Popular Science Monthly 1918-11: Vol 93 Iss 5

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DEC -9 1918 Fo,, aie «7?

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...and at big hotels and clubs, East and West eA fact: Sales reports from 8 leading cities—just as received at our main office during the last week in August: ARmy and Navy Cuus, Washington, D. C.: “‘Fatima sells biggest—irrespective of price”’ BELLE {VUE-STRATFORD, Philadelphia: “Fatima outsells all other cigarettes, except two 25-cent brands’’ ConGRESS HOTEL, Chicago: “‘Fatima is one i the leading sellers among the better brands” HoTeEL Astor, N. Y. City: “We sell more Patines than any other cigarette’”’ HOTEL GIBSON, Cincinnati: ‘*Fatima leads all other brands in sales’’ HOTEL SINTON, Cincinnati: “More Fatimas are sold than any other cigarette”’ HoTE L WILLARD, Washington, D. C.: ‘‘Fatima is biggest- selling cigarette’’ MARSHALL FIELD’s GENTLEMEN’S GRILL, Chicago: ‘*Fatima is as big if not a bigger seller than any of the other high-class brands’’ OFFICERS’ Cus, West Point: “*More F; atimas smoked than any other cigarette” THE PONCHARTRAIN, Detroit: ‘‘Fatima is the second best-selling brand’’ Racquet Cup, St. Louis: ‘‘Fatima is largest seller” THE SHOREHAM, Washington, D. C.: ‘*With one exception, Fatima is best seller’ UNION CLUB, Cleveland: “Fatima is one of the largest sellers’’ YALE, Cius, New York City: ‘‘Fatima continues to be one of the three best sellers” FATIMA c 17 Sensible Cigarette ime PR es PEN And Fatima gives full, honest value— instead of ‘“‘showy” looks. It is for every smoker who wants a cigarette that never ‘‘talks back,’’ even if a man should smoke more often than usual, Lggalte Mysrs Tobacco Cs ON —————— ~—e ie ie N ' NORD Nie ear Se Per wre

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i ie ette nan ual, eed e > frie a November, 1918: Vol. 93, No. Twenty Cents: Two Dollars a Year 5 Popular Science Monthly Waldemar Kaempffert, Editor Published in New York at 225 West 39th Street “Stepping Over” at 10,000 Feet his machine burst into flames. His body was picked up, charred beyond recognition.” How often have you not read the sentence in a press despatch? You sickened at the thought of a brave man in the sky, either unbelting him- self, as Lufbery did, and jumping to a swift, merciful death, or of being burnt alive in a roaring furnace, fanned by a cyclonically swift fall. Can nothing be done to give him at least a fightiny chance? Is there no life-preserver of the air? The parachute at once suggests itself. But parachutes have been used successfully only by profes- sional aeronauts who make farmers gasp at county fairs, or by artillery officers who man the captive ob- servation balloons at the front. In all the long history of peace-time balloon- ing there is no record of a man having saved himself by jumping overboard with a great umbrella. Even the crazed crews of Zeppelins have leaped to death from their flaming ships: an efficient General Staff, which was sup- posed to foresee everything, had not considered it worth while to provide parachutes. Difficulty of Placing the Parachute Although the parachute had not been adopted as part of a balloon’s or an airship’s regular equipment, the possibility of using it as a life-preserver was seriously considered as soon as an airplane had been invented that would actually fly. Both in Europe and in America, brave pioneers demonstrated their belief in the parachute by leaping with it from their airplanes. Pégoud, in France—the same Pégoud who first looped-the-loop in a flying- machine—was the first who.ex- perimented with a parachute in a single-seated machine. What are the objections to the parachute? The chief objection is the difficulty of placing it on an airplane so that it will be more accessible than a life-belt on $6 \ a height of ten thousand feet Will the Parachute Become a Real Life-Preserver of the Air? shipboard, so that it will open within a second or two after the pilot has leaped, and so that it will not foul the tail or wings at the critical moment. So much progress has been made that a parachute of some kind will soon form part of the standard equipment of every airplane. The war has certainly done much to revive interest in the subject, part- ly because aviators fly at greater heights than were attained before the war, so that the parachute has a better chance to open, and partly because parachutes have been greatly improved. Captain Sarret’s Leap Recently Captain Sarret, of the French army, leaped to safety from a height of 2,500 feet. He crawled out of his seat, saw to it that the parachute was properly adjusted, and. jumped. The greater the distance, the better are the chances of coming down in safety. The “Guardian Angel”’ para- chute is an invention of Cal- thorp, an Englishman. It - was recently tested success- fully by Captain Sarret. The parachute is contained in a box fastened to the ma- chine. As the aviator steps overboard this box-is jerked away. The machine pictured has two such boxes for two parachutes. One man has jumped; his parachute box is shown streaming behind the machine, attached by its rope. After a man has jerked out the box, the pull of his body draws out the parachute from the box SS 2 | } ) |.

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The Largest Book in the World ‘THE largest book in the world—fifteen feet high, eight feet wide, and three feet thick—stands in the public square in Ottawa, Canada. It was made and bound by the Canadian government printing bureau at Ottawa. During the Victory Loan campaign the ques- tion of the hour in Ottawa was, “Ts your name written there?”’ The book contains the names of all contri- butors. The book is bound in some com- position material which remains in good condition despite the fact that it is exposed to the weather. Another Kind of Camouflage N war work,-as in nature, there are two kinds of camouflage coloration; orle de- signed to make the camouflaged object harder to distinguish from its surroundings, the other to make it even mere conspicuous than it otherwise would be. The latter, how- ever, in war work is restricted to objects used for recruiting purposes. The ocean-going freighters at anchor in the North River, off Manhattan Island, or in any other large harbor, are examples of the first kind. The picture below is an example of the second, undergoing its camouflage painting at the hands of members‘ of the Camouflage Corps

© Underwood & Underwood

i 10000000 B OTTAWA!

These Youngsters Are Blind Boys on a Joy Ride A LITTLE engineering ingenuity has made dozens of blind and deaf children in Manila happier. Deaf and blind children are sometimes hard to amuse. A man who fashions some play- thing that can make perpetual darkness and silence a little easier to endure adds a jewel to his heavenly crown. The merry-go-round that has been placed at the disposal of the children in the Deaf and Blind School in Manila is simple enough for the boys and girls to operate. The whirling structure comprises a tri- angular framework of wood scantlings pivoted on a stout wood post in the center. At each point of the triangle is a seat and a wheel Legs and arms supply the motive power.

of the National League for Women’s Service. The tank stands in front of the New York Public. Library. Its object is to aid recruit- ing for the tank service. The young women in overalls are making its~ surface a crazy-quilt of the most violent colors - imaginable. The effigy topping the tank’s turret, which seems to be a cross be- tween a puma and a Teddy bear, was put there to make it harder —to overlook the tank.

Popular Science Monthly sie 3)

They Shovel the Grain We Saved OME ‘of the wheat we are saving under Mr. Hoover's direction goes right up _ the Thames to London and is milled there. Women do the untoad- ing. They rip open the end of a sack and empty out the con- tents, which are conveyed to the mill by sv<*ion through the pipe in the foreground. The device adapts what would otherwise be the heaviest sort of work to a vigorous worm n’s strength. These wo-Kers are the women stevedores.

© Brown & Dawson first Dropping Truth from the Skies ESPATCHES from France have told of the use by the Allied and American armies of small balloons for scattering propa- ganda literature behind the German lines. Here (below) is the working model of a balloon invented for that purpose, in the hands of its inventor, Lee A. Collins of Louisville, Ky., who turned it over to the Naval Consulting Board. He believes it is the model now being used. The bag is of waterproof silk, about three feet high when inflated with hydrogen. It will carry twenty pounds of tracts.

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oan Hose h a; oetimatas November, 1918 Making a Wall Out of an Old Sidewalk ° IF you have an old flagstone pavement that you don’t know what to do with, the pic- ture above may show you how to put it toa useful purpose. A property-owner laid con- crete alongside of his land, and a year or so later the strip of land was graded to make room for a street. Instead of carting the sidewalk away, this owner simply turned it on end, thereby making it serve as a retaining wall for the higher portion of his land. How .to Eat the Mango cc a traveler in the American tropics scorned to use the mango fork his host proffered, and ate his mango with his fingers. When he finished, his wife whispered dryly in his ear: ‘“‘Now you’d better excuse yourself ~ and go and take a bath.” Mangoes have a tough skin, and a large central pit or seed, in which there is a small aperture at the base. Between is a quantity of dripping pulp of exquisite flavor. ° The fork has a long, sharp middle tine, which you thrust into the aperture of the pit. The shorter tines pierce the pulp and hold the fruit firmly. The picture below shows a Tehuana belle of the Zapotec Indians of Tehuantepec, Mexico, demonstrating the mango fork. i ee ‘irae Wash-Day Behind the American Not to Be Sneezed At ATZIE!— Hatzie!— Haizie! Three vio- lent explosions, then the sufferer from hay-fever awaits the next explosion. Now, quick! This is the moment for ap- plying the soothing treatment. The sufferer draws from his pocket a small object of curi- ous form. Its lower part is shaped like a minute metal box; the top has two humps like the back of a camel. He opens the box, pours into it a few drops from a little bottle, carefully closes box and bottle, inserts the two humps of the top into his nostrils, and sniffs. The appliance is a new invention superior to the old-fashioned smelling bottle, since it makes it possible to treat the inflamed membranes of both sides of the nose simultaneously. Lines in France - U looks like ‘the, stockyards, with human stock in pens with white cloth walls. But it is only part of one day’s wash of some British and American troops in France, hung out by Frenchwomen who do their laundering. The laundry work made necessary by a modern army in the field is an appalling con- tract. So far as possible, it is done for the soldiers in this way. There are several rea- sons. The soldiers are now enabled, and re- quired, to wash such pairs of their woolen socks as outlast the first wearing. This is a preventive measure against “trench foot.” But on duty they seldom have opportunity to wash any other garments, and if they had they would probably shrink them be- yond further usefulness. The army authorities do their best to pro- vide every man with a change of clean clothing at reasonably frequent intervals. For one thing, it somewhat discourages that unspeakable pest, the ‘‘cootie,”’ which it took a war like this to bring into good society. Fighting Young Chicken-Hawks LTHOUGH these young chicken-hawks would never take a beauty prize, they are nevertheless entitled to a bit of admira- ©Brown & Dawson tion for the spirit they show. They have just emerged: from their re- spective shells. Still un- accustomed to the intru- sion of the camera-man, they resent it, as some hu- man beings do.. Although they have not learned how to stand on their legs or manipulate their unfeathered wings, they are prepared to use their shoot daggers of defiance. One egg in the nest did not hatch out, and the mother hawk has aban- doned it, evidently urged to seek food by the hunger of the noisy triplets. beaks, and their eyes can ©

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Uncle Sam—Canny Buyer When he goes shopping for his army and navy, he doesn’t take any chances UPPOSE you S were intrust- ed with the spending of the millions of dollars a day that Uncle Sam is using for the purchase of war materials. How wouldyougo about it? Would you enter upon the task with the same careless gambling spirit - that carries you through your own purchases? Would you buy certain things from one source because you thought they were cheap, and other things from another source because you. believed the men who sold them to you were honest? That is generally the way you go about buying your own necessities; but it is not the manner of Uncle Sam’s purchasing. He does not guess about the quality of materials he purchases for war use: he knows. How, you ask, cam any one know what qualities an article possesses until he has given it atrial? That is exactly what Uncle Sam does. He tries things out before he buys them. The Walking Machine On the outskirts of the city of Washington, where the wheels of war are turning night and day, is a group of buildings known as the Bureau of Standards. Here scientists devote - their time to testing war materials. Before Uncle Sam buys shoe leather, he must know how long the soles of _ the army shoes will wear. Mr..Wormeley, of the Bureau of Standards, has devised a machine that actually walks forty miles on the soles Uncle Sam is considering. If, at the end of that forty miles, the leather does not seem satisfactory, it is discarded, and the machine starts on another forty-mile tramp with another set of leather samples. It tests twelve pieces of leather at one time. : This tireless walking machine con- sists of a wheel measuring fifteen inches in diameter, which carries on its face twelve pieces of leather that are to be tested. The wheel makes ad By A. M. Jungmann Uncle Sam does not take anything for granted when he buys _ Supplies for his fighting nephews. Everything, from shoes to motor-truck tires, is carefully tested by experts before it is accepted thirty revolutions every minute, trav- eling around a horizontal axis with its bearings in two parallel metal bars, which are pivoted at one end. The weight of the bars, and any additional weight that may” be at- tached to their free end, is carried by the wheel. The wheel, with its leather samples, rests on a horizontal car- borundum-surfaced disk sixteen inches in diameter. The disk rotates around a vertical axis. by means of a brake wheel and strap attached.to the axis of the disk; and the degree of resistance required may be secured by hanging weights to A machine that walks forty miles in less than twenty-two hours: used to test the wearing quality of shoe leather 20 A provision for ob- , taining resistance to rotation is made ° the brake strap. The machine is electrically oper- ated. The wheel bearing the lea- ther samples is driven by a chain, and in turn drives the horizontal disk. In this manner the pieces of leather are brought down on the revolving disk - in such a way that the action on the leather is uncan- nily like that of the human foot in walking. They get the same driving pressure that a man gives his shoe soles when he steps, and the rotation of the car- borundum disk, as the leather on the wheel comes into contact with it, gives identically the same abrasive action that walking gives to shoe soles. In lifting his weight from one foot to the other a man gives the foot a slight cir- cular motion, which abrades his shoe sole. In walking forty miles in something less than twenty-two hours and a quarter, the machine naturally wears out considerable shoe leather. There- fore, unless some means were provided to. care for the fine particles of leather that are worn from the test pieces, the surface of the disk would soon be covered with a leather dust. A circu- lar brush sweeps the particles from the disk, and they are taken away by a vacuum device constructed on the principle of the familiar vacuum cleaner. Making Sure of the Army Truck What shoes are to our marching men, tires are to our army trucks. It has been found necessary to make definite specifications as to the solid rubber tires used on army trucks. | The Bureau of Standards is now engaged in testing pneumatic tires for use on army trucks. The tires are tested for their wearing qualities, and are subjected to treatment simi- lar to that given sole leather; that is to say, they are artificially put to the same strain and wear they would experience if they were in service on a truck. This investigation will result in Uncle Sam drawing up

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rap. is per- neel lea- is ain, ives tal this aces are on disk . shat the can- | of t in hey ,me ure hen car- the ives tion the cir- shoe hing da ears ere- ided ther the be rcu- the yy a the 1um ich hing It ake olid am now tires tires ties, imi- that t to ould vice will up November, 1918 specifications for his pneumatic tires. Speaking of automobile tires leads us to consider lubricating oils. Here is something else for which Uncle Sam is working to establish a standard. When every nerve of the country is strained to bring about conditions con- ducive to victory, we cannot afford to take chances on lubricating oils being imperfect and causing damage to necessary and expen- sive machinery. The Government is endeavoring to estab- lish certain standards in lubricating oils so that specifications can be drawn up and the oils purchased accord- ingly. This work is in the hands of Mr. Wins- low H. Herschel, and he is endeavoring to establish a standard of demulsibility. That is to say, a lubricating oil of a given grade must not take more than a specified time to separate from water after having been stirred to an emulsion. Lubricating oils used for high-speed engines and steam turbines are likely to receive water from leaky stuffing boxes or cooling coils, and thus form anemulsion. In a circulatory system it is necessary to filter the oil; there- fore an emulsifying oil cannot be used satisfactorily, because the formation of an emulsion may clog the filter, ‘shut off the oil supply, and damage the. bearings. iis This machine tests the endurance of rubber tires for army. trucks, sub- jecting them to the , Same wear and tear they would get in the service “bricating oils: is astonishing.’ Everybody knows how important shoes are to a soldier. The difference that is found in lu- Inthe Government laboratory I have seen an emulsion of lubricating oil and water demulsify—resolve itself into oil and water—in a couple of minutes; and I have seen glass containers holding a scale etched on the glass container as the oil separates. The freedom with which an oil will run depends upon its viscosity. Natu-. rally, a light oil. runs more freely than does a heavy one. All oils are | affected by temperature changes. Therefore Uncle Sam tests oils not only for their demulsibility, but for their viscosity as well. A Standard for . Manufacturers This is done by the use of an instrument called a viscosimeter. The length of time it takes an oil to travel through a tube of a given diameter is com- pared to the time it takes water to pass through the same tube. The time of the pas- © Underwood & Underwood The Government employs a large number of men to inspect sole leather to be used for the army , oil and water that have remained in a state of emulsion for months. - Demulsibility Test for Oils The test for demulsibility of lubri- cating oils is very simple. One part of water to two parts of oil are placed in a cylinder, and stirred by means of an electrically operated paddle re- volving at the rate of fifteen hundred revolutions a minute. The emulsion that is formed by this means is then allowed to stand at the same tem- perature, and readings are taken from sage of water is used as the standard of measurement. The more viscous the oil, the longer time it will take to pass through the tube. The instrument can also regulate the temperature of the oil. As a result of the experiments con- ducted to establish the viscosity of various oils, the Bureau of Standards has developed standard dimensions for viscosimeters. Standard instruments will do much toward bringing about standards in oils. It is the ultimate object of the bureau to make it possi- ble for manufacturers to describe their oils in terms of actual measurements. 4 wy’ +13 AN WY x ef ee AY Uncle Sam must be sure of his army.truck tires, so he has them made according to his own specifications. which the men are piling up in racks are ready for delivery 21 These tires ig i ‘ ¢ = ( ‘ ~ Testing the quality of lubricating oils. A satis- factory oil will separate from water within a few minutes after being stirred to an emulsion

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ECAUSE we are accustomed to B think of snakes as belonging to a low order of life, it is somewhat astonishing to learn that they are creatures of moods and that some members display an al- most human temperament. Snakes in. captivity, especially those from In- dia and other tropical countries,’ mourn their native haunts and display great nerv- ousness. When a snake is worried and. unhappy, it goes on a hunger strike. ‘Now, while snakes can fast more successfully than can warm-blooded animals, they are unable to go with- out food for any protracted time with- out growing thin. When a snake re- fuses food so long that it begins to show signs of emaciation, it is forcibly fed. In the case of small snakes this must be done very carefully. In the New York Zoological Park we take the snake out of its cage, hold it by its head, insert a funnel in its mouth, and ‘pour down a well beaten egg. The small snakes, as a rule, are so delicate in their structure that it is inadvisable to attempt to force anything solid, like a mouse or a small bird, down their throats. They Don’t Eat in Hibernation Usually snakes should feed every other week. But at certain times of the year they go into retirement, and during that period of rest they do not require food. In the North, snakes Lewer picture: Out in Chicago, at the Lincoln Park Zoo, Mr. De Vry (the man with the cigar) hasdevised this modi- fied sausage stuffer for feeding snakes Breaking a Snake’s Hunger Strike Reptiles in New York Zoological Park hibernate, or dig in, for the winter. In the tropics, they hibernate during the dry season.. They do this because in the dry season the frogs on which the snakes feed disappear, so the snakes have to wait for food. If a snake is in good condition, with a supply of re- serve fat, it can fast quite a long time. During the period of fasting the snake moves but little. This perfect rest prevents it from~ burning up its energy. This Snake Fasted Twenty-two Months The longest snake fast that has come under our observation at the Zoological Park lasted twenty-two months. The snake that made this record had been eating a thirty- or thirty-five-pound pig regularly every other week. It was fat when it began its fast. In order to determine the length of time a snake would go without food, we decided to permit it to exercise its own will in the matter, even if it starved itself to death. Every two weeks food was offered it, and refused. At the end of the twenty-second month the snake resumed its regular meals as if nothing had happened. It had lost surprisingly little weight during its fast. Mr. De Vry, of the Lincoln Park Zoo, has devised a machine for feeding unwilling snakes. It is a sort of sausage stuffer in which ground meat is placed. A five-foot length of one-and-a-half- inch hose is attached to the stuffer, and this is placed down the python’s | throat to its stomach. The chopped meat is then forced through the hose, — In the New York Zoological Park we adopt a different method. The snake is taken out of its cage, stretched out full length, and a number of men hold it so that it cannot coil or curve itself. Then we take three rabbits that have been killed and skinned, and tie them together with string. A long stick is attached to the skull of the first rabbit, and the meal is forced down the snake’s throat. Snakes in captivity are usually fed killed food because giving them living dinners sometimes causes. endless trouble. _ The Chicken that Killed a Snake I recall an instance where a live chicken was placed in a snake’s cage. The snake approached the bird and darted out its forked tongue. Instead of cowering miserably and permitting the snake to kill it, the chicken jumped for the snake, seized its tongue, and pulled it out. The wound caused the snake’s death. As snakes are valu- able, the practice was discontinued. Upper picture: When a big snake in the Bronx Zoo refuses its food too long for its health, Mr. Dit- mars stuffs three rab- bits down its throat with a long pole ‘

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Through an Inferno to the One night last April, the freighter Florence H., loaded with smokeless powder and fixed ammunition, took fire in the harbor of a French port. The powder was in boxes piled up on the deck. For some unknown reason, it did not explode, but burned like a volcano, and the ship sank in ten minutes. When she went.down, the burning wreckage in the water was so thick that small boats coming to the rescue could make no headway through it; and the intense heat pre- vented converted yachts from coming near. Boxes ot powder made up a great part of the wreckage, and these flared up continually. In the middle of this floating inferno were the thirty-four survivors of the crew, swimming or holding to some of the boxes, in peril of their lives. .There seemed to be no way to reach them, until Lieutenant Harvey S. Haislip, com- mander of an American destroyer, cried: ‘Damn the powder! Go ahead!’ (or something like that), and sent his destroyer at full speed through the wreckage, opening lanes for the boats, which brought in all of the survivors. The American admiral in charge at the port and the French admiral of that district said all kinds of handsome things about the Lieutenant in their reports, and recom- mended some of his crew for medals. a

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Photographs by courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History / eee Soa Fe ee Oe Pe If it were not for the lights you see at the top of this picture, you might think it a photo- graph of wolves on a trail. But it is one of the remarkably life-like groups on exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History Here the floor is being pre- pared. The large holes with the snow around the edges are feft for the trees, which are placed in such a manner thatthe drifts appear natural The trees are not as solid as they look. They are constructed of light wood frames, which are covered with bark. Snow and moss are then. added so realistically that it is difficult to believe that the tree is not growing in the woods The men who prepare these groups are trained naturalists—men who are just as familiar with the face of nature as you are with the faces of your family and friends en ace net eacnseiss: Ssiitalibcamatnontin oe mpgs Gee This shows the earlier steps in the preparation of a group. The frame of the case for the exhibit is built of wood and wire. All the materials entering the construction are of the finest quality. There must be no danger of cracking or warping after the group has been put on exhibition The ceiling and walls are here being prepared to receive the final painting of sky and landscape that makes the finished exhibit so true to life. The background is painted on the walls, and the ceiling is tinted so as to give a perfect illusion of snow-covered landscape and wintry sky

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How Did They Ever Get Along in Father’s Day? Mechanical aids that make life easier for the school-boy om “Teacher, my crayon’s broken.” ‘Very well, Johnny. Take the new holder, put the chalk in the slotted end, push. down the metal ring to make it tight, and go on with your work” With this post-card size duplica- tor, getting out school announce- ments is -fun. The original copy may be made on the type- writer with a special ribbon, or with special ink applied by pen Drawing five parallel lines at once, for music or for penmanship exercises, is easy with this grooved wooden frame, which holds the chalk tightly in place—and there’ll be no chalk on your fingers At left: | Uncomfortable po- Wire beaters set between sitions and inattention go layers of fine bristles, and together. This combined ro- operated either by hand or tating chair and movable by electricity, turn the old desk solves problems of school- hated blackboard-eraser clean- room lighting and discipline ing job into a pleasant task

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The spike of a hel- met taken from the body of a dead German. It had been pierced at the base by a bullet A Belgian soldier’s pipe showing five notches; and an- other made from the fuse-head of a shell

a ee In the village of Castel the French captured 31 machine-guns and 244 rifles

The barrel of this Belgian rifle was struck at . various times by more than thirty bullets

NEw § TESTAMENTS te whi & Aint s One Australian was able to get away -from Gal- lipoli because he did his sight- seeing through a periscope. A Turkish bullet becamelodgedin the upper end The incendiary Zep- pelin bomb, the re- mains of which are shown above, killed a woman and in- jured her husband at Southend, England

Private Perry, of the Austra- lian Signal Corps, thanks his lucky stars that he took his No war is complete without a Bible that saved a life. The New Testament shown ,

res 4 Sree peng — ; Ps ass EN : here was carried by a private urkish e lens sf z through the early battles of after passing through the case The “knuckle-scratcher,” or hand bayo- Ypres and Neuve Chapelle net, is an ideal weapon for ‘‘infighting.”’ ; It fits snugly into the palm of the hand, allowing the owner to get a fine grip

A woman who was strug- It’s a German bucket. This pistol, once When a Krupp shell burst Headless, gaily colored, ing in the water after the The removable cover owned by a Napo- in the roof of an English lost by some Belgian esperides was torpedoed serves as a dish, while the leonic soldier, was house, this 12-pound piece child, this pathetic sou- picked up this piece of removable spoon is also a found in digging a buried itself in a bed, with- venir was picked up by cork, and it kept her afloat handle for the lid trench in France out injuring two children an English marine 26

sateen

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Keeping the Army on a Good Footing Soldiers are as hard on their footwear as a growing boy. In this shop back of the British lines, 30,000 pairs of shoes are re- paired every week. The first thing is to see Stitching seams in a corner of the busiest repair shop in the world. In a modern army nothing is al- lowed to go-to waste. Every bit of equip- . ) p cag = ment is salvaged if the shoes are worth 2 * — ‘ and sent back to the cobbler’s time I be worked over Another stage in making battle-worn boots ready for the trenches again. If a man can’t fight, he can help keep the army on a good footing. When the hammers get going they sound like rapid fire A stitch in time puts many a pair of soldiers’ shoes back on the firing line, and the work allows disabled soldiersto keep on whipping the Hun The hob-nails that grip the ground and enable the fighting man to get every ounce of his weight into a bayonet push are put on by machinery Part of the 30,000 a week output of made-over boots now as good as new and ready for the feet that will Photographs © Underwood & Underwood chase the Germans out of France ‘ 27

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seca es Te gaepeaenes oie Aes om tame “mew aesigaeesnse Gasoline Bronchos in War and in Peace : The motorcycle can be as useful as a sewing-machine or as playful as a kitten At Wading - River, Long Island, they go hunting in motorcy- cles. Even the dogs are spared unnecessary effort, and they ride in the rear car as if they - were thoroughly used to gasoline locomotion _ * When we were boys we used to marvel at the broncho busters of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show. But what were the - cavorting mustangs of that time compared with the bucking motorcycles of today? The stretcher-carrier in the equipment shown beiow is double-decked, so that two wounded soldiers can be accom- modated each trip. . A first-aid cabinet beneath the lower stretcher makes it possible to * dress wounds on the battlefield But even the motorcycle couldn’t cope with too much mud. How the rider of this one got away without sinking remains a mystery OS is aos Me tegrame op. et P ras . & csi’ The motorcycle despatch rider in France must combine the adhesiveness of a cow-puncher with the mechanical skill of an automobile racer. So, hurdling on a gasoline motor is regarded as all in the day’s work And what may T. L. Bird be carrying in the huge crate on his side-car? A load of bicycles, gentle reader; for T. L. is the side-car agent of a motorcycle manufacturing firm. It is. natural for him to use motorcycles in his business sit bi:

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Bluch Landolf, of the New York Hippodrome, , Poses for the “‘ Popular Science Monthly ”’ Place your left foot against the wall, and then try to jump over it with your right foot. It’s funny, but hard Down on your knees and back again—but your hands must not touch anything. It’s not so easy as it looks This is the middle position of the “roly-poly.”? | Landolf simply lets his body roll backwards and forwards and from side to side, while five thousand people laugh until the tears run down their cheeks When Bluch Landolf begins the ‘‘roly-poly,’’ he sits down and grasps his feet firmly, like this Finally he winds up the “roly-poly” exactly as he began it—-sitting on the floor and grasping his toes Crouch on the floor Hold your toes and WY and support your body jump forward, but on your hands. The without releasing the head and feet must be grip of your fingers. It up. This is Bluch Lan- takes an acrobat to do dolf’s “floor balance” this without toppling Another position of the down on your knees and back again” trick shown at the top of this page Hold one leg out straight and then try to jump backwards. Without practice you will probably lose your balance Straddle the chair seat and lift yourself up and down by your arms. If you can do it at all, you will find a9 Seas yourself puffing at the end of half a minute we o :

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q Every one knows that the consumption i of ammunition in this war is stupendous. : ; But what of the labor entailed in manu- facturing that ammunition? What of the ore that has to be mined and of the coal ie that has to be dug in order to smelt the i ore? In the battle of Picardy, for example, tH the Germans violently bombarded the i American lines, but they succeeded in 4 killing only five Americans for every - 85,000 shells fired. Nearly 400 cannon i were in action. To make 85,000 shells re- i quires the work of 2,000 coal-miners and 700 iron-miners for a period of a day } ta +] hg | ? 4 it The American army of more than two ° ; million. men will be equipped with i 8,000 field-guns of various caliber. If it fl were possible to concentrate their energy ‘a into that of one gun, that gun would have a bore eight feet in diameter, and its zt length would be 400 feet. The projectile r! (below) that it could fire would weigh 180 tons, and the length of the projectile would be about forty feet sis as STE EP eS The American program for the manufacture of shells is such that 6,850 of them couid be fired per mile each day along a front of one hundred miles. If that is so, our factories must be able to turn out 250,000,000 shells a year, weighing 5,000,000 tons in all. If Capitol at Washington. We must leave it to the imagination to picture a year’s output {ORO %o% 0: __ a i tae ta ae a ra It has been said elsewhere on this page that if the energy of the 8,000 field-guns with which the American army is to be equipped could be concentrated in a single gun, that gun would have a length of 400 feet the figure is correct, then every two months a solid pile of shells will be obtained as big asthe -

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W , , yy Here is a crowd of sixty thousand people attending a football match in the Yale Bowl. Suppose every one of these sixty thousand people to be worth eight and a half million dol- lars: their combined capital would ; then just about equal the total H : \ national wealth of the seven our by hour, an unceasing principal nations at war, this see of dollars Pita to estimate relating to conditions just Thi Al s ge eo ms ate before the war. The five main Texaig! Pty naib: re - Allies were worth $406,000,000,000 pr agg . Pee P “te ‘—about four times as much as ” a 1 od rpg nse rr the Central Powers, who were The j sacar ‘ half tnillion vee about $105,000,000,000 : silver dollars that would thus fall each hour from the upper into the lower ball of the glass would require a struc- ture about thirty feet high to perform this function rote! ll ge ag a ae _ "e*0'O"o Here, for comparison, we show the gun as it would bulk if placed {behind a standard railway train. Compared with this piece, the gun that shelled Paris a distance of seventy-five miles is a mere pop-gun

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j en = eee ors ee er Tne Bae AE Above: After “they shall _ not pass” had been made good at Verdun, a garden- loving French soldier turned this German hel- met into a flower-pot to decorate his trench hut French official photograph @ Above at right: The cor- rugated iron sides of this cottage, with a fine battle- field view, served as im- portant parts of a bomb- proof until the German tide was rolled back Most streets in Flanders are canals, and so bridge-building is the national sport. Duck- boards from the trenches will do for material at a pinch when the army moves forward Below: The enemy’s own shells carved this giant stump into a front-line observation post, for which Nature herself had already supplied a most effect- ive bit of camouflage British official photograph Ai right: Salvaged from the ruins of the village church, this bell continues in serv- ice. Its belfry is a tree, and it clangs out daily warnings against gas attacks Fren . 32 : ") photograph “Dead and done for,” said the chauffeur. But the Red “ross man came along and turned the abandoned automobil« inte » cozy hut et 4 SS — rh ~> m& S& ot AB. ct Ht eH OS oe on a? ee ea oe

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a ay ~~ _ see him. And yet, as soon as Sowing the Ocean with Death HEN the Germans ran away WV from Admiral Jellicoe in the second great naval battle of the North Sea, it was the mines that had been planted in huge numbers in the waters surrounding the island of Helgoland that saved them from de- feat. Jellicoe said as much in his re- port. He knew that he was rushing into waters literally sown with the seeds of death.. England’s Grand Fleet was much too precious a pos- session to be foolishly risked, and so the pursuit came toanend. Suppose that Jellicoe had’ followed Farraguj’s example and said, ““Damn the torpedoes!”’ (and Farragut’s “‘tor- pedoes,” be it remembered, were very crude mines of uncertain action): suppose that he had steamed boldly on after that long veil of smoke, ten miles distant, which he knew to be the fleeing Germans—what would have happened? Carefully concealed beneath seventy feet of concrete on the island of Helgoland is a large underground room, one entire wall of which is a huge chart of the waters that surround the island. It is not an ordinary map, this chart; for it is studded with electric lamps. Each lamp marks the posi- tion of a mine containing from five hundred to one thousand pounds of the deadliest high explosive that a diabolical ingenuity was able to discover. An officer sits at a desk, facing the wall-chart. ~ The Chart that Means’ Death Miles and miles away is Jellicoe. The officer cannot Jellicoe enters the mine-field, . that officer knows it. A light flares up. Then another and another and another. The lights do not glow steadily: they flash intermittently. The officer at the desk has only to watch the wall- chart. The lights tell him exactly what course Jellicoe is pursuing, and, moreover, the speed and tonnage of the intruding ships. He bides his time. Then comes a moment when half a dozen super- dreadnoughts have entered the toils. He picks up a telephone: ‘Group mines 23, 45, and 57. Fire!’ He has scarcely hung up the receiver when, twenty miles out, a few terrific ex- plosions toss up geysers of water By Waldemar Kaempffert To the deadly high explosive is added a little mono-nitro-naphthalene, one purpose of which is to create a cloud of jet-black smoke 33 high into the air, and three battle- ships, manned by a total of forty-five hundred men, are literally blown asunder. Jellicoe knew that Helgoland is the Gibraltar of the North Sea—knew that it is the heart of an invisible spider’s web from which there is no escape when once it has been pene- trated. He must have seen, in his mind’s eye, some such picture as that which we have painted. He knew that it was madness to pursue. | Through the courtesy ofa: neutral officer who was employed by the Ger- man government to construct and in- stall the mine system of Helgoland and Kiauchau, and by the Austrian government to mine the waters of Pola and Fiume, the POPULARISCIENCE MONTHLY is able to present its readers with the following account of a mod- ern mine-field. The officer in ques- tion has made the development of submarine mines, of explosives and detonators, a life study, and has been employed as a submarine- mine engineer by different European governments. Only a Hundred Submarine Engineers in the World There are probably not more than a hundred men in the whole world who are competent to design and plant a mine-field; and most . of them are officers . whose governments have spent large sums: of money in training them. The. in- -stallation of a mine-field ~ ‘has become a-very difficult and special branch of engi- neering, involving a know- ledge of chemistry, electrical, and mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and'a dozen other sciences. To protect the waters of a harbor or the mouth of a river, either contact or observation mines, or both, are planted. Asits name indicates, a cohtact mine ex- plodes when it is struck by a pass- ing vessel. An observation mine, on the other hand, is electrically exploded from a shore station at the critical moment by a watchful officer. A contact mine is spherical, cylindri- cal, or of frustum shape. Just what shape of contact mine is to be selected depends on the size of the mine, the depth of the water, tide conditions, and other circumstances. It contains from one hundred to one thousand pounds of high explosive—T.N.T.,

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frdmownes nae nee Armee fa oes one acne tay mecamesin, aencsene gs Pinna intr einai Bede aietneatinn: tp -dynamite; or guncotton—and a little mono-nitro-naphthalene, the purpose of which last is to break up the ex- plosive into very small particles and to create a cloud of jet-black’smoke which envelops the stricken vessel and which serves as a telltale. Contact and Observation Mines How is the contact. mine exploded? Its upper surface is studded with steel pins, the protruding heads of which are protected by glass domes. Sensitive as a mine must be, it must not be use- lessly exploded by a mass of drift- wood. Hence the glass of the domes is of such thickness that it can be broken only by a blow of more than one hundred pounds to the square inch: Such a blow can be delivered only by a fairly large, rapidly moving body, such as a ship. When that hap- pens, a steel pin is driven into a quick-acting primer, the chief ingredi- ent of which is fulminate of mercury; or a vial of sulphuric acid is broken and poured on chlorate of potash. In either case there is a terrific explosion. An observation mine, on the other hand, contains detonating devices of a different character. A ship may ride over or even collide with an Popular Science Monthly As the ship enters the mine-field its wash and suction cause the vanes of the nearest signal-buoy to. swing from side to side. An electric circuit is thus made and broken, so that a lamp, indicating the position of the particular buoy affected, flashes intermittently in a shore station. bottom, it is only necessary that observation mine without causing an explosion; for the mine is set off by an electric spark, which passes only when a firing-key on shore is depressed. The difference between the old muzzle-loader, with which the Civil War was fought, and the modern breech-loader is no greater than the difference between the “torpedo’’ of Farragut’s day and the mines with which Helgoland is protected. In truth, a mine is now so complicated a piece of deadliness that it cannot be prepared overnight. And mine-fields are so vast that they are usually laid out in time of peace, when there is not a single cloud on the political horizon. Now, it is obvious that a waterway may not be mined in time of peace with- out becoming a menace to peaceful shipping. So a type of mine is used which, although anchored, can be raised and lowered as easily as you turn a light on and off. In the anchor- base of the mine is a drum on which the mine-cableis wound. By means of a compound-wound electric motor, which is mounted in the base of the mine, 34 To send the ship to the the mine nearest the signaling buoy be fired the cable on the drum can be wound or unwound, so that the mine attached to the cable is lowered or raised. The construction is disclosed in such detail by diagrams on page 36 that an ex- tended description here is unnecessary. The Mine in Time of Peace In time of peace the mines slumber harmlessly near the bed of a waterway; no ship’s bottom can touch them, At the first sign of war a few switches are moved in a shore station; the motors in the mines turn; cables are paid out from their drums in the anchor-bases; and in fifteen minutes a safe fairway becomes a death-trap! Like every floating body, a mine swings with the current. As a result, its moorings may foul and it may be exploded. To overcome this very grave objection the fin mine has been adopted. You have noticed how a ship swings at anchor with the tide around its moorings, always pointing head-on to the current. The same effect is secured by the simple expedient att er ng I

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aor @ WD cPee “Ss eEe=< oe ye | eZ OF aor ®

———

November, 1918

Each lamp on the wall corresponds with a signal-buoy in the mine-field. The course of a ship can be traced by watching the lamps. On the desk is an instrument which records the course taken by a vessel on a ribbon of paper, the pen being actuated by electrical pulsations sent out by the buoys that cause the lamps to flash. It remains only to press a key to send the ship to its doom of equipping a mine with a fin. A mine is thus transformed into a little anchored ship, the fin of which con- stantly keeps it in the same relative position to the current. It swings through an angle of 180°, and its cable never fouls. Obstacles to Anchoring Mines _To anchor a mine would seem to be one of the simplest of problems. Yet it is one of the most difficult. The bottom of a river, or of a bay, is usually treacherously soft. A heavy weight would be simply swallowed up in that slimy mass. In sowing the mouth of a South American river with mines, it was found that the deposit of silt not only engulfed the mine anchors, but even dragged the mines themselves down. Hence, the mine engineer who was in charge of that work, and to whom we are indebted for the facts on which this article is based, invented a mine anchor which has a mushroom-shaped suction-disk that remains wherever it is planted. But mud, silt, and quicksands are; not the only difficulties to be overcome. Our mine engineer, while engaged in’ planting mines in the English Channel,' found that he had to contend with' galvanic action. At first he could not understand why anchors and cables corroded, so that the electrical indi- cating mechanism in the mine was completely deranged. To be sure, he knew that galvanic action was re- sponsible for his troubles. But what set up the galvanic action? He determined to explore the bottom of the channel. A dredge scooped up for him—what? Oysters. But they were not normal oysters. Their shells were a lovely green, and the green meant that they were impregnated with copper. Then he knew why he had to deal with galvanic action, and why he had. to devise a method of over- coming it. It has been said that at Helgoland the officers in charge of the mine-field watch lights on a wall-chart in order to determine the speed, size, and loca- $5 tion of an intruding vessel. What makes the lights ftash? Signal-buoys connected with the shore station. Study the illustration at the top of page 36, and you will see at once how they operate. ee On top of the buoy is a vane so mounted that it can swing freely with a kind of turntable constituting the top of the buoy. The wash of a ship agitates the water, and the vane swings excitedly from side to side. How Ships Betray Themselves As the illustration shows, the turn- table on which the vane is mounted carries an arm,. which arm is moved toward and from an electric contact as the vane swings. When the arm touches the contact, an electric cir- cuit is completed; when the arm moves away from the contact, the circuit is broken. An armored, non-corroding cable electrically connected with both the arm and the contact runs through the bottom of the signal-buoy to the shore station and to a light on the wall- chart. It is easy to see what happens. As soon as a ship approaches the fatal buoy, its suction and wash sets the little vane in motion. The bigger the

iz seme em tremens gsm reo saiotraa aa aaa

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4 ship, the more tremulous the vane will be. The corresponding lamp on the wall-chart will flash whenever the arm within the buoy touches the contact, and the character of the flashes will inform the officer whose eyes are glued on the chart what is the probable ton- into the toils. It is just as if he had magically transported himself miles and. miles out into the North Sea and seen the ship for himself. He watches lamp after lamp flash up on the chart; the ship’s course and speed are traced in lines of light. He has but to give an order, and the mine nearest a given signal-buoy is fired. Grouping Mines for Firing There are hundreds of such telltale buoys in a mine-field as expansive as that of Helgoland. And there are thousands of mines. The Germans spent about $75,000,000 on the Hel- goland mine-field, not to mention powerful shore batteries. Each buoy is electrically connected with the shore station, and each observation mine as well. Clearly, a maze of wires must run into the station. The switchboard of a large New York telephone sta- tion is no more bewildering than the switchboard to which the wires of the Helgoland mines lead. Some system had. to be discovered which would bring order out of this apparent chaos—a system that would enable a man to fire only the right mine or group of mines. A similar difficulty confronts the inventor of automatic telephone exchanges—exchanges which do away with switchboard girls en- tirely and enable, you to make your own connections with any person you: please. One pressure of the firing-key, and he has exploded either one mine and destroyed a light cruiser, or fifty minés and annihilated a whole battle fleet. A complete record -is automatically made of every ship that enters the Helgoland mine-field or other fields like it. The signal-buoys are connected not only with the lamps on the wall- chart, but also with a registering in- \ DOUBLE \) SwiITCH GUIDE RING : AND BREA nage of the ship that has blundered SONTACT ROLLER SIGNAL VANES ROTATED BY WASH OF PASSING SHIPS TURNTABLE ROTATED BY VANES INSULATED CONTACT PIN. MAKEAND BREAK CON TACTARM/ | , SEAMLESS CAN BUOY —> An STABILIZING FIN ELECTRIC CONDUIT. TO SHORE STATION: ANCHOR CABLE a The fin enables the buoy to swing with the current. On top of the buoy is a . vane, which is mounted on a turn- _table so that it can rotate. The turn- “ table carries an arm which, when the vane swings, touches an electric con- tact. As soon as this happens, a lamp flashes in a distant shore station. By observing the signals sent by two or more of these buoys the direction and speed of the vessel can be estimated strument. Through that instrument a web of paper travels; and on the paper, in -response to. the electrical pulsations sent out by the correspond- ing~signal-buoys, a. pen traces the. course taken by a vessel through the mine-field in time of peace or war. Thus a permanent record is kept of ‘friendly and hostile visitors. Death is Certain, at Moonless Mid- night or Sunny Noon While it is not absolutely necesssary for the officer in charge of a station to see the waters around Helgoland, The mooring-cable of the mine at the left is wound around a drum turned by an electric motor. on the ends of the drum mesh with worms on the shaft of a compound wound electric motor, so that the cable is wound up or paid out and the mine raised or lowered. The gears have independent clutch con- nections with the drum-shaft; so that, when one gear is in action to drive the shaft, the other turns closely on the shaft. Hence the one motor can either unwind the cable, so that the mine rises by buoyancy, or wind up the cable and pull the mine down In the anchor base of the mine at the right is a hook which engages an eye and holds the mine down intime of peace. The hook is formed with teeth meshing in a U-shaped rack. One leg of the rack is pressed by a coiled spring; but the rack is held in the normal position by means of a latch. An electromagnet, when energized, releases the rack. When war is declared, a key or button in a distant shore station is pushed, and the hook withdrawn The mine rises to a height determined by the uncoiling cable and can’t be retracted from the eye. 36 Popular Scvence Monthly any more than it is necessary for you to see the person to whom you are telephoning, an observation tower is provided to which he can resort on occasion. He can fire smoke buoys if he so desires, and thus determine a ship’s position, if for any reason the electrical connections of his signal- buoys should be interrupted. More- over, some of the mines of the Hel- goland field are provided with micro- phones, so that the location of a ves- sel can literally be heard through tele- phone ear-pieces. In fact, every pos- sible contingency has been foreseen. Now, it is evident that, with such a system, it is hopeless for a ship or a ~ fleet to steal into a harbor in a fog or on a moonless night. The lamps on the wall-chart flash up just as surely at midnight as they do at noon. In some harbors of the world implicit reliance is placed on contact mines alone. At Helgoland contact mines are, of course, to be found in large numbers. But it is conceivable that a resourceful and venturesome enemy might devise some way of sweeping a channel clear of contact mines on an inky night. There is no way of escap- ing the observation mine-field and its betraying signals. The Cost of a Mine A mine-field is divided into “‘units.”’ A “unit” of the Helgoland type com- prises twenty-five hundred anchored mines, a central shore station, miles and miles of electrical connections, signal-buoys, and smoke buoys. It protects from ten to twenty square miles of water, and it costs from five million to six and one half million dollars, depending on the location of the field and the character of the bot- tom. Each mine costs from two hun- ‘dred and fifty to sixteen hundred dol- lars. So efficacious is this system that - at Kiauchau, where it was used, the Japanese, finding it too dangerous to take the town from the sea with ships, were compelled to violate the neu- trality of China and take the town from the rear. Gears its own ELECTRIC CABLE 2 I 8 A

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November, °1918 He Also Fights Who Helps & a Fighter Fight | W. S. S22 | THE T : a ‘ nme gene oO A In one day’s run this street-car sold $1,500 worth of thrift stamps Columbia—Thrift Stamp Car Conductor : NCLESAM was motorman, hs, Miss Columbia conductor, of a red, white, and blue street- car lettered with exhortations to buy thrift stamps, which plied back and forth all one day between the Manhattan end of the Queensboro Bridge, across the East River, and Jamaica, Long Island, twenty- two miles away, over the line of the Manhattan and Queens Traction Corporation. W. S. S.-sales amounting to $3,430 were rung up the first day Giant Register ! to Record Patriotism N Indianapolis they rang (up) the changes of the Thrift Stamp and War Savings Stamp sales display by- building a mammoth cash register across one of the business streets. It was more than thirty feét high, and nearly as wide. Inthe foundation was the headquar- ters for the sale of stamps. | When a purchase was rung . up, an electrically connected bell in each district rang _ — =—_— Tz hl = > *— ETD: RE Nt ttt The car was a regular piece simultaneously. of the company’s rolling stock, = H | appropriately painted. Its crew sold The pedestal of Salem’s war chest is Salem’s War Chest | $1,500 worth of stamps on their run __ painted to look like stone. Four bronzed , : the first day, besides doing a veniaies lions hold up the chest, which is ten N the center of the page is Salem’s feet wide, sixteen feet long, and eight feet deep. The key is four feet long war chest. The fine old city on Massachusetts Bay is one of those that have system- atized contributions to all the war relief funds. Out of the total subscription— that is, the chest—a treas- urer takes an appropriate portion for each cause. Salem’s chest is a real one, an enlarged edition of such sea-chests as Salem sea captains had in the old days. Salem wants $400,- 000 to fill the chest. As searchlights play upon j the chest all night, it seems perhaps) for each $50,000 improbable that anything that was subscribed. : ’ ghort of a witch could rob The last figure was the Each time an additional $50,000 was subscribed the the chest. And witches had local quota, $1,550,150. figure went up astep. At $1,550,150 it went over the top better look out in Salem. 37 business in carfares. Over the Top T the General Electric Company’s plant in Schenectady, N. Y., dur- i ing the third Liberty Loan | campaign, the graphic daily bulletin of progress { was the climb of a colossal silhouette of a soldier ‘‘over the top.” The figure was attached to the background by pins that held it at any | level desired. It went up ; one step (or one sand-bag, — renee etepepererte aparece pope me en oy ee ne

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Caer: HE ae ee aah ae Aa os Fre SNES cera meer ao tee ee pee es eee ee me Aipetyrarateioee one an ee Set ht Popular Science Monthly Western. Newspaper Photo Service Harnessing the coffee-mill to a mountain stream meant a lot of work, but think of the fun of it Grinding the Coffee. by Water Power ECESSITY is not always the mother of invention. The Al- pini in the accompanying picture, who rigged up a small water-mill to harness the rushing mountain stream near their station in. the Adamello region to a small coffee-grinder, were hardly prompted by necessity. Un- doubtedly they had enough time; for, ’ as a rule, the men stationed in the mountains have little to do when there is no actual fighting. Grinding coffee in the little grinders which the Italian Commissary Depart- ment supplies to the men at the front may be slow and tedious, but does not require any strenuous effort—not one tenth of the effort which the men in the picture had to exert in constructing andrunning their water-power coffee-grinder. They may not accomplish much, but the mere fact that “it works” evidently gives them a great deal of satisfaction. ORE years ago than we care to remember, “Pho- tographing the Baby”’ was a favorite title for the efforts of comic artists and verse- makers. They aimed their shafts of would-. be wit at the pho- tographer at a time when his art was in its infancy, and when the iron head-clamp made wooden In- dians of most grown- ups. The photographer was pictured asking baby to “see the little birdie’’—a birdie that long since flew away to join the other things that the march e of progress has pushed to the rear. But the | Photographing the Baby—a Task for Experts A lively baby is perhaps the most difficult subject the photographer tackles. This one put the moving-picture men’s skill to a real test pert. 38 The practice of scooping bulbs has made it possible for American horticulturists recently to develop bulb-plant growing on a large scale “Dutch Bulbs” Are Now Grown in America OR centuries Holland has monopolized the production of bulb plants. Dutch bulbs, especially tulips and hyacinths, were [shipped to all parts of the world, and , lovers of such plants often paid fabulous sums for bulbs of some rare variety. Since the outbreak of the war, Holland’s bulb industry has been almost wiped out. Before the war America had been one of the best custom- ers of the Dutch bulb gardeners, and so great was the in- terest in bulb plants that our Department of Agriculture in 1908 established an experimental bulb farm at Belling- ham, Wash. There many rare varieties of bulb plants are grown, with marked success. Seed is used only in the case of very rare plants, because it requires from five to eight years to bring a plant to maturity from seed. In most cases new plants are grown from bulblets. Mature mother bulbs are scooped out, then placed. on trays in a warm propagating house. In afew months a crop of baby bulbs-develop around the scooped-out hollow. baby still remains: a problem. A POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY photographer recently caught a group of moving-picture men trying to film a lively youngster while waiting on Fifth Avenue, New York, for a parade to start. The youngster en- tered thoroughly into the spirit of the thing, gesturing so amusing- ly at the camera bat- tery that onlookers applauded. The cameramen confessed that ‘‘pho- tographing the baby,” even with modern improvements, is still a task for the ex-.

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=ClU(cY — ‘ite lie wit we 6 2.) SY er © rays eon an — / ‘An Unsinkable Ship at Last? Well, perhaps not; but at all events she is hard to sink // CARGO HOLDS // \ND BULKHEAD / | gt¥ NSINKABLE ships are un- | | doubtedly possible in theory; but, in spite of all efforts, it has not been possible so far to translate them into actual fact. They belong to that class of much desired things which includes perpetual motion, fric- tionless bearings, fast dyes, and a perfect substitute for rubber. The wholesale destruction of ships in the present war has greatly stimulated the desire for unsinkable ships, and the naval architects of all countries have concentrated their ingenuity upon the problem of evolving some such type. At last human ingenuity seems to have succeeded in inventing a type of ship that, if not absolutely unsink- able, is as nearly so as it is possible to make it. This ship is the invention of the noted French naval en- gineer Le Permentier, who for years before the war conducted experiments relating to the iz Cail that type of ship built. A contract for five of these ships was awarded to an American shipbuilding corporation, and the first completed ship of the new type is to be delivered next April. Not a New Principle Le Permentier’s ship is based upon the same principle as the pontoon life-raft, which is by no means new. Two steel cylinders, twenty feet in diameter and pointed at both ends, are joined together by a superstructure which adds to the buoyancy of the ship and overcomes the dangerous tendency of any cylindrical body floating on the water to roll. The length of the ship is 320 feet over all, and the two pontoon cylinders are nearly that long. They are joined OTTOM PLATES IND FRAMES The length of Le Parmen- tier’s ship is 320 feet. The ship is built on the principle of the pontoon life-raft.. Two steel cylin- ders, twenty feet in di- ameter and pointed at both ends, are joined to- gether by a _ superstruc- ture which adds to the buoyancy of the ship and overcomes the extremely dangerous tendency to roll together by transverse members, cov- ered with plating at top and bottom to provide a narrow central water- tight compartment. -This compart- ment may be used for storing oil. Each pontoon as well as the con- necting central part of the hull, is di- vided by transverse bulkheads into six watertight compartments, making eighteen such compartments in all. The ship is equipped with two inde- pendent steam power plants. The two power plants occupy the stern compartments of the two pontoons. The cargo is to be carried in the compartments of the pontoons. Its Chances Against Submarines The ship is expected to have a capacity of at least 4,250 tons, with a sixteen-foot draft. The esti- mated speed, when fully loaded, is eight knots—which, while slow, is considered sufficient ir. stability of floating bodies. = When the German submarine peril became acute, the French government gave Le Permen- tier every assistance in carrying out his experiments. The type FOUR COMPARTMENTS ON ONE SIDE FLOODED— ANGLE-12*30 view of the unsinkable charac- ter of the ship. The gun crew could make a submarine sub- merge by gunfire before it had an opportunity to fire more than one or two torpedoes. of boat invented by him was tried off the French coast, and the tests were so satisfactory that the French government decided to have a number of TWO COMPARTMENTS ON ONE SID FLOODED — ANGLE -3°-30" . ALL S1X MAIN COMPARTMENTS. ON ONE SIDE FLOODED —ANGLE-16° The tests conducted by the French government: indicate that, even if all compartments on one side were flooded, the ship would still remain afloat. Soe oA OE,

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aay S ies aah ae a 2 NaS it hg ee * - The new sim- plified lifting mechanism for motor - trucks as it appears when in action Self-Loading Truck Saves Own Time and Man Power these days when motor- trucks are playing such an important réle in the transporta- tion of the nation’s goods, and when it is so difficult to obtain com- petent truck-drivers, the self-loading commercial vehicle illustrated below points away to efficiency. This partic- ular truck isemployed to haul cut stone. Whereas it formerly took an hour. to load six tons, the mechanical hoist has reduced this to twenty minutes. - "Fhe mechanical loading and un- loading means consists of a horizontal I-beam extending lengthways of the truck aboutsix feet above the floor. The lifting of the load is accomplished by a differential block and fall cap- able of raising two tons by pulling on the chain with one hand. PUSHER PLATES ON TOPS OF PISTONS VALVE ROD \ ‘HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS How the truck body is raised and lowered ! Ba They used to bail out the water from the trenches with buckets. Now it is pumped out by a motor-truck: ~The picture cn the right shows the, avpa- ratus in detail PORTABLE PUMPS The mechanical ~hoist makes -it i possible to load } six tons on to this truck body - from the ground in twenty minutes 40 Between two pivoted cylinders is a gear-pump. Oil forced into the cylinders raises the pistons and then lifts’ the truck body. The pump is driven by the truck engine CENTRIFUGAE Popular Science Monthly Making the Engine Dump the Truck Body in a New Way HE next time you see a big motor- truck with its body elevated above the rear end to dump a load of sand, stone,. or asphalt, note the vertical cylinder directly back of the driver’s seat. You will see coming out of the top of the cylinder a rod having two pulleys with ropes running down to some point on the body itself. Oil is pumped into and out of the cylinder through pipes by power from the motor-truck engine to raise and lower a piston inside of the cylinder and thus lift the body up and then let it down by gravity. The body clears the driver’s seat, by about two feet. To utilize this space, and to eliminate the oil pipes, which sometimes leak, a hoist has been devised which raises the body from the bottom instead of from the front. The hoist gives a_ direct lift; is cheaper by half than the average hoist; and permits the converting of any box-body truck into a dumping body. Trucks to Pump Out ' Trenches EN in the trenches have made a feeble effort to save themselves from rheumatism and pneumonia by bailing out the water with buckets. The British army is now employing trucks to pump out the flooded trenches. The new apparatus consists of a 32-horsepower, four-cylinder gasoline motor mounted in the body of a motor- truck, and connected to a dynamo furnishing current by flexible cables to three motor-centrifugal pumps. ve | BREELS,OF CABLE Tate TO LEAD FROM : ay : TRUS TO PUMPS i

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i” A ie Sof tractor. November, 1918 This Grease Will Not Soil Your Hands NEW bucket-pump for lubricating oil has been in- vented and patented by Ira A. Weaver, of Spring- field, Ill. It consists of a metal bucket, conical in shape, with a tight fitting cover. A pump-cylinder fits through , an opening in the center of the cover, and extends down to and through the bottom of the bucket. To the upper end of the pump-barrel a lever is at- tached by means of which the cylinder may be turned so that the oil contained in the space of the bucket be drawn into the pump- cylinder by the suction of the piston. When the cylinder is turned into the opposite UMP direction the opening con- necting it with the bucket is closed and another hole opened, through which, when the piston is depressed, the oil contained in the cylinder is discharged through the nozzle of the discharge tube. JAOLE TO INSIDE -q HOLE TO HOSE OF CAN CONNECTION A bucket pump that will discharge the lubricant just where it is needed An Attachment for Drivin Over Soft Groun N entirely new attachment for the motor-truck has made its appearance out in Los Angeles, Cal. It is a heavy steel flange, to be attached to the outer side of the various wheels of the car, which makes it possible to use the truck on the soft ground of an orchard, grain-jeld, or even vegetable patch. The flange does not interfere with the operation of the vehicle on the hard-surfaced roads. The flange wheel is made of very heavy steel, two inches in thickness and six in width, extending outward from the felloe of each wheel and being a Truck surrounding the pump may’ a4 / mt Cntieate WATER PIPE TO 2 2 8 COOL TIRE PUMP Gt LE , FOUR CYLINDER © € § @ TIRE PUMP ——> § oy... > SS ee a“ SPECIAL BRACKET MOUNTING This four-cylinder tire pump, which is mounted in a convenient position under the engine bonnet, solves the problem of inflating the giant-sized tires on big motor-trucks Convenient Engine Pump for Trucks with Pneumatic Tires ITH the increasing use of giant-size pneumatic tires on trucks up to five tons in capacity has come the problem of fitting some sort of pump on the trucks, so that the tires can be inflated on the spot, even if miles away from the nearest garage. : The big tires cost as much as two hundred dollars, and it would be suicidal to try to run a truck of such size with a flat tire. The need for sucha pump has been greater on trucks,running in the open country than those operating within city limits, because the number of garages along any route is naturally much smaller between towns than in a city proper. While many of the pumps on passenger cars are placed underneath the body and driven off the gear-set, it is necessary in a truck to have it where the driver can get at it conveniently. Accordingly, one of the four-cylinder types used on the five-ton trucks fastened secure- lyin place. When run from the hard street into the orchard the hard tires sink into the soft earth until the flanges become engaged, when the machine runs along in the manner of the wide-wheeled Another good point that holds promise for the rancher is that this new method of hauling does away with a great deal of the jar to which the fruit heretofore {{@ been sub- jected. ee eh OR RO Heavy steel flanges attached to the outer side of the wheels make it possible for this truck to move over soft ground; they do not interfere with progress on hard-surfaced roads 41 which are operated over- land by one of the big tire com- 4, panies in the city ay of Akron is ye i} mounted under ” * the engine bon- on | net and driven i}. off the pump and magneto shaft by means of a silent chain, like that shown in the il- lustration at the top of this page. A pump of this kind will easily inflate the biggest truck tire to a pressure of ~ more than a hun- dred pounds to the square inch in the space of two or three minutes, J : > 3¥ * P ® 5 ca — ‘zx oa ae

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rremesrasren pcensrdowen = me in ot cage Popular Science Monthly Photozraph from the Yerkes Observatory When sunspots are numerous, we also observe an excessive number of ‘“‘prominences.’’ These are red flames of hydrogen, which may shoot up at a speed of two hundred miles a second to a height of hundreds of thousands of miles - Blame It on the Sunspot Solar upheavals that make mischief on earth HAT favorite scapegoat, the War, was not responsible for all the abnormal events of the memor- able year 1917, and the German spy, as a versatile mischief-maker, has a rival who is none the less formidable because his base of operations is 93,000,000 miles away from the nearest munition plant. Let us go back in imagination to the 9th of August, 1917. Last night you may have taken pleasure in watch- ing the ghostly streamers of a fine auroral display shift and shoot in the northern sky. Your m-rning paper tells you that telegrap’ lines all over the country were paralyzed by “earth currents” of extraordinary intensity. There were, in fact, hours together when not a single message could be sent by wire anywhere in the United States—an event without precedent in the history of American telegraphy. Cause Still a Mystery Torrents of natural electricity, sweep- ing through the earth, swamped the relatively feeble currents by means of which the circuit of a telegraph line is completed underground. At the same time, compass needles everywhere behaved as if bewitched, oscillating back and forth, to the bewilderment of nrariners whose faith is pinned on them. The more delicate magnetic needles installed at observatories underwent even more pronounced disturbances. In short, a violent magnetic storm was in progress. What is the meaning of these un- canny events? After breakfast you seek out your friend the Professor, to inquire whether the end of the world is at hand. The Professor happens to be an astronomer. By way of answer- ing your question he hands you a pair of colored spectacles and bids you take a look at the sun. Right in the middle of the solar disk you notice a rather conspicuous fly-speck. Now you enter the observatory. The astronomer opens a long slit in the dome, revolves the latter until the sunshine streams through, takes the cap from the tube of his telescope, sets the driving-clock in motion, and swings the instrument around until a magnified image of the sun falls upon a white screen attached below the eye- piece. Thus enlarged, the fly-speck turns out to be a cluster of ragged black spots with gray borders. “We are now,” says the Professor, “in the midst of a period of remark- ble solar activity, of which sunspots are one of the symptoms, though by no means the only one. The Sunday Supplement will undoubtedly tell you that the aurora of last night, the earth 42 currents, and the magnetic storm were ‘caused’ by the large group of sunspots which you see near the center of the sun; but it would be nearer the truth to say that, while all these things are intimately connected with one another, the ultimate cause is still a mystery. ‘Astronomers have learned that the sun passes through periods of perturba- tion, or storminess, which recur on an average every eleven years, and that certain terrestrial phenomena tend to - run through a similar cycle. The Sun’s Periodic Variations “Our sunspot records show the eleven-year period unmistakably, al- though it is by no means a regular one, and a great many minor fluctuations are superimposed upon the general curve of ‘spottedness.’ A few years ago there were days and weeks to- gether when not a single sunspot could be seen. Now it is not uncom- mon to see a hundred at a time. “That sunspots denote a state of disturbance in the solar atmosphere » is shown, first of all, by the fact that when spots are numerous we also ob- serve an excessive number of the dis- charges known as prominences. These are the red flames which may be seen along the edge of the solar disk during a total eclipse. While some promi- a an ° ———————

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~ ODO mm DO RR WO —f oO ctr 1 OO November, 1918 nences are seen to hang quietly over the same place for several days, others shoot upward at a speed of from one to two hundred miles a second to a height of thousands and even hun- dreds of thousands of miles. ‘Measurements made with the pytheliometer of the amount of solar heat received by the earth show that the sun is hottest when spots are most abundant, although very delicate ob- servations have shown that a spot is itself a relatively cool part of the sun’s surface. Lastly, there is a marked difference in the amount of electricity LAYERS O From a drawing by Scriven Bolton in the JUustrated London News F METALLIC VAPOU Su ‘- which the sun gives forth at different times. Like all hot bodies, the sun discharges a host of electric corpuscles, or electrons. It is probably the bom- bardment of our atmosphere by these corpuscles that causes the aurora. Striking the rarefied gases of the upper air, they illuminate them, as an electric discharge lights up a vacuum tube. Photographing the Sun “Now let us look at a photograph of asunspot. Here is one made at the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. The SON THESE REMOVED TO Di DARK INNER RIN THEO c sc OIUNSP I Sunspots are holes in the solar clouds. A sunspot is a whirlpool which sucks in the light, overlying hydrogen. Because it is a tornado in violent revolution, a sunspot produces the same magnetic effect that we get from.a current flowing through the coil of an electromagnet. The electrical and magnetic effects of the sun on the earth are of far-reaching importance. Curiously enough, we are likely to have our coolest weather on the earth when the sun is most active, and therefore at its hottest 43 spot has the appearance of a great hole opening into the sun’s interior. Around the black center, which we call the wmbra, is a broad border, or penumbra, which might be compared to a grating of bright bars with dark spaces between them. The bright shell in which these spots appear, called the photosphere, is a layer of incandescent clouds, consisting of metals and other substances, floating in an atmosphere of the same sub- stances in a state of gas, and having a temperature of between 6,000 and 7,000 degrees centigrade (about twice that of the electric furnace). “Even though we think of sunspots as holes torn in the solar clouds, their appearance through .the telescope or in an ordinary photograph hardly suggests the idea of violent motion. This is much better brought out in photographs taken with an. instrument called the spectroheliograph, an invention of Dr. George Ellery Hale. How the Sun Affects Our Weather “The final proof that a sun- spot is a whirlwind.or tornado in the solar atmosphere was furnished just ten years ago. Assuming that the electrons discharged by the sun are caught in the whirl around a spot, their revolution should produce. the same magnetic effect which we get from the electric current flowing through. the coil of an electro- magnet. .A sunspot should, therefore, be intensely mag- netic. . Laboratory experi- ‘ments have proved that when light passes near a magnet it shows, when examined with the spectroscope, a splitting up of the spectral lines, known as the ‘Zeeman effect.’ In 1908, Hale, at Mount Wilson, tested the light from a:sunspot for this, and found it at once. “Will the study of the sun help us predict the weather? Probably it will; but at present nothing more definite is in prospect than predictions of the general character of entire years and seasons over broad areas of the earth. For more detailed predictions we can get no help from the sun until we know just why there are twice as many spots on the sun today as there were a month ago, and just how many there will be by the middle of next week. When we can pre- dict the sun’s weather, we shall have taken a long step toward predicting weather.

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PRES, pint fethn etiaed ca ghee

A Convenient New Label-Holder > UCH of the inconveni- ence that results from label-holders standing in a vertical position - can be eliminated by the-use of a holder that stands at an angle: The label is held in the. best position to catch the eye and to be read with ease; at the same time it is so compact as not to occupy valuable space and be cum- bersome. The holder is readily attached to papers and holders, and is all

Turning the Barbecue Ox with a Gasoline Engine firmly fixed in position, and Sie Rasen at which oxen are roasted whole ought to become more ‘popular than ever, now that an ingenious method has been per- fected that turns the carcass for hours with the regularity of clockwork, permitting the meat to cook deliciously enough to please any ‘con- noisseur. The idea was successfully carried out at a barbecue held in the woods on Grand Island, near the southern shore of Lake Superior. e Popular Science Monthly

A Typewriter Brush with Self-Oiler T is easy to keep your typewriter in apple-pie order with the aid of the brush shown in the photo- graph above. Attached. to the handle of this brush is a small oil-can, from which oil can be forced directly into the bristles. The oiled bristles then pick up the dust from the various parts on contact. The brush has the addi- tional advantage of enabling the typist to keep her ma- chine in good condition with- out in the least soiling her

metal. A four-inch pipe sixteen feet long, two drill tripods, a twenty-eight-inch hands. split wooden pulley attached to one end of the pipe, a belt, and a gasoline engine—such was the carcass-turning equipment. Anyone an Expert Signaler Now HE bluejacket snapping his flags about so briskly ’ from the bridge of a battleship, the mystic movements of the semaphore or the swift interchange of messages by pennant need no longer puzzle the landsman. An alert pub- lishing house has put on the market a device by means of which anyone can quickly be- come an expert at reading code, wigwag, or Véry system signals, It consists of a pocket-size cardboard chart with four revolving faces that display the various flags and other signals through slits as the faces are turned about. On the face of the chart are printed, in the proper colors, the keys to the signals. Holding the card in one hand, you can send yourself messages and record them with the other until the eye has been trained to trans- late instantly the meaning of the signals.

The two-horsepower gasoline engine was set to turn the ox about four times a minute. The ox was cooked over a trench twelve feet long and three feet deep. The Modern Way to Plant Poles IGGING holes and setting up telegraph or telephone poles by man power is slow work, and besides man power is becoming scarce and. costly. But new telegraph and telephone lines must be established. The problem seems to have been solved by a labor-saving machine which has been tried out in building a telephone line across Nevada and Utah and has given remarkably good results. Two men with this machine can plant one hundred poles a day. The boring machinery is mounted upon a steel roller-bearing hub truck which has a weight-carrying capacity of 10,500 pounds. It consists of a turntable, five by twelve feet, on which is mounted the boring mechanism and the tower for raising and lowering the auger.

Here Is a Handy Blow-Torch hee useful pocket torch, which can be used in joining telephone, electric light, or broken current wires of any description, consists of a small metal tank, two by three inches in size, made at a small cost and designed to burn alcohol as fuel. The tank is wholly or partly filled with alcohol, which is absorbed by the packing contained in the tank, and then by the wick. If a flame is applied to the outer tube, the outer and inner tubes will immediately warm up, and will cause the fluid in the inner tube to change into gas. As this gas develops in a larger degree than the size of the opening in the metal plug will allow it to escape, a certain amount of pressure is produced by which the gas escapes and continues to create new gases. Should more gas develop than can be burned by the flame, this gas will blow out the flame, and the development of gas will cease.

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ga a een The Refrigerated Library ANKEE ingenuity might be defined as “making something do for some- thing else’’ if it didn’t lay us open to the charge of being a race of substitu- tors; but the ability to make use of the apparently useless is not to be sneezed at. Moreover, it has been put to the test by the war, and has sur- vived the test. At the Camp Fun- ston General Hos- pital the problem was, what to do with an ice-box for which no ice could be ob- tained, and how to care for several. dozen volumes, sent to the soldiers by the American Library Association, when there was no lumber with which to build bookcases. . Just there Yankee ingenuity stepped in: the useless ice-box became a bookcase, and the shelves which were intended for ice, butter, and pork chops, were called upon to support poetry, novels, and trigonometry. To Outwit the Pickpocket THE haunting fear of being held up and ‘left penniless out in a strange world is done-away with by a little device so small that it may be carried on the key-ring, where no self-respecting hold-up man would think of looking. It has a capacity of one reserve bill. The bill, whether a one or a hundred, when closely rolled, fits into the barrel of the holder. A man who has lost his keys might become excited if the hoider contained a thousand- dollar bill, but the average citizen can use the device safely enough. Making Life Easier for the Shine Boy ‘THE young man in the picture below found this shoe-shining stand very convenient. Before the boss bought it for him he had to lug all the shoes that the hotel guests left outside their doors at night down to the basement and back again. But this stand is light and is equipped with wheels; so that the shoe-shine boy can wheel it to a convenient nook on the same floor, and do his night’s work in half the time it used to take. Labeling 7,000 Cans an Hour "THE labeling of tin cans is now almost every- where done by machinery. A modern labeling machine like that shown in the picture above, if worked by hand power, will label from 40,000 to 50,000 .cans in ten hours. driven by steam or electric power aver- ages from 60,000 to 70,000 cans in ten hours. The machines are built of iron, steel, bronze, and brass, and automatically fasten the labels upon the cans with waterproof cement, which hardens at once, so that the labeled cans can be packed immediately after coming from the labeling machine. Some of the machines are made for one def- inite size of cans, while others can be ad- justed to cans of different sizes. 45 A machine. — anne 7 © Publishers’ Photo Service A Beer-Keg Anvil-Stand TH EY have pretty largely taken the beer out of industry now, but that’s no reason why the old keg should not remain, as the blacksmith in the picture above has shown by using a beer-keg as an anvil- ‘stand. He filled the keg with sand, which made it heavy enough to be steady, yet did not make it too heavy to move about as need might require. The collar about the top -of the keg—which is not at all to be con- . fused with the collar on the beer—serves to hold the anvil rigid without © any other fastener; and so it is easy to re- move the anvil at any time. The keg, being round, offers. no ob- struction. to. _ the blacksmith as he moves about his an- vil, and with a few large staples he can very easily make a handy rack to hold his tools. A Roaster for the Camper (COOKING eggs in hot coals or ashes often meets with disaster, but the difficulty disappears when the device here shown is used. The holder has a capacity of four eggs, though of course one, two, or three may be cooked. The eggs may be held over the coals, or placed in the ashes or coals in the holder, to be withdrawn when cooked. They are easily inserted, and held firmly in place. The holder may also be used for bread- toasting, baking apples, potatoes, and the like, either in the open or over a stove.

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Not content with riding to the fishing-pool, this sportsman also makes his motorcycle do the fishing Harness the Reel fo: Your Motorcycle F you like suri fishing with a hand-line, you may be in- terested in the invention of John J. O’Connor, a Californian who is a lover of surf fishing besides being a motorcycle en- thusiast. Watch Mr. O’Connor at his favorite sport. -A strong pull at the line. A bite! Mr. O’Connor fastens the shore end of his line to a spool or reel bolted to the hub of the fly-wheel of the motorcycle that he rides when he goes fishing. A turn of the fly-wheel starts the engine, and quickly the line is reeled in until the fish appears on the surface of the water. Then the engine is shut off, and the exciting hauling in of the fish is done by hand. No -cut and burned fingers, no tangled lines. The reeling in is ac- complished in shorter time than it could be by hand, and without. dis- comfort. All that is necessary is to remove the nut that holds the fly-wheel and then to attach the reel. This change can be made in a very few seconds.

- Your Safety Blades Can Be Honed AZORS, particularly the old-fash- ioned kind, must be honed and stropped from time to time, to keep them in good condition. <A device that has been put on the market re- cently by a Western manufacturing concern makes the honing and strop- ping of safety blades, as well as of the old-fashioned raz6rs, extraordinarily easy. The blade, placed in an auxiliary holder, is slipped in a carrier holder, which is pressed down against a slide- bar with even pressure by an elastic strip of metal. The cylindrical handle of the carrier holder runs through a hole in the carrier block, and is given a half turn at each end of the stroke

By pushing this handle back and forth, even a small child can hone and strop a razor blade by tripping-pins, which are brought in contact with the trippers at each end of a stroke as the carrier block, with the blade-holder, is slid forward “and back in a groove. The blade slides over the stone edge first. For honing the blade, the position of the blade is reversed. The blade is held against the stone or the stropping leather at the same angle and with the same pressure at all times, which insures a uniform bevel, and consequently a_ perfect edge. With this device a dozen blades of a safety razor can be kept in service- able condition for years. This, of course, means greater economy for the steadily growing army of safety-raZor users. Popular Science Monthly |

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Now that baseball is presented: in capsule form, American “fans” can be happy anywhere A Pocket Edition of the Great American Game POCKET-SIZE _ baseball game, which is said to have a great vogue among United States soldiers and sailors, consists of three important baseball posi- tions: ‘“‘at the bat,’”’ represented by different hits and runs; “the field,’ an “inner ring of green, with alternate squares labeled ‘‘safe” or “‘out’’; and “the um- pire,” occupying the center space which is divided into “out strike” and “safe hit.” Tne player at the bat is naturally pitted against the player in the field. The player at the bat spins the pointer, an arrow-shaped needle whirl- ing on a button in the center of the circular spaces. If the pointer stops at the first-, second-, or third-base hit or home run, a man is put on base. If the pointer: stops at a strike, one strike is counted against the man at the bat, and so on. The center space, representing the umpire, is used whenever any argu- ment arises. A larger edition of the game is provided with three separate dials, each with its own needle or pointer. A Combination Rack and Triangle for Pool-Players N improvement for amusement places where pool is played is a combination wall rack and triangle which does away with handling the balls when they are to be . returned to the table at the end of the game, and which makes un- necessary the triangular rack for assembling them. The wall rack is made

When the sections are spread apart in this fashion the pool balls roll out on the table in the proper position for five players 46 in two sections, which, forming a triangle by means of a third piece across the base, spread apart. By a single movement the balls may be taken from the wall, placed on the pool-table, and as- sembled. The rack has five com- partments for as many players. a white dial, subdivided into the , a é ” ¢ =

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' room are bunks made November, 1918 A Wrecked Pilot-Boat Turned into a Dwelling BOUT nineteen years ago a large pilot-boat was wrecked off the coast of Scituate, Mass. A mighty wave lifted it and dashed it high up on the beach, where it crashed into a fisherman’s cottage. The.cottage was splintered, but the boat was only smashed in on one side. What re- mained of it was purchased by Otis Barker, a resident of Scituate, who converted it into a home of such great interest that it is one of the “show” places of the vicinity. Comfort is the key- note of the interior. At the bow of the boat is a small den, which opens into the living-room. All around the _living- from sea-chest. On one side of the fire- place is an old arm- chair made from the remains of Daniel Webster’s boat, at the stern is another little den, containing a bunk, a small writing- desk, and a book-case. A Mere Matter of Self-Protection EING an instructor in boxing at one of the army cantonments, with some thousands of husky young Ameri- cans taking delight in slipping in an unex- pected blow,is at times not the pleasantest job in the world. Hence the boxing hel- met shown .in the photograph. The helmet affords com- plete protection to the ears, nose, and eyes, reducing to a mini- mum the amount of damage done when s0me pupil lands hard. ——————— After demolishing a fisherman’s cottage on the Massachu- i setts coast, this boat ' was allowed to stay on the beach and was turned into an interesting house. In the living-room is a friendly fire- place built of field stones. In the cen- ter of it hangs a swinging crane. On the shelf above the hearth an inscrip- tion from Dickens has been burned in: “Glad to see you. You will find us rough, but you will find us ready.” Boxing instructors who take on all comers at the army camps have adopted helmets to protect them from the efforts of \ too ambitious ©, pupils who might ¥ belooking for glory ead ee Vigia: Being the Newest ar Horror EFORE the war a captain off soundings — in other words, well clear of the land and in deep water — was free from anxiety. To- day he threads his way with fearful caution between a swarm of ‘‘pos- sible dangers.” More nerve- racking than any U-boat is his new war horror—the Sometimes the “‘vigia.”’ lookout sees what The Hydro "=, °° * : yaro- = ghost of a danger- graphic Officeof ous derelict, but the Navyissues — he reports his sus- “Notices to Picions, and then Mari eke another ‘‘vigia’’ ariners” in goes on the chart leaflet form, which are largely warnings based on reports from vessels all over the world. But where are the dangerous spots? The chart must be marked. Question- able obstructions to navigation are known as “vigias.” Submarines and naval battles have strewn the seas with wreckage. Derelicts dot the North Atlantic. Hulks of water-logged schooners clog every trade route, east or west. Drifting mines and buoys are common sights. In‘ad- dition, summer ‘icebergs drift like gray shadows from the north New- foundland current. In consequence, a tor- rent of letters and ‘tele- grams floods the Hydro- graphic Office. Many of the reports are weil founded. But sailormen have become “panicky,” coo and readily call a blotch of oil asubmarine. But thé Office cannot discrimi- nate. If there is a germ of truth in the report, it must be distributed to the entire Navy and merchant marine. Next day a thousand navigators plas- ter another “‘vigia”’ on their charts.

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Perec afta? =. BR a oe 8 PSE BBR oa bs Epa te a a aay Ra PRR Popular Science Monthly Better Stop! Look! and Listen! T has been suggested that a universal danger sign be adopt- ed—one that will be recognized immediately by any person of any nationality, irrespective of his ability to read the language of the country. In addition, it could be associated with a graphic illustra- tion of the danger to be avoided. The design put forward is that of a square, set on its corner diamond fashion, with diagonals supporting a circle or ball. The square would be painted white, and the ball red. Experiments have been . made te EXPLOSIVES A proposed new sign that gives a most graphic illustration of the danger with colors to ascertain their visibil- ity in poor lights. The result of this was that white was found to be far the best, yellow being next, but requiring about three times as much illumination as white. Red is away down at the bottom of the list, along with blue and black. To educate people in the use of the new sign, it has been suggested that for a limited time notices in the form shown in our illustra- tion should be used, the warning being translated into various foreign languages. Here’s a Marine Railway Portage HEN the thirty- foot levee along the’ ~ How banks of the Illinois river, below Peoria, Ill., was built to pro- tect about fourteen thousand acres of farm-land from periodic floods, the connection that had existed between the river and Spring Lake, thirty miles from Peoria, was cut off. But the courts decided that the connection _ between the lake and the river must . be maintained. A canal with lifting locks would have been too expensive to build and to maintain; hence it was decided to adopt the marine rail- way plan. An incline of ten per cent grade and 295,feet leng leads from the river to the top of the levee. The incline river boats scale a thirty-foot levee leading from-that point down to the lake forms a horizontal angle of about 135 degrees with the river incline. It has a ten per cent grade and a length of 305 feet. The change in the direc- tion of the two inclines made it neces- sary to build a turntable, which swings the boat from one incline to the other. | Each incline has two standard- gage tracks. The lower ends of the inclines are submerged to a sufficient depth for the floating of the boats as they enter or leave the cradle. The boat-cradle has two vertical - longitudinal trusses 80 feet long and 10 feet high. These are connected by floor beams and diag- onal bracings underneath them. Adjustable floor beams form a deck which carries the boat over the inclines. When a boat is floated into the cradle and over the submerged floor, the boat beams are first raised by the hand-wheels operating the cable drums. Then split nuts fitted with handles are clamped on the threaded rods, and are turned by hand so as to bring the beams to a firm bearing against the hull, thus taking the load. The boat carriage is manipulated by means of a 11%-in. steel cable. Upon reaching the top of the incline the cra- dle is transferred to the turntable, which is pivoted between the two inclines. a x ni si See.. ee CABLE DRU HAND-WHEELS " The cradle—which with a heavy boat weighs about four hundred tons—moves up the incline at a speed of sixteen feet a minute. A spring, released by the sudden slackening of the cable, sets the brakes on the wheels 48

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=, re Co YS SS SP —- OS + ee Z- th or ne he or, he ire nd ng ast by on Ta- ich =) —— -water. - equal parts of sand, cement, November, 1918 Flushing the pavement blocks preparatory to filling in with a mixture of cement and sand Making Over Old City Pavements into New HE municipal government of Cincinnati has found a way to make new streets out of old ones, thereby saving fully two thirds of the cost. When granite pavement begins to show holes and ruts, the entire paving is torn up, and the layer of sand be- neath it is removed. In nine cases out of ten the concrete foundation of the street will be found in first-class condition. - A level sand surface bed for the granite is then prepared on the old concrete foundation. The old sand is used for that purpose, and _ only as much new sand as is necessary. The old granite blocks are scraped clean of tar or other binder, and are then relaid on the new sand bed, half- inch spaces being allowed be- tween the blocks. They are - then thoroughly flushed with Then, while the paving is still wet, a thin mixture of two parts of sand to one of cement, with enough water to make it flow readily, is raked over the sur- face, taking care to fill every crevice. While this surface is still wet, a thinner mixture of and water is raked overit. It is allowed to set for several days; then the street is ready for traffic. This surface of cement not only remains smooth after years of wear, but does not become slippery in the win- ter-time or after a drenching rain in summer. ; The price of a made-over pavement is about one third what a new one would cost. With this simple apparatus it is possible to sterilize books without injury to them, and with perfect safety to the operator The photographer can focus with the assurance that no sagging of the cloth will obscure the lens To Restrain the Frivolous Focusing-Cloth T kas taken amateur photographers thirty years to produce a man— Edward W. Humbert, of Uniontown, Pa.—sufficiently annoyed with the focusing-cloth to patent a method that will makeit shieldthe camera of it formerly pulled over. The reformed cloth is of the ordinary material, and rectangular. It has, however, near the forward end and in the center, an opening of sufficient size to let the lens and its mounting protrude. This opening is equipped with eyelets corresponding with the usual projections of the front-board of a camera, to hold the cloth in position. 49 In the “beater,” wooden rods turned by a handle strike the books, releasing the dust Gassing the Germs in Books LMOST the first thing to meet the eyes of French hygienists in their war-time campaign for pro- tecting the younger generation was their old enemy, the circulating book, well known as a carrier. of disease. - The many obvious solutions of the problem shared one disadvantage: while killing the germs they de- stroyed the book also. For the method perfected by Dr. Marsoulan, and now practised in the Institute for Wounded and Infirm Workmen at Montreuil, it is claimed that for one fourth of a cent for each book, and with safety to operators, books can be sterilized without the slightest injury. Two pieces of very simple apparatus are used: a beater and a disinfector. The beater is a long box open at one end and communi- cating at the other with an ordinary stove. Inside of the beater are wooden rods so ar- - ranged that the turning of a handle will cause them to strike on the books placed on a sliding frame. As the rods beat the ‘books, the heavier particles of dust fall out into a tray of disinfectant below, and the lighter are carried by an exhaust fan to a stove, where they are burnt. The books are hung, open, - by spring clips from a skeleton framework, and wheeled into the disinfecting chamber, which is equipped with a tank containing a solution formaldehyde. The temperature is raised to 120°F., the formaldehyde kills the germs, and the fumes are carried off by a funnel.

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sgurerepen sm — — Treating Four-Footed Patients In a Hospital’ By A. M. Jungmann its leg, would you shudder and cover * [' you had a favorite horse that broke your ears while someone put a bullet through its brain? Or, if your horse is sick, would you try to “doctor” it yourself as best you could? Neither the finishing bullet nor unskilled doctoring are necessary. Nowadays, if your horse has an accident or gets sick, you can call an ambulance, just as you would for a member of your family, and send it to one of the excellent hospitals that are equipped and maintained for the benefit of animals. And that applies to cats and dogs, too. Wemen’s League for Animals Hospital The New York Women’s League for Animals has a splendid hospital where . patients receive the very best treat- ment. The hospital is divided into wards and operating-rooms for large and small animals. A sick horse is brought into a reception-room in an ambulance, placed on. an elevator, and taken to the ward or operating- room, as its case may demand. The animal is moved so skilfully that it neither struggles nor suffers unneces- sary pain. The horse wards are clean and sunny and free from flies. Some of the ailments of horses are treated by means of baths. If your ‘cated bath, it is placed horse needs a medi- on a platform, a kind of trap-door, and lowered into the bath. This ar- rangement is desirable because the horse does not have to exert itself by stepping up or down in order to enter its bath, and it does not get frightened. Suppose your horse has been injured. It is placed in an arrange- ment of bars, somewhat like a stall, and tied in such a manner that it is fairly comfortable; yet it cannot move and harm itself while the doctor is dressing its This horse is being lowered into a bath. The platform is raised and lowered like an_ elevator The stocks in which horses are placed to have their wounds dressed. Note the antisep- tic container and rubber tube con- nected to it, which comes just behind the doctor’s head. This enables him to irrigate the wound with an an- tiseptic solution 50 A new operating table for small ani- mals. It is adjustable and may be made to accommodate any size animal. Doctors Bruce Blair and R. H. Spalding are performing an operation on a spaniel at the hospital maintained by the New York Women’s League for Animals wounds. This ingenious apparatus is known as the “‘stocks.”’ A recepta- cle for antiseptics is hung above the stocks, and a rubber irrigating-tube is connected with the receptacle. ' Horses suffering from painful wounds are always given an anes- thetic before being operated upon. The operating-room looks very much like the operating-room in a hospital for human beings. A feature of this room is a new operating-table which was recently presented to the League. It is ad- justable so that any small animal can be placed on it in such a man- ner that the surgeon can do his work rapidly and efficiently. It is pivoted on a stand, so that it will rotate in any direction, and is divided down the center and adjustable to any angle. A Dog with Nervous Prostration All kinds of patients are received at the clinic of this hospital. . The waitingzroom will frequently contain several cats and dogs, sometimes a parrot or a canary bird, occasionally a monkey, squirrel, or other unusual pet. Perhaps the most unusual of all the cases recently treated there was that of a dog suffering from nervous prostration. Its mistress had kept it in a small New York apartment, and had ruined its digestion with bonbons, until its canine system had broken down.

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The Airplane Flare—To Light the Enemy’s Country By Albert Whiting Fox —— EK EE ae ® DM The parachute holds the brilliant light in suspension from four to eight minutes, while the aviator locates his objectives and drops his bombs | moe 4 — HE new eta flare, which the Bureau of Ordnance of the War Department - has perfected, is destined to play an im- portant part in the offensive opera- tions which American air-craft is to undertake against. selected targets in German territory. The flare—which is mounted in a red tin can about a yard long, resembling in appearance a minia- ture Zeppelin or torpedo—hangs below the airplane by a framework of metal straps. It weighs about thirty pounds, and is released by a lever. As the flare starts downward from the airplane, the resistance offered by the air causes a small brass wheel mounted at one end to revolve, which in turn sets the mechanism in motion, while at the same time the parachute is opened by air pressure very much like the old-style circus: balloon. Suspended by a Parachute This parachute holds the flare suspended in the air, while the mechanism causes the emission of a | powerful light of from 300,000 to, 350,000 candle-power. Tests already conducted show that this light completely illuminates the terrain below. The parachute holds the bril- liant light in suspension from four to eight minutes, in which time the aviator locates his objectives, drops his bombs, and proceeds on his way. The power of the light is about equal to that supplied by a battery of from 150 to 175 street’arc lamps. If we could suspend, say, fifty incandescent lamp-bulbs over a darkened German city and let the light go down, it would help some. This flare is equal to hanging from 15,000 to 17,500 incandescent lamp-bulbs over the selected point of attack. The use of pyrotechnics in war is for the twofold purpose of signaling and illumination. Before the United States en- tered the war, the Bureau of Ord- nance had perfected signaling and illuminating devices of its own; but when it was decided to bri- gade our troops with the French, it was necessary to have only one set of signals for all. General Pershing therefore ordered all pyrotechnics to be made to con- form to the French system. The devices of a pyrotechnical nature include cartridges, rockets, smoke-bombs, caterpillers, flares, and position lights.

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vas Dai wet Sea alee BOGE woo: a sittin daa eis. : _— * PI tastiest: Lianten — Aa a RAM tapes en hc iti EL ee a ag ee oz. _ wt. snantar tan se ye ata ann pues 5 / x eh oaks Pa

Popular Science Monthly The Bomb-Droppers and How They Work Great birds, laden with death-dealing bombs, carry terror far back of the German lines By Carlyle F. Straub The giant Handley- Page biplane was built chiefly to drop bombs on impor- tant strategic cen- ters that lie far behind the enemy’s lines. It must fly by night; for it is too slow and too unwieldy to elude fast enemy single- seated fighters ~ 7 —— <s+ hy agate = le bos. Me i. . ae ga : a5

* British Official Photograph; © Underwood & Underwood 52 The author of this article is a young Ameri- can who enlisted in the Royal Air Force and became acquainted with the activities of the Handley-Page bombing airplane-—The Editor believed in dropping bombs on fortifications. To be sure, the General Staffs of the European Powers made experiments with dropped bombs, but that was chiefly to confirm their view that it was al- most impossible to hit a target on the ground from an airplane moving at high speed several thousand feet above the ground. Both the journalists and the General Staffs proved to be right when the test of war came. Bombs can be terribly effective—but targets are undeniably hard to hit. For all that, bombs are dropped more and more frequently. Bombing activity has increased many hundred per cent since the war began. A record of raids made by airmen of the Allies over German supply centers is available only for the six months beginning January 1 and ending June 30, 1918. Here it is: B ‘saieve the war only a few imaginative journalists No. of times Raided BENsdori—StBuion ONG BIGINGS .. .4 6. occ css vee ce eeecees 6 Coblenz—-Station and barracks ...............0.eeee cues 3 Cologne—Stations, factories, barracks.................... 3 Courcelles—Station and sidings ................cceeeeeee 8 Diedenhofen (Thionville)—Station and sidings ............ 19 USNs ——sWERUAO TR AINE GEANINIIS ooo 00s 6 0:0 0,0 6.0015 bots vines tc cee 3 Hagendingen—Railways and factories..................4. 3 Karlsruhe—Station and workshops ................0+0005 4 SPINRUE—CLALION GNA DIIGGES. 6. ooo os cas eestseseees if Kreuzwald—Electric power station .................0005 9 Landau—Barracks, station, sidings, gasworks ............. 9 Mannheim—Chemical factory ................22 eee eee 12 BORER TROOTE INCL TEEIIG 5 6 a0 ens 6.011019 6 0:00 0.9 60:9 0:0 0:8 20 Metz-Sablons—Stations, sidings, railway triangle.......... Q5 Saarbrucken—Factories, sidings, station.......6.........- 6 CS SS Be) 0 A Ane ae eee 2 Development of Bomb-Dropping The development of bomb-dropping in the four years of the war has been so rapid that it seems almost in- credible as we look back uponit. Both the Germans and the French were so busy watching each other’s move- ments with the aid of aircraft, in the anxious days that preceded the first battle of the Marne, that there was no time for bomb-dropping. And when at last the two forces dug themselves in and the systematic use of airplanes began, the bomb appeared. At first artillery shells were dropped by venturesome volunteers on the side of the Allies. It was not until 1915 that NOTCHED AND NUMBERED SEGMENT

ee ce we wee ~o woooore” -- =<"

SLIDING DETENT BAR, SWINGING CLAMP JAW Details of the machinery that releases at a touch the bombs, weighing 100 pounds each, carried by the giant planes

ee

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November, 1918 the bomb, as we know it, was -intro- ---:quced, and then it was by Germans in their attacks on open towns. Before bombs can be effectively dropped you must have a machine by which they can be carried... The bombs must be as heavy as possible; they must be as numerous as pos- sible. Hence a bombing-machine must be, above all, a weight-carrier. Buta machine that carries a heavy load can- not be fast; nor can it climb high or maneuver easily. It becomes a prey to the speedy enemy fighter. To meet that situation bombing-machines were designed along the lines of two-seated ° reconnaissance airplanes which could carry a few light bombs. They had but a small radius of action, and accordingly they were used only for attacking am- munition dumps, batteries, and railway junctions in the - battle area. But back of the enemy’s lines—a hundred miles, per- haps—are important ammu- nition factories, stores, rail- way centers, and great depots. These are of stra- tegic significance. To reach “< them with the light, fast i the bombers, with their escort of fight- ing planes, cross : the enemy lines bomber, is almost hopeless. A still heavier machine is required. Such a machine cannot be successfully used in the daytime. It would become an easy mark for attacking enemy planes and for anti-aircraft guns—because it is too slow, too large. Hence*it flies by night, so that it has chiefly the anti-aircraft batteries to contend with. First Big Bombs English The first of these huge long-distance bombing-planes was unquestionably the Handley-Page of Eng- land. As soon as it fell into the hands of the Ger- mans it served as a model for the Gothas, Friedrich- shafens, and A. E. G’s.— machines which have bom- barded London and Paris time and time again. The Handley-Page has been pictured and described so often that it is hardly necessary to dilate upon her hugeness again. The wing span is never less than ninety-eight feet, and may even be as much as a hundred and ten; the fuse- lage, or body, is sixty-five feet long. The number of bombs carried varies with cireum- stances. The average load is six bombs of one hundred poundseach. A bombing journey in a Handley-Page lasts from five to nine hours.

The Night-Birds and How They Fly A bombing raid is as carefully planned as if it were a scientific ex- pedition. for days reconnaissance machines have studied the particular railway center or battery that is to be blown off the map. Hundreds of photographs are taken of it. Finally the eventful night comes. It is midnight. A dozen machines are lined up—huge, curious, gaunt night-birds. At the tail-end of each glows a red light. It serves as a —e Red. Gree Red \ BOMBING BOMBING. PLANE an PLANES Pa aad \ formation < SECOND 7 "\ x MACHINES =<, Xx REAR-GUARD SCOUT MACHINE warning to the man behind: there must be no rear-end collisions. You can identify the commander’s machine, because it has a green light on one wing-tip and a red light on the other, like a ship. The commander climbs into the cockpit. There is a splutter and a roar. Heisoff. In afew seconds he is followed by a pair of fast fighters— guarding escorts. Then the other

53 The end of a perfect raid. Bombs have fallen squarely on the mole in a German harbor

machines rise, followed by more escort- ing fighters. The machines fly in ““V” formation. Sse Forty miles behind the German lines, the squadron. sees powerful lights that mark the railway center to be destroyed. The searchlights are those of an anti-aircraft: battery. Now, the beam of a searchlight is a straight line, but the path of an anti- aircraft projectile is curved. +The commander dives straight down. into the light, knowing that he cannot be hit. The German knows it too., He shifts the beam. Thus the light is both a menace and a protection. Each machine is equipped with a simple sighting apparatus—as simple as the sights of a rifle. Each observer notes the speed of his machine and its height from the ground. He ad- justs the sights accordingly. ; aN He pulls a trigger or handle. PUANE. One bomb is released. He : waits—ten, twenty, thirty, forty seconds. There is a red flash far below. The searchlight is literally blot- ted out. The battery has surely been hit. The forma- tion continues its flight. Faint lights can be seen be- low; they travel in a very definite course, What are they? A line of motor transports. Some of the lights suddenly vanish. The motors have run to cover. Was the Raid Successful? This is the depot to be blown up. The commander dives. The rest of the squadron imitate him, opening out as it does so.. Then follows a hail of death. Over an area of twenty miles fires can be seen flaring up. Surely the railway center must be destroyed. The leader banks his machine—the signal to begin the flight for home. Was the raid successful? -To find out, a reconnais- sance machine ec u'pped with cameras is sent over the German lines the fol-. lowing day. It brings back a score of pictures. Hereisa hole in a pasture; there an anti-aircraft gun overturned; in a ditch lies a ‘motor-truck. But the depot is still intact. An- other expedition must be organized. And so, night after night, for two and even three weeks, the squadron must vault into the air, drop its freight of death, and return, until the photographs bear unmis- takable witness of the cen- ter’s complete destruction. -

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Running a cultivator is not so very strenuous if you can sit comfortably, shaded by a parasol, on a big three-wheeled tractor, and watch the work being done for you A Tractor with Three Wheels ECAUSE approximately 100,600 farm tractors will be manufactured in the United States this year, the farm tractor industry is fast bring- ing-us to the motorized farm, with motor-cars to carry the farmer in his work, motor- trucks to deliver his geods, and now the motor farm trac- tor to plant, cultivate, and cut his crops. - With this development in the industry, which last year made only. twenty: thousand tractors, has come a great change in the design of the tractors themselves. Briefly, the ten- dency in design has been toward the light machine, equipped with an auto- mobile-type gas engine and following automobile practice throughout in power trans- mission, steering, and other MAIN CRANKSHAFT BEARIN eal CRANKSHAFT BEARING OIL RING The driving mechanism of the new tractor embodies many novel features details of construction. One of the newest and most advanced types of tractors to be seen in the fields this year is shown in the accompanying illus- tration. This tractor has many unusual features, including three so Ee an enclosed gear-set, and a frame to prevent the machine from tipping. 54 ‘ insulate it. CONNECTING ROD BEARINGS Popular Science Monthly Motor-Trucks Revolutionize Telephone Construction ID you ever think of the enormous amount of labor that makes it possible for you to talk to a person hundreds of miles distant? Take the wire, for instance. It had to be stretched, perhaps over mountains and through valleys, across rivers and around obstacles too difficult to sur- mount. It could not simply be laid on the ground: it was necessary to conduct it overhead and _ properly That required the erec- tion of supports, usually tall wooden poles, planted at certain intervals in holes bored in the ground. Think - of the hundreds of miles of wire, the thousands of poles, the tons of glass insulators which had to be transported, the number of men engaged in the task, and the enormous amount of labor involved. Formerly it required a crew of nine men to erect a single pole. As the work progressed, the distances over which these poles, the rolls of wire, and the working gangs had to be increased. Relay teams had to be provided, which de- manded additional horses and additional men. The introduction of motor- trucks has completely revo- lutionized the work of tele- phone-line construction. A. powerful motor-truck, equipped with lifting crane, winches, and all the neces- sary tools, now carries the rolls of wire, the insulators, etc., and hauls the trailers loaded with more poles than two or three teams of horses could pull formerly. On the truck there is also ample room for the working crew, which now consists of just two men. Two men, with this motor- truck, can plant a pole quicker and better than the crew of nine that was formerly required hauled by slow horse teams, . ENP AB RE

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UT in No Man’s Land, with the shrapnel splinters burying them- selves into man and beast, quickness in: rendering aid to the injured is more -precious than anything else. The Medical Corps has designed a new type of litter-carrier which will en- able stretcher-bearers to care for double the number-of men they could handle withoutit. Where twostretcher- bearers now remove one wounded man to a place of safety in a stretcher, the new litter-carrier will make it pos- sible for them to carry two. The new apparatus consists of a sulky-like vehicle with one axle carry- ing bicycle-like pneumatic tires. The body is made of ordinary pipe with canvas sides and floor. It has a folding top, which can be swung over the tops of the pipe sides to form a support ait > : a ; peice, Se aee ' =~ w™* p >> ad a ¥ . - cs * * ti, 2 —— < \ x my — a Fe Re —e

a The sulky-like litter ready to receive its load. Pneu- matic wheels make easy riding for the wounded Twelve ambulances can be kept in repair by the aid of this spare parts trailer. It has a steel body, with trays to carry the necessary. repair parts and a complete tool-kit

This New Litter-Carrier

Two wounded men can be carried comfortably at one time in this litter for one stretcher, the second being carried directly below, just over the axle. The vehicle is light, yet substantially made. It ispulled by means of a handle and harness-like affair over the are

Doubles the Service shoulders of the stretcher-bearers. Be- cause of the pneumatic tires, consider- able speed may be made without caus- ing excessive pain to wounded. of these litter-carriers is to be at- tached to each of our front-line ambulances, and may be hauled back of the line by the motor ambulance and thereby increase fifty per cent, since the ambulance itself carries only four wounded. One its efficiency Another new type of vehicle now being supplied to our ambulance men overseas is a spare parts trailer which will carry enough parts to keep twelve ambulances in repair unless hit by a shell, when there would be little gain in picking up the pieces. The new trailer is of the four-wheeled type, and is mounted on solid tires for greater speed. When the ambulances move up to the front, the new field litter tows easily behind. And when the ambulance hurries its load back. to the hospital the trailer increases its carrying power by half, since the am- bulance itself carries only four Don’t Scrap That Old Car—There’s Money in It HE tremendous decrease in motor passenger-car production, due to the demands of the govern- ment, has put a premium on the used car. A Richmond, Va., dealer awake to this, took the opportunity re- cently to: do some unusual advertising. He had purchased a fleet of motor-trucks in Newark, N. J., and at the same time picked up a number of used passenger automobiles. He loaded the small cars on the trucks, and the fleet started for Richmond. All along the route the unusual sight of automobiles carrying auto- mobiles attracted attention,

and the dealer could have sold his freight at a good profit many times. The used car department of one com- pany advertises by sending out an old car divided through the cen-

Don’t sacrifice your old car. 55 There is a lively market forit, and a little paint is a good salesman ter by a partition on which is painted a sky-line to merge with the true sky, and with a dummy steering wheel placed on the side opposite the regular wheel. One side of the car is generously splashed with mudand has worn-out fittings, while the other is resplendent in new paint and new up- holstery. The idea is, of course, to show what can be done by an alert dealer to make an old car attractive and there- fore salable.

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eA 7 ahaa lin Bite bbb Ae SRA I ON, SY OPER PI Rd AR ets 8 Spats (CUE ES aeitangiartee i acinaailaan lee See 2S —_ ee _ Out-Guessing Anti-Aircraft Guns a : w ts Bernese : With the extensive use of airplanes in the present war came the necessity for bringing them down, and so anti-aircraft guns were invented. But air pilots are taught to out-guess the gunners below them ART of every airplane pilot’s training has for its object the avoidance of shrapnel. His one safety lies in out-guessing the gunners below. He has the advantage over them, in a sense, because he knows where he will be three seconds hence. One of his first lessons is to keep his airplane between the anti-aircraft guns How the ITH the help of the Hoffman wire tuning-box, the old “‘guess”’ method of tightening the bracing wires in airplanes is done away with. This instrument consists of a light veneered sounding-box on top of which is placed two metal V-shaped saddles, one of which is the indicator. Two scales are placed on the side of the box, one of which indicates the distance between the saddles and the other shows the stress required of a wire, which when supported between the saddles and vibrated, produces a certain tone, which is ascertained by means of a sound-meter, which can and the sun. As soon as the Germans begin firing he may adopt one of several courses. He may change his altitude; or he may change his direc- tion; or he may combine a change of altitude with a change of direction —a course rarely followed, because it is seldom worth while to lose altitude. From a range of twenty-five hundred — yards, it takes a shell approximately seven and a half seconds to arrive. Hence the gunner must so judge the path of the airplane that in seven and a half seconds theshrapnel will meet it. The pilot turns his plane immediate- ly at right angles to his path, and as a result four or five shells are wasted. The German gunners are out-guessed. Hoffman Wire Tuning-Box Works be obtained at any music store. The tone of every wire at the ty a ibathathuathacelt) de Sols ig} { ¥ { ‘ beh bee The tones E, A, D, and G only are used in this instrument: others may be added as they are required 56 required stress is ascertained, and the movable saddle set to its proper position. The tuning-box is then placed against the wire, the saddles being held lightly against it. The wire is vibrated, and .by means of the sound-meter and a turn-buckle is tightened or loosened to produce the required tone. When this is reached the wire has the correct amount of stress upon it. Each wire in the airplane being treated the same way makes the proper fac- tor of safety positive. RA pit ALE A enamel eee —

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- gun,—some boasted two,—and the little machines November, 1918 Ford’s Cavalry in Action LONG a roadway of Epides, the Germans were intrenched, and were put- ting up a stubborn defence with machine-guns against our troops. In the rapid advance our artillery had not yet been able to catch up with the infantry, and the thickly placed German machine-guns seemed to have the best of the situation. It was impossible for the infantry to flank the position quickly, because the ground on either side of the road had been so cut up as to make it difficult to advance over; and to take the machine-gun nests by charging directly along the road meant big losses. As the attack halted, a panting messenger reached the side of the bat- talion commander, saluted, gave a brief word, and was on his way. ‘Wait a minute, boys!” shouted the officer. “We'll hold our attack. They are bringing up the Yankee cavalry.” Hardly had he spoken when up the road raced ten automobiles of the kind that have made Henry Ford famous. On each was mounted a machine- were going as fast as it is in a Ford to go. They were unarmored, of course, and relied upon speed and the element of surprise to carry through the attack on the machine-guns. Fortu- nately, the Germans were no better off than we were in artillery, their guns having been with- drawn as a preliminary to retreat. Straight toward the German lines went the little cars, spouting streams of bullets from either side as they neared the machine-gun nests. The Germans held their ground until the automobiles were almost upon them; and then, seeing little chance of “Kamerading” to this strange cavalcade, they beat a hasty retreat. As the “Ford Cavalry,” as it was promptly christened, was coming back, it met the infantry going up to occupy the positions it had cleared. to each other.

Spouting streams of bullets from either side, the little cars raced straight toward the German machine-gun nests. They were unarmored, of course, and relied upon speed and the element of surprise for the success of a real Yankee trick 57

The flying and landing wires are always in pairs and-run- opposite On the ground the landing wires are tight and cy the flying wires are relaxed The Life-Lines of the Airplane — HE airplane shown below is a standard Curtiss training biplane, hundreds of which are in daily use throughout the country. The fighting planes do not rely on wires for support, since their construc- tion is such as to make wires nearly unnecessary. But in the training planes the airman’s life depends a great deal on the bracing wires.

«\ Stagger or . incidence wires 7/ Bottom plane The stagger wires keep the difference in the alignment of the top and bottom plane constant. No machine is flown until the wires have been examined You will notice that the flying and landing wires, which are always in twos, run opposite to each other. When the plane is on the ground the landing wires are as tight as drums, supporting the weight of the wings; and the flying wires are relaxed. In the air the flying wires take up the strain, and the landing wires are idle. Wires play an important part in the under-carriage too, as they brace the chassis against the many shocks of landing. At the end of each wing extension wires keep the overlapping upper planes in position. The driit wires, running from the main planes to the front of the engine-bed, hold the wings rigid and cut down resistance. The stagger wires keep the difference in the alignment of the top and bot- tom plane exactly the same as when the machine was assembled in the factory. Bracing wires are kept taut by means of special turn-buckles at each end of the wire. No machine leaves the ground until all these wires have been gone over and tested. To take a chance without in- spection might mean sudden death.

Drift wires

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miles. 4210 Fh Ae The Latest Thing in Bedrooms "THE expression of sur- _ prise at sleeping accom- modations must have palled on the lips of men in active service. The Tommies here shown climbing into some vast tank in the ruins of a town in northern France seem bored rather than excited at their novel dormitory. One man, transferred from trenches to rest camp, is al- leged to have passed a sleep-

He missed his usual lul- laby of shell-fire. Women Bosses ERE isa sight that will gladden the hearts of feminists —a. forewoman bossing a gang of subordinate males. This happy condi- tion. exists in a French fac- tory for making airplane bombs, where this photo- gtaph was taken. The bombs, which are standing on the floor, are being tested for weakness. This is done by compressed air, which enters the bombs through pipe-lines. As air is forced into a torpedo, any weakness in the metal will mani- fest itself. For instance, if the joinings are not perfect the air will hiss out through the

Learning to Use Giant Searchlights HUcE searchlights are used in the defence of our coasts and harbors. The large parabolic mirrors throw out the rays of a high-power electric arc to a distance of many The picture above shows a class of coast guards receiv- ing instruction in the use of the searchlights. British Official Photograph ee ee ee nae J

© Harris & Ewing It Clips Its Way through Barbed Wire AVING converted our farm trac- tors into tanks, and the “‘stink- pot’’ of the Chinese into gas-shells, we now turn barber-shop experiences to account. At least, it seems to us that the remarkably effective wire-cutter recently shown by its inventor, John E, Logan, before officers in the Capitol grounds at Wash- ington, is reminiscent of the type of clipper applied to the back of the male neck. The machine, which is armored and of bullet-de- flecting shape, is operated by two men. One propels the machine, while the other manipulates the cutter. As shown in the photo- graph above, the cutter is a bar on the forward side of which are numerous steel teeth. When the machine brings this bar against a wire en- tanglement the wires fall between the teeth. Push down a lever within the steel body and the - teeth

tremendous force. The men are protected by the body from the flying ends of the © Underwood and Underwood wire. cracks; or if the metal is exceptionally thin in any place it will start to bulge under the extreme air pressure. The men make the observations, but it is the woman who keeps all records and bosses the job. Vive la France! 53 On its demonstration, the machine cut through seventy-two strands of a model entanglement in nine seconds less than half a minute. The picture in the center of the page . shows the interior of this curious war ma- chine. are brought together with - comet nama mace ma ae nice 28. seamen

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rac- ink- , we s to that tive own Be . the ash- the 1 to ck. h is t-de- d by the ther 10to- er is Je of steel rings . en- fall Push the teeth with - men body f the , the ds of less page . ma-

November, 1918

© Committee on Public Information The Army Shoots Clay Pigeons \S every rifleman knows, shooting from ground level and shooting from a height are two different things. This is the reason why the United States Government provides, for those likely to see aerial or mountain fighting, a course on towers. At an elevation of fifty feet, the soldiers practise on clay pigeons, launched both from the ground and from the top of the tower. Mending the Bones of War Cars ELL back of the lines in France there are enormous open hospitals for broken motor-trucks. . Some of the British transport vehicles in the picture below seem ruined beyond hope. But not so. If nothing is left but one wheel, that wheel will help to repair some other car having three. The most complete smash imaginable always yields a good supply of nuts and bolts, which, while the hopelessly twisted metal is sent to the scrap heap, are stored for repairs on some future casualty of the same make.

© International Film Service Launching a Hydro -Airplane i igve picture above shows the launch- ing of a hydro-airplane from a British battleship in the harbor of Salo- niki. The aquatic biplane is suspended from the end of the cable by wires, and carefully lowered until it rests upon the water.

Leather

Armor for the Picture-Hanger FTER he had injured himself a great many times by smashing his fingers with a hammer, Nathaniel Carr Fleming, of Cold- water, Kas., invented the finger-armor above. He has secured a patent on it.

1A Watching the Shots Fall iS first glance you would suppose that the men climbing this ladder are fruit- pickers. Then you notice that they are soldiers and that the trees are not fruit trees at all. ° The truth is that the ladder is merely one of a hundred different devices for climbing to a great height in order to observe the effect of artillery fire on the enemy. The ladder must be a temporary expedient, or it would be camouflaged. A watchful enemy aviator would see it at once.

East and West in France O, these Chinamen are not going to have a May-pole dance. They are hard- working, worthy laborers in France, lined up for. roll-call. The seeming May-pole is the Chinaman’s idea of a roll-book. On the streamers are written the names of the men. When we see the English officer calmly inspecting these Chinese names, we begin to lose faith in the proverb about East not meeting West before the judgment-day.

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Niele NAS hse Pac Sine sb eps Scow Makes Gas Attack on New York Passengers on the Fall River liner Providence, docked at her pier in New York, recently had a remarkable demonstration of the possibilities of a gas attack by sea. The boat had reached her pier in the early morning, and the passengers, still asleep in their berths, were awakened by choking fumes. Meantime half the water-front was coughing, and the They found that the fumes came from the most peaceful of craft, a railroad scow, which had broken from her pier farther up the river. The scow’s cargo consisted of twenty-five tons of chloride of lime that had been condemned by Federal inspectors the day before. During the scow’s runaway journey the choppy waves of the river had splashed over her rail, causing the de- composition of her cargo and the liberation of the gas. police were scurrying around to find the reason for it all. No More Waiting While They Figure Your Interest ae } ” = : nar et me Dees aces “OS INTEREST I OMATIC SAVINGS CERTIF vik O0 ANYWHERE OW OEM M MONEY FOR PLYROLLS. TRAVELERS. MERCHANTS AND has Cortifies MINNEAPOLIS BEDDING CO. / deposited "ST. ANTHONY FALLS BANK , MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. - 17-6 L OCT 9, 1917 C0 TWENTY ¥ DO! LARS *& muse $ —t JAN 9, 1918 or bearer VALE $ Payable with interest as shown in the table to. (unless otherwise ordered below)in current funds on surrender hereof|ar Ter 60 DAs NOTICE IF REQUIRED) ORDER: PAY THIS CERTIFICATE, TO MY ORDER APR 9, 1918 $& Sigee-_ PAYABLE TO BEARER UNTIL SIGNED HERE Owner h when pup ners.» ™ Ra SE EOONT wetoeteg relnene By SPECIMEN os FROM JULY 9, 23 en co meens VALUE $ 21. eee L OCT 9, 1918 co KEEPS EPS MONEY GROWING saree BP uc 21.44 2 A dertiliate that FenER we interest on your savings- bank deposit at different periods. It has. proved very popular with depositors whose banks issue them 3 OME savings banks have done away with much of the delay occasioned by reckoning interest and setting it down in- the pass-books of depositors by using certificates devised by J. E. Hanzlik of Minneapolis, Minn. These certificates show the interest that has accrued on different given amounts at various times. Bi: If, for example, you deposited $20 on January 9, 1917, you received a certificate showing that that amount had been placed to your credit in the bank. At one side of the certificate is a table indicating that on April 9, 1917, the interest on your de- posit, reckoned at four per cent, totaled twenty cents, and so on. Thus on October 9, 1918, you can see by glancing at your certificate that your interest has swelled to $1.44. Aside from the avoidance of delay, depositors favor the savings certificates because they can see at a glance just what amount is due them. 60 Mule-and-a-Half Power in the West Indies T offends the West Indian to see natural power going to waste. West Indian carts are nominally one-horse vehicles. The first measure of conservation is, obviously, to replace the horse by the still more sturdy mule. The next measure is to insure that the cart carries on each trip its fullest possible burden. It is at this point that the problem arises. The mule points out that’ he has seventeen sixteenths of the amount he can possibly draw, and protests. A rash Northerner would probably cry in his haste, ‘Harness . another mule!’”’ The West Indian keeps the extra mule in the stable, and adds an auxiliary donkey. © Brown & Dawson. If a load is too big for a single mule and too small for a team of mules, why isn’t this the solution?

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J] ver lly ion ore she ule she ish OSs . ' : crosswise of the ship instead of on the lon- _ The Gerbeviller steamed away from AIN'S QUARTERS 550 H.P. TRIPLE EXPANSION STEAM ENGINE HOLD 4 HOLD HOLD 3 HOLD APPROXIMATE INBOARD PROFILE Inboard profile of the wood schooners equipped with steam- engines, being built on the Pacific for France . HOLD 2 LOWER D OWER DECK HATCHES MAXIMUM DRAFT 23° Steam, Sail, and Wood Meet Again in New Craft HAT is out of place on the huge five-masted sailing- WV schooner in the picture below? Why, it’s thesmoke, of course, and the smoke comes from two tall stacks just in front of the fourth mast. The schooner is almost reminiscent of the balmy days in the early part of the nineteenth century when the sailing- ships of the United States ruled the seven seas. Yet the ship shown herewith is not to fly the American flag, al- though it was built in the yards of the Foundation Company on the Pacific Coast. -She is one of forty 3000-ton wood schooners contracted for by the French government as one of the ways to replace its transatlantic and coastwise ships that have been sunk by German submarines. Follows Conventional Schooner Design Except for the unusual fitting of the engines, the ship follows the conventional -schooner design. The inboard profile pictured above shows the ap- proximate location of the two coal-fired water- tube boilers and the two 350-horsepower triple- expansion steam-engines, one mounted on each side of the center-line and driving its own screw propeller. Two stacks are provided, one for each boiler. They are mounted side by side, gitudinal center-line, as is usually the custom on steam vessels. The schooner illustrated, the Gerbeviller, which is the first of the forty-boat fleet to be launched, was also the first of the wooden ships to be launched at the Tacoma (Wash- ington) shipyards since the beginning of the war. Vindication of Goethals’ Plan? the fitting-out yards of the Founda- tion Company on the Hylebos Wa- terway on June 1, 1918, and on her trial trip she easily made a speed of ten knots over a measured course. Although unladen, that speed was accomplished without the develop- ment of any appreciable amount of vibration which might tend to shake the heavy engines loose from their foundations —one of the chief objections brought against General Goethals’ plans of building a great fleet of engine-driven wood ships when the Shipping Board was first formed. Satisfactory Trial Trip The trial trip of the Gerbe- viller was so satisfactory that it is expected that her sister ships will be able to de- velop a speed of more than eight knots with- out the use of sails when fully loaded. The over-all di- \ mensions of the \ schooner are: Length, two ‘ hundred \ ‘ andeighty . feet, beam forty - five and a half feet, draft twenty- three feet. It looks like one of the old five-masters seen in Casco Bay be- fore the war; but it is one of forty wood schooners built to take the place of torpedoed French ships Te eee — — cm

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This device for squeezing air out of the inner tubes of tires saves time Just step in—your weight. will auto- matically open and close the sliding door ny en ee BRAKE PEDAL TRANSMISSION BRAKE BAND W FRICTION DISK pls (LOOSE ON SHAFT) & aternge Hf Ys WA AR + aR This flat disk-brake works in con- junction with the circular band-brake Se ee Work your jack by connecting it by a flexible shaft with your engine-shaft Mechanical Aid and Goniart for A big refrigerator trailed by a motor-truck for distributing meats to branch stations LOCKING WEDGE The two parts of * the rim can quickly be slipped off by unlocking the fastening plates = MOvABLE RING With a T-shaped key any child of ten can take off. this rim in one minute How they clean sewer catch-basins in Cambridge, Mass. The work is done with the help of a motor-truck spe- cially equipped for the purpose with Housed in this cab, the driver of the a hoisting and dredging apparatus motor-truck can brave any weather 62

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uck ions ON Ms LOCKING WEDGE OVABLE ING r any e off. inute A the ther the Automobile Owner and Driver HS ge AY \ A Chicago packing concern uses these trailers suc- cessfully to prevent meat from spoiling in transit Two threaded jaws, se- cured by a ferrule held in place by a spring, keep the spark plug from becoming loose Squeaks and rattles are quickly located by running the automobile back and forth over this frame SUPPORT FOR CHASSIS SIDE BAR ON EQUALIZING CHAINS CHASSIS SIDE BAR Water forced through the holes between the bristles of this brush makes SPROCKET-OPERATED washing the wheels easy CUSHION SPRINGS! When you draw gasoline from this pump, you can see the liquid through the glass wall of the measuring cylinder BRACKET SUPPORT FOR EQUALIZING CHAINS ON AXLE HOUSING Compensating springs attached A flexible wire connected with the air-shutter lever of your Ford makes starting in cold weather easy to chains running over pulleys is the feature of this road equalizer GAS MIXTURE CONTROL This old windmill tower has been made useful as an auto- mobile garage 63 The life of license plates may be prolonged © by using a separate plate for the year number ——— ——— v

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ee e ii When There’s One | ian | More River to Cross How the soldiers ferry themselves over when bridges are down Trust any kind of raft that keeps your powder “ dry—although modern ex- plosives will stand some nomena Wet clothes hamper a fighter. ‘If there is time, the “‘doughboys”’ strip to the buff at the fords. The entire field equipment of an infantryman -.can be packed in a shelter-tent wetting. A triangular craft of light boards will carry a swimmer’s outfit, If the soldier can fasten a shelter-tent bundle un- derneath to increase buoyancy, his rifle is sure to be out of the wet : and carried either on the | man’s head or on his back i A barn door nailed on poles and provided with outriggers makes a good emergency ferry-boat for Yank or Tommy; but a-single beam with board outriggers knocked from a handy fence makes a splendid catamaran, and atrench shovel a very efficient pad- dle. - High-water trousers are the proper costume for this aquatic sport Feed sacks packed with straw will serve to ferry the saddles over, Poles or lances stuck } through the loops of the sacks form the framework on which the saddles are ade- quately supported, with a carbine on either side 2 i When the water is and there isn’t time to strip, If the soldier is a good swimmer, his raft becomes a welcome 4 coupled poles enable aman to pull himself across ferry for the arms and equipment of some less gifted pal £ i. 64 Ge sath, t

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var “te z catiney Ps. raft vder 1 ex- ome itfit. sten ase leis - with > to ver, tuck s of hich ade- ‘side l f | } i i Chemical Parsons:in War Service In which you are told something about catalyzers & By John Walker Harrington Left: A small heap of the catalyzer, liquid oil, and solid, hydrogenated oil Right: $150 worth of palladium black, a powerful catalyzer LTHOUGH “chemical parsons” are A only substances, they are helping to win the war. The chemists call them thus because they marry cer- tain elements without themselves en- tering into the new combinations. Technically, they are catalyzers; that is, they affect the velocity of a chem- ical reaction without appearing in the final product. The parsons attract atoms to their surfaces, and hold them there ‘for union with other atoms. They condense gases, retain them until the new substance is complete, and then preside over other unions. Platinum is the primate of chem- ical parsons. It gathers up oxygen and brings it into new relations. In ~ the manufacture of sulphuric acii it adds more oxygen to the dioxid of sulphur. That liquid, by its ac- tion on Chilean nitrates, gives us the nitric acid that is the foundation of practically all the high explosives of modern warfare. Platinum is also used in carrying oxygen to ammonia. Platinum to Help Win War Although platinum is not a beau- tiful metal, it is in much demand for setting diamonds and other precious stones, because of its great strength; also it is more costly than gold. Collodial solution of platinum, palladium, osmium, and iridium are extensively used to promote pro- cesses of war industry. Catalyzers are of service in aniline plants. Were it not for vanadium pentoxid the use of coal-tar products would be smaller. If one part of this rare salt is added to 270,000 parts of aniline salt, there will be produced speedily a fine aniline black, an in- dispensable dye. From coal-tar colors to ammunition is no far cry. Common metals also have their place in bringing other substances intoone. Pure iron was extensively employed by the German chemist Dr. Fritz Haber for the uniting of hydrogen and nitrogen in making ammonia. The whole world, as a result of the war, is lacking in fat for food. All kinds of butter substitutes have been contrived, and hydrogen is used to solid- ify the oil of cottonseed and the olive. Finely divided nickel or nickel oxid is the means of adding hydrogen. ee ae One of the big converters for the hydrogenation, by means of cat- alyzers, of liquid oils or fats 65 Complicated special machinery has been devised for bringing about these unions, and millions of dollars have been invested in the hydrogenation of oils. The value of all these oils is considerably enhanced by this process, and the*chemical par- son is becoming more and more in demand. With the aid of nickel, olein is changed to stearin as if by magic. Much original work along these lines is being done by Mr. Carleton Ellis, author of ‘“‘ The Hydrogena- tion of Oils,’’ through whose courtesy photographs for the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY were taken in his research laboratory at Montclair, N. J., showing his assistants work- ing with the aid of chemical parsons. Soup and Soap It is only recently, in this country, that we have realized that maize contains a large proportion of nutri- tious oil. The Indians knew all this years and years ago. The old men used to sit around the fire waiting for the squaws to finish boiling the corn soup—a dish as rich as chowder and as full of nutriment as beef stock. From corn oil to corn but- ter is only a step. For the making of soap the use of a solid fat is desirable, so vari- ous oils are changed into the firmer consistency before combining them with the alkalis. In cities a grease of rich quality is obtained from gar- bage, which, with the aid of nickel, is converted into a good grade of hard soap grease. Saponification is accelerated by the assistance of the chemical parson. In view of the many essential in- dustries in which these agents are employed at present, every effort is being made by the American Chemical Society and allied organi- zations to further their use. a TO ee serpent ES yA CE ALOE amr Bi ~

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re ——— ee Sa ae om eres This cutter-holder makes it possible to get any desired bevel or angle on a chisel, plane, or other cutting tool. It is a boon to both the skilled and unskilled workman A one-piece body with a spring-oper- ated cover (the spring being inclosed in the cup) for lubricating machinery a Machines Do Your Work A few labor-saving devices that make it easier for the mechanic SAW SLOT: ‘to FIT FUSE. ATTACH TO KEY RING TT \ 1 | l sa A wood block with a saw cut and hole to fit a fuse for safety handling Dowels of varying sizes and lengths, and rods of prac- tically any length, may be quickly turned out with the help of this machine for the cabinet- maker or builder This oil-can carries a disk which, when depressed, ‘forces the plunger into a reservoir located at the base of the spout and ejects the oil Above and below is shown a handy wall-hanger for large draw- ; ings and the like. The cam- ! shaped piece easily adjusts the c opening for various thicknesses \ ; t =a) a | , I i Ber An ordinary large paper-clip used to. i a attach papers to a board may be X | \ bent in order to hang papers on a wall "Thin stock, Heavy stoc« | | | | 1 ( t ( A simple gripper to turn a loop in barbed or plain wire, to take up slack Each loop takes up about one inch of the wire This large engine-driven refilling machine has made its appearance in fruit “growing sections. It digs, breaks up, raises, and replaces the earth in planting tr: 66

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Oonevvwvrr oO Aflat-iron rest made of a series of rollers, so that the iron is easily pushed off and on the clothes « Housekeeping Made Easy A few labor-saving devices for those who work in the home A foot-warmer of metal covered with plush. The heating element is non - inflammable x ie Kaen A casement window- opener and adjuster which, being operated by a crank within the house, does not inter- fere with the screen that is set” between A snake decoration to be hung on the door- casing on Hallowe’en, to give the guest a decided thrill Wire kitchen utensils: a plate- lifter, gas-lighter, kettle mat, pie- fork, potato-masher, pie-rack, cork-puller, and cake-beater A progressive grocery-store owner provides paper bags with handles, to en- courage patrons to carry home their purchases A rack for holding glass jars to be used for protect- ing tender plants in a garden. The same jars may be used later for can- ning vegetables EE AROS si 00. SM AEE Tih ed A glass knife, handle and all, the edge being ground by a special process. This knife is specially adaptable for cutting lemons and other acid fruits Another Hallowe’en decoration. This one is to be hung back of a light or translucent shade. Its joints can be ‘Set in any gro- tesque posture desired | lt |

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ewe |) aidaeanepemenme apenas Geen ete + te pe) etl acest —m ae fa Popular Science Monthly Casting Ships in a Mold Concrete vessels that are lighter than wood ONCRETE looks like stone, and everybody knows how quickly a stone sinks when it is cast into the water. That probably accounts for the idea that a concrete ship-must be very. heavy. But according to R. J. Wig, Chief Engineer of the De- partment of Concrete Ship Construc- tion of the United States Shipping Board, a new concrete material that has recently been developed will enable us to build concrete ships twenty per cent lighter than wood ships. Why a Ship Floats As a matter of fact the same inquiry that now arises about concrete ships arose when ships of iron or steel were first built: how can they float, being so much heavier than water? The ability ot a ship to float does not de- pend upon the buoyancy of the ma- terial used in its construction, but upon the weight of the ship compared to an equal volume of water. So long as the ship is lighter than the water, By A. M. Jungmann launched in 1918, and which is now successfully plying the waters of the Pacific coast. When the Faith took to the water, many persons predicted that she would not last any time at all. But her be- havior under all conditions, from calm seas to severe storms, has settled the question as to the worth of concrete ships. She can withstand the heaviest seas, and is as easy to handle as any standard wood or steel ship. In fact, the Department of Concrete Ship Construction of the Shipping Board has made contracts for more than forty ships—cargo-boats of 3,500 and 7,500 tons dead-weight capacity, and tankers of 7,500 tons dead-weight capacity. Construction Not Like Steel The construction of concrete ships is something very different from the construction of either a steel or a wood ship. First of all, a wooden mold is made in the shape of the outside of the ship. Then the reinforcement is put in place, and secured so it cannot move. After that the inside wall of ‘the mold is set in place just the right distance from the outside wall to al- low for the slab and the ribs. When the molds are completed and the re- inforceement is in position, the con- crete is poured into the molds, or forms, in such a manner that every bit of the steel reinforcement is thoroughly covered. As far as possible, the concrete for the bottom, frames, shell, and deck is poured in one continuous operation. When completed, the hull is one solid mass without pieces or patches. It takes about two weeks for the concrete to harden. Then the wooden forms are removed, and a solid ship is the result. The hull is only one part of the job; for, when that is finished, the machinery and fittings must be in- stalled. This is done in the usual way, except that the fittings are fas- it will float, whether it is made of wood, steel, iron, or con- crete. A_ ship floats for the same reason that a china cup or a tin box floats. While concrete ships are not new, —the first one was built in France by M. Lambot in 1849, —the use of rein- forced concrete for the building of a great mer- chant marine really dates from the success of the Faith, a con- crete cargo steamship of about 5,000 tons, which was zM . i l7ine Alas Y A L/\ mat . tened to the con- crete by means of bolts that are put in place when the concrete is poured,orthrough ‘“‘sleeves” pro- vided for the purpose. To Protect It from Sea Water The hull must be covered to prevent the sea water from penetrating to the concrete and the _ steel framework. A new coating is now being used to give the One of our new concrete ships being built. This shows the arrangement of the mesh-and-steel reinforcement before the concrete is poured in the molds 68 needed pro- vection iBalnsy sera ee

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ne ae 2 aati . Navember, 1918 prtneedinlt oeomaatl lL lalabaaadl vent The largest testing machine in the world, at the Bureau of Standards, Pittsburgh. It is shown testing a reinforced concrete beam 23 feet long and 8 feet 2 inches high, representative of a section of a concrete ship at cross-rib both the action of sea water and the growth of marine parasites. In the opinion of Mr. Wig, the danger to the hull from these causes has been obviated. He stated recently: “From our comprehensive tests of concrete structures at sea water, we are convinced that concrete ships will last a minimum of several years with- out any protection whatever. By the application of protective coatings which are well known to us, we are certain of an extended life of several years additional, and with the further de- velopments of protective means upon which we are now working, I believe the concrete ship can be made as permanent as steel, if not more so.” Concrete ships are not launched end on, as is the usual way. They are launched sidewise, because the stresses caused by the sidewise launch- ing are considered to be much less than those incident to an end-on launching. Another four inches thick. The shell is rein- forced by a network of bars running both up and down. The bars are so placed that there is a protection of from five eighths of an inch to one inch between the bar and the outside of the concrete. How the Ships Are Reinforced The reason for the reinforcement is that a ship is subjected to severe stresses when it is on the ocean. Concrete is very strong in resisting compressive stresses, but very weak in resisting tensile stresses. Therefore the concrete in the ship is reinforced with steel because steel has a high tensile strength: Steel bars are placed in the concrete in such a manner that they will take up the tensile stresses. Steel bars are used also to help the concrete to withstand the compressive stresses. For example, they are placed in the top and bottom of the econ- crete ribs and are bound together by steel bands. In this way is built a ship that combines the ability of steel to withstand tensile stresses with the ability of concrete to withstand compressive stresses. ‘“Hogging’’ and ‘Sagging’ When you take into consideration exactly what happens to a ship traveling on the sea, you will per- ceive the wisdom of this construc- tion. The ship is subjected to severe longitudinal stresses, due to the action of the waves. It is alternately supported by a wave- crest ami‘iships, with the ends of the ship in troughs, known as “hogging,” and then supported by wave-crests under the ends of the ship and a trough amidships, called “sagging.” In ‘“‘hogging,’”’ when the support is amidships, the deck of the ship is subjected to tension and the bottom to eompression. Under “sagging” the reverse takes place: the deck is under compression and the bottom is under tension. In a steel ship, the plating of the deck,. bottom, and sides is relied upon to take up these stresses. Therefore sufficient steel reinforcement is placed in the deck and the bottom of a concrete ship to take up the tensile stresses and to assist in withstanding the com- pressive stresses. So far, it has not been possible to make concrete ships as light as steel ships, but every effort is being made to produce a concrete mixture that will be much lighter in weight than either broken stone or gravel. When this has been accomplished, it will be pos- sible to build concrete ships that will be nearer the weight of steel ships. Not as Light as Steel Even though concrete ships are not made as light as steel ships, they can compete commercially with steel ships, because it costs less to build them. It is estimated that it costs about one hundred and twenty-five dollars a dead-weight ton to build con- crete ships, while reason for this method of launch- ing is that the ship can be constructed on an even keel with all the vertical lines truly vertical. The concrete shell is from three to six inches in thickness. In a ship of 3,500 tons dead - weight carrying capacity, the bottom is five inches thick, the side walls and deck The Faith, largest concrete ship afloat. 69 steel ships cost two hundred dollars a dead-weight ton. Another advan- tage in building con- crete ships lies in the fact that, excepting the small amount of steel used in the re- inforcement, it is pos- sible to build the hull without calling upon any of the trades or © International Film She was launched on March 14, 1918, and has been plying the waters of the Pacific so successfully that all doubt of the seaworthiness of concrete ships has vanished required in ordinary ship construction. industries that ~are ES FE ANETTA a rr

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N one of the battles of the Boer War, Piper Findlater, a Scotch Highlander, had his legs shot off. He lay on the ground, a bleeding wreck of a man, clutching his bagpipes and playing ‘“‘The Cock o’ the North.” A whole regiment was fired by the man’s grit. The next day Findlater’s name was on every lip; newspapers and magazines made much of him; music-hall ditties typified him as the stuff of which Britain’s army is made. He was the hero of the hour, and deservedly so. After that hour had passed, and the decorations that had been pinned on Findlater’s breast had begun to tar- nish, the legless hero who cheered on his regiment dropped completely out of sight. But England was destined to hear of him again. His name reap- peared—this time on the posters of music-halls; he was to play his bagpipes, sandwiched in between the trained seals and the Japanese acro- bats.. England was hor- rified—not at itself, but at Findlater. No one stopped to investigate the so- cial and economic conditions that com- pelled poor Findlater to make a living ina field which he had prob- ably never dreamed of | Se By Waldemar Kaempffert and A. M. Jungmann Yes, they even box Crippled But Undaunted — Which shall it be for the crippled veteran of thirty—playing cards in a home or earning his living? entering. Instead of holding out a tin cup on a street corner, he was doing his best to earn an honorable living, and to relieve the State of caring for him. Forty Thousand Cripples Out of an Army of a Million Peace is not yet in sight, but already every government has seen to it that there shall be none of the thoughtless- ness that marked the return of Findlater to private life. The privilege of selling shoestrings on the streets of New York or Chicago after having been blinded by German gas or having an arm torn off by a German shell—is that to be the reward of fight- ing for democracy? Or to watch the flies buzz- ing against the panes of some whitewashed home at the age of twenty-five or thir- ty? Or to gaze on the world as if one were no longer a part of it? If you were to read his letter, you would never know that it was written with a pencil held in a special chuck © International Film Service N/ Until the war is ended the total number of men to be provided for is a matter of mere estimate. If we use the word “disabled’’ in its broadest possible sense, we may expect the return of 120,000 for each million men sent overseas. It is unthinkable that these men shall be permitted to become objects of a demoralizing charity. And so, fol- lowing the example set by France and England, this country has laid its plans to preserve the self-respect of men who will return to us blind, leg- less, armless, and otherwise handi- capped. The Red Cross Institute, the Federal Board for Vocational Educa- tion, the Surgeon-General’s office, and various societies and industrial firms will see to it that there shall be no Piper Findlaters. Federal Board for Vocational Education Since fully 80 per cent of the disabled will be capable of earning a livelihood, according to Major J. L. Todd, a medi- cal officer connected with the Board of Pension Commissioners of Canada, it will be no light task to find places for Here is an example of what the chuck will enable a man to do Ping-pong for the armless! Who could have foreseen that at the outbreak of the war? 70 An artificial arm should be made, net for looks, but for service Saha eT ns a Bh, LLL LAGPOODE EEE) LEVEL TORO LR 8 Yr ie = OU SlhlUcrlhTlUCCOOlUO.lUCO Oe lu ee ee ee ees ee ee a a as tet meet es) es 45 lull OM, OO —

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November, 1918 No doorkeeper’s or watchman’s job for him. He wears the chuck type of arm, made to receive different tools men who are still young and who have been taught to make the most of the physical equipment that still remains. In addition to the thousands of am- putation cases with which the United States must deal, it must also make some provisicn for tens of thousands of men afflicted with severe rheuma: tism, paralysis, shattered muscles, stiff joints. On the Surgeon-General of the United States Army will devolve the duty of healing the disabled man and of giving him some preliminary train- ing. Then he passes to the jurisdic- tion of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. He will earn something while he is learning a trade anew, and ~a family allowance will be paid. When he has completed the prescribed course, he will be turned over to some ac- credited organization, which will see to it that he finds employment at the trade that he has learned. No man is compelled to attend a re-educa- tion school, but his pride will be deliberately touched, so that he will have no desire to become an okj2ct of sympathy or charit7. Some Men Who Have Been Re-educated How does this work out in prac- tice? Lieutenant Frederick Holmes, Ontario officer in charge of In- dustrial Surveys, recently wrote of a Canadian who had lost one eye and both legs, and who was turned over to a jewelry house for a course insilver-polishing. Insix months the man was not only an expert silver- polisher, but had also learned gilding and soldering. Then there is the case of Captain Edward Baker, who went with the “Fine,” said Thomas A. Edison, on learning how this man with one arm and leg earns a living peak load, the low load, the number of minutes, and his own name—all as quickly and as accurately as if he had his sight. It is easier to design a leg than an arm; after all, it is used simply.for the purpose of support 4th Canadian Field Company to France, won the Military Cross and the Croix de Guerre, and lost both his eyes. He had been an electrical en- gineer, but was so disabled that he could not practise his profession. His old firm—a hydro-electric company—took him back. He now operates a typewriter, takes trouble reports along the lines between Niagara and Ontafio, makes out reports on a sheet of paper with twelve rulings, and, by an ingenious spacing arrangement invented by himself, typewrites in the proper space the date, time of day, the trouble, the Teaching a Man to Use Untrained Muscles The first task is to de- termine what ‘a disabled man can do with the natural tools still left to him. A tailor or a novelist who has lost both his legs is a subject for sympathy, but not for re-educa- tion. If aman is blind, he does not have to content him- self with be- coming either a piano-tuner or a weaver of baskets and chair bottoms —the tradition- al occupations of the sightless. A hundred call- ings are open to him— winding the wire on in- duction coils and armatures, assem- bling airplanes and parts of automo- biles, feeding material to automatic machines. If he has lost his right arm, he is taught how to use his left. Even if both arms are gone his case is not industrially hopeless: with the aid of appliances, he may still hold his own in competition with an able-bodied man. A hand is a tool—one of the most wonderful, versatile, complicated’ tools that It is not necessary for a man, because he is a_ cripple, to give up tennis and other sports France re-educated him and showed him how he could work his farm 71 Sa ch tex — ie oe Lan erent eA A TTT NN

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© International Film Service _ There are dozens of ways of moving the spacing-bar of a typewriter. This man uses a string attached to a cam mechanism nature has devised. Study it. Bend and stiffen its five fingers, and you have a powefful claw. Clench the fist and you have a hammer. With the aid of the thumb: you can form a pair of pincers with any one of four fingers. The arm is a lever by means of which this marvelous tool is moved to a place indicated by the brain. The invention of a service- able substitute arm and hand is a far more difficult problem than the in- vention of a leg. Remarkable results have been ob- tained by fitting to an arm-stump special appliances to be used for special purposes. Thus a chuck may be at- tached to the stump in which a knife, fork, spoon, or tool can be interchange- ably inserted. For some special cases, devices must be invented which the cripple may attach to parts of his body, not to take the place of missing limbs, but to serve as new ones. A ring ‘or loop is attached to the suspenders or belt to assist a one- armed man to handle a shovel; or yokes, special belts, and grasping devices are operated by pressure of the body against the work-bench; or a “third thumb” holds a magnify- ing-glass. How the Disabled Will Be Re-educated* ° What is the process of restoring a crippled soldier to a living? First of all, the hospital surgeon must heal the man, so far as that is pos- sible—loosen his stiff joints, soften his scars. Occupation is one of the best agents that the surgeon has at his disposal. When the surgeon has done all that can be asked of his skill, the patient is ready for vocational guid- ance. He receives free a leg or an © Publishers’ Photo Service ss eS e458 eS ow fe Se S88 eS SD omret see SH 388 SS \ Se 2743573353 4%.% J ’ ee ———s Be How it looks from the front arm—sometimes two legs or two arms. The arms are implements and not de- ceptions. They are intended to serve a man in earning his living, not to trick the community into believing that he is whole. Just as the natural arm is a tool manipulated by a wonder- ful system of levers, joints, and ten- dons, so the artificial arm is an artificial set of muscles—steel wires, rawhide cords: the whole linked up to form a new muscular combination. with which the man must familiarize himself. It is amazing what can Legless but undaunted 72 The machine must sometimes be adapted to the man. working the space-bar of a typewriter © Publishers’ Photo Service Here is one cripple’s way of be accomplished with such sub- stitutes. Since the hook and the clamp are the most useful of all devices, it is no difficult matter to provide a useful artificial hand which con- sists of nothing more. Only when the necessity of providing a tool is considered, regardless of its ap- pearance, is real mechanical success attained. The simplest form of arti- ficial hand is one so constructed that the fingers are bent in a fixed position to form a hook, and the thumb is made to move against them to form a clamp. A spring gives the thumb - grasping power enough to clutch small objects. If large objects are to be seized, some form of locking device must be provided, since grasping power is limited by the spring. For Use, Not for Show Indeed, the modification and combi- nations of the hook and clamp are almost numberless. Perhaps the most useful of all is a combination of two fingers with a thumb—the fingers fixed and the thumb moving between them. Open the hand and you havea hook; close it and you have a means of holding nearly all ordinary tools. If drawing - room considerations must be abandoned to help the one- armed, they are even less significant in restoring the armless to a place in the industrial world. Here the best plan seems to be that of adapting the mechanism provided to the particular kind of work to be per- formed. With the aid of a strap or two, for example, a. man can dress and feed himself. The simplest de- vices, aided by perseverance and in- telligence, accomplish wonders. The old-fashioned ‘‘peg-leg’’ and the sim- ple hook and claw are by far the

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ub- mp ces, ride on- hen [ool ap- ess rti- hat tion ) is m a mb ° nall be vice wer nbi- are the tion -the ving and lave ary ions one- cant e in best ting the per- p or lress de- 1 in- The sim- the —— November, 1918 most popular contrivances _ still, despite all the thought that engineers have given to the problem of the crippled soldier. Long before the United States en- tered the war, Frank B. Gilbreth, the American efficiency engineer and mo- tion-study expert, gave much thought to the problem of the crippled soldier, partly through humanitarian motives, partly at the request of European governments. Mr. Gilbreth demon- strated that it is possible for a cripple to adapt himself to specified work, if the motions required to perform that work are analyzed and tabulated in proper sequence. Slight changes in machines enable many a cripple to practise his old calling. Adapting Tools to Cripples Gilbreth has accomplished marvels in adapting the typewriter, for example, to the needs of the armless. He has shown how a legless man can travel from machine to machine in a shop on a little seat running on a track; he has demonstrated that a one-eyed, one-armed man can practise dentistry, if his patients will but assist him by holding down gums. He has pointed out the necessity of training cripples for the work in which they themselves are most interested, and of teaching the public what attitude should be as- sumed toward the crippled. He would show the cripple how to adapt himself to existing vocations, so that he will actually compete with an able-bodied worker; would create entirely new oc- cupations where that may be neces- sary; and, lastly, would reserve certain places for cripples. Gilbreth maintains: This hammer has been invented for one-armed cripples. On pressing the trigger with the forefinger, a nail drops from the magazine, to be carried to the proper place until it is driven in place by a blow. When the finger is removed from the trigger, the holder drops back, and leaves the hammer free to finish driving in the nail Every one of us is in some degree a cripple, either through being actually maimed or through having some power or faculty which has not been developed or used to its fullest extent. ... From an efficiency standpoint, a policeman with corns on his feet, or a: olfer with gout in his toe, is more of a cripple during his working hours than a legless man while operating a typewriter. We can then think of every member of the. community as having been a cripple, as being a cripple, or as a potential cripple. Nearly all of us are one-armed in the sense that we use the right arm almost exclusively; the left is merely an auxiliary used as a weight to hold a sheet of paper or a piece of work. That simplifies the re-education of those who have lost a left hand or arm encrmously. And if the right is lost, the left is trained to acquire its functions. Indeed, it is by no means unusual for a one-armed man to dis- card all artificial aid. The remaining stump serves to hold down the piece of work. The Future in Industry No past war has ever made such demands on populations as this. While, therefore, we may be prose- cuting this war with more foresight than our fathers showed, we must not forget that the very character of the conflict compels the exercise of generalship in industry as well as on the battlefield. Past wars did not cripple men by tens of thousands. The men who will return from France sightless and maimed will constitute a veritable army. For that reason, the warring countries have made it their business, even while cannon: are still belching death, to give back to the crippled veteran his place in the world. ae ee } Baa tee 6: r Se nme ee ears Se © Publishers’ Photo Frank Gilbreth, the motion-study expert, sent us this picture to show what persistence can accomplish At twenty-three this man became a cripple from rheumatism. He learned the machinist’s trade, and is now employed by a big typewriting concern Service After all, anybody can brush one hand at a time. We must use the tools that nature has given us Sn Se

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Popular Science Monthly SOANNNOOWM NWN Peanut Wagon Remodeled into ‘Street Floral Shop \AJHEN the price of peanuts advanced to such a figure that the business became unprofitable, James Carlton, of Urbana, IIl., remodeled his peanut wagon into a street floral shop. He now sells ferns, geraniums, tomato plants, and similar prod- ucts in demand by home gardeners. Large quantity orders are solicited on the down- town streets from a few samples carried in the former peanut wagon, and the order is filled from Mr. Carlton’s back-yard garden. The tank on top of the wagon which once supplied the gasoline for roasting popcorn is now filled with water, which is conveyed to the plants by a*hose. we MttnnnesacranantrinerOn” For Plucking Fowl CONVENIENT device for holding a chicken or other fowl for plucking can be made without tools and at a trifling expense from a piece of heavy wire. The wire is bent into the shape of a capital ‘“W,”’ with the lower loops just large and close enough to catch and hold the legs of the suspended fowl, above the spread of the toes. The two ends of the wire are bent in the form of a hook to fit over a nail or other con- | venient support. t MAM ‘satisbas italy Will you kindly assist us In obtaining @ reading of your meter by marking the position of the hands on your meter on the illustration and mailing us this card. Date of Reading eneeneeveves = Meter NUMBC weer e eee ee | Re ae i ne i dacs POST-CARD METER RECORD Meter Readings by Post-Card HE Twin State Gas-Electric Company of Brattleboro, Vt., has adopted a new method for avoiding delays in keeping records and making out monthly bills in cases where customers were absent when the meter reader made his monthly call. If the meter reader finds that he cannot get into the house, he slips an addressed post-card under the door. This card requests the customer to mark the position of the dial hands of the meter on the card and mail it to the company. How a Bridge Gave Way to a Steamer HE Wisconsin river, which flows into the Mis- sissippi at Prairie du Chien, Wis., was once a great commercial highway. When the stream be- came blocked with sand-bars, river navigation was gradually abandoned, and the Burlington Railroad built a bridge across the river at Prairie du Chien. Meanwhile a St. Louis company built a steamer and brought it down the Wisconsin. The status of the Wisconsin as a navigable stream made it neces- sary for the railroad company to raise a section of the bridge while the steamer passed under. se Ne des}i | 4 74 A Barrel-Shaped Germ-Proof Churn of Stoneware HERE are many churns in the market which, when new, are sanitary, but which soon become unsanitary because they cannot be kept clean. The churn shown in the picture above does not belong to this class. The barrel- shaped body is of glazed stoneware. Its surface and lining will not absorb any in- jurious matter and can be perfectly cleaned. This churn is suspended from the up- rights of a framework or stand resting on wheels, and is revolved by a simple crank mechanism driven by hand or by power. Seeooan ana RRR ARAANNAANANHN Not a Wrist-Watch HE. functions of wrists increase daily. A few years ago a wrist’s only duty was to join hand to arm. Then it became the bearer of watches, and now it ‘car- ries whistles. A California police sergeant has invented the wrist whistle here illustrated. The whistle has a keeper on its under side through which the wrist- band is passed. The lip- piece -.s directed angularly ' toward to make its use more 4 convenient. sche AAS No f !

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a “Seo NRARNNNANR INNO November, 1918 Te «a "edicdctccdde An Adjustable Golf Rim Cup Y means of an adjustable WY golf rim cup recently placed on the market, the terminal point on each green is made a lodging-place for the ball rather than for water and earthy deposits. By means of a sort of wrench and a screw. on the lower part of the cup, the rim may be raised or lowered $0 as to be always level with the top of the ground, while a space beneath takes care of water and earth which filters in, leaving the cup proper always clean. The cup itself is about five inches long. The wrench with which the cup is turned is light and readily inserted or detached. After once being put in place, such cups require no other attention than oc- casional adjustment, and as they are set exactly even with the surface, they do not in the least interfere with the grass- cutting machines. The ‘‘Speeder’’—a Joy for the Modern Youngster A 46-Inch Horse in a 36-Inch Manhole: ONE of the most unusual accidents happened in a city in New York State recently, when a horse 42 inches in diameter at the widest part kicked off a manhole cover and slid down the manhole, which measured only 36 inches. The horse dropped down to the bottom of the manhole, ten feet below, leaving only his front feet visible. The owners at first doubted whether they could rescue the animal alive; but they got hold of a wagon with a derrick having a swinging boom, and attached the tackle to the front legs of the horse just above the hoofs, as shown in the picture below. Then the winch was set running, and the horse came out head first. To the surprise of the spectators, the horse got up and walked away as soon as the tackle was removed. Z Sy N SAAS AAPL A EAN Z ty AMULET DT oem ori Pe A Cartridge that Carries Light SUALLY bullets are mes- sengers of death. The one shown above carries light into dark places. It is merely the now familiar electric torch in a war-time setting, the cartridge form lending itself easily to the purposes of the torch-maker. Instead of powder and bul- let, the case contains an élec- tric battery and a lens. Where the stroke of the firing-pin in a rifle fires the real cartridge, a pressure of the finger brings forth a beam of light from the flashlight masquerading in cartridge form. Perhaps, if used by a_ burglar-hunting householder, it would impress the intruder as a gentle hint of what might follow his discovery, and thus doubly armed no one should be afraid to go home in the dark. Either end of the flashlight may be screwed off, one for renewing the battery and the other for adjusting the lens or bulb. The bullet end is hand- somely nickeled to add to the appearance of a shelland bullet. SOOWANONAA AANA NNN NANA WOW Ww ' FD SOOO VOG(W QQ NN SSSA MAAS SAAN WW WWD +S i LLL YUMA LLY LULL LOM CAMCUL LL ALOU LEMUR ti lll lll "THE youngster who is driven to such straits that he attempts to make for himself a speeder or scooter, which he can hold in an upright position, will appreciate the worth of the device shown in the photograph (left). One foot is placed on the carriage; the other is used to propel the speeder; at the same time the handle held in either the right or the left - hand keeps the device in the proper position and gives the user control over it. The speeder may be used by both boys and girls. ‘‘_Loop-the-Loop’”’ Glider for Boys and Giris HERE is great fun for both boys and girls in the “loop-the-loop” glider, which sails for over two hundred feet straightaway, or, when properly adjusted, loops the loop in true Beachey fashion and then sails on again. The user, after a little practice, can control the flight of the glider with reasonable accuracy. The motive power is furnished by a sling with a rubber band. The wings and rudder are of stiff cardboard. The planes are held rigidly in place by wire springs: No n: ils or rivets are needed. The owner can assemble it in , minute or two. 75

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Battling in a Tank By \ , JE all looked round the little chamber with eager curiosity. Our first thought was that seven men and an officer could never do any work in such a little place as this. In front are two stiff seats, one for the officer and one for the driver. Two narrow slits serve as portholes through which to look ahead. In front of the officer is a map-board and gun mount- ing. Behind the engine, one on each side, are the secondary gears. Down the middle of the tank is the powerful petrol engine, part of it covered with a hood, and along either side of-it a nar- TOW passage. There are four gun turrets, two on each side. There is alsé a place for a gun in the rear. Electric bulbs light the interior. Beside the driver are the engine levers. Behind the engine are the secondary gears, by which the machine is turned in any direction. All action inside is directed by signals, for when the tank moves the noise is such as to drown a man’s voice. Loeked in a Steel Box Supposing you were locked in a steel box, with neither portholes to look through nor airholes to breathe from. Suppose you felt the steel box begin to move, and, of course, were -unable to see where you were going. Can you imagine the sensation? Then you can guess the feelings ‘ of the men in a tank—except the officer and driver, who can see ahead through their. portholes— when the monster gets under way. One day we received word that an attack was to come off the next morning. At this part of the Hinden- burg line it was very easy to lose one’s way, es- pecially at night. The ‘tanks were scheduled to start moving up at ten o’clock. Talbot and the Old Bird, with several men, set out at eight —to arrange for marks to guide the machines. In the dozens of books in which men of all ranks have recounted their experiences in training and in battle, we have found nothing more graphic and technically more instructive than this description of a tank in battle, from Captain Richard Haigh’s “Life in a:Tank,” By permission of Houghton, Mifflin Company.—The Editor The attack was timed to come off at dawn. McKnutt’s machine was the first to start, an hour earlier. “‘Cheero, McKnutt,”’ we said, as he clambered in. ‘‘Good luck!” The men followed, some through the top and some through the side. The doors and portholes were closed, and the tank crawled forward. On the Edge of Death She had about fifteen hundred yards to go, parallel with the Hindenburg line, and there were several trenches to cross before she would come up with the enemy. Since it was still dark and the at- tack had not commenced, McKnutt and his first driver opened the windows in front of them. They looked out into impenetrable gloom. Their route ran close to the sides of an old quarry and they edged along cautiously. McKnutt, with his eyes glued to the front, decided that they must have already passed the end of the quarry. That would mean that they were not far from the spot where Captain Richard Haigh, M.C., Commander of the Tank Britannia they were to wait for the signal to go into action. The moon had again disappeared be. hind the clouds. Suddenly McKnutt’s heart took a great dive and he seemed to stop breathing, He felt the tank balance ever go slightly. Staring with aching eyes through the portholes, he saw that they were on the edge of the old. quarry, with a forty-foot drop down its steep sides before them. The black depth seemed bottomless. The tank was slipping over. When she shot down they would all be killed, But the driver kept his head. Ag the tail of the tank started tipping up, he managed somehow with the brakes to hold her on the edge. For a second or two, she swayed there. She seemed to be unable to decide whether to kill them or not. The brakes would not hold them for long. The Men Never Knew Then the driver acted. Slowly he put his gears in reverse, keeping the brake on hard until the engine had taken up the strain. Slowly she moved back until her tail bumped on the ground. Neither McKnutt nor his driver spoke. They pushed back their tin hats and wiped their foreheads. There was only one thing todo. With feverish haste they lifted their com- rade’s body and thrust it forth Ree eee tone waar: ee ~m = atlas.

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for nto had be- itt’s reat ing. sO aves that old own The The she lled. As ; up, akes cond med » kill not y he r the had oved . the r his their eads. nly one With te they r com- ly and forth atte mana iene = November, 1918 McKnutt glanced back at the men in the rear of the tank. They, of course, had been unable to see out, and had no idea of what they had escaped. They settled down now to a snail’s pace, shutting off their engine, as the Germans could not be more than one hundred and fifty or two hundred yards away. The heat inside the tank was op- pressive. McKnutt and James opened ‘ the top, and crawled out, the men following. They looked around. The first streaks of light were beginning to show in the sky. A heavy silence hung over everything—the silence that al- ways precedes a bombardment. Slowly the minute-hand crept round to the half-hour, and the men slipped back into their steel home. Doors were bolted and portholes shut. The engine was ready to start. “Start her up!”’ yelled McKnutt. But the engine would not fire. “What the devil’s the matter?’ cried James. A bit of tinkering with the carbure- tor, a the engine purred softly. Its j é 4 They were on the edge of a quarry, with a forty- foot drop before them. It seemed _ bottomless. The tank was slipping over. If she shot down, the men inside would all be killed noise was drowned in the pandemonium raging around them. James let in the clutch, and the monster moved forward. Suddenly a dull explosion was heard on the roof of the tank. “They’re bombing us, sir!’’ cried one of the gunners. McKnutt signaled to him, and he opened fire from his sponson. They plunged along, amid a hail of bullets. McKnutt and James, with that in- stinctive sense of - direction which comes to men who control these ma- chines, felt that-they were hovering on the edge of the German trench. Then a sudden flash from the explosion of a huge shell lit up the ground around them, and they saw four or five gray- clad figures, about ten yards away, standing on the parapet, hysterically hurling bombs at the machine. Bombs Seem Like Pebbles They might as well have been throw- ing pebbles. Scornfully the tank slid over into the wide trench and landed with a crash in the bottom. The Germans thought she was stuck. They came running up. But they never ' reached her, for at once the guns from both sides opened fire. The huge machine dragged herself up the steep ten-foot side of the trench. As ‘she neared the top, it seemed as if the engine would not take 77 the final pull. James took out his clutch, put his brake on hard, and raced the engine. Then, letting the clutch in with a jerk, the tank pulled herself right on to the point of balance, and tipped slowly over what had been the parapet of the German position. Now she was in the wire that lay in front of the trench. McKnutt signaled back, “Swing round to the left.” A moment’s pause, and she moved for- ward, relentlessly crushing everything fn her path, and sending out a stream of bullets from every turret. At the same time, our own troops, who had waited behind the barricade to bomb their way down from traverse to traverse, rushed over the heap of sand-bags, tangled wire, wood, and dead men which barred their way. But the tank crew could not see them. The corporal touched McKnutt on the arm. “T don’t believe our people are keep- ing up with us, sir,” he said. ‘They seem to have been stopped about thirty yards back.” “All right,” .McKnutt answered. “We'll turn round.” McKnutt and James opened their portholes to obtain a clearer view. Five yards along to the left, a group of Germans were holding up the ad- vancing British. They had evidently prepared a barricade in case of a pos- sible bombing attack on our part, and this obstacle, together with a fusillade. of bombs which met them, prevented our troops from pushing on. McKnutt seized his gun and pushed it through the mounting, but found that he could not swing round far enough to get an aim on the enemy. But James was in a better position. He picked the gray figures off, one by one, until the bomb- ing ceased. The Enemy Gets a Gunner Then a sudden and unexplainable sense of disaster caused McKnutt to look round. One of his gunners lay quite still on the floor of the tank, a stream of blood trickling down his face. The corporal who stood next to him pointed to the sights in the turret and then to his forehead, and McKnutt realized that a bullet must have slipped in through the small space, and entered the man’s head. He lay along one side of the tank, between the engine and the sponson. The corporal tried to get in position to carry on firing with his own gun, but the dead body impeded his move- ments. There was only one thing to do. The corporal dragged the body and propped it up against the door. Im- mediately the door flew open. “With feverish haste they lifted the body and. threw it out. With daylight the enemy realized the futility of his efforts, and the tank went back to the Allies’ lines. bade ee

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Popular Science Monthly Ways to Make the Freight-Car Do More Work The freight-car has reduced the cost of long-haul shipments; but delays in loading and unloading mean heavy money losses, so that the cost of living goes up. A St. Louis engineer, Kirchner, EW people realize that approxi- mately twenty cents out of every dollar they spend for things to eat, wear, and use goes for freight. Nor do they realize that in the case of perishable goods (milk, ice, etc.) the cost of transportation from the point of origin to the final consumer is often as much as fifty cents for each dollar spent. But what are we going to do about it? Government Eliminates Some Evils The government has taken over the railroads, and has eradicated many of the evils. No longer, for instance, will cars be held as warehouses for exces- sively long periods at ridiculously low charges; no longer will cars be loaded to only one quarter capacity in order to meet a similar service in next-day delivery by a competing line. But all these steps toward efficiency do not solve the problem, according to a St. Louis engineer named Kirchner, because they have not utilized freight- ears to the utmost. Whenever a freight-car stops moving, it becomes merely an expensive warehouse; the expensive car framework of the plat- form, axles, wheels, bumpers, air- brakes, and other devices cease to serve a useful purpose. All this is true because muscle instead of machine power is used to unload a very large percentage of box-cars. The yearly freight-car mileage is only eight thousand. This means that a freight-car moves only about twenty- two miles a day, although the average speed of a freight train is thirty miles an hour. Even at an average speed of only twenty miles an hour, and with only twelve hours in motion daily, the possible mileage is 240. Why the difference between the actual mileage of only twenty-two miles and the pos- sible figure of 240? Because the vehicle part of the car is idle while the body is being unloaded. Suggestion for a New Style Car In order to overcome the difficulty, when either full carload lots or less than carload lots are shipped, Mr. Kirchner would have the railroads employ a car in which a skeleton framework mounting the wheels, axle, and all movement parts carried a number of rectangular box-like steel sections, which could be loaded and un- loaded from the car at each stop in a few moments’ time by means of an electric crane. The sections are made in two main sizes, called the primary and secondary 78 advocates a car in which a skeleton framework on wheels carries a number of box-like sections which can be loaded and unloaded in a few moments by means of electric cranes units. Five of the primary units, each of ten tons load capacity, go to make up the equipment of a 100,000- pound capacity freight-car. The sec- ondary units are of two and one half tons capacity each, and twenty of them are carried on one car to make up the same fifty-ton capacity. The primary units are for through freight, while the secondary units are for local freight. Some of the Advantages The secondary units may be used to carry still smaller units of from six to eight hundred pounds capacity, the latter units being so designed as to fit exactly inside of the secondary unit in much the same manner as a child’s set of wood blocks fits into its outside box. All of the units are made of steel from three sixteenths to a quarter of an inch thick, and are made water-, air-, and weather-proof, so that the goods contained in them cannot spoil. To prove this contention, two of the boxes were filled with two different classes of materials, one with flour and one with sugar, and left to stand in the open air for two years. When opened the contents were in perfect condition. The advantages ‘claimed for the method of shipping in units are that a =e a ee ee ee ae et ~ alone

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aetrO DO KG hu =r © STINE alae ot ener err sccm November, 1918 it would provide for greatly increased car mileage, resulting in increased car profits and decreased rates to the shipper; it would save back hauls of empties; it would practically eliminate demurrage charges; it would save the cost of handling and the cost of crating goods; it would save on in- surance to cover breakage, since all the units are of steel; and it would eliminate the shoveling of coal or other bulk materials for loading or unloading. A Typical Case Suppose a farmer is threshing wheat. With the unit method he will getsome of the small secondary units, haul them to his farm, load them with the wheat, and then haul them back to the nearest rail station, where they will be placed in one of the primary units and sent along to their destination in the first car that stops. They will go at the carload rate, too, since the car will be carrying a full load in the other units. No bags, boxes, or barrels have been used by the farmer, and he has not had to stand any loss for wasted grain, which on the average amounts to eight bushels for every thousand bushels shipped. Or, in the case of the wholesaler shipping to the retailer, the wholesaler gets an order for a certain quantity of canned goods, tomatoes, soups, peas, pears, etc., or a mixed order for groceries, which are packed into one of the secondary units and the unit sent to the retailer, who shelves the goods and returns the unit to the nearest agent in exactly the same manner ‘ tee eM OT o 2 as * 3 1 “ ‘a 3 Y. s : ; as the Standard Oil Company has its barrels returned. For shipping wagons, automobiles, or heavy pieces of machinery, the compartment freight-car is obviously impracticable. The railroad loading and shipping = . ~~ = i 4 Al D Zl PYF = Mh A . 4 i -. f - — =o Gul j = ‘ By means of the steel shipping deck, three more automo- bilge of the same size may be placed above the three machines resting on the platform of the car without exceed- a nied /| Not more than three automobiles can be shipped in a freight-car. By means of this trestle twice as many can be carried deck placed on the market by a Western manufacturing concern offers a solution of the economy problem in such cases by providing a method of loading automobiles or other large pieces of freight on two decks, one above the other. The device consists of a trestle con- structed of structural steel frame- work which can be quickly as- sembled or taken apart. The trestle is adjustable, and may be placed and fastened down on or in any freight-car wherever it is required. The loading deck may be used on flat-cars or in box-cars, and makes it possible to increase the capacity of a car from sixty to one hundred per cent. A Saving in Freight Charges To illustrate the saving of space made possible by this device, let us consider the case of the average flat-car, which will hold three large automobiles, standing end to end on its platform. With the steel shipping deck three more auto- mobiles of the same size may be placed above the three machines resting on the platform of the car, without exceeding the carrying capacity of the freight-car and with- out increasing the height of the load beyond the normal height of a -box- car. This means a doubling of the loading capacity of the car and a large saving in freight charges for the shipper. The automobile industry in normal times uses about 90,000 freight-cars every month. Doubling the load of these cars would release one half the number of cars every month for other purposes. It may not always be possible or feasible to use the double- deck method, but it is safe to assume that from 25,000 to 30,000 cars could be diverted for carrying other much needed freight. An increased load of two tons on every car would be the equivalent of adding 200,000 new cars to our rolling stock. These shipping decks would also be highly useful for shipping food. - APY 3000 YT 24100 CH: FRB oe ing the carrying capacity, and without increasing the height of the load beyond that of a box-car. The same principle holds good for crated eggs, vegetables, and fruit 79

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Salvage Miracles Foil the Hun Emergencies that confront modern ships as a result of submarine warfare, and how they are being met by resourceful ship captains HEN the _rending crash of a y \ German mine under the bows . of his ship announced to the captain of the Tipperary (war alias of a famous Atlantic liner) that his ship “had got hers,” he looked out across the ice-clogged lanes ahead and smiled grimly. Even if the Tipperary floated, it was three hundred miles to the nearest port, and the ice-floes were already tearing at the wounded hull. They were well into the Arctic Ocean on their way to Archangel, and winter was at hand. As the first officer said later, they ‘“‘kissed themselves good- by.” The Tipperary did float. She was well built, and, while the mine had smashed a big hole abreast the No. 2 hatch, the aft bulkhead held. But the ship settled by the head and took a bad list—and every minute the ice menaced the broken bow. There was only one chance in a thousand to save the ves- sel and the five hundred men on board, ‘and the “old man’—merchant marine slang for captain—took it. The Captain Took the Chance If the bow couldn’t face the ice, the stern could; and if the rudder and propellers escaped mortal damage, the Tipperary might fetch the nearest land. So the captain sent her astera, and backed gingerly through a lun- dred miles of sea infested with ice and mines, until he beached his ship on as forsaken a bit of coast as the Arctic affords. ; The captain reached land and an idea at one and the same time. Five minutes after the Tipperary struck, the crew had the hatches off and were hustling out the cargo. That cargo consisted mainly of boxes of empty shell-cases, and with these the crew built a breakwater to protect the stranded ship against the surf and the ice-floes. A Winter in the Arctic As the cargo went out the ship floated in her improvised harbor, clear of bottom except for the damaged bow, which dragged down. They blew the remains of the bow off with dynamite, shored up the forward bulkhead, and got ready to spend the winter where they lay. Now, to winter five hundred men in the Arctic is a job for a diplomat of sorts. The “old man” tackled the double problem of keeping his crew safe from the insanity that breeds in the Arctic night, and of planning a rescue when spring came. His ace in the hole was the wireless. With it he could talk with London, a thousand miles away. Presently the home office was saying nice things about the stunt the Tipperary’s “‘old man” had pulled, and listening in re- turn to instructions for a new bow, to be built according to specifications and delivered in the spring. In the spring came the bow, which had been towed by tugs twelve hundred miles. It was equipped with a socket fitting into the hull and welded by electricity The captain put in the long days dis- cussing the delicate building job via wireless, and inventing ways to keep his men busy. He drilled the crew on the ice, directed them in building and racing ice-boats, and even established a school, where the amateur teachers found it amusing to put up to the home office by wireless knotty problems that stumped them. With spring came the bow, towed twelve hundred miles by tugs whose captains were as resourceful as the “old man” of the Tipperary. The bow was equipped with a socket fitting into the hull and forming a blow-out patch of the joint. They used electric welding to bring the two parts together, and the Tipperary sailed proudly home under her own steam. The ‘‘Euryanthe’s” Experience Another story, in some _ respects even more remarkable, is that of a standard British ship which we may call the Huryanthe, which collided with an oil-tanker. Salvage tugs started for shore with the Euryanthe, which was on fire, but near the beach the ship ran into a mine-field. Two mines exploded against her hull; another cut the tow-line. She had to be sunk to save her, and then the salvage operations began in earnest. The story of the Euryanthe’s remark- able experience is told in the pictures on the opposite page.

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dis- via eep on and hed ners yme chat wed 10se the DOW into itch ling the der ice ects fa may vith rted hich the ‘ines ther unk yvage ark- ures November, 1918 See sui a 0 a! ee tees © Underwood and Underwood DESTROYER WHICH RESCUED & MEN. THE SOLE SURVIVORS Oll, MOTORS DRIVING 2 12-INCH PUMPS EACH DISCHARGING 800 TON$ PER HOUR You Can’t Keep a Good Ship Down The thrilling experiences of the British standard ship Euryanthe are depicted above. No. 1 shows the ship after the collision. The cargo of fats is blazing and the forward cargo space flooded. In No. 2 the Euryanthe, still afire, is in tow of two salvage tugs. A destroyer has saved the eight survivors. No. 3 shows the blazing ship among drifting mines. Two mines tear a big hole in the port side; a third snaps one of the towing hawsers. No. 4 shows the Euryanthe, sunk by shots into the water-tight com- partments, resting on the shingle. The fire is extinguished. In No. 5 the salvaging operations have begun. In No. 6 81 a steamer is loading the salved cargo. The large picture, No. 7, gives details of the salvaging operations. The after bulkhead has been strengthened, and divers are adjusting the patch over the big gap. Twelve-inch timbers have been placed across the hole on the inside to form braces for the standard patch, which is also made of stout tim- bers. Where the patch rests against the sides of the ship the joint has been made water-tight by elastic packing. After the water has been pumped out, the ship, once more afloat, will be ready to be towed to the nearest dry-dock for more permanent repairs and a general overhauling

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Taking the Bray Out of the Army Mule In the present war even the bray of the mule comes in for serious consideration O matter how faithful are the services of the army mule, there is one serious objection against him—his bray. Veterinary surgeons have been devoting a great deal of attention to the problem of how to de- prive the mule of his ability to greet all and sundry with his loud and hearty hee-haw, hee-haw. In time of peace it does not make much difference how much the mule may indulge in this form of pleasantry, but in war-time his loud bray may have serious consequences. Take, for exam- ple, a group of United States soldiers with their mules in hiding, ready to spring upon Fritz at the right moment. Suddenly a mule, decides to bray. Carefully thought out plans ‘go for naught, because Fritz now knows exactly where the Americans are. The mule has told him. The Mule Must Raise Its Tail When It Brays Two very simple methods have been devised for taking the bray out of the mule. Naturally, it has not been economical to perform on an animal an operation that would necessi- tate a long period of convalescence. Therefore, the most desirable opera- tions are those from which the mule will recover immediately. The first one of these is an operation that is performed on its tail. No, this ‘is not a mistake. The mule’s tail really has a lot to do with its braying. It is said that if a mule cannot raise its tail it cannot bray. When a mule gets ready to bray, it first throws its tail up, and then indulges in its favorite pastime. Getting the Mule Ready for an Operation Two small muscles at the top of the mule’s tail control the raising of that appendage. If these muscles are severed, the mule cannot raise its tail. This operation is very simple and takes only a moment. It requires a great deal more time to get the mule ready than it does to perform the actual operation. First of all, the mule is tied by ropes on each side of its halter. Then comes the fixing of the side-lines in place. These are used to prevent the mule from kicking; and, as the surgeon has to stand at the animal’s heels, you can see how necessary it is to have the side-lines properly adjusted. The apparatus consists of a band some- what like a collar, which is fastened around the front of the animal’s body, and two side-lines, which are attached to the hind legs, just above the hoofs, The mule may struggle, but it cannot kick the surgeon or harm itself. A special knife is used to take out the bray by this means. It is no larger than an ordinary office pencil- . sharpener, and the incision it makes is so small that it is difficult to find the scar when the wound has healed. It does not incapacitate the mule at all. Another Operation Acts as a “Dimmer” Another operation which acts as an efficacious dimmer on the mule’s bray is the splitting of the false nostril. The mule’s nose differs from that of the horse in that it has what is termed a false nostril: That is to say, it has a nostril through which it breathes, just like a horse; and, alongside of that nostril, a pocket which extends for several inches above the real nostril. When the mule brays, the sound is greatly magnified by this false nostril. Therefore, it has been found that the simple operation of splitting the false nostril, thereby making it a part of the real nostril, greatly subdues the sound of the mule’s bray. Dr.Henry Henning, of the New York State Veterinary College, splitting the false bray. nostril of a mule in order to subdue its This is one of the commonest methods of removing the mule’s bray Here Dr. Henning is performing a slight operation to prevent the mule from rais- ing its tail. it will not bray. The knife on the left is the instrument used in this operation If a mule cannot raise its tail,

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ia eae nba ELEVATOR », CONTROL P€-HYORAULIC PISTONS —> . In a few. minutes the audience will probably be The operating and tackle cables give the actor any desired motion through neta shocked at the sudden disappearance of the orchestra the air. - He can also produce certain desired turns by pulling invisible wires ule’s stril e. e e 99 * it of “In Again, Out Again”: Orchestra Flying on the Stage—-and How "me e ~~ ow. and Pit Lowered Complete It Is Done thes, i ALLY’S Theater, one of the finest moving-picture AUDEVILLE performers who float about the stage that theaters in Los Angeles, is equipped with a mechanical playing in mid-air on equally “‘buoyant’”’ pianos, or ; for orchestra-pit which brings on the orchestra and takes it who swim up, down, and around in the rather’ unsub- stril. out again without all the fuss and commotion that usually stantially thin air, never fail to appeal to the coldest ad is attends the ducking in and out of musicians through the audience. Mysterious as such feats always are to the un- stril. little door under the stage. initiated, they are commonplace matters of business to the ; the ‘ The mechanical orchestra-pit is nothing more than a men behind the scenes. As any of these men will tell you, yr: large flat-topped plunger- the secret of such perfor- e typeelevator. The platform : : mances is that extremely und 9 one Aa ey ml A Portable Outfit for the Lecturer CHK ceteehee.ionit and there the musicians, with their complete equip- ment, get on board. When it is time for the music, a button is pressed and the orchestra rises silently into the view of the audi- ence. Likewise, during parts of.the performance in which .no music is needed, the orchestra drops out of sight so- quietly that~ the audi- ence seldom notices that it is gone. What would happen to any musician who did not arrive in time for the rising is puzzling. There is ap- parently no trap-door in the pit through which he might crawl, so most likely he would have to wait patiently below for the platform to make its next trip. “The mechanical pit cost fifteen hundred dollars,’’ says Mr. Tally, the owner of the theater. ‘Its cost of operation is trivial when compared with its value as an asset to the play-house.”’ The effect on the audi- ence is decidedly pleasing. HE lecturer who carries with him his slides, lens, lamp, and other essential parts of a projecting appara- tus need no longer journey heavily laden. The outfit shown in the photographs combines efficiency in opera- tion with ease of carrying because of lightness and compactness. Despite its small size, the ‘‘grip” contains the lantern, the projecting apparatus, the lens, space for seventy- five standard slides, and several feet of wire with a plug. The apparatus has every necessary deviee:for shifting the light to the best position, for ventilation at top, bottom, and sides, and for throwing. the illus- trations upon the screen just as needed. The whole outfit, exclusive of the lantern slides, weighs only twelve pounds, and measures six by eleven by seventeen inches. The bag which the gentleman above is carrying contains parapher- nalia for an illustrated lecture. The lower picture shows it opened 83 thin steel wires are vsed, which, especially on a darkened stage, are prac- tically invisible even at a short distance. A more complete ‘‘inside”’ view of the. mechanisms that are employed is given by the patent on a sim- plified system which has been issued. to Erich Rach, of New York city. The performer is strapped on a concealed saddle provided with a special suspension joint. Attached to this joint, and holding the saddle, are four thin wires. These are carried over six sheaves at the corners of the ten of the stage. These four wires are connected up so that they make two distinct and closed wire circuits, as shown in the illustration above. By pulling on the proper operating cables of both circuits, the performer is carried longitudinally across the stage. If one tackle cable is pulled and the other is let out, however, the performer is moved transversely over the stage.

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~ its way through fractures and make his way through dense Pan-American Record A live seepage, or little river of oil, with tiny bubbles beginning to form on its surface There’s the promise of a fortune in the rain- bow colors of this giant bubble blown by gas The bursting bubble leaves a miniature crater Giant Bubbles that Foretell a Fortune T may seem a far cry from hunting oil in the Mexican jungle to hunting submarines in the English Channel, but they are closely related occupations. The greater number of the destroyers, chief of the submarine-hunters, are oil-burners, and most of the oil that they. burn comes from the Mexican wells. So the hunters are akin. The hunt for oil is not without its romance. Some of the richest of the Mexican oil reservoirs are in limestone, and the oil makes faults in the rock, forming pools (or “seepages,”’ as they are called) and asphalt deposits. These seep- ages and deposits are the best of evidence that oil exists in worth-while quantities, and that well-drilling is reasonably certain to have its reward, and not de- pendent upon chance, as was the case with the locators of one well, who chose to drill at the spot where a crow alighted. They struck oil, too! The oil-hunter often has to jungle, where the silence is un- broken except for the falling of a dead branch or the bursting of oil bubbles. The latter is a pleasant sound in the ears of the oil-hunter. In the center of an active seepage the bubbles—caused by natural gas trying to make its way through a film of oil—will form quickly. As the bubbles grow, the heavier, darker oil falls away, leaving a large, clear bub- ble with all the hues of soap-bubbles. If the deposit is semi-fluid; the devel- oping of the bubbles is slower, and when they break it seems to be witha sigh of relief. Looking about, he discovers a seepage, perhaps a flow large enough to be called a river of oil. Popular Science Monnily How a Caterpillar Loads Itself on a Truck HERE is tremendous activity in the rear of the Allied lines. The army in the sector is advancing, and that means work, work, and _ still more work. Guns, big and small, have to be brought forward, and with them the necessary ammunition and the reserve stores that must be held in readiness at all times. Rolls of barbed wire, telephone and telegraph wires, spare wheels and other parts of artil- lery equipment, and a thousand other things must be constantly within reach. Powerful caterpillar tractors carry whatever is required close up to the fighting line. They can climb over nearly any obstacle, but eight miles an hour is their limit under the most favorable conditions. When time ig pressing and every minute counts, more rapid means of transportation ig necessary. The caterpillar tractors are urgently needed at the front, but it would take too long to run them under their own power. To carry the unwieldy trucks to the place where they are needed, special trucks are used. Skids are placed on the rear end of the truck, so as to form an incline, on which the cater- pillar tractor, under its own power, climbs upon the truck. On smooth roads this truck travels several times as fast as a caterpillar. Where the rough ground begins, the caterpillar, loaded with the necessary supplies, backs down the incline and: continues to the front by its own power. The picture below shows one of these tractors loading itself on a truck. The skids as well as the platform of the truck are provided with spaced slats just wide enough to fit between the raised ridges of the caterpillar tread-belts. a he © Press Illustrating Service This caterpillar climbs on the truck which is to convey it speedily with’: reach of the front, when it descends and proceeds under its own pow: 84 ARR sn:

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To Peers © -Domesticating the Airplane in Crowded Cities How the problem of providing starting and landing facilities might be solved HE airplane has come to stay. It has passed through its proba- tion period in a remarkably short time, and, since the beginning of the Great War, has developed with a rapidity unparalleled in history. “But,” ask the doubters, ‘“‘will it ever become commercialized, as is the automobile?” It is quite safe to answer “‘yes.’’” Itis true, the obstacles to the successful commercialization of the airplane are, in some respects, greater than those that had to be overcome in the case of the automobile; but they are by no means insurmountable. Lack of Lending Facilities The zreatest obstacle to the com- mere)s!ization of the automobile in the early days of motoring was the lack of good roads. That obstacle was re- moved in a remarkably short time. The most serious obstacle to the com- By Carl Dienstbach mercialization of the airplane is the lack of adequate starting and landing facilities where they are most needed —that is, in large cities, where wealth and business are centralized. Now that the aerial mail service be- tween New York, Philadelphia, and Washington has become a permanent and rapidly growing institution, the plan has been proposed to eliminate the delay of transmitting the mail from the post office to the remote starting field or from the landing field to the post office. Why not erect on the roof of the Post Office Building a permanent platform for the starting and landing of the mail-carrying air- planes? The plan is by no means impractical, in spite of the objections offered by its opponents. A catapult, similar to that which now speeds seaplanes from shipboard, would insure the mail- plane a safe start from the roof. A safe landing could be made possible 85 Just as the commercialization of the auto- mobile depended on good roads, so that of the eirplane depends on adequate landing platforms. One suggestion (not to be taken too seriously) is that of a series of ropes, fastened to sandbags, and stretched across a platform. The ropes bring the airplane to a_ stop by a device similar to one tried with success some time ago. On the deck of a cruiser, a series of ropes fastened to sand-bags were stretched across the landing platform. The weighted ropes gently retarded the airplane and it came to a full stop without injury. A railing in front of the propeller would make the device equally applicable to the tractor biplane. A Revolvable Platform The device might even be improved and simplified by employing a single “catch-cable’” wound around drums supplied with suitable brakes. The landing platform would haye to be revolvable, because airplanes must al- ways land against the wind. The erection of such a platform would tend to promote the commercial- ization of the airplane. Soon airplane garages would be built, with huge elevators for the machines.

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Popular Science Monthly Who Won Our “Helping Out the F armer” Contest The three prize-winning labor-saving devices made by farmers for farmers A Drainage and Irrigating Pump Made from a Motor-Boat Engine First Prize Article AVING occasion to drain a low place in my land, a motor-boat engine was made use of for the power plant, and its propeller for the pump. The propeller lifted the water to a higher level, from which a fall carried it away. In this instance discarded hot-water boilers were used for the tube. The ends were removed from the boilers and then joined together in a tube. Within the tube thus formed were placed two bearings for the shaft. These bearings were made from a piece of 114-in. pipe 5 in. long, filled with babbitt, as shown in the detail sketch, and were supported by pieces of metal, as shown. A three- or four-horsepower engine is large enough for all purposes. A three-blade propeller having a 12 by 17 in. pitch may be used with a three- UNIVERSAL eG OINT — ms: ~ —=S> CU) 5 ~ mr NIK S ALAM Tres XC . Vii On this and the following page are the three articles that won the prizes in the “Helping Out the Farmer” contest. Many other articles were received and purchased at regular rates, and they will appear soon. Such exchange of ideas helps the other fellow and tends toward efficiency. Another contest is about to start. {You will find details of this new prize offer on page 112.—The Editor. horsepower engine and a 14 by 17% in. pitch with a four-horsepower en- gine—engines supposed to run at the rate of six hundred revolutions a minute. Large tile may take the place of range boilers. In this case the sup- ports for the bearing will need to be made in a ring to fit the inside diameter of the tile-—SEBASTIAN VIERENGEL. GNU NE eS WH Wp wwws«~ HH ANA YB AWA wG Sectional plan of a motor-boat engine with its shaft and pro- peller encased in range boilers to lift water to -a higher level 86 MKS SZ i \{ a 4 __ AN { a y (H(i PARE Wen } | | et ait A Sling-Reel for the Front End of a Hay-Rack Second Prize Article A sin, are used for elevating hay, grain, corn fodder, etc., from the loaded wagon to the hay-mow. They are placed on the wagon in the - SH i m =i) il UPRIGHT Details of the reel and its supports for the front of an ordinary hay-rack field, and the successive layers of hay or grain placed on them. To use the slings successfully you must always carefully place them be- fore loading. If the sling is upside- down, it will not trip when unloading. If the wrong end is in front, the proper pulley will not be hooked in; then much trouble follows in getting the sling back to the wagon. When the slings are carried to the field in the usual way, hanging on the front standards of the rack, they become tangled and twisted, requiring much labor and patience to straighten them out. The sling-reel shown reduces the labor and time required in placing Ne the tw - at cro sta are qui tac atti " pac T-I bra sta to t hel ing folc bar of t ley. sev atti aro reel twe rop hol the Th wol cra of © tier rop is but the rea Af slit is | ‘Wa an th: fre loy in

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November, 1918 the sling to a minimum. It consists of two wood standards securely braced - at the bottom and connected with a’ cross-piece at the top. Between the standards, and supported by them, are two or three (as the case may re- quire) reels, each having a crank at- tached to the end. The standards are attached to the front end of the hay- + pack by means of two strong 6-in. T-hinges, and are held upright by two braces fastened to the back of the standards with 2-in. strap-hinges, and to the top of the rack by hinged clasps held down with tapering wood pins. By removing the wood pins and lift- ing the braces, the entire reel can be folded down on the rack out of the way. When the sling is pulled down in the barn, the end that is used on the front of the rack is unhooked from the pul- ley. The ring in the end is given several turns to twist the two ropes attached. The ring is then thrown around the pipe in the center of the The sling-reel, with the first sling laid out on the bed of the rack the continuation of the tire was bent to clamp on the side of the plow-beam. The shape of this extension should be in such a form that the teeth of the harrow will hang directly over the newly turned earth as it comes from the moldboard. This arm is further braced by a wire attached to its outer end and fastened to the plow-beam. When the bolts are all screwed -up tight and the clevis snugly fastened, the harrow does its work perfectly, just as fast as the fresh earth is turned.—A. A. JEFFREY. Warm a Lens to Make Photograph in Cold, Damp Places AVING occasion to take some flashlights in a mine, I found that the moisture persisted in settling on and’ fogging the lens, and that wiping it off did not clear it, for, the moisture would immediately settle there and prevent the making of the picture. reel and forced be- tween the twisted portion of the ropes. This will hold the end of the sling securely. The sling is then wound on the reel by means of the crank, the free end of the sling being tied with the trip- rope. The lower sling is usually not wound on the reel, but is placed on the rack, ready to re hat e? The difficulty was overcome by taking the camera to the cook house and placing it in the oven for a few minutes. The oven door was kept open and I held the instrument with my hand so that no damage would occur by too much heat. When the lens was thor- oughly warmed I wrapped the cam- era up and carried be loaded on reaching the field. After the lower sling is loaded, the end of the next sling is untied and pulled to the back of the ‘wagon and loaded, then the next sling, and so on until the wagon is loaded. If four slings are used to the load, three reels should be placed in the frame. If three slings are used, the lower reel may be left out, as shown in the picture—ALFRED J. KAHLER. A Small Follow-Up Harrow for a Single Plow Third Prize Article HERE is nothing on our farm T that saves more labor than a simple little one-furrow follow- up harrow that was made from a piece of wagon tire and some old hay-rake teeth. It is attached to the beam of the sulky plow by means of an ordi- nary coulter clevis. To make the harrow, a piece of hickory 18 in. long and 21% in. square was shaped to hold the teeth ends. Through this piece three 3% in. holes were bored, one being in the center and the other two each 3 in. from each end of the stick. Then in the upper The sling-rack in use on a hay-rack where the second sling is being drawn out on top of the first layer ready for loading the second layer on the rack Harrow attachment for a plow-beam for dragging over freshly turned earth side and on front of the block, grooves were cut to fit the ends of the old rake teeth. These grooves were cut 2 in. apart. The teeth, shaped from old hay-rake teeth, were made 15 in. long, with the end turned at right angles to fit over one corner of the block. Three holes were then drilled in an old wagon-tire to coincide with the three holes bored in the block, and 87 it under my coat to the place selected to make . the picture. The moisture had no further tendency to settle on the lens and without any difficulty I obtained as perfect photographs as would have been secured under periectly normai conditions. ; There are many places where similar conditions face commercial as well as amateur photographers, and this meth- od will relieve their trouble. Care should be taken always not to over- heat any lens but particularly a high . speed one.—JOHN EDWIN Hoaa. A Transparent Lacquer for Celluloid Surfaces ISSOLVE uncolored celluloid in a mixture of strong alcohol and ether. The celluloid at first swells up in the solvent. When this is done shake the bettle vigorously and permit it to stand quietly so the undissolved portion will settle. Then pour off: the clear supernatant fluid. The latter may be used immediately. It yields a colorless glossy lacquer, and it may be colored with aniline colors.

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How to Skin and Dry Pelts Two methods of curing the winter skins of fur-bearing animals winter fur, which has long hairs, -- and the summer fur, which has short hairs. The color of the hairs also varies with the seasons. But, above all, the desirable wool of the animals’ winter coats is entirely absent in summer. In winter only are the fur- bearing animals covered with their ghee are two kinds of furs, the The rear legs are girdled near the feet, and a longitudinal cut is made on the inner side of each thigh. The After the animal has been skinned, the fur must be dried. This process is of the utmost importance, as poor drying causes the fur to rot. The most drying of the skins can not be ac. celerated by artificial means. Ex. cessive heat (heat from stoves or fires) spoils the fur. The same applies to the heat of the sun. If hung in warm places, the particles of fat aqd- hering to the skin melt, discolor the leather, and form glassy spots. skin is then carefully removed by pulling over the body. Wherever necessary the meat is cut from the skin beautiful warm hairs, which are so valuable. In order to skin fur-bearing animals, the hind legs are girdled just below the paws. The skin is then cut down the inner side of each leg at a place where the hairs begin to part. When both The pelt is drawn over a wedge-shaped board which can be bought in all sizes legs have been cut, the skin is carefully pulled downward so that no fat nor meat clings to it. Wherever it does cling, it is carefully cut away with a sharp knife. practical method of drying skins is that in which the fur is stretched on a board. The board is 3 ft. long and 7 1 in. wide. One end of the board tapers to a round- ed point 334 in. in width. All sharp edges must be beveled. The pelt is pulled over the stretcher in such a way that the hairs are on the inner side of the board, while the skin is exposed to the air. Particles of meat are carefully cut away. The pelt is now stretched taut so that the head rests tightly against the reunded point of the board. The Other Method Another equally good. method of ‘drying skins is by stretching them on a large rectangular board, 3 ft. wide and 4 ft. long. The back of the board should be reinforced with two or three strips of wood to prevent warping. In order to stretch the skin on this board, an incision is made on the abdomen. From the incision a cut is carried both to the tail and to the tip of the chin. The pelt is now laid on the board with the skin exposed to the air. After the skin is stretched equally in all directions so that no ridges are formed, it is tacked to the board, the nails or brads being driven in along the edges. One must be careful not to employ force in stretching. While drying, the furs must be kept in a shady but well ventilated place. The length of time necessary for this process varies with the seasons. It may take from five to fourteen days, seldom longer, and never less. The 88 While the furs are drying they must be kept in a place where they are safe from rodents. The well known fur pest, the moth, must also be banished from the drying room. The surest way to keep them away is to produce a strong draught through the drying room. If the incision is made in the abdomen, the pelt is stretched on a flat board The stretched pelts are considered dry when they appear hard and bony to the touch. It is best to dry the skins thoroughly then they will keep indefinitely if properly packed.

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ist fe st, to ng L, red ny the eep November, 1918 ‘““Many Typeuriters In One”’ Interchangeable Type-Sets to Suit Every Business Every Language, Every Science and Every Profession No matter who you are, what you are, or where you are, the Multiplex Hammond is the writing machine for YOU. Only Merchants, bankers, business executives, sales managers, clergymen, 11 scientists, authors, linguists, professors, students—men and women in all lbs walks of life, in all four quarters of the globe—prefer the A New Portable . Condensed Aluminum Full Capacity Many Typewriters in One Write for Special Folder : —_ —chiefly because of its CHANGEABLE TYPE.’ Two styles of type, or two different languages, are always in the same machine, ready for instant use—“‘Just turn the knob.” (The type is cast on a curved plate called a “Shuttle,” several of which are shown at the left.) Over 365 different arrangements of types and languages to select from—any one of which may be substituted in a few seconds. No Other Typewriter Can Do This: There are many things the Multiplex does which CANNOT be done on any other typewriter, all fully explained in a mew folder. Let us show you HOW and WHY the Multi- plex stands unique in the typewriter world. Send the Coupon NOW. HAMMOND TYPEWRITER COMPANY 639 East 69th Street, at East River, New York City @meaeages es eS eS SS SSeS ee et Mail this Coupon NOW / Cut Off Along Dotted Line - ® e Gentlemen: Please send Folder to Special Prices To Officers of the Army and Navy 4 ee rf . . . e Inquire about special terms to professionals 2

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eerie nntelth tesa ls Sm geen me Popular Science Monthly HE minute the United States declared war, the factories of the country became an important element in the strug- gle. On their output of munitions, food, clothing, air- planes, ships, etc., depended in a great measure victory or defeat. For a time every effort was centered on production, on speeding up, on increasing output. But in this one year Uncle Sam saw tens of millions of dollars snatched from his war-machine by fire. In one year he saw thousands of irre- placeable fabricating-machines and tools wiped out by fire. In one year he saw fire take from his fighting men shipload after shipload of vitally needed finished products. One year was enough! Uncle Sam learned in a twelvemonth what many business men have not learned in a lifetime. He learned that insurance money could never re-create the victory-winning, Hun-crush- ing supplies that have gone up in smoke. He learned more. He learned that such destruction was as foolish as it was dangerous because there is an infallible answer to this challenge of fire. His War Industries Board found out that, more than 35 years ago, Frederick Grinnell had invented a weapon—the automatic sprinkler—by which fire would annihilate itself. At the beginning of the second year, Uncle Sam acted. Today sees the entire resources of- this industry devoted solely to the work of rushing sprinkler equipments into factories, warehouses, grain-elevators, etc., specified by the government. This requires the total output of our factories. The General Fire Extinguisher Company 290 W. Exchange Street, Providence, R. I. “We are as proud of the 1500 men putting in these systems throughout the country and of the 1500 employees in our seven great plants fabri- E cating these systems as we are of the q 500 men we have with the colors in France.” GRINNELL AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM The Factory-Assembled System 90 {

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November, 1918 A New Steam-Air Blower for Forced Draft HE accompanying illustration shows the simplest but most effi- cient furnace blast. It is available wherever there is steam pressure that has ever been devised. It consists of E an air duct about 1 ft. in diameter Fl Y a4 linn LY ¥ ofa YP; In i STEAM Be, "en ne Saas ce ff l aii | | 4 poh | 2S | ZN Z Us ASH DOOR A ring in the ash-pit to transmit steam under pressure to the fire leading to the fire-box and carrying at its mouth a somewhat flattened hollow brass ring perforated on one side with small holes. From this fing a pipe leads to the steam chest, and as the steam is turned on the pressure in the duct drives the air before it leaving greatly diminished pressure behind and ‘creates a tremendous draft into the fire box. The steam which is carried in with the air is not sufficient in quantity to cool the fire. Hitherto there have been only two common ways of producing a draft. One is to build a tall chimney and the other is to produce a forced draft with a motor and fan. The building of a tall chimney is often a disfigurement to what would otherwise ‘be a beauti- ful piece of architecture, but the blower here described makes this unnecessary. It is also the most ecoriomical form ofa forced draft pos- sible to obtain.—FLoyp L. DARROw. Try This Apparently Hard Trick on Your Strong Friends O you. know that a person of ordinary strength, by putting the tips of the forefingers together a You can’t draw your fingers apart when standing in this position little above the waist level, can with little effort resist their being pulled apart by another person? The person pulling should stand directly in front of the other; the arms should be gripped immediately above the elbows, and pulled (not jerked) horizontally. ¢ How often you lose an hour getting a five- minute job out of. some tight corner, where you can reach it with a common drill! This “ YANKEE” Ratchet Hand Drill, No. 1530, is one of the many “YAN- KEE” tools cleverly designed for dodging difficulties and speeding up the job. It has five adjustments, all controlled by your finger tip. 1. Plain Drill 2. Left Hand Ratchet 3. Right Hand Ratchet 4. Double Ratchet 5. Gears Locked No similar tool has these ad- justments. No matter how close the corner; if you can move the crank at all you can drill the hole. “YANKEE” Ratchet Hand Drill No. 1530 Price $3.90 Your Dealer Can Supply You. ‘‘V4N KEE" Tool Book showing Bench, Chain, Breast, Hand and other drills sent free The “YANKEE” Double Ratchet Ajljustment allows a hole to be drilled in a close corner as conveniently as where a full turn on request. Write for it. of - crank can be made ives a idly drilled hol coin aa North Bros. Mfg. Co. by Philadelphia \ ; S These Handles Never Work Loose That’s what “YANKEE” means on these screw- drivers, and is one reason it pays you to insist on this brand. Handle and blade are fastened together to stay —absolutely! “YANKEE” N@ 1530 4 “YANKEE” No. 90 1, Standard style, 15 / sizes, 144 in. to 30 in. , 4 pes 4, 25c to $2.35 “ YANKEE ” No. 95—Cabinet style, iI sizes, 244 in. to 18 in. bladés, 25c 0 90c.

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Re-upholstering is a practical economy in every home. It is especially satisfactory when done with DU PONT >) faBRIKOW REG US PAT OFF Craftsman Quality Craftsman Fabrikoid is an upholstery material that exactly duplicates the finest leather in color, grain and finish and in its luxurious “ glovey ” texture. It is water- proof, washable, sanitary and amply guaranteed. Re-upholstering is easy. Check “ Craftsman Fabrikoid” in the coupon and send for our booklet “Home Upholstering.” It gives meth- ods for applying Craftsman Fabrikoid to various types of furniture. DU PONT FABRIKOID COMPANY World’s Largest Manufacturers of Leather Substitutes WILMINGTON DELAWARE Works at Newburgh, N. Y., and Fairfield, Conn. . Canadian Office and Factory: New Toronto, Ont.

The Du Pont American Industries are: E. 1. Du Pont De Nemours & Company, Wilmington. Del. - .. Explosives Du Pont Fabrikoid Company, Wilmington. Del. . . . Leather Substitutes Du Pont Chemical Works, Equitable Bldg.. N.Y., Pyroxylin and Coal Tar Chemicals The a Works, 725 Broadway, N.Y., Ivory Py-ra-lin and Cleanable Collars Harrison Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Paints, Pigments, Acids and Chemicals Du Pont Dyestuffs Co., ilmington, Del. Coal Tar Dyestuffs

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ee November, 1918 Construction of an Altazimuth for Locating Stars MATEURS interested in astron- omy may readily trace the diur- nal path of the brighter stars by means of the apparatus shown in the illus- tration. It is nothing more than a substitute for the more expensive instrument, but gives very satisfactory results if care is exercised in its con- struction. As the name implies, it is used to ascertain the altitude and azimuth of a heavenly body. The use of the instrument is not restricted to stars alone; it may be used for sights on the sun. The pin-hole telescope shown in the illustration is movable about the point “A,” the center of the semi- circle B. This semi-circle is mounted on a pin permitting it to revolve about an axis perpendicular to the horizontal circle, and its position on that circle is ‘ead off by the pointer which reads zero Level we ee ee Pointer for, 4 Pin-hole reading | telescope A telescope mounted on a circular disk on which there is an upright semi- circle. Both are graduated for adjustment when the plane is in the meridian. The horizontal circle is mounted upon a tripod provided with leveling screws. If the circle is so placed that the pointer reads zero when the telescope is in the magnetic meridian, then its reading when the sights are pointed at any star will give the magnetic bearing of the star. It_is, however, more convenient to adjust the instru- ‘ment so that the pointer reads zero when the telescope is in the true meridian. To insure the verticality of the standard, a level is attached to the telescope, and by the use of the leveling screws, the instrument is adjusted so that the semi-circle may be revolved about its axis without causing the level bubble to move. A flashlight or other means of illumi- nation will be necessary for reading the circles in full darkness; it should be shaded so that its direct light will not fali upon the observer’s eye. Complete with neat traveling case, Corona costs fifty dollars. Ask for descriptive booklet. CORON (f T HAS fallen to the lot of the little Corona to meet tests which few other machines of any kind have ever encountered. Through every” degree of hardship, in every climate, in almost every type of service, this six-pound writing machine has made good. And while you may never venture behind bat- tle lines or into African wildernesses, the knowledge that Corona has met these sterner tests is satisfying proof of its day-by-day de- pendability in your office or home. A successful pioneer,a practical, portable writing machine, backed by a strong and experienced organization. A writing machine for your per- sonal use—the more so because you can “fold it up—take it with you—typewrite anywhere.” CORONA TYPEWRITER CO., INC., Groton, N.Y. New York Chicago San Francisco Agencies in all principal cities The Personal Wri ting Mach ine

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ie SRS Sas we es eR BER ie Bea i a! { eTolesipnme PRATT No. 1917 _” Universal Caliper Three Tools in One HIS remarkable tool takes the place of an inside caliper, outside caliper, and a depth gauge. You do not have to change tools. You have the reading, both in English and metric, as soon as the measurement is made, and the spindle may be locked in any desired position by means of a thumb-screw. With the Universal Caliper you can make any inside, outside, or depth measurement up to 414 inches or 111% centimeters. It is graduated on one side in 16ths of an inch, and on the other side in millimeters. The jaws can be easily adjusted to compensate for wear. Length over all, 71% inches. The Universal Caliper enables you to take measurements quickly, and is adaptable to any kind of gauging within its limits. Price, $2.50. Goodell-Pratt Company Toolsmiths A Greenfield, Mass, U. S. A. Popular Science Monthly How to Make a Mechanic’s Mercury Plumb, Bob HE illustration shows the few operations required for making a simple but highly efficient . mercury. plumb bob. The body may be of ordinary cold rolled stock and the cap —wXWhl a — cap SS ————— se STOCK il inl DRILL THREAD STOCK ese 2 HOLES- COUNTERBORE OUTSIDE & RECESS Stages of development for making a re- ceptacle to hold mercury for a plumb bob may -be of the same material. The cork can be easily. removed by shaking the plumb bob vigorously, causing the mercury to act as an internal hammer. The amount of mercury used will be governed by the weight of the plumb bob desired. In finishing the outside, the body and cap may be left turned or polished as the fancy of the one making it dictates. If the plumb is to be put to a great deal of use the point may be hardened.—FRANK W. HARTH. Cleaning Aluminum to Bring Out Original Luster LUMINUM articles are very dif- ficult to clean so that they will have a bright appearance. This is particularly the case with matted or frosted ware. To restore the pieces to brilliancy, you should place them for some time in water that has been slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. Making a Machine Bearing from a T-Rail BEARING standard for any countershaft and for various ma- chine tools can be made from a piece of ordinary T-rail if it is not too diffi- SPLIT- OIL HOLE 1 PIPE SPACERS HEAD- STOCK Tali_-STOCK The shape of a T-rail is just right to make bearings for a machine cult to cut it to size. The illustration shows one of its uses—for constructing a speed lathe and polishing head. The details show how to shape a piece of this stock for mating a bear- ing. A hole is drilled centrally in the base, if it is to be usec for lathe pur- poses. For any ordinar, odard the base edges are drilled. The head is drilled for the shaft.—L. l.. « ARRARe eee Wastes B08 al

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Aw ly a- ce fi- CK ‘ion ‘ing e a ear- the pur- November, 1918 HO wants to sit on the fence and look on when the other shooting? fellows are Every boy wants to own a rifle, and learn the joys of trigger magic. And every boy who has the right stuff in him should have one. When his parents understand how he can learn to handle a rifle safely, they will readily consent to his owning a gun of the right kind. The right rifle to use There is just one kind of ‘rifle that a boy should start with, and that is the famous Winchester .22 caliber rifle. With a .22 caliber rifle you can learn practically all there is to be learned from a rifle. Once you are proficient with a ‘‘.22” it is easy to become a crack shot with a rifle of any caliber. The .22 is the rifle Winchester Marksman Medal used in all national small bore matches—and is used to train sol- diers with. Rules of gun safety Now as to the handling of this excellent type of rifle. There is, as you probably know, a National Honorary Organization known as the Winchester Junior Rifle Corps, organized especially for the develop- ment of marksmanship among boys and girls of America and to teach the correct use of a Winchester .22 caliber rifle. New members are given authorita- tive rules for the safe handling of the rifle from the very start, and are required on their honor to abide by these rules. By joining the W. J. R. C., you will not only learn how to handle a rifle safely, but you will be en- titled to a membership button and to compete for the famous Win- MODEL .06. Take-down Repeating .22 Caliber rifle, 20-inch round barrel. Shoots three sizes of ammunition. The most popular .22 Caliber. repeater ever placed on the market Take-down .22 Caliber Single Shot rifle. A low- Sizes WINCHESTER priced, light-weight gun, made in two World Standard Guns and Ammunition the fellows who own rifles chester Marksman and Sharpshooter medals awarded for skill with a Winchester. ; Like the great Boy Scout move- ment, the Winchester Junior Rifle Corps is a nation-wide organization, open to every boy of good standing in his community. The age limit is 18. Its membership is growing daily. Why not get your friends together and organize a Local Unit of the Na- tional W. J. R.C? There is hardly a town now that has not got its local W. J. R. C. Headquarters. There is probably one in your town where you can register as a member and get the Winchester button which your mem- bership entitles you to wear. Your hardwedr or sporting goods dealer is probably a representative. If you cannot get full particulars from him, write direct to Winchester Junior Rifle Corps, National Headquar- ters, 275 Winchester Avenue, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A., Division 872. Winchester Sharpshooter Medal 95

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Sa a ieemacemee = SS Series aoe RRS Beevers seo 5 ler > Ao a ers oS "Fas See é AOA eee Ue natiatans pt. BPs: Workmen's Weather Proof ©% Clothes “ for Hard Wear Back the Fighting Men with the Fighting Loan —Buy Bonds Duxbak is now avail- able for workmen’s cloth- ing. Duxbak has been the leader for outdoor wear for fourteen years. Duxbak replaces two expensive outfits—your wool ‘suit and your overalls, and will outwear both. Duxbak utility clothes are comfortable, durable and economical and stand hard wear; protect from wind and rain; can be worn to and at work—all year —except in extremely cold weather. Made of specially woven, heavy duck fabric and rainproofed. Just the right clothes for Ship Builders, En- gineers, Farmers, Milkmen, Miners, Woodsmen, Rail- road and Baggage men; for Drivers, or other outside workers. requiring roomy, serviceable, weather-proof clothes of moderate price. Coat is single breasted. Corduroy faced collar and adjustable corduroy faced cuffs. Entire body and upper half of sleeves lined with Duxbak cloth. Three large outside set-in pockets with flaps, and two large inside patch pockets. Long trousers reinforced from hip to knee and al seal with Duxbak cloth; cut full and roomy; two side, two hip and two watch pockets with bulton flaps; belt loops. Trousers can be worn with or without leggings or puttees. ay) Many styles of Duxbak hats or caps to choose from. Catalog No. 15 Free Send for Catalog No. 15 with sample of material. Illustrates and describes full line of outdoor clothes—economical in price. Prices and measurement blank with catalog. Phy tt snes ah steamer en Utica-Duxbak Corporation 6 Hickory St., Utica, N. Y. Popular Science Monthly — A Camera for Projecting Post- Cards on a Screen T is a very easy matter to use the _ camera which took your photo- graphs to act as a stereopticon. Per- haps it might better be called a cameropticon. Anyhow you can cause it to project enlarged images of your favorite photographs, picture post- cards, etc., upon a screen. Procure a box about 18 in. wide by 24 in. long and in one corner set your iota BOx CAMERA BACK REMOVED GOVERNED BY SIZE_OF PICTURE DESIRED -___ = aoe =. i “INSIDE OF BOX ENLARGED PAINTED BLACK: PICTURE ON SCREEN CONCENTRATES LIGHT UPON PHOTOGRAPH Camera and box with light and mir- ror to make a_ post-card projector camera with its back removed. When you have found just where the lens contacts with the side of the box, bore a 2-in. hole there. At a point 6 in. back of the camera, place the photo- graph held upon a support. Near the camera, but where it will not shine into its back, place a bright light with a reflector behind it to concentrate the glare upon the photograph in- tensely and evenly. Take your cameropticon into a dark room, turn on the light, and you will find an image of your photograph upon the wall or screen provided. Use a 120 candle-power bulb. Or, better, use two smaller bulbs, one on each side of the camera, the camera being placed in the center of the box instead of in one corner. Of course you will have to focus until the image is clear, just as in taking the picture. Paint the inside of the box black. The dotted lines show the path of the light rays.—F. E. BRIMMER. To Remove a Tightly Fitting Can Cover O remove the cover on a round metal or paper container that fits tightly, place a stout string with the ends tied together so that the loop will fit loosely just be- low the cover edge on the can body, and then by means of a stick twist the string up very tightly. This will release the cover so that it will come off Twisting a wire on a easily and can to remove its cover quickly.

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November, 1918 Those Pictures from Home °° If they only knew the pleasure they bring us *# # # « | am sure they would come. ”’ Translation of an extract from a letter written by a young Belgian soldier to a friend in America. ‘*And often I must take in my hand, the pictures from home. I look at them 21], one after the other, and they speak to me. Then I am once more at home—I listen, and I live again. It would be too much for me to write you all that they say. But above all, they say to me ‘Au revoir.’ I find them all a little thinner, and Father and Mother a little grayer of hair. Tiens/ if they only knew the pleasure they bring us, these pictures from home, there would not be one remaining in Belgium. IN THE FRENCH All the pictures would rush : Et chegee Sie. > dois prendre ‘ es portraits de chez moi en main. " woe conmom: | towardsus; even ifthey had tre - tous me parlent. Alors = + h 1, l ° suis de nouveau a la maison, je les = ecoute et je revis, —ce serait trop to pass t TOUg the electr1 ai vous Boge tout ae qu js me ‘ d ° f 3 f e isent. als surtout us me disent, “Au revoir!” Je - yg un ed -wire of tne rontier, or peu maigris, et apa et aman e e un peu plus gris de cheveux. Tiens, si seulement on savait le plaisir if they had to swim through que nous procure, ces portraits de la maison, il n’en resterait pas de la maison, il n’en resterait mas | Yser Canal, I am sure they ———— vers nous, Age l d 99 méme s’ils devaient passer les fils electrique de la frontiére; ou siils wou come. devaient passer 4 la nage le canal de l’Yser, je suis certain qu’ils GUSTAVE GEBOERS viendrait. GUSTAVE GEBOERS L 282 2me Compagnie Armée Belge en Campagne Thus writes Gustave Geboers a Belgian boy of twenty three. And your boy, our boys, will pictures mean less to them? As they look at them all, ‘‘ one after the other,’’ the pictures will speak to them of home, will keep them cheerful in the days of waiting and when the storm of battle breaks will send them forth with the high courage that is born of love of home and of those things that are clean and honest and right. Your picture, the picture of your boy’s friends and of his home—let sta talk to him—and may they help him to keep light of heart until that day when in his magnificent strength he returns to you a bronzed veteran, a victorious crusader in the battle for democracy. EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Rocuester, N. Y., The Kodak City >>

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od. enti ae Bee 5+ Pots Se paige trex voce ‘Spe eg as ESS SRP ES SE BREED PETE Ae gE CSS sake Sei ae ; et Sea este ee RIS a a a ee * eae a a serious shortage exists. ed It is a dressy, classy, all-wool glove, combining warmth, comfort, gs economy and quality. aS “§ The “WOOLLKID” fits to perfection and looks as fine as it feels. H Full outside seams, one-button tops, embroidered backs—in Gray, i | Khaki or Winterfield shades. “Glove Styles” Free Gloves—for army, na with the “WOOLI-KI will send a pair for your inspection. Cee ed “W ooli-Kid” All Ameriean Pure Wool, Warmest Dress Glove : Just Arrived! Stylish! Novel! Warm! Patriotic! | “Wooli-Kid” 16 HIS introduces the Grinnell “WOOLI-KID” Glove, the new AII- ¢ i American glove for dress and street wear. The “WOOLI-KID” ae comes in response to the need for conservation of leather, as The “WOOLI-KID” saves leather. Wear a pair and do your share. Write for a complimentary copy of our book— Glove Styles’’—showing all styles of Grinnell , aviation and civilians. .” send us his name, and size of glove you wear, and we Morrison-Ricker Mfg. Co., 142 Broad St., Grinnell, lowa, U.S.A: | Grinnel] | Gloves “Best for every purpose” If your dealer cannot supply you | for This Symphonola Plays all records, Victor, Columbia, Edison, Pathe, Little Wonder, Emerson. Take a year to pay, after 30 days’ trial. Compare its tone for clearness. volume, with more costly instruments. Return at our Li expense if it failsto make good. Ask today for the Hiustrated S: ola Book FREE. Shows this and other Symphonola styles sold on easy payments. ONOLA RECOR 'S—Get our list of the latest song, dance, popular, clear sounding, full toned disc records. Playable en any Phonograph. ‘tt Ca, Desk SPSM-1118 Buffalo, N. Y. | ua | | Arithmetic of Electricity—A practical treatise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules. $1.00 Pospaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York. | USE HB BALL BEARING | ELECTRIC MOTORS Sizes to meet all rejuirements from % H. P. to 15 H. P. Smooth-running. ¢ ical a ficient. Ample in ca- pacity, sturdy and dependable. Easy to operate and re- quire little or no attention. Puilt to save money and make money for you. sold with absolute money-back guarantee, under which you run no risk. Cash or Easy Payments fend : for prices and terms, stating machinery you wish to operate, current a ailable, etc. Write or wire today. We manufacture also a superior line of battery chargers, lighting outfits and generators. Write for information. HOBART BROTHERS COMPANY Box S11 Troy, Ohio a month. An Easy Way Don’t be content to plod along on a small salary. Be Inde- pendent. Go in the tire repairing business and make $60 or more a week. One man made $45 the first day he received his outfit. Others are mak- ing $25 a day and hundreds of wide-awake men are making $200 to $500 No experience needed. We teach you how. Very little capital resuired. slight risk, as every car owner in your town is a possible customer. tiful because tires blow out and puncture every day. GHaALeR vuleanizer that has Automatic Heat Control. undercure or overcure a tire. expert tire vuleanizing in half an hour with the Shaler. WRITE FOR FREE BOOK WRITE OUVICK BEFORE SOME HUSTLER GETS AHEAD OF YOU. C. A. SHALER CO., 2110 Fourth Street, WAUPUN, WIS. to Make Money But’ Jobs are plen- Tire Repair Outfit, $70 will do as much and as perfect work as the big ize nerfectly with this simple machine __ It’s the only It must vulcanize just right. It can’t Requires no watching or regulating. You can learn to do “HOW TO OPEN A TIRE REPAIR SHOP” and complete Catalog, which gives full information . 8 $250 to $500 vulcanizing outfits. A boy can vulean- , Popular Science Monthly Improving the Keeping Qualities of Negatives VERY photographer usually has some choice negatives that he would like to preserve permanently. These fine negatives may be rendered permanent, after they have been fixed, by placing them in a ten per cent solu- tiun of alum, and allowing them to re- main in it for a few minutes. treatment makes the plate wonderfully clear and clean, and absolutely un- alterable. one, the alum acting upon the gelatine to make it insoluble. This The action is a chemical A Home-Made Portable Crane for Garages PORTABLE crane for a garage is one of the most necessary tools required. It provides a means for lifting motors, gear cases and other heavy parts from automobile chassis. The one illustrated is easily construct- ed of old iron pipe, bed casters, bicycle DETAIL OF ROLLER END 3'D1a. " 23 PIPE BICYCLE CHAIN ,FRONT AND REAR seep Al ETS | A garage crane made from old iron pipe, bed- casters, and a bicycle chain and sprocket chain and sprockets and one crank and one gear, several pieces of band iron, a length of steel cable, a wood drum, old sash pulley at the top, nuts, bolts, ete. As this will weigh only 200 lbs. or possibly less, it is readily placed in almost any position and is a great help to all repairmen. Detachable hooks of different sizes may be used so as to engage different size parts to be lifted. The connecting pipes of the frame are standard fittings bent to fit and drilled for 14-in. bolts to give additional strength. The catch is made from a piece of band iron and also its clamp. To release the tension

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November, 1918 or lower the article, press down on the handle, hold the latch or catch up, and allow the handle to reverse until correct height of article is found; then release the latch, which will hold the gear as before at any desired position.—P. P. AVERY. Movable Stop-Cock End for the Sink Water Faucet HERE is always a time while the sink is full of pots and pans when the water is wanted in one vessel and not in another. The turning of a stop-cock is quite a task when busy handling the utensils. A movable stop-cock end is more desirable in this case and very few would think that - such an at- tachmemnt could be ap- plied to the regular cock. This can be done in the fol- lowing man- ner: Cut a piece of pipe, of about the same diameteras the stop-cock and 1 in. long. Get a piece of rubber tubing about the same length which will make a tight fit on the pipe and stop-cock. Slip the rubber tubing over the pipe and stop-cock end, and wire it tightly in place. A slight pressure of the finger against the end moves it at an angle so that it will permit the water to be directed exactly in the direction which is wanted. When it is considered that in an average kitchen, something must be moved away from the stream of water from ten to twenty times a day, or from three to seven thousand times a year, it will become clear that the five cents and the ten minutes’ time needed for adjusting it are a good investment. In addition to doing away with all this shifting and moving, this arrange- ment permits the sink to be washed and rinsed out far more easily, as the stream can be played just where it is needed. And besides this the at- tachment does not interfere with any- thing; nor is it ever in the way of the user.—HENRY SIMON.

The rubber swings _ nozzle to any angle

A Paste for Removing Ink-Stains on Silver RTICLES of silver in domestic use frequently become badly stained with ink. These stains cannot be removed by any ordinary process, but they readily yield to a paste com- posed of chloride of lime and water. In an emergency, Javelle water may be used with good results. Rubbing the article briskly with chamois cloth will give it as high a: polish as it originally had.—HERMAN NEUHAUS.

The Thrift Smoke You don’t smoke a pipe once and throw it away. You smoke it month after month, using the__ grade of tobacco you like in its most economical an form! If it’s a good <i pipe, and if you treat it right, the longer you smoke it the sweeter and mellower it gets. But there's even one more economy when you smoke the

MARK THE UNIVERSAWM PIPE The W D C triangle trade-mark has been thz sign of supreme pipe valuc for more than 50 years. It is not only on every Wellington, but also on pipes that we make of every other style, size and grade. Price for price, there is no better pipethan aW Dc. Tobacco burns dry in a Wellington from top to bottom, and you smoke it with pleasure down to the very last grain. No waste there! The well catches all moisture, and keeps it away from the tobacco and your mouth. ere is no bubbling. No tobacco crumbs can come through. The top opening of the bit sends the clean, dry smoke up away from your tongue. The bowl of every Wellington is genuine French Briar, seasoned by our own special process and guaranteed against cracking or burning through. Good dealers have Wellington Pipesin many sizes, shapes and grades at 75 cents and up. Get yours—and be thrifty and happy forever after. WM. DEMUTH & CO., New York World’s Largest Pipe Manufacturers

BOUND VOLUMES of Popular Science Monthly The most interesting and valuable book you can obtain is a bound volume of Popular Science Monthly. It is a history of the World’s progress in picture and text. Each volume contains over 2,000 pictures, over 1500 new arti- cles, handsomely printed in a big book of 960 pages. Volumes are now ready as follows:—Vol. 88 January-June 1916; Vol. 89, July-December 1916; Vol. 90, January-June 1917; Vol. 91, July-December 1917; Vol. 92, January-June 1918. Price per bound volume, postpaid, $2.00 Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St, New York

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a Ae ere

KOS RE CREA

Re-Top With Drednaut Elegant in Appearance A Drednaut top will add to the uty of any car—making an old car look like a new one.

Durable and Weatherproof Often outlasting the car itself, a top of Drednaut will protect you from the severest storms or the hottest sun. Drednaut’s Reputation We sold top material long be- fore motor-cars were made— leaders in manufacturing since 1847, Drednaut is one of our several sterling products. Write jor samples and par ticulars

L. C. CHASE & CO., BOSTON New York Detroit Chicago San Francisco Leaders in Manufacturing Since 1847

Popular Science Monthly Simple Designs for Sheet Metal Working XVIII.—Interesting Sheet Metal Pat- | terns Developed ‘by Triangulation By Arthur F. Payne Director of Vocational Education, Johnstown, Pa HOSE of you who have been following this series from the beginning will have no great difficulty in developing these patterns, even though at first glance they may appear to be rather complicated. The illustration Fig. 1 is for the purpose of A 8 rE A F 354 © 2 Plain ? triangles Cc Vi rt] S545 3wz YX 5 1 7 Radial ? Plain radial and Figt , and zigz plain triangles ne Senges These diagrams show clearly the three types of triangles used to develop a pattern bringing before you more clearly the three types of triangles that are used when developing .sheet metal patterns by triangulation. The plain triangles MLL Ue

plain and radial triangles, and also, for the first time shall use the so- called zigzag triangles. The difference between the three types can be easil: seen by studying the first sketch. The triangles shown were all drawn at random, and are not a part of-any pattern, the idea being to show the three types with the method of locat- ing the points. Observe that the points of the plain triangles are located by letters of the alphabet; the points of the radial triangles are located by letters and figures; the zigzag triangles by letters and figures. In problem Fig. 2 we use all three types of triangles. On the end we use the plain, on the corner we use the radial, and on the throat we use the zigzag. How to Proceed To develop this pattern, first draw front view A and top view B. Next lay off, as shown, the large flat sur- faces, C on the front and D on the end, that need no development. We shall only need to develop one quarter of the complete pattern, as it will be seen that all four quarters are alike. Lay off the radial triangles on the cor- ner by the usual method of dividing one quarter of the top view circle into four equal parts. Draw lines from these points to the corner E on both top and front view.

Start to lay out the pattern , by drawing the large surface C. Find thetruelength of the

654° e radial triangle lines on the 8765432, ear + Foe | \ radial triangles combination with the Y plain triangles. These were shown in the Fi g:2

In the prob- pattern

lems illustrated in this issue we shall use the 100 On a pattern for a double leg boot are used the three types of triangles—the plain, the radial, and the zigzag

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November, 1918 corner from the true length triangles in the usual manner, or as follows: On the base line from the corner E set off the distance of the numbered points of the top view circle from corner E of the top view; for instance, take distance E-4 of the top view and set it off as H-4 of the true length triangle. The dotted line F-4 is the true length of line E-4 of the front and ly ; ' ; ly ; ' ict ak af pi triangles : = LC. 3 ¥} T . | 1 oil 1 lAsy " ‘\ | C4 ih, p LS, NN, \ | Wi fl Ww'\ A | ' \Wy \\ ! | Wi 44 Fe . WW \ | H xW 320) 3l4]34 H zY 22 => Cc Ouarter__, pattern w xX vy z_ Figs The same principles are applied in a different form for this problem top views. Set this off on the pattern as line E-4, getting the distance be- tween 5-4 from the top view of circle. In the same manner, lay out the other radial triangles and also the triangle D. If difficulty is encountered with this particular phase of the problem, it is suggested that a brief review of the problems in the last three chapters will make the process plain, as this part was explained thoroughly in those numbers. The Zigzag Triangle A new feature of this problem is now reached—the development of the pat- tern for the curved throat. It will be observed that we cannot lay this curved part out in large plain triangles or in radial triangles, as we have done 7 And save the game that_he is destroying. ‘Take your trusty gun and go aftergame enemies; hawks, foxes, weasles, skunks, house cats. They destroy millions of game birds every year. You ‘should hunt them as mercilessly as they hunt down and slaughter their prey. Get them zow and help check this wanton destruction of a valuable part of the Nation’s food supply. : The Hercules Powder Co. publishes a 64 page book, ‘“Game Farming for Profit and Pleasure.’? It tells you all about the care and propagation of game birds,as well as howto protect them. This book will be sent to you free on request. Send for it today* g HERCULES POWDER CO. ¥| 39 W. 11 Street Wilmington Delaware Qe % ee, a Wi, —~— — er ee \ Will StopThat Leak Cure that leaky radiator, in five to ten minutes, by pouring a can of Radiator Neverleak, the wonderful /iquid, into the It automatically hard- ens over the leak and makes a perfect, insoluble repair, often better than soldering. 75c Instead of $15.00 to $25.00 Ford size can costs 50c; larger can, 75¢c. Carry a can with you for emergency! Guaranteed satisfactory or money refund- ed. Will not clog or impair cooling sys- Let it stay in radiator, ready to HALL water, that’s all! tem, stop the leak. At all dealers or sent direct. BUFFALO SPECIALTY COMPANY v 365 Ellicott St. F Sa Vi aE | WZ VU A OZ BUFFALO, N.Y. “The WMS AI People” Pencils and eye glasses You wouldn’t read all day through another person’s glasses. Then why work with a pencil not intended for your kind of work? DIXON'S ELDoRAD includes, among its 17 degrees, a pencil to suit each kind of work—each individ- ual taste. The strong, smooth, respon- sive leads make work easier, quicker, more economical, 17 degrees—9H (hardest) to 6B (softest); HB (medium) for general work. Write us the nature of your pencil work and our dealer's ngme, enclesing 1$¢ in stamps, and we will send you full-length samples of the right degrees for you, worth deuble the meney— alseour chart showing the uses of the 17 degrees. JOSEFH DIXON CRUCIBLE CO. Dept. 120-J. Jersey »N. J. D ¥ A Canadian distributors 1827 A.R. MacDougall & Co., Ltd., Toronto, Ont. 101

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als PAGES 45 1LLUSTRATIONS ieee ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK ELECTRICITY! Hees. just the book on Electricity that you need to answer your many ques- tions—to solve your knotty problems, to teach you new kinks, - to be your memory for tables, rules, formulas and other Electrical and Mechanical facts that some people try to carry in their heads—and fail. With this “Little Giant” I. C.S. Electrical Engineer’s Handbook in your.pocket, toolchest, on your work bench, drawing table ordesk, an hour or a day need not be lost “digging up’ some forgotten rule, some. un- familiar fact; you’ll just turn to the very com- we index and. get it “in ajiffy.”’ Just afew of the subjects treated are: ge wml snd Magnetism; Electrical Sym- bols; Direct and Electric Cars; Single and Multiple. fai Goebel: Transmission; Rai elding; Tables of Wires — Sizes, Capacities, etc.,— Mathematical Rules; ag Symbols; Tables of Constants, og, —_ compe Re- ciprocals, Areas, an and ea sures; Chemistry; Properties of Metals; Principles of Mechanics; First —— etc. et- Cloth, red edges, goldieat st "Sa ges, go! clear, readable type on good q illustrated wherever a ure W: No Risk Money-Back Offer! The of the f: C.S.F ks, of which more Lm og gle ae ‘sold and -_ in practical “— eve use, Tr copy © confident are we that you will find them exactly what you need for ready vednerence in your work, that we stand ready to —s and age A refund your money if for any reason you are not fully satisfied with their value Simply send a letter or the coupon below, enclosing i for each Doek wanted. If at any time within 10 days you wish to return the books, your money will be refunded. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS Box 7612 Scranton, Pa. iy bound in ae Prom an, ty paper and . ill help. H. Ah os ae eee en en ET OM ES fe ee eo ee oe ew | INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS i 2% 7612 , SCRANTON, PA. for which send me postpaid the I | Hundvooke ne X, at $1.00 each. I may return any or all and get my money back within ten days from receipt: | Electrical Engineer's Advertiser's se cme oe Engineer’s |_| Business Man’s ] Bookkeeper’s os ea Steno. and Cerrespondent's { Westinghouse Air Brake |_| Salesman's Civil Engineer’s Window Trimmer’ | Coal Miner’s cotton Textile Worker's Concrete Engineer's Farmer’s | Building Trades oultryman’s Piumber’s and Fitter’s Mariner's | st’s Automobiles | N Street | and No $ City ___- State_ + Build and Fly Model x War Aeroplanes! a a "duplicates of War-f Aeroplane nd now for Drawings and instructions for the one you want to Gorton Ce Tractor, ~% Complete Get our iatest 1918 Catalogue of Model Aeroplanes, "Parts, Materials, pages. Supplies. IDEAL & SUPPLY CO., 90.06 West Broadway, N.Y. 9 eenes = 10 HOURS —s TREES improvements. First order gets agency. Harrison St, “Machine Co. 161 West Chicago, M. with previous problems, so we lay the part out in zigzag triangles. The method is as follows: On the top view circle lay out the equally spaced points 6-7-8-9. Carry | these points across to the center line, and mark them V-W-X-Y-Z. Draw the zigzag triangles as shown. To lay out the front view of these triangles, project the numbered spaces down from the top view circle. To get the proper spacing for the points on the front view center line, we must draw the end view D, dividing the circle and projecting the points across to the front view. Connect the two sets of points, with the zigzag lines. Popular Science Monthly true length of V-6. Lay off this as V-6 on the pattern. Next lay off V-W on the pattern as obtained from V-W of the end view D. Now it is necessary to get the length of 6-W. This is obtained by laying off line 6-W of the top view as 6-W of the true length triangles. The line M-6 is the true length, and is laid off as 6-W of the pattern. Follow exactly the same method for the rest of the pattern. Only one quarter of this pattern is shown. The quarter pattern would be reversed to get one half, then repeated to get the full pattern. In the problem Fig. 3 the same principles are applied to an entirely different problem—the round to an ovalstarter. First draw the front view A, thetop view B, and lay off the large flat triangle C. Then lay out the zig- zag triangles by dividing the two circles of the top view into equally spaced points and connecting them as shown. Project these points down to oy True lengths triangle With this problem we encounter the most difficult development so far brought forth. While the drawing appears complicated, a study of preceding problems will aid in solving the lay out We must think of these lines as the hypotenuse side of the triangles, as de- scribed in detail in previous chapters. We can get the length of the base from the top view and the length of the altitude side from the front, and then from these two lines get the true length of the hypotenuse. This is shown in the true length triangles at the left of the front view. The perpendicular line with the points V-W-X-Y-Z is the length of the altitude sides of the triangles; the lines running from these lettered points to the numbered points is the length of the base line of the triangles; the dotted lines are the true lengths of the corresponding zigzag lines. The steps taken to lay out the pat- tern for the throat are as follows: From point 5 on the pattern lay off point 6 as obtained from the top view circle. Now it is necessary to get the true length line V-6. Lay off V-6 from the top view as V-6 of the true length triangle, and the line 6-M is the 102 the front view, and draw the front view of the zigzag triangles. To lay out the pattern, project the distance H-4 from the front view and draw the center line H-W. To get the correct length of H-W set off the distance H-W of the top view as K-H of the true length triangles, and the eg line H-M is the true length of -W. Now lay off W-X on the pattern as obtained from the top view circle. We must get line 4-X for the pattern. To get this, set off distance 4-X on the top view as K-X4 of the true length triangle, the dotted line M-X4 is the true length of line X-4. Next lay off distance 4-3 on the pattern as obtained from the top view, and get the line X-3 for the pattern in exactly the same way as for X-4. Follow exactly the same steps for the balance of the pattern. The ninety-degree round to oval single boot shown in Fig’ 4 is the most difficult problem so far developed in

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November, 1918 this series. The drawing appears very complicated, but if the reader has worked out the preceding problems, he will have no difficulty at all with this problem. It will be observed that the end view C is becoming necessary. If only the front and top views were shown there would be no way of know- ing whether the oval end were rectangu- lar or oval, so the end view is neces- sary to show that the end is oval. The Most Difficult Problem Yet Draw the front view A, top view B, and end view C, and lay out the large triangles D and E on the top and end views. Lay out the zigzag triangles by spacing off the large circle of the top view, projecting the lettered points down to the front view. On the end view C and the top view F space off the small circles as shown, and pro- ject the numbered points over to the front and top views. Connect the numbered points and the lettered points with the zigzag lines on all three views, as shown in the drawing. To lay out the pattern, project over to the pattern the distance from the center line to 7, then draw the center line at right angles to it, and get the correct length of the center line by taking the apparent length of the line Z-7 of the front view. Notice that this is the apparent length of the line Z-7. It is really the true length of the center line, because the. top of the line Z-7 is leading toward us. We next get the true length of the line Z-7 by laying off the distance Z-7 of the top view on the base line of the true length triangle, and the solid line Z-7 is the true length of Z-7. Next lay off the distance 7-6 of the end view, as 7-6 of the pattern; then get line Z-6 of the pattern by project- ing point 6 from the front view to the true length triangle, and the solid line Z-6 is the length of the pattern line Z-6. Repeat with balance of pattern. Explaining Solid and Dotted Lines It will be seen that some of the zigzag lines in the front, top, and end views are solid and some are dotted. The dotted lines represent those lines that would be invisible if the boot were actually made of tin or sheet iron. For instance, if we were looking at the end view, and it were made of sheet iron with the lines drawn on the out- side, we could see the solid lines, but not the dotted lines, the same is true with the top view lines. These are dotted lines connecting points 1-2-3 with T-U-V-W. These lines would be invisible in the view if the boot were made of metal. The lines that are solid or dotted in the top view are also drawn solid and dotted in the true length triangles and the pattern. Several letters have been received from readers asking for the develop- ment of a ship’s ventilator. This will be demonstrated in the next chapter. (To be continued) ROR Ce/ GO Oona tn a Pane ate — Se Cea = SS == YOU Can Build This Derrick se PRICES OF MECCANO OUTFITS No. 00. . bi * Zz ° NospaunS ess sssssssss Ne. om.’ ~ And upto . 3 MECCANO MOTO Electric, E-l1 . . ith Reverse Gear Clockwork Motors. a wal Oe Sent prepaid on receipt of price if not at your dealer's BP rast part of a Meccano Derrick. Study its massive beams, pulleys and cables; it’s typically Meccano. You can build this engineering mas- terpiece if you own a Meccano outfit. Also, looms that weave fabrics, towers with elevators, cranes, drawbridges, and hundreds of others. Outfits No. 1 to 6 contain material for 325 models. Then comes Book No. 2 with a hundred more —just out, 35c. at your dealer’s. All easy to build by following the simple directions. You can = make your models go like ff } Sendforthis =~ real machinery by using BIG $4.50 = Meccano Motors — finest, XMAS SET ———_ ———————— f ’ TY? OT SET os _ * * most powerful made. This Postpaid if nol a . | at your dealer's =: just doubles your fun! With It You Can Build Meccano Wonder Book Free Tells all about Meccano and gives prices piaoag Monopl Crush of all the outfits. With it you receive a pagal er Sleighs Bridges Lathes copy of the Meccano Magazine, a live —— Drilling Machines Beam Scales == boys’ publication. Both are free; send Cate eiways Saenger aig == name and address now. Jib Cranes Merry-go-rounds scores of others : Meccano Co., Inc., Bldg. 10-K, Bush Terminal, Brooklyn, N. Y. MECCANO | Toy Engineering For Boys

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Instruction Book CONTAINING A TREATISE ON ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY AND 100 Electrical Experiments TO BE PERFORMED WITH “She Boy s Electric Toys” $500 >— == — 9) PSE ean eae TRO IMPORTING CO. JN ST NEW YORK, U.S.A. apriighs (917 by Bestre bmparting CaN Y © “THE BOY’S ELECTRIC TOYS” contains enough material TO MAKE AND COMPLETE OVER TWENTY-FIVE DIF- FERENT ELECTRICAL AP- PARATUS without any other tools, except a screw-driver furnished with the outfit. The box contains the following com- plete instruments and apparatus which are already assembled: Student’s chromic plunge bat- tery, compass-galvanometer, s0- lenoid, telephone receiver, elec- tric lamp. Enough various parts, wire, etc., are furnished to make the following apparatus: i Electromagnet, electric cannon, magnetic pictures, dancing spiral, electric ham- mer, galvanometer, voltme- ter, hook for telephone re- ceiver, condenser, sensitive microphone, short distance wireless telephone, test stor- age battery, shocking coil, complete telegraph set, elec- tric riveting machine, _elec- tric buzzer, dancing fishes, ingi teleph mysteri- ous dancing man, electric jumping jack, magnetic geo- metric figures, rheostat, erratic pendulum, electric butterfly, thermo electric motor, visual telegraph, etc., etc. This does not by any means exhaust the list, but a great many more apparatus can be built actually and effectually. With the instruction book which we furnish, one hundred experiments that can be made with this outfit are listed, nearly all of these being illustrated with superb illustrations. No other materials, goods or sup- plies are necessary to perform any of the one hundred experi- ments or to make any of the 25 apparatus. Evesything can be constructed and accomplish- ed by means of this outfit, two hands, and a screw-driver. e outfit oes rmsd me separate pieces of materia se 24 pieces of finished articles ready to use at once. Among th> finished materia! the following parts are included: Chromic salts for battery, lamp socket, bottle of mercury, core wire (two different lengths), a bottle of iron filings, three spools of wire, carbons, 2 quantity of machine screws, flexible cord, two wood bases, glass plate, paraffine paper, binding posts, screw-driver, etc. etc. The instruction book is so clear that anvone can make the apparatus without trouble, and besides a section of the instruction book is taken up with the fundamentals of electricity to acquaint the layman with all important facts in electricity in a simple manner. We guarantee satisfaction. The size over all of the outfit is 14 x 9x 244. Shipping weight, 8 Ibs. No. EX2002. “The Boy’s Electric Toys,” $5 00 outfit as described..........«. «i... IMMEDIATE SHIPMENTS “The Livest Catalog in America’’ Our big, new electrical cyclopedia No. 19 is waiting for you. Positively the most complete Wireless and electrical catalog in prin: today. 228 Big Pages, 600 illustrations, 500 instruments and apparatus, ete. Big ‘Treatise on Wireless Telegraphy.” 20 FREER coupons for our 160-page FREE Wireless Course in 20 lessons. FREE Cyclopedia No. 19 measures 7x54". Weight '4 lb. Beautiful stiff covers. Cyclopedia sent only on receipt of 6 cents stamps to cover postage. Electro Importing Co., 229 Fulton St, New York HAVE YOU READ THE CLASSIFIED — ecngreyts apres nmin a - pages 122- x urn to them now and learn what rare. oppor- ADVERTISEMENTS ON PAGES 122 to 125? tunities are presented for legitimate and mutually You will be agreeably surprised to find so much of | profitable business. interest and value in these little business announce- ments. Erickson Artificial Limb Co. pe BUSH CAR Shipped .on Approval 18 Washington Ave. N.--Minneapolis, Minn. Established 25 Yedrs—Write for CATALOG We PATENTED are Rory is F-ve Passenger 35 H.P.car. 116 in. Whi. base. Goodrich under 2 x 3 1-2-—Delico ign. — bynete Stg. and Ltg. Write at once Gov't. a ve: for particulars of shipment and my 48-page catalog. Agents wan’ Bond ty to drive demonstrate. Territory open. Prompt shipments. ~ r and Big money. _ Cars guaranteed or money back. 1919 cars ready. Does not Chafe, Overheat or Draw End of Stump BUS Adarses gi, MiSushy President.” Be fiinols What 15° wn. You ‘t Nation's Canital The Sc in stamps or coin will bring you # the Pathfinder Washington, if ae ae the — mena 23 weeks on trial. The Pathfinder is an illustrated weekly, published at ae ae tion; The Pathfinder’s the Nation’s center, for the Nation; a paper that prints all the news ofthe made this kly. td aga Se rayne ty world and tellsthe truth and only the truth ; now in its 26th year, This pa- ¢ weekly review o outs adhe per tte the bill without emptying the purses it Costs but Si a year. Ifyou partial and correct diagnos J wantto keep posted on at is going onin the world, at the leastexpense during these strenuous, epoch-making days, of time or money, this is your means. If you wanta paperin your home which is sincere, reliable, entertaining, wholesome, the Pathfinder is yours. Ifyou would appreciate a paper which puts everythin clearly, fairly, briefiv—here itis. Send 2Se¢ to showthat you might like sucha paper, and we willsend the Pathfinder on path So is weeks. _The 1Sc does not repay us, but we are glad toinvestin new friends. The P »Box 23 , Washington, D.C. 104 Popular Science Monthly The Fireplace Dummy May be Made to Radiate Heat RUE fuel conservation consists not so much in scrimping on coal as in saving heat, a very large per- centage of which = goes straight up ky the chimney, a doing no good. A dummy fire- place, of which there are many, may be arrang- ed as shown in the illustration, through which the smoke and hot gases may pass on their way up from the heater be- low and be dis- charged into the chimney above the fireplace. Considerable heat will radiate from this dum- my, sometimes enough to heat an entire room, and there is the novelty of the fireplace giving out heat with no fire in the grate. A tinsmith can build this of good, heavy sheet iron, using 314-in. pipe for the columns. These will equal the area of a 7-in. smoke pipe, which is Sectional view of pipes in. columns The fireplace is of the usual type; the heat radiates from the columns the usual size. The work may be decorated with sheet metal ornaments to any desired extent and will look well finished in bronze or old copper. The wall behind should be of brick or tiling as a protection against heat. There should be a damper in the bot- tom of the dummy to check the fire. There should be a valve over the top of the fireplace in the chimney to shut off the draft except when the grate is being used.._W. H. SARGENT. Noven

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ne ail ct 4 November, 1918 r SE Liberty Bread — save wheat. That's an im- portant obligation with you now. When you have it toasted—just right, and buttered hot, you'll find that this “substitute” bread has a lot more flavor. Toasting brings out flavor—every time. It makes tobacco delicious. Try Lucky Strike Cigarette—it’s toasted.

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From the Diamond Cutters Direct toYou, By Mail \% Carat.$ 8.25 . 18.75 % Carat. 3437 oOo PER CARAT Fine White 3-16Carat$13.13 \% Carat. 19.88 \% Carat. 44.12 % Carat. 54.77 PER CARAT Pure White \% Carat.$23.75 % Carat. 36. % Carat. 51.87 % Carat. 76.87 195° PER CARAP Blue-White % CS % Carat, 111.03 00 PER CARAT Steel Blue-White Carat. 83.95 Carat . 126.62 % Carat. 65.00 ‘229. PER CARAT J lagers ¥% Carat .$17.25 % Carat. 43.50 % Carat. 68.75 % Carat. 113.65 .PR GENUINE EW OI 10: ORDER FOR XMAS NOW In view of the rapid ad- vances in prices, upon you to make your se- lections for Christmas NOW so as to get the benefit of our present low prices. we urge Goods gladly reserved FREE EXAMINATION No deposit is necessary to see our wonderful offerings before you buy. anywhere entirely at our expense. We take all the risks and ship selections Simply select any- thing from this ad. or from our catalog, and tell us what bank or express office we shall send it to for your free ex- amination and approval. Examine and compare our values, and if you are not thoroughly satisfied, return them at our expense. You will be amazed at the money you can ORDER NOW. save by purchasing direct from us. MONEY BACKIN FULL GUARANTEE Every diamond we sell is covered by our fron-clad money-back guarantee. It not only states specifi- cally the exact carat weight and quality of the diamond you buy, but legally en- titles*you to the return of your money in full any time within one year, with full exchange privilege at any time. $2.00 CATALOG FREE Our new 280-page 1919 catalog is now ready for distribution, free for the asking. It is a liberal education in diamonds: how they are mined, graded, cut and polished, etc. It also contains more pages devoted to watches than any other catalog in existence, and gives you thousands of valuable gift suggestions in jewelry, sile verware, etc.—at prices that will amaze you. We send it to you free if you will fill in the coupon bee low or write us a letter or postcard asking for it. WRITE FOR YOUR be met VN d) Se) 2 DIAMONDS We carry thousands of carats of diamonds in stock, in 14 gr , from $70.00 to $315.00 per carat. We also make a specialty of large size diamonds from 3 oa | .oRRE COPY Now. AMAZING WATCH _ VALUES : Miltary Siew, atch. lever move- Jiry Bacio dial; — fitted “$5.00” gold villed. Low Prices! $10.7 75 D-814 RE ano Sé HOLE SALE 2 = SON of HI I LAD ELPHI IA. U.S.A. for future delivery. ORDER NOW.' THE BOY ELECTRICIAN Practical Plans of Electrical Apparatus for Work and Play with an Explanation of the Principles of Every-day Electricity. $2.00 Postpaid. POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 W. 39th St., New York understandable. ELECTRICITY MADE SIMPLE A book devoid of technicalities. $1.00 Postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York Simple, plain and SAVE 25% to 60% to * ae money. on slightly used D yoo Bargain Book and Catal: srs hundreds of money-saving bargains in ly used — sew comoras ‘Trial. lies. Sealing ahh on Wa hase boon ta th = us ve graphic t oe over i6 years. "Write now CENTRAL CAMERA CO. Dept. SB, 124 S. Wabash Ave., ing birds. ——_ tanning skins, etc. Learn Marvelous Book Sent FREE REE Y xidermy, th the at ak at epee | art of mount- mail. ‘The tree book telis how. t tes. Decorate se v. SCHOO Tt 1208 Elwood Bldg. “a amen STRONG ARMS and MILITARY SHOULDERS Illustrated with 20 full-page half-tone cuts showing exercises that will quickly develop, beautify and gain great strength in your-shoulders, arms and hands, without any apparatus. Equal to a $20.00 course. PROF. ANTHONY BARKER 127 W. 42nd Street Send for my Book For 25c coin or stamps Studio 1154, New York Guaranteed 10 years. for free tub offer. ROBINSON CABINET MFG. CO. 4895 Factories Bldg. Fpitdicoe Folding Bath Tub. Big seller. Costs little, no plumbing, little water. Weight 15 pounds, folds into small roll. Full length baths, far better than tin tubs. $10 a day easily made. Write Toledo, Ohio 106 Popular Science Monthly a Substantial Eyelet for the Soldier’s Barrack Bag HE regular eyelet used on bar. rack bags as they are supplieg | to the army does net answer the pur. pose for which it was designed. (yy Many complaints came from the boys in khaki, and for this reason a soldier boy made an improvement in the eyelet as shown in the illus- 7 tration. The place where the draw- strings come out of the hemmed edge he covered over with a piece of sole-leather. He made thisY leather longZ enough so that the ends lapping over the cloth could be riveted. The draw-string comes out of a hole cut in the center of jthe leather which is folded over.— DUDLEY HEss, A leather piece over a draw-string hole Testing the Polarity and Com- pounding of Motors T is necessary at times to test the polarity of a motor when a compass is not at hand. A simple method of doing this when the armature is re- moved is to use several nails or other soft iron pieces. The field circuit is closed and the nail placed at the edge of the pole pieces as in the illustration. Should the poles be in proper sequence nails will lie in the position shown at A, A. Should one pole be wrong the nails will stand out.from the poles as shown at B, B. The remedy, of course, is to reverse the leads to the wrong pole, or should this be impracti- cal due to the type of connectors used between field windings, the winding should be removed, turned end for end, and replaced. The position of the nails on the pole pieces drawn by magnetic force designates the poles The compounding of a motor may be easily checked in the following man- ner: machine and loosen but do not remove the lead to the shunt field at the start- ing box. Start the motor in the regular manner and when it is running freely open the main switch; then quickly remove the shunt field lead from the starting box. The starter handle will have returned to the off nosition 80 Remove all load from _ the \ Novemb the mai The @ running it close down t« starter hand a! main S8\ as a Sel the sa shunt f pounde its dire pounde with sh ig heav advance circuit the sta An Ef Is ¢ S] Wi paratus with m tory. right, a tion, 80 times t shorter perfore much ° This consec! sponge grease render: worth] cannot of the remed; ordina letting will ca and gi stiffne;

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ver ole t of her ESS, the ass 1 of Te- ther t is »dge ion. ance n at the S as , © the acti- used ding for November, 1918 the main switch can be closed again. The machine will have continued running from its momentum. Watch it closely and just as it 1s slowing down to the stopping Point, move the starter to the first point with the left hand and keep the right hand on the main switch. The machine will start as a series machine, and if it runs in the same direction as when the shunt field was connected it is com- ounded for motor; should it reverse its direction of rotation it is com- pounded for generator. When running with shunt field off the current draw is heavy, therefore, it should not be advanced beyond first point and open circuit at switch to prevent arcing at the starting box.—THos. W. BENSON. An Efficient Filter for Chemicals Is Cheaply and Easily Made SIMPLE chemical filter, yet withal an efficient piece of ap- paratus, can be readily constructed with materials found about the labora- tory. A glass tube is bent twice at right. angles, as shown in the illustra- tion, so that the larger leg is about six times that of the shorter one. To the LCotton - Glass woo! H+ Sponge A filter constructed on the inner end of the siphon leg, combining filter, and siphon shorter leg is fastened, by means of a perforated cork, a glass tube which is much wider. This short piece of tubing is filled consecutively with a small piece of sponge, absorbent cotton freed from grease and glass wool, and the end is stopped with a piece of sponge similar to the one previously used. The filter is started like any other kind of a siphon.—_ HERMAN NEUHAUS. Rembiiying Frayed Ends of Shoe- Laces OW often has a perfectly good shoestring lost its metal’ tip, rendering it a nuisance or utterly worthless, because the frayed end cannot be pulled through the eyelets of the shoe? A simple and effective remedy is to apply several coats of ordinary mucilage or glue to the ends, letting them dry between coats. This will cause the strands to hold together and give the whole end the necessary stiffness. 00 pee f ves A — | ~~ aad — moh gp coe eee } tei ni ans ea ts “hy en o> ee 5 / -, ws = (eis ee “a : ‘ ay Last Year. Rebuilding -Autos ! “T always had a craze for tinkering with motor cars—yet I never thought that I could turn this knack into a good income. Then I opened my eyes to what hundreds of other men were doing. They were buying up old cars and rebuilding them. They were opening up public garages and running repair shops. I made inquiries. I found out how my friends did these things. I followed their example. Last year I earned $6,000. This year I expect to make more, because automobile owners are making their old cars last them through the period of the war, and. this means a lot more work and profit for men in my line of busi- ness.”’ You Can Qualify You can earn as much money as this man. You can turn your love for motor cars into cash. If you are already an automobile | mechanic, repair man or chauffeur, you can climb far higher. Right now is the time to act. The field of automobile and commercial car manufactur- ing is growing tremendously. Its future is unlimited. You can prepare yourself speedily to be- come a skilled automobile mechanic. You can- equip yourself to open your garage. A simple spare time reading course in Automobile Engineering opens the way to success to you—now! Automobile Engineering This five-volume library of Automobile Engineering will prepare you for a_worth- while position in the fascinating field of automobile production. ° Fifteen great automobile engineers and specialists, with the co-operation of scores of other experts in their field, have compiled this great reading course, There are 2,500 pages and 2,100 illustrations. The books are new and up to the minute in every principle and method. They are carefully cross- indexed so that ‘you can find a given subject as easily as you find a word in the dictionary. Shipped Free We do not ask you to take our word for the merit of these books. We simply ask you to find out for yourself. You can do this without risk or expense or obligation. All we ask is that you fill out and mail the coupon. We will ship the books to you express collect for 7 days’ free examination in your home or shop.. Use the books as if they be- longed to you. Note how they explain all of the new automobile developments—ignition, starting, lighting, welding, etc. If the books do not come up to your expectations, send them back to us at our.expense. If you are pleased with them; if you see that they will help you to achieve your goal, send us just $2.00 within seven days and then $2.00a month until the special in- troductory price of $17.80 has been paid. Fzscinating = jects Special Offer | scion rie. elding Your purchase of these | Motor Constrne- : + tion and Repair books brings you a Consult- | Carburetors and ing Membership in the | ,,pettime American Technical Socie- | | Cooling ty, which while valued at | hrwea $12.00, may prove to be | Llnteh T issi worth hundreds of dollars to | Final Drive. you. It entitles you to] Steerine e = és Frames special information on sub- | Tires jects dealing with automobile ee construction and repair, or | Starting & Light- garage or shop management | waite. for the period of a year. You | shop Kinke may ask as many questions | Commereial as you wish. Swage Design Send No Money sie bt Electrics Storage Batteries —tore & Repair Mail free inspection cou- Fae Trueks pon. Just your name and address on the coupon brings the 5 valuable volumes to you express charges collect for 7 days’ free trial. We cannot guaran- tee that this little price will hold. Your oppor- tunity is now. Mail the coupon at once, while this offer is open to you. American Technical Society Dept. A1208, Chicago, Ill. THE AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY Dept, A1208 CHICAGO, ILL. _Flease send me the 5-volume set ‘‘Automo- bile Engineering’ for 7 days’ free examination, ——— charges collect. If I decide to buy, I will send $2.00 within 7 days and the balance at $2.00 a_month until $17.80 has been paid. Then you send me a receipt showing that the $25. set of books and the $12:00 consulting membership are mine and fully paid for. If I think that I can get along without the books after the 7 days’ trial I will return them at your expense. Ce is | .

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Vicker’s Machine Guns J PS Y yf 3 That they who fight may be first served with

‘COLT’S Automatic Platols, Cal. 45, Government Model “ New Service” Revolvers, Cal.45 Colt’s Automatic Machine Guns Browning Machine Guns Browning Machine Rifles O-DAY the entire COLT ORGANIZATION, with its immense work shops, its loyal men and women — everything COLT— has been placed at the disposal of our Government in order that THEY WHO FIGHT shall be well armed —the sooner to bring about that complete victory toward which every patriotic American is bending every effort. The time has come when it is inconsistent for us to serve any one but UNCLE SAM. HIS business— every true American’s business — is to WIN THE WAR. We believe that you will back the position we take at this time when the lives of our Boys and the Country's Honor are at stake. Therefore, we ask that you wait patiently for YOUR COLT until we have furnished the American soldiers with the Arms that are crushing the Hun. COLT’S PATENT FIRE ARMS MFG. CO. Hartford, Conn., U. S. A.

FOR THE MAN WHO CARRIES TOOLS

This Handsome, Substantial Harness-Leather TOOL BAG Combines all the good features of the various com- mon leather bags. Strongly built for rough usage. Bottom is three ply and steel studded. Has saw and bit holder, hand strap and shoulder strap with pad. A mighty good all around tool bag. Six sizes ranging from 14x 8 inches to 24x8 inches. Show this ad to your dealer and insist on the genuine KLEIN tool bag, or write us. Our Illustrated Tool Catalog sent you Postpaid on Request. MATHIAS KLEIN & SONS, Mfrs., Canal Sta. 3, Chicago

Join in the fun— What? Haven't you an Auto-Wheel .* yet? Gee, but you’re missing half your life. hate -Wheel Coaster is built for strength and speed. Wheels’ have roller rings, steel axles, oval spokes like an auto and steel tires. Coasts down hill like a streak; easy to co up again, and a little push on the evel sends it: flying. Boys who need a roadster and coaster too always buy the Auto-Wheel Con- vertible Roadster, because it’s really two wagons in one. When you want to coast, you turn_up the sides, hop on and ' away you go. Turn down the sides and iz you have a regular roadster. It’s the f! latest invention in coaster wagons, e B Send For FREE Felt Pennant a Write us names of three dealers, men- Z tioning which one handles Auto-Wheel, 7 f and we’ll send you a beautiful felt pen- , nant’ and Auto-Wheel Catalog. ? Organize an Auto-Wheel Coaster Club. j Each member receives a beauti- PY ful cap. Write for booklet. ~ BUFFALO SLED CO., ~ 457 Schenck Street, North Tonawanda, N.Y. In Canada: Preston, Ont.

Rae woe MOI Ta = CY Be KD = a. , a7 < : Sis 6

Popular Science M Binding Pages with the help of a Single-Piece Back PENNSYLVANIA printer Used a single sheet for binding g num, ber of pages as shown. The sheets were run through the press and geo with flat sides of five two-point brags rules for the folding lines, After 1253545

!Perforations|

fi ow 7

Sheets Fig. 4 How to fold a heavy piece of paper

to miake a back of loose leaves perforating and folding, the backs wer applied and secured with brass fag. eners. In Figs. 1 and 2 are shown the folding lines, perforations and folds The completed work and method gf fastening are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, This method makes a better appearing job than the two-sheet back and pre. vents wear on the back edges of the pages.—JAMES M. KANE. A Clean-Sweep Broom for Outdoor Work

UT from dead or old trees in the country about fifty or sixty of the thinnest branches, or twigs, each about 3 ft. long. Trim them so that they will make a neat, compact bundle, and tie just as tightly together as possible with very stout rope, keeping’ the cut ends closely joined. Then sharpen an old broom handle at one end so that you can drive that end- down intothe bunch of brush that you have tied together, and make you broom the right length for comfortable use. The sweeping end of the brush is left irregular, not trimmed. This makes a very thorough-sweeping broom for lawns, garage driveways, back yards, poultry yards, and so on; if fact, anywhere that speed and a good,

Small selected twigs tied together, with % an old broom-stick for the handle clean sweep are desired. The idea may be worked up by making a smaller bundle of finer twigs or branches, and placing them together more evenly for use in cellars, on porches, and soon. If the twigs are laid rather flatly and wired to a small piece of wood, a very creditable rug beater may be col structed. The cost is the best item favor of this clean-sweep broom, sine it is practically nothing but the labor of making same.—E. M. BRICKETR 2S @ \

Novem A Ve HI tr large | It is m fitted \ from sl vided | air inl A tk slide, under You T’ baske of st axle : front in an

A li for stitck the b of ste at its and t strips exter are f thun

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T Used a num. Sheety Scored t Drags Fig3 cS Were S fast. WN the folds, hod of and 4, eari id ser of the or Novémber, 1918 | A Ventilator Which It Is Easy ’ to Regulate HE ventilator shown in the illus- T tration is one that is used in the large local bank of a country place. It is made up in two halves, A and B, fitted with neatly shaped elbows, cut from sheet tin. The elbows are about é WZ ! Pipe and elbows made of tin like a stove- pipe, with wing dampers for ventilation 3 in. in diameter. A damper is pro- vided in each elbow for regulating the air inlet. A thumbscrew, working in a metal slide, holds the two parts in place under the sash.—JAMES M. KANE. You Can Make This Package- Carrier for Your Bicycle HE frame of the package carrier is made of strips of steel and the basket is of 16-oz. duck. The strips of steel are fitted axle and extend upward above the front wheel where a spreader is fitted in and riveted. A broad hem is A light metal and canvas package-carrier for the front wheel of the bicycle stitched in around the upper portion of the basket part and a rectangular strip of steel placed in it. This is fastened at its center on the ends with a bolt and thumbnut. strips are further braced by like pieces extending to the handlebars where they are fastened with clips and bolts with thumbnuts.—J. F. BURNAM. to the front | The upper ends of the - The man in the Service has few worries about the safety of the folks at home when he knows that a trusty Iver Johnson Revolver stands guard over their welfare. The Iver Johnson is al- ways ready to strike in the defense of its trust. Every family should have an Iver Johnson. It has no menace for its owner. Bumps, falls and other ac- cidents cannot make it go off. The only way to dis- iy | Safe to Friend Dangerous to Foe ~ charge an Iver Johnson is by pulling the trigger ‘way back. There are Iver Johngons to meet all needs; standard calibres, Hammer and Ham- merless Models, Regular, ‘“‘Western’’ Walnut and “Perfect”? Rubber grips. Free: Three Iver Johnson Booklets. Mention the ones you want: A—‘Firearms” (shotguns and revolvers), B—‘“Bicycles,” C—**Motorcycles.” IVER JOHNSON’S ARMS & CYCLE WORKS 343 River Street, Fitchburg, Mass. 99 Chambers Street, New York 717 Market Street, San Francisco sswnatc REVOLVER 4 "e i) ll 109

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Ives Ships and Ives Trains RUN BY POWER Great U. S. merchant and battle fleets are being built. Boys of’ today will sail the-seas as their officers after the war. Ives is building a wonderful fleet of 14 fine steel boats for boys. Steamships, torpedo boats, submarines, etc. that run in water, by Ives clockwork machinery. Ives Toys Make Hap dys Write today for circular describing Ives Ships and booklet on Ives Trains, that run by clockwork or elec- tricity over switches. bridges and through tunnels. You build zy track and set up the signals and stations yourself. THE IVES MFG. CORPORATION 191 Holland Ave. Bridgeport, Conn. Correctness of design, high grade materials and ample strength in every part assure the best com- bination of power and control in the Corbin Duplex Coaster Brake q With the Corbin brake you are sure, safe, comfortable. Slight backward pressure stops your bicycle slowly; harder pressure stops it instantly. CORBIN SCREW Write for catalog and | ‘CORPORATION learn why the Corbin Duplex is the best ; brake you wm ~~ ~~ can equip on your i bicycle. Nev Bina a You'll have better aim at target or game with a Maxim Silencer on your gun. It completely swal- lows the report, eliminates flinch- ing and nervous tension and doubles your sport. For all rifles. Write for free book of humorous Maxim Silen- cer experi- Arithmetic of Electricity—A practical trea- tise on electrical calculations of all kinds reduced to a series of rules. $1.00 Postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th St., New York. To Start a Charcoal Furnace Without Smoke LUMBERS and tinsmiths know the difficulties of starting their charcoal fire, when doing an indoor job, without filling the room with smoke. The illustration shows a means of eliminating the smoke, where there is a furnace or a heating stove. A pipe made up of two short Apipe run from the charcoal furnace in- to the stove door to carry smoke away pieces and an elbow is connected with the charcoal furnace and the opposite end of the pipe is run into the furnace feed opening. This provides a way for the smoke to pass out through the house chimney.—JAMES M. KANE. Adapting a Hand-Power Grinder to Foot-Power INDING a small hand-power grinder to be inconvenient for running by hand, in which capacity it was useful only for light work, the owner decided to run it by foot-power, if possible. A piece of junk in the form of a driving-wheel and frame, evidently used at one time by a dentist, helped him out of his difficulty. ||} hye | 2 | " Groove lin | : A hand-power grinder mounted on an old driving-wheel stand used by dentists A wood top was fitted on to hold the grinder frame which was raised with wood blocks. After filing off the handle of the grinder the shaft was fitted with a grooved pulley taken from an old toy engine, which was 110 Send no money. Just ask us to send you either of these derful, dazzling, genuine Tifnite Gem rings to J0 days. If you can tell it from a diamond, send it back. ee No.1. Solid gold No.2. Solidgold | No.3. Solidgo mounting. Eight- | Ladies’ Tiffany | six-prong toot claw design flat | mounting. Has a| mounting. wide band. Almost a carat, guaran-jine Tifnite Gem, | nite teed Tifnite gem. | almost a carat. ee in size 4 In sendin around second j fii $8.50—then somone the ri Sees apd wo wi retund ace nese e mede. This offer is limited. Send while it holds goed. The TifniteGemCo., Dept.389 Chicago, Itt, aranteed genu- | anteed genuineTif. Gem, almost a Don’t Wear a Truss Brooks’ Appliance, the modern scientific invention, the wonderful new discovery that relieves rupture, will be sent on — No obnoxious springs or pads. MR. C. E. BROOKS Brooks’ Rupture Appliance Has automatic Air Cushions. Binds and draws the broken parts together as_you would a broken limb. No salves. No lies Durable, cheap. Sent on trial to prove it. Protected by U. S. patents. Catalog and measure blanks mailed free. Send name and address today. C. E. BROOKS, 255A State St., Marshall, Mich. = mo )\—send us $2 a month until $15.75 q h| Write Today S373.%rthe*scid eus i above you wish (ladies or man’s)—giv: aa, , ein || Play lt 10 Days Free N}> We will send you any Columbia brass instruc Ns ment on 10 days’ free trial. If you don’t find it the X% easiest blowing instrument in the world, send it back. If you decide to buy, pay a little each month, Write Today! Send your name, and address for in fall color. The booklet is FREE. Write today-RIGHT NOW Harry B. Jay Co., Dept. 1208, 542 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IIL $20\ Violin, Hawaliae Guitar Ukulele, Guitar, Mandolin, Cornet or Banjo Wonderful new system of teaching note music by mail. To first = in each locality, we'll give a $20 superb Violin. Mandolin, kulele, Guitar, Hawaiian Guitar, Cornet or Banjo absolutely free. Very small charge for lessons onlyexpense. We guarantee success or no charge. Complete outfit free. Write at once—no obligation. SLINGERLAND SCHOOL OF MUSIC, Dept. 402, CHICAGO, ILL Construction of Induction Coils and Transformers Induction Coils, Interrupters Spark Gaps, High Frequency Coils, Tesla Ccils and High Tension Transformers :: i 25 cents, Postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 225 West 39th Street sz “Popular Science Monthly ‘ New York: : pushe nary drivil of th drivit with woulc block from very A Re little bein pres rem proc was! if n Tun.

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i i ! } ) } \ } } } \ } \) , ! ) } i] )

aa ~ November, 1918 pushed with a brass fitting. An ordi- bathtub chain was used for the driving belt. To overcome the slipping of the chain in the groove of the driving-wheel, the groove was lined with tire tape. A neat iron support would have been better than the wood blocking, but even as it is, the change from hand-power to foot-power was very acceptable.—JAMES M. KANE. A Reel for Winding | Up an Electric Test Cord HE following scheme was adopted to prevent a 50-ft. ground testing cord from becoming tangled. Two pieces of wood fastened as shown at A formed a stand, in which was drilled a hole that was a driving fit for a 14-in. pipe.. Narrow strips of copper B were then attached, by small brads, around the circumference of both flanges of a small wire reel. A piece of pipe threaded on one end and cut long enough to extend through the reel, a small spacer, and the wooden up- right, were then driven into place. After the spacer and reel were placed on the pipe, a 14-in. pipe cap E was screwed on the threaded end. The inner end of the test cord having been BINDING. POSTS

7 ial | ee tee eK Th Ce Ul > The two edges of the reel are metal which makes connection with test wires soldered to the under side of the metal strips, one wire to each strip, the wires were secured to the reel by small staples. To facilitate winding, a discarded knife switch handle F was attached to the reel. Then two binding post studs H, to which two phosphor bronze brushes G were secured by nuts, ex- tended down through top of wooden stand. On the outer end of the test cord were fastened two small hard rubber knobs J, Fig. 1, with a metal - pin in the end. Two live wires, having in series a lamp, were attached to the binding posts. If preferred, the lamp recep- tacle may be placed on top of the device.—L. C. ARNOLD. A eros Ink that Will Not Run When Washed NY ordinary ink may be made 4 4 waterproof by mixing it with a little glue of the ordinary quality, care being exercised to ascertain the presence of impurities, which must be removed. After ink has been water- proofed in this manner, it is possible to wash drawings with soap and water, if necessary, without having the ink Tun.—HERMAN NEUHAUS.

How to Qualify Easily - | ements is the sec- | ond largest and most important | business in the country. More | than two billion dollars annually are | spent in freight rates, yet it has been estimated that 8 out of every 10 shippers are losing money because of | the scarcity of trained traffic men. Every dollar wasted in freight charges represents a dollar of wasted profit or a dollar of wasted opportu- nity. In business today, freight charges are a vital factor in governing prices. By accepting every existent advantage in rates, a concern, or a city, can vastly undersell its competitors who waste traffic dollars. A Few Reasons Why A concern in South Chicago -has been shipping about 200 cars ot coxe trom Con- nellsville’ to their smelters. Some time ago a traffic expert succeeded in getting a rate adjustment. which resulted in a saving of about $5.00 on each car. ‘lhus, on this one item alone a saving of over $300,000 a year was effected. In St. Louis, through misrouting of freight, errors in reconsigning cars and undercharges on shipments, a railroad lost over $27,000. A traffic expert discovered that freight rates paid by the Meeker Coal Co. were exorbitant. A ruling secured from the In- terstate Commerce Commission resulted in a refund of $122,000. An oil shipper in Kansas was losing over $30 every day—$700 monthly—because he aid not know of certain tariff regulations entitling him to lower rates. These are but a few instances of what is occurring every day in the traffic in- dustry. Tens of thousands of concerns, without realizing it, are losing fortunes every year because they do not know that there are countless classifications, special freight services and rate combinations which legally entitle them to rates that would amaze them if they but knew. Is it any wonder that competent traffic experts are paid $2,500 to $10,000 and even up to $25,000 and $40,000 a year? Is it any wonder that firms are glad to pay a per- centage of what traffic managers save? The man who can do it is in high commat |, and instead of finding himself in the position of even asking for a raise, generally has several firms bidding for his services. Why not? It’s no hardship to pay a big salary out of losses turned into profit.

Your Life-Time Opportunity There are about 50,000 large corporations and about 400,000 smaller | shippers which must be protected by com- | pefent traffic men. These concerns have freight expenses running from a few thousand dollars to many thousands of dollars monthly. Yet in the entire country there are only a few efficiency in applying the Government Freight Rate System. It is estimated that over 100,000 more traffic experts are needed at once. 111 business hundred men actually competent to have the money now being wasted through lack of

Crying Need for $5,000 Men To Stop Traffic Losses and Quickly at Heine Heretofore there has been no simple way to master the details of traffic management. Realizing the crying demand for trained traffic experts and seeking relief, the American | Commerce Association—a National organ- ization OF traffic men, FOR traffic men, BY traffic men—offers to give men the training required to make them competent to handle the problems of most economic distribution. The training is given by mail, and can be studied in spare time at home. Though the most complete and thorough course is given, the Course is remarkably easy to master. Through its Advisory Council, every member of the American Commerce Asso- ciation receives the help of such men as T. Albert Gantt, traffic manager Corn Products Co.; Wm. Scott Cowie, general Eastern freight agent Erie R. R.; Samuel G. Lutz, general traffic manager Chicago & Alton R. R.; Chas. E. Mayer, traffic manager Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation; T. T. Harkrader, traffic man- ager American Tobacco Co., as well as nearly 200 others of equal prominence. Startling Book Free The Course of Traffic Management is ad- ° justed to beginners as well as to those already engaged in traffic work. The instruction has been indorsed by such men as Robt. H. Forbes, traffic manager Butler Bros., New York; J. F. Brown, manager transportation department Chicago Board of Trade; H. G. Wilson, traffic manager of the Toledo Board of Trade; Ira S. Bassett, traffic commissioner Pittsburgh Commercial Club; W. H. DeWitt, Eastern traffic manager Western Electric Co., and hundreds of others equally promi- nent. It is impossible to go into detail in this limited space, but the association has pub- lished a remarkable book for free distribution which explains the instruction in detail and tells how anyone may quickly learn the cheap- est rates in existence on all kinds of ship- ments, the best methods of protecting ship- ments from loss and damage, and how to organize and manage a traffic department for maximum results. The book also tells what hundreds of other men have accom- plished as a result of the study. The new profession of traffic management is in its infancy. The possibilities today—great as they are—are nothing compared to what they will be a year from now. If you are at all interested in getting into the highly profit- able field, paying salaries of $2,500 to $10,000 and more, be fair to yourself and write for the remarkable book now offered free by the association. In writing, please state whether you have had previous traffic experience, and give your present age and occupation. Ad- dress American Commerce Association, Dept. gtt, 206 S. Wabash ave., Chicago, Ill. (Amer- ican Commerce Building.) American Commerce Association, Dept. 911, 206 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago. Please send me your book free. Name Address 2).\.!5 2% skis oS ee a Occupatioge<.:5. 5 2s eee és

enn

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Learn Drafting The United States Government and employers everywhere are looking for skilled draftsmen. They are offering splendid salaries, and still good Positions are always open, because thousands of draftsmen have gone into the service. Others must take their places and carry on their work. No line offers greater opportunity for advance- ment. Drafting itself not onty commands good pay, but it is the first step toward success in Me- chanical or Structural Engineering or Architec- ture. And drafting is just the kind of work a boy likes to do. There is an easy delightful way in which you can learn right at home in spare time. For 27 fe ears the International Correspondence Schools have been giving boys just the training they need for success in Drafting and more than 200other subjects. Thousands of boys have stepped into good positions through I. C.S. help, but never were opportunities so great as now. Let the I. C.S. help you. Choose the work you like best in the coupon, then mark and mail it. This doesn’t obligate you in the least and will bring you information that may start you on a success- fulcareer. This isyourchance. Don’t let it slip by. Mark and mail this coupon now. caer Pen wee ee ene TEAR OUT HERE 3 ee woe ee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS BOX 7611, SCRANTON, PA. Explain, without obligating ‘me, how I can qualify for the position, or in the subject, before which I mark X. MECHANICAL DRAFTING SALESMANSHIP ADVERTISING 1G :° Show — gael ELEOTRICAL DRAFTING Sign Paint ILLUSTRATING SHEET METAL DRAFTING Cartooning BOILERMAKER DRAFTING BOOKKEEPER RAFTING Stenographer and Typist Cert. Public Accountant TRAFFIO MANAGER Railway Accountant a ENGLISH ‘eacher Common School Subjects Mathematics OIVIL SERVICE Railway Mail Clerk AUTOMOBILE OPERAT'G ELECTRICAL ENGINEER -] Electric Lighting and Railways Electric Wiring Telegraph Engineer Telephone Work MECHANIOAL ENGINEER hine Shop Practice Gas Engine Operating OIVIL ENGINEER wee, Surveying and Mapping Auto Repairing STATIONARY ENGINEER PLUMBING AND HEATING Marine Engineer Overseer or Supt. ROHITE CHEMIST Contractor and Builder Spanish Concrete Builder _ AGRICULTURE French Structural Engineer Poultry Raising {{_) Italian Name. Present Occupation Street and No. City. State “HEAVEN AND HELL” The most startling of the profound writings of SWEDENBORG, the renowned theologian, philosopher and scientist. 632 page book, well printed, substan- Co tially bound, treating of the Life = after Death, sent without further cost or obli- gation on receipt of 5c. Write for complete list of publications. THE AMERICAN SWEDENBORG PRINTING & PUBLISHING SOCIETY Room 736, 3 West 29th Street, New York 4 sTUDY AT fee eee ie Twenty-five Dollars for You Tell us the best way of using an old automobile tire and win the first prize in the Popular Science Monthly Contest wy do you do with your old automobile tires? Throw them away? Sell them to the junk-dealer? We have seen old tires used as life-preservers. There must be other even more practical uses for them. We wonder what the ingenious mechanics and farmers through- out the country have done with their old tires—to what practical uses they have put them in the home and in the shop. Let them step forward and tell us. The POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY offers three prizes—a first prize of $25, a second prize of $15, and a third prize of $10—to be awarded in accordance with the rules published below: Rules Governing the Contest (1) Contestants are not limited to the number of methods of util- izing old tires which they may describe. But only one method can possibly win the first prize, only one the second, and only one the third. ‘The contest is open to everybody. (2) The method of using old tires must be clearly shown either in a photograph or in a drawing. If a drawing is sent in, it need not be made by a skilled draftsman. It is sufficient that it should be intel- ligible. While pencil sketches will be considered, contestants are re- quested to make their drawings in ink on bristol-board. The views should be sufficient in number to set forth the use of the tire very clearly. The contestant’s name and address should appear on each sheet of drawings. (3) The drawings or photographs must be accompanied by a de- scription, preferably typewritten, in which the method of utilizing the old tire is clearly given. It must be written on one side of the pzper only, and it should not be more than 500 words in length. The name and addtess of the contestant should appear in the upper left-hand corner of the first sheet of the written description. (4) The drawings and description entered by contestants must be received by the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY not later than 5 P.M. on December 31, 1918. (5) The judges of the contest will be the editors ot the POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. (6) The first prize of $25 will be awarded to the contestant who, in the opinion of the judges, has suggested the simplest and best method of utilizing an old tire. The second prize of $15 will be paid to the contestant who sub- mits a method next in merit. The third prize of $10 will be paid to the contestant who submits the it/_thod third in merit. (7) The winners of the contest will be announced in the earliest possible issue of PoPULAR SCIENCE MontTuiy. A description of the methods which won these three prizes offered will duly appear in the pages of the PopULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, together with the names of the winners. (8) The editors of the PopUuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY shall have the right to publish meritorious methods of utilizing old tires which do not win a prize. The regular space rates will be paid to the contest- ants who submit manuscripts on the methods thus selected. (9) When a contestant’ submits more than one method, the de- scription and drawing by which it is set forth must be sent as a separate unit. (10) No manuscripts or drawings will be returned to contestants unless enclosed postage is intact. (11) Send drawings and specifications to the Tire Contest Editor, PoPpuLAR SCIENCE MONTHLY, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. 112 Popular Science Monthly he

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| November, 1918 _ Making an Electrical Socket from ) -. Wood and Strips of Brass N the construction of a homemade enlarging machine for photographs, a series of lamps placed close together was needed. The ordinary electric socket would not permit this close A wood block with a hole having metal inserts to make connection to the lamp setting and the only other method was to make sockets in wood as shown. As these sockets proved very efficient, several single sockets were made for the shop with the same good results. To make such a socket, bore a hole in the wood, a trifle smaller in diameter than the outside surface on the lamp base. When the lamp is turned in, the threads will be formed in the wood of sufficient size so that the lamp can be turned in and out as it can in an ordinary socket. The hole has a num- ber of notches cut in with a scroll or keyhole saw as shown at A. Sheet brass connections B and C are fastened on with screws from the back of the sockets.— VIRGIL R. THARP. Safeguarding an Emery Wheel with Rubber Washers N efficient but simple method of preventing the fracturing of em- ery wheels due to the excessive tight- ening of the nuts is shown in the illustration. The two rubber washers are cut from 1-in. sheet rubber some- what larger than the outside diameter of the metal washers. A _ hole is punched through the center of each disk large enough for the shaft to pass through. One rubber washer is placed on each side of the wheel and then the metal washers and nuts are placed in 2 memes WASHERS METAL WASHER EMERY WHEEL Rubber washers placed on the emery wheel sides prevent the wheel cracking position in the usual way and then tightened up. Emery wheels rigged up in this way will be found to give better service and stand greater strains, because the rubber washers permit a certain amount of flexibility, although the wheel is firmly held in a rigid Position FRANK W. HArTH. 1919 EXCELSIOR With Double Trussed Military Front Fork, Enclosed Transmission and other exclusive features. Model 19-E With MIDCO Electric System, including Magneto Generator, Storage Battery, Electric Head and Rear Lamps, Electric Horn and Luggage Carrier Tool Box $370.00 Model 19 With High Tension Armored Type Magneto and without Lighting Equipment, Horn or Carrier Tool Box $350.00 1919 HENDERSON FOUR 70 Cubic Inch Four Cylinder Motor, Unit Power Plant, Double Brake System, Quick Removable: Wheels, And All previous HENDERSON Features. Model Z-2-E With Electric innanen System, suntan Conaeaia: Storage Battery, Electric Head and Rear eatoa3 and Electric Horn $435.00 Model Z-2_ = With High Tension iene Type ieee: the same as Z-2-E, but without Electric Lighting System or Horn $385.00 Write for catalog or see the dealer. EXCELSIOR MOTOR MANUFACTURING & SUPPLY COMPANY Manufacturers of Excelsior and Henderson Motorcycles and Sidecars 3709 Cortland Street, Chicago, Illinois 3189 Diamond Banking A house nearly 34 century in one location, rated over amiilion dollars, is in the business of diamond banking—lending money on high grade diamonds, watches and other jewelry. When the money we lend is not repaid, we must sell the diamonds. WwW 1 these _illust: and every A New ay to new and up-tadate eting an be had here here t on tr preference Bay Diamonds Win re Shailewe sou to wasteh, Se Tull O05 more. Write for bargain bulletin showing thcse and hundreds of otheys. 348 Try to Match at Full 60% More! Wise Here you can get diamond: at wonderful savings Zé out by customers’ letters. Diamonds which originally sold at ll prices. The exact qualities for which full prices are paid today. Any new mounting you prefer. Try to match it at full 60% more, , Guaranteed Cash Loans Pismonds boneht here sre mst > you.can borrow before you decide to buy—see our Cash Back Guarantee, - Sent on Approval ! We,will be glad to send you, pre- * paid, onap tion, any of our bargains for free examination. See for a Fe a ae you buy. g Sead At Once for Jos. DeRoy Bulletin Q racicaty different from the ordinary , pee ens ee ee catalog. Fame reds of special bargains listed. ? Jos, DeRoy & Sons, 4744 DeRoyBldg. Write for it today. Not just one qualit = e diamonds, but all qua lities are shown in thi ’ Say O me ae rating e. Fnsbargh, Be. Pa. remarkable bulletin. Your name and a Ge d h Don’t de 1 ain le fayoend the coupon now. “fee ae Rito (el tae ge Jos. DeRoy & Sons, 4744 wg BA Only Opp. Post Office. Pittsburgh, Pa. y’ References by permission: Farmers’ ¢ Deposit Natronal 1 Bank, Marine Pg Nationa! Bank, or any Pittsburgh Daily Newspaper. Chen edodoseceeoneeetes ‘ WHVTTINTE TATRA TERE CRIST ERSTE Steerer iyi nlm Gradeeeaeiarye a ae —_ er ae - eS MEME RS ELIOT “

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; | } \! ti JENUS The largest selling fy pencil wes World. ness” of VENUS * Pencils results from years of ex- perimenting. The pure, satin-smooth graphite, tempered to perfection, is ab- solutely oritless. VENUS Pencils set the standard by which ALL pencils are judged. They are ideal for every pur- pose. | 14c Offer! END 14c. in stamps for 3 trial samples. After you find how perfect they are, buy VENUS’ regularly of your dealer. American Lead Pencil Co. 246 Fifth Avenue, New York And Clapton, London, Eng. Popular Science Monthly Five Ways of Saving Fuel in Heating Houses N_ house-heating equipment fuels that require little attention in burning are the most economical and give the best satisfaction. In time of war less desirable coal may have to be used, in order to simplify transporta- tion problems; but the fact remains that some coals are more efficient than others when the same attention is given to the fire. Usually the man of the house at- tends to the furnace early in the morn- | ing and again in the evening, while during the day the furnace is left in the care of the housewife or a servant. Since the housewife usually has child- ren, the preparation of meals, and other cares to take up her time, she cannot give the furnace much attention. In some houses the furnace is attended only when the house becomes either too hot or too cold, and thus the fire | rie | to the other—con- y 5 is allowed to run from one extreme much variation in the house temper. ature can be tolerated, and how much attention can be given to the furnace? The kind of heating apparatus has a great deal to do with the uniformity of the house temperature and the amount of attention that must be given the fire. Hot-water systems will give more uniform temperatures, with less attention to the fires, than hot- air systems. No one set of rules will work satisfactorily in_all cases. ; When firing anthracite, the best re- sults are obtained by spreading the coal evenly over the entire fuel bed. The fire should not be allowed to be- come too low before putting on a fresh firing. A fuel bed from 5 to 10 in, thick gives good results. The fire should be disturbed as little as possible. ; Briquets, when | .properly made, are very good fuel for house-heating pur- poses. But thesup- ditions that are & very unfavorable for saving fuel. Therefore, in order that the fuel may be burned econom- ically in a house- heating furnace, the fuel used should be of such a kind that the fire re- quires little atten- tion. The follow- ing, in the order named, are the best fuels for house heat- DamperC Damper B. ing purposes. ply is very limited. When burning bri- quets the fuel bed should be kept from 8 to 12 in. thick. The fresh charges should be spread evenly over the grate area. The fire must not be dis- turbed. Poking breaks the briquets and spoils the fire. The semi-bitum- inous coals of the Pocahontas type are good fuel for To chimney \ Damper A J Furnace Anthracite coal in sizes from 1% in. to egg-size. Gas retort or metallurgical coke in pieces 14 in. to 3 in. across. Coal briquets 2 to 3in.in diameter. Screened Pocahontas —semi-bituminous—coal over 14 in. and through a 3- or 4-in. screen. Sized bituminous coal in pieces 1% to 3 in. in size. If these fuels can be bought, | fine sizes of slack coal or other fuels requiring frequent attention should be left for power plants where there are fire- men to give the fire frequent attention. Variety of House-Heating Fuels Because of the great variety of fuels used for house-heating purposes, and | because of the great variety of house- heating equipment and conditions of operation, only the most general rules can be given for firing the fuel. The | details must be determined by actual trial in each furnace. The conditions under which house- heating apparatus is used are difficult to meet. The temperature of a house should be kept uniform, with the firings far apart and with little attention given to the fires. The questions for each household to decide are: How 114 This illustrates the location of the dampers used on the ordinary house furnace heating a_ house. They are nearly smokeless and make but little soot. For regular firing, the coal can be spread evenly over the entire fuel bed; or-it can be fired like bituminous coal, the fresh charges being placed alternately on one side of the grate, and a part of the surface of the fuel bed left uncovered. The al- ternate method should be used if the firings are heavy. The fire keeps better overnight if the last firing is heaped to one side of the grate. Good results are obtained with fires from 8 to 10 in. thick. Both bituminous and soft coals are smoky, and cover the flue surface with soot and tar, which reduces the transfer of heat and impairs the draft. Bituminous coal should be fired by placing the fresh charge on one side of the grate only, leaving part of the fuel bed uncovered. The _ volatile matter rising from the freshly fired coal is ignited by the red-hot coal of the uncovered part of the fire, and a large part of it burns. If the entire surface of the fuel bed is covered with a heavy charge, the — volatile matter from the fired coal does not ignite for a considerable length of

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—.s ’ a ee er ed or ee! Soe a. a OOD ND Oa DS Ce’ —«—- F — ae, ee, oe ee Ae eS ewe Gee SS. Foe ow ie ee a a Se CV rr. & =. = , ee Ww OE November, 1918 Herman ne Style 69 x Fine Gun Metal For Civilians wv va te oo Send for Catalogue w ‘ . |h O business men—men in | every kind of industry, ex- w ecutives and operatives alike —Herman Shoes bring comfort, fine appearance and wear. They are for sensible men y | who respect their feet. Scientific construction on the famous Munson foot-form lasts—as required for U. S. Army men—plus the use of top-grade leathers and fittings, gives Herman Shoes the com- » | fort and wear that distinguish fine footwear from ordinary. If you are ready to select your shoes with the same care for fit and feel as your suits, gloves and hats, get Herman shoes. mn Sold in 8,000 retail stores. If you are not near one, we will fit you correctly and quickly through our MAIL ORDER DEP’T at Boston JOS. M. HERMAN SHOE CO. 802 Albany Building BOSTON, MASS. A a ee FREE TRIAL wa Cad for eraAnGe ene Nuarae : rite at once for our big cata- = 3 A: and special offers. Take your i) choice from 44 atzles, coors and sizes in the famous “RANGER” line. Marvelous improvements. Extra- ordinary values in our 1919 price ”% offers. You cannot afford to buy without getting our latest propo- sitions and ——— 2 Rider prices, and t joys, be a ‘Rider Ag rent’? and make bi yn | taking orders supplies. Get % our li terms on a sample 4 troduce the new ae TIRES, uip undries : everything i in the sbiéycle line at ad Benger q tiehtod. bi MEAD ‘Senin Company Motorbike Dept. G109, Chicago Bartlett PROP-FORGED Snips $2.40 to _ ” by U. S. Government. Made for hardest ser- = ighly tomapered crucible steel, drop forged. Cuts keen. Holds the edge. Cuts 18-gauge metal oe MP ek power three times rua of inary straight snip. For sale by dealers sent postpaid in U. S, at these prices: 7-in. stamped $1.80 8-in., forged . 2.40 10-in. . . - 3.60 12-n. . . . 4.80 Itin . . . 5.50 = FOLDER ON REQUEST — BARTLETT MFG. CO., 31 OPTI. Ave., Detroit, Mich. PICK YOURS QUICK? ‘Way Less Than Manufacturer’s Price Speak quick—for these rebuilt Underwoods ® are getting scarce. U. S. Govt. bought 100,000 Underwoods, Genuine Visible Un- derwoods atbigsaving, 5-Year Guarantee. Try it 10 DAYS FREE. Rent or buy. Write quick for Offer No. 77 « 4 Typewriter Emporium, 34-36W. Lake St., Chieage== time after firing, and passes away un- burned as a tarry, greenish-yellow smoke. The furnace and the flues be- come filled with the smoke, and when the fire finally works its way through the fresh layer of coal the smoke and the gases may ignite with an explosion violent enough to blow the pipes down and fill the house with smoke. These explosions are particularly apt to happen if the coal contains much slack; therefore with such coal particu- lar care should be taken that part of the bright fire remains uncovered. This method of firing reduces the amount of soot deposited in the flues, so that less frequent cleaning is neces- sary. It also reduces the heat losses from incomplete combustion, thus di- rectly effecting a saving of coal. To Regulate the Drafts Draft regulation is perhaps the most important factor in burning coal effi- ciently in house-heating furnaces. The draft is regulated mainly with three dampers. One of these is on the ash- pit doors, one on the firing door, and one in the pipe connecting the furnace with the chimney. For many furnaces the damper in the flue-pipe is an open- ing covered with a hinged lid (see A in the illustration). When this lid is closed, the fuli chimney-draft is ef- fective in the furnace. When the lid is lifted, the chimney draws air from the cellar instead of drawing the gases out of the furnace, and the draft in the furnace is reduced to almost nothing. Between the two extremes any draft can be obtained by proper adjustment of the lid. The damper B on the ash-pit door regulates the flow of air through .the fire, and the amount of air flowing through the fire determines the rate of combustion, or the amount of coal that the furnace can burn in one hour. Therefore, to control the rate of com- bustion and thereby regulate the amount of heat the furnace delivers to the house, the furnace attendant adjusts the damper in the ash-pit door and the damper to the chimney. The damper C in the firing door sup- plies air over the fire needed to burn the gases rising from the fuel bed; therefore its regulation controls the completeness of combustion of these gases. When soft coal is burned, a large volume of combustible gases rises from the fuel bed immediately after the firing; therefore the damper in the fire door must be opened enough to allow the air necessary for burning the gases to enter the furnace. After: the smoky gases cease to rise from the freshly fired coal, the quantity of air supplied over the fuel bed can be re- duced by partly closing the damper in the firing door. There should be a damper (D) in the smoke-pipe. This damper can be used in addition to the damper A to control the draft. No rule can be given for the exact adjustment of the dampers. The proper adjustment must be ascertained 115 Little Spark ) You See in the Dark CHAPTER I Night! Pitch dark. You open the door and enter the house. Timidly you grope forward, raise your arm and feel for the light chain. Bang! your knee hits the chair. You mutter “Tut- tut,” etc. CHAPTER II Same room. Same dark- ness. You seea bright spark glow through the gloom — it’s an Ingersollite on the light chain. You pull on the light. No groping, no - colliding, ‘‘no tut-tutting.” The Ingersollite is a little unbreakable glass tube con- taining the same substance that makes the hands and numerals of the Ingersoll Radiolite glow the time through the dark. You can see its spark across the widest room, and its lumin- osity lasts for years. Easy to attach. Can be used on Key Switches also. If your dealer doesn’t sell them, send us his name and we will supply you. PRICE 25c In Canada - 35¢ Robt. H. Ingersoll & Bro. 315 Fourth Avenue New York \ Be ea gt

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Sree’ a a reat — unseen ti Piano ~3 Organ a. Se | 6Mandolin Violin Fo’ “ummm | Banjo Guitar 3 Vi se Cello ey =, Trombone Piccolo 7 ae Clarinet y ce Flute Harp § 4 ae Ukelele Saxophone Sight Singing LEARN MUSIC AT HOME! Classical and Popular Music Now Easy What is your favorite instrument? Well, whatever it be, you can now learn to play it beautifully in a few, short months. Yes, you can become a skilled player of classical and popular music without a teacher at your elbow. New way of teaching eliminates private teacher. None of the old-time difficulties and complications. Everything is simplified in our new method. Easier and faster to learn our way than any other. No tire- some exercises—no trick music—no “‘numbers.”” You learn by note, the true way to learn music. FREE LESSONS Just now we are making a very special and remarkable offer. We want to have one pupil in each locality at once to help ad- vertise our home study method. For a short time, therefore, we offer our marvelous lessons FREE. Only charge is for postage and sheet music which is small. Beginners or advanced pupils. ‘ WRITE NOW ¢ | ¢™ \ Did you ever think you would be able to secure music fant, Ys ~\ lessons for nothing? Fill out the attached coupon “Sen or write a letter or postal card today, requesting “i ew % the FREE BOOK, “Music Lessons in Your ey 4gr0, %% a een o ”, Own Home,” and particulars of the wonder- a "og es bo, a\ ful offer of free lessons. Do not delay; act ie. “hog "%, quickly and you will get your lessons free. ae ty, om aN Mail coupon, postcard or letter—NOW! : am a oy % %, fon, SSS aN U. S. SCHOOL OF Bee... te EN, MUSIC be ans ee oe: ~~, “2 811 Brunswick Bldg. SS ae are % NX New York City 116 | | | | | Popular Science Monthly by trial. With a little care and some patience, the proper adjustment of the 3 dampers of any furnace can be de termined. In general, to make the fire burn more quickly close the lid 4 in the pipe leading to the chimney and open the damper B in the ash-pit door. To make the fire burn more slowly, raise the lid in the check-draft A and partly close the damper B in the ash-pit door. The damper ( in the firing door is more difficult to adjust, because there is no way to determine the completeness of com- bustion. In burning soft coal, this damper should be slightly open all the time. In burning hard coal or coke, enough air for complete combustion may enter the furnace through various leaks, even when the damper is com- pletely closed. Handy Dark-Room Lamp Made from a Tin Can SUBSTITUTE for the modern electric dark-room ruby light may be easily constructed from a large tin can simi- lar to those in which ap- ===, ples are put om?" up for the Socket ed market. Cut ol a rectangular hole in the side and place a piece of ru- by cloth over it, binding it close to the opening with twine. The cover should also be removed and a round hole cut in its face, leaving a nar- Bulb inclosed in a tin row rim can with red light around the edge. Place a close fitting piece of ruby cloth or glass inside and hold in place with a spring wire ring. The bottom of the can should then be cut out in the same manner and a solid wooden disk substituted in its place. Tack the edges of the tin to it. The inner face of the disk should be fitted up with a light socket, running the wires through holes in the disk to the outside where they are used to suspend the light. Fit a 6 C. P. bulb in the socket, put on the cover, and turn on the light. Improving the Erasing Qualities of Old Typewriter Erasers HEN the eraser becomes well worn it is apt to smear the | paper when it is used to erase a letter. _To avoid this, simply rub a little | chalk on the edge of the eraser, and | no smear will occur; and the erasure | of the letter will be done much more | quickly as well as more neatly.

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eS ae ee November, 1918

Get Started Now in the Industry of the Future There is an opening for you at once in one of America’s foremost Aircraft Plants There is a place for you in our New Brunswick (N. J.) or Long Island City Plant where you can earn good wages at the start, serve your country, and at the same time fit yourself for a good position in what is rapidly becoming the foremost industry of the world. Here is your opportunity to make a place for yourself in a young and growing indus- try that promises to offer even greater op- portunities than were opened up in the pioneer days of the automobile. Skilled Mechanics and Operators Needed At present we are engaged solely in the manufacture of aeroplane motors for Persh- ing’s Army. To meet our ever increasing schedule of production, we must have the man power to operate the machines in our various de- partments. We want your help. We want skilled mechanics, machine operators, in- spectors, draftsmen, etc. We will pay good wages for the right men.

HISPANO-SUIZA ENGINE Now is the time for mechanically skilled men to get into an essential fighting industry. Our Offer to Men Not Technically Trained You do not have to be a skilled mechanic to get started with us. If you have the right spirit and the determination to learn, we will take you on and train you at our expense in our School of Instruction. Not only will we give you, free of charge, a full course of practical in- struction under the supervision of competent instructors, but we will pay you while you are learning. When you have completed the course, which takes about ten days, we will pay you full wages prevail- ing in the factory. Living Conditions Good Living conditions in New Bruns- wick and vicinity are being bettered every day. Every Wright-Martin man will be able to count on a com- fortable and congenial place to live. Moreover, the Government is now building 200 houses especially for war workers at Wright-Mar- tin and other factories. The company provides for social and recreational activities for everyone. With baseball, football and track athletics, pic- nics, concerts and dances, ro oth é New iw N.J., U.S.A. Earn While You Learn To men without any previous technical training we give a thorough and inten- sive course in our School of Instruction. We pay you during your period of in- struction a rate higher than that of many actual shop rates until you are fully trained, to hold down a regular job at full factory pay. Period of in- struction takes from four to ten days. need be no dull times for you or your family in New Brunswick. One Hour from New York City New Brunswick is just one hour out of New York on the Pennsylvania. It is within short commuting distance of Newark, Elizabeth, Trenton and Phil- adelphia. Your Duty Is Here In fairness to yourself you can’t afford to pass up this opportunity to advance yourself and serve ‘your coun- try, too. Write, phone or apply in person to Employment and Welfare Department, Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation, New Brunswick, N. J., Div. Bl. Long Island City Plant Our new Plant at Long Island City has openings for the following: TOOLMAKERS— EXPERT MACHIN- Toolroom Machinists ISTS— . and Grinder Hands. Wailns Lethe tends: Tool Temperers. Gisholt Operator, Tool Trouble Men. j. : L. _ o Swing Operators, go hog nea Crankshaft Grinders, pen Crankshaft Lappers J. & L DEMONSTRATORS Gishol (EXPERT) who sholt, Milling Machines thoroughly —_under- Gridley Single Spindle, stand the machining Warner & Swasey, on the following Crankshafts, work: Pratt & Whitney, Crankshaft Lappers. Internal and External Acme and Gridley Au- Grinder Hands. tomatics. Apply at once, Borden & Starr Avs., << Island City. Laitin Sas Sation

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Se _ see Seg A re I a ia i ME OR AO i RAPIST ES a ee eee ee iat ERE ae eS ee ne Teawels Adjusted to Pp ed to temperature. “the second Positions and, tsochronism.s The Burlington Smashes _All Watch Competition Look! 21 Ruby and Sapphire Jewels Adjusted to positions— Adjusted to temperature— Adjusted to isochronism— 25-year gold strata case— Genuine Montgomery Railroad Dial New Ideas in Thin Cases. And all | of this for $2.50— Some only Lg eth A mont or the masterpiece of Month watch manufacture—direct to you— pos- itively the exact price that the wholesale dealer would have to pay. Think of the high-grade, guaranteed watch we offer here at such a remarkable price. And, if you wish, you may pay this price at the rate of $2.50 a month. Indeed, the days of exhorbitant prices have passed. Write We In our new watch book, that we will send to you free and prepaid, you will see illustrated the newest ideas in watch cases. The latest triumphs of the master dsmiths. Notice especially the Inlay Enamel M ams, Block and Ribbon Monograms, Lod: bl d Diamond Set Cases. All offered direct to you on thie | startling offer. Send the coupon % See It First! You don’t pay a cent to anybody until you see the watch. You don’t buy a Burlington watch without seeing it. Hold it in your hand and admire it. Notice the dastan, pandocencly 8 aristocrat : the works! There ponte willese the citetemploce of = — ste ence A patents oe eee ad- Free Watch Book Get the Burlington Watch Book by sending this coupon now. You will cm mmm ees know a lot more about BURLINGTON ® watch buying when you read it. You will be WATCH CO. - § able to “‘steer clear” of Dept. 1208 the over-priced watches 4 19th Street and 4 which are no better. Marshall Blvd. @ Send the coupon today Chicago, Ill. for book and our offer. Please send me Burlington (without obligations and prepaid) your ® Watch Co. free book on watches § Dept. 1208 with full explanation of your cash or $2.50 % 19th Street and a month offer on the § Marshall Blvd. Burlington Watch. ® CHICAGO, ILL. Ee a ee S Consdien Office s 355 Portage Ave. WINNIPEG % CAN. Popular Science Monthly How to Make a Corn-Crib Rat-Proof With the advancing prices of cereals, corn has became valuable and must have proper housing N these days of great corn yield, the very best kind of buildings for hous- ing the valuable grain are desired. Specialists in rural engineering have worked out plans for a corn-crib that will both aid in the drying of the corn and protect it from the rats. As the accompanying tion is put in for all the walls. This foundation should extend from below the frost level to 6 in. above the ground for the outer wall and 8 in. above for the inner wall. The space between the foundation walls should be filled in with well tamped cinders or gravel and on top of drawings show, there are really this base a concrete floor complete struc- ture, each 32 should be laid. = The difference = inheight above by 8 ft., with a capacity for 1,000 bushels. If desired, how- ever, only one of the cribs may be built at first, and the con- ,¢ struction of the --" other put off for a more conven- ient time. Thetwocribs — are separated by a driveway 12 ft. wide, and the whole is covered by a gable roof. The driveway floor may be made’of either concrete or dirt. If the ground is well drained a dirt floor in the driveway will answer very well. If the floor is of concrete, it can be used for a feed- ing floor for hogs. A wood floor should not be used, as it will harbor rats. The details of construction can be used in building cribs of greater or less Double corn-crib showing the rat-proofing on the sides and the concrete driveway 32'0" ground be- dations will give a 2 in. pitch to the floor toward ‘the edge, and will thus drain may beat i ; through the walls of the crib. The cin- ders or gravel beneath the floor will prevent moisture rising from the ground through capil- lary action. The floor itself should be constructed of 4 in. reinforced con- crete, with the surface troweled to a smooth finish. If a concrete driveway is decided upon, 6 in. of gravel or cin- der floor should be first tamped down, and a 4 in. concrete floor with a float finish laid on top. ;— 4! 0" re 8' o> ___— @' 0" ___s_ 0" +h 40"—> , 4 Drag door Removable boards H{ Pitch2 ee ee ee ee oe ee ee ee a Crib for 1000 bushels of corn aa an al ds = a Drag boor Pitch 2 ey ea ee | off water that . ee le Rolling door Rolling door Drive way a) 2 concrete floor 2 °o a. oe i 2 2 o c S Rolling door Rolling door | Tn eee dT H | m. as Crib for 1000 bushels of corn + 1 vy ww gt ~4 be a = Drag door ' Drag door b A Re ome Beees Tine: ees ae Fae Cee ener | ao far mips wae eet wosy Tea es a Detail plans of the double corn-crib showing location of doors and openings to remove the corn by the load or into a conveyor to a corn-sheller dimensions or of a different type. The devices for ventilating and rat- proofing can be used in new cribs or in remodeling old structures. As the plan shows, a concrete founda- 118 The iron sockets or joist hangers, which can be readily obtained in the market, should be set in while the concrete floor is being laid. As the drawings show, the studs should be — Nove 2 by the | of 1 upPp' angl abot entr less¢ the nec the dri\ the! fro! the hig! crik ove cor abc spi stu int boi sul ante =o ot et oft ot oof fh, ot AS

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November, 1918 2by Gin. To these is nailed siding for the outer walls. This siding consists of 1-by-4-in. boards with both the upper and lower edges beveled at an angle of 5 degrees. They should be set about 114 in. apart. This permits free entry of air, while the beveled edges lessen the danger of rain beating into the crib. The beveled edges are not absolutely necessary. In the complete structure the siding on the walls facing the driveway need not be beveled, since there is no necessity for protection from rain here. On these sides, too, the siding boards should not be carried higher than 614 ft. This permits the crib to be filled by throwing the corn over the boards. If the quantity of corn on hand is sufficient to fill the crib above this point, additional siding boards can be hung on 20d nails or spikes driven into the inner side of the studs. The boards may have holes at intervals to fit over the spikes. The boards are held in place by the pres- sure of the corn. How.the Rat-Proofing Is Made The rat-proofing is an important feature of the design which the farmer cannot afford to neglect. Wire mesh netting of 14-in. openings is put on all sides of the crib between studs and siding, and carried to a height of 30 in. above the ground or above the floor of the driveway. At the top of the wire a strip of 8-in. galvanized iron should be nailed to the outside of the siding. ; The bottom of the galvanized iron is 2 in. lower than the top of the wire, making a total height for the wire and iron strip of 36 in. all around the outside. This galvanized strip will halt any rats that may climb up the walls. The rat-proofing is put on the drive sides of the crib, so that if the doors are left open rats will still be unable to get at the corn. Care should be taken not to leave any objects near the walls which would enable the rat to jump above the rat-proofing. Provision is made for four drag doors on the outer side of each crib and two rolling doors on the inside. The drag doors are so designed that corn will roll out of them on the conveyor belt of a sheller. The rolling doors on the inside are for access to the crib. They should consist of a frame completely filled with the wire netting and with ’ a galvanized strip the same height as for the walls. The drag doors are made of siding nailed to cleats with the wire mesh between. Movable inverted troughs of slats are placed on the floor lengthwise of the cribs. These are in sections to facilitate handling, and are designed to increase the circulation of air through the corn. As a further aid to the circulation of air, movable shafts may be placed at the side or top of the troughs. The shafts are constructed of 1-by-3-in. vertical strips nailed to T chanic to familiarize himself with other shop lines outside his own individual work— and that is to have spe- form that will be readily Fim accessible. There you have = called ‘‘Modern Shop Practice.” A Few of the Subjects Treated managers, etc. Machine Shop Prac- week or only 7 cents a day! SHIPPED FREE HE skilled mechanic today isa specialist. He has no opportunity to build a. complete machine or even a small part of one. His active work is carried along rather limited lines. the best success in his work—to secure promotion to more reponsible duties or to go into business for himself—it is absolutely necessary that he have a broad and comprehensive knowledge of machine work and shop practice. There is only one really feasible way for the me- the reason for the famous standard reference work, A surface of cast iron is to be finished in one cut on a milling ma- chine. The casting is 8 inches long and 5 inches wide. The milling “Modern Shop Practice” is a wonderful reference work in Machine Shop Practice and Management, Production Manufacturing, Metallurgy, Welding, Tool Making, Tool Design, Die Making and Metal Stamping, Foundry Work, Forging, Pattern Making, Mechanical Drawing, etc. It has been tested through six editions, bought by thousands of mechanics, con- sulting engineers, shop superin- tendents and owners, production Ba A Shop Man- NEW EDITION — raga 8 bh h it vi t t t P i Manus ONLY 7 CENTS A DAY theends of a ‘adjustable y Boag — a —_ smaller then the desired size . . ° for the tap to cut? Metallurey Six magnificent volumes, flexibly Under wink saltisiatiie woul Tool Making bound in American Morocco, gold | yeu consider pe nag aaa by se we stamped. 2,300 pages. 2,500 illus- | when ealarsing a hole? Why? oe ° . : Why should undue accuracy never Metal Stamping trations. Photographs, drawings, | be indulged in when making drill Foundry Work 1 t di bl jigs and similar tools? caine — exp ana ory lagrams, ta es, etc. oe is = —— nef to test attern Making by the temper of molding sand? Mechanical Driw- Here you have at your finger tips How does the riser on a steel cas- ing, Ete. up to date labor-saving methods | tis differ from one for iron? that big manufacturers have spent thousands of dollars to develop. Facts that you can use in your everyday work. Information that fits you to earn bigger pay. All this is now yours | used for machine tools, milling cut- in the new 6 volume set of ‘““Modern Shop Practice,”’ on payments so easy as to average only 50 cents a | Pcceatter they have been hardened? No money in advance. Not a cent. See the books in your | '*? @cbes? own home or shop absolutely free at our risk. Read them, Can You Answer these Questions on Shop Work’ But to make MODERN MODERN 40D cialists in all lines give him QNDE all they have learned in a QRWN cutter has a diameter of'3 inches and a width of 2 inches. How long will it take to do the work? Assume & feed of 2% inches. For what purpose is a magnetic chuck used? How many processes for cutting gear teeth? How do you determine the ratio of two géars, when the numbers of teeth are given? The lead screw has a pitch of 4 inch. What is the ratio of gears to used to cut a screw with 18 threads per inch? What determines the cutting speed in a milling machine? Give a short description of the thermit-weldmg process. What is essentially the first step in making any tool from a tool- What are some of the precautions necessary in pouring a mold in order to obtain the best results? How are the sides of deep molds vented when a flask is used? What point carbon steel should be ters, drills and taps? Why is it necessary to reheat large What must be the outside diameter of the original wooden pattern for the rim of a pulley with six arms, the diameter of the finished pulley to be 30 inches and the width of examine them, study them for 7 whole days before you need decide whether you want to keep them or not. Send no money to get the books for free examination. Make no deposit. Assume no obligation. Simply sign and mail the coupon herewith and the books will be promptly shipped to you for 7 days’ free examination. If you are not more than delighted with the books and do not consider them a wonderful investment, just send them back to us, and you won’t owe us acent. If you prize the books and consider them worth many times their price to you, send only $2 within 7 days and then $2 a month until the special intro- ductory price of $19.80 has been paid. SEND NO MONEY ' Merely sign and mail the coupon and «he books will be shipped to you at our risk. Get the coupon in the mail at once before this special offer is withdrawn. Send it today—NOW! AMERICAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY Dept. M-1208, Chicago, Ill. Extra Feature FREE! American Technical Society, To those who order promptly, we Dept. M-1208, Chicago, U. S. A. Please send me set of Modern Shop Practice for seven days’ free examination. shipping charges collect. If I decide to buy I will send $2.00 within seven days and the balance : : : at $2.00 a month until $19.80 has been paid. Then you send will give free a consulting member- ship in the American Technical Society for one year. This gives you the right to ask our experts any question regarding Name shop practice for an entire year. You | consulting membership are mine and fully paid for. If I think I can get along without the books after theseven days tria] I will return them at your expense. weer eee c ere ce sess sere see ee eesseesseesessesessee me a receipt showing that the $30.00 set of hooks and $12.00 may ask as many questions as you please. frames made of 1-by-2-in. stuff. 119 Seen eet

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Reinforcing Motor-Truck Frames for Heavy Loads MULTITUDE of motor trucks, including several makes operating on lumber and ore hauls, have had their frames broken by overloading and traveling over rough roads. Some have been repaired by welding; some by having raw stock machined to fit

Popular Science Monthly Spikes Make the Most Servy- iceable Tent Stakes AMPERS and others who “tent out’’ will spare themselves much labor and aggravation by providing themselves with a few large spikes used for the holding of any wood frame- work instead of using tent stakes, The spikes never need any sharpening and may be driven in-

An I-beam attached to the upper sides of the chan- nel frame of an automobile to strengthen it the channel of the frame to which the stock was riveted overlapping the crack; others were trussed. + One truck which operated on a lumber haul, under severe conditions regarding roads and overloading, had its frame broken in three different places during one season and had undergone two of the methods of re- pairing mentioned without success. Afterward the same frame was rein- forced by the method described below and the truck was operated through- out the season without any frame trouble. All equipment mounted on top of the frame from the dash- to the tail- board was removed, including the cab, seat and gasoline tank. Two 7-in. I-beams were placed on top of the original frame and cut to the proper length. They were then secured to the old frame by means of U-bolts forged from round stock to the shape shown, each leg being threaded about 2 in. A cross-piece was made from rectangular stock for each U-bolt. The sags in the old frame were leveled up as near as possible by means of jacks and the bolts applied, as shown in the cross-section. Each leg was pro- vided with two nuts and the bolts were spaced from 1 to 2 ft. apart, varying according to the equipment mounted on top and below the frame. The I-beam was slightly wider than the original frame, which necessitated chiseling a small piece out of each side -|of the I-beam at the point where the U-bolts were located. This brought both legs of the bolts to a flush fit with both the old and new frames and prevented any side motion when the truck was in operation. When the two beams were securely fastened to the old frame the gasoline tank, seat and cab were slightly reconstructed and mounted upon the new frame, as was also the other equipment used in the truck’s particular service. By this method of reinforcing, the load was raised 7 inches.—H. W. OFFINS. 120

to the hardest ground with little difficulty, They will hold with as much security as wooden stakes, and are readily pulled up when breaking camp. Such spikes may be purchased at any hard- ware store for 1 cent each, and if wiped up — with oil at the end of a camping trip, a set of them will last in- definitely.—_ JOHN EDWIN Hoaa.

An Electric Heater for a Toy Steam Engine HE alcohol lamp furnished with toy steam engines require con- stant refilling and, because of this disadvantage, they are dangerous for small boys to handle. It would proba- bly be worth while for ‘“‘big brother” or “‘Dad”’ to rig up this simple electric heater to replace the alcohol lamp in the little steam engine. It may some day save burnt fingers or possibly a life. A circular piece of asbestos board is cut so it will fit snugly in the fire box directly under the boiler. A few feet of some good resistance wire is then coiled around a small round object such as a \-in. rod. This is done in RESISTANCE TACKS - ‘ —— MY 1

CasBestos Board HEATER An electric heating element fastened to a.disk of asbestos for making steam in the toy engine order to crowd a sufficient amount of wire in a small space. After the wire is slipped off the rod, it is arranged on the asbestos board as shown. The two ends of the wire are then con- nected to a lamp cord through the board and the whole thing is perma- nently fixed in the fire box so that the heating coil will come within 14 in. of the bottom of the boiler. A safe and sane method of heating the boiler in engines is thereby made possible. —RAYMOND FRANCIS YATES.

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November, 1918 Making Flanged Steel Wheels in One Piece

FEW years ago one would have scoffed at the idea of a car wheel made of a piece of 3/16 or 14-in. sheet steel that formed esr and a and flange all in one. But such a thing is now seen in daily use on hand cars, motor cars and much of the other

Design of a car wheel made from a sheet-metal plate and a cast-iron hn

auxiliary rolling stock found on stand- ard gauge railroads. The illustration shows one of these wheels in section. A single piece of sheet metal is “blanked out” to the required size. Then it is taken to powerful presses where, in several operations, it is shaped so that its outside contour is that of recognized standards. The advances of the pressed steel process and the unusually rugged presses developed have made possible what was formerly but a theory. The wheel is not a quarter as heavy as a cast wheel, but it is amply strong and safe; no turning of tread and flange is required, for they come ‘true from the press, thereby saving on the labor cost. To provide a stable bearing for the axle, a hub and hub flange are riveted in the center. Some- times the web is further lightened by punching out portions and making it spoked.—D. A. HAMPSON. The Ordinary Buzzer Used for a Shocking Machine HE accompanying illustration is self-explanatory. The buzzer con- nected up as shown with eight dry cells in series may be employed to give

Shocking _ handles ~

Attachments to an ordinary buzzer to made an electric shocking machine a fairly large shock. The shocking handles may be made from round bat- tery carbons, if metal ones cannot be secured. The shock may be intensified at any time by wetting the hands with salt water.—HERMAN NEUHAUS.

ra

Ed er cceseossessersesesee Your Choice! Sent on Free Trial You can have your choice of over 2000 musical instruments for one week’s trial in your own home. Then, if you: decide to purchase, you can pay the rock-bottom price at the rate of a few cents a day. If you do not want the instrument, send it back. The trial won't cost you a penny. 10ca Day You will be astonished at the many instru- ments you may pay for at therate of 10 cents a day. On this great special offer you have over 2000 items to choose from. We Offer: —the best instruments that can be made. —rock-bottom manufacturer's prices. —one week’s trial at our expense. —triple silver-plated cornet for only 10c a day. —your choice of over 2000 instruments. WURLIIZER 200 years of instrument making Wurlitzer has supplied the United States Government with Trumpets for 55 years The name “Wurlitzer’’ stamped on musical instruments has stood for the highest quality for nearly two centuries. We are, manufacturers or importers of every known musical instrument, every one sold to you at direct-from- the- « Manufacturer's price. Play It a Week—At Our Expense Try out the instrument of your choice in your own way before you decide to buy. Compare it with other instruments. Test it. Use it just as if it were your own. Then after one week’s trial—either pay a little. each month or send it back. Send the Coupon Just put your name and address on the coupon now and get our big, new catalog absolutely free. Please state what instrument you are interested in and we'll send you the big 176-page

Dept. 1208 East 4th St., catalog absolutely free. Also S. Wabash Ave., Chicago MIATA

(Name of instrument here)

HNN HATA book free and prepaid. NGG c. 56 cc 0cccnegs pane tks nodes The Rodel Wurlitzer Co. Street and NO. ...0ccecseeeess 08 F_ Street and NO... ..0e 01s. seeeecereeeeeee E. 4th St., Cincinnati, Ohio Coins Scinsic'c cares State nn nt nt in| me

The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co. Cincinnati, Ohio South Wabash Ave., Chicago Gentlemen:—Please send me your 176-page tell me about your special offer direct from the manufacturer. Serer wweees COP eee eee e eres eee ee eeeeseeses

=\Mr. Edison’s Wonderful New Amberola

—— and after trial! YES, the New Edison Amberola—Mr. Edison’s great new Fate graph with the Diamond Stylus reproducer and your choice of all the Be offer, ro eats ike fete the beat tat moncy san buy St a Bee Wer? gnc iws tha hata ° e money can al teas the genuine Edison Amberolas are offered. Seize this opportunity. the coupon now. Rock-Bottom Offer Direct Let us send the New Edison Amberola to. your home on free tria]. Entertain your family and friends with your favorite records —everything from Grand Overs to the latest Apt song hits, Comic Vaudeville and roarin Minstrel Shows—then if you choose send the outfit back to us at our expense. But if you wish to keep Mr. Edison’s superb new instrument, send us only 31.00 after the free trial, Pay the balance on the easiest kind of monthly payments. Don’t miss this wonderfully liberal offer.

oan F. K. —. = an ee ae ? Catalog FREE / gemceneys ta! ar’ jars of yorr or >Baison ree tri offer on th = Get our New Edison catalog. Your name and address on a post card or letter (or just this coupon) a is enough. No <liigetions in asking for the = . Find out about this offer—while this offer lasts. .@ eo F. K. BABSON, Edison Phonograph Dist. 1208 Edison Biock Chicago, illinois ¢ adds

Name.

Canadian Office: 355 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man.

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= . — a Word, Eine in advance.

10% Discount for Six Insertions.

December issue closes October 21st.

AUTOMOBILES AND ACCESSORIES AVIATION MOTORCYCLES. BICYCLES, SUPPLIES

HYDRONIZER—Insures clean pluzs. ra gag car- senay 0 sell. oney Thousands in use. Have attractive a sition for ener- getic and responsible agents, unique advertising. Agents’ price permits wholesaling and retailing. Write for — itera Friestedt Manufacturing mpany, 2933 W. Lake St ‘Chicago, Illinois. CONVERT your bicycle into a motor-cycle at small cost by using Shaw Motor Attachment. ane free. Shaw Mfg. Co., Dept. 180, Galesburg, Kansas

pores Service Tires—almost o0% roof. 30x3, $5.50; 30x3'4, $6.60; 33x4, Baxd 39:00; send $9.90; 36x414 $1); 36x5, $12.10; Bias: $12. 10. — skid, $1.00 extra. 10% required on G.O.D. orders. Sta deal .D. straight-bead or clincher type. Special discount “4 dealers. We also carry a full line of new tires at special prices. I. Jaffess, 1319 D, 5th Avenue, New York. Branch —241 W. 54th Street. eee for automobiles are in great demand. We Automobile Department in charge of experts whD are in touch with demands of trade. Write for sa to Invent and List of Patent Buyers, sent free. Victor J Evans & Co., 172 Ninth, Washington. D. C. BATTERY Charging gh es iS tees. City currents or gas engine operates. Easy ms. Hoberts, Troy, Ohio.

INSYDE Tyres, inner armour for Automobile Tires, prevent go tg and double mileage of any tire. Liberal rofits. Details free. American Accessories Co., Dept. 7-A, Cincinnati, Ohio. SLEEP in your Ford 3 eg ns Auto Bed, $10.00. Other small cars $12.50. klet on auto camping. Auto Bed Company, Dept. %. Bellingham, Washington. TIRES—Double [ anee j Gu arantee for good service. Ab- solutely Puncture-Proof Big—Strong—Extra heavy 30x3 tire, $5.25; 30x34, $6.50; 33x4, $9.25; 34x4, $9.50; 36x44, $12. Te ig $13. 00: Big saving on other sizes and tubes also. de in your old tires. Discount to dealers. tore deposit Re be on C. O. D. orders. Send for list now! State size and bead of tire. Max Liben & Co., 205P West 48th n Street. New York. TIRES At Wholesale—Send For Prices on guaranteed tires and tubes. Lowest prices on earth. Overton Tire Co., Box P, Oelwein, Iowa. “GAS-SOL” gives you 15 to 40% more mileage and eliminates carbon. Money back Guarantee. 100 tablets treat one hundred gallons —?_ Price One Dollar. Live agents wanted. Gas-Sol, Dept. B, Wakefield, Mass. AUTO LOCKS, vulcanizers, dimmers, oe. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183H, St. Louis, Missouri MORE Power, less fuel, no carbon. No mystery, plain facts, results guaranteed. Write for booklet. No-Leak-O Piston Ring Company, Baltimore, Maryland. VULCANIZING amy is now a growing and fitable a. Easy to learn. Instruction book $1. lants $50 to ; Details _ Equipment Company, 372 8th Street, Cincinnati, O NEW Directory, all sources of supplies, $1.00. _Carbon- ale, equal to twenty gallons gasoline, $1.00. Absolutely Saeeeneeet. Both, $1.50. Products Corporation, Elgin, Illinois. MR. ADVERTISER: Before you place a single adver- tisement in any | -y send for a most interesting little booklet entitl Does It Pay?” It tells about the ood a ne fying results that Sooner Science Monthly is prod aries for the Advertisers of America. Mailed on request. W. Coutlee, Manager Clasgified Advertising, 225 West 39th Street, New York. FORD ACCESSORIES

FORDS Start wesy in Cold Weather with our new 1919 carburetors. 34 miles per gallon. Usechea os or half a. Bsa + Og = ae <i aT x. Vv iow on yourself. agente. Money back guaran manson. 30 days’ Big re Air- Friction Carburetor Co., 500 Madison, Dayton, Ohio. DEALERS: If it’s for a “Ford’’ car we have it. Write for price list. Universal Motor Supply Company, White Plains. New York. NEW Bodies for Fords—snappy speed models—bot- tom prices. Thomas Dunham Coameny. Aurora, illinois. a alt h eo for gas on hills. With the Mac-Bros. gas system climb any hill; any steam-fitter can make it. Mail dollar bill for blue prints. Mac-Bros. Specialties, Box 233, Plattsburg, New York DEMOUNTABLE Outfits complete, $12.50. De- mountable sets, $5.50. Good agents’ proposition. Kable, West End, Pittsburgh.

THROUGH all the evolution of war. Health propellers remain the standard of design. Get our aerial propeller — 6c in stamps. Health Aeroplane Company, Shicago. PATENTS wanted in Aeronautics. U.S. Government spending millions in this class for Army and Navy. Our Aeronautic Department will give full information on this subject upon inquiry. Write for What to Invent, sent free. Victor J. Evans & Co., 179 Ninth, Washington, D. C. THE AMERICAN School of Aviation announces a new correspondence course in Mechanics of Aviation. A_thor- ough training in Practical Aeronautics. American School of Aviation, Dept. 759B, 431 So. Dearborn Street, Chicago. MEN—Learn aviation mechanics and aeroplane con- struction. Shop and field experience. Government needs _. Write today. Moler Aviation School, Chicago, nois

TRADE SCHOOLS MOTORCYCLES all makes, $25.00 up. _ New bicycles at big reduction. Second hand, $8.00 up. Motors, motor attachments, Cycle motos, Smith motor wheels, ete., $2 up. New parts to fit all makes carried in ‘stock. Second hand parts good as new 50% discount. Expert repairing, on magnetos, generators, transmissions, Motors overhauled $10.00 up. Henderson motors our specialty, Write for big bargain bulletin. American Motor Cycle Company. Dept. 3, Chicago. BARGAINS in used Harley, Excelsior, Henderson and Indian Motorcycles; condition guaranteed, $40.00 to $250.00. Write for terms and new bulletin. Charles A, Merkle, 162 North Clinton Avenue, Rochester, New York. WANT to sell that motorcycle of yours? I havea method that has sold many. Write today for details; a postcard be do. D. W. Coutlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York y. CONVERT your bicycle into a motorcycle at small cost by using Shaw Motor Attachment. Catalog free. Shaw Mfg. Co., Dept. 68, Galesburg, Kansas.

HILES’ Watchmaking and Engraving School, the largest and best equipped school in the West. 717 Market Street, San Francisco, California. BARGAINS—New and slightly used motorcycles, motorwheels, cyclemotors, talking machines. Edward Ryan, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

WELDING

bo gy Plants, $25.00 # $300.00. Designed for all — Small cash paymenf, balance three to six months. very mechanic or shop should have one. Bermo Welding Co., Omaha, U. S. A

OMA MR

Popular Science Monthly, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. Gentlemen: Since we have started to adver- tise in the classified section of Popular Science Monthly, we have received such wonderful re- sults that we do not expect to miss a single issue as long as we con- tinue to sell motorcycle supplies. We must say, that inquiries and letters and orders are coming in from all over. You may as- sure yourself at all times that we expect to be represented in your magazine as we feel we cannot be without it. Very truly yours, AMERICAN Motor CYctLeE Co. rTM LULL ALIA E Z = E E = Q .

AH

MOTORS, ENGINES, MACHINERY

SMALL ions and generators. Large quantity A.C. YH 5.00; % H.P., $35.00. Battery charging sets, 100 tibbineé © Myers new motors, generators, charging outfits. All sizes, $30.00 each and up. Charging, lighting and moving picture arc generators, $10.00 and up. Motors, 1 and 3 phase, up to 5 H.P. for immediate wy Bankruptcy stock less than 4 price. Special bulletin 89. Johnston, West End, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. GUARANTEED alternating and direct current rebuilt motors. All sizes, it. kinds Cte. fans, electrica} supplies. Tell us ber 5 needs. Free illustrated catalog, Hyre Electric Co.,629 WK South Dearborn Street, Chicago”

HEAT Your Ford. Dunham Heaters easily attached to exhaust, either compartment. Detachable, inexpensive, ved | successfully. omas Dunham Company, Aurora,

BOATS AND LAUNCHES

DARROW’S Steel Boats. Finished parts for patterns. Lrteieue, 78 models. F. H. Darrow, 604 Erie St., Albion,

DUPLICATING DEVICES

“MODERN” Duplicator—a Business Getter. $1 up, 50 to 75.00 ies from pen, pencil, ty ypewniter: no gluc or gelatine. 7. 30 days’ T You need one. Booklet J. V. Durkin & Reeves Company, Pittsburgh, Pa,

MODELS AND MODEL SUPPLIES

TO avoid mistakes, inventors should have correct models ma _‘*e before for patent. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183E, St. Louis, Missouri.

BLUE Prints, Castings, Small Engines, Steam, Gas, Circulars, Stamp. Universal Gas Motor Company, Monad- nock Block, Chicago.

MANUFACTURING

SPECIALTIES of all kinds manufactured for market. Write Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183F, St. Louis, Missouri. ELECTRICAL

WHOLESALE prices, electrical supplies and motors, sockets, tape, wire, loom, rosettes, fuses, cleats, switches Free illustrated catalog. Hyre flectric C 0., 629 DM South Dearborn Street, Chicago. MAKE Dry Batteries. Simple, practical instructions —_ blue print, 25 cents. Dirigo Sales Company, Bath, Maine. INVENT Something. Your Ideas May Bring Wealth. Free book ag to —- how | how to obtain a patent. References: Bradstree Washington Mechanics —, Talbert & : "Talbert, 1675" Talbert Building, Washing- mn, D. C.

122 ‘ monthly.

MOTORCYCLE Bargains. Motorcycles at the old prices. Buy now and save $25.00. Don’t wait. Hender- sons, Harleys, Indians, Excelsiors, Emblems, Popes, Kultures, Thors, $50 to $100. All makes turned up ready to ride. Motorcycle tires $3; automobile tires $3; bicycle tires $1. Bicycles $10 or tandems $20. Bicycles and motorcycles at factory prices, old motorcycles, bicycles, talking machines taken in trade. Swapin yours. Highest rices allowed for them. Send 2 catalogue. Deninger, the ice Cutter, Rochester, New York. LARGE stock of rebuilt motorcycles, new parts for all makes 20% discount; second-hand parts, good as new, 50% discount. Motorcycle Parts Mfg. Co., Chicago, Illinois. MOTORCYCLES—$40 up. Cash or Terms; All makes; Bulletin G free. Write today. Motorcycle Exchange, Rochester, New York.

FORMULAS & TRADE SECRETS

FORMULAS—AIll kinds— Valuable ‘“‘Bestovall,’’ Box 543-PS., Chicago. IS the Formula you want, typewritten, your exact re- quirements, guaranteed accurate or money back, worth a quarter? Let’s get acquainted. Raymond, 1354-8 C entral, Cleveland, Ohio. Catalog Free.

MISCELLANEOUS

ELECTRICAL Tattooing Machines, $3, $5, and $7. Catalogue for stamp. J. H. Temke, 517 Central, Psm., Cincinnati, Ohio.

FOR SALE

BOILERS, Engines and gr all Werner Extract Company, Mechanicville, New Yor

TYPEWRITERS AND SUPPLIES

LARGEST stock of Typewriters in America. Under- woods, way under manufacturer's prices. Rented any- where, applying rent 0 oo price: free trial. Instal- ment payments if desir Write for catalogue 11. Type- writer Emporium (Estab. 1892). 34-36 West Lake Street, Chicago, Illinois. NEW, rebuilt and slightly used Typewriters $8 up. Portable Machines $10 up. Write for our Catalog 25N. Beran Typewriter Co., 58 W. Washington St., Chicago.

ADDING MACHINES

WONDERFUL Adding Machine, seven columns capaci: ty, only one dollar. Adds and multiplies as fast as the fingers will move. Thousands being sold through demon- stration. L.J. Leishman Company, Dep't L., Ogden, Utah. INVESTIGATE Marvelous Calculator Adding Machines. Subtracts, multiplies, divides automatically. Work equals $300 machine. Price $10. Five year guarantee. Illustra- ted catalog and trial offer free. Calculator Corpora- tion, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

TELEGRAPHY

TELEGRAPHY—both Morse and Wireless; Station Agency taught. Tremendous demand. Permanent posi- tions. Big Salaries. Oldest and largest school —established 44 years. Catalog free. Dodge's Institute, 16th Street, Valparaiso, Indiana.

GRANDFATHER'S CLOCKS

GRANDFATHER'S Clock Works $5.00. Build your own cases from our free instructions. Everybody wants a hall clock. You can make good profit building artistic clocks for your friends. We replace worn-out works in old clocks with works having chimes at money saving prices. Write for folder describing the most beautiful hall clock ever sold at $25.00. Clock Co., Nicetown, Pennsylvania.

BUSINESS SERVICE

HAVE a New York Broadway Address. Good effect on letterhead a, big business. We take orders, telephone messages, rsonal attention to callers: Extensive switchboard. “ele t telephone numbers. Rates $3 and $5 with nty__ Also oe crepes private offices or desk room venience, to mont uane Co., 305-307-309 Broadway, New York i I WANT to send you proof of the wonderful pulling power of the Classified Columns of this magazine. If you want to buy something, sell something or exchange re Cinsiied Advertane" Papua setae Moo 358 Wea sing, Popu 39th Street, New York. pe ing,

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November, 1918 PRINTING, ENGRAVING, MULTIGRAPHING CAMERAS, PHOTOGRAPHY, SUPPLIES PATENTS FOR SALE D Printing at low prices; 1,000 good letterheads, cl cards, billheads, labels, circulars, $2.50; samples free; catalogues, booklets and’ circulars our ‘specialty. Ernest L. Fantus Co., 523 S. Dearborn St., Chicago. I. Type, Sup- SABLE Pre-Used Printing Presses, gaye ABLE ¥pe, Sup- Lowest prices. List for stamp. P.5. piichiand. Pennsylvania. 2.50; 000 Letterheads, 5,000, $10. Copper Journal, y E Hancock, Michigan. A NEW, economical, American developer (Phenomet) not approached in chemical quality or appearance by any sim- ilar American product. Better than Metol. No matter how many developers you have experimented with, try Phenomet. Samples sent on receipt of self addressed stamp- ed envelope. Special offer to dealers and ———— Special Materials Company, om a Chemists, 138 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, New York Clean Neat Finishing. Postage paid both ways. Mailing boxes furnished. Get prices and samples. ’ Grant Myers, Department One, Summit, New Jersey NEW Large Catalog of Attractive_ Gummed Labels and rtising Stickers Free. 3,000 75c upwards. Royal firel Company, 414 Cherry, Philadelphia. ’ BEAUTIFUL Lithographed Stationery at_ printer’s prices Small quantities. Kaydee Lithographing Company, 72 Teutonia, Milwaukee. 100 CARDS, Business, Professional or Social, atso imita- tion leather card case, for 60 cents. M. F. Devaney, Print- ing, Engraving, Rubber Stamps, 31 Middle Street, Geneva, New York. MAIL us 15c with any size Film for development and 6 velvet prints. Or send 6 negatives any size and 15c for 6 prints. 8 x 10 mounted enlargements 35c. Prompt, perfect service. Roanoke Photo Finishing Co., 212 Bell Avenue, Roanoke, Virginia. KODAKERS: How would you like to get a 9x11 en- largement of your best negatives Free? Drop us a card now asking about it. Films dev eloped 10¢ per roll. Pri.ts 3, 4 & 5c each. lords Foto Studio, Ellensburg, Washington. FOR MEN AND WOMEN 125 Letterheads, envelopes, billheads, tags, or cards, 75¢ postpaid. Printer-Laborde, Mansura, Louisiana. 100 Bond Noteheads, 4 lines, and 100 envelopes, prepaid $1.00. Southwestern, 1413-B Berendo, Los Angeles. LETTER SPECIALISTS WHAT Do You Want to Know?—Information vital to the student, the experimenter, the business man, or any inquirer given by experts. Educational, Se ientific, Legal, and Business questions answered. Ask us the points you cannot find out anywhere else—we usually know. No charge if unsuccessful, small fee of $1 if we set you right. Send your questions direct from this ad, or write for our complete proposition, free. The Kent System, Department A, Cambridge, Mass. BUSINESS-Building sales letters written for $4.00. Forceful, compelling literature. Criterion Letter Service, West New York, New Jersey ADVERTISING SPECIAL! Inch display advertisement 100 i INDIAN Baskets—Wholesale and retail, Gilham, Highland Springs, California. “SEXUAL Philosophy,” 12c. tive, complete, best satisfies. rence, Mass. Catalogue. Clear, specific, authorita- Fred B. Kaessmann, Law- BEa ———. Excellent opportunity, good pay, travel. Write C. T. Ludwig, 424 Westover Bidg., Kansas C ‘itv, Mo. WE have a few practical money-making inventions for sale or cee Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183B, St. Louis, ur PATENTED Necktie-Stretcher for sale. Offer wanted. Edward Pierson, Clarke Station, Indiana. SCENERY FOR HIRE SCENERY supplied—Anywhere, Everywhere. Catalog free. Amelia Grain, Springgardea, Philadelphia. STAMMERING STAMMERING Cured—quickly, permanently, and priv ately. Write me personally for Free Copy of New Book ‘How to Stop Stammering.”’ S. E. Robbi s, Prin. Boston Stammerers Institute, 246 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts. ST-STU-T-T-TERING and Stammering cured at home. Instructive booklet free. Walter McDonnell, 59 Potomac Bank Building, Washington, D. C. FOR INVENTORS nations of 50 perpetual motions. k Inventors’ Universal Educator, 4th edition, tells how to procure and sell a patent for your new invention. Government and other costs. Covers the matter from AtoZ. 140 pages elegantly bound. Contains noted Court decisions on Patent cases. Mechanical Movements greatly assist inventors—suggest new ideas that might prove of great aid in perfecting in- ventions. Tells how to select an attorney. as valuable information regarding Patent Sharks, sh agents and brokers. ice $1.00. Postage free. Fred G. Dieterich, 681 Ouray Building, Washington, D. C. 600 Mechanical Movements, also trations and expla- Ay thrice, $8.00. Coast to Coast Syndicate, Atlantic City. YOUR advertisement in the classified columns of the Electrical Experimenter, Science and Invention, will reach the very class of men you seek. Circulation 100,000 net. ese 6c word. The Electrical Experimente: brings positive esults. For proof, — Classified Department, 233 Fulton Street, New York COLLECTIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS COLLECTIONS everywhere. Promptness our watch- word. Phoenix Mercantile Bureau, Omaha, Nebraska. AUTHORS—MANUSCRIPTS WRITERS: Stories, poems, plays, etc., are wanted for publication. Literary Bureau, 117, Hannibal, Missouri. WRITE for newspapers and magazines. Big Pay. Ex- details free. Press Reporting rience unnecessa”y; Byndicate, 400, St. Louis. SEE Here! We want your ideas for photoplays and stories! Criticized Free. Sold on commission. Send for guide. Ms. Dept. No. 6, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. _ MANY Manuscripts need only expert revision to suc- eeed. This I can give. Formerly editor for leading maga- cine. Address: Alexander Jessup, 522 West 112th Street, New York. Sales Co., EDUCATIONAL AND INSTRUCTION ORNAMENTAL Casting, hundred illustrations Free. Island, N. Y. WANTED—New Ideas. Write for list of Patent Buyers and Inventions Wanted. $1,000,000 in prizes offered for inventions. Our four Books sent free upon re- quest. Victor J. Evans & Co., 178 Ninth, Washington, D. C. STENOGRAPHY and Bookkee ing—Simplified method, 50c. Marr, Teacher, Nashville, Tennessee. make moulds yourself, two Mahler, Woodhaven, Long PROSTATOLOGY is our interesting free booklet about prostate disorders, biadder troubles, etc. It tells about a new drugless method that can-be used at home privately, to permanently and positively relieve these disorders. Doctors, osteopaths and others use it. No failures on record. a Electrothermal Company, Mayo Building, Steuben- ville, 0) READERS of Popular Science Monthly—here’s your chance: We have on hand 200 copies of bound volume No. 88—January to June, 1916; 25 copies of volume No. 89— July to December, 1916; 25 copies volume No. 90—January to June, 1917; and 500 copies of volume No. 91—July to December, 1917. These copies are beautifully bound in heavy gray covers with dark green backings, containing the words ‘‘Popular Science Monthly,’’ the volume number and months included. Each volume comprises 960 pages, 1,306 articles and 2,082 pictures. Just the berg for your library. A ten page index enables you to find in a moment any article or picture desired. Contain no advertising whatever. At the present cost of printed matter, these volumes should retail at $5.00. You can secure them now for $2;00 each stpaid. Classified Department, Popular Science Month- y, 225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. MINERALSALT Treatment and Neodiet. Author ex- plains grave consequences of wrong daily diet—how to THE Electrical Experimenter Classified Columns bring positive results. Circulation 100,000—rate 6c word. For information address Classified Department, 233 Fulton Street, New York. PATENTS without ag — es fees. Free report and books. Frank Fuller, Washingto Me - 3 HAVE you an idea?. If so, you should eaten it by a patent. Send us a model or sketch for free opinion of paceman Write for our Four Books sent free to any address. "ess. Victor J. Evans & Co., 156 Ninth, Washington, INVENT something. Your ideas may bring wealth. — postal for Free book. Tells what to invent and how to btain a patent through our credit system. Talbert & Talbert; 4691 Talbert Building, Washington, D. C. INVENTORS—We specialize in manufacturing new patented articles, make models—dies—and do experi- mental work. Modern Tool & Manufacturing Co., Dept. E., Opera Place, Cincinnati, Ohio. PATENTS and inventions are wanted for promotion On cas&é or royalty basis. Write Alfred J. Fisher Co:, 200, 8 Taintor Street, Medford, Massachusetts. SHOELIFE makes shoes wear twice as long, 30c. Herold, Elgin, Illinois. JAPANESE Aerial perfume; eo most delightful fragrance. $1.00 with beautiful Incense Burner. D. Wooyeno, 217 West 125th Street, New York City. PATRIOTIC NOVELTIES REAL ‘Minie’” Ball Watch Fob only $1.00. Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 1833, St. Louis, Missouri. PICTURES AND POSTCARDS PREPARE for Public Service. Chicago bags College of Medicice now offers a graded course in Public Health including Bacteriology. Part work may be done at home. Regular day and evening session of the medical course begins October Ist. Write for particulars. College Dean, Dept. 28, 3832 Rhodes Avenue, Chicago. JOIN Live Postcard Club. Membership Papers 10c. Harvey Teeple, Decatur, Indiana. PHONOGRAPHS AND RECORDS WORLD-ROMIC System, Masterkey to All Languages. Six Textbooks, $1.44. F rench Chart, 37c; Spanish, 37c; Aviation Dictionary, $1.5) French-English Aviation Dictionary, 61c. AM od 143 West 47th, New York. I WANT to send you proof of the wonderful pulling power of the Popular Science Monthly. If you want to buy something, sell something, or exchange something, write today for full particulars. D. W. Coutlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. DIAMONDS, WATCHES, JEWELRY ALL Phonograph Records Bought, Sold, rented, ex- changed. Save 50%. Catalog free. Six 10-inch standard selections prepaid, $1.50. Cut Rate Record Exchange, Box 483, Detroit, Mich. BUILD your Phonograph. ‘‘Perfection’’ high quality spring and electric Motors, Tone Arms, Reproducers. Wonderful results. Big saving. New catalog and building instructions muiled for ten cents. Indiana Phonograph Supply Co, Indianapolis, Indiana. MUSIC AND SHEET MUSIC ELGIN wrist watch, 7 jewels $8.00—worth $20.00, in four styles. Write for our watch list of big bargains. Central — Exchange, Post-office Box 161, Chicago, no : FREE—Scientific Gem. Rivals diamond. —. ae deceives experts. Free examination. Write today. Harold Lachman Co., Dep't. 9208, 12 Neth "ldieniaan Avenue, Chicago. Clear white, MOTION PICTURES FREE To Writers—a wonderful little book of money- =—s hints, suggestions, ideas: the A B C of successful ry and play-writing. Absolutely _ Just address: Writers Service, Dept. 6, Auburn, N. WRITE Photoplays: $50 each. F:xperience unnecessary: details free to beginners. Producers’ League, 194, St. Louis. ELECTRIC Arc Generator halves ries. Your engine operates. Easy terms. Hoberts, Troy, Ohio. $75.09 Buys complete moving picture business. Ma- chine, film, screen, etc. Wonderful openings everywhere. Start now. Big profits made. No experience. Only $75.00 required. Details free. Dept. F-1, Feature Film xchange, 228 Union Avenue, Memphis, Tennessee. wy $75.00 buys complete Professional Moving Picture Outfit fachine Fiims supplies. Make big money. Small invest- Ment. Write for particulars. Ellsworth Film Co., Dept. SX, 537 South Dearborn Street, Chicago. WRITE photoplays. $50 to $200 each. Experience unnecessary. Particulars free to beginners. International Fpotoplay Company, 1712 Franklin Avenue, St. Louis, WHO will write the Song Hit of the War? If you have an idea suitable for such a song write for Free Booklet “Songwriters Manual & Guide.’’ We revise poems, compose music, secure copylight and facilitate free publication or sale. Poems submitted, examined free.—Knickerbocker Studios, 168 Gaiety Bldg., New York City. antee publisher’s acceptance. Subm ms on war, love Street, Suite 111, Chicago. WRITE the Words for a Song. W * = music and guar- or any subject, Chester Music Co., : 8 South Dearborn CAN you write attractive song-poems? We com sale. Beautiful lithographed sample song sent Free. Magnacal Company, Orange, New Jersey. music, make 15 full-size copies and expedite publication or WRITE a Song—Patriotic or popular. I compose music Speakers, Deills, oe. Make Up Goods. Free. T.S. Denison & Co., Dept. Be. Chicago. and guarantee publication. _Send words today. Thomas Merlin, 238 Reaper Block, Chicago. GAMES AND ENTERTAINMENT PLAYS, Vaudeville Sketches, Monologues, Dialogues, "Minstrel Material, Jokes, Recitations, Tableaux. Large Catalog TRICK Illusions. Large 1917*cataiog free. aks Magical Co., Dept. 547, Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Puzzles, Jokes, Toys, Games, Novelties, Doll and Cane ‘Sane Plays, Wigs, Stage § —— Escapes and TRICKS and Greenbacks.- Big magic catalog 5c. Twenty greenbacks—10c. Gilmagico, 11135 So. Irving Chicago. 1,000 stage tricks with 500 illustrations. small catalogue FREE. Hornmann Magic Co., Sta. 17 470 Eighth Avenue, New York. 123 Catalogue 10c, , counterbalance them. Book, $1.00. Yogurt Company, 87, Bellingham, Washington. Hannibal, Missouri. CATCH Fish. Information for stamp. George Julian’ INVENTIONS developed. Expert advice, drawings, calculations, ex rimental work. Automotive Engineering Company, Castle Hall Building, Indianapolis, Indiana. INVENTORS—Market and secure your inventions through National Institute of Inventors, World Bidg., New York City membership co-operative organization. HAVE you a practical invention to sell outright or on royalty? Send details to Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., ri 83A, St. Louis, Missouri. I WANT to send you proof of the wonderful pulling- power of the Popular Science Monthly. If you want to buy something, sell something, = exchange something, write today for full particulars. . W. Coutlee, 225 West 39th Street, New York City. PATENTS and Trademarks—Send sketch or model for actual search and report. Write for booklet of instructions on patent —" and procedure. Prompt personal ser- vice. 3e0rg! Kimmel, Patent Lawyer, 38-K Oriental Bldg., W ae = D.C. e PATENT ATTORNEYS PATENTS: Our practice before the Patent Office ex- tends over seventy years. It pays to employ an attorney of reputation as a poor patent is a bad investment. and Reliability are our special ublishers of the Selentifie Ai American and all patents secured y us are described without cost in the Scientific American. Your invention is thus brought to the attention of thousands of intelligent readers especially interested in such matters. To procure like P blicity in any other manner would cost you many times the patent fees. Our a’ Book on Patents sent free on a. Munn & Co., Patent Attorneys, foe ing gs Building, New York, and 625 F St., Wash- ngton, D. PATENTS! Washington, D nee word free. Write now. Metzger. Cc. L. re Patent Attorney, McGill Building, Washington, D. C. Inventors’ d-book, “Protecting, 2 — and Selling Inventions,” sent free’ upon request. ATENT Your Ideas. Books, ‘‘How to Obtain a — wn “What to Invent,” sent free. Send rough sketch f free report regarding patentability. Manufacturers oon stantly writing us for patents. Patents advertised for sale free. Established 20 years. Address Chandlee & Chandlee, Patent Attorneys, 403 7th St., Washington, D. C. PATENTS, Trade Marks, | Copyrights Prompt personal, reliable service. Over 30 years’ active rae. Ww = for terms. Book free. ww eg E. G. Siggers, Box 1, N. U. Building, Washington, D. C. INVENT Something. Your ideas may bring wealth. Send postal for free book. Tells what to invent and how to obtain a patent through our credit system. bert & Talbert, 4624 Talbert Bldg.. Washington, D. C PATENTS—Write for our Free Patent Guide Books, List of Patent Buyers who wish to purchase patents, and What To Invent with list of inventions wanted. Send sketch for free opinion of patentability. We om 5 ~ ventors to sell their inventions. Victor J. Evans & Co 155 Ninth, Washington, D. C. DON’T lose your rights. pene for blank form “Evi- dence of pea ory to be and witnessed. Estab- tablish your rights before disc! co your beers to any- Form and information _concernin one. free. nts, Lancaster & Allwine, 232 Ouray Building, Washington. D.C

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_— YOUR idea wanted. Patent your invention. I'll help ‘ou market it. Send for 4 free books, list of patent buyers, undreds of ideas wanted, etc. Advice “gt Patents advertised free. ——e 'B. Owen, Patent Lawyer, 44 agg pe Bide. Washington, D. C., or 2276Z Woolworth Bide., ew Y PATENTS—Herbert Jenner, patent Attorney and me- chanical expert, 622 F St., Washington, D.C. I report free oe if a patent can be had and its exact cost. Send for

romote patents obtained Gavush us. Adam Fisher Mig. Exclusively: Solicitors of of U. S. and Foreign Write us for our Inventors’ — Patent-Sense. 647 F Street, N.W., Wash- ington, D. C. Established 1869. PATENT ae filed on partial Pw bene plan. We heip sell the tent. ° e-marks, yrights, etc. Milo B. Stevens & *Co., 640 F Street, Washington, 351 Monadnock Block, Chicago. Established 1 PATENTS and Trademarks—Send sketch or model for actual search and report. Write for booklet of instructions on patent practice and procedure. Prompt personal ser- vice. George P. 4 — Patent Lawyer, 38-K Oriental Bidg., Washington, D

AGENTS AND SALESMEN WANTED

LIBERTY Policy, the very latest in Insurance, covers accidents and gicknesses. Every occupation insurable, men and women, 16 to 70 years. $5,000 death and $25.00 weekly costs es . Thrift Policy, paying half benefits, cost $7.50 yearly. Special benefits covering farmers. Policies also at $10.00 and $5.00 premiums to meet low-rate competition. Leather wallet enclosing $100 Identification Certificate with each policy. Attractive ay p. nings with continuous renewal commission. .258.27. Founded 1907, Southern Surety Com- Sow, 52508 i Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. AGENTS: Big profits. Best and cheapest window letters made. Easily applied. Dime brings five samples. a free. Staibrite Compaay, 1115 Second Avenue, ew Yor SALESMEN—City or Traveling. Experience unneces- sary. Send for list of openings and full particulars. Prepare in spare time to earn the big salaries—€2,500 to $10,00C @ year. ney ment service rendered Members. ° National —— taining Association, Dep’t 126 K, Chicago,

MINUTES Pay Dollars, demonstrating new $10.00 Wonderful invention. Adds, subtracts, multiplies Work equals $300 machine. Five-Year tee. Sells everywhere. Splendid profits. White Quick for trial offer and protected territory. Dept. O, Calculator Corporation, Grand Rapids, Michigan. AGENTS seeking first class auto accessory, see Hydro- nizer under ‘“‘Automobiles and Accessories.’ EASY, pleasant work for Mechanics, Shop Men, Clerks, during spare hours, pee add many dollars to thei F salaries. Also want persons who can give full time. AQ assured. Novelty Cutlery Co., 27 Bar St., Canton, ‘Ohio. WONDERFUL Adding Machine—Seven column capaci- ty—etails for one dollar. Sells itself everywhere. ost oree purchase several. Sensational agency proposition. J. Leishman Co., Dept. F., Ogden, Utah. “aRE You Interested in the Extra Dollar? Of course. Well, carry our side-line. It fits the pocket! Your smallest commission $1.00, and you can sell every customer. Para- mount Company, Louisville, Kentucky. AMERICAN Military Styles are all the rage in men’s tailored to measure suits this season. Easiest to sell; everybody wants them. Far ahead of all others 4 real an and beauty. Lowest se than common ready- made suits. Our Agents are coining money. You can earn $10 daily. Send 1 for full particulars, terms and sampie book of styles and patterns. American Woolen Mills 5° . Dept. A-51, Chicago, Illinois. QUICK selling, newly patented, universally useful in- vention. Sells any ae. anywhere, aiybody. Week's supply for 10c. Fine in o ag om literature. H. G ® apport re y.

Send 10c for sample 1 Cliff Street, New York

AGENTS Wanted. Easy Seller. Big Protits. Particu- lars free. O. W. Miller, 105 Chambers Street, New York. “$10.00 DAILY in spare time, placing owners’ initials on autos, “Liberty” emblems on windshields, dimmers on headlights. Sam les free. Globe Decalcomanie Company, Sans ep't 1, Jersey City, New Jersey. GENTS—Steady Income. Large Manufacturer of Handikechiete and Dress Goods, etc., wishes representative in each locality. Factory to consumer. Big profits, — goods. Whole or spare time. Credit given. Send for eo. napa ata Mig. Co., 24 Main Street, Brook — ew Yor YOU can make good durable paints and varnish, 25c gallon. Emmelmann Bros. Mfg. Company, Dep't A, Indianapolis, Indiana. OUR New Inventions earn you steady income. Can- vassers, megs A —_— Salesmen and Promoters write Adam Fisher , 183G, St. Louis, Missouri $1,000 ok. ae pling penees ite. are ape sale. Credit given. no money. etter or toda Allen Mf, Co., 432 Allen Bidg., Toledo, Ohio ‘d AGENTS—Ho-Ro-Co. Skin Soap and toilet goods plan beats eeatyebing for gd profit. ‘‘Ho-Ro-Co.,” 133 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo AGENTS: Big money "pelling great household invention. Sample 25c. Particulars free. Webster & Company, 2935 Nerth Clark Street, Chicago. MR. ADVERTISER: Before you place a single adver- tisement in 4d publication send for a most interesting little booklet entitled “‘Does It Pay?’’ It tells about the grati- results that Popular Science Monthly is produci lor the advertisers of America. be led on roman. Dw Classified Advertising, 225 West. 39th

Fs esnmpen Become independent—own your business, rience unnecessary selling out $6,000 Accidental Death, $3 .00 Accident, $25.00 Sick Weekly Benefits. $10.50 yearly, half amounts $5.50. Guaranteed steady income from renewals. 250,000 deposited Insurance Department. Registration Dept. S., Newark, New Jersey. WINDOWEDGE —Stops rattling windows; keeps out cold; worth dollars, sells for dime. Big seller. Moore Com- pany, 413 Jerome Avenue, Cincinnati. MEN of Ability—To represent manufacturer direct, selling Sales and Order Rooks. Liberal commission. Wirth Sales Book Co., Dept. P. S., Chicago. NINETY Per Cent. of Your Calls Turned into Sales. Wonderful Enthusiasm Follows Every Demonstration! yrite at Once for Full Particulars of Our Line of Eradium (Luminous) Articles. Startling! Mysterious! Everlasting! Novel! They Shine in the dark. Crucifixes, House Num-

high class educated men who may earn $3000 to 36000 yearly selling our Visual Instruction Equipment to schools and libraries. References and cash deposit guarantee re quired. eg edge ol & Underwood, 417 5th Avenue, Dept. P.S., New York

HELP WANTED

MEN wanted to make Toy Soldie1s, Army, Navy anq other toys. Homeworkers on small scale; Manufacturers on large scale. Greatest chance for industrious people for independent business. Enormous demand in American Made Toys. War stopped all importation. We buy these goods all year, whole output or surplus over sales, for three years. paying fixed prices. Hundred and more made complete per hour. Anyone can tuin out perfect work without experience or additional tools. Casting form outfits $2.75 up. Booklet and information free. Toy — Manufacturing Company, 32 Union Square, New or DETECTIVES make big money!

Travel and see the bers, Bulbs, Match Boxes, Pictures, Switch Plates. Sole | country. We instruct you at a nominal cost. Write for Manufacturers. The Pioneer Corporation, 1263 W. 63rd, free booklet. American School of Criminology, Scherer Chicago. Bidg., Detroit, Michigan.

AGENTS: Sell rich looking 36 x 68 imported rugs. $1.00 each. Carter, Tenn., sold 115 in 4 days, profit $57. You can do same.” Write for sample offer selling plan; exclusive territory. Sample rug »y parcel post prepaid, 98c. kL. Condon, Importer, 12 Pearl Street, Boston, Mass. HUNDREDS of Agents are now making goods to sell from Miller's Guaranteed Manufacturers’ Formulas. Wizard Washing Tablets—no wax, potash, lye. Costs 5c pound. Brings 60c. Eggolene. only pure iood substitute for eggs at 9c a dozen. Non-Alcoholic Tube Flavors. Many new sellers including latest Automobile Specialties. Carbo-Cide, the only recognized gasoline Intensifier- Decarbonizer—s800% profit. Enormous sales. Fibro-Vac Guaranteed Puncture Plugger. Exclusive territory. Par- — for stamp. Miller, Industrial Chemist, Tampa, ori INSYDE Tyres, inner armour for Automobile_ Tires, _ ent punctures and double mileage of any tire. Liberal rofits. Details free. American Accessories Co., Dept. oF Cincinnati, Ohio. “RADIO” Luminous Paint for resale. Big demand—big =. Trial can, 50c delivered. American Luminous oducts Co., Huntington Park, California. MAKE and sell Your Own Goods. sary. Expert Chemists advise. Special attention to be- ginners. Write for Formula Catalog. Elmer Mystic Com- pany, Washington, D. C. NEW_ Check Protector. Good agent's proposition. Sample 25e. Brackbill, 1307 McFerran Street, Philadelphia. WANTED—New Ideas. Write for list of Patent Buyers and Inventions Wanted. $1,000,000 in prizes offered for inventions. Our Four Books sent free upon request. Victor J. Evans & Co., 174 Ninth, Washington, D. C. KEROSENE Burners for Furnaces, Cook and Heating Stoves. Economy Mfg. Company, 616 West Monroe, Chicago.

Machinery unneces-

SILVERING Mirrors—Exclusive Tartaric method opens enormously profitable business. Booklet free. P. Barstow, 514 23rd Street, Oakland, California

WANTED three hundred young men to learn Watch- work, Jewelry-work and Engraving, in order that we may be able to supply the demand on us for workmen. Address postal — to Bradley Polytechnic Institute, Department “M,” Peoria, Ill., asking for our latest catalog giving full particulars. MEN and Women Wanted, 18 to 60 to fill thousands of vacancies and new positions in Government Service in Washington and eg oie Permanent, higher salaries, patriotic work, easy hours, paid vacations. Quick appoint- ments. Write for free Book PRE listing positions. Washing- 3 BS ‘ivil Service School, 2027 Marden Bldg., Washington,

MEN— Age 17 to 45. Experience unnecessary. Travel; make secret investigations, reports. Salaries, expenses; American Foreign Detective Agency, 321 St. Louis. INVENT Something.

Your ideas may bring wealth. Send postal for ye 4 Book. Tells what to invent and how to obtain a patent through our credit system. Talbert & Talbert, aol Talbert Building, Washington, D. C. MR. ADVERTISER: Before you place a single adver- tisement in any publication send for a most interesting little booklet entitled ‘‘Does It Pay?’’ It tells about the grati- fying results that Popular Science Monthly is eos for the advertisers of America. Mailed on request. D. Coutlee, er Classified Advertising, 225 West 30th Street, New York

WRITE Photoplays; $50 each. Experience unnecessary details free to beginners. Producers’ League, 194, St. lous EARN $900 to $1800 per Year. Government Railway Mail, Post Office and other ‘‘exams’’ coming. Prepare under Former Civil Service Examiner. Book free. Patterson Civil Service School, Box 3019, Rochester, N. Y. :

“KLEAN-RITE” New marvelous washday wonder. Washes clothes spotlessly clean without rubbing. Whirl- wind seller. Great repeater. Samples free. Sales guaran- teed. Working outfit free. Write quick. Bestever Products Co., 2426-LP Polk, Chicago. FRACTIOMETERS, described in September issue, page 411, sent on approval for 65 cents in stamps. Shop Agents ‘wanted. Fractiometer Company, Rochester, New York. AGENTS—Make a dollar an hour. Sell Mendets, a atent patch for instantly mending leaks in all utensils. Eomple package free. Collette Mfg. Co., Dept. 467, Amsterdam, New Yor TO Hell With the Kalser— Bight red hot post cards showing Bill’s experience there. They're rich. Send to soldier friends. Agents enthusiastic. Two sets, 25c. Norman B. Ovri. Helmet, California. ““WONDERFUL Chance. Men’s shirts and furnishings at wholesale rates or make $10 daily spare time as agent or start real business. Goodell Company, 130 Duratex Building, New York ~ VULCANIZING used auto-tires is a growing and profit- able business, especially now. Government orders 50% reduction in the manufacture of new tires. Easy to lear. Instruction book $1. $50 and up. Catalog free. Equipment Company, 302: 8th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. AGENTS—New invention puzzles auto world; wonder- ful chemical cloth: one rub over rain, snow blurred window- shield, presto; glass stays clear 24 hours; can’t blur. Putnam made g130 first week. Security Mfg. Co., Dept. 25. Toledo, Ohio. AGENTS 2 in 1 reversible raincoat. Two coats in one. One side a handsome black raincoat, reverse side fine dress coat. Something new. Not sold in stores. Steam vulcan- ized. Guaranteed water-proof. Big seller. All styles and sizes for men, women and children. Write for agency. > pana Raincoat Company, 1561 North Street, Dayton,

AGENTS—$10.00 a day made easily, selling our beautiful Art G Service Emblems. Hand made in rich brilliant colors. Sell at sight. Sample and particulars = upon receipt of 50 cents to cover cost of packing and postage. Will refund your money if not satisfied. Pittsburgh Art Glass Company, Warden & McCartney Streets, Pittsburgh, Penhsylvania. WERE You Ever Offered a Grocery Store? Our Proposi- tion Is Better. Let us tell you how you can handle Flour, Canned Goods, Provisions, and entire line of groceries, as well as Paints, Roofing, Stock Foods, Automobile and Machinery, Oils and Greases. No rent to pay. No invest- ment in stock. Large orders taken from samples. Goods of Guaranteed and proven quality. Selling experience not ecessary. Very profitable work for ‘‘workers.’’ Address Hitchcock Hill Company, Dept. 220, Chicago, illinois. Reference: Any bank or express company. AGENTS: Enormous profits applying transfer Mono- grams and Head-Light Dimmers to automobiles, etc. Can be applied to anything. One agent writes: ‘‘Made six dollars in a little over an hour, am going to make a winning with your goods." Another says: “I did $8.15 worth of work in three hours.” All k well of our proposition. Repeat orders keep us working overtime. Samples free. wee immediately. Wagner Company. Corona. New York. ENTS. Sell ey useful. The “Busi ecessity.

BE a ~4*™ Excellent opportunity, good pay, travel. Write C. T. Ludwig, 424 Westover Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. BE a Mirror Expert, $3-$10 a day; spare time home at first; no capital; we train, start you making and silvering mirrors French method. Free ——s F. Derr, Pres., 579 Decatur Street, Brooklyn, A BE a Finger Print Expert—$25 to $50 a week in this new and fascinating profession. Write—find out how you can — at home to supply the big demand for finger print experts in banks, big factories, —— agencies, etc" Special limited offer—write while it lasts. University of Applied Science, Room 9208, 1810 Wilsen Avenue, Chicago,

THOUSANDS Government war positions open. $100 month. — a a everywhere. List 20 Franklin Tretiewte. Dept. W. 50, Rochester, New York BE a Draftsman—Big Pay; Men and Women; Tremen- dous demand. Study at home. Complete course; Drawing outfit Free. Our graduates filling good positions as Drafts- men and Chief Draftsmen with Government and private concerns. We help you secure itions when qualified. Write for Free Book. Columbia School of Drafting, Dept. 878, 14th & T Streets, Washington, D. C. MEN, Women, 18 or over, wanted immediately for U. S. Government war positions. Thousands Clerical positions open, $100 month. Easy work. Write immedi- ately for list positions. Franklin Institute, Dept. W 50, Rochester, New York.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

ENTER a new business. Earn $3,000 to $6,000 yearly in professional fees making and fitting a foot specialty, pa everywhere with all the trade you can attend to; easily learned by anyone at home in a few weeks, at small expense; no further canital required; no goods to buy; job hunting, soliciting or agency. ‘Address Stephenson Laboratory, 15 Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts. EXPERT Chemist will furnish Formula and Trade Secrets in all lines. Lists free. W. L. Cummings, Ph.D., 217 Standart St., Syracuse, New York. MAKE ie Coptings. Sketch. Sample, Booklet and proposition 12c. R. Byrd, Box 227, Erie, Pennsylvania. WRITE for newspapers and magazines, Big Pay. Ex- gertmeee unnecessary, details free. Press Reporting yndicate, 4005, St. Louis. WOULD you invest $20 for a rattling good prospect of receiving $244.40 yearly income for life? If so, communicate with Harrison Brothers, Poughkeepsie. New York. FREE—$5,000 worth of valuable books as premiums. Write for more information and catalogue; it’s 5 tree. I have many books on Natural Healing, Personal Magnetism, Clair- voyancy, Seership, Hypnotism, Mesmerism, Concentration, Character Reading, Mind Power, etc. ‘fell me your wants. A. W. Martens, P-78, Burlington, Iowa. I MADE $30 a week, easy money, evenings, home. Free a a explains. Send stamp. Al Scott, Cohoes, New or

Guide” = an iss Bryant sold 400 in July. Profits over $800. Send for Free Outfit today. Nichols Company, “Box 22, ares. Tilinois. “EARN $2 an hour in your spare time taking coarse for Goodyear Coats. Sam coat free. Goodyear Mfg. Co., 241 Lillis Bldg., ‘Kansas City, Missouri.

g 4

YOUR idea wanted. Patent your invention. I'll help ou market it. Send for 4 free books, pd of patent buyers, undreds of ideas wanted, Bets © free Patents advertised free. Richard Owen, 4 * ae 44 Owen Bidg., Washington, ». C., or 2276Z Woolworth Bldg., New York

sold Are |?

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= os ~ rasta © Gey Vee os ure } | | } eos! November, 1918 detective. _ Excellent opportunity, good pay, gaye * Write C. T. Ludwig, 424 Westover Bidg., Kansas , Mo. ARS Yearly in your backyard. No ginseng, gush ee dope. Newideas. Investigate. Particulars free. C. Metz, 313 East 89th, New York. RAISE Guinea Pigs for us. We buy all you raise. Pay better than poultry. Contract, particulars, booklet how to raise free. Cavies Distributing Co., 3141 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Missouri. MULTIGRAPH Letters build business. Most econom- ical and effective advertising. Prigting. Addressing. Low rates, careful work, service. Multigraph-reerless Letter Company, 241 Fourth Avenue, New York. *REE—3 Months to get acquainted; devoted to news cal nepertunlty. The Western Miner, 2541 W. 37th Ave., Denver, Colorado. ARTIFICIAL Marble, Sanitary Flooring, complete in- structions, $1. Ornamental casting, concrete plaster, papiermache, decorations, garden furniture, statuary, rubber moulds, electrometallurgy. Particulars, 200 illus- trations free. Mahler, C-721 Woodland Ave., W oodhaven, L. I, New York. BUY and exploit practical inventions. Trade for prop- erty. Form companies. Sell county rights. Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 183D, St. Louis, Missouri. MR. ADVERTISER: Before you place a single adver- LD Time is often a Liar—old age isn’t measured by years. Mental and physical vitality and vigor; spring, pep, punch, get-up-and-go; the ability to DO THINGS, that’s YOUTH. And a beclouded brain in an impotent body; ill health, vital organs out of order; machinery not running right; a constant tired feeling; tisement in any publication send for a most interesting little booklet entitled ‘‘Does It Pay?” It tells about the grati- fying results that Popular Science Monthly is producing for the advertisers of America. Mailed on request. D, W. Coutlee, Manager Classified Advertising, 225 West 39th Street, New York. NO Ice This Year—I control a device that will put ice in every home where there is electricity for a couple of cents a day. $100 secures agency option and Demonstrator free. No obligation. Fred W. Wolf, Desk 3, 321 North Wells Street, Chicago. I AVERAGE $500 Monthly in Bloomington Making Cement Vaults. Will establish you in same_ business. Furnish everything. Spare time. No capital. Absolutely oe sumes. Stamp brings details. Dept. I, Bloomington, ndiana. WAR humane hospital essentials; wounded sailors— soldiers. Vital labor associate to produce. Hanlon, 1201 Arch, Philadelphia. GATHER or Cultivate Herbs, Barks, Roots For Us. Profitable, enjoyable, instructive. Buying list and illus- trated descriptive booklet 10c. Wisco Herb House, Desk 19, 409 Chestnut Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. STAMPS AND COINS 208 Genuine Foreign Stamps—Mexico War Issue, Venezuela, Salvador and India Service, Guatemala, China, etc., only 10c. Finest Approval Sheets 60% to 80%. Agents Wanted. Big 72-page Lists Free! We Buy Stamps. Est. 25 years. C. E. Hussman Stamp Co., Dept. 55, St. Louis, Missouri. FREE, 25 different United States with 60% approvals. Enclose 3c. 100 differeit United States 25c. Seidenberg, Beecher, Illinois. START Your Own Stamp Business! Our trade in Africa Borneo, China, Philippines brings thousards rare stamps Make Big Money selling them. Send 50c for sample stock, Calculator Corporation, Grand Rapids, Michigan. OLD Coins Wanted, 24 page Buying Catalog 5c. A. H. Kraus, 219 Kraus Building, Milwaukee, Wisconsi-. STAMPS, 50 Varieties, Transvaal, Brazil, Peru, Cuba, Mexico, etc., and Album, 10c. 1,000 mixed, 40c. 60 different U. S., 25c. 1,000 hinges, 10c. List Free. ‘I buy stamps. C. Stegman, 5949 Cote Briliante, St. Louis, Missouri. SELECTIONS sent on approval, 70% discount. Refer- ence required. J. Emory Renall, Dept. M., Hanover, Pennsylvania. OLD Coins. Large Fall Selling Catalogue of coins for sale free. Catalogue quoting prices paid for coins, ten cents. William Hesslein, 101 Tremont Street, Dept. P, Boston, Massachusetts. FREE, 60 different stamps including Newfoundland, China, Japan, Mexico, etc., to applicants for our high grade Phew Send 3c stamp for return postage. The ewood Stamp Company, Dept. M, Milford, Conn. STAMPS. 61 All Different, 3 cents. Mention paper. Quaker Stamp Co., Toledo, Ohio. $2 to $600 pe for hundreds of old coins dated before 1895. Send 10 cents at once for new illustrated coin value k. Size4x7. It may mean your fortune. Clarke & Co., Coin Dealers, Box 76 LeRoy, N. Y. BONANZA Packet, 75c. I buy stamps. J. W. Trevor, 9 North Park Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia. STAMPS—12 different from warring nations, 10c; 10 different foreign coins, 15c; 20 Belgian stamps, 10c. Lists free. Toledo Stamp Co., Toledo, O. PACKET “‘A"’ 100 varieties foreign stamps, 20c. F. J. Pope, Charlotte, Vermont. “ ° 17 Varieties Hayti stamps 20c. List of 7000 varieties, low gone stamps free. Chambers Stamp Co., 111C, Nassau t., New York City. CALIFORNIA gold quarter size, 27c; half-dollar size. 53c; dollar size, $1.10. Large cent, 1818, and catalogue, 10c. Norman Shultz, King City, Missouri. 105, China, etc., Stamp Dictionary, list 2c. Album, 500 illustrations, 3c. Bullard, Station AA, Boston. TWO Uncirculated Villa copper coins 25c. Moore Coin Company, Commerce, Texas. 202 Different Stamps, 17c; 100 different U. S., 2Ic. Luther Club, Box 1054, Detroit, Michigan. “SPECIAL” packet 10c. Rare stamps on approval. Nelson, Oak Park, Illinois. ” a BOOKS AND PERIODICALS INSTRUCTION Book (for shop use) on Vulearizing Auto-Tires, $1. Tire Equipment Company, 368 8th Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. USED Books, Bargains. Catalog. Post. San Francisco. (Books Bought.) CATALOG technical books free to inventors, Adam Fisher Mfg. Co., 1831, St. Louis, Missouri. eee. UO., 1651, ST. LOUIS, MISSOUFR “TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RECIPES, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES”—This book gives you the information that represents the collection of years and tre expenditure of thousands of dollars. Contains complete -ctions of making everything from simple glues and ad- hesive to the tanning of leather. the making of photographic suaterials. perfumes, soaps. plating of silver and gold, work- Pa of metals, etc. 800 Pages, 10, Selected Subjects. 33 ce $3.00. Book Department, Popular Science Monthly, ~225 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York. Hignes K-2441 nervousness, impatience, inability to think clearly and to act promptly and with vigor —that’s OLD AGE, whatever the number of years you have lived. Don’t Be an Old ‘‘Young-Man”’ If you have burnt the candle at both ends and become old before your time; if you are weighed down and handicapped by ill health—the result of your own mistakes or of circumstances you could not help; if you are wrecked by headaches, dyspepsia, constipation; if you are in the grip of evil habits you have not yet been able to break—BRACE UP!—take yourself in hand without delay, and Get Back The Youth That Counts! You can do it, and it’s your duty to do it. Your duty TO YOUR COUNTRY, as well as to yourself and to your family or the girl you will one day marry. No one can tell how many of our fine young men will lose their lives in this war. The future of the country depends on you who stay at home. YOU will be the fathers of the race of Americans to come. The NA- TION looks to you to make yourself strong, virile; fit to beget American men and women who will uphold the Spirit of America through the centuries to come. The Chance of a Lifetime for “Young-Old”’ Men. YOU are needed now, you men of age and experience and ripened judgment who were thrown into the discard because of your years before the war began. There’s a place for every one of you who is young in soul and mind and body, or who can make himself so. The business of the country must be carried on; the huge war work of the Government must be pushed ahead, by meni who can take the places of those in the training camps or at the front. LIONEL STRONGFORT “Dr. Sargent, of Harvard, declared that Strongfort is nnquestionably the finest specimen of physical development ever seen.” STRONGFORTISM Will Make You FIT No matter how many your years, Strongfortism can. cut them down. No matter how discouraged you have become; no matter how low down in the scale of mental and physical efficiency you have fallen, STRONGFORTISM CAN HELP YOU, as it already has built up and _ vitalized and energized thousands of other despondent FREE CONSULTATION COUPON | men. Strongfortism is Nature’s way. No | —ag eT ee at a ae . . + 7 ; g ‘ rk, N. J.— | gangs p> ; = dally ing send me your book "PROMOTION AND CONSER- ope, no reary and dispiriting muscie ’ = : s . ti. c TAL ENERGY,” for postage of which I enclose and mind fagging routine—simply the | three 2c. stamps. I have marked (X) before the | way Nature herself would help you and subject in which I am interested. build you up, if you gave her half a chance. \ ee ‘ ‘Short Wind 3 ‘Mastrtls Learn about Strongfortism. Send for my - - Asthma . - Flat Feet - -Heartweakness | FREE book: ‘Promotion and Conservation* | eo a | ee of Health, Strength and Mental Energy, . . Thinness . Constipation . .Despondency | and at the same time pare your — page é Da : - Baitenen : Fen ar on oA on opposite coupon. It will tell you how to help - -Lumbago .-Torpid Liver —. . Lang Tronbles yourself—put hope, and courage, and life into - re + ee | your heart. I will mail you a copy promptly on | ant Oeoat ° ‘Rane Manan he a receipt of three 2c stamps to cover postage and | Deformity °° Rheamation t packing. | (deseribe) §. . Bad Habits (304) LIONEL STRONGFORT fae ooo sssseseectecenestennndnnanannnnt Physical and Health Specialist ADDESES......cceseseuauhedsuuceniaman dees e J 704 Park Building - - Newark, NeJ. | cose. ooo ccccccsssssssss 01: 9OMB cscs 125

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/ Sith sc Sans agg SS ae papain cc conan: Sie taiila pas ail Napiati assed SES PSE RACE a ng eas = THE AuTomoBILey STORAGE § BATTERY i ITS CARE Business For You There is one branch of the auto repair business that is desperately in need of trained men —that is the storage battery care and repair. With the de- velopment of the electric starting and lighting systems this has become a vital factor.in the care of acar. And it isa work in which a young man can excell. Lay the foundation for a big new line by learning all the necessary points about storage batteries. Young men going into the army or navy will find that knowledge of the kind given in this book will put them in the mechanical divisions. Send for this book today — The Automobile Storage Battery and Its Care Contains. 284 pages fully and com- pletely illustrated. Tells all the theory of the storage battery—how it “‘stores”’ electricity — how to take it apart— how to tell what the trouble is—how to repair it—in fact it is a complete technical work on this difficult subject handled in non technical language. If you are an auto repair man you can -increase your worth with this book. If you are looking for a good line to go into get this book and go into battery work. 5 Days Examination Mail us $5 and we will send you this handsome leather bound book for you to examine. Look it over for 5 days— if it is not, in your opinion, the best investment you ever made—send it back and we will return all you have paid. American Bureau.of Engineering 405 Gunther Building Chicago Suggestion —This is a very fine prac- tical Holiday Gift for a young man An Electrical Spot-Light for the Sewing-Machine NE of the most prevalent causes of eye-strain with women is the habit of working at a sewing-machine with insufficient light. A spot-light which will shine directly upon the work and the needle can be arranged as herein described at little cost and labor and from simple ma- terials. This will illuminate the work thoroughly and greatly assist the seamstress when working at night. Procure an old cylindrical hand flash-light and cut it at the proper angle so that when placed against the under side of the machine arm as shown, it: will point directly at the “‘presser-foot’”’ and the needle. Cut as short as practical so it will not inter- fere with the work. By trimming to fit the curvature of the machine arm it will make a snug joint. Bind it to the arm with two straps of brass, Brass *o ) Wire soldered t Wire Wire grounded to machine A part cut from an old flash lamp and attached to a sewing-machine head to light the work under the needle one end of each riveted to the fiber walls of the light. The top ends are drawn together with a small bolt just as with a hose clamp. The ferrule of the light is then wired to one rivet and a wire is soldered to the tip of the lamp base and brought out and carried down the arm of the machine. Construct a switch similar to that shown in the picture and attach it to the body of the machine near where the left knee is naturally held. Ground one pole of the switch to the frame- work of the machine and lead the wire from the light to the opposite pole. See that the spring of the switch arm is strong enough to resist any ordinary pressure of the knee, but not so strong as to make it a tiresome job to hold it in contact for the few moments when light is desired. Set a cell of battery in the line in a convenient position and the outfit will then be entirely complete.—L. B. ROBINS. Popular Science Monthly Money Saving Jewelry Book Buying genuine diamonds at di, mond heac Vase ale offers ae than a double advantage: First, it _cuts out all intermediate profits, giy- ing you better value at a saving j price; Second, as diamond specialists we foresaw that the war would send prices sky high and we imported for spot cash on a very large scale. You get the benefit of enormous savings. If ou don’t see a saving of at least 25% in the diamond I send you for free examina. tion, Send It Back, Secret Locket Seal Rin For photo of your dear one The men in uniform wear the @& Solid Gol ew Octagon: shaped Ring as illustrated. Spe- cial introductory price x Engraving Free of charge. P Order by number AS48. cecil OUR CATALOGUE Our new 1918-19 Holiday Catalog is larger and more beautifully illustrated than ever, and is a wonderful guide to the selection of diamonds and the latest styles in gift jewelry. Every article has the re- markably distinctive B. Gutter & Sons quality and workmanship no “ff matter what price; every sale is a #f backed by our iron-clad money-back " ~ jewelry. nd for your \i'\ | catalogue now; the supply. is limited. Above Rings eT. all 14 Karat Set with full cut BLUE WHITE Es a GIAMONDS, Very Griliant sane ex: tona alue carefully set in Platinum disc to look like : So itaive B GUTTER SONS Sersisnts 2% Segre" ESTABLISHED 1879 170 Nassau Sf. New York OPPOSITE CITY HALL See what a bargain you are offered hy —and not a cent to send with your order. These strong, durable, wonderful shoes sent on approval to show re that in spite of advancing prices of material and labor we can give you the most re markable values. Just __-.. send your name and § address stating size : wanted. ven these with shoes at even $6. Keep them : only if they are the : best bargain you | ever saw. ig Army Shoe ; Genuine Munson Last ‘ Genuine Munson last Army Shoe, lace blucher style, with soft toe— a fine shoe that is wonderfully s = .~ the feet. es pecial tanning p cess makes the Jeather proof against acids of milk, ani manure, soil, gasoline, etc. is special process leaves all the “‘life’’ in the leather and gives it wonderful wear-resisting quality. Solid leather double soles and heels. A wonderful out- door work shoe, and stylish too. Tan only. Stands all kinds of hard useage, wetting, etc. Biggest value for the money to be had prcoren. Bin NOW! Send today just yourname and $410 s address—no money. Pay only — for shoes when they arrive. them on, see how well made and comfortable they are. If shoes are not satisfactory, return them and we will refund your money. izes 6 to 18. Be sure to give size wanted. Order by No. X16014. LEONARD-MORTON & €0., Dept. $12 Chicago Armature and Magnet Winding By Horstmann & Tousley A necessary book for Electricians. Full facts and diagram. $1.50 Postpaid POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY 126 225 West 39th Street, New York a | oe _ os to , —. -. -. | cou con ope res val forn mer and maj The inst whi 1 l no filar

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| See ae ys Seesti@ Sa, Feo Fe SST \ November, 1918 A Device to Amplify Weak Wireless Signal Impulses N invention to increase the sensi- tiveness of detecting methods in order to amplify the impulses of weak signals in wireless telegraphy has been introduced by Elmer E. Bucher. Em- ployed in the device are means by which the maximum potential ob- —_ —_ —_. = a_i —_. an x __ 8 9 = 3 10 Showing connections and operation of a device to amplify weak wireless impulse tained from a certain amount of energy derived from the signals is impressed on a detector, preferably of the multiple-element valve type. The circuits are associated in such a way that the secondary contains an inductance which is relatively large, being the greatest possible for a given wave-length and a relatively small capacity. The coils making up the inductance have a natural period about equal to that of the oscillations re- ceived. It is preferable to ground the secondary circuit at points remote from the terminal of the detector to which connection of the secondary circuit is made. The accompanying drawing shows the invention as it is used with wireless telegraph receiving apparatus. In the illustration the aerial is indicated by 1 and a coil by 2. The coil can be employed as an aerial tuning induct- ance and as the primary of an oscillation transformer. The earthing point of the aerial is indicated by 3. At 5 is the adjustable inductance in the secondary circuit, this circuit being of such high inductance and low distributed capacity that a large rise of voltage is caused at the end termi- nating in the detector. The coil of the inductance, 5, is connected to the earth through a point in the coil, 2, and by means of a small variable condenser, 4. The coil, 5, may also be inductively coupled to the aerial. The variable condenser, while not essential to the operation of the invention, adds to the results obtained. Contained in the multiple-element valve detector, which should be in the form of a sealed vessel, is a plate ele- ment, 7, connected to a battery, 8, and a telephone, 9. A condenser, 10, may shunt the last-named instrument. The other terminal of the indicating instrument is connected to the circuit which includes the filament element, 11, of the detector. Connected to the filament is a battery, 12, which Rejected and Difficult Cases are Our Specialty RANDOLPH & CO. 130 F St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Ri@etaltere Baw Colcren) ‘They Bring Wealth If Patented Inventors! Send Postal for these Remarkable FREE BOOKS, Today ‘Inventions Needed’’ This book lays before you a description of the active and profitable field of invention. the inventions the world needs today, the devices manufacturers are seeking for their business, the ideas for which the public will pay big money. ‘“‘How to Get Your Patent’’ This book is a guide to the inventor. invented something and desire to learn what it will cost you to get your patent and what you must do to find your market, read this book. ‘Special Bulletin of Patent Buyers” This bulletin contains letters from men who are seeking to purchase patents. mediary without one cent of charge, between the man who invents and the man who invests. These Books tell How to Secure Patent through our credit plan Send Model or Sketch and description of your invention for Free Opinion as to patentability It tells you If you have We act as inter- RANDOLPH & CO. 130 F St., N. W., Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: Please send me without obligation on my part, the books indicated on margin of this coupon. (Write on margin of coupon, names of books desired.) \U.S.PATENTS| MAKE IDEAS PAY | Hundreds of inventions are sold yearly. We will | help you sell yours without cost. Before sending your inventions to .nyone send \ for our ‘Blank Form of Disclosure’ that will jj i Protect you until your application is filed in the # Patent Office. | | Our book ‘‘Making Ideas Pay’’ gives full informa- iW tion relative to securing Patent Frotection. Manufacturers are writing us continuously for jj new inventions. H } Send for Book and Blank Form of Disclosure today. Prompt service. Best results. | A. M. BUCK & CO., Patent Attorneys 510 Second National Bank Bidg. Washington, D. C. procured promptly. Strictly professional service. No fee refund, no certificate guaran- tee, no so-called prize or free search schemes used in our business. Inventor’s 96 page Blue Book on Patents sent on request. Trade Marks Registered U. S. Pat. Office. ROBB & ROBB, 240-244 Southern Bldg., Washington, D.C. PATENTS LACEY & LACEY Attorneys-at-Law — Patent Practice Exclusively Solicitors of U.S. and Foreign Patents Trade-Marks, Copyrights 646 F Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Write Us for Our Inventors’ Book evimaanpes ue INVENT SOMETHING Pe} Your ldeasMayBring Wealth. © ~~2~} Send postal for Free Book—tells S : What to Invent and How to Obtain a i Patent through our Credit System, py Talbert & Talbert [:4/', 4621 Talbert Building, Washington, D. Ce — —— Terms Reasonable PATENTS Highest References Send drawing or model for preliminary examination Promptness. Assured — Best Results ALL BUSINESS GIVEN PROMPT AND PROPER ATTENTION WATSON E. COLEMAN, Patent Lawyer, 624 F St., Washington, D.C,

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Deb Witit! J 6 DO Sills WE as NS : _ APN eae nt ie Tig kl Et ee nee eS an a ee We help our clients, without charge, to get the dollars out of their ideas—having facilities none others possess. Advice free. Don't delay—get the book at once. AMERICAN INDUSTRIES, INC, 201 Patent Dept., WASHINGTON, D.C. CAN YOU think of a simple, practical idea that will fill one of the many re- quests we have on file for new inven- tions? It may mean a fortune for you. Thousands of things are needed RIGHT Now. Your brains can help. Send to- day for our great new book—“‘Inven- tions and Trade Marks, Their Protection and Exploitation” and. learn more about making money from ideas than you ever knew before. things that are wanted, too. A postal will do— It tells many it is free. PATENTS ADVERTISED For SALE FREE In INVENTION And MANUFACTURING SUPPLEMENT. Send for free sample copy. One year’s sub- im scription 50c. prizes for inventions ; —contains over 400 patent, etc. Washington, D, MILLIONS OF DOLLARS are being spent NOW for new ideas of of all kinds. Never before has the demand for good things PROTECTED BY OWEN PATENTS been so great— or profitable to the man who will but use his brains. Send for my four free pooks and find out what inventions are needed. THESE ARE FREE! page guide to success: STEPPING a — hundreds of hints of ideas wanted, truth about requests forr OWEN PATENTS, with ideas desired; PATENT PROMOTION —tells how to sell your I'll help without charge to sell your idea by advertising it and otherwise putting you in touch with prospective buyers. Send sketch or model for free opinion as to patentability. cost of patent, etc. Advice costs nothing. Write today for my books. A postal request will do. RICHARD B. OWEN, Patent Lawyer 6 Owen — | 2276-D Woolworth Bldg. New York City SUCCESSFUL PATENTS — a 72- PATENT oBUYERS that is more than mere muscular Kg strength of eo ed 5, Within your through Vibration! All the Joys of Youth! Do you feel just right? If you do not — if you haven’t that vi orous “‘go ahead”’ feeling all t time — write immediately fcr full ulars about the White Cross Electric Vibrator. In vibration there exists many of the secrets of life. You tric dry celle or t or by electric c Send a Post Card for New B. Book! 3.28 put and address on a 4cerd and seail it to as today. e willsend lendid big FREE book, “Health and Bea ** telli Fou all about the marvels of the White ‘Cross Elect vio Vibrator re ore Lindstrom-Smith Co., 1100S. Wabash Av. Dept. 1208 Clicage POWER for YOU! Power from within! Strength fe Work for Yourself All right—You can start right away without giving up your present job. Take part of your spare time. Become local representative for Popular Science Monthly. There is a great demand for this magazine om account of its war articles and pictures. It is easy, interesting and valuable work, with fine pay and your business.is your own. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., N. Y. ? properly heats the former. In order to operate the device, the inductance of the aerial circuit is ad- justed so that it is in resonance with the signals received. Maximum sensi- tiveness is induced in the detector by adjusting the batteries and the con- denser. A response is obtained in the telephone by adjusting the capacity of the variable condenser and the length of the coil, 5. There are several modifications of this method of using the apparatus. The device can also be employed in wireless or wire telephony, or wire telegraphy. An Easy Method of Rebinding Magazines FTER saving up the numbers of a magazine for a year, the fasteners used to bind each number may be pulled out, and the pages separated, in order to rebind the different sec- tions. Remove the surplus glue on the edges. Take out all materia! “For Pfactical Workers’’ and make a book of it. Make four books of the remain- ing matter, three months to a book. Take twenty-four ordinary pins, and put five or six paper washers on each one. Then take a board, as shown in the illustration; put nails in it as a guide for your paper; fasten a small strip across the face about 4 in. up, so that the paper will slip under it; then cut six notches in it at points where you want to put your fasteners. This serves as a guide to make the holes uniform. Take a few pages at a time, and punch holes with an awl in the notches made in the strip. When you have punched one book, put the pins in the holes, place in a vise with the jaw edges close to the pins, and tighten. If the pins are too long, cut off some at the ends. Bend the ends down, and replace in the vise so that the pins will Guide with notches for spacing \\, jill —o o> [i - T Paper i La \\ x WOH] Block to space \Nails for guide from base fe per aes ” Wood base = A wood frame to hold the sections of a magazine for binding them into a book come between the jaws. Then give it another squeeze to make a tight bind. For the cover use the front and, back of one of the original books, since a paper cover is much more convenient than cardboard. Trim the front and back to the size of your book, then glue the edges over the pins on both sides. Cut a strip of heavy white paper about 2 in. wide, and glue on the front and back cover to make the book complete. 128 ~ ~ - - - . - - - - - - . ~ . - - = . - « “ ~ - - - - - - . - - ~ - - ~ ~ Popular Science Monthly QUPUPUSCOATIUHPTATAN EEO RTT ECE PELE SURTEOE tT PATENTS Trade] Marks Send sketch or model . for actual search and : report. Write for Book- : let of instructions on _ }: patent practice and _}: procedure. Prompt |: personal seryvice.... |: 5 Geo. P Kimmel Patent Lawyer 39-K Oriental Bldg., Washington, D.C. PSE DESER EER EUU REE SCRE SER TE SESE CEE STEERS Soe Renan, ‘CEND! FOR > AN THIS FORM DON’T LOSE YOUR RIGHTS Before disclosing your invention to any- one send for blank form ‘‘Evidence of Conception’’ to be signed and witnessed. A sample form together with printed in- structions will show you just how to work up your evidence and establish your rights before filing application for patent. As registered patent attorneys we represent hundreds of inventors all over the United States and Canada in the advancement of inventions. Our schedule of fees will be found reasonable. The form ‘Evidence of Conception,” sample, instructions re- f lating to obtaining of patents and schedule of fees sent upon request. Ask for them,— a post card will do. ANCASTER fp & ALOE 274 Ouray Bldg., WASHINGTON, D. C. ‘Inventions Wanted! Manufacturers constantly writing us for patents. List of inventions actually requested and book “‘How to Obtain a Pat- ent’”’ sent free. Send rough sketch for free report regarding patentability. Special assist- ance given our clients in selling patents. Write for details of interest to every inventor. Chandlee & Chandlee, Patent Attorneys Est.21 Years 551 maar Co Competent Patent Service By a fag 7 Examining Official of the U.S. Patent Office NORMAN T. WHITAKER Lawyer and Engineer 280 Whitaker Bldg., Wash., D.C. INQUIRIES INVITED LOOKING FOR THE CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS ? If so, turn to pages 122 to 125 of the adver- tising section. You'll find much of interest and value in these little business announcements. Study them carefully, pick out the one that interests you most and write for details and descriptive literature. There is many an im- portant and mutually profitable opportunity back of these little business-builders.

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1Besprstareareriaro COUPE RHEE HAH AAATT RARE RATT TT TOR eA Eee aha eet ee He we et ee ere 8 WW te November, 1918 The Age of an Egg Told by Its Angle as It Lies in a Solution OWADAYS when so many folks are interested in poultry keeping it is well to know how easy it is to tell the exact age of an egg. Most people are aware that, in the thicker end of --each egg, there is an air space. As the days pass by this space increases in size owing to the fact that the moisture from the egg evaporates through the pores of the shell. This loss of density makes it possible to arrive at the age of any egg by specific gravity. In the first. place, a solution of salt and water is prepared—one part of the former to two parts of the latter. The egg behaves in this liquid ac- cording to its age. Any time up to thirty-six hours after it was laid the egg will sink in the salt solution and lie horizontally on the bottom of the ves- sel. When two or three days old the egg rises to the surface and floats with a small portion clear of the water. There is to be noted a tendency on the part of the thick end of the egg (where the air space is) to rise upwards. As the days go by this tendency increases progressively. In eggs four or five The angle at which an egg lies on the surface of the water tells its age days old the long axis (an imaginary line drawn through the center length- wise) is at an angle of 20 deg. from the perpendicular. At the end of the eighth day it is 45 deg.; on the four- teenth day it is 60 deg.; on the twenty- first day 75 deg.; whilst in four weeks the egg will be standing quite upright in the liquid. To show clearly the angle at which the egg is floating is quite easy. A card is prepared with a scale of degrees ranging from 0 to 90 deg., the latter representing the perpendicular. If the eggs to be tested are placed in a glass jar the scale of degrees can be held behind and, in this way, a good idea is obtained of the angle at which they are floating. A New Solder that Will Expand. in Cooling SOLDER that expands on cooling may be made of six parts lead, one part bismuth, and nine parts antimony by weight. The solder is -very useful in fixing metals in stone, or for filling cracks or holes. = hs = Ss SS w 2 iin \ ~ : : ‘ ; INVENTORS TO “4a-a THE RESCUE. The United States Government calls upon American Inventors to apply their genius to the solving of great problems created by the World War. The U. S. Government has established Two great Boards for the investigation of War inventions. We assist in-' ventors to place their inventions before the Government. HUDSON MAXIM’S ADVICE TO INVENTORS “bes, ct, the Neva “If inventors who have devices to submit to the Naval Consulting Board would first file an applica- tion for letters patent for each device before sub- mitting it to this Board they would thereby help and inform themselves greatly and at the same time save the Committees of the Board a good deal of work.”’ Inventors should follow the advice of Hudson Maxim and file an application for patent before sub- mitting it to the Government Boards. Before disclosing an invention, the inventor should write for our free blank form ‘‘PROOF OF CONCEP- TION.” This should be signed and witnessed and returned to us together with model or sketch and description of the invention, and we will give our FREE OPINION as to its patentable nature. If we report the invention patentable we will fur- nish a Certificate. This Certificate, together with our blank form Proof of Conception, will protect thé in- ventor and serve as proof of the invention until the case can be filed in the U. S. Patent Office. Obtaining Assistance for Inventors—Our certificate is of great assistance to inventors who require financial aid to obtain patents. FREE COUPON OUR FIVE BOOKS MAILED FREE “sic to any address. Send for these books—the finest publications ever issued for free distribution Wye HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT Our illustrated Guide Book is a book of reference for in- ventors and contains 100 me- chanical movements, illustrated and described. WHAT TO INVENT Contains suggestions con- cerning profitable fields of in- ventions; also information re- garding prizes offered for inventions amounting to 300,- 000 Dollars. MILLIONS IN TRADE-MARKS Shows the value of Trade- Marks and information regard- ing unfair competition. LIST OF PATENT BUYERS Contains requests from man- ufacturers, mail order houses and promoters for inventions wanted and suggestions as to patents they wish to pur- chase. We place our clients in touch with capital free of charge. FOREIGN PATENTS We have direct agencies in all the principal foreign countries ani secure foreign patents in the shortest possible time and at the lowest cost. Write for our illustrated Guide Book on Foreign Patents. We Advertise Our Clients’ Inventions Free in Philadelphia Inquirer, Pittsburg Press, Manufacturers Record and in World’s Progress. 6ample Copy Free. We save you time and money in securing patents. We assist you to sell your patent. Millions of Dollars Are Now Being Invested in Inventions. WANTED NEW IDEAS. We are-constantly receiving requests from,manufacturers who consult us when purchasing patents for inventions in all lines. We invite manufacturers and promoters to address our Sales Department regarding the purchase or leasing of a number of meritorious patents secured by us. VICTOR J. EVANS & CO. PATENT ATTORNEYS New York Offices: 1001 Woolworth Bldg. Pittsburg Offices: 514 Empire Bldg. Philadelphia Offices: 1429 Chestnut St, MAIN OFFICES: 760 NINTH ST., WASHINGTON, D. C. eee ccesocoscce detest wueceoecegesteevcec cwsieoset%

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r Bo b) i cy 4% I WATCHES Dwaronee ’ on @REDIT (Uh i abt if eee e g 4 oF S . E ie i ; q (a file e ‘ectly ma’ ? = diamonds bei: if in size, quali and brilliancy; mounting is 1¢-kara teolid ge gold, hand mad i The National Credit Jewelers [OF TIS ore “I Would Not Part with it for $10,000” So writes an enthusiastic, grateful cus- tomer. In like manner testify over 100,000 people who have worn it. Conserve your body and life frst. The Natural Body Brace Overcomes WEAKNESS and ORGANIC AILMENTS of WOMEN and MEN. De- velops erect, graceful figure. Brings restful relief, comfort, ability to do things, health and strength. Wear It 30 Days Free at Our Expense . Does away with the strain and pain of standing and “3 and supports misplaced internal organs; enlarged jomen; straightens and strengthens the back; corrects stooping shoulde-s; develops lungs, chest and bust; relieves backache, curvatures, nervousness, ruptures, constipation. Comfortable and easy,to wear. Keep Yourself Fit Write today for illustrated booklet, measurement blank. etc., and read our very liberal proposition. HOWARD C. RASH, Pres. NATURAL BODY BRACE CO., 241 Rash Buildmg, SALINA, KANSAS MAKE YOUR BIKE A MOTORCYCLE 2 _ at asmall cost, by using our attachable outfit. Fits any Bicycle. Easily at- tached. No special tools required. “*Used His Four Years”’ Harry A. Hyatt, of Boreas River, New York, writes: “‘About four years ago I received ee attachment, and wish to say I am satisfied with U tn every way, ~4 it has certainly me good si . Anyone motorcycle or attachment, I would rec- ommend them to the Shaw Manufact- uring Co.” Write today for bargain list and free booklet, fully describing the SHAW Bicycle Motor At- tachment; Motorcycle all makes, new and second-hand, .00 up. SHAW MANUFACTURING CO. Dept. 169 GALESBURG, KANSAS ROBINSON ~~ __, REMINDER At All Stationers Mid. bi son Mf¢.@® | 34 enameled wire. Each of the sec- The Construction of a Two-Inch Spark Coil HE coil described herein is rated as a 2-in. spark coil when operated on a 10 to 12-volt storage battery. The first part to construct is the core of iron. A thin paper tube of 1 in. outside diameter and 10 in.. long is General plan of a two-inch coil, in its box, which is shown cut in half tightly filled with soft annealed iron wires. No. 18 gage wires, 10 in. long are used. The wires should be pushed into the tube so that when completed the core will appear to be almost solid. A coat of shellac is then given to the tube, and when it is dry, two even layers, 8 in. long, of No. 14 gage double cotton covered copper wire are wrapped on 100 turns to the layer or 200 turns in all. The tube is again shellacked, and a thin fiber tube 13% in. inside diameter Popular Science Monthly - tions will require 11% Ib. of the wire. The layers should be wound on evenly and smoothly. Place two layers of thin waxed paper around the core of the winding spool and then wind on a layer of the wire evenly; cover this with a single layer of the paper, then another layer of wire, and so on until 114 lb. of the wire is used. The layers of wire should. be only 3 in. in length, but the layers of paper should be 314 in. in length, there- fore the ends of the paper will lap over the ends of the wire layers 14 in. at each end. After two coils havebeenconstruct- “ed they should be immersed in boil- ing paraffine for an The device on which the coils are wound to make the layers even hour until all the air has been expelled and the wax has taken its place. When dry they should be placed over the fiber tube con- taining the core and primary wind- ing. Thetwocoils should be so con- nected that the induced currents flow in the same direction in both coils. The proper connection is best found by experimenting until the proper spark length has been obtained. The condenser is made of sheets of tinfoil separated by sheets of paraf- fine paper. Cut out 100 sheets of tinfoil, 6 by 8 in., and 100 sheets of paper 74% by 10% in. Ona sheet of paper, place a sheet of tin- foil and make a corner connect- ing lug 1% in. wide and 2 in. long projecting from the left corner. Lay on another sheet of paper and a sheet of foil and a connecting lug this time from the right corner, then Details of the vibrator spring and its adjusting set screws and 8 in. long is placed within. The secondary coil is made in two sections or windings connected in series. The best way of winding these sections is to make the wind- ing machine illugtrated. Two wooden disks 3 in. in diameter, having cores 134 in. and 31% in. long are rotated by a length of threaded rod. These parts and a ° pulley are fastened to the rod with nuts, as shown. The whole is then carried on suitable supports. A small battery motor, or a water motor, can be used to furnish the turning power. The secondary is wound with No. 7480 a sheet of paper and a lug from the left corner, and so on, making all ca scunianiesbonnbibicccs Secondary wecineajnens senieccescaialll Iron Core., % } Vibrator | - | | Je. Condenser Primary A diagram showing the winding of both coils and connections to the condenser connections alternately to the right and then to the left. When the pile is com- | pleted, there must not be any electrical con-

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November, 1918 nections between the right and the left projecting connectors. Press the con- denser between two warm plates of iron until the paraffine in the paper be- comes softened and the whole is stuck together. Immerse the finished con- denser in boiling paraffine and then allow it to cool. A box is next made of 14 in. oak toa suitable size for holding the parts. The inside of the box should be ap- proximately 4 in. high, 614 in. wide and 814 in. long. The condenser should be placed in the bottom and covered with a sheet of glass to prevent spark- ing between it and the secondary coils. As illustrated in the sectional view, the iron core supports the coils and is in turn supported at the back of the box with a block while in the front of the box is a hole through which a part of the core projects. This end of the core should extend 14 in. beyond the surface of the box. _ The success of the coil depends large- ly on the interrupter. One can be either made or purchased. The one in the illustration can be made and will work very well. The vibrator consists of a spring 214 in. long, 14 in. wide and 1/32 -in. thick, cut and bent to the shape indicated. It carries the iron disk to which it is riveted, as shown. The end of the spring is supported by a brass block, a bolt passing through the spring, block and box. The con- tact is platinum-iridum rivet, which can be purchased at any electrical supply house. The adjusting screw is of brass with a 14-in. thread cut on its end. A small hole is drilled into the end and the platinum-iridum contact point is set in and clamped in place by crimping the sides of the hole over it. The adjusting screw-bridge or support is of brass. It is fastened to the box with screws or bolts, in such a position that the screw makes contact with the spring. The parts are connected as shown in the diagram, shunting the condenser around the vibrator points. The coil is tested to see if the secondary connec- tions are correct. When it works satis- factorily, the box is filled with melted paraffine. Two binding posts connected with the terminals of the secondary windings should be placed at suitable locations on the top of the box, and two other posts for connecting the primary to the battery should be placed at the sides of the vibrator.

Protecting a Small Drill Where Much Pressure Is Applied HEN drilling a hole with a very small drill, upon which it is _ hecessary to apply a good deal of pressure, run the drill first through a block of wood that is as thick as the length of the drill minus the depth of the hole to be drilled.. Hold the block stationary while drilling. The drill can not bend in the wood and much more pressure can be applied than if the drill were unprotected.

“What Do You Know?”

Never mind how sérong you are. The boss is looking for drains, not brawn. It’s a fine thing to be healthy and hard as nails, but when the boss wants a man for a big job, the kind that pays real money, it’s what you 4zow that counts. Right now the Government and employers everywhere are looking for men with special training—men who can do some one thing well. How about you? Are you ready for one of these positions? Have you an expert knowledge of any kind of work? If you haven’t special training, get 7# now! You can do it without losing a minute from work, or a wink of sleep, without hurrying a single meal, and with plenty of time left for recreation. You can do it in one hour after supper each night, right at home, through the International Correspondence Schools. Yes—You Can Win Success in an Hour a Day Hundreds of thousands have proved it. The designer of the Packard ‘“Twin-Six’’ and hundreds of other Engineers climbed to success through I. C. S. help. The builder of the great Equitable Building, and hundreds of Architects and Contractors won their way to the top through I. C. S. spare-time study. Many of this country’s foremost Advertising and Sales Managers prepared for their present positions in spare hours under I. C. S. instruction. For 27 years men in offices, stores, shops, factories, mines, railroads, in the Army and Navy —in every line of technical and commercial work—have been winning promotion and increased salaries through the I. C. S. Over 100,000 men and women are getting ready right now n the I. C. S. way for the bigger jobs ahead! Your Chance Is Here! — << cn sme es TEAR OUT HE A Femme ame wee me cee INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS BOX 7609, SCRANTON, PA. Explain, without obligatin how Ican qualify fer pi or in the sublect, before which I mark X. HIP : , ELECTRICAL ENGINEER 9 ()SALESMANS: No matter where you live, the I. C. S. will Electric Lighting and Kys. | _) ADVERTISING come to you. No matter what your handicaps, Toancoh Entincer qiindow, Ter or how small your means, we have a plan to Telephone Work | I {jSiga Painter meet your circumstances. No matter how Methaiteat Drafishan ILLUSTRATING imi i i i Machine Shop Practi Cartoonin limited your previous education, the simply ae ee a written, wonderfully illustrated I. C. S. text-- Gas Engine Operating Stenographer and 4 . Accountant books make it easy to learn. No matter what mcrvesion nae Mean TRAFFIG MANAGER Railway Accountant career you may choose, some one of the 280 MINE FOREMAN or ENG'R

I. C. S. Courses will surely suit your needs. ATATIONANY ENGINFEN SOD ENGLISE Ship Draftsman T er Make Your Start Now! ARCHITECT Common School Subjects Contractor and Builder matics When everything has been made easy for . Arohitectural Bre CIVIL SERVICE you—when one hour a-day- spent with the’ [ bape Englnese AUTOMORILE OPERATING I. C. S. in the quiet of your own home will Pee Acker Etites bring you a bigger income, more comforts, Textile Overseeror Supt. §[ sanigouetns | ]Prenen more pleasures and all that success means— seen ornanued peates can you afford to let another single priceless | Name. hour of spare time go to waste? Make your ! Present. start right now! ‘This is all we ask: With- | ‘ : : out cost, without obligating yourself in any | Stet. : a way, put it up to us to prove how we can help Ay RES you. Just mark and mail this coupon. | City = Dasia chidaa as aemellial ae NR 0981

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from throat tickle, soreness, dry- ness and annoying irritations. Sweeten the breath and comfort the mouth. Ne nar- cotics, no coloring— > ® safe and pleasant. In the Luden MENTHOL COUGH DROPS Let be a Master ‘Magician! al Set. Such fun! Puzzle your friends, pom the old Bike. give real exhibitions at parties, social and church or schoo! affairs GULBERT Mysto Magic boy. Manual tells how to do —all toy or dedertment stores sell io 16 PAGE a TODAY for the FREE CATALOG MAGIC seta. thee that describes and prices all aa pick the one you want. It’s free—send today. In Canada: THE AC. GILBERT COMPANY THE A.C. GILBERT-MENZIES CO., 307 Blatchley Ave., Limited New Haven, Conn. U.S.A. 439 W. King 8t., Toronto. atented stove. Burns coal- New ig money saver. Cooks a meal quickly. Ideal for factory men warming up noon meals. Easily operated. and turns off quick. No expense. Absolutely safe. Not Sold in Stores prospect in every home, office. and store. Agents +. wonderful suc- profits. Easy to demonstrate. ‘Sansa furnished to workers. yp A Agency. Don’t miss this big ch A Combination Candle- and Match-Holder OTWITHSTANDING the popu- larity of the handy flashlight, mechanics—and others—still find the primitive candle indispensable at times. It sometimes happens, however, that (UOTE EME ILI!|| Fig.3 Acandle case, holder and match safe made from the ordinary shaving stick case a candle is at hand but no matches. Herewith is illustrated a good candle- case, holder and match-safe combined. It can be easily made from a shaving stick case by soldering a brass ring or fitting (Fig. 1). small enough to hold the candle, into or onto the base (Fig. 2) of the holder. A section of brass like Fig. 3 is better than a plain ring. Procure a case having a soap- holder of brass. Aluminum, which is now being sold for the soap-holder section, is difficult to solder and will not answer the purpose on that ac- count.—JAMES M. KANE. Mosquito Netting for Reinforcing Roof Repairs RDINARY mosquito netting as an auxiliary to paint and putty in repairing leaks in a tin roof appears to be unreasonable; yet it does con- tribute materially to the strength of the repairs. A leaky seam in an old tin roof had been puttied so often that it looked like a golf bunker. Every time the weather grew warm the tin expanded and cracked the putty. Looking about for some reinforcing material to strengthen the putty, a repairman decided that mosquito netting would be just the thing. The old putty was cleaned off, and a new coating, thinned sufficiently with paint to permit it being smeared on with a brush, was applied upon this surface, the netting laid on, and dabbed into the putty with a stiff brush somewhat in the manner of using a stencil brush. When thoroughly dry the repair was given a coat of paint. The job was done so well that.no .re- pairs have since been necessary. Frequently putty will fall from metal surfaces because it has nothing to grip. The mosquito netting, laid on a base of paint, affords it something to fasten to, particularly if the surface -is irregular. Ee ee ee ee 192, Popular Science Monthly Heating the Carburetor of an Automobile NE of the simplest ways to start an automobile during cold weath- er is through application of heat to the carburetor. Most appliances to per- form this particular duty are compli- cated and costly. The following device, which can be made by the amateur workman, will be found easy to construct and wonderfully efficient. Cut out a metal shield, some- what after the pattern shown in the sketch. The shape and size depend upon your particular make of car. buretor but the drawing gives a general idea of what is wanted. Bend the two short lugs in to form shoulders and then fit the longer lugs around the body of the carbu- retor, tightening them in place with small stove-bolts. This will leave the shield projecting away from one side about 2in. Bend the top and bottom panels in place, forcing the sntall lugs inside the shell. After the shield is properly fitted, take it off and secure a lamp socket to the inside so that the bulb, when in place, will bear close to the carburetor. Use a carbon filament lamp as it gives the maximum amount of heat. Lead the wires from the base out through holes in the sides; being careful to insulate them from the metal. When all is complete, put the shield back in ae a Log. —_— I) Metal shield Metal shield to hold an ‘ordinary electric globe close to the carburetor place and wrap the whole apparatus with thin asbestos paper. Then bind it on with fine wire. Connect the wires with the storage battery of the car and with a con- venient switch on the dash. In the severest weather, this device will insure sufficient heat to start: an automobile with but very little delay.—L. B. ROBBINS. 2 MP Ce he i en AM a __

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\November, 1918 Trick of Drawing a Card froma Pack in a Handkerchief PACK of cards is shuffled and an ordinary handkerchief examined. The cards are wrapped up in the hand- kerchief and the parcel held by the extreme finger tips. The performer says he wishes to use the “eight of clubs” or some other card for a special trick and commands the card to come out. He gives the handkerchief a couple of slight shakes and the card slowly makes its ap- pearance, seeming to come right through cloth and all. To do this trick you have one card pre- pared by mak- ing the “back” of the card the same color as your table-top. For example, if you use a green baize card- table have the back of your card covered neatly with a similar cloth. Then when lying face downwards on the table it will not be noticed. After the handkerchief has been examined, ‘open it out flat on the table over the “invisible card.’ Place the shuf- fled pack face upwards in the center of the outspread handkerchief. Then, first fold back the forward half of the handkerchief so that it will cover the cards. Next fold over towards the center both right and left sides of the kerchief. This leaves it in a triangular shape. Pressing the parcel down on the table, fold the two wide ends of the kerchief beneath the cards incidentally - picking up the “invisible card”’ in these folds. It will make a regular pocket when the kerchief is held up, as in the illustration, for the pack of cards, being heavy, will keep the folds rigid. A slight shake or tap and the card will come through. Instead of matching a table top, the feat can be done with a newspaper.—MERRITT’ HALE. The card as it slips from the pack How to Weigh a Finger Ring on a Large Platform Scale MAN who wanted to find the weight of a gold ring, and who had at hand only a large platform scale, found the weight of the ring in the following manner: He stood on the platform, and balanced the beam by moving the runner, which showed 145 lb. Then, while still standing on the platform,-he placed the ring on the hanger where the weights are placed, and moved the Tunner back until it balanced again. This time the runner was standing at 144 lb. The ring on the hanger stood for 1 Ib. on the platform, which has a ratio of 100 to 1. Therefore the ring weighed 1/100 lb.—A. H. OKUN. SUMMA Ae HI i] i ech Sess mei IN HMO ll ll Great Book! Free to fun-lovers. a wonderland of pictures. Get it and show it to the folks now! MINUTE $4.75 Price $4.75 to $8.80. ply Lionel goods, order direct. J. Lionel Cowen (friend of the boys) Pres. THE LIONEL CORP'N. 48-N, East 21st St., New York City ciedeiemamene whiten Get My Big "ail Catalog Now! Describes exciting trip thru the big Lionel plant—the Boy’s Fun Factory. | Shows hundreds of electric trains, locomotives, and passenger and freight cars all like the real thing; also semaphores, tunnels and lamp posts; Don’t wait. IONEL S22" Essential Toys for Growing Boys This Xmas pyernes will largely concentrate their money in a few really worth while gifts. ments because of. their great durability and the year-round joy they afford. ‘‘Multivolt’’ Transformers -run all kinds of electric trains, toys epee tate ap? ie oeeiere dete Electric Trains 60 UP =_>s, -~?¢ NAAR i] l Lionel Trains are fine Xmas invest- and appliances on your regular house current. Cheaper than batteries. If. your dealer can’t sup- HAASAN rN T NAT here is THE elec- trical magazine for you. For the Dabbler and the Pe 2p poll fiend, of experiments and the Boar electrical doings Non-t ical— in plain English. One of the foremost authorities on WIRELESS in U.S. 200 Miustrations Over ibe Slee One copy will con- vince — At All News Stands 15c 1.50 a year oreign $2. Send 25c for 3 numbers The Electrical Experimenter 235 Fulton St., New York “DON'T SHOUT” “I hear you. I can hear now as well as anybody. ‘How?’ With THE MORLEY I’ve a pair in my ears now, but they are invisible. I would not know I had them in, myself, only that I hear all right. “The Morley Phone for the is to the ears what glasses are to the eyes. Invisible, comfortable, weight- a and harmless, Any- ! can t it.” Ov one hundred thousand a n Write dag ta sear testimonials. THE MORLEY CO., Dept. 797, Perry Bldg., Phila. oy I order direc Parce! Pest pookice ee” RUTOMORE ACEESEDRIES CO. Balinere: Mae Tooth “A Goeth | Bruch RES. U. &. PAT. OFF, ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING By Horstmann & Tousley A necessary book for Electricians. Full facts and diagrams, $1.50 postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York work, Red Seal Dry Batteries Are Guaranteed to give absolute satisfaction for Automobiles, Motor Boats, Gas or Gasoline Engine Ignition, Medical Batteries, Telephone, Door Bells, Annunciators, Wireless Apparatus or any other open circuit ASK YOUR DEALER ELECTRICITY MADE SIMPLE A book devoid of technicalities. Simple, plain and understandable. $1.00 Postpaid. Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th St., New York Supplies, etc. Send for Our New Edition: of Our Catalog A28 It will be pocket size, 8 x 414 and will contain 248 pages with over 1.100 illustrations, describing in plain, clear language Batteries, Telephone and Telegraph Material, Electric Toys, Burglar and Fire Alarm Contrivances, Electric Call Bells, Electric Alarm Cl Batteries, Motor Boat Horns, Electrically Heated nectors, Switches, Battery Gauges, Wireless Telegraph Instruments, Ignition MANHATTAN ELECTRICAL SUPPLY COMPANY, lak ated am CHICAGO, 114 So. Wells St. ST. LOUIS, 1106 Pine St. SAN FRANCISCO, 694 Minsion St. } all about Bells, Push Buttons, jocks, Medical Apparatus, Battery Con- 198°

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PATENTS IF YOU HAVE an invention which you wish to patent you can write fully and freely to Munn & Co. for advice in regard to the best way of obtaining protection. Please send sketches or a model of your invention and a description of the device, explain- ing its operation. All patents secured by us are described in ; SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN without cost to patentee All communications are strictly confiden- tial. Our vast prac- tice, extending over a ‘period of seventy years, enables us in many cases to advise in re- .| gard to patentability without any expense to the client. Our Hand-Book on Pat- ents-is sent free on re- quest. This explains our methods, terms, etc., in regards to Patents, Trade Marks, Foreign Patents, etc. Munn & Co. LiCITIRS OF PATENTS 683 WOOLWORTH BLDG., NEW YORK and 627 F STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. - electromagnetic rectifiers. Popular Science M onthly Electric Devices and How They Work XI—Principal Types of Current Rectifiers By Peter J. M. Clute, B. E. \ N 7HILE a very large percentage of the electrical energy now available from central stations is generated in the form of alternating current, many applications of electrical power require direct current, there- fore direct current must be available from the distributing system, even though alternating current is required for transmission. In order to effect this change from alternating current into uni-directional or pulsating direct current, a current rectifier is used. There are a number of classes of ap- paratus to which the term rectifier may be applied, namely, electrical rectifying machines; electfolytic recti- fier; mercury-vapor arc rectifier and The first type delivers direct current as shown in Fig. 1. The conversion of high-voltage al- ternating current to low-voltage direct current is effected in two ways: First, the high tension alternating- current power is transformed into alternating current of lower pressure by means of step-down transformers; then, the low-tension alternating-cur- rent power is converted into direct- current power at a suitable voltage by means of rotating machines, which may be of either the two following types: the motor generator, and the synchronous converter. The motor-generator converter con- sists of an alternating-current motor mechanically coupled to a_ direct- current generator. This is the most flexible type of converter and is adaptable to the greatest variety of conditions. . The synchronous rotary converter is a single machine, both receiving and transmitting electrical energy, and is a motor and generator combined in one. Viewed from its commutator end, this machine is a direct-current generator; from the other end, it appears to be a synchronous motor with revolving armature. If it is driven by mechanical power, it may, if properly excited, give out electrical power in the form of either direct, or alternating current or both at the same time. Under its various phases of operation, ‘therefore, the rotary converter may run as a direct-current motor, direct-current generator, synchronous motor or al- ternator. In any event, its perform- ance becomes that of one of these machines or a combination of them, and may be viewed in that light. A comparison shows quite well the conditions under which either of these two types can be operated economical- ly. The rotary converter is usually employed, but the motor-generator is preferable under certain circumstances. The motor-generator shows excellent flexibility and continuity of operation 134 under fluctuations in voltage. The rotary converter, being a synchronous machine, may fall out of step under such voltage variations, and must be synchronized again before it can con- tinue its operation. Furthermore, the motor-generator possesses an _ inde- pendent direct-current voltage con- trol; the direct-current end of the set being electrically separate from the alternating-current end, the direct- current voltage can be varied without corresponding variation in the al- ternating-current pressure. In addi- -tion, by using a high-voltage motor, the motor-generator set may be con- nected directly to the high tensions mains without the necessity of step- down transformers. Under ordinary conditions, however, the synchronous converter is much to be preferred to the motor-generator set. Its low first r AC. wave ‘ y Anis. Wave of current : / fully rectified : 0 ¥ 7. “~AKIS Fig. 1 A rectified current shown by this curve is from an electrolytic rectifier cost and its high efficiency, together with the little amount of attention necessary recommends its selection. Furthermore, it requires only a small amount of floor space, and since it consists of but one machine, the wind- ings and moving parts are less in num- ber, thus rendering renewals and re- pairs less frequent. The principal type of electrolytic rectifier is the aluminum-vale rectifier, shown in Fig. 2, the operating princi- ples of which are as follows: If two metals are placed in an electrolytic and then subjected ‘to a definite difference of pressure they will under certain conditions offer greater - resistance to the passage of a current in one direction, than in the other direction. On account of this so- called ‘‘valve effect,’ electrolytic recti- fiers are sometimes called “valves.” Metals of low atomic weight exhibit the valve effect at high differences of pressure, and heavier metals at low differences of pressure. In the aluminum valve rectifier use is made of the principle that aluminum electrodes in certain solutions will allow current to pass through them,

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. November, 1918 \ PAW South Bend in \ = j Rich Gold Cases ’ we FA 30 Day Free Trial | {Send No Money! Just tell us the Watch you want. We have it for you. We make lower prices_and more liberal terms than any poe House in the country, Send your name addr oe Ty Cat Price Bulletin, showing 01 ut Price Bulletin, slog and of Watch tches, Diamonds, a ye ete, Sent on Approval i lox acon ° Every article, gparentes eed. Ria election will appro’ ES A new deat for gquare people. Yourname on a pos ; We operate a chain of ssa Stores, and, if you answer at once we will send you “Ad” showing our Big ~ Gpecial Watch Sale now ons’ ot 354 HARRIS-GOAR C CO, won Kansas. rele We. } Music Louane Book Wonderful home -study musie Sent F REE ee temsan dicieaxoieeein \ the University Extension mene ee e lessons are amarvel of Te and completeness. Anyone can learn at home. by Paderewski and many other great authorities. "ane Instrument or Voice Write, telling us the course you are interested in, age how long you have taken lessons, if at all, = +» and we wi send you our Book containi ing illustrations covering Lessons in FANS Gt (stu teachers’ courses) eat Wm. H. Sherw HARMONY by Dr. Prothe- nee Segeanenser, VOICE mOOU RSE (with aid of Phono- phy b Cramnte oom, ape SCHOOL ae by Frances Ene ark, V UITAR, MANDO 0. REED. LIN, CO 44 by equally enivent teachers ‘ or and learn how eas Samal NOW you can become a fine singer, or 4 r skillful player. Write today for fall particulars. Investigate n gw eee cost or obligation. ie Sia aes . iv Exte on nservai \. | ere Sea Chicago. il- ll " Build Your Own PHONOGRAPH E It's Easy With Our Help af A few hours in’ work =: ay eat Firat _ 3 we fui = tor material, and and full ine inatructions, ie ou can e ne t building Dhonogra; phs for your ic r Write Today for Our Free i. Blue Print Offer CHORALEON CO. n 611 Monger Bldg., Elkhart, Ind. i G Iden il ; Over 100,000 in Use Golden Gem PY - Mostly sold through n Adding Machine. at : For Personal Desk or |i"Z Ge 10 er O- Writefor 10-day Trial Offer = PE. Gancher, 4. A.M. Oo. 1 ‘le ne St., New York ee eg f q Multiplie s- q # : Agents wanted ““ttss=Subtracts vit of Red or 66 ” ee tne Vulcan” Ink Pencils Two The ONLY perfect, non- -loakable ink Sisee— age re ‘at moderate pr pri 4 se an 86 Size— a $] 5 8inches(black only) $1.50. i? FE need any of with il Tetail orders. Agents wanted. Big profite ms 4.L. ULLRICH & CO., 27 Thames St:, New York ‘oe : in only one direction, namely, in- wardly from the solution. Hence, aluminum can only be used as cathode, to which current flows within the rectifier. Two aluminum plates and one of lead are immersed in a neutral ammonium-phosphate solution. The lead plate is the anode from which current flows within the rectifier; iron and polished steel are also some- times used as anodes. Referring to the diagram, the aluminum plates are each connected to the secondary terminals of a transformer, and the lead plate or anode is connected to one terminal of the battery to be charged. The other terminal of the battery con- nects to the mid-point of an auto- transformer, which is across the two leads from the secondary of the supply transformer. In operation, at the instant when the terminal 7, of the power transformer is positive, the flow of current through the circuit will be as indicated by the full arrows. Because of a film of aluminum oxide on the surface of, the cathode A, it will not permit current | Primary Pte eee Power Transformer ee ee 7, Secondary Th A Auto- Transformer ! it ¢ ; | ‘ ok ' ‘Battery tobe charged { Ammonium anton lS ead plate ( Anode) ion’ \ ill " aa Fig.2 This om the principal type of a rectifier, which is the aluminum vale to pass through the solution in this direction. The current, therefore, flows to the mid-point P, where it is forced toward the battery to be charged. -This is due to the fact that the other half Cz of the auto-trans- former, acting as the secondary of a transformer having the coil C1 as the primary, creates a higher pressure towards P which prevents the current from flowing past the point and through the coil Cz. In addition to this, coil C2 sets up a current toward P of the same quantity as that in coil Ci and is added to it. This combined current flows through the battery to the anode, from whence;it passes through the electrolyte to the cathode Az. From the cathode the current flows to the terminal T'2 of the auto-transformer, where the current supplied by C2 is diverted to the coil to complete the circuit, the main cur- Strengthen Your Eyes! Preserve Your Most Precious Possession Your sight is your most precious gift. Weak eyesight means weak power of observation, eye strain, eye disease, and untold inconvenience. Take no chances with your eyes—you cannot get along without them. Make them stronger every day instead of weaker. Let us send you Bernarr Macfadden’s wonderful new Course in ‘“‘Strengthen- ing the Eyes.”’ Send no money—just mail coupon. Throw Away Your Glasses Glasses do not remove the cause of eye troubles. Instead, the eyes come to depend on them more every day. Glasses are eye crutches!» They simply bolster up the eyes—they do not strengthen them. 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Eye Defects Removed This remarkable new Course teaches you how to use your eyes without strain at all distances—how to do without glasses—how to remedy cross eyes or squint eyes—how to restore the normal sight— ele to restore per- fect control to eye nerves and muscles. Beneficial Results at ieee No drugs, medicines or operations. The / course includes a simple, yet thoroughly f scientific system of eye educational exer- / — — ee 2 Rar exact- / as the muscles of the can Ms y 7 Physical Calture be strengthened through . body ex- ercises. Results are immediate and Pub. Ca., ‘improvement continues daily. One / 9D, woman writes: “I notice a great 119W7.40¢hSt, improvement in the eyes = 4 New York City learning to use them right 4 Another user says: “Your Eye / Cee od Strengthening Course is fine. J your. Caurse My eyes are already improv- . irig.”” Still another writes: “Words cannot oe my great gratitude for these excellent books.” (Names on request.) Physical Culture Publishing Co. Dept. 9-D 119 W. 40th St. “Strengthenin the Eyes” which will return in § f days or ‘send you $1. «and°$1. a month there- after until $5 00 is paid (or “$4 +50 cash) in pay- = . er ae comes. — one year’s. subscription “Physical Culture Mag- azine.’ rent going back to the terminal T»2. 185 New York Address seece Beeseeeeeses ahh ‘4 er me es sinbibtbthescameinias

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SWEET & CO., Inc. 2-4 Maiden Lane, t. 47S, New York ne, Dep With the reversal of the direction of current during the next half-period the path of current through the circuit will be as indicated by the dotted arrows in Fig. 2, the plate Ai now being the active cathode. Owing to.the heating tendency of the cell, the direct current output of the rectifier is limited to small pro- portions. This low efficiency, to- gether with the comparatively high cost of operation, has prevented this Impressed voitoge Delivered current__ } i é — Fig. 3 Typical curves from electrolytic rectifier, showing original supply voltage and the current delivered type of rectifying apparatus from com- ing into general use. The type of rectifier generally used for battery charging in connection with automobiles, annunciators, mo- torboats, telegraph systems and other . apparatus making use of batteries of small capacity is the mercury-vapor are rectifier. All types of mercury arc rectifiers consist of three essential parts: the rectifier tube; the main reactance and the control panel. The rectifier tube is a glass bulb from which the air has exhausted and which contains two anodes A1A2 usually of graphite and a cathode of mercury C, Fig. 4. Each anode is connected to the separate terminals of the secondary of a transformer from the alternating-current supply, and also through one-half of the main reactance to the negative side of the load, the batteries to be charged. The mercury cathode is connected to the positive side of the load. A small starting mercury electrode S, connected to one side of the alternating-current circuit through a resistance and.a switch K, is used for starting the arc in the bulb. When the tube is rocked, so as to form and break a mercury bridge between the starting anode S and the cathode C, a slight arc is formed, starting the excitation of the tube, and the cathode begins supplying ionized mercury vapor. The latter fills the bulb and comes into contact with the anodes, thereby causing the rectifying action of the bulb to start. The start- ing switch can then be opened and the tube will continue in operation. The starting current required is small and is regulated by means of the variable resistance inserted in series with the starting anode. This tube would cease to operate on alternating-current voltage after one- half cycle, if some means were not provided to maintain current flow continuously toward the cathode. This is accomplished through the agency of the main reactance. As the current ‘alternates, first one anode and then the 136° Popular Science Monthly other becomes positive, current passing from the positive anode through the mercury vapor, toward the cathode, thence through the load, and back through one-half of the main reactance to the other side of the alternating- current supply. While the current passes through the reactance, the lat- ter becomes charged, and as the value of the alternating wave decreases, re- verses and increases the reactance digs- charges, thus maintaining the are until the voltage reaches a value necessary to maintain the current against the counter E. M. F. of the load, and materially reducing the fluctuations of the direct-current supply. In this way, a continuous current ig produced with but slight loss in ‘rectification. In reference to Fig. 4, when the terminal T1 of the supply transformer is positive the direction of flow of cur- rent through the rectifier is as shown in the full arrows. The anode Ai ig then positive, and the arc is free to flow between Ai and C. Following still further, the current passes through the battery to be charged, thence through one-half of the main reactance coil and back to the negative terminal T2 of the transformer. When the impressed voltage falls below a value sufficient to maintain the arc against the counter E. M. F. of the arc load, the reactance Rz, which Primary ee Fe {iit Power Transformer Idd ddd “7 «= “Secondary t Rectifying tube Battery to : be charged. -she- Ne Ri | i yRr ——e Main reactance Fig 4 All types of mercury arc rectifiers consist of three parts, the tube, main reactance, and panel heretofore had been charging, now dis- charges, the current on discharge being in the same direction as formerly. This maintains the arc until the supply voltage has passed through zero, re- versed and built up to such a value as to cause the anode Az to have a sufficient positive value to start the arc between it and the -cathode C. The discharge circuit of coil R2 is now through the are Az—C instead of: ~~. we. = AS an ee —-_ oe. 4 o_O ,lCUM, CULT

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November, 1918 through its former circuit. Conse- quently, this arc is now supplied with current, partly from the transformer and partly from the reactance coil A». The latter circuit from the transformer is indicated in the diagram by the dotted arrows. The mercury vapor arc rectifier is sometimes used for laboratory work, electrolytic processes and whatever low direct current is required. Low first cost, ease of operation, fairly good efficiency at high voltages and the wide range of voltage and current ad- justments are points of advantage of this type of rectifier. The principal electromagnetic recti- fying device is the so-called “vibratory rectifier.’ The first of two types utilizes but a single wave of each alternating current cycle while the other type works over the complete period. In the single vibrator variety, there is a solenoid acting on a vi- brator or spring, connections being made so that when the alternating current wave is in one direction the ' gpring armature is attached to the solenoid, and makes contact such that the current of the higher portion of the wave is used in charging. In the half-cycle, however, the current being reversed, the armature is released, stop- ping the flow of charging current until the next reversal of the alternating current. The double vibrator type uses two solenoids with either a separate vi- brator for each solenoid or a common vibrator. Connections are such that the solenoids and vibrator-controlled _contacts utilize the complete alternat- ing current cycle. Electromagnetic rectifiers have a low capacity, and therefore, can be easily plugged into the lighting circuit. Their small size and light weight render them readily portable, giving a ready means of battery charging when the only supply current is of the alternating variety. (To be continued) Safety Method of -Fastening Field Wires PENING synchronous motor and D. C. motor fields while the ma- chines are running is liable to result in the breaking down of insulation; and in the case of the D. C. machine -the motor will runaway. Wherever bind- ing posts and connectors, as used for rheostats and fields, are. employed, a length of unbroken insulation material should be stripped from the end of the temporary field wire, so that the por- tion stripped can be passed through the binding post and bent back over the terminals. A complete loop is thus formed, which prevents the circuit being opened, even though the clamp- ing screw in the terminal comes loose. It is not safe to insert in the binding post the bare end of the wire that has been used, since it may be fractured or is liable to be easily broken off. tH§ttNneeelllll ll Are You and Yours Equipped toWin? Do the new words as Bolsheviki, barrage, Boche, camouflage, vitamine, junior high school, ace, ukulele, fourth arm, esca- drille, tank, and ft ; their true meaning to ¥ you? Can you pro- nounce them? WEBSTER’S | NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONAR Y—THE MERRIAM WEBSTER answers your questions about all these new terms. Whatever your field of activity this “SUPREME AUTHORITY” is an essential. HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS of successful men and women daily go to this wonderful storehouse of knowledge. They dare not risk a mistake. To-day, Facts are demanded as never before. Exact informa- tion is indispensable. To know means to win success, EAD the re- sults of a most unique test by the Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co.: q “We tested the NEW IN- TERNATIONAL in a_ peculiar way to find its adaptability to our. business. The test con- sisted in taking 37 of the most technical and unusual terms that we could find, applying to the electrical in- dustry. Except- ing in one case, that of a com- pound word, 400,000 Words. 30,000 Geographical Subjects. 6,000 Illus- trations. 12,000 Biographical Entries. 2,700 Pages. Thousands of other References. The only Dictionary with the new divided page char- acterized *“‘A Stroke of Genius.’’ Type matter is equivalent to thatola === 15-volume encyclopedia. In terms of money value you can have the use of $400,000 for twenty years at a cost of only 60 cents a year. Write for Specimen Pages, Illustrations, etc. pstie complete defini- Free Pocket Maps if you mention : Bs G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass, indeseumeataad POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. a a eneemen: Please send mé speci- for each one of these electrical terms.” G. & C. MERRIAM CO. (a: Senses caimatae aa Springfield, Mass., U. S. A. [ nc ~Ss HINVAGHAUUEORVNUGNUNOIUUUOAENUEEUUEOUUOGUOUUOOULNUOUOOLO UES ea ‘4 many others convey. Why not let the NEW INTERNATIONAL serve you? 137 ; \e/ ene

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What Rate Is It Good For? Your machine is good for a certain rate of output, but it. remains to be seen whether it will develop and maintain that output under the circumstances of its use. It remains to be seen from Veeder .Counters what its standard production-rate should be; and what methods of operation should be used to uphold it. Perhaps your machine has an unworked capacity; perhaps there’s need of mechanical im- provement or-repair; perhaps it’s possible to speed up the operator:—you'll know from COUNTERS Veeders will sum up for you the doings of your machines, and register your success in making them more valuable producers. The small Revolution Counter below registers one for a revolution of a shaft, recording a machine operation. this counter will stand a very high rate of speed, mak- ing it especially suitable for many types of small ma- chinery, and most adaptable for ex- perimental work. Will subtract if run backward. Price, $1.75. The Set-Back Rotary Ratchet Counter below is for larger machines, such as punch presses and metal-stamping ma- chines, where a_ reciprocating movement marks an operation. - Registers one for each throw of the lever, and sets back to zero by turning knob once round. Supplied with from four to ten figure-wheels, as required. Price, with four figure-wheels, $10.00 (subject to discount). Practically any counter you'll want for industrial or experimental use may be seen in the Veeder booklet— copy on request. The Veeder Mfg. Co. MSeapeent St, _Hastierd, Comm. The mechanism of © Inclined and Vertical Drop Shelves for House or Store N our modern world space saving is a matter of great importance. In commercial and even domestic affairs, space, time and money have become almost synonymous. In the illustra- tion is shown a simple inclined drop shelf unit designed to utilize the space above a cupboard or to make this space, as used for storage purposes, ‘much more accessible. A compart- Diagonal grooves fitted into the com- partment to receive a slide on the box ment large enough to take a box of shelves is built above the cupboard and fitted with diagonal grooves as shown in Fig. 1. A guide made to work in the grooves is nailed to the top of the box (Fig. 2). pletes the unit. A handle com- In Fig. 3 is shown the various positions taken by the shelf. Such a shelf in the form of a light ¥ -o" K ‘4 oe" nt NS > eX v\ .. aS vy » XS VA : 38 ~s r) ‘ \ uN aA 4 : . \ ' \ .} \s ' VN \* “ \yV a Riek vA \N \ uA a) vv NV av a} ss \\ \e” 8 { ‘i A} uN \ ” : \ \‘ Fig.3 WW \ a, Diagram showing how the box works in the grooves so that it can be lowered frdme may be used to display shoes, toys, magazines, etc., in a store or news-stands. and .Fig. 5 represents a_ simplified This is shown in Fig. 4, 138@ 5 Popular Science Monthly J e Kerosene Oil, Gasoline and Gas Let me send you an engine to earn its own cost while you use it—for my Kerosene engine gives more power from a gallon of 12-cent kerosene than you can get from a gallon of 20- or 25-cent gasoline in a gasoline start; easy to operate; no cranking; no batteries. All sizes—2 H.P. to 22 H.P.—Stationary, engine—Easy to Portable, and Sawing Outfits. 10-Year Guarantee on Every Engine. W/riie for Latest Prices. DIRECT FROM MY BIG FACTORY Ever since I started my factory, years ago. [ have been selling engines direct from the factory to the man in the shop or on the farm. Now, as before, any honest man can have my Da Tria y | a4 engine engine on must make good all I guarantee. No need to pay double my price for any good engine, or take an out- of-date engine for any kind of a price. let me show you how to figure what an engine is worth and How to Know Better Engines My newest book helps you choose a safe and value- received engine—How to make simple tests—and all about valve in head motor. Send me your address today. Just a postal card will bring this newest and latest_book. | feat OTTAWA MFG. CO. s54tize set Genuine Armstrong Stocks and Dies Have You a Set in Your Kit? Oo PS as onmmen Some of the advantages of Genuine ARM- STRONG Stocks and Dies: _ They can be adjusted to the variations in the size of fittings. Resultsare accomplished with less work and time. The Dies are interchangeable in the stocks and they can be sharpened without drawingthe temper. Our catalog tells the rest of this interesting story; send for it to-day. THE ARMSTRONG MFG. CO. 337 Knowlton Street - Bridgeport, Conn. BIG PROFITS for YOU in BATTERY CHARGING Go after this profitable business. You don’t need any special electrical or mechanical knowledge. It requires very little at- tention and no extra help. With same opportunity that you have, many owners of HB equipment are clearing up $100 to $150 extra profit every month.—Some even more. This HB 500 Watt Battery Charger will recharge 1 to 7 auto storage batteries at once, with current cost of only 12¢ to 15c per battery. Figure what this means to you in profits. & 1 S Puts This Money-Maker in Your Garage money-back tee, risk in ordering from this ad. Do it today. HOBART BROTHERS COMPANY © Box S-11 Troy, Ohio THE MIDGET SLIDE RULE will add, subtract, multiply, divide; solve problems involving even and uneven roots and powers. A gives the logarithms of numbers \\\ and the Sines and Cosines, Tan- ents and Cotangents of all angles. ts operation is very simple: quickly solves any mathematical problem. Derably mode of metal. ee 10) office use. } e e' 3% inches in diameter. Price with instructions, $1.00. Four money back if you are not satisfied. Gilson Slide Rule Co., Niles, Mich. TOOL CASES for Machinists and Toolmakers Write for our booklet showing the best built and most practical selec- tion of Tool Cases on the marke’ e ship direct from factory guarantee to please you or ref y. sO Merslecr Se THE BOY ELECTRICIAN. Practical Plans of Electrical Apparatus for Work and Play with an Expense of the Principles of Every-day Electricity. 2.00 Post : Popular Science Monthly, 225 W. 39th Street, New sy! sh N o ZAHA

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weeds | Beene pera emercanemmirseencctetet MW carmen | ENR ear?s @ SS! Re FkPae tes as mit Freee lis. November, 1918 tem of grooves set in an angle, de- pending on the depth and height of the shelf frame, to take the frame. In these simple forms the entire Fig.5 Same method used on top of shelving for utilizing space not accessible from the floor weight of the frame and its contents must be lifted by hand. In a drop shelf of a larger size counterweights must be added. A method of balanc- ing a row of shelf units with but one or two weights is shown in Fig. 6. These weights may be placed in a cor- ner. A vertical drop sheif is shown in fe} fel fe) Another method of utilizing space, in which the boxes are arranged beneath the ledge Fig. 7. This is designed particularly for use against a balcony or over a passage- way. The guides run in vertical grooves. ~ This type of a shelf should have counter- weights.—-EDWARD R. SMITH. How to Make Attractive Colored Varnishes ore varnishes of any desired color or shade may be readily made for work requiring delicate tinting by dissolving different colored pieces of sealing wax in spirits of wine. The operation is readily performed by permitting the wax to remain in the spirit for about five hours, in a bottle tightly corked. Frequent shaking will hasten the . process. : , a | | ‘ a LE “You Get The r s” bp Job” “We've been watching you, young man. We know you're made of the stuff that wins. The man that cares enough about his future to study in his spare time is the kind we want in this firm’s responsible positions. Smith leaves for Camp Saturday—you take his place. You're getting your promotion on what you know, and I wish we had more like you.” In these days when men are being called to the colors from office, store, shop and factory, important places must be filled quickly and the boss wants trained men to fill them. You men of middle age, you who are too young, you who for one reason or another cannot go, this Z your pa to serve your country and your employer Facts about the and at the same time win promotion and World’s Greatest School | a salary that will mean more comforts and The first student was en- | happiness for those dependent on you. rolled in the International —— Start today and train yourself to do Today the records of the | Some one thing better than others. You Schools show an enrolment | can do it in spare time through the International Correspondence. Schools. — ei! Lee —— a yt Sicrasd tn tee Wi peene eae No matter where you live, the I. C.S. endatncuuireael will come to you. No matter what your ortais, more than ten times | present position, I. C. S. training will ment of Yale since its doors | push you higher. No matter what your sstrephanannichits chosen work, some of the 280 practical It is over five times the total enrolment of all colleges, uni- LC. &. home-study courses will suit iti d technical school rorutge and tecumicalssteols | your needs. Chocee Your Own Career | BOX 7608, SCRANTON, PA. 5 P Explain, without obliga’ mi Would you like to be a first-class ELECTRICAL ENGINRER SALESMANSHIP Surveyi and Mapping - MINE FOREMAN or ENGR Railway Accountant Mechanical, Electrical or Civil Engi- Blectrio Lighting and Kys. | [) ADVERTISING neer? A Chemist? An Architect? | Hist Eatineer |Hshow Cars Wee A Building Contractor‘? undreds Telephone Work Sign Painter ‘ I Railroad Trai: of thousands of men have climbed | MECHANIOAL ENGINEER | LUSTRATING. into big jobs in the technical profes- | [{mschine Shop Practies Cartoonin ° 4 ‘oolmaker BOO) sions through I. C.S. help. Do you | Gas Engine Operating Stonographer and Typtst want to advance in business—in Ad- CVE, ENGEESS SRAFFIG MANAGER vertising? In Salesmanship? Many Se eee —_o—= ae == TEAR OUT HER Cem aoe oe == [INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS °° e, how Ican for the position, or in the subject, before which I mark X. ici Cc rcial La of the country’s foremost Advertising Sree MARY ENGINEER. Coop ENGLISH and Sales Managers have won suc- Ship Drafteman Teacher sabjosta cess by the he _ I. C. S. train- rte ac SUR Mathematics rg Commercial Law? Accounting? arehitectaral Bestiemen fret OEY Cath All over America bookkeepers, ac- Structural Engineer 11) AUTOMORILE OPERATING countants, office managers, private eT ee Wades Nee menelriee i a pentsh secretaries, are reaping the rewards Textile Overseer or Supt. AGRIOULTURE §(_)Freneh hake : . CHEMIST Poultry Ralsing Italien from time invested in I. C. S. train- ing in these subjects. Name Present The first step these men took was to mark and mail this coupon. Make Street your start in the same way—and and No make it right now. | city. Serene Canadians may send thia coupon to er Internatiqnal Correspond ls, Montreal, Oanada ee 190°

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HE handiest, most substantial and best Vise ever made. Will prove its worth every day in the week. @ Put one in your tool box, on your work-bench or in the kitchen table drawer. You will be surprised how often you will want to use it. @ Made in a number of different sizes and in several styles. For Sale by All Up-To-Date Hardware Dealers Special circular describing all styles upon application ADDRESS- Ef ena nee ol vero \ 5s ron agmnmemamannseennemmemmmmtaenennemeeemememmmre RESET DOOR KNOBS-STOP LEAKS WITH SMOOTH: ONcosexr Nol Dollars saved on dozens of household repairs from cellar to attic. Easy to apply as putty. Any one can make perma- nent repairs. Write for interesting Booklet on Home Smooth-On Mfg. Co. Jersey City, N. J., U.S. A. Build Your Own Grandfather’s Cloc with our help e it We furnish blue prints, fin- AID a We furnish blue prints a) , weights and pendulum from us at surprisingly low — b jldin pedo Tedis Ger your feteots. Complete Works $5.00 Others with chimes at prices Ask for attractive Free Offer CLOCK COMPANY 1663 Ruffner St. Philadelphia, Pa. ASBESTOS We are miners and shippers of Crude Asbestos in any commas, We produce all grades at our world famous BELL ASBESTOS MINES, in Canada. We also card fibres, spin yarns, weave cloths, and make all sorts of Asbestos products. For anything you want in Asbestos, turn to KEASBEY & MATTISON COMPANY Dept. S-4, AMBLER, PENNA., U.S. A. Owners of the world’s largest Asbestos Mines. Tool Cases For Machinists and Tool Makers, none better; seventeen styles. Quar- tered oak and covered. Ask for booklet “Built for Service.”’ The Pilliod Lamber Co. Swanton, Ohio an A New Wireless Chain Between the Americas Popular Science Monthly By John V. L. Hogan T has long been the ambitious dream of wireless men to supplement the present cable systems between the North and South American continents by means of a chain of high-powered -radio-telegraph stations. Difficulties in securing concessions and capital, A typical trans-oceanic wireless operating and receiving station; it contains powerful apparatus and (by no means least) apparatus capable of working continuously and dependably over great stretches of land and sea, have invariably inter- fered with the completion of the pro- jected Pan-American systems. At least, if the announcements issued through the press are to be relied upon, some or all of these handi- caps have been overcome and the connection of New York and Buenos Aires by wireless will become a fact toward the close of the current year. A new corporation, called the Pan- American Wireless Telegraph and Telephone Company, has been or- ganized to make us¢ of the Marconi and Poulsen patented systems in a group of powerful plants whieh will interlink the most important points in the American continents. Con- cessions which the English Marconi Company and the Federal Holdings Company (which formerly controlled the Poulsen patents in their re- lation to Pan-American work) had $ 7Ta Te = Fig.2 The wireless receiver of the Poul- sen system is the so-called tikker secured are reported to have been turned over to the new company. It is generally understood that the first work will be to complete the pair of sta- tions for transmitting messages di- rectly between New York and Buenos Aires which were undertaken and an- nounced by the Federal Company some years ago but on which practically nothing other than the preliminary 14Q ; surveys was done. The Pan-American Company has not disclosed its plans for the location of the first station in the United States, but the Federal Com. pany stated that their Northern sta- tion would be placed on the coast of Long Island some forty miles from New York. It seems likely that, instead of putting up a new installa- tion, the: Pan-American Company will utilize one of the Marconi plants (at New Brunswick, N. J, and Chatham, Mass.) which were erected for trans-Atlantic commu- nication three or four years ago, but which have never been used, “Damped” and “Undamped” Wireless Systems The. fact that the Poulsen patents are taken over in connection with those of Marconi, implies that the new in- stallations will use the continuous wave system of wireless telegraphy, since the Poulsen are transmitter pro- duces radiation of the “‘undamped” or continuous type. There are, broad- ly speaking, two classes of wireless or radio transmission, viz., the oy fig.d A typical sender of the Poulsen un- damped wave system, the wireless waves coming in on the left lines “damped wave’’ and the “continuous wave.” The former has been advoca- ted by the Marconi interests for many years, and is characterized by the pro- duction of wireless waves in groups separated by intervals of idle time. The continuous wave system, as its . name indicates, sends out the wireless waves in an unbroken stream and so uses all of the apparatus all of the time. This system, which the courts have decided was first proposed by Fessenden, has been found by ex- perience to be far more effective than that using damped waves. It is much used by both the enemy and our allied governments in the great war, and forms the basis of the large and suc- cessful trans-Atlantic stations at Say- ville and Tuckerton in the United States. The Marconi stations have all been - fitted with spark (damped wave) ap- paratus. However, experiments with i instruments for generating continuous waves are stated to have been m progress for some time at the more important points, and the newer gener-. ators will doubtless be substituted. — Se a ae: a

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n- ys d- he i ‘a- ny r0- ips ne. its . he an ich ied nd 1c- Ay- ith November, 1918 __ELGIN GAS MOTOR CO. Elgin, Illinois GET AA'suue > “KERO-OIL” ENGINE Have More Lappe ote MONEY Do your work easi “Get a better engine BACK 0 —At less ounh ee ' ie 90 n ore money — Save : on fuel— Immediate Pay Engine Offer Shipment Direct from Factory—No long waiting— Five-Year Guarantee Deal Direct— Hundreds of Engines —2to30 H-P.—all styles—Ready to Ship —Suit yourself as to terms— Cash—or Payments—or. MONEY if arranged for. NO Write for my latest book, (copyrighted)“How DOWN to Judge Engines”—tells you all about engines and fuels, and why I can sella better engine at wnesnenee. sey pares. veryw nt Se arantee safe capooncret a rd $200. 1 canship big nes—or small engines—on wire orders. Waite me today—ED. H. WITTE, Pr WITTE ENGINE WORKS 2225 Empire Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. rgest Exclusive Sao Manufacturer ites World Selling Direct to the User. “Bed Devil Nole39. it, : a) Cs dhl tt Vt Tr 0 (j Milling ‘Meckiees Cut “RED DEVIL” Teeth The fastest way of ‘‘cutting’’ teeth in a Hack-Saw Blade, is to punch them all out at one stroke. This saves time—and money—for the manufacturer, but does not make a serviceable blade. Punching tears the grain of the blade and weakens the teeth. The teeth of ““RED DEVIL” Blades are cut on milling machines to tough, sharp points. All points are individually set in perfect alignment, so that every Flexible or All-Hard, a ‘RED DEVIL” Blade will go through metal as easily as a rip-saw goes through wood. Get a few from your dealer. If he hasn’t them, send us his name and you’ll be supplied. SMITH & HEMENWAY CO., Inc. 126 Coit Street Irvington, N. J. THE LITTLE PET ENGINE is am ideal house motor, for either the city or country home as it will rw'ron either gasoline or city gas. All parts are enclosed like an electric motor, and no hand cranking is nec- essary as a special starter is provided. _— adjusted while running. Specialsilencer for exhaust reduces noise to a minimum. Just the right mo- tor for home workshop, wash machine, cream separator, etc. Send for Catalogue *‘B"’ tooth cuts. ‘ for the spark type (which is now con- sidered obsolete for sending messages over extremely long distances). Thus the new plants for Pan-American service may be expected to radiate waves in a continuous stream instead of in short, separated groups. The increase in effectiveness is much like that found when one puts out a fire by turning a hose upon it instead of attempting to do so by throwing water with a teacup. A Typical Long-Distance Station The inauguration of a new service over such extreme distance as the 4,000 miles which separate New York and Buenos Aires, is no small under- taking, and to establish commercial communication before the end of 1918 (which is the schedule announced) will be a remarkable feat. Some idea of the enormous quantity of detail in- volved may be secured from Fig. 1, which shows the plan of a typical trans-oceanic wireless operating and receiving station. This building is located at some distance from another which contains the powerful sending apparatus, so that the strong electrical disturbances created at the transmit- ter will not interfere with the receivers. Since the actual Morse operating must be concentrated for effective work, the house shown contains the sending keys as well as the apparatus for re- ception. This location of the sending control of course, necessitates wire line connections between the operating building shown and that containing the sending plant. In the diagram, A represents tele- graph and telephone lines connecting the wireless station with the outside world. Messages for transmission to South America arrive over these lines, and, passing through the _ switch- board and power room B, reach the receiving telegraph operator at desk C. Here the operator copies the dispatch upon a blank form and places it upon a traveling endless-belt carrier which runs along the rear of the desks from C to H, through the dividing walls shown. A second receiving desk is provided at D, so that in case of an overload of incoming messages an additional operator may be placed on duty to aid in relieving the congestion. The written incoming message passes into the radio room in the cen- ter, and is automatically lifted off the belt conveyor at the desk EH, where the sending radio-operator is stationed. Here he works the key which controls the main radio sender by means of automatic switches in the power room B, connected over the lines J which run to the transmitting apparatus house. Duplicate apparatus and lines must be provided, so that a breakdown will not interrupt the service. On the table behind the sending desk E is in- stalled an automatic tape transmitter, which is used to send out long press dispatches and deferred service radio- grams. So much for the route of an outgoing wireless message,—the key 148! THE APPRENTICE knows the op- portunities that lie before him and he knows that his success depends on the quality of his work. Early in his career he learns that the use of accu- rate, reliable tools is imperative. THE MACHINIST must be accurate no matter how much he is rushed. More and faster production is the de- mand in machine shops everywhere and the machinist’s success is de- termined by his ability to attain fast production with accuracy, which is possible only by the use of accurate, dependable tools. THE TOOLMAKER is a busy man these days. Never was his work in greater demand. . In shops everywhere production has reached an abnormal degree. Jigs, fixtures, etc., must be supplied as rapidly as possible. To do this and maintain the’ accuracy that is imperative, precision tools that are not only accurate but handy to use are necessary. Apprentices, Machinists and Toolmakers find in — Brown & Sharpe Machinists’ Tools the accuracy, reliability and ease of use that modern methods and present conditions demand. Rat Send for a copy of Catalog 27 for your tool kit Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co. : | Providence, R.I., U. S.A. ————_—_ > war Si Sa

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In order that a tool assure accurate pro- duction, it must be an accurate product itself. Accuracy cannot be main- tained with “slip- shod” tools or by careless methods. Starrett Tools are made by good mechanics for good mechanics. Starrett Tools will always be found in the kit of the skilled me- chanic, because he can depend on them for always giving ac- curate results. This saves much of his time and ultimately means greater pro- duction— bigger in- come. Starrett Tools are recog- nized the world over as the standard foraccuracy Write for Catalog No. 21W It shows 2100 different styles and sizes of the finest measuring instru- ments that money can buy. The L.S.Starrett Co. The World’s Greatest Toolmakers Mfrs. of Hack Saws Unexcelled Athol, Mass. 42—841 on the desk E controls the big sending plant, so that once a word of the written message is formed in Morse characters by the operator there, it is immediately transformed into the dots and dashes of radio waves which speed off into space and reach the South American station a fraction of a second later. How Incoming Messages Are Handled Considering the reverse routing, messages which arrive from Buenos Aires as wireless waves strike the aerial wires at the North American station, and are converted into feeble high frequency Popular Science Monthly repetition or confirmation of any obscure letters or words in an incoming dispatch. It is apparent that, with a station arrangement of this character messages are simultaneously in transit in both directions,—in other words the wireless is ‘‘duplexed.”’ : Duplex or double operation is much facilitated by the use of continuous waves, and only moderate separation of the sending and operating houses is required. With some special devices they may be only a few hundred yards apart, or evenin the samelarge building, The Receiver of the Poulsen System The wirelegg alternating currents. These currents pass into the radio room by way of the leading- in wire I of Fig. 1. The wires J are con- nected to the receiving in- struments on desk F; and the operator there listens to the dots and dashes, writing out the mes- sages and plac- ing the blanks upon the belt conveyor which takes them in- to the next room to the right. At Fis installed a duplicate re- receiver of the Poulsensystem is the so-called ‘“‘tikker,” which is shown at Sin Fig. 2, This diagram shows how the aerial wires M are connected through the _tuning coils N and O tothe ground at P., It is through these wires and coils that the high frequency currents flow. A _ secondary coil Q and tun- ing condenser R are associ- ated with the antenna circuit coils, and from the condenser wires lead to ceiver for use in case of emer- gency or when- ever it is desired to receive simultane- ously from two distant radio stations. The desks G and H in the next room are used for outgoing wire lines, over which the received radio messages are distributed throughout the United States. The room J is a small labor- atory and shop, for adjustment of instruments and such ‘minor repairs as are often required. The main traffic office is represented by K where the clerical work of the station is carried on and where the perforated tapes for the automatic transmitters are prepared upon special keyboard machines resembling typewriters. The power room B contains the switch- boards for distributing the various telegraph wires to the desks desired, the motor-generators for converting power to the voltages needed for telegraph work, the relays, magnetic .| switches .and other Jarger apparatus whose operation might disturb the telegraphers. The reason for locating the sending and receiving desks to- gether in the radio room is that thus the receiving operator may at any moment interrupt the sending of out- going radio messages to secure a Ue Direct line from New York to Buenos Aires, which ] will link the two American continents by wireless 5, 4 telephone the “tikker” T and a tele- phone condensér U. The “tikker’’ is merely a rapid interrupter of any one of several forms, which serves to make the wireless signals audible to the operator who listens in the telephone receiver T. This “tikker’ receiver was first put out some ten years ago, and has had extensive use. It is now largely supplanted by other more effec- tive devices, one of which will doubtless be used in the Pan-American stations. The Poulsen Arc Sender A typical sender of the Poulsen undamped wave system is shown in Fig. 3, where the electrical power comes in over the power lines PL and goes to the motor generator MG, which produces the high voltage direct cur- rent needed. This current passes through the windings of two powerful electro-magnets, N’ and S’, to the are A’, which is the most important element of the system. The arc has one electrode of copper and the other of carbon, and burns between the two - magnet poles in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. The carbon electrode is normally connected to ground G and the copper to the aerial wires. AW NE om = eT =~ cot ao -—h 2 4 ©.

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sit ich us ion Ces rds ng. €sg the em led wn am the ted ils the P. igh and the ney OW. ary un- oci- November, 1918 through a tuning coil TA. The un- usual property of such an assembly is that the arc, when properly adjusted, converts the applied direct current into radio frequency alternating cur- rent suitable for wireless transmission. The waves of the frequency desired for sending are turned off and on by the magnetic switch or relay R’, which is controlled from the desk E (Fig. 1) over the wire lines J. Although the details may be altered a great deal without changing the general plan, the modern long distance ‘wireless station is well typified by the above illustrative installation. The new Pan-American Company has not announced the exact arrangements which it proposes to use, but in principle they are not likely to depart _very far from those just outlined. The radio profession, as well as the business world, is interested in watch- ing this newest great wireless project; and only good wishes and encourage- ment are to be extended toward the men who now attempt to interlink more closely the two American continents. A Ring and Chain Prevents the Theft of the Pressure Gage GASOLINE service station at- tendant is responsible for the following kink. He lost several tire gages through motorists ab- sent-mindedly slipping them into their pock- ets and forget- ting to return them. After losing three in one week he en- listed the aid of a machinist. A ring was made of 4-in. iron, 1 ft. in diame- ter, to which The large ring cannot was attached a be put in the pocket chain of light construction. At the end of the chain and well soldered to it hangs the gage. This attendant now invites the motorist to put it in - his pocket. Aside from a theft pre- caution it is convenient, as the gage has its regular nail, and when not in use hangs therefrom.—ViIRGIL R. THARP. en Enlarging a Hole in a Small Pulley Without a Reamer N doing some model work, a me- chanic found himself without a hand reamer of the proper size to enlarge a hole in a small pulley. Looking about him for a substitute, he took a small round file less than Y in. in diameter and ran it through the hole. For the propelling power to revolve the pulley on the file, he used a driving belt from a sewing-machine wheel. Turning the driving wheel around and holding the ends of the file, the hole was enlarged quickly to the proper size. The Right Arm of the Nation Back up the Boys in France Buy W.S.S. Regularly RAE STE ie — EES. AEG US PAT ONE Ships and more ships; aeroplanes and more aeroplanes; cars and more cars—these are America’s needs. And the strong right arm of the Nation is building them. Thousands and thousands of Disston Saws, used by the strong right arm of skilled craftsmen, are contributing to the work. These men know = that they can depend upon the =. unvarying Disston quality. The —— ert LSS «=6Disston is x The Saw Most Carpenters Use We make saws for ail purposes. Seventy-eight years of earnest man- ufacturing effort are back of them—and if there were a better way to make saws and tools, that way would be employed in the Disston plant. Every Disston Saw and Tool is made from steel manufactured: for the purpose by Henry Disston & Sons—because no other kind would do. Disston Saws and Tools are sold by progressive hardware dealers the world over. Send today for the free Disston Handbook on’Saws, and learn how to select, use and care for thé Disston Saws and Tools. HENRY DISSTON & SONS, INC., PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. Canadian Works: Chicago, Cincinnati, Boston, San Francisco, New Orleans, Memphis, TORONTO, CANADA Seattle, Portland, Ore., Bangor, Me., Vancouver, B.C., Sydney, Australia SAWS AND TOOLS |

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im WD cess: We used your Freeze-Proof Sor the last two winters in all of our cars, meaning seven pas- senger cars and one truck. We found same to be a@ very good anti-freeze solution, and also a very inexpensive, effective substitute "for alcohol. We can recommend it very highly for the purpose it és intended for.—F. M. OPITZ, Pres. Perfex Radiator Co., Racine, Wis. Wish to say that the Freeze-Proof is satisfac- be _tory in every respect. We have recently had temperature of 20 below zero and it did not freeze in my car at that time—W. J. DYSART, Woods-Evertz Stove Co., Springfield, Mo. Piss We used several cases of your Freeze-Proof last [abe winter and the very best of resulis were obtained Bat . ‘ from its use, It was satisfactory enough that 1 we are Stocking in again this season. 4 GARAGE OF TYLER, Tyler, Texas. We have used your Freeze-Proof for the past year and it gave entire satisfaction, and placed our order for the coming season—MADISON MOTOR CO., Madison, Maine. I put your Freeze-Proof in my radiator and have had satisfactory results. I had it in the radiator while the thermometer registered 22 below zero. No injury was done. I shall be your patron henceforth—REV. F. ADIX, Rush Center, Kans. g Our_confidence in Freeze-Proof is such that : we have just placed an order for an additional carload for the coming season, and quite naturally we could not have the nerve to handle this quantity if we did not have most profound confidence in the product—THE SALT LAKE HDWE. CO., Salt Lake City, Uiah. In regard to your Freeze-Proof, beg to say that when it has been used according to directions I have had the very best success. When the proper amount is used even in the most severe weather I have not had a single complaint of cars freezing. —W. S. DOUGHTY GARAGE, Parker, S.D. I am glad to say that among the many things I have tried I found your Freeze-Proof solution the only one that did the work. The temperature here is now 10 below zero, and my radiator did not freeze. I advised ail my friends to buy Freeze- Proof and avoid trdubie in cranking their auto- mobiles —A LFRED HILL, Danville, Ili. Have used your Freeze-Proo ip find it all that you advise it. Wiéill probably always use it unless I find eos better, which I doubt I ever will.— H. PECK, Wew Milford, Conn. I have used Johnson's Freeze-Proof during “the winter 1917-1918 and can recommend it to all car owners. It was tested in my car to 20 below zero. For that reason I dare to recommend it. —REV. H. NIELSON, Poysippi, Wis. I have used Johnson's Freeze-Proof in my Ford car-all_of this unusual cold winter with complete satisfactory resulis—DR. WM. F. HAKE, Grand Repids, Mich. Don’t Wait! Don’t wait until the freezing weather comes to think about protecting your car for the coming winter. Decide early to use Johnson’s Freeze-Proof—pur- chase your supply from your dealer and read the directions carefully. A little time spent now in cleaning the radiator and putting on new hose con- nections will save you un- limited time, trouble, worry and expense during the winter months. JOHNSON’S FREEZE- PROOF is the logical anti-freeze prepa- ration to use. It is inexpen- sive—does not evaporate—is non-inflammable—is easy to use—and is guaranteed. One application will last all winter unless the solution is lost through the overflow pipe or leakage. One package will protect a Ford to 5° below zero, one and a half packages will protect a Ford to 30° below zero and two packages will protect a Ford to 50° below zero. For larger cars, or to protect to a lower temperature, use addi- tional Freeze-proof according to the scale on the package. For Sale by all Dealers and Jobbers S. C. JOHNSON & SON, 144, SOReOnt "a | REEZE PROO! ROOF Prevents rors of Ih nnn aill a CONTENTS 6 ee bsNE T NS OM Neon e ter I have used Johnson's Freeze-Proof in my Over-. land car all winter and have had absolutely no trouble. After going through this winter, which has been the hardest winter in my memory, without any sign of trouble, I have no hesitancy in’.recommending Johnson's Freeze-Proof.—J. VAN .NORMAN, Asst. Business Manager, “The Herald, Grand "Rapids, Mich. I used your Freeze-Proof this past winter, and Gs you will recall, it was the worst weather we have had in many years. It protected my seven- passenger car to as far as 20 degrees below zero and did not show the least particles of crystals in the radiator. Johnson’s Freeze-Proof. is: the best insurance one’can have on the-cooling sys- tem of any car. re, Ww. M ALLORY, George- town, Ky. My automobile radiator and engine holds twelve gallons of water. Early this winter I put in three packages of your Johnson's Freeze-Proof. It has been five degrees below zero and we have had the coldest winter we have ever had in Virginia. My car has been kept in an unheated garage and your Freeze-Proof has done all that you guarantee it to do as we have never had it freeze or the water thicken—HORACE L., SMITH & CO., Inc., Farm Machinery, Petersburg, Va. We wish to say at this writing, we want to compliment your company for the wonderful co- operation that we have had towards the sale of Freeze-Proof this past season. We haven't a package of Freeze-Proof left in stock and sold same to owners of cars where the prices of these cars carried from $1,000.00 to $15,000.00 and not in one instance did we have a complaint for this product—JOHN J. MAHONEY, Treas. Motor Accessories, Inc., Boston, Mass. We have used Johnson’s Freeze-Proof this winter in Peerless Eight, Chandler Six, Ford, Wilson and Republic trucks. This has been the coldest winter we have had for years, zero and lower right along. But notwithstanding the ex- tremely cold weather all of the above cars and trucks have worked every day and not one of them froze up. We consider your preparation the best we have ever used —JOHN T. BYERS, Supt. Labor Brewing Co., Uniontown, Pa. Recently I left the car in my unheated garage and went out of the city. The car stood for a week in the cold garage, during which time we had the coldest weather of the season, the thermometer being 36 degrees below zero. When I returned to Calgary to my surprise I found the car in perfect shape. I figure that the two boxes of Johnson's Freeze-Proof which I used saved me possibly $100.00.—A. J. McMILLAN, Mer. Rob- in- Hood Mills Co., Calgary, Alta., Can. I have used Johnson's Freeze-Proof in my Overland six.which is a regular type Continental ‘motor. Although this-was a very severe winter, Johnson's Freeze-Proof stood the test.—H. E. GNADT, General Hardware, Chicago, Ill. RACINE, WIS. — ala a Op i