electrolysis. (To be continued) A Convenient Way to Carry Soldering Paste VERY good way to carry solder- ing paste is in an old lead tube like those in which tooth paste and vaseline preparations are put up. Cut the end off the tube, clean it thoroughly, and fill it with paste, closing the end by crimping it in a vise.—JOHN A. WEAVER. It Lets Automobiles through, but Halts Cattle . - UCH annoyance and inconve- nience is experienced by automo- bile users in rural districts in opening and closing gates. The United States Forest Service has solved. that prob- lem by an automobile cattle guard based on the long established axiom that a cow or horse will not cross an open bridge. The guard is so constructed as to allow automobiles to pass readily, while stock will not attempt to cross it. - For horse-drawn vehicles there has been provided a turnout with a gate.—JOE B. HOLM. Popular Science Monthly Experiments to Show How Gas Explodes in a Mine ORROW ‘a large Woulff bottle from the high school laboratory, or procure a gallon can and cut an ex- tra hole in the top. Fit the holes with one-holed stoppers carrying glass tubes as shown in the illustration. The tube BC should be of fanty large diameter. Connect the tube A witha gas-cock by means of rub- ber tubing, and turn on the gas to drive all the air from the bottle or can. Light the gas at Band then with- draw the tube A with its stop- per, at the same time turning off the gas; but do not stop the flow of gas until the stopper has been partially re- see : moved. The gas appocing 966 will continue to a Woulff bottle burn at B we a small flame for some time and then will seem to disappear entirely. The observers will conclude that the dem- onstration is a failure, when suddenly a very sharp report will occur and the bottle be filled with a sheet of flame. As the gas escapes and burns at B, air enters through the open neck until the bottle is full of an explosive mix- ture of gas and air. The feeble flame at B will strike down into the mixture and produce an explosion. This is the cause of the striking back of a hot plate or gas stove when it is first lighted. Apply the match before all the air has been removed from the mixer and the flame strikes back. No danger attends this demonstration, for the gases are not sufficiently condensed.—FLOYD L. DARROW. Highway An open bridge made like the o'd-time cattle guard for a railroad track: used on an automobie road to keep’ stock from crossing, but allowing cars to pass over it. A turnout is made for horse-drawn vehic‘es 104 Ye i.e Vo CN Pee et ee LS

Page 95

ttle ry, eXx- ‘ith bes ube ter, ube ock ub- and gas the he an. } at ith- ube op- ime do low the een re- gas - to rith hen The 2m- nly and ; of ntil 1ix- me ure , is fa irst all the ion, tly ted end of the

February, 1919 A Tool to Remove and Replace Ball-Bearing Cups by remove a ball-bearing race easily, drill four 14-in. holes in the web pack of the race, and use a steel rod

PAINIIIIIIIIIIN <4 SpuaTe Z \ itty —ISN \S Ullby fille * “ aS ROD THREADED BOTH ENDS Holes drilled in the web for permitting a punch to be inserted to drive out races through the holes from the opposite ends of the hub. Tap the rod evenly with a light hammer in all of the holes, and the race will be driven out. To replace new races, provide a 3%-in. rod long enough to project 1 in. from each end of the wheel flanges, with standard threads cut on each end. Make two plates to fit on the rod ends as shown, screw up the nuts, and the races are easily forced into place.—P. P. AVERY.

Making Gaskets out of Discarded Inner Tubes ATISFACTORY gaskets to be placed under conduit covers and other wiring fittings may be cut from a discarded inner tube. If a single thickness of the tube does not suffice, use ittwo-ply. The salvage value of an inner tube used for this purpose is quite high.—_ JOHN A. WEAVER.

How to Shorten a Bob String on a Transit HEN setting up a transit on sloping ground or over a high stake, it is often necessary to raise f the plumb farther than may be done with the ordinary slide. Instead of tying a slip-knot, use the method shown in the illus- tration. Pull out the knot-

string from the hole in the top of the slide at A, and slip the loose end under the cord at the bot- i — of ‘the slide. seeks : Soli he weight of the ide i plumb will prevent ee its slipping, and the hitch can be un- done instantly.—E. EARL GLAss.

thr. ae | inka (OAR Soon again you can follow your thoughts out into the country, where the trees whisper “Come” to you and roads and byways beckon. This Spring there will be three of you on your week-end outings—you, your pal and your Harley-Davidson For another year you will not do with- out this dependable mount that brings woods and lakes and all outdoors within a short trip’s reach. Red-blooded men and the Harley-Davidson naturally pal together. They appreciate the gameness, the sturdy, ‘‘carry. on’’ spirit that mae it the motorcycle of Uncle Sam and the Allied Armies. Order yours soon, for the Government sti!l takes part of our output. There may not be enough to go around. See your dealer at once.

=

"When the Woods Call You hoe i

4

Neiaanitiedien Motor Co. Wistnsin

BOUND VOLUMES of Popular Science Monthly The most interesting and valuable book you can obtain is a bound volume of Popular Science Monthly. It is a history of the World’s progress in picture and text. Each volume contains over 2,000 pictures, over 1500 new arti- cles, handsomely printed in a big book of 960 pages. Volumes are now ready as follows:—Vol. 88 January-June 1916; Vol. 89,- July-December 1916; Vol. 91, July-December 1917; Vol. 92, January-June 1918. Price per bound volume, postpaid, $2.50 Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York

105

Page 96

ig Re 4 E ad Seeegs senegal ee Ree ah il ae nag oe Rate 20 Cents a Word, payable in : | i ~ “1 EERE "101 oe ~~ (ADV denen atari wet ni 10% Discount for Six Insertions. psn i ai advance. li i R1 vi int TIsING | "4 one a a March issue closes January a AUTOMOBILES AND ACCESSORIES AVIATION MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, SUPPLIES HYDRONIZER—Insures clean plugs, consumes car- bon, saves gasoline, saves repairs and is easy to sell. Money back guarantee. Fits all cars. Fords do 34 miles to gallon. Thousands in use. Have saggy a proposition for ener- getic and ym agents, que aig Agents’ ice permits w on and retailing. rite for free literature. Friestedt Manufacturing nny 2933 W. Lake St., Chicago, Illinois. CONVERT your bicycle into a motor-cycle =" small cost 2 using Shaw Motor Attachment. sg atalog free. Shaw fg. Co., Dept. 180, Galesburg, Kansas genes Ben ane cetcmag eed are, 4 great seat: We special Automobile Departmen charge of experts who are in touch with demands of.tradé. Write for free illustrated Guide Book, ‘“‘How to Obtain a Patent.’’ Vic- 7 J. a & Co., 172 Ninth, Washington, District of lu BATTERY gg, | pare Se 1 big ones. City currents or gas engine operates. ‘Easy terms. Hoberts, Troy, Ohio. oo Tyres, inner armour for Automobile Tires, it punctures and double mileage of any tire. Liberal ote ronts. Details free. American Accessories Co., Dept. 7-A;, Cincinnati, Ohio. TIRES—Double Ieee Guarantee ed mood rota a ——, pig Big—Strong—Extra 30x3 tire, $5.50; sous 94, 874 ‘$7. 00; 33x4, $10.00; 34x4, $i07 73. aot, $ $13.0 00; 37x5, $14: Big saving on other sizes oe in Ser “old tires. Discount to dealers. 10% Ramee uired on C. O. D. orders. Send for list now! and bead th Street, New York. of tire. Max Liben & Co., 206P West TIRES At Wholesale—Send For Prices-on guaranteed tires and tubes. Lowest prices on earth. Overton Tire Co., Box P, Oelwein, Iowa. “GAS-SOL” gives you 15 to 40% more mileage and eliminates carbon. Money back Guarantee. 100 tablets treat one hundred gallons gasoline. Price One Dollar. Live agents wanted. Gas-Sol, Dept. B, Wakefield, Mass. MORE Power, less fuel, no carbon. No mystery, plain facts, results guaranteed. Write for booklet. No-Leak-O Piston Ring Company, Baltimore, Maryland. Re gg an ae auto-tires is a growing and ponmente business. Easy to learn. Instruction book, $1. Plants $50 to $300. Details free. Equipment Co., 302 8th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. TIRES 4% less. Buy direct at manufacturer's price. Guaranteed 6000 miles. eupoed prepaid on approval. Motorist Agents wanted. Write today. Give size of tires. we. Tube & Tire Co., 842 Grand Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri. ; > : AUTO Motors and supplies. Buick—Hupp—Franklin— $30.00 each and up. “Bose —_ and air Fn Motors Horns $2.85. Air Compressors, ete. Write for Bargain List second hand auto accessories. Johnston, West End, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. MR. ADVER “ISER: -If you knew as much ro the Science Monthly as ad- would be in this space. We will be glad to give you some in- information about this department. May we? D. W. Coutlze, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. VULCANIZE on Anderson’s Famous Vulcanizer. See our advertisement, page 125. FORD ACCESSORIES FORDS Start Easy in Cold Weather with our new 1919 carburetors. 84 miles per a. Use cheapest gasoline or half kerosene. Increased power. Styles for any motor. Very slow on high. Attach it ex Big gag to agents. Money back guarantee. 0 days Air- Friction Carburetor Co., 500 Seaitste, Dayton, Ohio. DEMOUNTABLE Outfits complete, $12.50. De- mountable sets, $5. 4 Good agents’ proposition. Kable, West End, Pittsburg mang OY for Fords! bn gh. ane be h meee, . teed. r agen’ jun- lent = eae Eompany. 1508 Lytton Building, Chicago, nois PATENTS wanted in Aeronautics. U. S. Government spending millions in this class for Army and Navy. Our Aeronautical Department will give fu, formation on this subject. Write for our free boo ow to Obtain A Patent.” Victor J. Evans & Co., O19 Ninth, “Washington, District of Columbia. MEN: Learn aviation, motor iochaaies and aeroplane building. Earn $1.00 to $2.00 an hour when skilled. Wonder- ful future. Big governmen’ . Write. Moler Aviation School, 105 South Wells, Chitago, Illinois. BUILD the Marinétte Monoplane; use motorcycle en- ine. Stamp for particulars. M. Meyler, 218 East Main treet, Kalamazoo, Michigan CHICAGO Aero Works—Chicazo—Great construction textbook. Headquarters airplane blueprints. BUILD that new airplane now fox the coming flying sea- son. Write for —_ logue “L’’ and bargain motor. Send 12c in 8 ee ft America’s oldest aeronautical supply house. Heat Airplane Company, Chicago. MODELS AND MODEL SUPPLIES TO avoid mistakes, inventors should have correct models made before filing for patent. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., = St. Louis, Missouri. MOTORCYCLES all makes, $25.00 up. New bicycleg at big reduction. Second ‘hand, $8:00 up. Motors, “— attachments. Cycle motors. ‘Smith motor wheels, $20.00 up. New parts to fit all makes“carried in stony Second hand parts good as new 50% discount. Expert repairing, on magnetos, generators, transmissions. Motors overhauled $10.00 u Henderson motors our specialty Write for big bargain bulletin. American Motor Cyae Company, Dept. 3, Chicago. CONVERT your bicycle into a motorcycle at Small cost by using Shaw Motor Attachment. Catalog free. Shaw Mfg. Co., Dept. 68, Galesburg, Kansas. BARGAINS in used Harley, Excelsior, Henderson and and Indian Motorcycles; condition guaranteed, $40.00 $2 Write for terms and new bulletin. Charles Merkle, 162 North Clinton Avenue, Rochester, New Yorn, WANT to sell that motorcycle of yours? I havea method that has Iq many. Write today for details; a postcard = do. . W. Coutlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York TRANSFER name plates. Send for price list. Globe Decalcomanie Mfgrs., Jersey City, New Jersey. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York City, N. Y. Gentlemen: The fact that we are increasing our space in the classified section — proves that Popular Science Monthly is paying us, but we will ANU add, results from your magazine are wonderful. The returns have been beyond our expectations, although we had often been told that your classifted columns were successful for others. Not only have we received hun- dreds of replies to our advertise- i = of dollars worth of business. Need one say more? Very truly yours, WAGNER COMPANY. ment, but we have done hundreds : 2 = : 2 z DUPLICATING DEVICES ELECTRICAL MAKE Dry Batteries. Sim e, practical instructions, with blue print, 25 cents. ales Company, Bath, Maine. INVENTORS. Send sketch and description of your invention for advice regarding patent protection. Twenty years experience. Our hand-book on patents is sent — = request. All communications strictly confidential. Wri today. Talbert & Talbert, Patent Lawyers, 4678 Talbert Frag. Washington, D. C. “MODERN” Duplicator—a Business Getter. $1. up. to 75 copies from pen, pencil, typewriter; no glue or gelatine. 35,000 ie dg 3 30 days’ Trial. You need one. Booklet Free. J. V. Durkin & Reeves Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. MR. ADVERTISER: If you knew as much about the pulling-power of Popular Science Monthly as the ad- vertisers represented in its columns, your advertisement would be in this space. We ig t+ be glad to give you some in- teresting information about this department. May we? D. W. Coutlee, 225 West 30th Street, New York City. MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRICAL supplies including generators, motors. Free catalog. Hyre a Company, 629 ZB South Dear- born Street, Chicag Sa ge oer is our free booklet on prostate gland See. gee our add under “For Men and Wonen: 63 Electrothermal Company, 102 Colt Building, Steuben- ilte, Ohio. WELDING WELDING Plants, $25,00 to $300.00. Designed for all . Small cash payment, balance three to six months. Every mm mechanic or ind should have one. Bermo Welding Co., Omaha, U. 8. A TRADE SCHOOLS 3” Watchmaking « nd Engraving School, the largest and Hest egutoues school ‘= the West. 717 Market Street, San Francisco, California. ELECTRICAL Tattooing Machine, $3, $5, and $7. Catalogue for stamp. J. H. Temke, 517 Central Psm., Cincinnati, Ohio. STAGE career offered you. Experience unnec essary. Send stamp, for instructive booklet ‘‘All About Vaudeville.” LaDelle, Station 153, Jackson, Michigan. MANUFACTURING SPECIALTIES of all kinds manufactured for market: Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183F, St. Louis, Missouri. SOAP Saver! New ro Patent applied for. ss sale Mo Bh ay Manufacturers write at once! N. I. ard, 7 Myrtle Street, Bellows Falls, Vermont. HAVE you an idea to develop, a machine to ect, a product to be manufactured? Do you need s machin- ery to reduce the cost of your product or a first-class model built, tools, dies or any kind of machine work? If so, send us a card for our illustrated booklet for manufacturers and inventors. Central Machine Works, 1911 North 12th Street St. Louis, Missouri. 106 FORMULAS & TRADE SECRETS WILL furnish a typewritten, guaranteed Formula or or Trade Secret for any purpose for only 25c. State exact requirements enclosing coin. Raymond, 13548 Central Cleveland, Ohio 50 FORMULAS 10c. Catalog 2c. Bestovall Laborato- ries, 3311-PS., Belleplaine, Chicago. PROSTATOLOGY is our free booklet on prostate gland disorders, see our ad under ‘‘For Men and Women.” ‘The — Company, 102 Colt Building, Steubenville GRANDFATHER’S CLOCKS GRANDFATHER'S Clock Works $5.00. Build your own cases from our free instructions. Everybody wants a hall clock. You can make good profit building artistic clocks for your friends. We replace worn-out works in old clocks with works having chimes at money saving prices. Write for folder describing the most beautiful hall clock ever sold at $25.00. Clock Co., Nicetown, Pennsylvania. SHOP EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS YOU Make UmakeM Lathes. You make UmakeM Work Benches. You make UmakeM Novelties. For Material and outfits address UmakeM, Twenty UmakeM Building, Fifth Avenue, New York. MOTORS, ENGINES, MACHINERY BLUE Prints, Castings, Small Engines, Steam, Gas, Circulars, Stamp. Universal Gas Motor Company, Monad- nock Block, Ch cago. SMALL Motors and Generators: 1000 New Motors and Generators from bankruptcy stock—4H. A.C. $18.50 each —% H.P. $30.00. Battery Charging Sets—Robbins & Myers New outfits all sizes, $30.00 each and up. Charging Lighting & Moving Picture "Are Generators $10.00 each and up. Motors for all phases of current. Immediate Delivery. Less than % regular prices. Write for late Bulletin. Johns- ton, West End, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ELECTRIC motors, supplies, generators. Reliable makes. Illustrated list free. Hyre _c Company, 629 FM South Dearborn Street, Chicago CHEMICAL SERVICE CHEMICAL analyses; formulas; manufacturing prob- lems solved and developed; patents and trade-marks. National a owt car egg 407 Ouray Building, Washington, District of Columbia TELEGRAPHY TELEGRAPHY, wire and wireless, and railway ac- counting taught thoroughly. Unprecedented demand for both sexes. Big salaries. Oldest and largest school—estab- lished 45 ‘years. Catalog free. Dodges Institute, Second Street, Valparaiso, Indiana. BOATS AND LAUNCHES DARROW’S Steel Boats. Finished parts for patterns, Catalogue, 78 models. F. H. Darrow, 604 Erie Street. Albion, Michigan. LABORATORY EQUIPMENT CHEMICALS, latest prices. Complete experimental, weighing, titration, and blow-pipe laboratories. Outfits, apparatus and mo lies. Consult us before buying. Clar- ence Appel, Mathews Avenue, Knoxville, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. ADDING MACHINES WONDERFUL Adding Machine seven columns capaci- ty, only one dollar. Adds and multiplies as fast as the fingers on move. Thousands being sold through demon- stration. J. Leishman Company Dep’t L., Ogden, Utah. INVESTIGATE Marvelous Calculator Adding Machines. Subtracts, multiplies, eae | automatically. Work equals $300 machine. ce $10. Five year guarantee. Illustra- ted catalog and trial offer free. Calculator Corpora- tion, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Bei boa bilg aut LEVEL ¢ RIPPLE NORM SURFA us he rhs acteom eoosenwos & _ie- ” e. he) ee aee |

Page 97

A. rk, February; 1919 Making the Waves Operate a ~ Motor-Boat Bilge-Pump Y-utilizing the power of the ripples on the water. surface, a motor- poat owner provided himself - with a pilge-pump that pumps out his boat automatically. The pump can be WALKING BEAM , The action of the wave works the foat that propels the pump piston used wherever the waves attain a height of 4 in. or more. The undulations on the surface of the water cause a large wooden float torise and fall. This, in turn, operates a walking beam on the gunwale of the boat, as shown in the sketch, and serves to move the jack-rod of an ordi- nary bilge-pump. Thus the pump is kept in operation even when the boat is left unattended. If the bilge-well is pumped dry it goes on pumping just the same, and any water that seeps in is immediately sucked up and sent through the hose and over the gun- wale. The walking-beam over the gunwale is screwed into a quarter-turn socket, while the guide-rod that holds the float away from the side of the boat is attached by means of snap-eyes. This method of installation ‘enables the boatman instantly to detach the mech- anism and lift it into the boat when getting under way. With this arrangement a boat may be left as long as three weeks, and upon the owner’s return he will find the bilge-well thoroughly pumped out.—JOHN EpwIn Hoca. A Spring Lift for the Spindle of a Small Drill COUNTERBALANCE or lift for the spindle on a small drill- press would be very useful for many opera- tions. The illustra- tion shows how the owner of one of these small machines attached a spring for the lift. It consists of a coil-spring in- serted in the housing, and one on the collar of the hand-feed handle. When the ea aeibepaliaie es pressure is released handle for a lift on the hand lever the spring will lift it out of the work.— PRINTING, ENGRAVING, MULTIGRAPHING FOR MEN AND WOMEN 100 perfumed cards, $1.50. Kamholtz; 117A West 33rd, New York. : GOOD Printing at low peees: 1,000 good letterheads, envelopes, cards, billheads, labels, circulars, $2.50; samples free; catalogues, booklets and circulars our specialty. Ernest L. Fantus Co; 523 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. 100 CARDS, Business, Professional or Social, also imita- tion leather card case, for 60 cents. M. F. Devaney, Print- ing, Engraving, Rubber Stamps, 31 Middle Street. Geneva, New York. 125 Letterheads, envelopes, billheads, tags, or cards, 75¢ postpaid. Printer-Laborde, Mansura, Louisiana. 100 Bond Noteheads, 4 lines, and 100 envelopes, prepaid $1.00. Southwestern, 1413-B Berendo, Los Angeles. ACTUAL Typewritten Letters, heading black, body purple 100, $1.15; 500, $2.00; 1000, $3.25; 5 , $12.00. —— Letter Shop, 409 Chestnut Street, Milwaukee, Wis- onsin. NEW large. catalog-of attractive Gummed Labels and advertising stickers free. Royal Label Company, 414 Cherry, Philadelphia. : MR. ADVERTISER: If you knew as muth about the pulling-power of Popular Science Monthly as the ad- vertisers represented in its columns, your advertisement would be in this snace. We will be glad to give you some in- teresting information about this department. May we? D. W. Coutlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. AUTHORS—MANUSCRIPTS WRITERS: Stories, poems, plays, etc., are wanted for publication. Literary Bureau, 117, Hannibal, Missouri. WRITE for newspapers and magazines. Big Pay. Ex- rience unnecessary; details free. Press Reporting syndicate, 400, St. Louis. MANUSCRIPTS typed, lowest rates. Editorial criticism and revision. Our booklet aids ambitious writers. Mailed free. Story-Craft, Washington, D. C. EDUCATIONAL AND INSTRUCTION WANTED—New Ideas. Write for list of Patent Buyers and Inventions Wanted. $1,000,000 in prizes offered for inventions. Our four Books sent free upon re- quest. Victor J. Evans & Co., 178 Ninth, Washington,D.C, STUDY bacteriology, public health, and sanitation. Exceptional opportunities. Remunerative positions. In- teresting studies. Day and evening courses. Part work may be done at home. Write fo. information. Chicago FS mae College of Medicine, 3832-N, Rhodes Aveuue, Shicago. PROSTATOLOGY is our free booklet on prostate gland disorders, see our ad under ‘‘For Men and Women.” The —ae Company, 102 Colt Building, Steuben- ville, oO. MOTION PICTURES FREE TO Writers—a wonderful little book of money- making hints, suggestions, ideas; the A B C of successful story and play-writing. Absolutely Free. Just address: Writer’s Service, Dept. 6, Auburn, N. Y. WRITE Photoplays: $50 each. Experience unnecessary; details free to beginners. Producers’ League. i94, St. Louis. ELECTRIC Arc Generator halves expense. Your engine operates. Easy terms. Hoberts, Troy, Ohio. PHOTOPLAYS Wanted. Big prices paid. You can write them. We show you how. Free particulars. Rex Publishers, Box 175, F 10, Chicago. WHAT Do You Want to Know?—Information vital to the student, the experimenter, the business man, or any inquirer given by experts. Educational, Scientific, Legal, and Business questions answered. Ask us the points you cannot find out anywhere else—we usually know. . No charge if unsuccessful, small fee of $1 if we set you right. Send your questions direct from this ad., or write for our complete proposition, free. The Kent System, Department A, Cambridge, Mass. INDIAN Baskets—Wholesale and retail, Catal ie. Gilham, Highland Springs, California. ig “SEXUAL Philosophy,” 12c. Clear, specific, authorita- tive, complete, best_satisfies. Fred B. Kaessmann, Law- rence, Mass. BE a detective. Excellent opportunity, good pay, travel. Write C. T. Ludwig, 424 Westover Bldg., ‘Kansas City, Mo. . ae gp ge —.. gy with the a. Fe a Corn olven oO it. c stamps. ol Company, 70! Fillmore, Buffalo, New York. — CATCH Fish all winter! Information for stamp. George Juiian, Albany Building, Boston. LEARN why men are Uninteresting and How to become Interesting. Details free. Alice Barrett, 116 North Main, Hobar, Oklahoma, DO you wish to know? How to attain success? How to gain a winning personality? How to improve your memory 100 per cent. in 30 days? How to become what you wish to be? Our course in Personal Efficiency has shown thousands how to get more out of life and it can show you. Write to- day for introductory lesson free. Thomson-Heywood Co., Dept. 700, Chronicle Building, San Francisco, Califérnia. PROSTATE gland sufferers should have our free book- let showing a new drugless way to rapidly eradicate these disorders. No massage, exercise or diet. In use by physi- cians, osteopaths, physical culturists, etc. Easily used by any one privately. Correspondence absolutely confidential. The Electrothermal Company, 102 Colt Building, Steu- benville, Ohio. MUSIC AND SHEET MUSIC SONG‘ Writers: Submit your song-poems now for free examination and advice. Valuable booklet explaining our original methods of revising, composing, copyrighting and facilitating free publication or outri_ht sale of songs, Sent Free on postal request. the truth from a reliable successful concern. Satisfagtion guaranteed. Knicker- bocker Studios, 168 Gaiety Building, New York. WRITE the Words for a Song. We write music, guar- antee publisher’s acceptance. Submit ms on patriotism love or any subject, Chester Music Co., 538 South Dearborn Street, Suite 111, Chicago, ’ WRITE a Song—on any subject. I compose music and guarantee publication. Send words today. Thomas Merlin, 238 Reaper Block, Chicago. WRITE the words for a song. We revise poems, write music and guarantee to secure publication. Submit poems on any subject. Broadway Studios, 121C Fitzgerald Build- ing, New York. MR. Song Writer: Before investigating any other propo- sition, investigate ours first. Submit m today; examined free. The Kolker Harmony Studio, 4106 Lancaster Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. FOR SALE AND EXCHANGE PROSTATOLOGY is our free booklet on prostate gland disorders, see our ad under ‘“‘For Men and Women.” The a Company,- 102 Colt Building, Steuben- ville, 0. REAL ESTATE—FARM LANDS TYPEWRITERS AND SUPPLIES LARGEST stock of Typewriters in America. Under- woods, way under manufacturer’s prices. Rented any- where, applying rent on purchase price; free trial. Instal- ment payment desired. Write for catalogue 11. ype- writer Emporium (Estab. 1892). 34-36 West Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois. NEW, rebuilt and slightly used Typewriters $8 up. Portable Machines $10 up. Write for our Catalog 25Q. Beran Typewriter Co., 58 W. Washington St. Chicago. PHONOGRAPHS AND SUPPLIES BUILD your Phonograph. ‘‘Perfection’’ high quality spring and electric Motors, To Arms, Reproducers. Wonderful results. Big saving. w Catalog and building instructions mailed for ten cents. Indiana Phonograph Supply Co., Indianapolis, Indiana. CAMERAS, PHOTOGRAPHY, SUPPLIES MAIL us 15¢e with any size Film for development and 6 velvet prints. Or send 6 megatives any size and 1l5c for 6 prints. 8 x 10 mounted enlargements 35c. Prompt, perfect service. Roanoke Photo Finishing Co., 212 Bell Avenue, Roanoke, Virginia. FILMS developed free! Prints 2c, 3c. Postcards 3c. 8x10 enlargements from negative, 30c; 4, $1.00. Prepaid. Regular prices, 24-hour-service guaranteed. No stamps. jet list. Emil Sprauer, Hamilton, Ohio. CAMERA bargain list free! Durso, 25 Mulberry, New York City. RUBBER STAMPS IS this your idea of Florida? . A little piece of land near the water, a boat, a garden, some strawberry plants, and perhaps a few chickens; a vine covered cottage, pleasant neighbors; fish and oysters in abundance, plenty of quail and game—a simple, natural, wholesome life in the open the year round—Home, Health and Contentment. All this is of sunshine and roses. We are on the Gulf and a navigable river, also on the Dixie Highway, and we are only two hours by auto jitney from Tampa and St. Petersburg. Here we have the freedom, comfort and economy of country life, yet are within easy access of the big cities and resort centers. Our community is new, but is one of the fastest growing in the state. Prices have not gone sky-high, and living ex- penses are moderate. 100 Northern families already here. They like it—perhaps you will. May we send complete — va ga oard of Trade, Box 105, New Port Richey, ‘lorida. MONEY-MAKING farms—17_ states—$10 to $100 acre. Stock, tools, crops often included to settle quickly. Write for big illustrated catalogue. Dept. 12, E. A. Strout Farm Agency, New York. FREE book of Florida facts. If interested in Florida, before visiting or settling in this wonderful state of fragrant fiowers and sunshine, write Lake County Land Owners’ Association, No. 205 Lloyd Street, Fruitland Park, Florida, for free book of actual photographs and real conservative facts concerning this State. There is r, good, better and best land in Florida. his book teach you what IS best and why. The members of the association are not land agents; they simply wish to tell actual facts so those really interested in the State. They have no time to waste on curiosity seekers, children or = expect to grow rich without effort, but to those of character, energy, some capital, with a desire to learn more of the opportunities this most prosperous State we would be glad to give fullest information. ‘ALIFORNIA little farms, near Los Angeles, for sale. Eay payments. Write E. R. Waite, Shawnee, Oklahoma. RUBBER stamps—stamp for catalog. Box 458, Middle- town, New York. LITERARY SPEECHES, essays, distinctive advertising letters, pamphlets, and special articles prevared for all occasions. 500 words $1.59. Gertrude Sanborn, 778 Farwell Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. DIAMONDS, WATCHES, JEWELRY FREE—Scientific Gem. Rivals diamond. Clear white, brilliant, flashing, deceives experts. Free examination. W. F. QUACKENBUSH. THE Real Estate Educator—A Book for hustling real estate boosters, promoters, town builders and_every man who owns, sells, rents or leases real estate. Covers fully Workmen’s Compensation Act, Income Tax Law, Employ- er’s Liability Act, Statute of Frauds, How to Sell Real Estate, How to Become a Notary Public or Commissioner of Deeds, ‘‘Pointers,” ‘‘Don'ts” and other information. 256 Pages, Cloth, Price, $1.50. Book Department, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York. STAMMERING STAMMERING cured—quitkly, permanently, and Btn Write me personally for Free Copy of new book, Row to Stop Stammering.”” 8S. E. Robbins, Prin. Boston Stammerers Institute, 246 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Write for booklet today. Harold Lachman Co., Dep't. 9202, 12 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago. 107 Massachusetts.

Page 98

on Sa t : Se I RAT RTS SE ED BER SSE a ie Bs Pier ADVERTISING YOUR advertisement in the classified columns of the Electrical. Experimenter, Science and Invention, will yoy the very class of men you seek. Circulation 100,000 Rate 276% Wiese. The Electrical on eg brings pin ad results. - ft, address C ed Department, 233 Fulton Street, New York. GrmeciaLt Inch thrice, $8.00. Coast to advertisement 100° magazines, Soast Syndicate, Atlantic City. INVENTORS: Write us immediately if you have an invention or patent to sell. Western Security Co., 200, Hannibal, Missouri. . PATENTS. Fees payable monthly malas. Free books and advice. Frank Fuller, Washington, D. C. PROSTATOLOGY is our free booklet on prostate gland rders, see our ad under ‘“‘For Men and Women.” The gga Company, 102 Colt Building, Steuben- le, 0. GAMES AND ENTERTAINMENT NEW Patriotic Plays, Recitations, Entertainments for war-time Benefits. Vaudeville Sketches, Monologues, Drills, Tablesux, Make-Up Goods. Large Catalog Free, 'T. S. Denison & Co., Dept. M6, Chicago. T KS and Greenbacks. catalog 5c, Twenty . greenbacks—10c. Gitmay co, mages So. Irving. 0. 1 sop tricks with 500 illustrations. Catalogue 10c. - -4 FREE. Hornmann Magic Co., °Sta. av; 470 aaah hvenue, New York. TRICKS, Puzzles, Jokes, Toys, Games, ag en] nd Cane Racks . Plays, Wigs, Stage Su ; Tilusions. e 1918 Sanaa Free. kdeetent Oom- pany, Dept. . Oshkosh, Wisconsin. PORTEMANTEAU Theatres constructed. Scenery for hire. Catalog. Amelia Grain, Philadelphia. a gag | Magical Magazine—The Eagle Magician. — miners Months’ Trial, 25c; Year, $1.00. N Magical -Catalogues free. P. 8. Penta, "Minne- sale, Minnesota. FOR BOYS " AVIATION Speedster from bicy cle parts; what you need to buy costs very little. New high speed invention. Com- plete plans, 25c. Aerocar, Racine, Wiscons ‘in. PICTURES AND POSTCARDS 2 JOIN Live Postcard Club. iguecmatmemnted Papers 10c. Harvey Teeple, Decatur, Indiana. DO you like pictures? If so, your name please: O. W. Miller, C105 Chambers Street, New York. ge Alga bre attractive pictures for dens, club- rooms, etc. Send dime for generous sample, descriptions, lists, prices, ete. If you want pictures worth having, these are sure to please. Jorst, Bo® 253, Saginaw, Michigan. FIVE prettiest women cards, hand colored, * ape Durso, Dept. 42, 25 Mulberry Street, ‘New York Cit ’ PATENTS FOR SALE — PATENT on Ship Protector. A meritorious device. Will rotect ship from mishaps and in war. Write: Walter Piasecky, 8 Washington Street, Cambridge, Massachu- setts. THE war is over—now for the twentieth century window and porch screen. State rights or royalty. Patented. Nelson,.484 Prospect Place, Brooklyn. READERS of Popular ee ro ae 2 your chance: We have on — * mited number of bound volumes: No. 88— Januar ay June, 1916; t July to December, 1916; Y NO. 91—-July to Decem- ber 1917. These copies are beautifully bound in-heavy gray covers with dark green backings, con ‘the words “Popular Science Monthly,’”’ the volume number and months included. Each volume comprises 960 pages, 1306 articles and 2,082 pictures. Just the thing for your library. A ‘ten page index enables you to find it a moment any article or picture desired. Contain no advertising whatever. At the . as cost of printed matter, these volumes should re’ at $5.00. You can secure them now for $2 50 each postpaid. Book Department, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. PATENT ATTORNEYS PATENTS: Our practice before the Patent Office ex- tends over seventy years. It pays to employ an attorney of eee tation as a poor patent is a bad investment. Ability and liability are our special partners. We are also the ublishers of the Scientific american and all patents secured y us are described without cost in the Scientific American. Your invention is thus brought to the attention of thousands of intelligent readers especially interested in such matters. To procure like publicity in any other manner would cost you many times the patent fees. Our Hand Book on Patents sent free on application. Munn & Co., Patent Attorneys, 624 Woolworth Building, New York, and 625 F St., Wash- ington, D. C. PATENTS, Trade Marks, Copyrights. Prompt, personal, reliable service. Over 30 years’ active practice. Write for terms. Book free. Address E. G. Siggers, Box 1, N. U. Building, Washington, D. C. PATENTS. Write for free illustrated guide book. How to Obtain A Patent. Send sketch or model and description for free opinion of its patentable nature. —— references. Evamot attention. Reasonable terms. Victor J. Evans & Co., 155 Ninth, Washington, D. C. DON’T lose your rights. Send for blank form, “Evi- dence of Conception” to be signed and witnessed. "Estab- lish your rights'before disclosing your invention to any- one. Form and information concerning patents, free. Lan- caster & Allwine, 232 Ouray Building, Washington, D. C YOUR idea wanted. Patent your invention. I'll help you market it. Send for 4 free books, list of patent buyers, hundreds of ideas wanted, etc. Advice free. Patents advertised free. Richard B. Owen, Patent Lawyer, = Owen Bidg., Washington, D. C., or 2276Z Woolworth Bldg New York. PATENTS—Herbert Jenner, a f Attorney and me- chanical expert, 622 F St., Was D.C. I report free pe oe on if a patent can be had and its exact cost. Send for WE promote patents obtained through us. Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183C, St. Louis, Missouri. JUST invented; millions will be used in the Ufiited States alone. Wesley Stackpole, Monroe, Washington. AUTOMATIC Hat Fasteners; would do away with open hatpins. Something new in Millinery. Price $15,000, Mrs. Lena Zierold, 1108 Maple Avenue, Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. WE have a few practical money-making inventions for sale or trade. Adam Fisher. Mfg. Co., 183B, St. Louis, Missouri. FOR INVENTORS 600 Mechanical Movements, also illustrations and expla- nations of 50 motions book, Inventors’ Universal Educator, 4th edition, neells ioe to procure and = a patent for your new invention. Government and other Covers the matter from A to Z. 140 pages elegantly pomnd. Contains noted Court decisions -o aoe cases. Mechanical Movements greatly .assist inventors—suggest new ideas that might prove of great aid in | perfecting in- ee Tells — pe weg = Deore ving as ~em ‘ormation peeets ng Paten’ brokers. Price $1.00. Postage — Fred G. oSieterich, 681 ‘Ouray Building, Washington, D. C. THE Electrical Experimenter Classified Columns bring itive results. Cireulation 100 ,000—rate 7c word. -For ‘ormation address Classified Department, 233 Fulton Street, New York. PATENTS. Write for free illustrated guide book. Send sketch or model and description for free opinion of its tentable nature. Highest references. Prompt oO ineh: Reasonable Ny wd Victor J. Evans & Co., 156 Ninth Washington, D INVENTORS—We specialize in manufacturing new, patented articles, make models—dies—and do experi- mental work. Modern Tool & Manufacturing Co., Dept. E., Opera Place, Cincinnati, Ohio. HAVE you a practical invention to sell outright or wy = royeity® Sine details to Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 1 PATENTS pies procured. Send drawings for actual search page . patents. Personal — Moderate fees. Write for free. patent book. George Kiem. patent lawyer, 82N ental Binding, Waekingtons D. C er yb NE join National Institute of Inventors, World Building, New York City; membership — 1900 Pome will help you Fos! amet develop, finance and market ag invention. lutely no charge. Write for boo! INVENTORS. Send sketch and description of your in- vention for advice regarding patent protection. Twenty years ~~ ee Our band-book on patents is sent free on request. All communications strictly confidential. Write us today. Talbert & vc Patent Lawyers, 4691 Talbert Bldg. Washington, D. C. MR. ADVERTISER:. If you knew as much about the pulling-power -of Popular Science Monthly as the ad- vertisers yt nama in its columns, your advertisement —_—_s this space. We will be glad to give you some in- information about this department. May we? Dw Ww. itlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. PATENTS. My fee payetic in installments. Full particulars return mail. ihn Patten Duffie, patent at- torney, Washington, District of Columbia. INVENTORS! We have a Leh gag that will prob- ably interest you. ae invi The Wakefiel De. gineering Company, A F 8t., N W., Washington, D M. E. MILLER, Ouray Building, Washington, D. C.— Patent Attorney, Mechanical and Electrical Expert. Best = of work and results. Moderate charges. Advice PROTECT your inventions. I help you market them. Expert advice and The Truth about Patents free. J. a Kelly, 912A Woodward Building, Washington, TO Market Your Invention, you must get in touch “— the proper person. Let me show you how to it. . , Coutlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York City PATENTS, Trade-Marks, and Copyrights Secured. Book and Blank Forms sent on request. Send sketch. A. = Buck & ompeny, 534-7th, | Second National Bank uilding, Washington, D. C. LACEY Patent-Sense. ‘The Book the Inventcr Keeps.” See page 113. PROSTATOLOGY is our free booklet on prostate, Cas Gand rders, see our ad under “For Men and nero, Company, 102 Colt Building, enue. e, 0.* Popular Science Monthly - How to Make a Gasoline Strainer for an Automobile HE illustration shows a gasoline- strainei constructed from scrap taken from tue junk-pile of a garage. The strainer was made to obtain relief : from carburetor trouble of long dura- tion. The body tks SPER of the sizsices oe was cylindrical, using an old gear-box bronze bushing A, threaded at both ends, and two caps, Band C, turned down from scraps of 134-inch bar stock. These caps were pro- vided with holes of the proper size to fit the union connec- tions. The ; ; screen D, which The Gaiahed strinet yay placed on the inside, was also made cylindrical, and was open at the bottom and closed at the top. The brass collar E was soldered on the inside of the lower end of the screen. The screen, incidentally, was made of a fine mesh of brass wire screen that had been used in an engine-crank case. The collar E was screwed on the union coupling F, so that the entire lower union, screen, and lower cap and body - formed one unit. The pipe coupling G, which was on the carburetor, had its lower portion turned off, after which it was soldered to the upper cap B. The lower cap om, G jel" HEX- § HEX 16, DIA. I2THDS| 2 DIA: iia « 2DIa Keo | Nr | ua A | Boe PA i eu iatHos. Fo Eke PATENTS rome procured. Send drawings for actual search of U.S. patents. Personal service. Moderate fees. Write for free patent book. George P. EW —_—— law- yer, 82N Oriental Building, Washington, D FORTUNES from patents are made only from a good in- vention strongly protected. Send sketch or model and $5 for thorough search and honest opinion of patentability. I give personal, consciegtious and expert service. Lester, L. Sargent, patent attdrmey, 524 Tenth Street, Washing- ton, District of Columbia. - INVENTIONS patented; bc te pgp registered; labels prints and publications copyrigh ; reasonable fees; cor- respondence solicited; detailed ed free; hnaamicnn Jaynes & —— 701 Kellogg, gg, Washington, D. C PATE rocured; reliable service. ‘‘The Last Word on Patents” F FREE. Sanders, 2 Webster Building, Chicago, nois. PATENTS! ron word free. Write now. Metzger, Washington, D PATENTS. Booklet free. Highest references. Best re- sults. Promptness assured. bse z , Den, Patent Lawyer, 624 ¥ Street, Washington, D “PATENTS and Patent Possibilities” is a valuable booklet which tells all about patents, and is full of interest- ing information for inventors. Frequent causes of failure: are explained. Sent free gn with form “Proof of Conception” to be signed and wi a for your protec- tion before filing application. H. 8S. Hill, 929 McLachlen Building, Washington, D. C. INVENTORS. Send sketch and description of your invention for advice regarding patent protection. Twenty years experience. Our hand-book on patents is sent free on request. All ggg strictly confidential. Write us today. Talbert & T. gibert, Patent Lawyers, 4624 Talbert Bide. Washington, D “TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES”—This gives you the information that represents the collection of years and the expenditure of thousands of dollars. Contains complete directions of making everything from simple glues and ad- hesive to the tanning of leather, the making of photographic materials, perfumes, soaps. plating of silver and gold, work- ing of metals, etc.’ 800 Pages. Selected Subjects. Price $3.00. Book Department, Popular Science Monthly, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York. 108 D Lan SOLDERED . t ! 4 = 1 = - SOLDER caR L Th 3 ->|rie EK SSI Dimensions showing how to construct a gasoline strainer for an auto engine C was in turn soldered to the hexagonal flange of the lower coupling F. Rubber gaskets were placed where shown to prevent any leakage of fuel. While the strainer was made to eliminate the trouble with an old car- buretor, it can be used in the gasoline line for removing any dirt that may collect in the tank of an automobile or truck before it enters the carburetor. —ADOLPH KLEIN. Feb A v of mamma ere © - . of ch Gee

Page 99

CR SES eS ae eS — -s C.48 ~~ | Co hPL Simanos st ee Reg 7 rs a edt - itd bell w eh 7. we — February, 1919 3 A Home-Made Holder for a AGENTS AND SALESMEN WANTED 7 eading-Glass WONDERFUL chance for every man and woman, boy or R d g girl anywhere to get wholesale discounts on men’s shirts d di ] b Se ee ea = to on —_ a = and make a steady regular salary and commission. N EQ rea me pct be $10 a day taking orders in spare time in your vicinity or on ) in the most dignified and congenial way you ever : fitted wit a sul "P € older a — - for boca! agente aay, pect en y os : and; guaran six months’ wear or replaced free; hand- the following little rocure aun ite sae e eo — as good as - store Bw = Hag . a ples and full instructions; no experience needed; no cover just a little larger in circum bother; you only take orders, we do the rest; no delivering; cash commissions in advance; business booming. Lots of men have to have shirts, hosiery, underwear, etc., now that = has come; lots of repeat orders; start a real, permanent usiness of your own—even a half hour at noon, an hour at night, brings you $3 to $5 extra money every day; don’t take our word. TRY IT, and you'llsee. Don’t pass this by when it costs you nothing to see if what we say isn’t true. The end of every month brings your salary check of $50 to.$100. What thousands of others are doing, you can do, too—in exactly the same tried and tested successful way. Write quick for this wonderful chance. Even if you can’t take orders you owe it to your pocket book to get wholesale discounts on your own goods. Goodell & Company, 130 Duratex Bldg., New York, largest mail order wholesale haberdashery house in the world. AGENTS—Make a dollar an hour. Sell Mendets, a —— patch for instantly mending leaks in all utensils. ample package free. Collette Mfg. Co., Dept. 467, Amsterdam, New York. MEN and Women—Become independent—own your business, experience unnecessary selling our $6,000 Acci- dental Death, $30.00 Accident, $25.00 Sick Weekly Benefits. $10.50 yearly, half amounts $5.50. Guaranteed steady in- come from renewals. $259,000 deposited Insurance De- partment. Registration Dept. S., Newark, N. J. ; Q ENORMOUS } profits applying transfer monograms to on underside automobiles, trunks, bags, etc. Easily and quickly applied . 2 2 : - to anything. No experience. No paints or laborious hand A thin sheet-metal or tin ring with a twisted lettering. Samples free. Wagner Company, Corona, New wire handle for holding a reading-g’ass pi PA a gts bd auto-tires growing profitable oo ference than the glass, cut out the face | $3°un” "Chiang Iree. “Hauipment Company. 372 Sth of it to within about 4 in. of the edge, | Street, Cincinnati, Onto. j i YOU k od durable’ paints varnish, 25 and cut notches in the rim as shown. el “SE eae cent Covel patete ond vernhe,, 3% Turn the edges of these projections | Indianapolis, Indiana. under, and pierce the rim at two places “RADIO” Luminous Paint for resale. Big demand—big . profits. Trial can, 50c delivered. American Luminous for two wires. These can be soldered | Products Co., Huntington Park, California. LIBERTY Policy, the very latest in Insurance, covers all accidents and sickness. \ Every occupation insurable, men and women, 16 to 70 years. $5,000 death and $25.00 weekly costs $15.00 yearly. Thrift Policy, paying half benefits, cost $7.50 yearly. Special benefits covering farmers. Policies also at $10.00 and $5.00 premiums to meet low-rate competition. Leather wallet enclosing $100 Identification Certificate with each policy. Attractive agency openings with continuous renewal commission, As- sets $2,696,258.27. Founded 1907. Southern Surety Com- pany, 308 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. AGENTS: Big profits. Best and cheapest window letters made. Easily applied. Dime brings five samples. ae free. Staibrite Company, 1115 Second Avenue, w York. SALESMEN—City or Traveling. Experience unneces- sary. Send for list of openings and full particulars. Prepare in spare time to earn the big salaries—$2,500 to $10,000 a year. Employment service rendered Members. National Semnes Training Association, Dep’t 126 B, Chicago, Ss. MINUTES Pay Dollars, demonstrating new -$10.00 Adding Machine. Wonderful invention. Adds, subtracts, multiplies. Work equals $300 machine. Five-year Guaran- tee. Sells everywhere. Splendid profits. Write ick for trial offer and protected territory. Dept. O, Calculator Corporation, Grand Rapids, Michigan. AGENTS seeking first class auto accessory, see_Hydro- nizer under ‘“‘Automobiles and Accessories.” = EASY, pleasant work for Mechanics, Shop Men, Clerks, during spare hours, will add many dollars to their salaries. Also want persons who ean give full time. Big wages assured. Novelty Cutlery Co., 27 Bar St., Canton, Ohio. WONDERFUL Adding Machine—Seven column capaci- ty—retails for one dollar. Sells itself everywhere. Most offices purchase several. Sensational agency proposition. L. J. Leishman Co., Dept. F, Ogden, Utah. AMERICAN Military Styles are all the rage in men’s tailored to measure suits this season. Easiest to sell; everybody wants them. Far ahead of all others in real class and beauty. Lowest prices—less than common ready- made suits. Our agents are coining money. You can earn $10 daily. Send for full particulars, terms and sample book of styles and patterns. American Woolen Mills Co., Dept. A-51, Chicago, Illinois. ‘QUICK selling, newly patented, universally useful in- vention. Sells any time, anywhere, anybody. Week's supply can be carried in pockets. Costs 3c each, retails for 10c. Fine sideline opportunity. Send 10c for sample ond literature. H. G. Martin, 51 Cliff Street, New York y. WINDOWEDGE—Stops rattling windows; keeps out cold; worth dollars, sells for dime, Big seller. Moore Com- pany, 413 Jerome Avenue, Cincinnati. or clinched in place. Twist them to . AGENTS: Our specialties are great money savers for form the handle. for you. Write Fisher Co.. 200, Hannibal, Missouri. Set the wy: 4 ~~ pre ane $1,000 per Man per, County; Strange invention startles in a ring of felt or flannel, then bend | $40 .000.““korstad, a. farmer, did’ $2,200 in 14 ‘days. eae : Schleicher, a minister, $195 first 12 hours, $1,200 cold cash, the saw-teeth projections over against made, paid, banked ‘by Stoneman in 30 days: $15,000 6 + 5 ot or coid running water Dath, equ e or an the back of the glass. Give the home at only 86.59. Selt-heating. No plumbing or water- wor requ . nves' eR. Xclusive sale. Tre n. whole a coat of black enamel for a Send =e money, Write fetter or postal today. Allen Mfg. finish.— L. B. ROBBINS. Co., 476 Allen Bldg., Toledo, Ohio. REMARKABLE Stretching Cuff Links—permit cuffs to be raised over elbows quickly, without unbottoning. Durable, invisible, everlasting. Big profits for competent ‘ i district agents selling direct to wearers. Flexo, P. S. For Packing Hacksaw Blades in | Sheboygan, Wisconsin. a MEN or Women—Enormous profits selling Duo Guaran- a Tool Box teed Products. Easy sales at every house. All or spare time. Outfit Free. Write quick. Duo Company, Dept. HEN spare hacksaw blades are | 2° Attica, New York. carried loosely in a tool-bag | grams Unique copyrignted. service Insert for ‘soldiers’ or box, they become seattered among | Pietoian fetiment ii milan, fes"t te Net the other tools, and when one is wanted | Ginsdian, British, French and Italian official photographs. considerable time is taken to find it, | ConNs! ant sultant, PES gti nel hate and then it is often found in pieces. | Pitt ncsZeppelins, submarines, torpedo boats, tanks and To avoid this trouble, make a holder | Bethe, it" dina unten ntti like the one shown in the illustration. —— Company, 314-W, Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Two compen of blades con be attached. HISTORY of the World War. Most complete and official Bits, wood chisels, and other edged book published. Best terms. Credit given. Biggest out- ° ° rf fitfree. Write quick. Ziegler Company, 3G East Harri- tools carried by wiremen also receive | son, Chicago. MEN of Ability—To represent manufacturer direct, selling Sales and Order Books. Liberal commission. Wirth Sales Book Co., Dept. P. S., Chicago. NINETY Per Cent of Your Calls Turned into Sales. (Luminous) Articles. Startling! Mysterious! Everlasting! Novel! They Shine in the dark. Crucifixes, House Num- bers, Bulbs, Match Boxes, Pictures, Switch Plates. Sole nee. The Pioneer Corporation, 1263 W. 63rd, Yhicago. AGENTS—Steady Income. Large manufacturer of Handkerchiefs and Dress Goods, etc., wishes representative in each locality. Factory toconsumer. Big profits, honest goods. Whole or spare time. Credit given. Send for ticulars. Freeport Mfg. Co., 24 Main Street, Brooklyn, New York. OUR New Inventions earn you steady income. Can- vassers, County Rights, Salesmen and Promoters write, Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183G, St. Louis, Missouri. AGENTS: Big money selling great household invention. Sample 25c. Particulars free. Webster & Company, 2935 North Clark Street, Chicago. $10 DAILY refinishing chandeliers, brass beds, automo- biles, by new method; producing amazing results; no capital or experience necessary. Particulars free. Gunmetal Co., Avenue F., Decatur, Illinois. DURING spare time sell your friends our hosiery and underwear for their own use. Many salesmen are $5.00 a week upwards without interfering with regular line. C. & D. Company, Dept. 10, Grand Rapids, Michigan. WERE You Ever Offered a Grocery Store? Our Pro) tion Is Better. Let us tell you how you can handle Fiour, Canned Goods, Provisions, and entire line of groceries, as well as Paints, Roofing, Stock, Foods, Automobile and Machinery Oils and Greases. No rent to pay. No invest- ment in stock. Large orders taken from samples. Goods of guaranteed and proven quality. Selling experience not necessary. Very profitable work for ‘‘workers."" Address Hitchcock Hill Company, Dept. 220, Chicago, Illinois. Reference: Any bank or express company. $40 to $100 a week. Free samples. Gold sign letters 8-52 FLAT-NEAD MACHINE SCREW anyone can put on windows. Big demand. Liberal offer to general agents. Metallic Letter Company, 400 North Clark, Chicago. INSYDE Tyres, inner armour for Automobile prevent punctures and double mileage of any tire. Li profits. Details free. . American Accessories Co., Dept. 97, Cincinnati, Ohio. AGENTS: Quick seller—big profits. California Rose- beads selling like hot-cakes. Women wild about these beads. Write today. Mission Bead Company, X2819 W. Pico, Los Angeles, California. OLE TAPPED FOR NEADS OF SCREWS ANTED: live ents for More-Miles Gas Tablets; MACHINE SCREW COUNTERSUNK $7.50 per day. Write for proposition. John A. Martin, s Aberdeen, South Dakota. LEATHER CO VERN ' CHISEL WE make special contract8 for exclusive territory with high class educated men who may earn $3000 to $6000 yearly selling our Visual Instruction Equipment to schools and libraries. References and cash deposit guarantee re- quired. Underwood & Underwood, 417 5th Avenue, Dept. P.S., New York. . ~ STICKING MAIL-ORDER dealers and agents wanted to handle . staple products. American Chemical Company, 640 El- The blades are clamped to a board mira Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. and a leather protector is made 1919 LINE of Globe Transfer Initials for monogramming automobiles just off press; exceptional profits to agents and a good deal of punishment from being salesmen. Samples and display board 10c. Particulars m tree. Globe Decalcomanie Mfgrs., Jersey City, New Jersey. ju mbled around in a bag, when a very GREATEST history of World War. Complete details of little care is all that is necessary to | great battles—600 pages; 100 striking illustrations—only Z a $2.00; 50% commission. Send 10c postage on free outtit. keep them in good shape. A bit | H. J. Smith, Publisher, 1024 Ludington Building, Chicago. should have a small block of wood THE fastest selling history of the World Waris by Francis d “ . ° A. March, brother of General Peyton C. March, the highest screwed on the worm to protect it and | ofncer in ‘the United States Army. Complete—800 pages e ° illustrated—official photographs. This is your chance to the cutting lips. A cover made of | make $500.00 per month. Free outfit. Victory Publishing ° ° Company, 429 South Dearborn, Chicago, Illinois. leather to slip over the chisel ends . : PROSTATOLOGY is free booklet on tate gland gives the needed protection to the | aisorders, see our ad under “For Men and Women.” ‘The . > | It Buil : ville, cuttin ge d ge.— 5 OHN A. WE AVER. —— Company, 102 Colt Building, Steubenville se 109 MAKE and Sell Your Own Goods. Machinery u sary. Expert Chemists advise. Special attention to be- ginners. Write for Formula Catalog. Elmer Mystic Com- pany, Washington, D. C. NEW Check Protector. Good agent’s opposition. Sample 25c. Brackbill, 1307 McFerran Street, Philadelphia. PATENTS. Write for Free Illustrated Guide Book. Send sketch or model for free opinion of its patentable nature. Highest References. Prompt Attention. Reason- able Terms. Victor J. Evans & Co., 174 Ninth, Washington, District of Columbia. AGENTS 200% profit. Wonderful little article. Some- thing new; sells like wildfire. Carry right in pocket. Write at once for free sample. Albert Mills, Megr., 6147 Third Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. AGENTS—either sex—make $15.00 to $30.00 daily~ selling Great War Book. Complete history of War illus- trated with scores of stirring photographic battle scenes, maps, etc. Agents outfit free. Send 10¢ for postage. 4 ae shea & Company, Fullerton Building, St. Louis, ssouri. : BIG money selling Fletcher’s Non-Alcoholic Food Fia- vors and Consurvo for baking without eggs. wo big sellers—particulars free. Consurvo (equals 12 eggs), 10c, Fletcher Production Company, 315 South Clinton, Chicago. AGENTS—$60 a week to travel by automobile and in- troduce our 200 candle power qoal-oil lantern. Write for articulars of our free auto offer. Thomas Co., 861 North St., Dayton, Ohio. 233% PROFIT selling Jubilee Spark Intensifier. Ban- ishes spark plug trouble. Sells like wild-fire. Exclusive territory. Write quick. Jubilee Mfg. Company, Omaha, Nebraska. : SALESMEN and District Organizers with Ford Car to sell Simplex Ford Starters. The only mechanical starter with a reputation of making good. Fits any Ford Car. Sells for $15.00. Write for agency. Box 350, Simplex Mfg. Company, Anderson, Indiana.

Page 100

ee ee ase pn ata Sie a sae ee ‘ i | i i i } URAL agents with au and small capital for Lightnin Prevention ~¥ U. 8. cultural Sta’ arshalls Ad-

tionally advertised. xe competition. Send for our propo- sition. . This-is not nase grepest position. Klincher Tool Mtg. Company,’ "Minneapolis, innesota. NEW $2.50 automatic adder. Excellent profit. 10 daily aw. fg A Sells everyone having adding to Bassett t 148 M, Hollywood Avenue, Chicago. HISTORY. of A War, by Francis A. March. Intro- duction by General M Biggest pictorial book. Your arch. — averages $1.25 each. Outfit free. Historical Book ‘ hicago. WORLD'S | fastest Ba. auto. accesso distributors wanted; ite-today. G. Bt de 5 Oller Company, San. Diego, *Californis: Uv.

AGENTS—New Carburetor for Ford Cars... Simple, not a moving- part, tallied in thirty minutes, guaranteed | ad — 4 8 and- <¢ in zero. — ane day Free trial. . Wri Carburstor 4 ympany, 505-J., Jackson Boulevard’ Chics: MANUFACTURE. and -sell your own Toilet Articles,

' for particulars; Commercial Laboratory, Box- 1316, Mem- phis, Tennessee

HELP WANTED

MEN wanted to make toy soldiers, army, navy and other toys. Home workers on stuall scale, manufacturers on large scale. Greatest ce for industrious people for indepen- dent business. Enormous demand and future in ‘‘American- made-toys.” This new American work stands out con- spicuously Factories have been established, people trained, machinery made with energy and (Success. Dealers don’t want to handle ce boge' | others except ‘‘American-made,” We oods all year, paying fixed prices. Experience or tools not necessary Hundred and more made complete = hour. Casting form outfits $3.00 up. Booklet and in- ormation free. ‘Toy Soldier Manufacturing Company, 32 Union Square, New York. MEN—Age 17 to 45. Experience unnecessary Travel; make secret investigations, reports. Salaries, expenses. American Foreign Detective Agency, 321 St. Louis. WRITE Photoplays. $50 each. Experience unnecessary, details free to mers. Producers’ League, 194, St. Louis. EARN $900 to $1800 per Year. Government Railway Mail, Post Office and other is al coming. Prepare under Former Civil ce Examiner. Book free. Patterson Civil Service Sehool,. Box 3019, Rochester, N. Y. BE a a. Excellent rey. good pay, travel, Write C. T. Ludwig, 424 Westover Bidg., Kansas City, Mo. BE a Mirror Expert, $3-$10 a day; spare time home at first; no capital; we train, start you making and silvering mirrors French method. Free prospectus. W. F. Derr, Pres., 579 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. BE a Finger Print Expert—$25 to $50 a week in this new and fascinating profession. Write—find out how you can learn at home to supply the big demand for finger print bet factories, detective agencies, etc. mited offer—write while it lasts. University of Apoliea Science, Room 9202, 1810 Wilson Avenue, Chicago,

INVENTORS. Send sketch and description of your invention for advice regarding patent protection. Twenty years experience. Our hand-book on patents is sent free on request All communications strictly confidential. Write us today. Talbert & ny Patent Lawyers, 4101 Tal- bert Bidg., Washington, D DETECTIVES make big money. Be one. Write Amer- ican School of Criminology, Detroit, Michigan. MEN—women—zirls, wanted by U. S. Government. Clerks at Washington—Railway mail clerks—City — clerks and a $1,100 year. List positions free. —— ely Franklin Institute, Dept. A-50, Rochester, ew Yor! GET a Government tion through us. Position or money back guaranty. housands of men and women, 16 to 60, needed in Washington and elsewhere for the years of Reco onstruction” ahead. We'll coach you quickly by mail 2 ie ieee, examination and appointment. Perma- urs; paid vocations; higher salaries. Our free Book mes ives list. of —— ; Write for it. Washing- = Civil Service School, 2027 Marden Building, Washing- . District of Columbia.

DOLL ARS Yearly in your backyard. No ginseng. Tushroo; New ideas. Investigate. .Partieul. C. Metz, m3 Past 89th, New York. RAISE Guinea Pigs for us. We buy all you raise. — than poultry. ..Contract, particul:

Pay ars, booklet how raise free, Cavies_ Distributing Co., 3141 Grand Ave., Keanna City, Missouri MULTIGRAPH Letters build. business. Most econom- ical and effective advertising. Printing. Addressing. Low rates, careful work, — Letter

service, . Company, 241 Fourth Avenue, New York

FREE—3. Months to get acquainted; devoted to news and opportunity. The Western Miner, 2541 W. 37th Ave., Denver, Colorado. pe. 2 me — paced inventions. Trade for prop- Sell county Tights. Adam Fisher Site, co. ris3D. Bt Louis, Missouri. SILVERING: Mirrors—Exclusive Tartaric — opens enormously profitable-business. Booklet free. ¥. Bommew, 514 23rd Street, Oakland, California - ; GET our special confidential —— agency offer on the Choraleon Phonograph=-the wonderful new record player. Plays any standard record _ Looks just like the $150 and $200 kind. Low. wholesale price_toone.confidential agent only in each town. No canvassing or soliciting. Our plan tells you how to easily make money without effort. Write —- Be first to get this splendid offer. The Choraleon ompany, 2201 Monger Building, Elkhart, Indiana. aay gates el is our free booklet on prostate Legg disorders ad under “For Men and Wo The Electrothermal Company, 102 Colt Building, "Steu- benville, Ohio.

ASSIST in the reconstruction of Belgium. The Belgo- American Corporation, Ltd., 329, High Holborn, London, w. England, wishes. to ene arrangements with American firms for pushing their business in Belgium and in _ Belgian Colony of the Congo. Write and send cata- ues.

AGENTS wanted to sell chewing gum ball vending ma- chines. 59W Drexel Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

DOLLAR addressed UmakeM, Fleven UmakeM Build-- ing, Fifth Avenue, New York, brings designs, tools and materials for starting UmakeM business at home. BUSINESS of your own. Spare time. How to make and sell souvenirs, novelties, etc. Book only 20c. O Twitchell, West Milan, New Hampshire.

STAMPS AND COINS

208 Genuine Foreign ng henge new War Issue’ Venezuela, Salvador and India Service, Guatemala, China’ etc., only 10c. Finest Approval Sheets 60% to 80%° ae Wanted. ~*~ wepeee Lists Free! We Buy Srempe.

25 years. C. Hussman Stamp Co., Dept. 55 . Missouri. a . FREE, 25 Gores United States with 60% approvals. Enclose +% different United States 25c. *se enberg, Beecher, Titinols —

OLD Coins. Large Fall Selling Catalogue of coins for sale free. Catalogue quoting prices paid for coins, ten cents. William ee 101 Tremont Street, Dept. P, Boston, Massachusetts

FREE, 60 different stamps including Newfoundland, China, Japan, Mexico, etc., to. applicants for our high grade a rovals. Send 3c stamp or return postage. The gewood Stamp Company, Dept. M. Milford, Conn. STAMPS, 61 All Different, 3 cents. Mention paper. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo, Ohio. 2 to $600 paid for hundreds of old coins dated before 1895. Send 10 cents at once for new illustrated coin value book. Size4x7 It may mean oe fortune. Clarke & Co., Coin Dealers, Box 76 LeRoy, N. Y. PACKET “A” 100 varieties foreign stamps, 20c. F. J. Pope, Charlotte, Vermont. si ™ 17 Varieties Hayti Stamps 20c. List of 7000 varieties, low priced stamps free. Chambers Stamp Co., 111C, Nassau St., New York City. te ag Ugg gold, quarter size, 27c; $% size, 53c; dollar size. $1. hree-cent piece and catalogue 10c. Norman Sialte ‘King’ City, Missou.i. STAMPS, 50 Varieties, Transvaal, Brazil, Peru, Cuba, Mexico, etc., and ——. 10c. 9gt:000 mix xed, 46c. 60 dif- ferent U. a: 25ce. 1,000 hing 10c. ist free. I buy stamps. C, Stegman, 5949 “Cote Brilliante, St. Louis, Missouri. me

STAMPS! 50 different Belgium (large bi-color) China, Jamaica, Portugal, Venezuela, etc., 10c; 1,000 well, mixed, 40c; 100 varieties U. S., 50c; 1,000 h hinges, = Agents wanted; 50%. ~ free. I buy stam L. ' Overland, Missouri mi 19 ica

eo is our free booklet on Feng glan and ener see our ad under “For Men and Women.” The ectrothermal Company, 102 Colt Building, Steuben- me O Ohio. MEN wanted to become chauffeurs. $35 week. Sample Franklin lessons free. Institute, Dept. A803, Rochester, New York.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

ENTER a new business. og $3,000 to $6,000 yearly in professional fees making and fitting a foot specialty, everywhere wi 1 he. trade you can attend to: eualy foarned by anyone at home in a few weeks, at small Pr gg ae capital required; no goods to buy; job hunting, soliciting or agency. Address Stephenson Laboratory, 15 Back Bay, Boston, Massachuset EXPERT Chemist will furnish woo and Trade Secrets in ali lines. Lists free. W.L. Cummings, Ph. D., 217 Standard St., Syracuse, New York. MAKE Die-Castings. h, Sample, Booklet and proposition 12c. R. Byrd, De 27, Erie, Pennsylvania. be ag for vee an om pe and ay Big py. _ , etails . Press rt. Byndicate, 4005, St. Lous. we “WAR humane hospital essentials; wounded sailors— soldiers. Vital labor associate to produce. Hanlon, 121 Arch, Philadel lladelphia.

I MADE $30 a week, easy money, evenings, home. Free —— explains. Send stamp. Al Scott, Cohoes, New YOUR idea wanted. Patent = a I'll help

ou market it. gle ff ued gaa ~ hag tent buyers, undreds of ideas wanted, etc. “-y My | ovate free. et. oP ates Sa ee ates a7 nO, D. C., or 32762 Woolworth cs detective. Excellent oj nity, good pay, travel, © Write C. T. Ludwig, 424 Westover Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

105, China, etc., Stamp Dictionary, list 2c. ee. 5 illustrations, ’3e. Bullard, Station A, Bosto od “SPECIAL” packet 10c. Rare stamps on approval. Sears-Nelson, Oak Park, Illinois. a socal STAMPS—12 different from warring nations, ag 10 different foreign coins, 15c; 10 Uruguay stamps for ‘10¢. Lists free. Toledo Stamp ©Co., Toledo, Ohio FREE: 25 different United States Stamps to approval applicants. Postage3c. Jukes, 4220 Walnut, Philadelphia. STAMPS—125 foreign—3c; 350 different—30c. A ~ rovals 50%. Benjamin Forbes, 160 Devilliers, Pittsburgh, ennsylvania.

BOOKS AND PERIODICALS

INSTRUCTION Book (for shop use) on Vulcanizing uto- $1. Tire Equipment Company, 368 8th S Cincinnati, Ohio. — i wastes

PROSTATOLOGY is our free booklet on pamate gland ders, see our ad under ‘“‘For Men and Wom The Electrothermal Company, 102 Colt Building, ‘Steuben. ville, Ohio. “USED Books. Bargains. Catalog. Hignes K-2441 Post. San Francisco. (Books Bought.) READERS of Popular gee pen -here’s your chance: We have on hand mited number of bound volumes: No. 88—January to. sy 1916; No. 89— July to December, 1916; No. 91—July to Decem- ber, 1917. . These copies are beautifully pennd in heavy gray covers with dark green backings, containing the words ‘‘Popular Science Monthly,” the volume number and months included. Each volume comprises 960 pages, 1306 articles and 2,082 pictures. Just the thing for your library. A ten page index enables you to find in a moment any article or a on . Contain. no advertising Whatever. At it_ of printed matter, these volumes should retal at rx 00. You a secure them now for $2.50 each pos Pest eat epartment, Popular Science Monthly, 22 Thirty- York City. y: th Street, New

110

- Popular Science M. onthly- A Home-Made Belt-Trimming Tool . HE use of machinery, especially to the amount installed on the modern farm, calls for many belts, and these in time wearout. Manyan idle hour in winter may be spent in_ trimming, cutting, and remaking old belts for use on other and smaller ma- chines. While belt trimmers are not

FOR WIDTH "ANGLE IRON TWO PIECES

TWO THREADED aaaae WITH TWO NUTS EACH HOLES DRILLED AND TAPPED CLEAR THROUGH

k

y) | HANDLE An adjustable cutter for splitting and! trimming old belts to fit other sized pulleys expensive, one can be made from scrap that will answer the same purpose, and the labor cost may be counted as nothing when it is done in an idle time. The illustration shows the construc- tion of such a trimmer. This trimmer may be used for splitting a tractor belt that has become crimped at the edge, cutting it into suitable widths for other uses, such as for driving dairy machinery, etc.—CHARLES H. WILLEY. Test-Lamp Having a Modified * Fuse-Connector N arrangement of test-lamp and exploring terminal for convenient operation is here illustrated. The flexible lamp-cord and the lamp, which also serves as a current limiting device, and the exploring terminal can be plugged in series with the supply by using a fuse-connector, as shown. Test“lomp Flexible insulated wire s Fiber

Fiber fuse tube” Exploring terminal A connector made to fit the fuse terminals of a cut-out for the test-lamp circuit With this modified fuse-connector the testing-lamp set can be readily placed in service wherever there is a cut-out. Where it is used, it may be wise to close the line with a temporary switch on the load side of the cut- out.—PETER J. M. CLUTE. ADJUST NUTS

Febru A metal desig work will oth cur pat Th ant or ori tra sig

Page 101

‘February, 1919 Combining Initial Letters in a Bag-Tag VERY useful and ornamental piece of work in the more precious metals is a bag-tag. For one who can design and create ideas on paper the work is very easy. There are several (AGEN Monograms as they are cut from metals for making a bag-tag arrangements of*letters shown which will assist in giving ideas of combining other letters. A design is first drawn on paper ac- curately, then traced on transparent paper—tracing paper, as it is called. The tracing is placed over the drawing and held firmly in place with push-pins or thumb-tacks, and the lines of the original drawing are traced on it. This tracing is used for transferring the de- sign to the metal. The metal, in this instance, is silver of about 18-gage. The tracing is laid on the silver, with a carbon sheet be- tween them, the dark part of the paper being against the metal. A hard and sharp pencil, or a stylus, is used to run over the lines. The lines thus trans- ferred to the metal are easily erased, and one must use care in handling the piece after the tracing is made. To cut out the parts, a jeweler’s saw, with a few fine steel blades, is neces- sary. Use about No.1 saw blade. The sawing is done on a small block pro- jecting from a bench. A _ jeweler’s bench is shown in the illustration. As the amateur will not have such a bench, a piece of board clamped to the table- or bench-top will serve the same purpose. aA A jeweler’s bench, used for beat- ing and shaping articles in metal The sawing should be done as close to the line as possible. Be careful not to run into line, for this mistake will Cause considerable trouble. In the monogram ADA the sawing is done along the outside first,. the lines being finished with fine files. Saw with a slow up-and-down motion. The saw should be so placed in the frame that it cuts only with the down stroke. ck. | | Ht Ht 1 | | | | | You | | may or Local Classes. the world. | Toda 4 1S mountin “Here’s an Extra $50, Grace —Im making real money now!” lj} ‘Yes, I’ve been keeping it a secret until pay day came. I’ve been | promoted with an increase of $50 a month. And the first extra ij money is yours. Justa little reward for urging me to study at home. | The boss says my.spare time training has made me a valuable man to the firm and there’s more money coming soon. We’re starting y more than ever before, money is what counts. The cost of living can get the training that will ae you for the position you want in the work you like best, whatever it be. You can get it without sac- | rificing a day or a dollar from your pose occupation. i] home, in spare time, through the Inter- national Correspondence Schools. You can get it at in just your circumstances for better positions at better pay. They have been doing it for 27 years. They have helped two million other men and women. 100,000 now. Every day many students write They are training over | It is the business of the I. C. S. to prepare men | | to tell of advancements and increased salaries already won. are you going to do with it? Can you afford ij to let a single priceless hour pass without at ij least finding out what the I. C. S. can do for ]/ you? Here is all we ask—without cost, with- out obligating yourself in any way, simply You have the same chance they had. What | i] mark and mail this coupon. Comics, cartoons, com- mercial, newspaper and magazine illustrating. Pastel crayon portraits and Fashions. Earn $25 o \ to $200 a week. By our simple method your talent is quickly de- veloped without interfering with present work. By Mail The iargest practical art School in Write for full particulars and list of successful pupils, illustrated prospectus, etc. Papers and magazines., ASSOCIATED ART STUDIOS, 58D, Flatiron Building, New York, N.Y. indorsed by news- The Classified Advertisements are on pages 106-110. Turn to them now and learn what rare opportunities are presented for legitimate and mutually profitable business: month by month. You can’t get along on-what you have been making. Somehow, you’ve simply got to increase your earnings. | Fortunately for you hundreds of thousands of other men have proved there | is an unfailing way to doit. Train yourself for bigger work, learn to do some one thing well and employers will be glad to pay you real money for your special knowledge. | up easy street, Grace, thanks to you and the I. C. S.!” | | — ——— sp es es TEAR OUT MER Emme ae oe INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS OX 7622, SCRANTON, PA, Explain, without obligating me, how I can qualify for the position, or in the subject, before which I mark X. ELEOTR ICAL ENGINEER SALESMANSHIP Electric Lighting and Lys. ADVERTISING Electric Wiring Telegraph Engineer Telephone Work MEOHANIOAL ENGINEER Window Trimmer Show Card Writer Sign Painter Railroad Trainman Mechanical Draftsman ILLUSTRATING Machine Shop Practice Cowoning Toolmaker BOOKKEEPER Gas Engine Operating Stenographer ana Typist CIVIL ENGINEER Surveying and Mapping MINE FOREMAN or ENGR Cert. Pub. Accountant TRAFFIC MANAGER Railway Accountant STATIONARY ENGINEER Commercial Law arine Engineer GOOD ENGLISH Ship Draftsman Teacher ARCHITECT | Common School Subjects Contractor and Builder Mathematics Architectural Draftsman Concrete Builder Structural Engineer CIVIL SERVICE Raiiway Mail Clerk AUTOMOBILE OPERATING PLUMBING AND HEATING Auto Repairing Sheet Metal Worker Navigation Spanish Textile Overseer or Supt. AGRICULTURE Freneh CHEMIST Poultry Raising Italian Name. Present Occupa tion. Street and No. ’ City . Btate___. Delivered... FREE e ivere Your gp - = ie “ WE 7 tie tam ne of Lape full we in = new Free Free Trialsi°". select, ACTIVE GRO U L i. Dependable for a life time. Made right to billing, ruling and manifolding. Made of durable writing point. Lock-Cap prevents leaking. Extra size, 8 in., black only, $1.50. Your name in gold inlay, 35e. FREE: J. L. ULLRICH & CO. Be N CANS SERVICE: write rigbt. At solute necessity to any business man or woman. Unequaled for general writing, Long or Short—Red or: Black. ure vulcanized rubber with non-corrosive, $44.25 Liberal supply of ink with retail orders. gents wanted. Good profits. 27 Thames St., New York 111

Page 102

i i ‘ 4 i t é if 3 ¢ ee ee es cn. Taken avustanen case abide euaaenabiaaneC re DEIR AASDAA ING tRNA Saas st = eae : anc ers ; bd é 5 7 “ 7 ain parent ananassae ae ae PATENTS SECURE A PATENT, send for Our Guide Book, HOW. TO abl A PATENT, sent Free on request. i Send model or sketch and description of your invention and we wil give our opinion as to. its patentable nature. : ag x p NAME. eecessseeecssesesesenerseetteeneeeeees RANDOLPH & CO: STREET. 000... ...00 Sessepeceders ip dEgeeeeeseees 130 F St, N. W., Washington, D. C. \ RET. SNE eee IF YOU. HAVE AN INVENTION AND DESIRE TO LEARN HOW TO Tells our Terms, Metliods, f- ee ee oe he he he he hc Lh Lh CAN YOU think of a simple, practical idea that will fill one of the many re- quests we have on file for new inven- tions? It may mean a fortune for you. Thousands of things are needed RIGHT Now. Your brains can help. Send to- day for our great new book—‘“‘Inven- tions and Trade Marks, Their Protection and _ Exploitation” and learn more about making“ money from ideas than you ever knew before. It tells many things that are wanted, £00. 4 postal will do— it is free. wep MT Vera the dollars out of their pens For SALE FREE . Advice free. In INVENTION And mes MANUFACTURING scaaiearcant SUPPLEMENT. INDUSTRIES, INC, Published for the Send for free sample 201 Patent Dept., copy. One year’s sub- man with an idea. |’ WASHINGTON, D.C. nin scription 50c. TO.THE MAN WITH AN IDEA I offer a comprehensive, ex- perienced, iertt service for . his prompt, -legai protection, and “NV the commercial development of his proposition. Send sketch or model, and description for advice as to cost, robable patentability, etc. All pre- liminary questions gladly answered without charge. My clients’ inventions are wide publicity through INVEN ION AND MANUFACTURING SUP- PLEMENT. Sample copy free. Booklet of valuable information, and form for properly disclosing your ideas, free on request. Write today. RICHARD B. OWEN, Patent Lawyer Washenston, De | BLD Water Ble PATENTS INVENTORS: Send us sketches of your invention and a description of the de- vice for advice in regard to the best way of obtaining patent protection. Our practical experience covers a period of twenty years. Our hand-book on patents is sent free on request. All communications strictly con- fidential. Write us today. TALBERT & TALBERT Patent Lawyers 4621 Talbert Bldg., Washington, D. C. PATENTS ANDY —NIRADE MARKS [ANCASTER “ge &. A 274 OURAY BLDG, -5/ WASHINGTON, D.C. DO NOT LOSE YOUR RIGHTS TO PATENT PROTECTION Before disclosing your invention to anyone send for blank form ‘‘Evidence of Conception”’ to be signed and witnessed. Establish your rights before filing application for patent. As registered patent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the U. S.and Canada in the advancement of their’ inventions. Terms reasonable. The form “Evidence of Conception,’’ sample, instructions relating to obtaining of patent and fee schedule sent upon request. Ask for them,—a postcard will do. Our facilitiesfor securing patents nab i] us to give prompt and reliable service at iM reasonable rates. Inventors are invited to write to us regarding questions apper- i taining to securing patent protection. # All matters_receive prompt attention. } Send for blank form of disclosure to protect your rights until filed in the } Book of instructions and poet office. lank forms are free on request. [Competent Patent Service By a Former Examining Official of the U.S. Patent Office NORMAN T. WHITAKER Lawyer and Engineer 280 Whitaker Bidg., Wash., D.C. INQUIRIES INVITED geet ys “I made $60.00 the first y. average _to $500 a month. Very little capital needed. = plentiful. roe motorist a pos- No experience n We teach you. SHALER Tire Repair = Wrapped Tread Method ised by Tire Manufacturers oar as work as the ee ee outfits. can ane sc. 3 e only wilsealoer that has Automatic Heat Control, and can’t ee as a a tire. Requires no " FREE Book a tells fap ey i tdelay. Write quick. oC. A. SHALER CO. | 2101 Fourth St. Waupun, Wiscousin 67 112 Popular Science Monthly: To cut out the metal inside of the letters, it is necessary to drill a smal] hole in the waste material in order to insert the saw-blade. Fasten it in the frame, and saw up the lines on the inside. When the inside sawing is complete, finish with fine files. Such files may be purchased in various shapes, and will reach the most difficult corners. Any sharp edges in evidence should be removed. This is accomplished be using a very fine, flat file, barely touching the surface enough to remove the bur. When this is complete, a final finish is given by using very fine emery- or crocus-cloth. The cloth is laid on a flat surface and the metal rubbed across it unt#: all the coarse marks are removed. Emery-cloth leaves a very good dull, finish on pieces of this kind, and is often used satisfactorily. More complicated work will require polishing and oxidiz- ing. A leather strap is put through the slot at the top of the tag, and it is all ready for use.—H. R. SORENSEN. An Arm-Band to Hold a Lineman’s Tools 66 HE progress of the “safety first” movement that is now sweeping over the country has been remarkably rapid. It has caught the attention and interest of the electric lineman, who is always endangering not only his own life but also that of pedestrians Tools are hung by short chains to the belt, and the same chain holds the tool to the wrist when it is being used by dropping tools. To avoid occur- rences of this kind, the safety devices . shown in the accompanying illustra- | tion were tried out, and they proved successful. The tools are fastened to the line- man’s belt by means of a chain not more than 5 in. long. This length avoids any short-circuiting. Each tool can be easily removed from his belt and fastened to the band around his . wrist.—ERNEST SCHWARTZ. “wth i ( A 1

Page 103

i ee enya te pe. ON Ht Gee a ae ee ee ae - BS ns ome 6 @ tb we CT et CT CU “td February, 1919 How to Make a Heater for an Automobile “HE automobile heater here illus- trated was made from a piece of 4-in. steam-pipe 2 ft. 2 in. long, witn threads cut on both ends so that they could be closed with two 4-in. caps. A 1\%-ini. hole was drilled near each end of the pipe so that one hole was straight down and the other in a hori- zontal position. The pipe was covered with a piece. of perforated sheet metal about 214 ft. long and 20 in. wide, rolled The heater placed on the floor of the auto- mobile to warm the feet on acold day in a cylindrical form. Holes were cut in the perforated cover for the pro- _ jecting nipples that were turned into the 114-in. holes. A V-shaped notch was cut into the exhaust-pipe between the engine and the muffler, and a ‘“‘clamp-on” cut- out valve used to make the connec- tion. The connecting pipe was made from 114-in. flexible tube. For heat in winter, plug up the exhaust and turn the valve.—JOHN PETERS. A Home-Made Tool for Removing Different Sized Bushings HE following home-made de vice is . adjustable to a number of differ- ent sized bushings. It is quite simple to make and easy to use. The draw- ings show its construction and opera- The arms are made of machine The tion. steel and the lever of mild steel. Elongated slot Qurved surface An adjustable pair of tongs for pulling bushings from their housings by hand legs are adjusted by a cap screw, a long ‘hole being cut.in the upper end and the top surface curved so that the parts work freely.—CHARLES H. WILLEY. = PATENT Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our blank form “EVIDENCE OF CONCEPTION.” This should be signed and witnessed and returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention, and we will give Our opinion as to its patentable nature. sent Free on request. Trade-Marks, Foreign Patents, Highest References New York Offices 1001 Woolworth Bldg. Main Offices: Our Illustrated Guide Book, HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT, Contains full instructions regarding Patents, Our Methods, Mechanical Movements illustrated and described, Articles on Patent Practice and Procedure, and Law Points for Inventors. Prompt Service VICTOR J. EVANS & CO., Patent Attorneys Philadelphia Offices 135 S. Broad Street 760 9th Street, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. c- GENTLEMEN: Please send me FREE OF CHARGE your Book as described above. TRADE-MARKS AND oe) AA Terms, and 100 Reasonable Terms ’ i Pittsburgh Offices 514 Empire Bldg. I a hontoe'p ane every Soc ig in cat. ) ness or defective hearing from causes such as Catarrhal Deaf- ness, Relaxed or Sunken Drum -kened cme Roaring an Wilson Cousin Senne Far Drums “Little Wireless Phones for the Ears’? require no medicine but effectively replace what is lacking or | defectivein thenatural eardrums, They are simple which the wearer easily fits into the ears ey areinvisible. Soft, safe and comfortable. where today for our 168 page : FREE book on DEAF: giving you full particulars and testimonials, WILSON EAR = Co., I 523. inter-Southern LOUISVILLE KY, PATENTS LACEY & LACEY Attorneys-at-Law — Patent Practice Exclusively Solicitors of U.S. and Foreign Patents Trade-Marks, Copyrights. 646 F Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Write Us for Our Inventors’ Book PATENT-SENSE eS TABLISHED 1869 pened diagrams, $1.50 po Popular Science N tlar Science Monthly, 225 W. - 39tb St., _ New | York! ese ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING By Horstman & Tousley A necessary eek eA electricians. Full facts and PATEN TS and Trade Marks Send sketch or model for actual search and report. Write for Book- let of instructions on _ patent practice and procedure. Prompt personal service.... : Geo.P Kimmel Patent Lawyer Af 39-N Oriental Bldg. Washington, D.C. OPE ERE RE SEG UUEE BEESUUE SURES ECR CEUSEELS. DATENTS PROCURED and | TRADE-MARKS REGISTERE Eighteen Years’ Experience. Instructions and Terms on request. ROBB & ROBB, Attorneys at Law Specializing in Patent and Trade-mark Practice exclusively 840 Southern Bldg., 1336 Schofield Blde.. Washington, D.C. Cleveland, Ohio. PREG T TCE Renee tiogngt SC RREE Eee tae aay book devoid technicalities. Simple, . * s9th St., New Yorks ELECTRICITY MADE SIMPLE: ¢ Populgr Scionce understandable. Mesto. 328 .00 Pos PATENTS Terms Reasonable Highest References Promptness Assured Best Results Send drawing or model for preliminary examination ALL BUSINESS GIVEN PROMPT AND PROPER ATTENTION WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer, 624 F St., Washington, D.C. 113

Page 104

petaiitierennies techni

Fev inere mens ah Ravens dap diiaciaanar 5-4 caine SS SaaS ae Ligh anne eect a 8 ae REEL TEE a isst ot fees Re IB ES CRE {A AMONDS a = pieientocs « $2.50aMonth "and britiancy: ‘mounting, is [OFTIS= "ss MAKE YOUR x A MOTORCYCLE Ze at a small cost, by using sur attachable outfit. Fits

I received ty wish to say that I am satisfied with & th every way, for ti has 'y service. Amn motorcycle or attachment, I would rec- ommend them io the Shaw Manufact- uring Co.” FREE BOOK write. fodsy, for bare bey one qhagg howe Bicycle Mosse At At ee ee es, new SHAW MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. 169 They don't call him GALESBURG, KANSAS

“SKINNY any more Why is it that you stay thin? Do you know? How often have you ee that you could cover the bones that show so plainly all over your body—to feel the thrill of that vitalizing energy veloped body tingling

comes from a fully de- with th health! You can have it! It will make a new man of you—full of energy. .ambition, and the joy of living. And the beauty of it all is that this precious gift will cost you nothing! You have it in the paim of your hinds right now! Start NOW and in less than a month you will be well on the way to physical perfection. How to Make a New Man of Yourself “How to Gain Weight”’ is the ihe of a

£0. 119W.40th 8t,.Snite 800,New York

Build Your Own PHONOERAPH 1's Basy With Our Help A few interesting work By mmchige guactiy to soit your material, blue prints ( instructions Pays any Write Today for Our Free Blue Print Offer Agents wanted for our ready built phonographs CHORALEON CO.

602 Monger Bidg., Elkhart, Ind.

What Did You Do with Your Old Car? $300 in Prizes for Ideas HOUSANDS upon thousands of old automobiles which had been cast into the discard as too old and too in- complete for satisfactory service were seen on the streets during the last six months of 1918, and many are still merrily chugging their way over our thoroughfares, each giving some service to mankind which is better than no. service at all. Automobile authorities estimate that it will be at least nine months before all of the factories are turning out cars at their before-the-war rate. Many remarkable transformations were made in old cars called out of retirement. Here was an old-timer with a chariot-type body fitted with an ingenious kind of closed body for winter use; there, a new carbureter which brought the miles per gallon up from five or six to nine or ten. Many of the improvements and adaptations are important and practicable enough to warrant their being continued. It is in this belief that the PopULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY has decided to offer the substantial total of $300 in prizes for the three best methods of enabling the old passenger automobile to continue in service until, like the one-horse shay, it falls to pieces in its every part. Rules of the Contest OnE—The utilization of the old passenger car may roughly be divided into two main classifications: a—The continued use of the vehicle as a mode of transportation; and, b>— The use of the vehicle to perform some function in a better manner, in less time and more cheaply than the same function can be performed by hand. Two—In determining upon the prize- winners, the judges will pass on each clas- sification as of equal importance and will make the awards in the order in which the utilization or adaptation is of the most value or the greatest good to the largest number of people, no matter whether such utilization or adaptation be a mode of transportation or mode of power application. THREE—The utilization or adaptation submitted for consideration need not have been in actual use, although if it has been put into actual use it will receive the preference, as a deciding factor, when, in the opinion of the judges, two or more utiliza- tions or adaptations are of equal value or good to the greatest number of people in all other respects. Four—Contestants are not limited in the number of utilizations oradaptations they may submit. However, only one can win the first prize, one the second prize, and one the third prize. The contest is open to everyone. FivE—The utilization or adaptation sub- mitted must be clearly shown in one or more drawings, or photographs with explanatory drawings, if necessary to bring out the method of arrangement or. construction. The drawings must be intelligible, although it is not necessary that they be made by a skilled draftsman. ,Contestants are re- quested to make any drawings: submitted in ink on stiff board rather than in pencil on writing paper. In each- instance, the draw- ings should be as large as may: be necessary to convey the idea clearly. Srtx—The contestant’s name and address should appear on each drawing submitted. Each drawing or set of drawings on any one idea must be accompanied by a description in which the utilization or adaptation is clearly indicated. This description ( preferably typewritten) must be written on one side of the paper. The name and.address of the contestant must appear in the upper left corner of the first sheet of the written de- scription. 114 SEVEN—The description and drawings submitted by any. contestant must be re- ceived in the office of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY not later than 12 o’clock noon, Saturday, March 1, 1919. All contributions received after 12 o’clock noon on March 1, 1919, will not be considered in awarding the prizes, but will be returned to the contestant if return postage is sent. E1GHtT—A first prize of $150 will be award- ed to the contestant who, in the opinion of the judges, has submitted the utilization or adaptation of an old passenger automobile which is of the greatest value or good to the largest number of people. A second prize of $100 will be awarded to the contestant who submits the utilization or adaptation next in the order of merit. A third prize of $50 will be awarded to the contestant who submits the utilization or adaptation which ranks third in merit. NiINE—The winners of the prizes will be announced in the May, 1919, issue of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. TEN—The description and illustration of the utilization or adaptation which wins the first prize will be published in the May issue of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, together with the name and address of the winner. Similarly, the second and third prize uses will be published in the June and July issues respectively together with the names and addresses of those winners. ELEVEN—The judges of the contest will be the editors of PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. TWELVE—The editors of the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY shall have the right to publish at- regular space rates descriptions of utilizations or adaptations which do not win any of the prizes but which,they consider of sufficient interest for publication. THIRTEEN— The full property rights in any utilization or adaptation submitted are re- tained by the contestant, the only restric- tion imposed being that defined in Rule 12. FourTEEN—If a contestant submits more than one utilization or adaptation, each must be sent as a separate unit. FifTEEN—Address the descriptions and drawings submitted to the Motor Contest Editor, PopuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. Popular Science M. onthly =

<—_

Page 105

A Dirt and Refuse Drop in the Kitchen Floor N ingenious contrivance for tak- ing care of the sweepings in a house was devised by a householder. In one corner of the kitchen —_ he . . The sweepings are pushed into the opening and drop into an ash-can below installed a drop similar to a laundry chute, and covered it with a small trap-door. The chute led to an ash- can in the basement. The sweepings are taken out and dumped whenever the can becomes full.—AARON BLOOM. To Dry Photographic Prints Over a Radiator HE drying device here illustrated with astrap. It consists of two boards, E and F, and the piece of cheese- | j Hull ] i i H iy a. Upright boards attached to a radiator awe to hold strip on which prints are dried eh Pats ak saa cloth J stretched between. The prints are placed face down on the cloth. The capacity of the dryer is limited unless several pieces of the cloth are stretched between the boards and used & series of shelves. is readily applied to radiator H - POSITION Y ENGINEER | Lao WEEK REPAIR MAN |®®)() wins! CHAUFFEUR |* 9Q) wit Put Your Name On This Pay-Roll Men like you are wanted for big-pay positions in the fascin- ating field of automobile engineering. We have made it easy for you to fit yourself for one of these positions. You don’t have to — go to school. You don’t have to serve an apprenticeship. Fifteen automobile engineers and specialists have compiled a spare time reading course that will equip you to be an automobile expert without taking any time from your present work. AUTO BOOKS [Fattattistet 5 Volumes Shipped Free Raztachen Mepere Motor Construction and . ‘Repair Now ready for you—-an up-to-the-minute five-volume | Carburetors and Settings library on Automobile Engineering, covering the con- | [/2tvss:Gooling sfruction, care and repair of pleasure cars, motor | Fiy-Wheels trucks and motorcycles. Brimming over with advanced | Transmission information on Lighting Systems, Garage Design and | Steere Frames Equipment, Welding and other sepair methods. Con- rae ER tains everything that a mechanic or an engineer or a __ | Ignition motorcyclist or the owner or prospective owner of a | S@gtiné and Lighting motor car ought to know. Written in simple language _| Wiring Diagrams that anybody can understand. Tastefully bound in | Commerciat Garage American Morocco, flexible covers, gold stamped, 2,400 — | Desi and Equipment pages and 2,000 illustrations, tables and explanatory dia- meneene Soenesies. grams. A library that cost thousands of dollars to com- |} Motorcycies pile but that comes to you free for 7 days’ examination. | Commercial Trucks Only Ic a Day Not a cent to pay in advance. First you see the books in your own home or shop. Just mail coupon and express charges when books arrive. You can read them and study them for seven whole days before you. decide whether you want to keep them or not. If you like the books send only $2 in seven days and $2 a month until the special introductory price of $17.80 has been paid: (Regular price $25.00.) Along with the set goes a year’s consulting membership in the American Technical Society. (Regular price $12.) This great bargain offer must soon be withdrawn. - Send No Money Now Don’t take our word for it. See the books without cost. \ &e is so much profit in this offer for you, that we urge you to waste not a moment in sending for the books. Put the coupon in the mails today. Send no money—anly the coupon! American Technical Society Dept. A-1202, Chicago, Ill. * American Technical Society, Dept. A-1202, Chicago, .Il. j Please send me the 5-volume'set, Auto’ obile Engin eering, for 7 days’ es, shipping. charges collect. If 1 de- cide to buy, I willsend $2 within 7 days and the balance at $2 a month until the $17.80 has been pa'd. Then you F RE E Vf send me a receipt showing that the $25. ack of books and i. the $12 Consulting Membership are mine and fully paid With every set Is included — FREE for. If I think I can get along without the books after —a Consulting Membership which the seven days’ trial [ will return them at your expense. gives you the privilege of submit- ting your perplexing problems to a corps of experts for an entire year. i Name This Consulting Membership regu- larly sells for $12.00. NUOND Sais bsp sped sees Reference. ..... ssc 115

Page 106

Pk we

Sehnpiige Fae FEE eS Sebati ce paste eget ne ee Nn ee ark eedsa capcal EDaOCRRC HSIN CAT SG RONEDULS ii eis fete] COURSE IN TWO YEARS YOU ARE BADLY if you lack ‘MANDICAPPED (roto training. You cannot attain business or social % You are barred from a successful business career, from the leading professions, from well- paid civil service jobs, from teaching -and college entrance. In fact, em- ployers of practically all worth-while demand High School train- ing. You can’t hope to succeed in the face of this handicap. But you can remove it. Let the American School help you. FIT YOURSELF FORA BIG, FUTURE Tis Conse: —— -by some of Ei s leading pro- ill broaden your mind, and Clee you rou keen alert.and capable. It is compice. simplified and d up-to-date. It covers resident school and meets all a High School training. From the first nn to the last you are carefully examined and coached. USE SPARE TIME ONLY Most people idle away fifty hours a week. Probably you do. Use only one-fifth of your —— hours for study and you can remove a A peer within two years. You all he lessons and the owledge pooiwil gain will well repay the time spent TAKE 10 LESSONS FREE So that you may see for yourself how thorough eS Ce lete our train- or any the High Se raining in the Coupon below— before deciding whether you wish to continue. If you are not then ed you are not out one cent. We abso- guarantee satisfaction. On that basis you owe it to yourself to make this. test. Check and mail the coupon NOW for full and Free Bulletin, jects given in a

Please explain how I can qualify. for the position marked x «..High School Graduate gm dn .-.-Kleetrical Engineer ...Business Manager Elec. Light & Power Supt. . sual Certified Pub. Accountant «Hydroelectric Engineer .... Accountant and Auditor ...Lelephone Engineer _.... Bookkeeper .-Lelegraph Engineer «..JStenographer «Wireless Operator ..Fire Insurance Expert «Architect «...Sanitary Engineer ....Building Contractor «Master Plumber «Civil Engineer ---keating and Vent. Engineer ....Structural Engineer ....Automobile Engineer «---Methanical Engineer ---.Autounobile Repairman ..Shop Superintendent «Airplane Mechanic \ .Steam Engineer ..General Education Course

AAAresa

_ Drilling a Well by Automobile ~ By P. P. Avery ITH the help. of an old motor- truck, a very serviceable well- drilling rig can be made. The power plant of the. truck is sufficient for operating the drum and hoist for the drilling tools. A 2-ton truck will carry the attachment and drive the ma- chinery. The body of the truck is not needed,

CONNECTING ROD

~\\ ROO \ |

the drum and over the pulley to the : drilling tool. The drum is rotated on an axle 11% in. in diameter, and this axle is supported by bar-iron brackets to the floor of the truck-frame. The cable is let out from the drum in the usual way, and the up-and-down move- ment driven by the eccentric action of the counter-shaft placed directly over ROPE FASTENED 4°*4° ANGLE IRON ‘ Fy CAST IRON PULL ¢ ee ‘ : ' '

“STEEL ROD PIPE IASHERS

pina LATCH RELEASE The sliding rope puliey that gives the reciprocating action to the drill rope, and details of the- drum used to let out the rope as the drill enters the earth and therefore is removed, leaving the bare chassis with the driver’s seat and cab. At the rear end of the truck-frame are placed two uprights made of 5-in. angle-iron. These aré in two sections each, so that they may be taken down for transportation. The power trans- mission of the drill is constructed as shown. The left rear wheel is used for a power pulley. With the aid of a 5-ton screw-jack, this rear wheel is hoisted from the ground. Then some of the earth is scooped out, so that when the axle is again lowered the wheel does not touch the ground and can be turned by the power from the engine. A cross-bar is attached to the upper ends of the upright angle-irons, to which a pulley is made fast for the drill- ing cable. The drum is made of two wooden pulleys 20 in. in diameter, bolted to- gether. A 1-in. hemp rope is used on aw” oe

-—. -— = HANGERS PLAN VIEW

END VIEW LEVER ON DRUM An old motor-truck chassis is utilized for mounting the well-drilling attachment, and the truck’s power plant is used to drive the well-drilling machinery 116 TENN WSN HD.

RE a as

Ch —_ mh» air.

Page 107

TS

BENJAMIN Speaking of air ifles, why not buy the best and safest? Only real pump gun ever invented. nlike all others, it never loses shooting force. Man and boy’s gun for target practice and small game hunting. This perforated inch block of wood shows the various degrees of shooting force. This i is a feat no other air ;ifle can duplicate. ' Price $3.75 Postpaid in U.S. Descriptive folder on request. < your dealer for demonsiraiion. BENJAMIN AIR RIFLE & MFG. CO. 607 N. Broadway, ST. LOUIS, mo.

GEND for ehese BUNGALOW BOOKS 4 , Plan Future Homes New with

“Representative Cal. Homes” lest Coast-Bungalows” 72 Pines $1200 to $2500—60cts MPECIAL $1.50 OFFER 40 Pian He,Bunealows” Send $1.50 for all 3 books and get book of 75 special plans. also Garage plans .......+0- FREE Money back tf not satisfied E. W. STILLWELL & CO., Architects 735 Henne Building, Los Angeles Ecoromy Plans of California Homes —noted for comfort, beauty and adaptability to any climate. 53 wen $2500 to $7000-60cts

Build and Fly Model War Aeroplanes! Build a Model ae

tt will fly wien tt anor 7m ieee you can i exact 3ft. dupiicates Cy _War-t build aaa Etrouens Tor the th pode and Ins e one to build. wees eT a Curtiss Mil ary a, Nes : 4 Gor eats it: 4 ‘or, ae 5 eg Mono- \ plane, ane. “ying Boat, Wright Biplane, Cecil Peo! i Racer: Cataloums of IDEAL Model Aeroplanes id Supplies, 5c. None Free. IDEAL AEROPLANE & SUPPLY CO., 830-86 West Broadway, N. Y.

Violin, Hawaiian Guitar Ukulele, Guitar, Mandolin, Cornet or Banjo * Wonderful new system of teaching note music by mail. To first in each locality, we'll give a $20 superb Violin. Mandolin, lele, Guitar, Hawaiian Guitar, Cornet or Banjo absolutely free. Very small charge for lessons onlyexpense. We guarantee success ornocharge. Complete outfit free. Write ab once—no obligation. SLINGEBLAND SCHOOL OF MUSIC, Dept. 402, CHICAGO, ILL.

FREE, tanrern \ e ren are ois ei ine Peneateedby ineurance Gseapentes: Gives 400-CANDLE POWER Abundan: f bright, clear, sof! = steady! light--pestfu'l vg Seay guaranteed. Aa spare a athe free ay Biicesand | ANTED.

OIL SEALING PISTON RINGS =F NOID c. If your jobber can* mam a order di Post’ “is eh: Write for free Bookice INO: LEAK-O STON RING ego Baltimore, Md.

Mathematics Made The Arcascope—the Combination Trianzle with 8 Brain—will multiply. divide, figure percentage and proportion, solve all problems in trigonometry » and geometry, draw symmetr cal figures, plot ares, etc. Superionto any slide rule. Simple to operate. Also includes A TRANSPARENT TRIANGLE, PROTRACTOR and THREE RULES. Used at ‘columbia University, West Point, U. S. Aeronautic Schools, Etc. Only 85c postpaid. Order today before Easy

you forzet. U, L.J.LEISHMAN CO. Ogden, Utah.

sure with an old motorcycle engine. The engine is used as a pump instead of an engine. To do this the inlet valve is held closed, and the air suction valve is screwed into the spark-plug opening. This improvised air-compressor is run by a grooved pulley on the counter- shaft of the well-driller and a round belt. A range boiler is used for storing the air under pressure. The air forced into the drilled hole will cause the water—if any is found—to shoot out at the top of the pipe. How to Avoid Danger of Asphyxia- tion in a Garage SIMPLE way to fix a garage so that the motor may be run for any length of time without danger of | ‘ Y | WCOD OR TIN GY fu, | GARAGE pooR COVER role, =

PIPE A pipe extension for the exhaust of an automobile to run the gases outdoors HOLE IN DOOR

asphyxiation to any one inside may be accomplished as follows: Cut a hole about 214 in. in diameter in the door. Over this fit a swinging door, to be closed when not in use. Take a 2-in. pipe, and place one end over the exhaust-pipe of the automo- bile and the other end through the small hole in the door.—S. L. FARWELL. Door-Bell May Be Attached to a Lighting Circuit RY cells on a door-bell circuit can be eliminated by using the light- ing circuit. Simply connect the wires to the lighting circuit, running one line directly to the bell through the push- button contacts: and the other line through a carbon filament incandes- cent lamp, thence to the bell. The function of the lamp is to reduce the current in the circuit, so that the mag-

ee To lighting circuit secseeeee

Push button An electric light placed in a bell circuit, so that it can be used on a lighting main net coils in the bell will not burn out. - Besides effecting a saving in the cost of batteries, there will be a minimum of trouble with the door-bell with this system. The. lamp can be placed where it will show in another room from that in which the bell is placed, if it is so desired.—PETER J. M. CLUTE. 117

Pencils and eye glasses You wouldn’t read all day through another person’s glasses. Then why work with a pencil not intended for your kind of work?

the master drawing pencil!” includes, among its 17 degrees, a pencil to suiteach kind of work—each individ- ual taste. The strong, smooth, respon- sive leads make work easier, ‘quicker, more economical. ‘17 degrees—9H (hardest) to 6B (softest); HB (medium) for general work. Write us the nature of your pencil work and -our dealer's name, enclosing 1§¢ in stamps, and we will send -you full-length samples of the right degrees for you, worth double the meney— also eur chart showing the uses of the 77 degress. stat DIXON CRUCIBLE CO. 120-J, Jersey City, N. J. ® vA Canadian i an distributors 1827 A.R. MacDougall & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont.

In Winter eect BROWN’S Not a confection, but a safe, dependable remedy, put up in little packets that can be slipped into a vanity bag or vest pocket. No Need to Fear Throat and Bronchial Troubles Four = 1 350, 8 Son Bi At all druggists.’ & x Ls

hegre oe Consiren of & (A oe : the World’s Greatest Inventor gy Thao are Ne

Race EXPERIMENTER SCIENCE AND INVENTION

New York—Toronto * Handy Dependable —_ cls, becaning ons Now on sale at all newsstands These articles will appear every issue for two years or more. 7 hey will be entitled, “ ‘My inventions,’ by Nikola Tesla.” "Each will ex- lain one of this: genius’ marvelous inventions. You won't want to miss a single article so go to the nearest newsstand and secure youf February copy. 175 illustrations—80 big pages Over 100 other “—< es 2Qc a Copy ~ 00 a Year 3 sample numbers sent on receipt of 35c The Electrical Experimenter, 235 Fulton St., New York

Page 108

/ US ken inne ARTI, OS ANE EC TOE RAR RARER INR ORG AAG Ke Poe se et ef Pett ite ig FEL IE Moo Le ae aR, * a a a et eee ae ‘ Fallest Pleasure from Your Boating Convert your row-boat or canoe into a. power-boat! Send for this book. It tells you how. And it bristles with valuable engine autaw sameS Reka ct easily-at- ta:hasle, ¥f out- board engines afford the joys of motor boating at little cost. A generous 3) Days’ Trial lets you try out ¥f Engines at our expense. LOCKWOOD-ASH MOTOR CO. 1951 Horton Ave. Jackson M Write for Your Copy Today [ts a book brimful of information a boy ought to have. It tells you how to organize an Auto-Wheel Coaster Club— how to make money with your Auto- Wheel=how to have the most fun when camping and what to do in case of acci- dent. It’s a valuable book—and it’s yours for the asking. Get A Free Felt Pennant We want to tell you all about the wonderful Auto-Wheel Coaster and the ited Auto- Wheel Convertible Roadster and to send you one of our beautiful Felt Pennants FREE. When you write for the Auto-Wheel Book, give us the names of 3 coaster wagon dealers, mentioning which one handles the Auto- , and we'll send you a complete Auto- Wheel catalog and the Pennant—Free. Write us a letter today. : BUFFALO SLED COMPANY = “DONT | SHOUT” “I hear you. de egy 10g A 1 THE’ MORLEY PHONE. I’ve a pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would - not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right. “The Morley ee for the is to the ears what glasses are to the eyes, Invisible, comfortable, weight- less and harmless. Any- . one can adjust it.” Over one hundred thousand sold. Write for booklet and testimonials. THE MORLEY CO., Dept. 797, Perry Bldg., Phila. CONVERT YOUR BICYCLE INTO A MOTOR-CYCLE. Fits any Wheel. PRACTICAL SUCCESSFUL and RELIABLE and has many gy Aree gee over otor-cycle. Lowest $., $825. Brown. Street, Philadelphia, Pa. sults: the erect and inverted types By George M. Petersen “THE ability to estimate distances, or find the range correctly,. is a very important part of a } soldier’s education. Fire on the battle- | field is usually by groups.of men, and the range is given by the officers; but the battlefield is reached only after a | great deal.of scouting, patroling, and : outpost duty, in which the soldier must depend upon his own. powers - x estimating dis- tances in-order to make his fire effec- tive. - There are several ways of estimating distances. There are sound,, trial-- shots, field-glasses, range-finding in- struments, etc.; but the only one a soldier can depend upon is his eye ‘and occasional :trial. shots: To estimate the range with the eye, it is necessary to be familiar with the appearance of a given unit of length, say 100 yards, and this is obtained by practising with different distances and then measuring them. The estimate may also be checked by noticing the appearance of the uniform, its clearness, the move- ments of the men, and other little fea- tures that will help him to solve this problem. Field silhouettes are also good practice, since they represent— to a certain extent, at least—conditions under which estimating will have to be done when actually in battle. Fig. 1. Image of an invert range-finder Some Obstacles to Range-F inding Trial shots and ranging volleys are ‘practicable when the earth is dry enough for the bullet to kick up some dirt when. it strikes, the usual prac- tice being to fire the first shot or volley TRIPOD Fig. 2. The regulation army type of an invert image range-finder at an estimated range, and then to increase or decrease the elevation of the piece until the bullets are falling in the desired place. There are many conditions that will bother even expert estimators. Objects will appear to be nearer when | they are in a bright light; when the color of the object contrasts with the color of the background; when thesoldier looks over water, snow, or a uniform 118 surface, such as a field of wheat op oats; when looking from a_ height downward; when in the clear atmos. . phere of high altitudes. Objects will appear at greater dis- tances when looking over a depression in the ground; when there is a poor light or a fog; when only a small part of the object can be seen; when looking from low ground upward toward higher ground. It will be seen, therefore, that it ig really difficult for any one man to get the range with even a fair degree - of accuracy, unless the conditions are just right. It is therefore customary, when any number of men are shooting together, for the officer in charge to pick out from four to six men and have each one estimate the range of the target, the average of the estimates . being taken as the correct range, until some line may be obtained on the actual distance. This method is fair enough; but the use of instruments, when they are obtainable, is ra more reliable. Mechanical Finders Mechanical range-finders are known as erect-image and invert-image types of coincidence \ @ range-finders. yas , : _ ae ee The erect image pa type is generally used for naval ‘ \ and coast defense Fs \ purposes where f \ the objects have / \ well defined out- (7 re} Ti lines such a's Neve Piece smokestacks, Fig. 3. Theory of flag-staffs, and obtaining results the like, which th the finder permit of precise alignment of the image. The invert-image range-finders dif- fer from the erect-image finders in that the image appearing in the upper half of the field is an inverted image of ' the lower half, but is not reversed right or left. The view through the eye- piece of this type of range-finder, when properly adjusted, is shown in Fig. 1. The instrument must be held steady, since a slight elevation will cause the image to separate vertically from the halving line, making it difficult to effect a coincidence. The army type of invert-image range-finder is shown in Fig. 2, in which A is the eye-piece, B the scale showing the exact number of yards to the object sighted, C the halving ad- justment, and D the leveling screws. These instruments are very compli- cated in their construction, and must’ 2 be frequently checked against a known, distance or corrected with the aid of Popular Science Monthly Range-Finding in the .Army How to use range-finders. to get re- ~

Page 109

— Oa ae Ye ee eee OU Ol en Te . OO ® “es VS Corr? = i i Foe February, 1919 an adjusting lathe which is part of the equipment of each machine. Each instrument is also provided with a two shade ray filter, smoked for ob- serving the rays of a search-light, and amber to moderate exceptionally pright daylight, either one being prought into use by turning a small - Jever on the eye-piece housing. The range-finder, by means of a series of prisms, merely determines € fe] = 30 20 10 ° Fig. 4. The mil scales are used -to determine the range and the corrector scale to correct it the triangle; and the longer the base of the instrument the more accurate the measurements. The theory of the method of obtaining results with this instrument is shown in Fig. 8. When properly adjusted the image in the eye piece would be, in this case, as shown in Fig. 1. _ Scale on Army Glasses The quickest and most common way of determining ranges, except by using the average of several guesses, is by means of the range estimating and corrector scales engraved on the left lens of army field-glasses. These scales are shown. in Fig. 4. The scales marked A-A in the drawing are known as the mil scales; B as the vertical mil scale; and C as the range corrector scale. The mil scales are used to determine the range, and the corrector scale to correct it. To determine the range by the use of the scale, one must first estimate the width or height of the object sighted and then figure the range by the formula: Range equals width or height x 1000 mils. For example: In Fig. 5 let it be considered that the buildingsighted PouN. is 30 ft. wide. This is estimated more ppt or less accurately by the number and width of the win- dows, doors, etcs By holding the horizontal mil scale upon the object, we find that the building cuts off 25 mils, so that our range becomes ime = CrP [re] * ZZ W Zi Li Vi V7, Fig. 5. The width ofa building used asa base 30 X 1000 35 = 1200 In Fig. 6 we are using the average height of the telephone-poles in a certain vicinity which is about 20 ft. By focusing the vertical scale (mil) on -CHEMISTRY !. = ee ee te ee ee ee PERE inh CER TAUN ING 3 p Saerontary $ E 1. Co. Chemical Lahetaisey Description of the Outfit—It contains the following 44 chemicals: sp oe DO YOU KNOW? Do you know how to make chemical tricks: Lo you know how cloth is bleached? Do you know how to: test. soil Do you want to make invisii le ink? Do you know how to test our * 1.0 you know how Cuilorine Smoke and Chlorine Gas (German War Gas), made What do you know about chemistry in general These and hundre” ot. er interesting questions ure answered and demon- Strated with our Chemistry Labora- tory which we present herewith. We present herewith to our friends our new F. I. Co. Cherr ical Laboratory which contains real chemicals and ap- parata to perform real chemical experi- ments. This out t is not a toy, put up “merely to amuse. but a practical labera- tory set with all the chemicals appur- ata and reagents necessary to per orm real.work and to teach the beginner all the secrets of inorganic chemistry. With this out/t we give free a book eentaining a Treatise in Elementary Chemistry, use ul data and recipes, periments. The chemicals furnished are all tech- nically pure and put up in appropriate wooden boxes and glass bottles. and there is a suf? cient « uantity to make do ens of experiments with each. The apparata are of sta dard laboratory si e and quality. Altho all chemicals have nearly doubled in price we have decided not to raise the price for this outit for the present. Read the list 0° chemicals and appar- ata’and look at the actual photograph of the outt at your left. ° order one today! 44 Chemicals 18 Apparata 1 Instruction Book with 100 Experiménts PRICE, $5,°° Shipping Weight, 10 Lbs. Can Be Shipped by Express Only Nickel Chloride Hydrochloric Acid Sulphuric Acid Calcium Chloride Chloride of Zine Ferrous Sulphate Nickel Sulphate Sodium Phosphate Copper Sulphate Zine Carbonate Glycero Ammonium Chloride Sodium Sulphite _ Zine, Metallic Alum Manganese Dioxide Sodium Bicarbonate eS, Oxalic Acid Sodium Sulvhate Boracic Acid Brimstone Sodium Chloride Charcoal _ Iron Oxide Calcium Sulph Sodium Nitrate Sulphate of Zine Barium Chloride Sodium Carbonate Magnesia Carbonate Lead Acetate Sodium Borate One Standard Washhottle One Conical Gl Measure ne Erlenmeyer Flask ne Glass Funnel One Delivery Tube Six Assorted Test-Tubes Ten Sheets of Filter Paper Our bi; today. ig. Pages, coupons for our 160-page FREE W ireless Course in 20 lessons. THE FOLLOWING APPARATA ARE FURNISHED: One Glass Dropper One § One Test-Tube Holder Glass Tr \ One Spirit Lamp. IMMEDIATE_SHIPMENTS ‘¢ The Livest Catalog in America’’ new electrical cyclopedia No. 19 i iting for you. Positively the most compiete Wireless and electrical catalog in print i 8 if llustrations 500 instruments and apparatie. etc. Big “Treatise on Wireless Tele -"? 20 FREE 0 stiff covers, Cyclopedia sent only on receipt of 6 cents stamps to cover iia No. ELECTRO IMPORTING CO., 229 Fulton Street, New York ZEB eeeeueueeaeeueeeeeeeeeee eee o wad ine Mercury, Metallic Tin, Metallic Litmus Paper Ferrous Sulphide Ir Calcium Oxide Ammonium Carbonate Y i Stannous Chloride Ammonium Aqua One book containing Treatise on E‘ementary Chemistry and 100 Chemical Experiments oon Measure " . Tobin to be performed with this outfit. Cyclopedia 19 measures 7x54”. Weight, 44 Beautiful e. e & a & a e q a 4 8 3 a 4 e g a & & and 100 instructive and amusingex- §§ ® % a ® = a a 6 8 a € é s t = 2 & a & Don’t Wear a Truss Brooks’ Appliance, the mcdern scientific inventiqn, the wonderful new discovery that relieves rupture, will be sent on — No obnoxious springs or pads. MR. C, BROOKS Brooks’ Rupture Appliance Has automatic Air Cushions.” Binds and draws a ais parts together as_you would a broken mb. 0 b ves. No lies. Durable, cheap. Sent cn trial to prove it. Protected bv U. S. patents. Catalog and measure blanks mailed free. Send name and address tottay. C. E. BROOKS, 255A State St., Marshall, Mich. Here’s Heal and Power, Vim and Vigor Do you want them? Strength thatis more than mere muscular strength. The strength, health, power and vigor of youth is now within your reach through the White Cross Electric Vibrator. Be strong— be healthy—enjoy things the way you used to. ‘Write and learn what vibration will do for you. The White Cross Electric Vibrator plnnd oo machine in your home you san give the same treatments for which specialists re- vive $3 to $5. Can be connected up as easily as an el lamp. Or if your home is not wired for elee- trictty, it will run perfectly on its own batteries, jutely free , our . It telis rite vn abet clkentinn eek work. Red Seal Dry Batteries Are Guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction for Automobiles, Motor Boats, Gas or Gasoline Engine Ignition, Medical Batteries, Telephone, Door Bells, Annunciators, Wireless Apparatus or any other open circuit ASK YOUR DEALER DRY BATTERY Supplies, etc. MANHATTAN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY COMPANY, Inc. ST. LOUIS, 1106 Pine St. SAN FRANCISCO, 604 Mission St. NEW YORK, 17 Park Place CHICAGO, 114 So. Wells St. Send for Our New Edition of Our Catalog A28 It will be pocket size, 8x 434 and will contain 248 pages with over 1.100 illustrations. describing in plain, clear language all about Bells. Push Buttons, Batteries. Telephone and Telegraph Material. Electric Toys, Burglar and Fire Alarm Contrivances, Electric Call Bells, Electric Alarm Clocks, Medical Batteries, Motor Boat Horns, Electrically Heated Apparatus. Battery Con- nectors, Switches, Battery Gauges. Wireless Telegraph Instruments, Ignition 119

Page 110

a an a ee ee fa Sp BS eS aote ae ee te een CE NST ND cr Tm eee Le eee So aise geisidaamumaaiuks wide dene is ARES Bde ES : z = {F YOU HAVE an invention which you wish to patent you can write fully and freely to Munn & Co. for advice. in regard to the best way of obtaining protection. Please send sketches or a model of your invention and a description of the devrce, explain- ing its operation. All patents secured by us are described in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. without cost to patentee All communications are strictly confiden- tial. Our vast prac- tice, extending over a period of seventy years, enables us in many cases to advise in re- gard to patentability, without any expense to the client. Our Hand-Book on Pat- ents is sent free on re- quest. This explains. eur methods, terms, etc., in regards to Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, etc. Munn & Co. SOLICITORS OF PATENTS 683 WOOLWORTH BLDG., NEW YORK and 627 F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. the pole, we find that it is just 20 mils high; therefore our range is 20 X 1000 320 1000 It is a comparatively easy matter to judge the width of buildings and other objects of like nature, if attention is paid to the style of building used in a certain locality, a a the width of doors, (0 windows, and aver- Fig- 6. The average %: height of a tele- age height from phone pole is used the ground to the as a measurement cornice, etc. The use of the range corrector scale is shown in Figs. 7 and 8. In Fig. 7 the enemy is in a clump of bushes 1000 yards distant from us. We can see them with our glasses, but the men on the firing line cannot see them with the naked eye. In order to make their fire effective we must give them an auxiliary aiming point, and we accom- plish this by placing the 1000 mark, 10 on the scale, on the enemy position, and find that the line of hills in the background cuts the scale at 500 yards. Therefore the men set their sights at 500 yards instead of the 1000 yards, and aim at the ridge of the hills instead of the clump of bushes in which the enemy is hiding. The result is that the bullets drop into the enemy position, and-with just as good an effect as if they were fired from a point where the target could be clearly seen. In Fig. 8 we have a concealed trench 1100 yards distant from us; but, be- cause of its concealment, it cannot be picked out with the naked eye. We therefore place the 1100 mark of the corrector scale on ° the enemy position, 5 and look for a well defined auxiliary +...., 10 aiming point. goa 77 There is no distinct point in the rear_of the trench, but there is a fence in the foreground which all of the men can seeclearly. This fence cuts the scale at 1400 yards, so that the men lift their sights to 1400 TTT [tt s Fig. 7. A clump of bushes and a hillside used on the range scale Fig. 8. A fence and enemy loca- tion determines the sight-setting | yards elevation and aim at the top of the fence, the bullets dropping into the trench 1100 yards away. Although the field-glass method of estimating ranges is not so accurate as is the range-finder method, because of the fact that the width or height of the 120 Popular Science Monthly object must be determined before. hand, it is nevertheless a fairly ag. curate and a very handy. method-tgo, J use in an attack where ranges must be: quickly determined. “ In long-range, firing it is not necessary to aim at. a particular individual every time q' shot is fired, since by keeping the bullets dropping thickly around: ani” enemy position they will become more or less demoralized and will not return» a heavy fire. How to Conquer the Stubbornest Jar Top T frequently happens that the screw cap on a jar or bottle becomes stuck so that it is almost impossible to un- screw it.» A simple method that will bring the most stubborn cap to instant subjection is shown in the illustration, Cut a piece of sandpaper into a long, narrow strip about twice the width of A leverage applied to a screw-top cover to remove it when set tightly the cap to be removed, and fold it. so that there will be a sand surface on both sides. Place this around the cap, and then wind a piece of stout cord— not string—around the sandpaper, crossing the second round over the first to prevent slipping. Two or three turns of the cord will be sufficient. Now tie a loop in the end, slip a poker or a piece of broomstick through it, and apply pressure. The _ tightest cap must come off, provided you use cord that is heavy enough to stand the strain. ALBERT E. JONES. How to Use Old Inner Tubes . of Automobiles N these times when the price of tubes has so materially increased the cost of running an automobile, it behooves us to see that they give the greatest possible service. Do not throw away old tubes. Cut them up and use them in every way your in- genuity may suggest. Washers, silencers for chair legs, rubber mats, and insulation for elec- trical instruments ntay be made from them. Small pieces of tubing placed under glass table-tops will prevent scratching of the table and make it easier to move the glass. A long strip” may be cut from an old tube and used to prevent the rattling of an automo- bile wind-shield, a frequent source of annoyance, while similar strips can be~ used advantageously for weather-strip- ~ ping on windows and doors. These are only a few of the possible uses to which old tubes may be put. , ES ———— u P .

Page 111

st ck ill nt gy of on DP, ar, he it. er it, st aid

10 Cenis a Day Pays for This Symphonola Plays all records, Victor, Columbia, Edison, Pathe, Little Wonder, Emerson. Take a year to pay, after 30 days’ trial. Compare its tcne for clearness, volume with more costly instruments. Keturn at our “expense if it fails to make good. Ask today for the Beautifully filustrated Symphonola Book FREE. Shows this and other Ss honola styles sold’ on easy payments. SVMPHONOLA RECORDS—Get our list of the latest song, dance, popular, clear sounding, full toned disc records. Tlayable When a Bullet Sticks in Your Rifle ID you ever get a bullet stuck in your rifle when not near a gunsmith or a shop? Here is a simple method for removing a lead bullet from a small-calibre rifle with the aid of a. wire and a file. For a twenty-two rifle use a piece of No. 9 or 12 gage wire bent to the shape of a carpenter’s brace, as shown in the

| 5

om any Phonograph. N. Y. Latkitt Cos Desk SPSM-219 Buffalo,

Send Your Name and We'll Send You a Lachnite send a penny. Just send your name and aay. *‘Sendme } { Déripachnite mounted in a 80 -Tiyk ring on 10 * free |) } comes mere’ posi 5 with th postman and then wear th A ASfulcirg, Heat pemenhat (reecaens SE TO} fe you de : $2.60 a month until $18.76 has been paid. } Send your name now. Tell us which of the [3 solid gold rings illustrated above you wish ; ’ or men’s). Be sure to send finger size. Lachman Co., 12N. Michigan Av., Dept, 1202,Chicago,) SMOOTH-ON HOUSEHOLD CEMENT STOPS LEAKS Easy to apply as putty— lasting as iron. Repairs A leaks, cracks, and breaks at little cost. Get a Can of SMOOTH-ON IRON CEMENT NO.1 for every Household and Auto repair. Stops Auto Radiator leaks. 25c. and 50c. at oe stores. l lb. 50c /rite for interest- ing Booklet show- 6 02.25¢ ing dozens of uses. a SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO. Jersey City, N. J., U. S. A. REPAIRS AGENTS 229.°/2 PROFIT Gold and Silver Sign Letters For store fronts, office windows and glass signs of allkinds. No experience necessary. Any- one can put them on and make money right from the start: - $30.00 to $100.00 a Week! You can sell to nearby trade or travel all over the country. There is a big demand for win- dow lettering inevery town. S for Free Samples and full particulars Liberal Offer to General Agents, METALLIC LETTER CO., 400 N Clark St.. Chicago

ELECTRICITY MADE SIMPLE A book devoid of technicalities. Simple, plain and | understandable. $1.00 Postpaid.

A drill-point made on the end of a rod for use in boring out a bullet in the barrel sketch. Flatten the long end for about 2 in., and file this to the shape of a flat drill. To harden it sufficiently to hold an edge, stick this end in the fire until the wire is a dull red, and then thrust.it in water. A bushing should now be made from a piece of fine wire or a strip of tin cut from a can, and placed on the wire near the drill-point. This bushing holds the drill in the center of the barrel and p events it from injuring the rifling. Remove the bullet by drilling through it, and then with a ramrod push out the shell of lead that remains. If possible, run mercury through the barrel to dissolve any remaining lead. After this cleaning out the gun will shoot as well as ever.—C. M. VAIDEN. A Simple Switch for Reversing Polarity of Wires HE device here shown is.a con- venient means of changing the polarity of a pair of wires, or of re- versing small motors. It consists of a wood base upon which are mounted

Sap @ SEs ; SS SSB \ “TY

WAS S Saw SX NN

Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York Print Your Own cards, circulars, labels, tags, menus t i Press $6. Larger $20. Job up. CUTS EXPENSES IN HALF, > SMALL OUTLAY. - Pays for itself in short time. Will last Q for years. Easy to use, printed rules sent. Print for others, BIG PROFIT. Write factory TO catalog,

YOU CAN’T LOSE _ PEN or PENCIL is UP-TO-DATE combina- aa clasp and yearly calendar. Prevents loss of pen or > pencil. Saves Time. Best thing out. At all good stationers or from us—15c. d ete

ARGUS MFG. CO.. Dept A. 42-406 N. Paulina St., CHICAGO, ILL,

To device

Moving the switch horizontally changes the po- larity of the wires leaving the binding posts six binding posts and a pair of two- point switches, so connected by a hard rubber strip that it will move both of the switches at the same time. The manner of reversing the polarity at once becomes evident by referring to the diagram. Connections from the binding posts are made in grooves on the under side of the wood base.—PETER J. M. CLUTE. 121 Put PEP Gade mm Colthu-t*) 0am. This is an age of vim and _ .vigor—of ginger and jump— of fighting men—of big things in the world and big men who put them through. Don’t lag behind. Don’t be content todrag yourself through your routine work each day without any get-up-and-go about you; without any ambition to bet- ter yourself or make things easier for your wife and hap- pier for your chil- dren. Fit Yourself to Be-a Man Among Men Are you handicapped ill health? Is your digestion out of order or constipation poison- ing your blood and brain? Is your vitality sapped by dissi- pation and your nervous system worn to afrazzle? Get rid of these handicaps. You can’t amount to anything while you stagger under them; you can’t be a successin your business, a comfort to your wife, a pleasure to your children—you can’t beget healthy, happy children when you are a weak, anemic, irritable apology for a man yourself. Make Yourself Over You can do it; you can get back your lost health, happiness, vigor and vitality, if you go the right way about it; You can “come back,” whatever your age and whatever brought you to your present condi- tion; you can FIT YOURSELF to be a success in life, no matter how many failures are behind you; fit yourself to look any man in the face, to cope with him, and WIN OUT. Vll Help You Do it I'll help you, as I already have helped and. am now helping thousands of other discouraged, ailing, formerly hopeless men. I'll show you how to im- prove yourself 100 per cent in a few weeks time; how to strengthen your heart, lungs and stomach; how to enrich your blood; how to develop your muscles, brighten your brain and forget you have any nerves. My way is Nature’s way—the Strongfort way— no patent medicines to stimulate you, and fool you into thinking you are better; no iron-bound rigid routine of muscle tiring exercises; just living life, as Nature meant it should be lived, and getting the greatest possible enjoyment out of it. Send for My Free Book Send for a copy of ‘‘Promotion and Conserva- tion of Health, Strength and Mental Energy,*’ and send for it today, accompanied by three 2c stamps to cover postage and packing and I will forward your copy by return mail. It’s free, and it tells you all about Strongfortism—the. simple, safe way back to health and strength and manly vigor; the way that has been proved the sure way, both by myself and by my pupils in every part of the world, LIONEL STRONGFORT Physical and Health Specialist 765 Park Bidg. NEWARK, N. J. eseeseCUT. OUT AND MAIL THIS COUPON scasce Mr. Lionel Strongfort, Newark, N. J. Dear Strongfort:—Please send me your book “PRO« MOTION AND CONSERVATION OF HEALTH, STRENGTH AND MENTAL ENERGY,” for postage of which I enclose 6 cents in stamps to cover mailing expenses. I have marked (X) before the subject in terested. (765)

STRONGFORT The Perfect Man

which I am in - Colds , . Deformity . Nervousness . Oatarrh .- Insomnia . Poor Memory . Asthma . . Heartweakness Rheumatism . - Obesity . Short Wind Poor Cireulation . - Headache . . Flat Feet -Skin Disorders . - Thinness . Constipation -Despondeney . -Raptare . -Billousness . -Round Shoulders . -Neuritis . -Torpid Fiver Lang Troubles . Neuralgia . «Indigestion . . Increased Height . - Flat Chest . -Bad Mabits - - Weaknesses NamuBE eeee eee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeereeeeeeeeeeeeereee GERBER cae tens Povevevcesessceeccces coccvesese OUR in Schad cdcinccqusiscee STATE .....cccee ecce BGR. « 20.000. OCCUPATION, . oocuseccogesscctpescacen j

Page 112

Se eS eS sees esta ee ee SSS - Ba he ee Se eS pe Tp ecahe ee p RSIS ea Sige x See SRL AS EIR pipers 295 ABR ARETE ele REIS BASEL ce ee ae IC Aa Sap antip gommatis se grape tages osteo bits a ee Seca bontace eg ae POOL IRREE SAGNSI AARSN TE 2 RPE IPN SE DO Sant in Sa ne TRE PRG im snRNA PTE SESS Rs EAB How to Make a Water-Heater for the Poultry-Yard VERY mudcoasfal design for. a poultry .water-heater is shown in the illustration. The heater is made of two principal parts, the lamp- holder and the tank. As designed, it fis the correct size to use in winter, _. when the stock is full grown. By Swiis Selanec’ on 16 te wend ici the poultry house to keep the drinking water warm proper regulation of the lamp flame the temperature of the water can be kept tepid, thereby preventing it from freezing when the mercury drops below 32° F. This will permit the fowl to get a drink early on cold mornings. The assembled view of the water- heater, with all its parts in place, is shown in Fig. 1. The heater section is shown in detail in Fig. 2. The general dimensions will give an adequate idea of its size. The detail A shows the method of building the bottom up around the side. The tin is formed around a heavy wire on top, and soldered. This will make the heater compartment very rigid. The door is shown in detail B. It is made of two pieces riveted together, the piece a lapping over 4 in. at the top, yin and on the lock side, and about 14 in. on the hinge side. The piece LAMP poor sie ba WALL iL : 1 MINGE Z Sasa ta | ‘ se 4 —| ¢ oo s of WwiRE | eee Ome ae > . WAL = DOOR} a Py é & ruoor| | ti Me Lined. ahead en”. SOLDER as a BW/A RIVETS” «Square VENTILATION HOLES” pp, DRILL FOR Woop SCREW FIG.2 : Details of the lamp compartment, which is'made of metal and bound with wire at the edges to keep it very rigid b should be 1/16 in. smaller all around than the door opening. Two hinges can be riveted to the door as shown, with a piece of tin c placed under the opening. The lock is shown in detail at C. The handle should be fastened parallel to the’ bar, because when placed in this position it will always indicate whether the lock is open or closed. The. bracket for holding the tank in place is shown at d.. There should be two of these brackets on each side. They are made of 5% by 3/32 in. strap-iron formed as shown. A lower extension is provided so that a hole may be drilled through it and the heater compartment fastened to a platform, thus eliminating the possi- bility of its tipping over and causing a fire. Two or three rivets can be used to fasten the brackets to the sides. The distance d should be exactly the same as the width of the tank. The water-tank is made up of three compartments. The central, which holds the main supply of water, is covered, and the end ones, from which the fowl drink, remain exposed. The rim should be formed over a heavy wire in the same way as the top rim of the heater compartment was made. This HANDLE /-———_ 13" SQUARE FIG.3 ¥ 1RON ROD ': The tank details, showing catch and bail handle to be used when lifting the heater will make the tank rigid, and will give a pleasing finish, the rounded surface preventing the fowl from injuring themselves. The dividing walls a can be constructed as shown in detail A, soldered as at b, with a space left as shown at c.* This space is to permit the water to flow from the main to the drinking compartments. The dividing walls not only act as supports for the cover, but also provide additional bracing for the tank. The handle and tank locking brackets can be made as shown in detail B, the brackets being made of the same ma- terial as are those used on the heater compartment, that is, 54 by 3/32 in. strap-iron. The handle can be of the same material, and loosely riveted so that it will swing freely. The distance x on the handle should be great enough so that when the handle is swinging down out of the way it will rest in the position shown by the . dotted line. Popular Science Monthly The purpose of the two sets of brack- ets is to provide a locking device, go that the tank cannot be accidently tipped off from the heater compart- ment. The method of locking the two compartments together is shown aS T “ COVER The main water te sscoman is shown - in Fig. 4. 122 133 — & RIVET HANDLE ~, / DETAIL OF CORNER OF COVER AT FIG.4 POINT Z-FIG.8, Detail of the cover, which is not as wide * as the tank, thus allowing drinking space ~ in detail C of Fig. 3. The bolts can easily be slipped out when the poultry- man desires to: remove the tank for cleaning and filling, and can be very quickly slipped back into its proper ~ place. The heater may be an ordinary small tin brooder lamp which will re- quire very little care—just that of cleaning the wick and filling the lamp once or twice each week, depending entirely on the size of the lamp reservoir.—FRANK W. HARTH. How to Repair a Broken Bracket on an Automobile Radiator NE of the brackets supporting the J radiator of my automobile broke at the point indicated in the illustra- tion, and, realizing the length of time power rr srr 7 A Z-bar and an angle-iron joined to repair ° the broken bracket of the radiator support it would require to replace it with a new one, I decided to repair the bracket at home. From a neighboring structural iron shop I procured an odd piece of angle- iron and an old piece of Z-bar. These I cut to the proper width and height to match the other bracket, after which I drilled holes for rivets, using the broken bracket as a jig. They were then swaged and riveted to the radi- ator, and the job when complete and painted was so perfect that it would -have been difficult to tell which was the repaired one.—ADOLPH KLEIN.

Page 113

February, 1919 e: When in Need of a Compass Use

Your Watch : [" is not generally known that a watch will make a good compass in the woods if the sun is visible. Hold the watch face up, and point the hour- | hand toward the sun. True south will then be half way between the hour- hand and the XII point on the dial. The explanation is simple. Thesun swings through an arc of 180° from east to west, while the hour-hand turns 360° on the dial from 6 A. M. to 6 P. M. Thus the hand travels twice as fast as the sun, and they meet, or coincide, at XII noon, when both are at the meridian.—E. EARL GLASS. A Convenient Way of Keeping Washers of Different Sizes CONVENIENT holder for wash- ers of different sizes is patterned after the familiar poker-chip holder. It ismade of two piecesof plank 2 in. thick. Two circles are described on the sur- face, then the different-sized - holes are laid out for the wash- ers, so that a part of each _ circle overruns the large circle. These holes are bored first, and then the circle is cutout. This leaves one Oa = <A = EA

The poker-chip holder furnished the idea for making this washer holder side of each hole open. Make a baseboard and bracket from which to hang it on the wall, and the holder is complete. Being suspended at the center by a single bolt, it can be re- volved, making it easy to select the washer wanted.—C. H. WILLEY. A Non-Corrosive Anti-Freezing Solution for Automobiles SOLUTION for water-jackets on gasoline engines that will not freeze at any temperature above 20° F. may be made by. combining 100 parts of water with 75 parts of car- bonate of potash and 50 parts of gly- cerine by weight. This solution is non-corrosive and will remain perfectly liquid above its conzealing point. HERMAN NEUHAUS. ad

-not the name of a thing, but the mark of a service

**Not the name of a thing, but the mark of a service’

MAZDA Lamp for every purpose MAZDA is the trademark of a world-wide service to certain lamp manufacturers. Its pur- pose is to collect and seleet scientific and practical information concerning pro- gress and developments in the art of in- candescent lamp manufacturing and to distribute this information to the com- panies entitled to receive this service. MAZDA Service is centered in the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at Schenectady, N.Y. The mark MAZDA. can appear only on lamps which meet the standards of MAZDA service. It is thus an assurance of quality. This trademark is the prop- erty of the General Electric Company. 4F44

@ RESEARCH LABORATORIES OF GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY

The quality of articles bearing this trade- This Trade-Mark Is Your Insurance of Quality *

mark never varies. Regardless of changes in design and finish that may prove desirable at times, the quality of materials and workman- ship always remains the highest. SIMMONS HARDWARE COMPANY “The recollection of QUALITY remains long after the PRICE is forgoiten.”” ‘Trade Mark Registered —E. C. SIMMONS,

Page 114

A Good, All-Around Tool Bag Made of Harness Leather— Strong and Durable Combines all the good features- of the various common leather bags. Strongly built.for rough usage. Bottom is three ply and steel studded. Has saw and bit holder, hand strap, and shoulder strap with pad. A mighty good, all-around tool bag. Six size® ranging from 14 x 8 inches to 24 x 8 inches.’ Show this ad to your dealer and ask for the genuine KLEIN tool bag. If unable to get it write us. ti MATHIAS KLEIN & SONS, Mfrs. { i CANAL STA. 3, CHICAGO eens QSESESEEROROCREASEDEEETENIS WHITING-ADAMS BRUSHES USED BY THE | U.S. ARMY AND NAVY Used By RAILROAD AND STEAMSHIP COMPANIES | Used by Manufacturers of f - CARS, AUTOMOBILES, CARRIAGES. There actually several million persons in = da Uiiined Seetee whe ene centinanlly walng = Whiting-Adams Brushes. WITT ELLER CEC Send for Illustrated Literature JOHN L. WHITING-J. 3. ADAMS CO. U. S.A. TTT NEIT TINIE HEE ae BIG PROFITS forYou inHB BATTERY CHARGING “A Pilliod TOOL CASES EXCEL from every standpoint—con- struction, ce, ser- vice and price. Booklet describing 19 styles on request. BS The Piliod Lumber Co. Swanton, Ohio Cranking a Ford Automobile in Cold Weather RANKING Ford engines on a cold morning is sometimes dif- ficult as most Ford owners know. One of the reasons for this is that the oil flowing in between the clutch- plates is stiffened by the cold, and tends to prevent the crank-shaft from turning. To overcome this, drop the emergency brake-lever forward when putting the car up for the night, and pull it back just before cranking the engine. Dropping the lever forward. brings the clutch-plates together, forcing the oil eut from. between the plates or disk surfaces; so that when the clutch is again released, just before starting the engine, there is no friction caused by Anchoring the Rocking-Chairs in a Hotel Lobby HERE rocking-chairs are pro- vided in public places, it is al- ways a great annoyance to those in -charge to have them moved about. In one large hotel the problem of an- choring the rocking-chairs has been solved satisfactorily. Six chairs are placed in a row on each side of a long fireplace, and a 1-in. rope is stretched tightly just above the curved rockers and fastened secure- ly at each end to a strong ring attached to the floor. This permits adjoining chairs to be shifted over a surprisingly wide horizontal space without inter- fering with the vertical rocking mo- tion, at the same time prohibiting the chairs from being moved to points in the room where they would be in the way.—JOHN D. ADAMS. the oil.— FRANK J. L. HAVERLAND, JR. : Treating Polished Surfaces So They Will Photograph without Halo BEY photographer who hag taken a picture of an automobile or other object having a good dea] of nickel plate about it knows that if the » subject is in the sunlight there is always glaring reflection from the nickel work, resulting in an ugly halation on the exposed plate. Many an other. Rd The handle-bar of the motorcycle showing the halo was not touched, while the other was given a few strokes of yellow chalk wise perfect negative has been prac- tically ruined in this way. Seeking a means of eliminating this trouble, I conducted numerous ex- periments without success. Finally I tried marking transverse stripes with yellow chalk on the offending nickel parts, and have found this to do the work perfectly. The yellow chalk, which may be readily wiped off after ‘the picture is taken, breaks up the re- flection of sunlight just enough to prevent the halation, without making an impression on the negative of suf- ficient strength to print’ out in the finished picture. The discovery has been worth a great deal to me, and no doubt will also be sure to help other photographers.—JOHN EDWIN HoGG. é ¢ 124 ir ! ! Along rope run through the rockers and fastened at both ends keeps the chairs in place;-yet-they may be moved slightly when two occupants wish to face each other me ae Mes Popular Science Monthly ay Poe

Page 115

wnt ae ic nis 2X- th ce] "February, 1919 ~ Build Your Own Grandfather’ s Clock ° with our help urnish blue prints, fin- i material and — tions. Buy the works, di and peadesbam from ingly low usat sur oy s -'. oa building artistic clocks for your friends. Somels's b Works $5.00. Se ba attractive Free Offer CLOCK COMPANY Ruffner St. —" Some of the sdveutnaes of Genuine ARM- STRONG Stocks and _ Dies: .. They can. be adjusted to the variations in the of fittings. , sae of ft are accomplished with less work and time. The Dies are interchangeable in the stocks and they can be shar pened without drawing the temper. Our catalog tells the rest of this interesting story; send for it to-day. THE ARMSTRONG MFG.-CO. 337 Knowlton Street - Bridgeport, Conn. THE ANDERSON STEAM VULCANIZER Anderson’s Flexible Conforma- tion Device, upon which an or- dinary monkey wrench exerts tonsof pressure, forces thousands of or iitele rubber rivets into the Weguarantee to make ‘actical zers Out of men one of our many State Vulcan- izing Schools will start you in this profitable business TheAnderson Steam Valeanizer Co., No. 3 aiagemmcratien a Manatactarers. of the Famous _— in ee yuiaaier. o e method of vulcanizing. TOOL CHESTS If it is chests, we can = supply you. That’s our 4 business. Write for Circulars J. M. WATERSTON 81 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich. THE MIDGET SLIDE RULE will add, subtract, multiply, divide; solve problems involving even and uneven roots and powers. Also gives the iogarithms of numbers and the Sines and Cosines, Tan- ents and Cotangente of all angles. fs ts operation is sary 8 cal quickly solves any mat thematic! problem. u bly made of metal. Adapted for / shop and office use. Fits the pocket, / $M inches in diameter. Price with instructions, $1.00. Four money back if you are not satisfied. Gilson Slide Rule Co., Niles, Mich. ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING By Horstmann & Tousley A necessary book for Electricians. Full facts and ms, $1.50 postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York LEARN TELEGRAPHY at home in shortest powatie d time, Morse or Wireless PH AUTO. MATIC TRANSMITTER, connected with Sounder or Buzzer, sends you womens. at any speed, just as ex- Brg Spence would, Adopted by G ta vt. 6 styles. Catalog free. a2 237 (MNIGRAPH MEG. CO. 39-H Cortlandt St., New York TOOL CASES Machinists and Toolmakers Write for our booklet showing the best built and most practical selec- tion of Tool Cases on the market. We ship “direct from factory and guarantee to please you or refund all money. AGerluer tSens. SO Columbia St.. Dayton, Ohio A Sawhorse with _a Shelf for >. Different Tools SHELF made of a wide board and placed midway between the top of a sawhorse and the floor pro- vides a handy place for the saws and The shelf beneath holds the saws and other tools for the carpenter other tools that a carpenter needs at hand when using the horse. of the shelf should be provided with a small strip projecting above the upper surface to hold the tools. The edge The shelf does not add much weight to the sawhorse, and it keeps the tools out of the way when they are not in use.—DALE R. VAN Horn. This Door Tells the Kind of Business Done Behind It S. an advertisement a local lumber dealer in a small city built an office door of narrow beaded boards, making three panels as shown in the illustration. To relieve the blank appearance, the architect attached a carved half moon and a number of An office door built of lumber-yard material to. represent the business smaller ornaments to break up the monotony of the joints. The ornaments were cut out of A hand- hammered lock and finger plate com- The door, as well as the ornaments, were finished in hardwood 4 in. thick. pleted the scheme. natural wood. 125 Your Machines Must Compete Every owner-operator of machines has to keep down his production-costs to meet competition; he’s better able to do it with machines having Veeder Counters. The output of your Veeder- equipped machine may be held to the highest point recorded by the counter—or brought still higher by such operating methods or mechanical de- velopments as register gains on the counter. The best rate-of-work you can get from machines is assured by COUNTERS —and the lowest unit produc- tion-costs go hand in hand with that speed. The Revolution Set-Back Counter above registers one for arevolution of a shaft, recording an operation of your machine. Set back to zero by turning knob, and supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as required. Price, with four figure-wheels, $8.50 (subject to discount). The small Rotary Ratchet Count- er below counts reciprocating movements of the lever, where these correspond : with’ the operations of our machine. hen lever is | moved through an angle of 40 to 60 degrees, thecounter registers: one. complete revolu- 5 tion of the lever registers ten. Suitable for a wide range of small machines, and a very durable counter. Price, $1:75. The big industrial concern or the small inventor have equal need for VEEDERS. Both will find what- they want in free booklet on Veeder Counters. The Veeder Mfg. Co. 44 Sargeant St., _ Hartford, Conn.

Page 116

om Te asd naskneuamnemabelbehd-aastsuiniiddin tans ncdaccoamecereme RRR RRR ya SS i Have More D1 Do your work easier —Get a better engine —At less cost— e more money — Save more fuel—I i i Direct from Factory—No long waiting—Five-Year Guarantee Deal Direct— Hundreds of Engines —2 to 30 H-P.—all styles—Ready to Ship—Suit yourself as to terms— Cash—or “KERO-OIL” ENGINE Pe AONEY ayments—or if arranged for. Write formy latest ( yrighted) “How judge Engines” —tells you all about engines and fuels, and why I can sella better engine at wholesale factory price. I ship everywhere in the U.S.—guarantee safe 15 to = — delivery—save you $ $200. Ican ig Waite me today—ED. EL, WITTE, Pres, WITTE ENGINE WORKS 2225 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 2225 Empire Bldg., Pittsburg h, Pa. World Selling Direct to tee Ueon’ WONDER 10 MODELS Pipe, Tubing and P Solid Bar Benders MODEL A ~ in Gis END all sizes of standard or double thick steel, wrought iron, brass and copper pipe from 4 14" to 6"; tubing from 14" to 7"; round, square and twisted solid stock from 14" to 114" to 3". American Pipe Bending Machine Co. Manufacturers 51 Pearl St., BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A. 59 Bea coven annie ata een eteaneete eaeeeeaeNaeeD Arithmetic of Electricity—A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds rediced to a series of rules. $1.00 Pospaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York. . Sexual Knowledge ILLUSTRATED fe BY WINFIELD ‘SCOTT HALL, M.D., Ph. D. SEX FACTS MADE PLAIN What every young man and woman— Every young wife and husband— Every father and mother— Every teacher and nurse should know. ~. “ Gomplete in one volume Cleth binding—820 pages—many illustrations Table of contents and dati on request AMERICAN PUBLISHING CO. Mailed in plain wrapper 217 Winston Bldg. Philadelphia By E. Earl Glass HEN unloading stone or other bulk material from open cars, the cost of the work may be consider- ably reduced by shoveling the stone into a loading-box which dumps al- most instantly when a wagon drives under it. These loading-boxes may be bought in stores, but it is less ex- pensive to make them. The box shown here has proved a Dumping the load from the box on the gondola to the wagon-box at the side success in handling road materials in southern California, permitting almost continuous shoveling at the car and uninterrupted travel for the teams. Since a wagon is held for only one minute in taking on a load, the output of the hauling outfitis greatly increased. When: several teams are employed, the best results are obtained by using two boxes. Another advantage in the use of the loading-box is that the men in the car can see their work, and do not have to step to one side of the car to learn whether they are loading in the wagon or on the ground. In handling fine materials, such as sand and screenings, the men can use scoops. This greatly increases the efficiency of a loading crew. The Y-frame, which is the heaviest part, is made of select fir. The other parts of are of soft wood, and they may be dismantled by removing the four nuts at the corners of the box, The side boards are fast to the floor slats upon which they rest, and these are prevented from spreading by the corner bolts and the small bearing lugs at X. The door is hung from the long tie-rod, by iron strap-hooks, and the box is balanced on the edge of the gondola car, as shown in the picture. Old tie-plates prevent it from slipping when in an elevated position. The pole is tied down while loading _ the box, and it is a wise precaution to keep the end of the pole tied to the truss-rods under the car by a rope of just sufficient length to limit the lift of the pole to the dumping position, thus preventing the box from over- balancing a careless workman. The box holds a generous wagon-load of two tons, or 11% cubic yards, and by hanging a short plumb-line from =) the end of the tie-rod the team- % > iss ae | 2 xa" sters can drive to the proper posi- tion to take all of the load without ' ghoveling in order to spread it on the wagon.—E. EARL GLASS. 7 2"X12" DOOR. 7'7 "LONG mm i a s yf2"xs", 5" ia sens a ty Ya"x 9" 5'6" \V \ HE 2"X65 7'8" % \ a 2"x12", 51" TRAP HINGE REMOVABLE BOARDS yg STRAP BOLT 7 2"X4" LEDGE } TIE BOLT Uf Dimensions of the parts and the construction of the loading-box, and how it is set on the sides of the gondola to be loaded with shovels; it can be handled by one man 126 Popular Science Monthly ; _ For Taking Freight from Railway Cars. ou

Page 117

from eam- posi- hout n the ~ February, 1919 2. ; A Gasoline Sprayer for Cleaning ‘the temper being drawn while Engine Parts ROBABLY the quickest way to - elean metal parts is to spray them with gasoline, or, preferably, because of the danger of fire, with kerosene. A home-made sprayer for use in cleaning dust and grit from parts of a machine or engine The apparatus for doing the spraying costs practically nothing, as the re- “quisites consist of scraps of copper tubing; some rubber tubing, and a ~ compressed-air supply. The outfit is shown in the accompanying sketch. The rush of air causes a vacuum in the gasoline pipe, so that the gasoline or kerosene is drawn up and mixed with the air to form a fine spray. The mixture is discharged with sufficient force to dislodge any dirt adhering to the metal parts. The air-pipe is 5/16-in. copper tub- ing and the gasoline or kerosene pipe is 3/16-in. The latter is bent at right angles and inserted in the former as shown. This device is very useful in cleaning the parts of an automobile engine. —ERNEST SCHWARTZ. Brazing Broken Tools Without Injury to Temper ROKEN shanks on tools may be joined with a brazed joint with- out injury to the tempered part by the A potato keeps the edge cool and prevents brazing following method: Take a good-sized potato, and stick it on the tempered part and close to the break. The joint should be prepared in some manner to hold the parts together while brazing them. A dovetail wedge or pieces riveted to the sides may be used. The dampness in the potato will keep the tempered part cool enough during the ‘Operation to prevent drawing the temper. Buy Them by Name It does not matter for what partic- ular job you require a certain tool, you can always find the one you need among the 1000 varieties of Brows . SHARPE MACHINISTS’ TOOLS And it is well worth your while to see that the name Brown & _ Sharpe is‘back of every tool you . It is assurance . that for accuracy and long, service you have obtained the best buy. procurable. Catalog 27, describing the com- plete line, mailed on request. Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. PROVIDENCE, R. I., U.S. A. dependable at jacture and ca: LEE} Shipped im original boxes. Compicte WP., 110 volts, A.C, 1/ 60 cycle, single Mi phase, 1750 R.P.M. TORS as cul » We have 1000 NEW WASHING MACHINE MOTORS. These } are of st: manuf; ndard rry the regular factory guaran! tee s cut Bought from Bankruptcy Stock Suitable for operating Coffce Grinders, Cream Seperators, Bottle Washers, Air Compressors Small Lathes, [ ntait $3.00 cash, or 50 - Moncey Order W. wilted COD fa e xt to fall craminalcon ~~ EACH Requin tamer be GiUAS. H JOHNSTON - West End - Pittsburgh Pa. ASBESTOS We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any quantity. We produce all grades at our world famous BELL ASBESTOS MINES, in Canada. We also card fibres, spin yarns, weave cloths, and make all sorts of Asbestos products. For anything you want in Asbestos, turn to KEASBEY & MATTISON COMPANY Dept. S-4, AMBLER, PENNA., U.S. A. Owners of the world’s largest Asbestos Mines. . SR I ee moan, POE Cone DSF & Just one triai will prove that the Star- 5 4 Write for our Catalog. No. 21W. It j f shows many styles-and sizes of fine 48 THE L.S.STARRETT COMPANY § tS ree rett’s will cut faster and last longer. The World's Greatest Toolmakers _ Manufacturers of Hack Saws Unexcelled ATHOL, MASS. HACK SAWS K\ CUT QUICKER — S135. uot ——

Page 118

Popular Science Monthly pre: a

— 400 New Ideas eae ie for Motor Car and MOTOR ANNUAL ff | ae Truck Owners IQIO

tires and engines. It gives many prac- tical new ideas for remodelling bodies, con- verting old chasses, making economical | Seneet repairs. The ;Motor Annual of POPULAR SCIENCE Over four hundred new ideas are de- MONTHLY is absolutely invaluable to every : one interested in motor vehicles. Over 400 scribed and there are over four hundred pictures of new devices and accessories. = hotopraphs and other illustrations. The

book is edited by the best known auto- mobile authorities, and is reliable and practical. Tractors, trucks and trailers, business cars and pleasure cars, all are included in the rich - contents of this volume. THE 1919 MOTOR ANNUAL will be published about February 20th. Only a limited edition will be printed and you. should order your copy right away to make sure of get- , ting it. Use the blank below. The price is very low for so big and NO valuable a book. oy | Se Here are a few of the automobile parts and accessories for which new i Ne, inventions or new ideas are given in the Motor Annual:--Windshields, ee NX, magnetos, chains, lamps, inner tubes, mud hooks, jacks, truck bumpers, Monthly ‘A ly, safety locks, heating devices, clutches, brake bands, water pumps, 225 W. 39th St.,N. Y. eh tire pumps, gasoline pumps, mufflers, grease guns, spark plugs, NG, _ tadiator fans, shock absorbers, pistons, automatic door openers, me a copy ‘N 4% cold weather devices. Dozens of articles give specific direc- i the 2919 Afotec Axinust * repairing are included. ; : X\ { Name 3 N% . es . . NUN Price— 35 cents, postpaid XN ‘ Ades

This is your chance to get the greatest~ book ever published for owners and users © of motor cars and motor trucks. It pic- ~ tures and describes allthe new accessories. and all the new devices for saving fuel,

¢ 4 ¥ She ia S

M

Se