Popular Mechanics 1927-11: Vol 48 Iss 5

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NM eR Lindbergh Tells Air Future 25 CENTS POPULAR MECHANICS MAGAZI NE WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT pe) ee ee Phen They Try © Come Back F —Tex Rickard i a NS

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1 Face ATKINS SILVERz@ STE SA VW Mr. Happy “S Man Says—

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pC ATEN A, tee On ee ree ye *Oianarous”™ The POPULAR MECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION ... Moder NOT because they are new in themselves, but because they make pos- sible modern perfection of radio reception, bat- teries are the modern source of radio power. Today’s radio sets were produced not merely to make some- thing new, but to give you new enjoyment. That they will do. New pleasures await you; more especially if you use Battery Power. Never were receivers so sensitive, loud-speakers so faithful; never has the need been so imper- ative for pure DC, Di- rect Current, that bat- teries provide. You air is full q ANY | 3 4 ‘ Radio is better with Battery Power must operate your set with current that is smooth, uniform, steady. And only from batteries can such cur- rent be had. So batteries are need- ful if you would bring to your home the best that radio has to offer. Choose the Eveready Layerbilt “B” Battery No. 486, modern in construction, developed exclusively by Eveready to bring new life and vigor to an old principle —actually the best and longest-lasting Eveready Battery ever built. It gives you Battery Power for such a long time that you will find the of things you ““ Here is the Eveready Layerbilt “B” Battery No. 486, Eveready’s longest- lasting provider of Battery Power. cost and effort of infre- quent replacement small indeed beside the modern perfection of reception that Battery Power makes possible. NATIONAL CARBON Co., INC New York San Francisco Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation Tuesday night is Eveready Houx Night—9 P. M., Eastern Standard Time WEAF—New York WOC-Davenport WIJAR—Providence { Minn. WEEI-—Boston WCCO) § +. Paul WFI-Philadelphia KSD—St. Louis WCGR-Buffalo WCAE-Pittsburgh WRC-—W ashington WSAI—Cincinnati WGY-—Schenectady WTAM—Cleveland WHAS—Louisville W WIJI—Detroit WsSBAtlanta WGN-Chicago WSM-—Nashville WMC—Memphis Pacific Coast Stations—9 P. M.. Pacific Standar-l Time KPO-KGO-—San Francisco KFOA—KOMO-—Seattle KFI—Los Angeles KGW-—Portland EVEREAD\ NY Ra dio Batteries -they last longer miss shouldn’t WDAF—Kansas City } :

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| | ; ~ Lieut. Charles H. Schildhauer, U. S. N., Flying over the “Leviathan” in His Big “PN-10” Bomber, to Gauge the Size of the Target, on Which He Later Was Prevented from Dropping His Mail Bags Because of a Thick Fog, 500 Miles at Sea, Which Made It Impossible to Find the Ship

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Popular Mechanics Magazine WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT NOVEMBER, 1927 Speeding the Overseas Mail Airplanes, Flying to Ships off Shore and Returning with Letters and Passengers, May Cut Trip across Atlantic by Two Days CY TING a day to a day and a half off he mail time from New York to rope, the United States shipping board post office have joined in paving the vy for a combined airplane and steamer ice which may eventually reduce even time across the Atlantic m five to three days, or less. one experiment they have shown passenger larence Chamber- Land Plane sed on the porary Run- y Constructed the Boat Deck e ‘“‘Leviathan,” Which He ok Off for a iccessful Flight 7 the practicability of landing mails and passengers from ocean liners while they are still a day and more out at sea, and plans have been made to deliver mail to outbound ships the same distance from land. When New flight, took off from an improvised flying platform on the boat deck of the “Levia Clarence Chamberlin, hero of the York to Germany non-stop than,” pride of the American fleets, and ew back to Long Island in his land-typs pl ne ¢ Pp ( ¢ the Da enger-Cal part the in entirely p | Lie Charles H. Schildhauer, flving a PN os e sea] ne, cl ed the | tl 1” 500 miles out to sea, but balke in dropping two b ot oft n O her decks bec ise oO thicl tog |’ es | ¢ peen 111 € | | l \ ican } 1 ( | ) , 4 ‘ { years and m the bri cks o aircrait « ¢ but ¢ ¢ n t was not only the first time a plane had risen from a passenger liner’s dec] \\ ; i oe \\ but also the first time a flight had \ hed from such small launching plattf It is possible that, within a few months, the been accomplis a \ larger liners may be equipped with

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POPULAR MECHANICS

service is ¢ : | If such a | tablished on this side is considered certain foreign countries, ularly England, wil low suit, and, if hips’ 7 1 ated DV 1-1 not, own planes, op: the steamer lin e * 7 auplicate the set cou ice overseas and save other day, day and a } or two davs. Such a saving is mo than a stunt, for eve minute’s delay in insmission of finan papers m< cost the sands in interest. U Sam recognized that ve 1 } . : ago when he organizt the marine mail service 11 New York harbor. Intl old days, an arriving line docked, passengers discharged he T carg¢t and

Chamberlin’s Plane on the Runway, More Than a Hundred Feet above the Sea, Ready for the Fligh catapults, just like battleships, for the navy has demonstrated that big seaworthy boats flving of the Loening amphibian type can ie air by the 1 ] be launched into t latest stvie 2 power-propelled catapults with the same ease as small pursuit and obser- Using Loening or similar would be possible to send a ship 500 to 800 = 7 vation planes. irplanes, it important mail in fron m.les at sea, and even passengers with urgent business ashore could be ferried in through the air. In effect. the pas- senger liners would take the place of the several avia- } floating islands proposed by tion authorities to make transoceanic fly- ing feasible. The dropping of mail sacks onto out- bound ships, making it possible to catch them with mail that did not arrive until the day after they sailed, is a simple task, given enough visibility for the flyer to find the ship. A trained bomber can hit a target the size of the “Leviathan” from a height of thousand feet, but it to take even that chance in delivering mail aboard ship, for the plane can come so low it barely clears the everal is not necessary making upper decks, g a miss impossible. and then, after twent four to forty-eight hour lela unloads delay, leisurely her mail sacks on the pier. Now the government-owned mail boat “President,” assisted by fleet of steat lighters, meets arriving liners at tine, or | arbor quaran . a ‘ occasionally outside the fog-l even, when they are rund, and their them up the harbor and takes mail sacks aboard to rush into waiting trucl and mail cars for distribution all over the world. Cargoes of five or six thousand sacks of mail are not unusual on the large liners, and often hours, or even a day, 1 Mail morning is saved in getting them on their way. from steamers arriving in the frequently sorted, dispatched and deliv ered to New York, Philadelphia and other points in time for financial papers to go through the clearing house the same day Not all the mail arriving in New York harbor is destined for American c:ties Vast quantities come for reshipment to Canadian points, and across the continent to steamers bound for China, Japan, New Zealand and the Pacific. Special mail trains are made up and wait ing on the docks when the “President” comes in. Sometimes they are held for an hour or more at the government mail pier islands of the

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er ke on bags destined for the other side he Pacific, thereby catching a steamer iving ten days in reaching the mail’s nation. lore than a million incoming mail sacks re handled in New York in 1926, and e number for this year js estimated at 00,000, or something like 50,000,000 uunds of mail. This averages sixty-odd ns a day throughout the year. Postal ficials estimate that 500,000 sacks will ntain first-class mail, or about one and ree-quarter billion letters, from overseas. e than 1,600 mail ships docked in York last year. One day the “Beren- ia” broke the records of all time by ming in with 11,552 sacks in her holds. When the big liners sail from the other le, they report by wireless the time of eir arrival and the number of sacks board, and when they reach quarantine, here they must anchor for health inspec- in, the “President” is waiting to dash ynngside. While her lines are being ide fast, a canvas chute is rigged and he sacks begin coming down to the wait- force of clerks and sorters. If the teamer has a heavy mail cargo, a lighter es up on the other side, to double the charge rate. Che handlers and sorters classify the gs as they check them off on the in- ice list, and by POPULAR MECHANICS 707 Enjoying His Own Private Sun Porch; Cabinet for Baby Adjusted to Window Ledge WINDOW SUN ROOM FOR BABY HELPS DEVELOP HEALTH Sun baths in a specially constructed I window booth hav } helped dey elop a prize- winning Brooklyn baby, doctors declare There is a strap to keep the child from falling out, and the booth has curtains. LINER’S LIFE BELTS FOR DOGS LATEST TRAVEL CONVENIENCE Dangers of ocean time the “Pres- lent” reaches her k, they are ready load the New York district mail into trucks, the \merican and Ca- idian sacks into e proper trains, he trans-Pacific al- lotment tothe cross- continent cars, and he South Ameri- can mail is sent to the proper ship docks. “The Pres- lent” is on duty twenty-four hours a day, and has three iptains and three tull crews, to man ——e travel have been re ] duced to a mini in ene ency 5 ‘ . peciai | be s tor the aog ire part « ment. Phe ire . ee quickly strapped o ind are Made 1 three size ‘ 19 iree eight-hour 13 fs Safety for Dogs as Well sia Steamer; the Preservers Are in Three Sizes as Passengers on New

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708 POPULAR MECHANICS WILD ANIMALS RETURNED TO “LIFE” IN MUSEUM Courtesy Field Museum of Natural History Corwin Painting a Scene; C. J. Albrecht, Who Collected and Prepared the Group, with Deer He Has Just Shot, and the Finished Display as So that wild life may be more accurately studied and appreciated bv means of museum exhibits, artists, taxidermists and photographers unite in preparing animal This completed and other groups with exacting care. is illustrated in the recently mule-deer booth at the natural history. The in the Kaihab Field museum of animals were killed forest in northern Arizona, and within a few minutes after they were shot, casts were made of their heads for accurate reproduction in the models. It Appears in Museum Cabinet These death masks preserved the natural expression. Skins and larger bones, ex- cepting the backbone, were taken to the museum and, while were being made ready, Charles A. win, artist, made paintings of actual scenes in the forest paintings furnished the material for the colorful and realistic background in the case. The skull and larger leg bones were laboratories tuese Cor- museum area. These used in forming the skeleton upon which to mold the animal model. A composi-

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POPULAR MECHANICS 709 substance was employed and, when as ready, the skin was carefully ad- ted over it. The work of grouping the mals in lifelike manner and arranging h in a convincing pose was a special in itself. One of the aids in this was a small model of the display, hioned in a miniature case with a nted background, lighting, and other tails that would suggest almost exactly rw the completed group would look. 1 COWS DRAW DRINKING WATER ON PRINCE’S FARM \mong the modern improvements on e Nottingham farm owned by the Prince Wales, in England, is an automatic lrinking trough for cattle. The animals ress their noses on it at the sight of a ill quantity of liquid, and the force re- es a fresh stream which stops as soon the cows lift their heads. This reduces ste by evaporation and insures a supply fresh water at all times. AUTO SHIELD PREVENTS GLARE BY DAY OR NIGHT Greater safety and comfort in day or 1 rht automobile driving is afforded DY adjustable celluloid shade attached to e windshield and easily regulated ac- When not inted, it is readily swung entirely out of he line of vision. rding to the driver’s needs. Protecting the Eyes from Glare While Driving; the Adjustable Shield in Place on Auto et Ae) l Shoulder Umbrella in Place, Showing How It Leaves the Hands and Arms Free for Work WEAR UMBRELLA ON SHOULDERS TO LEAVE HANDS FREE Umbrellas or sunshades are ofte bother, especially when climbing o1 rk- ing outdoors, but German craftsmen have found a way to eliminate this difficulty by constructing a canopy arrangement t] 1 that is worn on the shoulders, leaving the hands free. It is light in weight, strong] braced with steel tubing, and can be folded when not in use. It has proved especially artists and others who work out in the open. popular among’ gardeners, LIGHTNING ROD GUARDS TREE VALUED AS LANDMARK Because of its associations and abun- dant shade, a hickory tree near the summer home of a Wisconsin man is so highlh valued that lightning rods have been at- tached to it to protect it in storms. ‘The house is not so guarded, the builder de claring that he could erect another but the tree could not be replaced.

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HEN They bound to spell the end of a champio: That is what it has done in every ca heretofore. Somehow, the dethrone champion of the past has never risen ou of the depths of defeat. It hangs ove him like an everlasting doom. It -takes mighty fighting man to brave the hard ships and hazards that lie in the way of come-back. If it does not seem too presumptuou on my part, | might venture to say that know Jack Dempsey better than any othe: man. I have studied him for years. | know him as a man and I know him as fighter. Of course, I do not mean to dra conclusions from the Tunney match. So [ shall leave Tunney out of the discus- sion. It is Dempsey, the phenomenon o the prize ring, who interests me. Dempsey Giving the Dummy a Stiff Battle in a Workout before a Fight Sa... Jack Dempsey, Unshaven and Scowling, as He Appears When He Enters the Ring for a Fight By TEX RICKARD (As told to A. A. Albelli) N' ) one but Jack Dempsey himself will | A aes a ; j ever know VW la 1f COS to try to do what no other world’s heavv-weight cham- pion has ever done—regain a lost crown. | Usually a champion or a near-champion gets knocked out and fades fast into ob- livion. There is nothing under the sun which can entice him back to the rin He’s through. But, you know, Dempsey was not knocked out when he lost his championship. If Tun- nev had put him away in Phila- delphia, I do not think he would have ever made his way back to the front lines this vear. The mental hazard would have been against him. A _ knock-out 1s gs Sil 710

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! COABNCK

L Bud Taylor Using Both Left and Right on Tony Canzoneri Just before the End of Their Battle, in Which aylor Won the Bantam-Weight Crown; Several Championships Are Now Vacant | t \ \ d's he v\ e cl OT \ P t P ] ‘ has tried to come back after losing his e su ched 1 .H ) 1 ( eat ne ters ort mode s ] r ¢ in e Jim Corbett, Bob Fit: | ] l k John tried to get ) | to n < b \' ) But the failed. here nie ¢ thing’ saddening in their tailure the care ( ( were beaten by Father Time In the ring time é ( t rame tiie onrushing veal mean tne He ne ( ( downrushing ability of the fighte er he on the 1915 ( Circumstances for a come-back were il cle ne time t lifferent during the early part ot the cen-_ to e | ury. When Jim Corbett came back to the youthiul ind Imo nonde recapture what Bob Fitzsimmons snatched Dempsey at Toledo 19 from him in that memorable fight in Car- You remember | \\ mn City, Nev., in 1897, he did not have to in the third round Anothe tep across a tl rd eladiator to re ich h 5 t knock-« u d ed \\ () old crown. Nor did Fitzsimmons later years later, he tried to leap back into have to cross gloves with any other than spotlight when he fought Luis Firpo. ‘ the mighty Jim Jeffries. And then, after remember how Firpo knocked him out have to make the eighth round Jeffries retired, he did not his way across pugilistic battlefields. He ncidentally, the New York b had been in retirement for five vears when missio1 ouldn't { he tried to climb bac! rhe title w Ls still tate of \ rl Despite his when he fought Jack Johnson, in 1910. Willard prote But the idlenes ot Jeffries told Here. condition

SO, time took Its toll. fit in hisNite

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POPULAR MECHANICS ~ | knocked out of the ring himself in the first round Nobody ever dreame: that, three years later Dempsey himself would eae) down to defeat at the hands of Gene Tunney, That overthrow bit dee into his heart. As he gaged into a mirror and looked at his swollen face after the fight, he said, “I will be repaid for that.” You recall how he with- drew six months ago into the recesses of the Ven tura mountains in Cali- fornia and began his come-back grind. I’m sure that to him it meant more than to other cham pions of the past who tried to retread their way to the throne. He sur- veyed the list of those who had tried to recover their crown and found that Stanley Ketchel, whose middle-weight title had been lifted from his brow by Billie Papke, was the only one to come With His Head Protected by a Mask, to Guard against Cauliflower Ears, Dempsey Spars with Jack Petty forty. “Too old,” they said. The fight was barred there. Georges Carpentier was another great heavy-weight who never recovered his bearings after having been knocked out. Dempsey flung him into limbo after that “Battle of the Century,” at Boyle’s Thirty Acres, in 1921. Carpentier lasted four rounds. He tried feebly to come back, but another defeat at the hands of Tunney, in 1924, sent him to seclusion in his own land. But Dempsey was blind to the fates of his predecessors and his victims. He never stopped to think what had brought their downfall. So, from 1921 to 1923, he sat back idly upon his throne. He had made a fortune. The lull in his career was interrupted by Firpo, whom he de- feated in September, 1923, in two rounds, but not until after he had been floored and back and beat the same man who had previously dethroned him. Dempsey worked like a blue devil, and last July he finished the first leg of his come-back stunt when he knocked out Jack Sharkey. In this fight he showed himself to be his former self, not a shadow or ghost, but more like the Dempsey who could mow down Willards and Firpos. What was it that lured Dempsey and other champions back to the throne? Was it the glitter of gold? Was it the plaudits of the multitudes? What was it? Mercenary men will say it was the big purses. Adventurers with romantic minds will say it was the love of the game. Psy- chologists will say it is something innate in man to crave the spotlight and to bask in its glare. These allurements exist today. They did not prevail in bare-knuckle days of two centuries ago. In the “fair, stand-up- fight days” of Figg and Mendoza, things

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POPULAR MECHANICS 713 —_ ae Dempsey Punching the Bag at At- City Before He Lost His Title to Gene Tunney jantic | Quintin Fighter, Romero-Rojas, Chilean Using a _ Bicycle Training Machine as a Dempsey and Jerry the Greek in a Tug of War at Saratoga Springs Dempsey Takes One on the Jaw at Shelby, Mont., to Get in Close —ail Enough to Hit Tommy Gibbons

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(14 POPULAR MECHANICS Dempsey in Training Camp Be- whe ; chi borht fore He Eliminated Sharkey as cha = Sy ati hi P ng! a Heavy-Weight Contender; caretullv supervised Jerry the Greek, the Trainer of BLT eo 4} 1 Dempsey in Recent Years, Is detail is overlooks Removing the Gloves after a Trainers vet their bo Workout to an acme of physi perfection. Che ancte Athenians would gas i astonishment if tl could gaze upon the p! sique of the modern p! fighter. He would make a fine subject for tl greatest of sculptures So, after weeks of gruel- ing training, the fighter ready for battle. It is1 longer a battle betwee men of far-diverge: ages. It is a battle be tween youth. In the « days when a prize fig! was sheer overwhelming by brute force, a man | 1 I lla forty or fiftv might vanquished a lad in | late teens or twenties. Bu not today. Now it battle of techniqu: 7a ag Knowing how to hit. H ting ] rd and efttective vt ina are needed 4 , ine irge purses modern times are su 4 nt naducement I st fighters to attempt a come-back. W he Dempsey knocked out Firpo, he received $750 were difterent Ring mechanics and 000 for exactly three minutes and fift ience were different Purses were dif- seven seconds of actual fighting. On tl ferent There was little glory. Those other hand, the big purse is not alway were gory battles for purses which hardly the fundamental element which figures ever exceeded $25,000 and usually were a come-back try. The psychological ef around $500. fects of defeat often force a fichter to re The evolution of prize fighting in the tire straightway from the ring. He feel ht a multi- himself shamed before the world that wor tude of changes. The brutally sanguinary shiped him. Freddy Welsh never go : ive been eliminated. over the defeat he suffered at the hands ot It is a genuine sport today, no more dan- Benny Leonard. protessional sense has wrot + gerous than football and, so far as acci- But this fellow Dempsey, who cannot dents go, no more harmful than tennis. be considered an old man at thirty-two ,OXIng t v is a fully developed science. liked the glamor of victory as well as its The fighter is part of an organization, a fruits. Candidly, as I know Dempsey, | t scheme think that it was the glory that lured hit There are weeks of svstematic training back into the ring more than the mone. Every movement of the boxer before a he might make there.

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rtable Camera Truck for Obtaining Close-Ups on Large Sets: Unit, and the Platform Can 7 AMERA TRUCK HAS LIFT CRANE FOR MOVIE “SHOTS” ing the time and expense of arrang- a number of separate groupings, an ectrically operated truck can be steered out on the motion-picture set, enabling e photographer to take closer views A feature of the aratus, as adapted at one Hollywood tudio, was the lift platform on the truck m almost any angle. which the director and cameramen ould be raised for “shots” looking down n different groups. FISH CAUGHT BY ELECTRICITY IN GERMAN STREAM Fishing with electricity has been intro- luced in Germany. A restricted section {a stream is subjected to a heavy elec- ical charge which stuns the fish so that hey rise to the surface and are captured Pike and other enemies to fish of more desirable kinds are killed, the marketable It Is Pushed or Pulled around by Electric Be Raised or Lowered val are retained and undersized ones returned at once to the water, where they re\ While the method has been suc- cessful, it is suggested that stringent rules be made governing its practice to preven I too rapid exhaustion o supplies SPECTACLES WITH MIRRORS i BY.

AFFORD REAR VIEW igned espe

cially for the auto mobile drive i ot ve \ cle TINIE ssc no i.) tive mat ar ’ Ke i Smail ‘ 1 ) on eacn de so that the | é é < 1 see the | TO; | ec nd h | rmq ‘ ine eriect¢ ao tne j not ntertere th le vision ahea: ul are backed by mate al that of the f ¢

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POPULAR MECHANICS BUILDING BEEF AND BRAWN FOR THE CLASHES 7 With the First Sign of Turning Leaves, the Football Squads Turn Out for Drill and to Try the Latest Training De- vices; Northwestern In- augurated a New Stunt of Running through the Boxes, to Develop Dodg- ing and Tackle Evasion, } for It Takes Real Skill to Plant.a Foot in Each Box in Turn While Go- | ing Full Speed; Dick Hanley, the Purple’s Coach, in Circle, Watches the Test of | Another Device, Built to | Teach the Use of the Stiff Arm, and to Keep the Legs Out of the | Tackler’s Reach; at ‘he Bottom, a Tackle on Co- lumbia’s Field, and, In- sert, a Fordham Kicker

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— — we sate en On be & Dick Hanley Introduced a Number of New Train- ing Stunts Last Spring in the Middle West; Above Is the Northwestern Squad at Wheelbarrow Drill, Which Is Good for th: Arm Muscles; the Coach Demonstrates the Stunt n Tim Lowry before the Squad; at Right Is a Hard Double Tackle Being Practiced on Columbia’s Field during Training of the New York Team; West Point Develops Its Beef on the Weight Ma- chine, Shown Below, with the Army Squad Pushing the Heavy Contraption across the Field; the Tim- ber Sled Is a Good Ex- erciser for Developing Line Buckers and the Mass Defense of a Heavy Football Team POPULAR MECHANICS [AT DRAW MILLIONS TO COLLEGE STADIUMS ~ ~

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"74 4a POPULAR MECHANICS CREEPING HELPS STRENGTHEN CHILDREN’S SPINES Meal Time for the Creeping Class; These Children in German Hospital Are Forbidden to Walk While Taking Special Treatments to Strengthen Their Spines Children with weak spines at a German smokestack, and the tender conceals m pital are taught to creep instead of of the crane ind other apparatus when ilk so that there will be less weight on in use, Besides being efficient, the out he backbone and undue strains will be helps advertise the shop that operates it. en ed K nee reet nd elbows are es ; 1, one at their meals, Tt ig said that many NEW BRIDGE WORLD'S BIGGEST care have been effected by this system. STEEL STRUCTURE —___—— Calling for bids for the new Hud TOWING CAR LIKE LOCOMOTIVE "Vt suspension bridge, to link New Yor! ADVERTISES SHOP RP pe LON A aaa ee: revealed that the bridge was the biggest Built in the form of a locomotive, an steel structural contract ever Ct. automobile-wrecking car in Portland, plans call for approximately 150,000 to: Ore., has a bell and air whistle, the ex- of steel. The main span will be 3,500 feet haust of the motor passes out by the’ in length, as compared with the present world’s biggest suspen- sion bridge, the new Phil adelphia-Camden link, which has a span of 1,750 feet. The Brooklyn bridge, on the other side ‘of New York city from the new structure, has a 1,600-foot span. Total cost of the Hudson river bridge is estimated at $75,000,000, and it will ‘ : , carry eight trathe liane . ; for vehicles on the upper Auto-Wrecking Car like Locomotive; Fumes from the Exhaust Are Passed 1 ; lanl nn? Te . racks for through the Smokestack deck and four tracks tor

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POPULAR MECHANICS 719 cars on the lower. Despite the huge the plans have been drawn in such iv as to utilize standard structural requiring no new equipment in the »s to fabricate them. Each of the ma- towers at the ends of the main span be reinforced inside with sixteen steel all made up of structural mem- forming a six-foot square box. Bids sought on two types of bridges, one le up of wire cables, as used in the Del- re river, Brooklyn, Manhattan and iamsburg bridges, and the other of t-treated eye bars, pinned together at ends, as used in the St. Lawrence, 1eensboro and Memphis bridges. If wire les are used, there will be four of them, ee feet in diameter, and each contain- 26,474 wires. The present biggest lve at Philadelphia has four thirty-inch es of 18,666 wires each. The biggest bar bridge, over the St. Lawrence, has -two chains of bars, each sixteen by » and three-sixteenths inches, with a ength of 80,000 pounds per square inch. FACE BATH OF LIGHT AND VAPOR LATEST BEAUTY AID For facial treatments, French beauty xperts have introduced a cabinet that es light and vapor baths. The steam said to open the pores, while blue rays om the special lamps stimulate the cir- ulation. The outfit is compactly con- ucted and permits the subject to re- iin comfortably seated while the face g treated. P| Light and Steam Face Treatment at Beauty Parlor; an Advantage Is That the Hair Is Not Disturbed Reel Extended, Showing the Projecting Arms and Screw for Attaching It to Wall FOLDING REEL TO DRY FISHLINE SAVES ROT AND TROUBLE Drying the fishing line is easily done on a folding aluminum reel that fits in al most any tackle box. It has three exten sion arms that collapse flat for packing, and are quickly made ready for holding the line by adjusting a knurled nut. The convenient reel may be screwed into place for use, takes line of anv let eth and enables easy rewinding of the rod reel. FIRST SPEEDOMETER ON WAGON EARLY RECORDS SHOW Speedometers are commonly believed to have appeared at the beginning of the bicvcle and automobile age, but early his- torical records indicate that the idea orig- inated with one of the Mormon immigrants on their way by wagon caravan to Utah The travelers had no way of determining how far they had gone each day until William Clayton, in charge of one of the vehicles, measured off a mile, then counted the number of revolutions the wheel re- quired to traverse the distance. He de vised a ratchet that moved a cogwheel a] paratus to record the revolutions auto matically and so obtained a speedometer similar to the modern instrument.

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720 POPULAR MECHANICS RUBBER FROM CACTUS PROMISES LOWER TIRE COS7T tire or tubes promise to ) 0 it factory a substitute tor other rubber ar- tsela } ] ] ticles, that more pure rubber will be avail- ble for tire purposes, thus making possi- reduction in prices. “Rubber” al- ready has been produced from potatoes, and other been bananas, milkweed plants, but production costs have too great to justify tion of the processes. An commercial applica- advantageous £ ot > ’ } . . : li n¢ ] leature ot the cactus is that only the lobes of the plant are used, ving the stalk to produce more the following season, and the best rubber substitute seems to have been made from the cactus that grows vild on the unwatered plains, indicating tl it special cultivation will not be neces- iety. The cactus rubber gum, mixed . a gang : P benzole, formed a cement with excepts +] ally good adhesive qualities. Mats wi base of the cactus rubber were toughe1 than those of Para rubber, the inventor re found that it could be other materials for the ported, and he “loaded” with 1 manufacture of various articles the danger of crumbling. Pure Para rub ber curdles if too much foreign substance is introduced, but the cactus product i said to hold far larger quantities of added rubber, the cactus vields a varnish, a lacquer, cow fod a pulp for making paper. 1 products, the materials. Besides der and » obtain the 1 cactus lobes are crushed and cooked half 1 hour at P40 levrees I

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POPULAR MECHANICS 721

WILD CREATURES DIE EARLY , ANIMAL “CENSUS” SHOWS

] ew wild animals live out the span of itural life, and the reasons some Pe ‘ies attain so much greater longevity -f n others are not altogether clear to * 2 idents. From data collected by natural- ih , a fairly reliable “life-expectancy” ta- 4 has been compiled for a large number animals. It reveals several points not nerally realized; for instance, that rth worms may linger for ten years or . re, some kinds of ants haye lived in ; | vity for ten to fifteen years and, , | ugh the queen bee is engaged in the | ost constant production of eggs, it es for four or five years, while the aver- - life span of the busy workers is not er six weeks. Elephants sometimes live be 200 vears old; tortoises, especially e giant species, to 300; carp and pike reach 150. Among birds, the crane 7 a life expectancy of forty to fiity the heron sixty; the owl sixty- t doves, ostriches and woodpeckers, ih tv to seventy. Domestic fowls may Football Meter with Sights for Quickly Lining Up the 2 7 Ball, to Gauge Its Position on Field e to be twenty years old; sheep ten to teen 5 di ws and wolves, ten io fifteen, METER TO LOCATE FOOTBALL nd cats nine to ten. Canaries attain the SAVES LINEMEN’S TIME e of twenty and more; mice commonly e three or four years, and horses may Determining the exact location of the ich forty or fifty. Fresh-water pearl football on the field after a play is some- ssels may live to be sixty or seventy times a difficult task, especially when the rs old, and crabs over twenty. side lines are obliterated by snow ———- water, but this task is now simple with the DOG WEE: DINE SIRNT FREER (BS OS specie micter which Bes ust Deen AT ENGLISH SHOW introduced. t is essentially a sigl ting de- vice with two legs resting on the ide | “The Jockey,” a French poodle, was lines to form right angles with the sight rded five first-place ribbons at a recent - above. With the meter in the proper po “ how in London tion on the ia ‘ e inst a number of Winner of Five First is moved “i ae hs - Prizes, the Long-Haired be S-Class Compet=- French Po dle the tip ot t lat tors. These dogs are n alinem«e sae believed to have been the sights e 2 developed from the side marl * ob - niels and are cured. « mn plinindil < acteri -d by their ng is le ed extremely long, curly Lid of two stakes 1s hair, intelligence and which are ce id vivacity. They are fa- lel to the P he vorites among circus it one end o d. trainers. Dogs are : . Geld The d es judged on forty or "2 d 4 Sem eter” is the invention } more points. == are — of two Iowa met

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msgs ~ on Mb n> > Ges satt . » os. «, ty,* Be ues ye at * Jet-Black Bird of Paradise Top Knot and the Two Long Quill-Like Feathers Growing from the Head; This Is a ewly Discovered Species with Green Breast and By HAROLD T. WILKINS EEP in the fastnesses of woods in the cannibal islands of the South seas, col- lectors risk their live something new and nery. The hunter runs the of death at the hands of daily s to supply more lovely in milli- double hazard unseen savages of the stone age, who shoot poisoned ar- from and of ruined from deadly fevers contracted in ugh tropic rows health wading dense thickets, thr swamps, where stinging insects try to keep him back from the remote haunts of the gorgeous bird of paradise. 799 4424 , ; 4 Around this El Dorad of the tropical bird wor legends have clusters thickly. The old Dut East India travelers these brilliant birds ha Sal neither wings nor feet and passed their lives 4 air, hanging by their wire tail feathers from the toy branches of some loft tree where they fed o1 the nectar of flowers. The hunter of the bir of paradise plunges int the tangled bush of and darkness about to reach New about o| s/f April aT-awa OT the f mountain the in a Guinea May, bit d magnificent dance, surrounded by hen male whirl vcolden far ad brown In miring mates plumage in the tree top The high prices put on the lovely have led the native hunter to kill the birds in manner. plumes a reckle ) 7 | apuan sell the skins to trader who give them opium in exchange. The lure of this drug led to the prac tical extinction of the beautiful blue “Rudolph” bird of pal idise, which haunts the coast regions, and now the hunter has to a8) far inland to reach the re mote forest-clad mountains where other lovely species of these birds live and dance In New Guinea, the birds are a mo nopoly of the chiefs of the coast tribes. the The white or yellow trader, o1 the birds for museums, from tribes the not to adventurous who buy them cheaply of mountain Papuans. the who collects British the easy scientist American his lane and enlists carriers of low s riers on an is get native car trip into the in

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in Ot Cannibals of the Aru Islands in the South Seas, Decked Out i King Bird of Paradise, Worn in the Annual or, because of their fear of the moun- neers, who are cannibals and the deadly enemies of the Papuans of the plains. Che first stage of the journey is by river Then the launch and 150 miles up country. e collector embarks ona teams for two davs upstream to where canoes will ferry him to the foot of the intait Hundreds of portages around pids will have to be passed, and many S ll be spent going around these ipids, on an ascent, which, on the return, be done in six hours. Wav back on the mountains, the love- est ecimens of the birds of p dlise will be found. At night. a cold, damp t comes up from the ground, and the trees and shrubs drip wet rhe mos- phere is that of a London fog re back in the stone age amon irmed with stone adzes, and bows and rows. Dense forests are all around, and dangerous precipices overlook swamps in- fested bv giant mosquitoes Each of the seventy-eight or so known species of the birds of paradise, ated by the English collector, Lor child, lives in a restricted area them have each a definite loca the mating season come in €a the male birds dance on tree spreading tops Ch dden low on the dark forest flo thi ugh the branches to witne dertul spectacle \ dozen birds, in full plumag out their wings, forming two go deep red at the ba id fading brown at the fine | ed n The birds keep e 1 out rizontall the ne bent rouns le the Yr fT) erected nto a ¢ etl tu l ibove the neg n this t dance up and down, entirely « ill danger \ Papuan bo tanding t the tall tree oot d afte ecting them the t enn » vethod n Headdresses Harvest of Priceless Feathers from the Cerem« nies

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7? fe POPULAR MECHANICS tives to kill or snare these birds are most ingenious. The great object of the native hunter is, of course, to prevent any possi- ble damage to the plumage. The lonely Aru islands, 250 miles west of Dutch New Guinea, are the home of several beautiful species of birds of para- dise. Here, about a dozen men, women and children occupy a shed in a clearing of a village in a swamp, which the trader reaches by canoe. The native hunters of the birds live in the jungle outside the vil- lage. A hunter builds a lofty hut in the branches of trees known to be frequented by the birds. At dawn, he climbs up into the fork of the tree to wait hidden behind a shelter of cunningly woven branches ind thatch. Just before sunrise, he hears loud cries resounding through the forest, and con- tinually changing their direction. It is the great king bird of paradise. Presently, the hunter catches sight of a golden star- bearing tail flashing in delicate flight across the tree tops. As soon as the bird Courtesy Dr. Ernst Hartert Newly Discovered Paradise Bird That Rivals the Peacock in the Brilliance of Its Green, Red, Blue and Purt Feathers; Above, the Red Bird of Paradise in Full Courting Plumage perches on the tree tops to peck at tl red fruit it loves, the hidden hunter let fly with a blunt-headed arrow, topped wit! a conical woven cap, which stuns the bir but does not pierce its flesh. Off the coast of New Guinea is the littl Waigiou island, the only home of the red bird of paradise, which the native catch in a very clever way. They know these wonderful birds are very fond of scarlet fruit. So the hunters fasten thi fruit to a stout forked stick, and, pro viding themselves with a fine strong cord, seek out a tree in the forest on which the birds perch. They climb up by hitching the stick to a branch, and then arrang: the cord in a noose so ingeniously that Courte M «& ¢

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POPULAR MECHANICS 725 en the bird flies down pm —___—___—_— he eat the fruit, its legs “f caught, and by pull- tl on the end of the rd rd, which hangs down the ground, the bird le trapped. he Organized drives on the e rds are arranged by the Ww tives, who pick out a a ely-looking place on is e saddle of the spur of ) ountain and then cut d. lane leading from it le ugh the trees of the 2 rest. The birds are re en left to get accus- it ‘med to this road rough the trees. One = iv, great nets are set up y t the end of the lane, nd shouting and whoop- the natives drive the rds down the cutting hrough the trees, until 5 they are beaten into the unnel-shaped nets. The eggs of the birds | paradise, with their trange markings, are a rare and coveted prize for the ornithologist and he museums. Fuzzy- eaded natives say the ird of paradise nests in n anthill, and never lays ore than one egg. Lord Rothschild, of ngland, has the world’s | biggest collection of skins Courtesy M & « ‘tf birds of pa radise Aru Native, Hidden in a Tree Fork beneath a Thatch Blind, Shooting King . ‘ . A Birds of Paradise with a Blunt-Tipped Arrow sused in the galleries of ie tamous zoological museum at Tring, the cable and the bit, fills the hole and { Hertfordshire. Many of the finest skins said to force the bit to cut straight throug] ive been acquired from traders in the ill obstructions, making a vertical hole ‘art of British and Dutch New Guinea. An additional feature is that ——— ee FrToove provides ample po Lore SPIRAL STEM FOR OIL-WELL BIT W2ter and aids in mixing the mud thor. INSURES A STRAIGHT HOLE oN ee ene ere not designed for the One of the difficulties in drilling oil pose of straightening crooked or flat ells is that when the bit strikes a for- but to prevent these trouble | mation that is harder on one side than on a the other, it glances off to the soft side, @ Music of the tree crickets pl vclur ed making a crooked hole. An improved _ by the insect drawing the right fore wing piral stem, or drilling connection between across the left

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726 POPULAR MECHANICS SCULPTURE AT BEACHES DEVELOPS ARTIST’S SKILL Samples of Sand Sculp bles, and Sand Was With a little care and patience, remark- ably accurate figures can be made from beach sand, moistened to the proper con- " sistency and not allowed to dry too soon. The turtle shown here was strong enough to carry the child’s weight, and more elab- orate representations are made with the help of a skeleton support. Addition of pebbles to the designs proved an effective way of outlining the figures. USE CAMERA IN WOOD GRAINING INSTEAD OF BRUSH To keep pace with the constantly grow- ing demand for the reproduction of wood graining on metal furniture and other ture at German Beach; the Designs Were Outlined in White Peb- Mixed to Proper Consistency to Assure Considerable Durability articles, the camera has been pressed into service to supplant the slower and more costly hand methods. A plate, thirty by eighty-seven inches in size, is employed to photograph various hardwood finishes. The pattern is then etched on a copper plate and over it is smeared a graining compound of the consistency of printers’ ink. An impression of the grain is taken from the plate on specially prepared com- position rolls which are used to transfer the pattern on the surface, already painted the color of the wood that is to be imitated. Another drying follows the transfer, and the article is placed in a ventilating booth and sprayed under pressure with lacquer or varnish which is finally baked on. The

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Oe eS a ), tographic process is used also in copy- marble patterns on slate and other ma- ils for soda-fountain and similar in- ations. ADIO PHOTOGRAPHS CONVEY NAVY ORDERS uccessful tests in sending photographs ritten orders by radio instead of by ind-dash messages, have been com ted between the U. S. S. “Seattle” and navy department in Washington, indi ng the possibility of this form of com inication for greater accuracy and se- There are three obstacles to the iediate adoption of the method on a e scale, however. The receiving and ling apparatus costs $13,000, the lipment is bulky and a message cover- a relatively small space requires an ‘to send. GAS IS CARRIED IN FLAT PIPES ACROSS AUTO ROAD How to install a gas main between the p of a subway and the street paving ove proved a problem in Cincinnati re- ntly, as there was only a foot of vertical ice available and sixteen-inch pipe was ng used. A solution was reached in a of flat, box-shaped steel conduits, re- ing but a few inches of depth. They re placed on the concrete roof of the vay and connected to the ground mains. Flat Gas Pipe and Its Connection with the Main Con- duit at Point of Crossing under Pavement POPULAR MECHANICS 27 Gauging Approximate Distance of Bus Routes with the Measuring Wheel; Meter at Top Records Mileage, Sav- ing More Elaborate Survey on Curves WHEEL THAT MEASURES MILES GAUGES BUS ROUTES —_— ‘ Bus-route distances are calculated in foreign city with the aid of a hand-pro- pelled wheel that carries a special spee ometer to register the miles One man runs the hee } ¢ ne é ' te do i | ] the stances be een point ihe device , espec neiptul in co Muting L : oe posed ¢ curves eee . . os +1 Killing moths with electricity and kero- } } 9—Ar ; ] rs ] ; sene as een succes u ona tru larim near Danville. Va he gardet ire J ior electric ights to attract the ft ymat Ori moths and, as they I close to the bulbs, they fall into pan ot kerosene piace | below t] e lamp Betor t ping method was adopted. approximatel 1 2 2% . — ha 1 orthe crop was st ine tari ner estimates +1} it a saving ot tt 7) Ss? OOO to S4 000 s been realize vent

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728 POPULAR MECHANICS for Landing-Field Type of Gas-Electric Light NEW INDUSTRY FROM SEAWEEI Tied Bencon Special Kid ik DEVELOPED IN CALIFORNIA f Fogs; the Rays Have Far Greater Mist Penetration than Ncoar.: | . _ y »] j 7 ee : Agar, a substance long used in medicir 3 Those of Ordinary Lights at , . S : S and in chemistry and now coming int \ demand as an auxiliary food product, being produced from seaweed along th: California coast, the in dustry promising a source: of revenue to gatherer of the weed and freein; the United States fro: dependence on Japan for supplies of the material The seaweed is dried it the open air, washed in wooden tanks and forked into wire baskets. A six- hour treatment and other processes follow, which vield the dried gelatinou PINKISH GLOW OF VAPOR LIGHT extract. The product is sacked for ship- TO CONQUER FOGS ment and is said to be superior to imported varieties as it contains fewer bacteria, is More effective aid for aviators while more uniform in quality and absorbs mor landing in fogs is promised in a beacon’ water,a characteristic which makes it use light being developed by eastern engineers. tul in various industries. It is a neon-gas type of lamp, affording i nination through the glow of the vapor a than by a filament, and the pinkish TOADSTOOL GARDEN CANOPY rather than Dy a nhiament, ane K1S % color of the light is said to be much more IS NOVEL DECORATION successful in penetrating fogs and mists. From the trunk of an old tree, some lumber, sheet metal and stucco, an Ohio man has fashioned a novel canopy for his END ‘ os ' JOB THAT NEVER S garden. It is shaped in the form of a It takes three vears for the steeple-jack giant toadstool, ten feet high and sixteen painters to cover the bridge over the Firth feet across. Below is a brick floor and of Forth and, when they have completed marble benches, arranged for it once, it is time to begin a. all over. Many of the men now working on it serving tea. Toadstool Shelter over Garden Seats, Formed from the Trunk of an Old Tree, Lumber, Sheet Metal and Stucco have been engaged since p 1890, when the bridge was opened. It is approxi- mately four mileslongand principally of steel, the area to be covered with paint being the equiva- lent of 135 acres. During the operation, trains are crossing every five or ten minutes, and a motor launch constantly patrols the waters beneath, to rescue any man who might fall.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 729 Old Sketch of the First Steam Locomotive to Haul Passengers for Pay Traveling on a Circular Track, inside a Stockade in London, Where an Enterprising Showman Earned Big Profits The Romance of Steam Power Pioneers Who Put Boiling Water to Work in Factory, Mine and on Rails Had Continuous Battle with Poverty 6 boris recent centenary of the death of Samuel Crompton at Bolton, Lanca- ire, Eng., where he did the experimental ork on his spinning “mule” and revolu- ionized the cotton industry of the world, ecalled, in its observance, the romance { the sudden rise of steam power, within few years at the end of the eighteenth ind beginning of the nineteenth century. All of the names that are associated vith the application of steam to work in factories, mines and on rails for trans- portation, also are associated with battles gainst poverty and the general apathy of the public. They include Edmund Cartwright, inventor of the loom in 1787; (Arkwright, who produced the spinning frame in 1769; the “spinning jenny” of Hargreaves, invented in 1770; John Kay’s fly shuttle in 1773; the Jacquard loom of 1806 and Crompton’s mule, which he per- fected in 1779. Like most inventors, he made little out of the invention, and though he lived ior forty-eight years after it was introduced and saw others make fortunes from it, he died at Bolton in ab- ject poverty. While these inventors were revolution- izing the textile industry for steam-power production, others were at work on trans- portation. James Watt’s first condensing steam engine became a success about 1776, and then, just before 1800, Richard Trev- ithick, of Cornwall, evolved the high-

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POPULAR MECHANICS

est pressure as compared to modern pr tice with high-tensile steel. The Trevitl boiler really made the locomotive possi! for with its invention it was feasible

—<——, develop the necessary power without \ excessive weight. He realized that, at once started building a model loco: re tive. On Christmas Eve, in 1801, he tr out a large locomotive which he had built in a blacksmith’s shop, and succee: in driving it up a hill and back again. A

other of his engines was driven throu : 7“ the streets of London in 1804, and t same year he built the first railway in t world, a ten-mile line serving a colli

‘= at Penydara Wales. The eng could drag the tr: * of small coal c ee! \ really wagons \ te flanged wheels, ae four miles an hou

The same ye another of his lox

pressure boiler. motives was sent Trevithick, though the northeast coa

his name is almost of England for tl! unheard outside en- Wylan colliery, gineering circles, where it was mod may be regarded as fied and improved one of the greatest by Hackwort!l engineers of all Hedley, Blenkinsop time. Like his father and Foster. Hedley before him, he was in 1816, constructed chief engineer at a the famous “Puff famous — mine i” ] Cornwall. He real- ized that the future of the steam engine depended on in- creasing the pressure to get more power for a given weight of engine. Watt insisted on five or six pounds’ pressure, and even tried to get a lav through parliament for- bidding the use of higher pressures as dangerous. ; _— , . revithick, however, UN ol b turned out the original I LV of all “Cornish” boilers /\y eS when he built one to op- ; | erate on more than twenty pounds to the At the Top Is Shown Trevithick’s First High-Pressure “Cornish” Boiler and square eae a very mod- in the Center, the Inventor, from an Oil Painting in South Kensington Mu- seum; at the Bottom, “Puffing Billy,” Built by Hedley in 1816

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POPULAR MECHANICS 731 silly,” now preserved in the South ngton museum. ough George Stephenson is popu- riven the credit for inventing the lo- tive, there were dozens in operation ort colliery roads before the Stock- ind Darlington railroad opened, in with his “Locomotion No. 1” as the e power. What Stephenson did do building the first engine used to haul engers, but the locomotive itself was <ture of Blenkinsop and Hedley’s ns, and contained all of Trevithick’s nal inventions, including the Cornish sauge glass to show water level, f the exhaust steam in the. flue, and flanged rails on which it ran. revithick had exhibited a large engine »ndon in 1809. He called it the “Catch- vho-can,” and showed it on a circular inclosed behind a high board fence, rging admission to see it and a shilling de for a trip.in the carriage which it w. Stephenson’s passenger train was first to travel between two nts, but Trevithick’s circular road was bably the first to receive pay for rides. ry: Like Crompton, Trevithick made little of his inventions, and died in poverty. given ides his work on the locomotive, he in- th nted the first steam dredge, the first im-driven threshing machine, and was first to try to tunnel under the Thames, rly losing his life in the attempt. | LAMP TO HEAT AUTO RADIATOR | PREVENTS CAR FREEZING Attachable to a lighting socket, a re- ‘tor lamp is hung by a chain from the idiator cap and keeps the water rom freezing. In unheated ga- ge, during cold eather, the car ill be safe, will tart more easily nd there will be consequent sav- ing on batteries by using this lamp, it is claimed. The reflector is in- and tended to insure distribution of the heat ~~ where it is most needed.

For Accuracy in Surveys; Rod Is Little Affected by Temperature Changes and Has Thermometer THERMOMETER IN LEVEL ROD AIDS ACCURATE SURVEYS For running fines to determine the ele- vation of points above sea level, the coast and geodetic survey employs a special rod that i length under the most trying conditions is said to change scarcely at all in of temperature and humidity. of invar alloy, and carries a built-in ther- mometer for temperature corrections HIGH-SCHOOL AVIATION COURSE TO PROMOTE FLYING Fundamentals of fiving will be taught to Chicago high-school students, ing to present plans of the board of educa- accord tion. Aviation and radio experts have been invited to assist in preparing a suit- t able course. The subjects will be made part of a general mathematics course. @.Buttercups and daisies are found in great profusion north of the Arctic circle.

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POPULAR MECHANICS is sometimes of benefit in destroying harmful in- sects. In certain locali- ties, trapping moles has proved a profitable under- taking, twenty often be- ing taken from one spot. THOUSAND LEPROSY CASES CURED IN FIVE YEARS Chat leprosy iS vield ng to science is shown reports from the Phil pine islands, where 1,000 cases have been cured the last many others kept und control. The has five vears and progre been attained Drawing Metal Fragments from Patient’s Eye with Aid of Special Magnet; reatment with a spec Current Is Turned On in Rim about Face 7 = a oil which has been fou METAL EXTRACTED FROM EYES 0 benefit in curing the malady. Sor WITH RING MAGNET One of the to the is a magnet for pulling out particles of metal that may become lodged most effective aids eye surgeon in the organ where they cannot be re- moved easily by other means. The pa- tient’s head is placed inside a ring, the current is switched on and a metal in- strument collects the fragments of me- 1 tallic substance that may be in the eye. TRADE IN MOLESKINS FOR FUR TOTALS MILLIONS YEARLY Once co1 Ae sidered chiefly 1e mole is now regal tant article in since the demand for its fur involves a more tl byiy yu sine in $2,000,000 in yuNtry annually. Che most desirable va- rietie 1 Oad, come from ab but more than $100,000 worth of raw American moleski1 have been markete or fur. While the animal works consid- erable injury to crops, it Novel and Useful, the Lemon-Shaped Refreshment Stand Closed to Protect Conter*s from Weather medical men declare that almost complete eradication of the disease will be possib e An asked United States to help fight the plague. within ten or twelve years. of $2,000,000 appropt ation was from the LEMON-SHAPED DRINK STAND HELPS DRAW CROWDS Thirsty traveling a hi in Oregon are attracted to a motorists highway refreshment stand, shaped like a huge lemon, at the of the road. It colored and is equipped with modern conveniences side is brightly for the serving of soft drinks. competes a . en we Can Be Tightly

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POPULAR MECHANICS N w w Primitive but Ingenious Weather Prophets; Atmospheric Changes Draw the Monk’s Cowl over his Head When Storms Come, Make the Weather-House Inmates Move, and Color the Weather Plant What You Can Believe about Weather Lore Many Proverbs, Proved to Be Useful Records of Human Experience, Tersely Put k )RECASTING weather must have heen one of the earliest forms of hecy. Even nowadays there is scarce lage community that has not its local and what the weather bureau calls meteorology.” Many of the proverbs rding the weather are the useful rec- of human experience, tersely put. Imost everyone knows, for instance, the amount of moisture in the atmos- re affords in some degree an indica- of coming weather. If the air is dry, re is prospect of clear skies; if increas- humid, rain may be expected. Dwellers along the seacoast of New land hang up a dried bunch of sea- to obtain advance notice of weather nges. When a storm is approaching, it mes damp and flabby. When it dries t, there is reason to expect clearing. here are a number of other weather- recasting devices which also depend for eir usefulness upon absorption of mois- with more than ordinary readiness. mong them is catgut, which is the oper- e element of the familiar toy called a eather house.” In Germany, where that kind of toy is le, the two figures that alternately come out of the doors are called the “little weather husband” and the “little weather wife.” With clearing weather, the woman appears; threat of a storm brings out the man. Both stand on a platform which is suspended by a string of twisted catgut. When the air turns moist, the catgut ab sorbs some of the wet and tends to un twist; when dry, it twists tighter. The platform turns responsively, the figures swinging in and out. Another contrivance is a figure repre senting a man in monkish costume, with a cowl. In moist weather, the cowl is drawn over his head, to protect him from the damp; when the skies are clearing, the cowl drops down behind. Again it is a concealed catgut string that pulls the hinged cow! over the monk’s head or al- lows it to fall back. Yet another is a manikin that lifts an umbrella over its head in anticipation of rain. Projecting backward from between its shoulders is a horizontal pin, to which a tiny umbrella is attached by its handle. Around the pin is coiled a long-beaked geranium seed. When the air is damp, the seed coils itself tightly and raises the nat umbrella to the vertical; as it grows dry,

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POPULAR A Live Frog in a Glass Jar Indicates Weather Changes, by Climbing the Ladder When the Look- out Is Fair, and Descend- ing before Storms; Right, a Chemical Barometer in the Form of a Flower the seed uncoil $ and the umbrella drops to the rear. In Germany and Switzerland a liv ing four-legged prophet is commonly kept in houses to tore tell atmospheri changes. It 1 ‘ little green tre its dom rog, and piece of muslin tied on with a string, to prevent the prisoner's es cape j ler l. mall lad When bad weather is in prospect, frogg In the jar is placed a avs at the bottom With clearing skies e ladder, and if the dav is FO- ing to be fine, it ascends to the top, out An Australian, named Nowack, spent a fortune in trying to persuade the world of : rtain ecasting. It was the “pater When the outlook is for fai With iseiulness of a_ ce plant for ] noster pea.” weather, its leaves stand upright. MECHANICS approaching rain they decline. If a storm is coming, they hang straight d Nowack claimed that the plant w foretell earthquakes. Familiar in our weather-predicting their own country devices which invention to a Lenoir. artificial manikin. Frenchman na form oO! flower or the dress of a fe They may take the The flower or the dress is n of paper treated with a chemical solut of which the principal ingredient is c! ride of cobalt. It is blue when dry, changes to lilac and then to pink with creasing moisture in the atmosphere. The farmer, the sailor, and the fis] man are stanch lievers in ‘ weat ‘signs,’ some which ire fairly 1 liable, possess no val whatever. In 1- - latter while othe + category notion, commo!l held, that thi husks on ears corn portend a c inter. If acort are unusually ple: tiful, there is a | Mat people hay e fit prospect. The Wild-Oat Butterfly Changes the Position of It Wings When Rain or Shine Is the Prospect

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POPULAR MECHANICS ‘ ‘,oosebone’’—the breastbone the se eaten at Thanksgiving—which, and solid, means a hard winter If thin, the weather will be mild; ed, it will be changeable. _there is a popular beligf that musk- ld their houses earlier when a inter is in prospect. In like case, id, the opossum takes up winter rs underground, whereas, if the is going to be mild, a hollow tree erred. Squirrels are alleged to store quantities of nuts in expectation re than ordinary cold. ne of these ideas seems to have any in fact. Nor is there any good rea- r believing that pigs “smell” an ap- ing storm. Insects, however, are moded by condensation of moisture eir hairs. Hence bees, sensitive to rease in humidity that precedes a return to the hive to escape get- vet. It is true also that swallows fly efore a storm, and they do so be- e the insects fly low, the air near the nd being less humid than aloft. collection of weather proverbs made he weather bureau shows that such rs contain much sound sense, based st of them are upon correct obser- mn. This remark applies particularly tmospheric phenomena. Where the enly bodies are concerned, popular ns regarding their influence upon her are said to be erroneous. The non belief that the moon exercises or less control over the weather is ly unsupported by scientific fact. Nevertheless, the moon is not without efulness for weather observation, in- uch as its appearance varies with at- pheric conditions: “If the moon show a silver shiel Be not afraid to reap your field. But if she rises haloed arout Soon we'll tread on deluged ground.” he “silver shield” indicates a dry at- phere, promising clear weather for the t day. The “haloed” appearance be- kens a moist atmosphere, suggestive of ming rain. he “new moon with the old moon in its rms” has long been accepted as a sign coming fair weather. And rightly so, ismuch as the phenomenon is only vis- le when the atmosphere is very dry. “J i) 7 DRINKING GLASS WON’T SPILL IN ANY POSITION Designed especially for the convenience of travelers and sick persons who must remain in reclining position while drink- Drinking Glass with Spout Prevents Spilling; a Spe- cially Desirable Feature When Traveling ing, a glass introduced by a Paris physi- cian has a spout-shaped top which is said to prevent spilling the contents. It may be used with ease on rough sea voyages a weil as in the sick room, and when upright and in a stationary position it keeps the liquid from spilling TRAIN IS ANNOUNCED BY BUGLE AS SUBSTITUTE FOR VOICE Passengers, awaiting the departure of the Broadway limited from the Pennsvl- vania station in New York, are not likely to miss the train through at oversight in the announcement of its leaving lo summon travelers to the gates, a bugle blows the army assemblv call five time trom three different places in the station, and one minute before the train depart the forward call is blow n from a po it on near the coaches. The innovation has at 1 tracted wide attention throughout t huge terminal and suggests an earlier time in transportation, when horns were used on horse-drawn stagecoach route

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POPULAR MECHANICS ing the Horn was told recently by members , the ship’s crew. The tor, A. S. Hethrin was on his way to | land for the first after being graduated from Dunedin univer in New Zealand, \ the fireman’s illness reported to him. E; ination that operation was neede show ed once. Converting steamer’s dining into an operating ri and enlisting the sery of a woman passen had been a nui and two of the ship’ - who ficers, the surgeon n the incision with a of scissors after admit - tering ether and chi form to the pati- through a tea strait covered with a towel patient’s tongue wa mobilized pin, with a safet the was kept open with bent spoons, and woul clothes pegs Roped Together for Safety, These Workmen Are Polishing Some of the 100,000 Pieces of Glass in Roof of Crystal Palace CLEANING “MOUNTAIN” OF GLASS REQUIRES EXPERT CLIMBERS While overhauling and cleaning the 100,000 pieces of glass that make up the London, like Al- exercise the falls that would probably have been disastrous to life, and property roof of the Crystal Palace in workmen together pine climbers and had _ to skill in were roped ecreatest order to avoid as well. The inspection is made once a year. DOCTOR OPERATES WITH SPOONS TO SAVE SEAMAN’S LIFE How a ship’s surgeon, using such crude ty pins and ks, performed an emergency op- safety implemet as meat ho eration for appendicitis on a spoons, fireman of while round- 1 the steamer “Port Auckland” meat hooks. The instru ments were sterilized boiling water from tl! cook’s galley. Although the vessel's e1 gines were stopped, there was considet ble movement of the ship because of tl waves, yet the operation was successful completed after nearly three hours, POCKET CANOE SPONSON ENDS DANGER OF “SPILLS” Ordinary canoes can be quickly tran formed into “unsinkable” boats by attac! ing inflated rubbe se supports ‘o the The bag are of cloth and rubber, about four feet long and si» inches wide, and can easily be blown up with the breath. When deflated, they fit in the pocket. sides.

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Ot Nn, ed TY) | e + nN fe ul be nt al stru 11 ly t] el eTa t] ‘ull an ach bber the ag and four Six and be ted, POPULAR MECHANICS 737 -UIT RIPENED MORE QUICKLY BY STORING IT IN GAS placing fruits and vegetables in an osphere of ethylene gas and air in the irtion of one part to 1,000 by volume, innesota professor has developed a for ripening the products more y and preserving and improving rcolor. The treatment is not injurious he articles or to the consumer and is expensive. Tests with it have shown celery can be bleached in twenty to ty hours; bananas, tomatoes and mel- are ripened in forty to fifty hours green fruits can be kept in storage ver without fear of spoiling. The ts and vegetables are kept in gas-tight lars at a temperature of sixty degrees hrenheit and about thirty-five cubic feet ; is sufficient to treat twenty to forty oads of products, it is said. GLASS PATROL ON MOTOR ROADS SAVES AUTO TIRES One of the latest aids to motorists in lifornia is a special patrol service to re- lass from the high- A man with motorcycle and side- e bits of broken 2 keeps constant vigil over the roads, eeping up fragments of glass, etc., that | re likely to puncture tires. The pian no doubt, save autoists thousands of rs annually. Ladder for Washing Overhead Street Lamps Does Not Obstruct Traffic, and Saves Time TELESCOPE LADDER SIMPLIFIES STREET-LAMP CLEANING Street lights in Switzerland are kept ciean yy Irequent Ww iungs, and one i the aids to the work 1 portable vie ee rs ‘ Scop o iciae j Is € € n r folded up d is so secure 1 . ‘ the workman can safely mount rig does not obstruct trathe POSSUM CARVING ON CATHEDRAL LATEST DECORATION IDEA rious forms of animal and t lite wit nm tie ea r¢ ec] ) é motits on the é S Pe 1 \\ S ) I). ¢ ' 1s to ive if ke Ss « l ( re unde Ly s captured on t cathe 1 ¢ df i cu to \\ chi the hy dit ( ' +

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One Small Section of the Crowd Which Swept through the Police Lines at Croydon Field, don, to Greet Col. Just Outside Lon- Charles Lindbergh When He Landed in the British Capital By DONALD E. KEYHOE MERICAN commercial aviation, until recently a topic of idle will lead the world within a fev years, according to Col. Charles A. Lindbergh, transatlantic flight hero. “Of course, no one can accurately fore- cast the final effect of aviation upon the vorld,” he said. “We can go ahead a few years and sho V the ve neral trend bevond that, but no one can tell just how far flying ll take us. “Tt will h ave a great effect, just as h: ive teamships, railroads automobiles. But I believe the change will come more quickly, because the airplane has devel- oped more rapidly. In less than twenty- five vears it has grown from the crudest experimenta! stage to a safe, reliable car- rier with many conveniences and com- forts. He turt to a table on which was spread a map of the world. “The best basis for estimating the fu- ture is to look at the present. You can 738 Copyrighted, 1927, by P« a u lar Mechanics see that Europe seems to have everythi1 its own way in regard to commercial line On many of these lines they are usi1 large multi-engined cabin ships, equippe as comfortably as Pullman cars. The run on regular schedules and are used travelers just as we use our own trai! in the United States “The real reason for their success that they ments. their European is subsidized from fifty are subsidized by govern Almost every comme oi ie cial line per they ninet Natural! successful, the do not have to worry about overhead and deficits.” He drew the map closer and indi the United States, over which a network of airlines was drawn. “This country office department to cent of have its operat ing cost. been very for cated smaller began slowly. The post established an air-mail line in 1919, from which grew the trans- continental route. This line has been very successful. It is the backbone of Magazine

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. ed ler st ail 1s- en of L of present contract air-mail system, as ost all other routes feed into it from lving sections. The mail airways now er between 7,000 and 8,000 miles, and er 16,500 miles are flown daily on these es. This is regular, scheduled flying, does not include miscellaneous opera- ns, such as photographic work, cotton ting, sight-seeing, taxi work and sim- +? projects. (hese lines are the basis of the future passenger lines. Even now, some hem carry passengers, and others are nning such service. Five lines are be- ning express service. New routes are ng established to transport mail, ex- ss and passengers, so that. by -end of 1927, there will be over 1000 miles of airways, and more n 22,000 miles flown daily—on hedule.” “What kinds of planes will be ed on these lines?” I asked. “Modern ships,” he answered th emphasis. “On a few routes il alone be carried, but st contractors are trying to in- “44 lil lude passengers and express. On horter runs, or in starting new nes, small ships may be used, uch as single-engined cabin or pen types capable of transport- from two to four passengers besides the pilot. As the traffic nereases, and on the longer lines, hese will eventually be replaced multi-engined planes with cabins, equipped with heat- (wre VIATION windows, comfortable seats and many other conveniences. Such ships are now in existence and are in use on a few routes.” “Hasn’t most of this sudden increase of aviation interest followed your transat- lantic flight?” I suggested. “Each one of the recent flights has had a part in arousing interest,’ Col. Lind- bergh countered. “The people of the United States may be fairly said to have become ‘air-minded.’ However, this could not have happened if our natural progress did not warrant it. It is not a boom which vill let down in a short time. The chang: . 1 ; 1 . . } is here. People are ready to fly and to use airlines as fast as they are established. Capital has been quick to note tl of the public, and is ready to back new ind ventilating devices, wide “Lindy” Ready to Take Off in a Fast Army Which He Flew from Washington t

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740 ee eet Ambassador Myron T. Herrick Pointing to ‘‘Lindy’s’’ Cross of the Legion ‘ Conferred by the President of France ot Honor, routes as rapidly as they are advertised for mail contracts. The industry is advanc- ing SW iftly hy Enthusiasm began to show in Col. Lind- bergh’s manner and his tone as he went deeper into his favorite subject. “The government should be credited for the’ increase in public confidence, at least to a large degree. The dep irtment of com- merce has done valuable work in estab- lishing lighted and marked airways, sim- i ilar to the greater portion of the trans- continental. The resulting night flying will speed up business mail from all! parts of the country. “For example, take the line which is now being lighted from New York to Atlanta, ] 1 it 1 1d which will soon commence operation. A letter mailed at the end of the business day in New York will be in Atlanta by six o'clock next morning. It will immediately be transferred to another mail plane, which will give delivery during the early part of the business day at Jacksonville, Miami and other Florida cities. Similar cases are found in the he Twin Cities, feeder lines from Dallas, Boston, t St. Louis, De Angeles, troit, Pittsburgh, Pasco, Los numerous cities be- All the San Seattle and terminals. cities on the transcontinental, from tween these Francisco POPULAR MECHANICS to New York, benefit this efficient mail servic He paused -for a 1 ment. “What about I inquired. “The pub is still hazy about tha “Regular safet commer: flying is safe,” he re p “Alm service with conviction. all scheduled given by licensed plans operated by licensed lots maintained licensed mechanics. T] is required in interstat and commerce by federal la Even in intrastate coi merce, pilots must o federal air-traffic rul and planes must be identification numbet The end of the reckle gypsy flyer with his u: safe plane is in sigl State laws will probably be passed requ ing federal licenses, or the equivalent, a1 other - + r ] S ose 1- concurring with federal air law “Most of the accidents have been du to unsafe equipment and inexperience pilots—that is, in commercial aviation. | military work and experimental flying cer which are not Straight flying tain risks are necessary part of commercial flying. in a commercial ship is as safe as ridin in an automobile, and often more so.” “M iny people believe that the airplane is a fair-weather craft,” I told him. “W1 is your opinion of that?” “Airplanes can fly now under all co ditions but in sleet,” he stated. ~ sweet forms on the wings and changes the ca! ber, in addition to increasing the weig Heating the wings or some other metho will change that. The only other difficult is flving in fog. The actual flying is no hard. for with modern instruments a pil lard, TOT with modern instrumen a pl can take off today and flv without seei eround or sky for a long time. In land ing, however, he has trouble. This latte | Sn wilt te sie = Res ES | obstacie will be overcome in the near Tu ture by radio signals, fog-piercing light: special altitude instruments or some other means. The radio beacon is a great help in fog,as a pilot can tell when he is even slightly off his course on either side.”

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rhts ther help ven POPULAR MECHANICS 741 le Mrs. Coolidge, at the Left, Smiles Broadly and Distinguished Flying Cross from indbergh stopped and considered t econds t is a general picture of our com- il aviation today,” he continued It | grown up on the solid tion ot private enterpris No e pu is realizing its value, and 9 1] orting I comiunercia ving will ipi¢ this as a foundation, we can st1 i survey of the immediate iuture. in the next few years a very complete k ot mail, passenger and express ll cover the United States, connect- h Cay 1 and lexico Che most be used, and will be nsed pilots oi long experience 1 ¢ trict regulation Thev will e Ci\ r lanes, which will be Linly ed an ehted, with landing fields at Is nece iry Tto1 atet Che o1e t will be r-marked, so that day o| pilot r€ able to te here ie; Cxkcevi en isibilit is ery Then the radio beacon and othet signals will be used xperts l provide complet weather t and reports tor anv desired route His Mother Looks President rairport on + tHyine nt Ul it i~ L( } ? ly rm ; ) niorma ‘ ° t - } ¢ Lie iI1f DY i( the | il t e Tlé t | iccordin \\ . ° T 4 | t i 6s] cout! \ ¢ ng c é 7) eciTs Ly ] Ot t e i€a t ~ , t ne orn +1 ? cause tire 1t0O ) ing

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742 POPULAR MECHANICS favorable that, | ng distances between important busi- nations because of its graphic situation. By mean ness centers, and the good flying country Also, the high value Amer- icans place on their time will help, as will our efficient production methods. Manu- facturers today cannot keep up with the demand for planes. them into intervening. This will soon force quantity production, putting the aeronautic industry in its rightful po- sition.” “You have been quoted in various ways in regard to transoceanic flight.” I re- marked. “What is your idea of this?” “Transoceanic flight will not be regu- larly established for several vears.” he answered. “There is need for more re- search, and for development of special sery ice. used, with fueling for that bly flying boats will be planes intended Proba- some them at sea. Land ships will probably not be used, as this would be reliable means of about the same as using seaplanes for regular service across the continent. Commercial operations in the Atlantic will come before such activity in the Pacific, of the greater business over the Atlantic.” os ] Mainiy pecause “Beyond the immediate future. what do vou think ay l a iation will mean?” was my next question. Col. Lindbergh hesitated. “That is slowly. hard to say,” he answer “Of course, we shall have hea air traffic. It will bring difficulties in ha dling, particularly as to air tudes, parking of aircraft and other lated matters, but all these will be solv: because of the necessity. lanes, alt Air commuti: will become customary, I believe, probably living in the open country Real-estate values } be more popular. | be changed, and open stretches betwet neighboring cities may become very settled. Communities will naturally brought closer together, and all busine will be transacted more efficiently throu speedy communication and travel. airplane will never entirely supplant railroad or the automobile, + t however, each has its own place in our lives. | be a good, safe carrier, ready to serve an one who demands speed.” “There is touched,” | commercial one have 1 matter you “That is aviation on said. the effect preparedness.” He considered carefully before answet ing this. “Building up of commercial aviation w certainly give us more protection by ad ing to our air resources,” he said at last “By having the means to enforce respect von we shall keep out of trouble. vet — When He Was Just “Slim,” a Mail Pilot, Waiting in New York for Favorable Weather to Hop Off for Paris in the “Spirit of St. Louis,” the Plane That Is to Be Presented to the Smithsonian

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POPULAR MECHANICS 743 . ' —_ —_— a ild realize that com- l-airplane factories be available for turn- it military planes 11 tv should arise ercial ips them- | es will not be ot much war planes, but no t change in machin- will be required to n out military types, er factories are built forces of designers constructors are led in that particular rk. “In addition, commer- pilots could be iined for military fly- without much dith- iltv. In this way com- ercial aviation is certain ve of great value by eeping us supplied with means for aerial pro- tion.” “With these great de- ‘lopments in aviation, ere should be many op- rtunities for young en,” I said. “What is our advice to those who ould like to take up that L rk 2?” “That depends on each “Lindy,” Leaving the Tomb of the Unknown with Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Rockent se,” he replied. “If a in wished to follow the engineering not fly alone until 1923, at Americus, G | construction phase, he would be best In fact, I had not been in a ship for ovet tted by attending a college or university six months before the day I soloed.” hich gives a complete aeronautical-engi- “Don't you think this ‘] t eering course. There are several of these perience helped you in learning to fly?” I iready. If he wished to get into actual interposed. Phat he time whet fiving, he might try the army-cadet course, were not at the contro hich is as complete as any in the world. “Yes, it did,” he replied. “I thinl If the age limit or the lack of vacancies time put in as a passenger help ( - revented this, he could try one of the va- dent flyer. It take he te ious commercial schools.” strangeness and makes him more “In your own case, though, didn’t you’ in the air. I know many instructor - follow this method for some time prior agree with me, but I think eve: to your first flight?” I inquired. a passenger in a cabin plane has its Col. Lindbergh grinned frankly at this. He paused and smiled reminiscenth “Yes, I did some ‘barnstorming’ and “T was thinking of mv first solo,” ‘gypsy’ flying before I soloed. It consisted explained. “Of course, no pilot ever for- in parachute jumping, wing walking and gets that. I had bought an army ‘J , cross-country flying. My first instruction JN-4) at Americus, and ha was at Lincoln, Nebr., in 1922, but I did sembled. No one paid much atte

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744 POPULAR me, because I was supposed to have soloed before. I started to take off plane was ready, but the air bumpy and I found I] retained the full feeling of control, so I decided to wait until there was less wind. when the was rather had not “Luckily, another pilot at the field gave me a ‘check’ hop, during which I made several landings. flight confidence, so that, calmed a little toward evening, I made ready to take off. “There was an unusual incident in that first The first few minutes went all right. 1 took off careful without That brought back my sense and also my when the air flight which few people know. ly and climbed gently, any steep turns. My confidence grew with every second, and [ began to feel verv glad that I had at last reached this moment, my first time alone in the air— but just then the started to cut out. “T was directly over the field. the ship down, wonder- ing whether | motor sputtered and center of the I remember nosing would be able to make a safe land- ing, for it looked as though my first would be a forced one. It seems funny now, for the field was big enough to put any plane down, but it wasn’t funny then. While I was still figuring what to do, the engine picked up again. That made me feel better, for the roar of your engine is a great comtort to that you on first solo hop. “Atter about minute fifteen I throttled down and glided in for my first landing. It was all right at least | was able to take off and try again. | made several short hops that when darkness came.” evening, stopping “One more question,” [ requested. “Do you think the average can learn to fly, or man does it take especial skill?” “I believe the average MECHANICS man can learn to fly without difficulty wit the present plane. Also think that learning will be easier in t} future, when controls will be simpler a: planes will be built which will not st or spin under any circumstances. For m itary flying, I think more than ordina: instinct is Some people born flyers and there will be more such commercial necessary. the future, but even now the average ma can make a good pilot.” PARCEL CHUTE AS CHILD’S SLIDE GIVES FUN AND EXERCISE From an old package chute, taken fro Los | children’s slide which has proved popul I a store, a Angeles man fashioned in his neighborhood. The only work quired was to build supports to hold tl metal trough upright and to erect a stair way to the top. A pile of sawdust at th 1 } I bottom serves as a cushion. No Longer Useful for Store Purposes, This Parcel Chute Has Been Put to Good Services on Children’s Playground

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POPULAR MECHANICS rCcH THE FATHER OF STEAMBOAT Vhile the invention of steamboat is popu- associated with the trip of Robert Ful- “Clermont” from York to Albany 11, 1807, disclosed t John proof has showing Fitch was of Fulton by at \ twenty years with mer that was a me- cal success, although led to win its in- tor the recognition his successor attained. Walter W. on, of the Massachusetts Institute lechnology, that, bv the legislatures of New Jersey, Del- re and Pennsylvania had voted Fitch lusive rights in navigation by steam has discovered fire,’ and that a committee of the New legislature in 1817, that , in substance, “the ention patented by Fitch in 1791.” Ac- declared, ton’s steamboat was ling to Gov. W. J. Fields of Ken- ky, there is a letter in the records of ngress showing that Fulton himself ognized Fitch as the inventor of the mboat. On Aug. 22, 1787, according data gathered by Mr. Jamison, Fitch ed out his third steamboat on the Dela- re river before members of the consti- onal convention, but the speed of four es an hour did not interested in satisfy those finan- aren An Ary Cramped But It Proved a Goo One for Marksman LEG STRAP HELPS MARKSMAN TAKE ACCURATE AIM What is the best position for accurate rifle shooting? A British marksman dem onstrated that departure from c onven tional form is sometimes effective, if it af fords a steady support for the piece and a good view of the sights. A st ap fa tened to his right leg and held between his teeth braced him while firing. BEAUTY CREATED FROM CACTUS BY UNIQUE CRAFT To most persons, the 7 ] ° the deserts 18 a fiant worthless growth, ! an Arizona craftsman, 1 the plat project. Next he succeeded building a | essel, and it made les with thir issengers in three id one-quarter hours, but still the peed did not meet ith the approval of those backing the undertaking. Fitch's later eiforts met with financial fail- of livelihood and furnishes the materials from which he makes beautiful and useful ( ( al S cus] = nsand many othe irticles are imot the things he con- Structs, an ome ol the produ r iurther « ted by meat Ol Oc- ess he has discov- ered for plating the material with metals, such as cop- ‘r, gold and silver. { | He has followed the ‘alt for vears and ure, and he died in disappointment. Created from Cactus, Lamp Shades and Bases of Desert Growth Make Unique Decorations rds at the Chicago world’ won awa s fair. tly 745 y Position, |

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FEN avy oh ihe ee Taking the Air ip IK epochal flights across the seas, three to France and two to Hawaii, last spring revived again the recurrent laims that forty-million-dollar battleships e obsolete and that the war of the fu- ture will be fought in the ait A fleet yf mediut er coast-defense ubmarines to protect principal ports ival t surprise attack, and a vast fleet of { ne f te! to cat on the war in the air, are that is needed in the way of a he enthusiasts. But eading naval authorities, while giving full credit to the marvelous performances of Lindbergh, Chamberlin, Byrd, Maitland and Smith, refused to be disturbed by the liate revolution in naval warfare. For. the hold the deve opment oO} air- craft, which has been s t and startling, is not an indication that battleships are doomed, but that battleships, in conjunc- tion with aircraft and utilizing the services that aircraft n perform, will become more and more deadly as weapons in fu- ture wars. And to accomplish that union on of Seaplanes, Speeding across San Diego as the Eyes of the Pacific Pre- say in Perfect V-Formation, Battle Fleet of sea and air, they have quietly been rev- olutionizing the surface ships, while speed- ing the development of faster, bigger and better-armed planes. Owing to the disarmament reached at Washington, little has been done to develop the world’s navies in ac- cordance with the lessons of the World war and to utilize aircraft to the best ad- vantage, for it has prevented the building of a single post-wat ittleship in the United States and only four have been built abroad, the “Rodnev” and “Nelson” in England and the “Mutsu” and “Na- gato” in Japan. But the United States within a few months, will have added to its fighting fleet the last word in airplane the powerful and might and “Saratoga” Their keels wv Washington conierence, at 4 carriers, when “Lexington” into com- £0 laid before the had ould have mission. ere that treaty not been signed, they w been completed as great $1 000 battlecruiser rivals of England's ton largest warship in the world. the treaty terms which under permitted

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POPULAR MECHANICS 747 New Ships of the World’s Three Greatest Navies; the Japanese Battleship ‘“Nagato,”” Top, Showing the Tripod-Supported Conning Tower; America’s New Aircraft Carrier ‘“‘Lexington,” as She Will Appear When Commissioned, Looking Like a Mam- moth Submarine, and Bottom, the Bow of Britain’s Aircraft Carrier ‘‘Furious.”’ Looking Up to the Airplane Landing Deck

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748 POPULAR MECHANICS england to complete the “Rodney” and “Nelson” and scrap four or five older bat- tleships, the United States was allowed to change its plans and complete the pair as aircraft carriers. When they go into commission, the American navy will have three of the finest floating aircraft hangars in the world, including the “Langley,” which was con- structed from the old fleet collier “Jupiter.” Few laymen realize the fact that the United States is leading the world in de- velopment of its seagoing air force. Every major battleship and cruiser is equipped with planes and a launching catapult. England has just begun to experiment with catapults, and the rest of the world lags far behind, whereas we have had them for several vears. We have the only sub- marines equipped with their own scout- ing planes, carried in water-tight steel drums on deck and capable of being as- sembled and launched in five minutes. We have the fastest naval pursuit planes in actual service, the highest-climbing planes, the fastest-climbing planes, and the great- est load carriers for their speed and “ceil- ing’ —all records that were being set while oo cneseiiniainaetgiiediiane a the transatlantic flights were on, and the: fore almost totally overlooked in the g« eral excitement tacular feats. over ~ those more sp The aircraft carriers are the most wei and wonderful ships that ever put to s lo get the maximum width of flying dec! they are built with an enormous flare, ar all the superstructure, control roon smokestack, wireless masts and other a cessories are placed far over at one sick to leave the deck clear. vators lift the planes deck below, bringing Huge freight el from the hang them up throug! great trapdoors, completely assembled a1 Below this deck is an air plane factory and machine shop, capal of rebuilding an entire plane, or makin any necessary repairs. ready to fly Even the lifeboat and tenders have been moved from the davits and are carried slung in reces along the side of the hull in the “Lexing ton” and “Saratoga.” Though they i ficially rank as airet carriers, both vessels are well armed, wit! double turrets destri vers O r fore and aft, so that the t scout are capable of standing fa | | b Cross Section of a British Submarine in the Act of Diving, Showing the Entire Crew ‘at Stations Rudders Set to Force the Ship Down and a Torpedo Being Shoved into Its Tube , the Diving > r

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POPULAR MECHANICS 749 Vhile the aircraft carriers have been ling, the rest of the fighting fleet been modernized and equipped to hstand attack by hostile airplanes. iter deck armor to resist bombs pped from above, bigger and better ti-aireraft guns, replacement of the old- e Lasket masts with trimmer, more ef- ent-looking tripods supporting the con- towers and the fighting tops, the nge-finding compartments, gun-control ms and other superstructures, are some he changes being made, along with ele- on of the guns to permit firing at a her angle and, therefore, at considera- longer distances. Che new British and Japanese battle- ps, however, show to an even greater ree the lessons learned at Jutland. hile naval critics still disagree as to who n that battle, even the most partisan ritish writers have admitted that the erman fleet apparently had better fire ntrol. In the “Nelson” and “Rodney,” nd in the two Japanese ships, greater at- ntion has been paid to the superstruc- re, which houses the eyes of the ship, nd, in doing so, some of the supposedly basic rules of naval architeesure have been cast by the board. The two British ships are surmounted by eight-story armored towers, as big as an eight-story apartment house, and pre- senting an equally good target to the enemy. To protect such a tower from be- ing blown to pieces, the ship carrying it must be faster than anything it meets and its guns must have a longer range. The American naval experts have not yet ac- cepted the armored-tower idea, and it re- mains to be seen, when new battleships are built after the Washington agreement expires in 1931, whether they will follow the British and Japanese lead. Since long before the time of Capt. Ma- han, U.S. N., who wrote the book that still remains the leading textbook of sea fight- ing, it has been an axiom of naval strategy that the best defense is a strong offense. The “Rodney” and “Nelson” are the last words in that theory, for they are built to make an attack and’ not to run away. Their heavy batteries, nine sixteen-inch guns, are concentrated forward in three triple-gun turrets, while the stern is pro- tected only by six pairs of six-inch rifles trated News This Is a Composite Picture of Boats of Various Types and Does Not, Reveal the Secrets of the Latest Big British Submarines; Note the “Jumping Wire’ to Clear Submarine Nets

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750 POPULAR MECHANICS ] 000,000. Her decks | protected with a bon proof coating of hay ened steel. Internal bu heads and walls and ternal blisters, or bulges, enable withstand the simultan: ous shock of four torps does exploding at tl Same time. A single funnel, behi: the armored connin 1 | tower, serves all he boilers. Behind it is single mast, a tripod sup porting a single pole while four horizontal arms, stretching out, fro the tripod top carry the ends of a maze of vertical wireless aerials. } . 1 “ a J It is in the armored Plane Landing on the U. §. S. “Langley”: Lower Deck, and the Small Net Is for the Lan Big Wire Net Protects the tower, however, that t] ling-De 7 to Dods nt ' . 7 ing-Deck Crew to Dodge Into interest of naval design- mounted in three pairs on either side, to ers centers. The first two of its eight keep off the destroyers and scout cruisers floors provide sleeping quarters for the which might attempt to harry the stern officers and men who must be constant] and side With a length of 702 feet, a within reach of the control compartments. beam of 106 feet, and carrying a crew of The third floor corresponds to the con- 1,300 officers and men, the “Nelson,” first ning tower of present warships, and con of the pair commissioned, cost about $35,- tains the navigating instruments, the steer- Se i} @-. 3525mu Assembled in Five Minutes fro This Tiny Pl n Parts Carried in the Big Steel Tank on the Deck of the Submarine “S-1,” ne Is Ready to Take the Air as Its Mother Ship Submerges

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POPULAR MECHANICS vheel, engine-room tele- s, and signal systems, tele- es and loud speakers com- cating with every part of the el. The next story is for the in, navigator and their tele- ne operators and messengers. ve them is the signaling po- wireless and radio-tele- ne operators. Next come the nery assistants, who work out necessary paper calculations regulate the gun fire. The n calculating station, receiving phonic reports from aloft, is ected far below the water line. seventh story of the tower is iside for the officers and men se duties require a full view ind the horizon, so that they instantly calculate the posi- course and speed of the my ship. The topmost floor uses the fire directors, and, in e new British ships, a single tel- copie sight in the direction sta- n may be trained on the enemy, |, through electrical connec- ns, it automatically lays every on the target, while the fire rector, by pressing a button, can the entire broadside at the irk. The gunners themselves ivy never see the target, and have othing to do but load the gun, ean and reload, while the ob- erver far overhead does the ac- tual directing and firing. the “Nelson” and “Rodney” present what can be done with- the present limitation on size, but, un- the disarmament treaty is renewed or extended in 1931, there is no limit to what ay be done in the future. Ships of 000 tons instead of the 35,000 of the two iritish battleships and the 41,000 tons of he battlecruiser “Hood” are quite feasi- ble. With that extra weight, immensely heavier deck armor to resist aerial bombs, ide armor to withstand gun fire, and un- derwater protection against torpedoes are quite possible. Such a ship would cost o much that the price would be prohibi- tive to all but the most wealthy nations— in fact cost is the only limiting factor, out- side of disarmament treaties—on the de- Eight Stories High and Violating, Because of Its Vulnerability, All the Accepted Rules of Naval Architecture, the Armored Control Tower of the “Nelson,” Her Sister Ship, the “‘Rodney,”’ England’s Newest Warship, and, with the Biggest Battleship Afloat velopment of a navy that could withstand aerial, surface or sub-sea attack. Naval constructors, however, are con- sidering the possibility that the next war will introduce weapons unused in the last one. Poison gas, for example, was not tried at sea, despite the fact that the ability of a fast warship to maneuver to wind- ward of the enemy renders it quite easy to lay down an invisible screen which would be carried downwind with trous results. To meet the threat of such an attack, ships are being equipped with powerful air fans, capable of directing such a blast against every opening in the hull that gas fumes could not enter. Such disas-

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(de POPULAR MECHANICS 1 ilreac e in use in the gun turret shock of the recoil of even to prevent the dangerous flarebacks hich mou Out he higher c ome times wipe out an entire gun crev make it possible to s oht the ene When a gun is fired, it leaves an enormous these great distances or fire could be vacuum about the muzzle, as the air is trolled from airplanes flving overhe driven away by the expanding gases. If Che torpedoes used under water i the breach is opened quickly, the air, rush- World war were mostly of the twe ng back into the void, may sweep down — one-inch class, but already thirtv-twe the barrel and Carry particles Ot smolder- torpedoes | ive been bu t 1 d trie ng powder bags back into the turret, to fortyv-inch ones are quite teasible ignite the powder which has been hoisted ing correspondingly heavier charges. S up tor the next charge. The powerful ven- a mammoth projectile would pierce tilating fans are designed to prevent any- present underwater armor. If the b thing blowing back into the turret. and other protective devices are inert The future battleship may replace the to oftset the bigger torpedoes, it is po present airplane catapults with an all-over to replace them entirely with hig flving deck. The “Lexington” and “Sat motorboats, carrying a ton or more of ¢ atoga’ designs, with their four gun tur- plosive in the bow. controlled by 1 rets, approach the combination aircraft and moving so rapidly and_ present carrie nd batt es} p Che flying deck such a small target that they woul may yossibl € armored \\ th two o1 three practi illy I une trom gun fire » inches of steel to resist thin-walled aerial boats have bee n built ind uccesstu bombs Below it the protective deck tested by several navies In ome w would be heavily armored, as at present, they are an improvement over torpe F plunging shell and penetrat- for the latter, once fired, are out of Phe turrets wou d be placed human control, and in error ot minu leck, firing from beneath the flying proportions at a distance of several t sand yards is sufficient to make them 1 ys may be called on-to meet the enemy ship entirely. The surf more powertul weapons than anything yet boat, radio-controlled, could be turned ¢ used in battle. The modern sixteen-inch meet every twist and turn of the en gun can fire a one-ton projectile a distance and guided visibly to its target oft 10.000 \ If sucl yOats are u New German Plan for Saving a Submarine’s Crew When Things Go Wrong: the Inclosed Lifeboat, on Deck, Lifts the Men to the Surface, Turns Over, and Then Is Opened to the Air

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POPULAR MECHANICS 753 NVISIBLE LIGHT REVEALS SECRETS OF FOSSILS

Rays; Scientists now have a wonderful tool udving fossils in ultraviolet light, in- ble to the eve but effective in reveali1 uctures that would escape ordinary ob- ition. The secret of the light’s action n its play on the material of the fossil. it renders fluorescent but has no ef- on the stony background, so that the ‘ 1 1 . stands out with clearness, its char- ter is more fu lv show nN, especially the ner structure, tected. It anic material in the and imitation fossils can is believed that traces of formation pro- 1 ce the glowing outlines under the im- ‘t of the light. Shortly before his death, e late Prof. Adolphe Miethe opened uy Way for using tne invisible ravs by eveloping means for photographing the when exposed to the ultraviolet radiations. A new filter material had to e found, as those first tried allowed ravs ) pass that obscured the photographically ctive ult raviolet rays. <A prismatic glass el, containing a special solution, was inserted hehir2 f i in front of the objec Photographs of Fossils as They Appear in Natural Light, and at Right, under the Ultraviolet Structures Hardly Visible in Ordina:y I!lumination Are Clearly Revealed tive during the picture-making proces causing the rock to appear clearly and the fossil to stand out in all details. Traces of dust, fingerprints, and other features invisible to the unaided eve, were plainly distinguishable that the served. in the developed plate, sO utmost cleanliness had to be ob 1 1 1 Scholars believe that the method will enlarge the field of investigation wit] respect to fossils and bring to eht many facts which have heretofore remained hidden because of the impossibility of more thoroug!] udv of the spe é SOAPSUDS EXTINGUISH FIRES OF OIL OR GASOLINE One of the Berlin fire-engi wine companies is equipped with a soapsuds-gene g unit to combat oil, gasoline and other tire Powdered soap and water are mixed in large quantities and with great speed, the capacity of the apparatus being 8,000 quarts of suds per minute. The prepara- tion smothers the flames.

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GAUGE SHOWS PEP OF STUDENTS IN GYMNASIUM SCHOOL ©) Keystone Jumping against the Special Scales, to Register Force of Her Leap and Give Measure of ‘‘Pep”’ Young women attending an eastern school of physical training undergo an interesting muscular-energy test to show their fitness for special work and their condition. The stands an indicator, with general subject under POPULAR MECHANICS thousand dollars of the $900,000,000 sp. annually for musical education, wasted. He explains that, when the strument is out of tune, the student’s « is likely to be harmfully affected. ROBBING OF THE “SAFEST SAFE” PUZZLES LONDON POLICE London’s safe in the wall, a strong b on the exterior of the Golders Green hi; podrome, was robbed of $1,500 recent! presenting detectives with a puzzli: problem and somewhat disturbing t! faith of its owners. Being exposed to cor stant view, it was supposed to discoura; thieves, but apparently they found a wa to disguise themselves as theater worker: and evidently used a skeleton key, or duplicate of the real one. BICYCLE RIDEON WHIRLING DISK LATEST STAGE THRILLER One of the most recent theatrical nov elties presented in Germany involves feat of bicycle riding on a swiftly turn ing disk, pitched to a steep angle. Thi rider must maintain careful balance, whil timing his speed to the disk’s. a movable disk at the top, and jumps. As she does so, the disk is pushed up and held there by a lock- ing mechanism. On the basis of the height to which the gauge was raised, the examiner is able to gather data as to the strength of the sub- ject’s legs and toes and | her vitality with special | relation to her weight. UNTUNED PIANOS CAUSE LOSS TO STUDENTS Eight-tenths of the pianos in this country are always out of tune, ac- cording to the president of the national associa- | tion of piano tuners, with the result that many Riding the Whirling Disk; the Cyclist Must Keep His Balance on Steep In- cline, While Pitting His Speed against That of Platform

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POPULAR MECHANICS 432 By PAUL PADDOCK 1 i ht of iamb of a men dash up a flig stairs, GEVEN pry the stop strip the cked door and burst into a room piled In one corner, ott ith furniture and boxes. a glass partition, an overhead prinkler A man darts under gives a quick twist with a pair of tongs nd the flow Three men climb to he top of a with behind is gushing. ceases. tall rack and canvas. shouts the leader. “Call Another man runs toa fire-alarm box, opens the inner door and taps a little key. First, the number 212, nce repeated, the call for the fire depart- cover it widths of “Get help,” ree companies.” ment, then 26, also repeated, the number f the box, and then 183, the last digit be- ng the number of companies wanted. Back comes the tick 2212, the department's QO. K. signal. Drillmaster Edward Reilley consults his top watch. “Four minutes even,” he an- nounces. “Not the record is 3.29.” You are watching Company Five, of ; fire-insurance patrol, the water ighters, at drill in one of the chools in the world, the first and only one bad: Chicago's queerest of its kind. Here students are required to break in lasses, and hurrying the door to get toc through lessons as iast as possible is en furniture is th it couraged. The room’s odd arranged to conditions might be met at problem is to shield evervthing in it W represent almost any fire. TI it] the canvas and rubber covers so that watet could do little damage. The sprinkler v shut off at the head, for there was not time to look for the standpipe, and send ing in the alarm correctly is an essent that every man must learn. Had the signaler made a mistake, it would have been detected on a receiving apparatus another part of the building, and he would required to give the alarm again h ive been and correctly. In the four minutes, you have seen the men spread nineteen covers, fourteen feet wide and nineteen et ong, each weg ing about thirty pounds, arrange them that they formed catch-alls between the piles of goods, basins capable ot holdi from fifty to sixty gallons of water, an fold the edges of the sheets in such way that water would not run under the material. Just a few weeks ago, these

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40 Down the Pole at POPULAR MECHANICS the Gong Like Regular Firemen, the Men of the Pa- trols Are Experts at on Split-Secor Getting to 1 Schedules Fires tinguishers ; Class Pointers on Chemical Drillmaster Reilley Giving Patrol How They Are Be Used and Filled Ex- Where Students “Crash ] the Gates” to Get to Classes; Squad Using the Door Opener to En- ter Drill Room ] i a 5 Shutting Of Sprinkler at the Head, to Prevent Fur- ther Damage from Water

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cs and eleven covers saved $123,000 h of silk from damage when a sprinkler ke in a department store. Last year, ity’s nine patrol companies answered 13 alarms, traveled 37,546 miles and ead 22,053 covers at fires involving ly $500,000,000 in insurance. remen try to beat the fire, but the pa- must beat the firemen, to get their ers down before the hose is turned on, water, when it has spent its force inst a blaze, often causes serious dam- [he patrols are maintained by the urance companies, two per cent of the emiums to their upkeep. The ce is the constructive, salvaging anch of the re - fighting ie. The work the patrols be- going ns when the e starts and ten does not | until long ter, for goods ust still be pro- ted from the eather and POPULAR MECHANICS 757 ———————— Learning How to Control the Wet and Dry Sprinkler System, the Patrol Car Answering a Call, and the atch on Duty other damage when the blaze is extinguished. No charge is made the either to insured or uninsured. Be- for worl sides protecting and saving prop- erty, the patrol render first aid to the injured, assist in rescue duty, and often their chem ical equipment puts out I arrival of other apparatus. e a fire before t The men are picked for their speed, skill and courage. The water fighter work under the fire, where ceilings are likely to collapse. It is a department tra- dition never to pull the covers until ne cessity demands. a pound and the stuff under them may be worth millions. Hence, the men of patrols are among the first to enter and the last to leave a burning building, often remaining until flames cracks in the walls and smoke is threat- ening suffocation. Just the other day, fi killed in New York. Piles ot rags soaked up tons of water on an upper The sheets cost about $1 the through show men were

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> 498 floor. Under the unexpected weight, the supports gave way and the load buried men, covers and all. Not long ago a Chicago company es- caped death by a matter of seconds. They were on the fifth floor, the fire was on the sixth. In some mysterious manner, it got under them on the fourth. “Gee, it’s hot coming up those stairs,” a fireman re- marked. The chief, warned of the peril by the chance word, investigated and or- dered the men out just as the flames broke the fifth floor. company won honors for quick action in a life-saving emergency. A woman was balancing on a fourth-floor ledge, deter- mined to jump, although no net had been spread. the patrol company held it tight and she leaped. The canvas didn’t hold her, but broke the force of her fall sufficiently to prevent serious injury. Fighting water requires special strategy and, for that reason and vears of observation and experience, Chief Frank C. McAuliffe, former battalion chief in the Chicago fire department, decided to establish the men, en- trusted with the task of saving millions of dollars worth of property yearly, could re- in on Recently another Grabbing one of the big covers, as the result of school where ceive training under conditions as nearly like those of an actual fire as possible. POPULAR MECHANICS he classroom is in a building recent erected by the board of underwriters. is completely equipped with fire-signal ar receiving instruments, wet sprinkler systems, the latter operati: with compressed air so that water will n have to be kept in pipes exposed to free ing, sprinkler-control units and kinds of chemical extinguishers. Arrived at a fire, the patrol-compan captain must be able to size up the situa tion instantly. Shall he call for mor help? What kind of a building is it, sturd or flimsy? What’s on the upper floor heavy machinery, stoves or other articl and d variol likely to come crashing down if the lowe supports give way, or is there reasonable safety of load? What kind of stock is in the structure? Where is the fire now and where is it likely to spread?. How many lines of hose will probably be played Are dangerous chemicals where? Does any part of need immediate ventilating ? stored any the building These and other questions must be an- swered almost instantly, for a few seconds may mean loss of life and property. Of all types of blazes, the patrols dread those in bowling alleys most. scores ol There much space to cover and complete pro tection is difficult. A stock of hated for two reasons: If they are on an stoves 15 Leaving the Classroom after Drill; Chief Reilley Has Timed the Squad with His Stop Watch, Covers Have Been Folded Up and the Men Are Now Ready for First-Aid Practice

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POPULAR MECHANICS 759 Spreading Covers in the Drill Room; Boxes and Articles of Furniture Are Arranged to Represent Conditions at an Actual Fire; the Object of the Practice Is to Robe Everything in Waterproof Tarpaulins and Rubbers floor, they them nd sharp edges are likely to tear the covers. In a residence fire, extreme care iust be taken in piling furniture for ade- uate covering and handling costly ipper peril men below pic- ures and bric-a-brac that may represent tunes in insurance. Skyscrapers of odern type are protected against fire, but water damages things in them as well is in frame houses. To enter the patrol-training school, you must be between twenty-one and thirty- ne years old, five feet seven inches tall, or more, and weigh at least 145 pounds. \fter qualifying, men are placed on pro- bation for six months and then, if they have fulfilled requirments, they become full-fledged members of the patrol. PLANE GETS NEW PARTS IN AIR BY DARING TRANSFER Refueling airplanes while they are in motion has time, been done and tation is seen as a possibility as a result successfully for some now the moving repair of an interesting incident near Luke field, Hawaii. An army bombing plane had taken the air when it was discovered that the landing gear had been damaged. The pilot then dropped a note, asking that re- pairs be sent up. A service plane with the desired equipment was dispatched After a vain attempt to transfer the parts by rope, the two planes were guided close together and, while one man clung to the tip of the bomber’s wing, the repairs were handed to him by a lieutenant in the smaller plane, who also had crawled far out on the wing of I fforts were then made to fix the landing but a water stopped tangled his machine. rear, started for One of the motors was failed. The bomber was landing. when a parachute became en- in the propeller, and the plane dropped with considerable force, threw- ing its occupants into the water, but they were not injured @ Arctic fur seals have been found in the antarctic regions, showing that they are among the greatest rovers in the world.

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Robbing the Walnut Harvest of Its Most Unpleasant Feature, Removing the Hulls in Motor-Driven Machine BLACK-WALNUT HUSKER CLEANS BUSHEL IN FIVE MINUTES Utilization of thousands of black vasted because of the expense of removing the hulls, is seen as bushels of walnuts, now every year a result of the introduc- tion of a motor-driven husker. It is said to clean a bushel in less than five minutes, turning out each nut as bright and clean as though it had been scrubbed with a brush. The huller is sizes running ‘ ; made in various and wate POPULAR MECHANICS SCARCITY OF CHROMIUM IN U. HANDICAP TO INDUSTRY Although the United States is the tare: consumer of chromium in the world, t! country produces practically none of t metal, being dependent upon South Afri Asia and New Caledonia for most of supply. In 1926, 200,000 tons were ir ported. For the manufacture of certa steels, there is no known substitute. produces a hardness and toughness e> tremely desirable in some grades of ste: and is also used in rustless and stainle steel and in special alloys. In case of war, or other emergency shutting off th: traffic in chromium, the United State a problem, as_ the would last but a short time, experts ce clare. The metal is not found in the fre: state in nature, at least in quantities, being derived from chromite would face reserve commerce! WOLF HUNTER’S AUTO CARRIES KENNEL FOR DOGS Speeding over the plains in his special equipped automobile, Charles Cummin; of DeSmet, S. Dak., makes vigorous wat fare against the wolves that menace liv stock. In the rear of his car is a kennel for his hunting dogs. A release, controlled from the driver’s seat, allows them to jum} out, and a loud fire siren is used to scart the wolves from their hiding places. La winter, Cummings and his dogs killed 151 wolves, netting him $1,800. is used for cleaning. Wal- nut culture is being urged because of the food value of the product and the ease with which the nuts The trees land un- suited for other crops on can be grown. thrive in low account of drainage prob lems and the likelihood of floods. In the so-called Corn Belt, it is estimated that there is enough land to make a state half the size of Illinois or which is now lowa, a waste, al- though rich, level and fer- tile, but would be excel- lent for walnut culture. How the Auto Helps the Hunting Dog; Special Car Which Carries Dogs in Rear Compartment for War against Wolves in West

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POPULAR MECHANICS 761 ,OOKS” IN STRANGE LIBRARY ARE BOTTLED SOILS Much of the Earth Is Represented in This om, the Government’s Soil Library in Vashington, Where Samples of Dirt from | over the Globe Are Indexed after Tests Fifty thousand bottles of soil, the irid’s largest collection of such iterial, fill the shelves, cases and ympartments of Uncle Sam’s trangest library. These carefully lentified indexed specimens nclude type of earth known to Soil explorers have braved the irdships of the wilderness and bandit- fested lands in procuring material. Agri- ultural the earth's crust secured in South and Central \merica, Cuba, Europe, Australia, Russia, \frica, Asia—and where not. Naturally, uu will be amazed to learn that our gov- ernment has mapped and tested 4,053 dif- erent varieties of soil in the United States. One thousand of these soils are important n our food-producing economy. A great oil map of the nation, which will classify every square inch of land surface, is now eing made at a cost of many million dol- lars. Standardized and systematized farm- ng results from this soil research. Farmers vho move to new localities have only to tudy the maps to find out what crops are the most profitable. and every rence. specimens of ive been ii is f * tit . 1" — — — — — oo —— a: ne — -_- — _ _ — BURRO AIDS IN TAMING HORSES ON MEXICAN BORDER The easy-going burro of the Mexican- border country is being used taming wild horses. The trick, said to have been invented by Mex- uccessfully by farmers in truck involves yoking the horse and the burro together with a strong ican growers rope or chain and letting the animals wan- The the itself out within a tew the South of San der at large. wildest animal of range will wear hours, obstinate character of the Antonio, the method has developed to a fine point. After a few days of companionship with owing to donkey. the docile burro, the horse is so tame that it may be harnessed to a wagon or plow ’ @ The temperature of water at hot : a" tes is seldom above boiling.

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m7 > 702 POPULAR MECHANICS MOTOR ROCKER FOR BABY BUGGY SAVES MOTHER'S TIME Rocking Apparatus Installed under Baby Buggy and Connected to a Lighting Socket for Operation Rocking the baby by motor is now pos- sible in an attachment fitted to the car- riage. It rocks the body of the buggy from side to side and also rolls the entire vehicle alternately forward and backward. Controls are provided for regulating the action and, once started, the outfit requires no attention. FIRST THERMOMETER A TOY DEVISED BY GALILEO Like many important inventions, the thermometer, one of the most useful of man’s appliances, had a humble beginning. Galileo is credited with devising the fore- runner of the modern instrument. It was simply a glass bulb containing air and connected to a glass tube of small bore which dipped into a colored liquid that rose or fell in the tube according to tem- perature changes. The gauge had no scale and was regarded merely as a scientific toy, one of Galileo’s numerous playthings of a like nature. Later one of his pupils, Francisco Sagredo, substituted wine the colored liquid and a member of faculty of the university of Padua, re izing that Galileo’s toy had great pos bilities, adapted it to the measurement of the heat of the body, so that fevers could be detected. Between 1630 and 1640 the grand duke of Tuscany made still furth improvements, hermetically sealing tl] open end ‘and partly filling the tube wit alcohol. In 1714, Fahrenheit instituted tl scale which is in use at present, marki: thirty-two degrees as the freezing point and 212 as the boiling point of wate Many reasons have been given as to wl he chose to graduate his scale betwee: the freezing and boiling points into 180 divisions, one being that since he was maker of astronomical instruments, thx division followed the principle of a marl ing by degrees, 360 for a full circle and 180 for a half. The Reaumur thermometri scale, designating the freezing point at zero and the boiling point at eighty de grees, was invented by a French scienti of that name, in 1727, and Christin, oi Lyons, revised the scale proposed by An ders Celsius, in 1742, to make the present centigrade division. GAUGE MEASURES FOOT ACTION TO TEST AUTO DRIVERS How the feet behave under excitement is told on a gauge German examiners are using in testing candidates for automobile drivers’ licenses. It shows the pressure exerted in varying degrees of emotional disturbance, indicating how the subject would control brake and accelerator under different situations while driving a car. Gauge Used in Testing Foot Action of Automobile river License Candidates

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POPULAR MECHANICS lvery Sardines in Basket Loads Are Swung Aloft and into the Cannery When the Fishing Boats Come int Port with Their Catch, Often Running into the Millions Putting the Can around the Sardine How Smallest Fish Taken Commercially Is Caught at Sea During Night in Lakes of Cold Flame By H. H. ORE than 300.000.000 pounds of sar- M "ean the Pacific was dines taken from last Their value to $12,000,000. Though this is the smallest taken commercially, were year. close it furnished more in three times as much, in both weight nd value, as any other food taken from e ocean on the western of the nited States. 41 coast he business of taking these uncounted millions of sardines, cooking them and putting them into tin cans so that they may be shipped and sold all the way from San Francisco to Shanghai and from Med- ine Hat to Aires, occupies the time of more than 12,000 persons, and it is Buenos DUNN conservatively estimated that 50,000 de- pend on the industry for their livelihoo More than 1,000 boats are engaged in the capture of the sardine. and fiiteen pacl ing plants prepare him—or her—for the distant table. Seines used in harvesting this sea food, if woven into one huge net would surround a school of fish twelve miles in diameter. From the time he is lifted in a great lampara net, or a purse seine, from the Pacific, until he appetizingly appears on the table, the sardine is the hero of a double romance—of the sea and of modern mechanical industry. Particular boats, special seines and peculiar methods tvpes ot

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POPULAR MECHANICS Fishermen’s Harbor in San Francisco a Quarter of a Century Ago When the Motorboats, at the Right, Were to Replace the Quaint Craft with Lateen Sails at the Left ust Beginning of fishing have been developed to get him out of the sea equally specialized ma chinery has been built to get hini into the overnment of a state has set machinery in motion to give Sir Sardine such protection that he may remain forever a source of millions of dol lercial fisherie lars annually to the com: of California. Since the first step in canning vour sa ‘ . A dine is to catch him et me take vou on “Lina,” a modern “sardiner.” built last winte on oO ( evera eht voy ages aiter a few tons of the little fish. For some reason not well known, the bigger schools of the larger sardines come to the surface, an so swim closer in shore, during the night: therefore “Lina,” captained by Pete, engineered by Gus, and crewed by iour fishermen, with myself as supercargo, a night in January. “Lina” is of type known as “Japanese boat,” because first developed in the by the Japanese, but later improved by Austrian, Scandinavian and sey operators. Lina” California fisheries \merican boat is fortv-eight feet long, about twelve feet wide. draws five or six feet, and is driven around twelve miles an hour by a She the Diesel engine has sheer to be a “dry ship,” no matter ho heavy the water runs, and the wide tail help lift her clear of following seas. Spi lessly white as a private yacht, save fo green stripe along her gunwales, dark blot on “Lina’s” hull was the lai para piled in her stern. hi eine, 4f fathoms long by thirtv fathoms wide, wit a heavily woven pocl “bunt,” at cet, or middle of its length, where the sardin¢ at last are caught and held, was bone-d and coiled so from two days in the sun, the af to run as easily trom stern as a CO boy's “rope” is running from the lo in his hand. As we set 4 nose steadily we ward, | learned from Pete that anchovies can be distinguished from sat still in manner in which they swim away from the “Lina’s” smelt an -while the dines water—by the approaching boat. The smelt swims in an a murky, wat the an short undulating course, leaving ering line of phosphorescence; chovy, a weak makes dashes, swimmer, the strong, sardine swim slightly bent curved while swiftly away in a path of glowing water, reminding one oi a submarine rocket. In the daytime, the fishermen iocate the schools of fish by the clouds of seabirds following them, but at

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phosphorescent glow betrays the presence. went ahead for an hour, night be- e deeper and darker; then another with all dimmed except the red, green hite riding lights. Ahead, in the bow, f the crew watched the sea, and at the another half hour shouted back: sy on the port!” en it was pointed out to me by the er eyes of the lookout, I could see a glow on the ocean, an area as large twenty-acre farm, which seemed to lled with smoldering fire. Then, as closer, tiny flashes appeared, cascades lrew iture liquid re the gold, millions ardines leaped played in their of cold flame. phosphores- e is due to the ence of myriads microscopic orT- sms, called din- agellates, ch, when dis- rbed, give off a ozen fire.” \Ve maneuvered the opposite side he great school fis] the h, so that Fisherman Paying Out the Enormous Net; Unloading the Catch into a Belt Conveyor at the Cannery, and, Top, Hauling In the Net POPULAR MECHANICS wind might not blow the lampara back into the pro peller of the boat. Once there, a skiff with two men in it was dropped and immediately stead ied with a made by dra y casting a ten-gallon keg full of cement and then | knocking off the staves, an iron ring bolt having been sunk through the cement while the latter was soft. The free end of the long seine was taken into the skiff, and, wit! Gus at the wheel, “Lina” set out to su round such a part of the thousands o tons of swimming sardines as the lampara would hold. Then I realized that we had been running without lights the bette: to see the size and limits of the school. 1 ] As we swung along the open-sea side of the Pete and paved out the seine, seeing that it ran free from the table in the rear of the boat, and that the weighted side was down. When he came to the bunt which marks the center of the length of the net, Pete sig naled to Gus, who brought the boat about and back to the skiff, whose a flashlight turned school, two other men swung her locat'on was marked by

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on and off by one of the men in the small craft. As two the seine, vorked each wing of Pete, standing in the center of worked up and down a weighted ttached to creating such a splashing at the open end men the stern, board line, some ten feet of of the net that none of the fish escaped. The pulling became harder; the weight of the fish began to tell on the arms of even tft he husky four; and a fiery, agitated clowed in the water as the seething ball of sardines confined in the bunt ap- proached the surface. The wings having been dragged i , ine wings having been dragged in, two men took turns shoveling the sardines up to the deck of the motor fisher, using spe- t cially devised made of strong w coops, )- bing stretched on oval iron frames, with long wooden handles. Two other men, on the deck, with ordinary scoop shovels threw the sardines as far forward as pos- sible With the bunt emptied and the lampara repiled, the boat was again set on the trail of the moving lake of cold fire which marked the progress of sardine school up the coast. the lat pal the vast Twice more it was dropped over and hauled in, before ““Lina’s” deck was filled. Her POPULAR MECHANICS shoveling them into elevators, in y they were carried to the scaling and ing machine, a heavy long, revolving tub mesh. Thence, thorou drained of all water, fragments of seav and other debris, they were taken on at matic conveyors to the frying pans, tributed into these, and cooked in oy for a fixed period. wire Thereafter they w placed in cans, passed for two ho through a temperature of 212 degrees, and finally sealed and inspected. Virtua all this work, with the exception of t inspection of the cans, is done by au matic machinery. After the inspection, the labels are on, also by machinery, and the cans pacl incases. Less than forty-eight hours aft we had found the school of sardines, tw« ty-six tons of them were in the cans, re for shipment to any point in the wor for use as food. KEEPING HOUSE IN SKYSCRAPE INVOLVES BIG TASK Just to remove pencil marks at scratches from the offices and corridors —— “V cargo was a little better than ten tons. a New York skyscraper costs $27,000 On each trip to the cannery, the fish year. The owner of another building h were unloaded by the simple process of spent $300,000 on the polished-mar! _ » The Lampara, or Purse Net, Is Often 2,000 Feet Long and 150 Feet Wide, and the Services of Many Men Are Required to Handle It When Brought Ashore for Drying

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POPULAR MECHANICS 767 nscoting for the hall- , and it is estimated simply keeping the es clean takes about per cent of the total iy for maintaining business structures in tary condition. Ac- ling to one manager, es are the largest items the many involved in erating and keeping up buildings. The next the daily cleaning cost, ich is absorbed by mies of menand women ed to wash windows, nscoting, furniture | other parts. Painting big expense in some uctures. Among items it the average person es not usually consider connection with the k of the skyscraper usekeeper’ are those keeping up special hos- tal quarters in the build- and reading and writ- r rooms for business women. Many op- rtunities are offered for savings, one eing the use of hardware that does not equire polishing, and some builders have lopted unlacquered bronze and a special nd of cast iron as the most satisfactory nishes. Managers also must keep the od will of their tenants and, to that end, lect building attaches who will display urtesy and efficiency. EXTRA AUTO-STEERING WHEEL PROMOTES DRIVING SAFETY Reduction of riving risks is an- ticipated in a sup- plementary wheel on the steering post. It controls the headli ght changes and the horn so that the hands do not have to be wheel in main The attachment was introduced recently in France. removed from the making adjustments. | aie — | 4 | Swinging Ejighty-Foot Concrete Pile into Place for Driving; Part of the Equipment That Did Rapid Work on New Orleans Bridge GIANT PILE DRIVER DRIVES TWO AT SAME TIME A mammoth pile driver, capable of driv ing two eighty-foot concrete piles at the same time, was used on the new highway bridge across Lake Pontchartrain, built to give New Orleans its long-desired outlet to the east and north. ) The bridge, whic is approximately fourteen and a half miles two long, di ive! long, required 2,800 concrete piles, feet feet to an average depth of fifty-seven feet. 11 order to rush the bridge through so that a continuous eighty square and could be opened this year from Jacksonville, Fla., to Diego, Calif., the big pile driver was built with four sets of movable leads, handling the piling for both sides of the bridge at the same time. highway San Across the piles the thirty five-foot bridge spans were laid at the rate of twenty a week, and a floating concrete mixer poured the highway deck at the rate of 400 cubic yards every eight hours @Some clouds measure as much as ten miles in thickness.

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/08 POPULAR MECHANICS AUTO JUMPS OBSTACLE AT SIXTY MILES AN HOUR Try This in Your Car; Test with the Leaping Auto on French Roadway; Dashing up a Steep Incline, It Easily Cleared Another Car and Made a Safe Landing without Damage and to.test the other parts of his car, a French driver demonstrated the jumping lor a motoring thrill springs and his auto recently. At a the machine possibilities ot speed of sixty miles an hour was driven up an incline and easily cleared another car by the side, rising to a height of more than ten feet. The landing was made without mishap WIRELESS FIRE ALARM HELPS PROTECT CITY When a fire alarm sounds in Dallas, Tex., the signal is instantly recorded on radio-receiving sets installed in the chief's and other cars of the department, so that in touch with the is constructed wavelength of the actuated through a officials are immediately receiver central office. The to react only to the sending unit, which connected with the fire-alarm ap- The transmitter is equipped with continu- current alarm is relay paratus. four fifty-watt tubes which are kept warm by ten-volt through a rheostat. When an sounded, this rheostat is cut out by a relay \nother allv and the tubes get full voltage. generator and a circuit t The generator fifteen the operates the relay starts motor third fire-alarm hit the number of the box. second after the fire-alarm system is quiet. Test have shown that the installation is reliable is automatically released at all times and requires practically no at tention. It is the invention of Henry Garrett, Dallas superintendent of police and fire signals and a pioneer in the de velopment of electrical traffic controls. CEMENT TAMPER AND FINISHER SPEEDS PAVING Work that ordi- narily requires several quickly and efh- ciently done w.th a pavement-finish- ing outfit, recently introduced. It is pulled along on rails, tamping the with electric- men is below concrete layer of driven pounders and smoothing off the finer mixture that rises to the top.

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POPULAR MECHANICS A’ TOMATIC VALVE VES ACCURATE IRE PRESSURE valve to fit the free- hose and inflate tires predetermined pres- eliminating guess- k and removal of the to test the air, has n invented. The valve ists of two cylinders, h a by-pass between m. The upper cylin- has a sliding sleeve, | is marked in pounds. use, the sleeve is ed to the point where figure for the de- red pressure appears, | locked in place with quarter turn. The de- is then applied to the tire valve in usual way, and passes air into the tube | the desired pressure is reached. At point, any excess air is by-passed ough the upper cylinder, escaping at rear with a whistling noise to warn user, and no more than the predeter- ned pressure can be put into the tire. Air-Hose Valve That Automatically Fills Tire Only to Desired Pressure POTATO ON IDAHO AUTO LICENSE BOOSTS STATE’S PRODUCT Idaho automobile-license tags for 1928 will bear an embossed representation of i potato in natural colors against a green background, and the words “Idaho Po- tatoes” will appear at the bottom of the tag. This plan of advertising a state’s leading product on the auto licenses was tarted by Massachusetts with the figure. of a codfish on the plate. Surf-Riding in the Hand-Propelled Canoe; the Slender Craft Is Easily Man- aged and Combines Features of Boat and Surf Board TINY CANOE PADDLED BY ARMS FURNISHES SURF SPORT Hawaiian surf-board experts have re- cently introduced a shell-like canoe pad- dled with the hands and arms cise and sport in the waves. for exer- It accommo dates one person who lies prone with the arms extending at l the sides. In calm water, considerable speed can be attained ELECTRIC BELT TO HEAT WATER STRAPS AROUND TANK To maintain a supply of hot water for the home, an electric belt has been intro- duced in England. It is simply strapped about the tank and warms the water above it by heat caused by the resistance to the passage of the current through the con- ductor, which is adapted to 500, 750 or 1,000 watts. An asbestos-lined cover insulates the heating element, and if desired, two belts may be used on the same con- tainer to insure a more abundant supply of heat.

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Injecting Charges of the Preservative in Timbers to Prevent Decay; Material Applied with Great Force “VACCINATE” POLES TO CUREROT AND PROLONG LIFE German developed a process for arresting decay in poles, posts . ‘ . chemists have and other wood products by injecting special chemicals under pressure. A first treatment is kill fungus growths and the second, to provide an designed to antiseptic against decay bacteria. OLD ROMAN TREASURES FOUND UNDER BANK OF ENGLAND the first city of London, con- Roman times, Relics of necting it to early were dis- covered recently as work- POPULAR MECHANICS were Roman _ sandals, cleaned, could be used leather regains its elasticity. Bone | pins, with which the Roman women cured their hair, vinegar and salt di a carpenters’ folding rule and small spo with a bowl at one end and a sharp p at the other, which was used to ext: the meat of shellfish and open eggs, among some of the other articles dis ered. Fir-tree cones were also fou They were shut tight when removed f: the soil but opened in the moist air. |] covery of the relics suggests that the of what is now that, oiled again, for one of the most valua plots of land in the world was a rub! heap in Roman days. The district \ evidently a marsh into which the hou wives threw their broken pots. Lond was a Roman city for 400 years, but m: of the objects found date from the fi to the middle of the second century. ENGINE IS PICTURED IN PLANTS FOR RAILROAD ANNIVERSARY More than 26,000 plants of metal! colors were used in making a flowerbe design of the “Tom locomotive, for Thumb,” pione¢ the centenar anniversary of the Baltimore and Ol railroad. American Hubs and wheels were worked in plants of a light shade, brass trimming in yellow, and smokestack and other parts by a plant which turns almo black at maturity. The design was sev enty-five by fifty feet in size. boiler, men were digging in the [| soil twenty feet below the ground level, while mak- ing alterations in the Bank of England. Their picks turned up frag- ments of little cups, plates and bowls, manufactured 1,800 years and shipped to London in Roman galleys. ago The glaze was still bright in spite of the long period under the clay. There were also black and and gray pottery various metal and leather objects, well pre- served. Among them Floral Replica of Pioneer Engine Celebrates Railroad’s Anniversary; Plants of Metallic Colors Were Chosen

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POPULAR MECHANICS 771 —- a Sree) Tree Tops Protect the Turkey from Prowling Animals While It Sleeps, but Do Not Save It from the Thanksgiving Dinner Table and the Feather Fancier Who Seeks Its Piumes From Turkey Feathers to Ostrich Tips Texas Gobblers Displace Lordly Plume Bearers When Feather Makers Find Way to Produce Imitation Decorations T= hundred thousand ostriches in a ngle South African district have been ughtered recently because the disap- earance of the hat plume for fashionable ear rendered the birds incapable of earn- ng their keep. \t least that is the reason the ostrich breeders gave when they wiped out their arms, but a new American feather busi- ness credits the Texas gobbler for trans- lerring the ostrich-plume business from \frica to the United States. For the ieather dealers have found a way to make ostrich plumes from turkey feathers. Before the Thanksgiving bird appears on the table, he has been divested of a side line of plumage which, divided and ubdivided according to trade classifica- tions, numbers more than fifty varieties. | | J | j | ; The short tail feathers are made into smail dusters. The long wing pointers become arrows for the rapidly increasing sport ot archery. The long tail quills are fash oned into fishing tackle. The heavy wing quills become feather boning for whips and rid- ing crops. The soft body feathers are used in stuffing cushions and mattresses or are exported for bedding to those | countries which still cling to the old- fashioned feather bed. The soft down from hips or thighs becomes the “mara- bou” of commerce, for, contrary to pop- ular belief, very little of that which passes in the feather trade for marabou is ob- tained, as is commonly supposed, from the tail or wing of the African stork. In fact, to quote one of the biggest dis- tributors of feathers in the United States,

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POPULAR MECHANICS diversified industry. Ducks, chi ens, geese and turkeys now sup the world with an endless vari of feathers.” Naturally, because of its si the turkey furnishes more feathe per head than does any other d mestic fowl. A turkey dress: for thé market yields about o: pound of feathers. That does n sound like a great deal, but, co: sidering the enormous number « turkeys needed to make a Thank giving or Christmas holiday the United States alone, and th: further fact that the plumage « 20,000 turkeys fills a ten-ton car it will be seen that the turkey a bird of plumage which is not t: be discounted. Last year one factory receive: 150 carloads of turkey feather Officials of the Philadelphia Zoo Preparing to Hatch Their Own striches in an Incubator “There is not enough marabou grown in South Africa to supply one day’s demand when the feather business is good.” As and for ostrich tips, while fans have for years had a certain spasmodic popularity, even in the days ostrich ostrich-plume trimming when ostrich fans waved furiously and every woman had at least one picture hat with its trailing plume, the ostrich was no diamond mine for its owner. It looks imposing in a _ circus menagerie or zoological garden, but as a bird of commerce, its feed bill is too high, its annual output of plumage too limited, and the bird itself too singul to be a financial success. | S. Foster of Peoria, Ill., the “ of the United States, downfall of the ostrich and he ir of purpose, asked Frank feather king” what caused the said: “The ostrich sang its own death dirge. It was always a liability and not an asset. It ate too much and was too hard to catch. While there is always some demand’ for ostrich feathers, it is not sufficient to pay a profit to the ostrich farmer at the present time. So, most the have been destroyed, the owners keeping only enough of birds for breeding purposes. The passing of the trimmed hat has, of course, affected all feather but hat trimming is only one branch of the business—a widely + it trades, mostly from Texas. And whil it is true that this state produce more turkeys than any other, it supplies only about one-tenth of the an- nual “harvest,” the balance being distrib uted more or less equally among the other states and territories. Why emphasiz: the Texas turkey? What of the New Eng land turkey of historical renown? In the early days of our colonial his- tory, our forefathers feasted on wild tur- keys when annual At wild from The do- their Thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest. that time, the turkey Canada to the Gulf of celebrating ranged Mexico. Bales of Turkey Feathers en Route to the Factory, to Be Transformed into Ostrich and Paradise Plumes

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POPULAR MECHANICS ed by Their Own Appetites and Gen- Uselessness; Part of a Herd of Os- hes, Above, and an Ostrich Being ned with Its Own Plumes, Right; Scraping a Synthetic Plume Made from a Turkey Feather 1 has now taken the brother at the day feast, but it h as never so thoroughly domesticated » cease its wandering. It the great open spaces. As | lization pread 1 in the east, lurkey moved west, first to | 111 “11 », later to Illinois, still later lowa Ni it thrives in is. 7 lere range is free and ices are de. When Texas recomes too thickly settled, the turkey ke its forerunner of the range, the Texa mghorn, will probably be driven across he border into Mexico, for in the realm Texas is the turkey’s last tand in this country. ng habits, the if Iree ranges, In spite of its ro turkey is a tractable bird. When its owner is ready to send his stock » market, he rounds them up cattle-wise and drives them in great flocks to the nearest shipping point. With the ostrich it is a different stor It is hard to catch. : Like its first cousin the South American rhea, which thrives on the pampas of Argentina, the African ostrich is a prize sprinter. toes instead of two and an In Africa it is tail hunted over th he veldt by natives on fleet cowl undeveloped is captured by gauchos (Arg DOVS}, ted horses. In Argentina, the rhea And after ostrich or rhea is iu smaller than its African cousin, with three what have vou? A tough carca that

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774 POPULAR MECHANICS can't be served on a dinner table; a sup- ply of eggs that no one wants for break- fast and a bundle of plumes. Even if the plumes are salable, raising birds for plum- ige alone is too expensive a process in business plumage has no other than popular fancy. + these days of such efficiency, when utilitarian value Times have changed since the days of old when knights as well as their ladies wore plumed headgear. Ostrich tips were then the vogue and continued so down to modern times until they reached the peak of their popularity some twenty years ago ith the introduction of the willow plume. It was an American milliner who, improv- ing on nature, conceived the idea of the willow plume—a cascade of feather plum- age which sprang into instant popularity with the wearers of picture hats, and for two short seasons dominated the millinery market without rival. A few years later the war came. Women motor car became a rhe household word. Bobbed hair sprang into entered business. fashion. small, Simple styles prevailed and untrimmed hat appeared. 1 dealer who traded in feathers wholly items of wearing apparel was out of lu But the turkey kept on gobbling. Li before the willow plume had waved brief triumph over the world of fashi turkey plumage had been popular. P: haps it was the memory of his gran mother’s turkey-tail fan or her turke wing duster, that gave Frank Foster t! idea of turning turkey feathers int money. 1895 he branched ou poultry-dressing a1 packing plant into the business of ret vating and selling the feathers which pr viously had been discarded as waste. By selecting and shipping to a Ne York millinery jobber a collection of hig! It was in from his original grade “downs” from Texas turkeys whicl he believed would make as good mara bou as Africa, Foster opened up for himself a branch of the any grown in feather business which has grown by leap and bounds. Purposes ; Copyright, Underwood & Underwood Part of a Flock of Texas Gobblers Which Furnish Meat for the Table and Feathers for the Hat and Other the Lone Star State Is a Turkey-Growing Center

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POPULAR MECHANICS 775

first order, as a re- of that experimental 1.000 ds of which that 33,000 pounds rkey feathers had to yrted, since a ton of hers vields only sixty nds of down. Today, business is 1ent, was for dow n, n the |, it is no uncommon train of cars, all to see a enty-five ed with feathers baled cotton, steam the tracks of Not all tur- course, and well, like iv from factory. feathers, of duck, chicken e feathers as gh the turkey feath- re the biggest part. these feathers are a by-product of that are raised for food value, and -d so that the plum- unharmed. The process of killing dressing a_ bird for market requires just ut one minute. » peak of the feather

ness is reached when , ; ‘ . , Human “Bullet” Thanksgiving and ristmas poultry is 9 > - - ‘ 1-2 7 o . . rs essed tor market. Then, when business dull, the i | conjure up new methods of stimulat- the market. It dull iy that a manufacturer conceived the idea “a € feather magnates sit around was on one such making a bird of parac ng wing quills of a black turkey lise by taking t , tearing ut certain flues, or barbs, to give it an un- and bending he quill to give it the grace of the true ‘paradise,’ and another made a _ white tigrette from the tail of a white turkey. ven appearance, softening MAN IS SHOT FROM BIG CANNON OVER HUNDRED FEET Converting himself into a human pro- jectile, an Italian stunt performer recently from vented by his vas shot a special motor cannon in- brother. He landed 130 Emerging from the Cannon: the and Landed Unharmed in a Net Man Was Shot 130 Feet leet a i na net, nonet e it > € pel enice \ ( ¢ ] ( é ‘ OT pt i¢ was use I e < r€ ent “MOVIES” PRINTED IN BOOK AS AID TO STUDENTS The familiar device of successive, slightly different pictures, bound so that the loose edges can be flipped off the ) i I rt thumb, exposing the scenes so rapidly as to create the illusion of moving picture ; has been adapted by in enterprising in ventor to give visual instruction to stu- Instead of the usual illustrations in book, his pl of movies, the pictures being printed along When ] ] + and the student dents. a text in provides for seri thumbed, the edge ot the they pages. 9s appear to have life, can stop and inspect any of them.

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Part of the Ra- dio-Picture Ap- paratus and Samples of the Work, Showing What Large Photographs Are Reproduced; an Important Part of the Process Is Accomplished by Means of Compressed Air on Treated Paper RADIO PHOTO BIGGER THAN LIFE ON GIANT RECEIVER than life-size, adaptable to show window or stage pre- sentation persons Radio pictures larger where many can see them at one time, have been recorded on a huge receiver devised by Capt. Richard H. Ranger. At a recent banquet, writ- ten messages from men in distant lands were received by radio and displayed so that all present could see them. The ap- paratus promises a substitute for the usual posted newspaper bulletin. Placed in an office- window, it could register messages in such large form that copying news dis- vould be un- the appa- an essential unit “oun” which forces jets of air patches for public display The ratus is not complicated, being a necessary. operation of upon chemically treated paper according to incoming electric impulses to form little dots that constitute the finished picture. In this outfit, light and dark are produced, not by dots of different size, but by variations in spacing. The gun moves smoothly back and forth across the areas machine, about twelve seconds being re- quired to make a complete trip, and, with each journey, the paper is automatically taken up about one-tenth of an inch. The POPULAR MECHANICS transmitting equipment is essentially that of other radio-picture machines. beam of light passes through the film actuates a photoelectric cell to set electric currents proportionate to the | and dark the original. Tl currents are amplified at a radio-send station and made to actuate the gun the receiving apparatus. areas on GIANT LIGHT RIVALS SUN Visible at 200 miles the beam a giant searchlight produ the effect of sunburn at t miles and will blister the skin a person 1,000 feet away. It is 1,385,000,000 candlepower, mu can more powerful than any beac heretofore in use. timate that the crater of its is the hottest spot on earth, abou Engineers e 38,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and ; bright as the sun at noon. Or: engineer declared that if the M Wilson observatory Mars, would be possible for a person lookin through it there to tell the minute and th hour the huge light was turned on. were on ASH TRAY AND GEAR SHIFT COMBINED IN ONE The perplexing problem of where to put an ash tray in an automobile has been solved by one manufac- turer, who points out that his com- bination of the ash receiver with the ball atop the shift makes one piece of appa- ratus do the work of two. gear The com- ball and tray is heavily enameled in bright colors and fitted with a removable nickeled ring at the This has a projecting tube extending down into the hollow ball, which bination top. is so designed that, when the lever is shifted out of the vertical, the ashes are trapped behind the tube.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 777 safely Down from the Airplane; Crated Typewriter Attached to Parachute, with Which It Was Landed from Moving Ship, Showing How Deliveries Can Be Made in Transit AIR TRUCK MAKES DELIVERIES BY PARACHUTE Successful delivery of typewriters from lair was accomplished recently, point- a way to still further use of the air- ne as a factor in commerce. The ma- nes were specially packed to avoid age by jarring and were received in rtect condition, as the parachute al- ed the box to settle gently to the und. By saving a landing, the plan pedites deliveries and decreases cost. SECRETS OF BEE-RAISING TAUGHT AT NOVEL GERMAN SCHOOL here are more tricks to successiul bee han the average person realizes recognizing this fact and the im- rtance of the business as a source of ure ft venue without the necessity of large in- estment, German experts have organ ed a school for bee raisers at Erlangen. \ll phases of the work are taught in a highly scientific manner. Students are hown a huge model of a bee so that they may become familiar with its honey- ithering organs and other parts. They ire alSo taught to recognize various dis- eases of the insects and how to treat them. For this purpose, a well-equipped lab ratory with microscopes and other instru ments is provided. For demonstration purposes, various types of hives and frames are used and outdoor lectures are part of the course. One of the most in- teresting units is a special gauge that shows the temperature inside the hives at all times. A feature of the schceol is the strict cleanliness that is observed in all the laboratories, lecture rooms and places where the honey is extracted. Students of Bee-Raising School Examining Model

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Rates With Hands and Feet in Jars of Saline Solution and a Breather Mask over the Face to Analyze the Breath, an Army Flyer Undergoes the First Step in High-Altitude Testing . dream of flyers and scientists for many some day ascending 50,000 feet above the earth will never be realized, at least with any existing form of equipment, according to the results of tests made by the school of aviation med- icine of the war department. Somewhere in the neighborhood of 45,000 feet, or slightly more than eight and a half miles, is the absolute limit, beyond which the human body, even when rein- forced with oxygen-breathing apparatus, cannot go. As Capt. Hawthorne C. Gray, army balloonist, reached 42,470, or 230 feet years of 778 more than eight miles, in a recent world’ record-breaking balloon flight, the abso lute limit has almost been reached. The army air medicine school found the limit by the simple process of reproduc ing upper-air conditions in the laboratory at Washington. Subjects were placed in an air-tight tank, equipped with oxygen- breathing apparatus, and the air then pumped out until the pressure had been reduced as low as it becomes in the higher altitudes. Through glass windows fhe ex- perimenters watched their subjects as they tasks, tried to perform designated and

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san’ Man fly‘ by their aimless ns, they showed they gone out of their ls and were on the re of collapse, the ps were reversed and gradually restored to mal pressure. Che life of man is de- dent not on the quan- or percentage of oxy- nin the atmosphere but yn its pressure,” de- res Dr. L. H. Bauer, mer commandant ot e school of medicine. Somewhere between 00 and 50.000 feet is loubtedly the absolute it for man, even when ipplied with oxygen, un- der ordinary circum- tances. Somewhere be- een these limits, the ex- point varying accord to the temperature of e air, the barometric ressure is reduced to 100 ullimeters of mercury, n other words, the air will support the veight of only that small fraction of an nch of mercury, instead of supporting bout thirty-nine inches, as it does at sea evel. From this atmospheric pressure ust be deducted forty-seven millimeters t water vapor, which accumulates in the nspired air before it reaches the lungs. Chis leaves fifty-three millimeters possible available oxygen pressure if pure oxygen could be breathed. If a man was breath- ng absolutely pure oxygen this would be ufficient to sustain life, but under no present available method of taking oxy- gen, either through a tube or a mask, does the oxygen remain undiluted. It does be- = Testing the Field of Vision for Form and Color with the Perimete One of the First Eyesight Examinations for Flyers come diluted by the nitrogen in lso, under the effects of the diminishit1 ; r © ne pressure, nitrogen is given off b blood, as in caisson disease, which attacl workers digging deep foundations nitrogen from the blood still further di lutes the air. be kept up to about fifty-three millimeters If the oxygen pressure could it still would be necessary to maintain the carbon-dioxide pressure.” That is the technical explanation of wl the doctors find happening. How it feels to the aviator is something else. Capt Gray, after his altitude flight, described the limit as the point where one feels as though the surrounding air wall, which is )

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POPULAR MECHANICS pressure against the door and hence better the joint. The theory proved out almost too for, while flying at an immense hei MacReady’s oxygen apparatus went | He began to descend, and, as the air w in his cabin grew more and more stale struggled to remove the door and ad fresh air from outside. But the pressure against the manhole cover was so ert 1 that even after the bolts were remove: stuck in its place and all his efforts cou not dislodge it. MacReady was almost un conscious before he reached a low enoug! level to balance t! inside and outside pressures and fre the door. A somewhat sim- ilar air-tight bal practically missing, . | . loon basket w was needed to give i wk built at McCook the muscles operat- g field and sent ing the lungs some- ' ats = | Capt. Gray for trial, thing against which BS oe but the ballooni to push. To the ee 1" * refused to risk man suffering from } ate” He pointed out want of oxygen the 4 A Ts that, when ascend feeling is that the 7 ing or descendi: lungs lack leverage Vi j slowly, an aer to do their work d nauis body cou and inhale the life- : ’ ey adjust itself to eno viving gas. . a mous changes in One way of de- as pressure, but that feating the high al- = flyer imprisoned titude would be to i 5 oof BE aia an air-tight cabinet inclose the flyer in an air-tight cabinet or cabin in which ground pressure could be maintained, no matter to what level he goes. That may come in time, but to date the only experiment in which it tried nearly ended in disaster. An airplane with an air-tight cabin was built at McCook field, the army experi- mental laboratory at Dayton, for Lieut. John A. MacReady to use in one of his attempts to break the altitude record in a heavier-than-air machine. To insure against leakage of the air, the manhole through which MacReady entered the plane was equipped with a door that screwed on fre the inside, so that the pressure, within the ship would hold it tight and seal the joint The lesser the Two Other Visual Tests for Flyer Candidates, Deoth- ; Perception and Eye-Convergence Measurements; Cen- ter, the Low-Pressure Chamber pressure outside, it was reasoned, the more

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POPULAR ECHANICS ‘breather Apparatus Which Measures the Chemical Change of the Breath, and a Rotation Test uld be lost if anything should go wrong an immense height and make it neces- ry for him to take to his parachute. ‘nder such circumstances it would be tal to open the door and try to escape, the sudden transition from ground essure to a semi-vacuum would be more ian blood vessels could stand and they ould probably burst. \nother method suggested is to equip he flyer with a suit somewhat like that orn by divers, but so constructed that the high pressure inside would not expand ind tear it. With a pneumatic suit it night be possible for the wearer to move freely and even leave his ship by para- hute, if necessary, provided the chute vas built big enough to carry the added veight. Such a suit, or even an air-tight cabinet, would have to be provided with ome means of absorbing the excess car- bon dioxide, for, while a small amount is necessary, too much is dangerous. The tests in the army pressure cham- bers in Washington and at flying fields in various parts of the country have shown that the effects of altitude on a flyer usu- ally steal on him unaware. The most striking effect is on the nervous system and takes the form first of stimulation and a feeling of well-being. This is followed immediately by a decrease in the field of attention, in which the aviator is easily distracted from his work, loses control of voiuntary muscles and finds it increasingly

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POPULAR tasks. His muscles fail to obey the brain messages, hard to concentrate on his nd he may reach in one direction for a control, as he believes, and actually be reaching in an entirely different quarter. Yet he is not conscious of doing a thing wrong. As the tests continue and higher simulated, tl suffer l¢; ] ° altitudes are he flvers from loss of memory, judgment and hear- ing and even their vision is impaired just before unconsciousness comes. The experiments show that the oxygen should be turned on when a flver gets not higher than 20,000 feet, and that between 23,000 and 25,000 is the abso apparatus to which even the best of eo and retain consciousness lute limit men can without using Oxygen. CHILDREN BUILD TROLLEY CAR AS KINDERGARTEN LESSON a visit to the electric-car barns, children of a San Francisco kindergarten constructed a realistic replica of a trolley I I how how many details they absorbed on their car to rac ht-seeing tour. sell MECHANICS cord, controller and fare boxes, strap other common features were represe even to advertising posters. Two of children donned blue paper caps of own make, labeled “motorman” and “ ductor,” for a “trip” to a reproductior park nook the class had made. HOW WORLD LOOKS TO A DOG: EYES OF LITTLE USE The world looks entirely different dog than it does to a man, accordin Dr. Donald A. sity. Laird, of Colgate un Tests‘ have proved that a dog black and white, but American flag is seen by the is color-blind. animal white and gray stripes, for it has been d closed that his discriminating very deficient patterns. A_ small looks to him like a solid, light gray. W1 eyes are a dog can see no more details than a1 can through a telescope that is badly « of focus, his eyes are especially keen sensing motion. Chickens and monke have much better pictures of the wor more clea being able to see patterns Toy Street Car Constructed by San Francisco Kindergarten Children after a Visit to the Trolley Barns; the Class Took an Imaginary Journey to a Model Park They Had Made in the Room

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POPULAR MECHANICS also to see many rs. Almost all ani- are unable to see rs, except monkeys, ;, and possibly some es. The dog shares handicap of color- dness with the bull, instance. Many peo- believe that the bull is ered by the sight of , when, as a matter of the bull cannot tell from gray. While the is blind to all colors, st birds can see all ors except blue and let, and although fish ve color vision, many them are apparently aid of red. In a heavy light, men are totally or-blind, and also un- e to distinguish pat- rns. It is then that we ibably see the world a e most like it looks to As a compensa- yn, the sense of smell is eener in many animals than in man, and pecially in dogs. dog. SAFETY GLASSES FOR SPORTS GUARD WEARERS’ EYES Persons who must wear glasses are uarded from injuries to the eyes while ngaged in sports 'y a double- mmed_ spectacle rame. The Jens is n the rim nearer he eyes, the outer ne shielding it rom breakage. Che frame is made of a strong nickel illoy and a metal strap above the nose affords addi- tional security. @ Write our Bureau of Information if you wish to know who makes or sells any article described in this magazine. Send no postage; the service is free. At One End of the Minute; View on Los Angeles Fireboat Big Nozzle That Throws 3,000 Gallons of Water a FIREBOAT WATER GUN THROWS FIFTY GALLONS A SECOND Los Angeles claims one of the most ef- ficient fireboats in the world in a ninety- nine-foot vessel propelled with gasoline motors. It is equipped with twenty-nine nozzles that have a combined capacity of 12,000 gallons of water a minute, one of them throwing 3,000 gallons in that time. CARBON ESSENTIAL TO LIFE While carbon per cent of matter, element of living material and is increas- ingly important in industry, being the basic element of all combustibles. A boy who weighs seventy pounds has in him about forty-four pounds of oxygen, twelve of carbon and six of hydrogen. Carbon forms part of all foodstuffs, and has the remarkable characteristic of uniting with almost all the solids and gases. It is de- rived from the air, from carbonic acid, and, absorbed by plants, goes to the build- makes up less than one it is the characteristic ing up of living matter and of foodstuffs.

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784 POPULAR MECHANICS PLANE REPLACES DOGSLEDS FOR ROYAL MOUNTED famous hunter W orld, mono- of the Arctic have taken to the air. Their new the Yukon,” to that in which Charl Li the Atlantic, is 1 plane, “Queen « chedule nd Daw by a vetera the air e. Che between White Horse son, piloted plane takes the dog teams and sledge i hic! Ni > | I peen carrving mail, express and passengers. These dog- sleds have been the only means of € com- munication over the 360 miles between the two points, requiring thirteen to four- teen days to make the trip, while the plane makes it in hours. one-half to five schedule will be main- tained by the new “Queen of the Yukon” and mail and four and Regular a limited quantity of ex- It will police at any press willbe carried on each trip. be at the command of the ‘Queen of the Yukon,” Sisters! of the “Spirit of St. Louis,” Lir bergh’s Famous Plane, Now on Re ular Schedule for Royal Canadia Mounted Police Duty between W! H« se and Dawson to pursue outiaws lar route or over ervu British domain in the ] TEST CHAMBER SHOWS IF MEN CAN STAND TROPIC LIFE ] vithstan To determine if candidates for position in its colonial possessions can I tropical climate, structed for the French testing chamber in which two scientists have con- government a subjects are placed and, for two days or more, are ex closely posed to conditions duplicating those of the torrid regions. The room is lined with cork to maintain an even tem- perature, the incased in metal thick, and A bed, a chair and a bicycle are the chief articles of furniture. ter at chamber itself is of two inches there is a double door of glass. W ood. The subject rides on the lat- times, this form of exercise having

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POPULAR MECHANICS emonstrated as es- hing a basis for the urement of muscu- gy. Reactions of “ly are measured, evaporations in the are drawn off and Food is conveyed ha special aper- the walls, so ar- that the air with- not disturbed. While amber has been tructed especially for prospective colo orkers, it is adapted imilar examinations en in various other i@s GIRL TRAINS BIRDS FOR MOVIES each them while they young,” is the motto Caroline Conger, lve years old, who and trains birds to “ orm in the movies. ‘tie her ‘ ‘school” near Capt. Eliasen and Huge Octopus He Killed after an Encounter While at lvwood. she has lad Work in Sunken Vesse!; He Escaped from Six Others ‘NV - . - a» r - and other apparatus for the birds to DIVER SLAYS HUGE OCTOPUS rn to climb, and begins instruction al- IN SUBMARINE BATTLE t ; ] issoona ler pets can leave the nest. Caroline Conger and a Incidents in fiction Few of Her Young Bird Pets Which She Trains for > HY : ease o99 Movies; Teaching Starts or wewport Beach, Calif., killed Before They Can Fly reality recently, when octopus he encountered while at we the submerged hulk of an old vessel. armed only with a knife, but man- aged to slash the tentacles that encircled him and behead the octopus. He escaped rot larger one and five small ones PLAN LONG STAY IN THE ARCTIC TO AID NAVIGATION To establish observation posts along south shore of the Hudson strait and aerial survevs for weather data, an expe- dition has sailed from Halifax for a pro- posed stay of fifteen months in the Arctic. Information gathered will be used in planning for maritime commerce in the strait following the completion of the Hudson bay rail

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TUls | Reveal , i 7 2. — Pay . ail} add lf ae: Tremendous Pressure of Oil and Gas Gushers Is One of the Problems of the Earth’s Interior By J. EARLE MILLER petutpalipns who are inclined to declare that now, with the poles conquered, the Atlantic and half the Pacific bridged by air, all but the world’s highest moun- tain scaled, and infinite space bridged by giant telescopes, to conquer, art worlds left one man has no overlooking great, and almost untapped, field of exploration. For we don’t know yet what the inside of our own earth is like! 786 The failure to probe the interior the earth, whose center is only a mat of 4,000 miles or so the 1 strange when compared with the achie ments of astronomy in solving the c away, 1s position, temperature and living co: tions, or rather lack of billions of miles away. them, on While the air, the most unstable of the elements, has been conquered man has been up more than eight m above the earth, the farthest he has be into it is only a mile or so, in a few ¢ ceptionally deep mines. And the farthe his proving tools have penetrated is I than 10,000 feet, or considerably und two miles, in the world’s well, now being drilled in California As long ago as 1904, 1919, Sir Charles Parsons, inventor the steam turbine which bears his nai proposed that a great hole be bored or twelve miles into the earth, not o1 to find what the underlying rock mineral strata were like, but to tap utilize the internal new deepest and again the wor! power. While ventors have been trying for ages to t heat ot as a source of two of the world’s three great undeve oped sources of energy—the rise and f of the tides due to the attraction of tl moon and the from the sun—it is only in recent years that ste] heat received have been taken to put the internal he of the earth to work. In California an in Italy steam emerging from undergroun iets, being heated an vaporized, has been harnessed to boilet and heating plants. where water is Similar experiment are being carried on in other parts of th world blessed with natural steam jets, b it is unfortunately the fact that these lim ited cases of physical phenomena are fev and far between and usually far from the scene where power is needed. Sir Charles Parsons’ suggestion, how- ever, is applicable at any place in the world where needed. E. W. Rice, Jr., honorary chairman of the board power is

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The Marvels of Such Vast Underground Caverns as the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky Have Been But Explored, Giving Some Light on the Secrets Hidden within the Earth e General Electric company, speak- before the World Power conference in in 1924, urged that the leading t to finance tl ‘oblem irthquakes ; ing of an experimental shaft. ‘lear t remaining mys gree with Sir Charles,” he f volcanic action; 1 ight reveal tatement that the cost of to un -cted deep-lving deposit ‘xperiment is trivial compared ie value of the possible information rth; «| by the investigation he thickne rt] ’s outer region of the earth. h less than the cos If only the people »s had the faith science, the value of i1ave been put 40 prac- It is a big idea, Ww or- thusiastic support; in orth undertaking as an inter ientific enterprise, a suitable co-operative work between © possib] e unlimited power 1 develope the tube ide i

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POPULAR In the process of settling, the lightest of the material has been raised the highest, as was proved when it was discovered that mountain masses had a lower specihc gravit the plains. Iron, nickel rials are the principal ingredien found on the surface of the earth after falling skies, and these heavy met nent, in or 2 meteors that are occasionally from the are promi- molten iseous form, in stars, so it is safe to assume, lieve, that they may compose a fairly portion of the earth’s interior, and in a much purer form than they are f the weight, the metals, when found in surface. Because of their gre: deposits, are scattered through a mixture of lighter material, from which be separated The mystery of mineral oil, our they must from which still unsolved, though the product has been known for centuries. The comes gasoline, is oil to be an inorganic compound, the result school that beliey es 1 of chemical the changes taking place within earth, is overbalanced by the more MECHANICS general belief that it is an organic prody probably due to the such organic material decomposition as fishes, SC aAW eC and even the trees and vegetation of p ages, wiped out and buried deep by advancing debris of the several lon glacial epochs. The idea that our motor car planes are being propelled by the the States millions of veal which the United sported in waters that covers long before the day of the mammoth the saber-tooth tiger and the great c bear. is not as odd as it may seem, f another of our most useful commoditi comes from tl same era at Irom a relat ‘J hat oO building lit stone. Place piece of it und a microscope al it is the shells of . ia 1 reveaied preserve or A Javanese Volcano, a Coal-Mine Work Train, and Laboratory at Father Tondorf in His Georgetown Earthquake University

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id at POPULAR MECHANICS 789 CIENCE EXPLAINS JAPAN’S RECENT EARTHQUAKES aaa. sragcenaae 3 UPPOSED ATKEN OS PHee, Pou BASALT ciass = = = HOCKS SOMETIMES) = o (iy at SURFACE BY es w FRACTY RE OF RUST "4 SHOCKS aecOnSunrace ad ¥ = AL oa cremic zo VOWUME Ps oes a — —— — ? oF New Theory of the Earth’s In- terior and Its Relation to Earthquakes; the Sketch Shows Why Japan Is Visited So Fre- quently by Violent and Destruc- tive Tremors, Which Have Their Origin in the Readjust- ments of Successive Layers of , the Earth 2,000 Miles Deep; the So-Called Fluid Core Is Not Liquid, It Is Believed, but Mineral Matter Moving under Enormous Compression “ 1600 9 MILES pia. WHICH STOPS DISTORTIONAL Way WHEN ENCOUNT far

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790 POPULAR MECHANICS : ~ drill is rotated by an engine on the su face, cutting out a cylindrical core, w! is then hoisted for examination. Prof. Rudolph Leschot, a French ci engineer, invented the drill as a result his observations of the hardnes of d monds. As generally used to explore new oil and mineral fields, it consist hollow rods or tubes, screwed together five or ten-foot sections, lowered, as t] cutting progresses, by mechanical or | draulic pressure. At intervals, rangin from five to thirty feet of drilling, tl string of tubes is hoisted out of the hol and the core removed and examined. A the cores, from the surface down, ar assembled in roy so that the entire collection give true picture « every stratu from the. suri Our coal deposits, too, date from to the botton the drill hole. Fo: ordinary prospe ages ago when the central United States was a great tropical jungle. The jungle disap- peared under the last of the glacial waves, and the trees and ferns ing work in mineral forn tions, cores ot slowly turned to carbon, just as peat beds much nearer the surface are doing today. To sink an experimental shaft into the earth to a depth of ten or twelve miles is not so difficult of accomplishment as might be imagined. It would not be nec- essary to make a mine shaft of it, or to send men down into the earth to get a first-hand picture of what that interior is like. The diamond drill has solved all that, and made it a simple matter to remain on the surface and get an accurate sample of every inch of depth to which the drill is sunk. The diamond drill is a hollow rod, fitted at its end with a ring *, oad of tiny diamond fragments—the 7 hardest substance known to man. Diamond Drillers at Work, Top; Center, Drill Cores Laid Out e i te a Se cated in Order to Show Nature of Strata in a Field, and, Bottom, the As it is sunk into the earth, the Drilling Bit of the World’s Deepest Oil Well

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NE eee ilding a drill and re tube of fairly hort length, driven hole supported by single cable. Modern drills do POPULAR MECHANICS Willamette Meteorite, Found in Oregon, Weighs 31,107 Pounds and Is Ninety-One Per Eight Per Cent Nickel, and One Per Cent Mixed Cobalt, Sulphur Is are common vy used in a bit, de- SPARE TIRE ling on the hardness of the material be encountered. ‘an inch and a half are usually ex stead employ the b te while in softer material, such as bonados,” which e ult or similar substances, it is cus- of Bahia, Brazil. to use two-inch outfit. Drills I xploring the inte uch larger size can be made, however, not be so spectacular a six or eight-inch shaft might be sunk. oceans by plane or fly sinall sizes are used merely because’ but if the Parsons sh rge supplies are not needed, and would) may have a more f justify the additional cost of diamonds daily life than any sing bigger bit. From two to fifty dia- — 791 ' the poies, ever sunk, it n effect ¢ it 1 h 0 FOR ARMY PLANE AIDS SAFER FLYING he only problem to be solved in build- Some of the new art es at a we i drilling outfit for a ten or twelve-— ern flying field e been equipped witl tube is the handling and turning of spare tire tor the landin é It is cat u erneat! e enormous 1 VOVGr, be possi- to solve it by an attached el c motor, the ec- use white-dia —— — Ready for an Emergency; Airplane Equipped Spare Tire for Its Landing Gear with

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792 Outdoor-Organ Console Placed Some Distance from the Pipes, to Prevent Injurious Effects of Vibrations PIPE ORGAN PLACED OUTDOORS FOR CONCERTS IN PARK > Visitors at a park Los Angeles may enjoy pipe-organ music in the open, near a huge instrument having been erected near the center of the grounds. Because of the strong vibrations, from the bass pipes particularly, it was necessary to place the console more than 100 feet away and keys from and also to shelter the organist. shield it in glass to protect the the jar FIND LIPSTICKS CENTURIES OLD IN AUSTRIAN RUINS That the lipstick is not a modern inno- vation is interesting finds in Austria, where relics of the pre- stone age have been unearthed. Among the ruins were sticks of graphite, proba- bly used as [ shown by lower eyebrow pencils, lumps of ocher and receptacles containing rouge his collection of = cosmetics is 25 OK old and found with the carved figure of a woman made from a mammoth’s tusk, and bones of an ice fox, probably placed to propitiate the powder. possibly years was POPULAR MECHANICS gods of the chase, for it is man of this era and known tl buried the bor 1 | i always animals to kill as an offering to the gods. hides of various ie desir graphite stick had smooth, worn surface where it was applied to the face with rei deer fat, to make it adhere to the skin NEW ANAESTHETIC IS INJECTED TO AVOID LUNG TROUBLES Berlin physicians are reported to ha developed an anesthetic especially suite to patients who have lung disorders th make it ister unwise or impossible to admi1 inhaling. The ne substance is a liquid which is injected int the system and is effective when total o Alcohol an bromine are mixed in the preparation. narcotics by local anesthesia is desired. CLEAR VIEW IN ANY WEATHER GIVEN BY ANTI-FROSTER An effective cumulation of frost or automobile windshield has been means to prevent the a moisture on tl found sheet of held to the glass by a circular transparent vacuum overcome frost or steaming it is attache on the inside, but to the outside when driv ing inasnowstorm. An additional featur: is an shield can be adjusted to meet requirements. preventer materi; cups. |: whicl The washing it amber-colored glare may be cleaned by in lukewarm water and rinsing in cold. Circular Disk in Place on Windshield, Showing How It Clears a Wider Space for the Driver’s Vision

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POPULAR MECHANICS 799 EPTILES SERVE THE ULTRA WHIMS OF FASHION Che vogue of fancy leathers tor shoes | nd trimmings has created a demand for he skins of snakes, lizards and crocodiles Complete costumes even are being made rom the coverings of reptiles. When tanned, the skins of certain species from tropical countries reveal an infinite va- riety of color and design. English and Dutch merchants were the first to place on the market articles made from the water snake of Java, Borneo and Sumatra, while the Parisian specialists of today ob- tain pythons from equatorial and occi- dental Africa and Madagascar, pelophiles, with brown or black spots, from Guiana to Many Purposes; the Markings Have How Long Will the Snake-Skin Fad in Fashions Last? Typical Uses of the Material Which Is Applicable tT Been Widely Duplicated in Fabrics il the terrible boa constrictor | unecte, with gravish scales mo tled red, from the Antilles. But the fabric b: > | i tion of handbags, portfolios, belts or smal + trunks, from the skins necessitates mos delicate operations. rhe tanning of re} means ¢ hich tile skins is accomplished by mixtures, the secret of v jealously guarded by each manutacturet When tanned, the skins of reptiles pass to the hands of the leather make the articles. The worker cuts the skins after models which have been given to him, his implements being plaques of certain workers who zine and a shoemakers’ kn

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794 POPULAR BEAUTY OF OLD STONE BRIDGES LOST IN NEW ONES OF STEEL Landmark of the Type That Is Fast Disappearing Belgium; Old Arch Bridge of Times before the War While Belgium and other restoration of war- t countries has left many features better than they were before the conflict, the substitution of steel for in rebuilding some of the old been deplored because much of the stone 1 1 , bridges Nas peauty of the ancient structures is lost. The rea- son for the change of material 1s largely due to the scarcity of skill or since the war. The re are itewer m ons ho know how to build the stanch = stone arches, hence the employment of steel has been necessary In many Cases. \l- though more serviceable than the stone viaducts, the new ones do not harmonize » completely with their environment FIVE MILES A MINUTE ON RAILS OBJECT OF NEW LINE Railroad speed of from 200 to 300 miles an hour will be ing built by ar common if a test line be- ‘nglish engineer is suc- cessful. He] to eliminate trains, sub stituting a single car containing the pro- which pelling unit, will be operated by MECHANICS electricity or gasoline and streamlined decrease air resistance to the utmost li: ach car will carry from sixty to 350 p sons, and there is a special arrangeme replacing the usual flange tire to prev crossings would derailment. Grade eliminated to insure fast schedules it is expected that the car climb safety and be able to steep erades with ea a special design of outer tires of hi 1 rictional capacity has been provided GRASS TO GUARD SEA WALL HELPS RECLAIM LAND 1o protect the s@a walis aiong the co of Essex, England, rice grass, a rushli growth that appeared in that section the country about sixty years ago, is | ing’ planted. It has the peculiar proper of collecting mud, thus raising the le i the shore inch by inch, so that acre can be reclaimed for pasture and othe purposes. The cost of maintaining tl lso reduced. Success of t] led to exportation of hun- method has xe th dreds of the plants to other countrie STEEL MIXER BOX FOR BUILDERS SERVES AS CEMENT COVER Said to outlast a dozen wooden boxe a welded-steel mixing vat for preparing cement, plaster and other building mate rials, prevents loss through seepage, fir¢ can be built under it in winter time to keep and, by turning freezing, batches from Box for Mixing Mortar Has Sloping Ends That Help Shed Water When It Is Used a Cover for *ment and Other Mate- and Pre- vents Loss by Seepage Steel rials, it over when empty, it forms a convenient cover for a pile of cement or other supplies It is easv to clean and facilitates mixing because of its smooth, level bottom.

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~~ ng Raisins wit for Picking; h a Saccharometer, to Determine Whether They Have Gained the Pr the Instrument Eliminates All Guesswork in the Vineyards By C. MORAN their new }* ARMERS are solving surplus problems by eir crops, ranging from the manufacture apple Sauce to * sulphur dyes California fruit us oranges and lemons in ng fruit juices pectin, d the like. Consolidated raisin growers re building a factory for the manufacture developing uses for xylan, which is a base erowers are using sur- manufactur- oils, marmalade raisin sirup and a feed for dairy cows. surplus cranberries are into iuce and apples into apple sauce. The ilnut growers are making high-grade harcoal from shells. being made Potatoes also are being made _ into tarch;: wheat straw into gas; rice hulls nto cellulose which is used in the manu- facture of hundreds of commodities, from imitation leather to artificial silk: peanut shells into dynamite fillers and cattle feed. More than 150 uses fi ed co corn- stall leaves and cobs are listed, rang- ing from acetic acid to wax. ihe ti cludes axle grease, car wheels, cob side- walks, doormats, fiber, floor rugs, incense, laundry soap, linoleum, phonograph re ords, punk, sofa pillows, and radio equi ment. No need for acorn surplus, say the chemists, when there sO 1 pro ucts into which corn can be converted profitably and cheay ly. It is estimated that from 15,000,000 to 20.000.000 tons of corncobs are wasted an- nually on American farms. Yet labor tory work has developed cheap processes for extracting from the cob resin from which telephone receiver

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(WARD RED WINTER WHEAT ns ee phonograph records, and noiseless gears can be made; tur- fural which has many uses in industry, in- cluding a base for varnish and muci- lage; xylan, a valua- ble base for sulphur dyes; from \ which artificial silk is and also in cellulose made, which is used proofing, paper sizing and in cement. All these materials are obtained from subst inces less plenti- water- . 1 —. . 2 : Thea ful and less efficient than corncobs. he use of them in the manufacture of a lum- ber substitute, where high tensile strength is not required, also has been developed The substitute withstands weat and tear as well as any hardwood and will 10.000 recently. ’ -, | tolerate a pressure 01 pounds to the square inch. Uses for fiberboards, tow and thatched roofs. Flax- ° » | seed-flax straw include rugs, : ] : . 1 carpets, insulating material, upholstery, seed medicines, already is being used in 7 ! varnish, linoleum, eather, artists’ oil, explosives, and many other industrial Why a wheat the hen the production of flax patent products. surplus, chemists ask, is insufficient are more than fifty different uses for the for domestic needs, and there ? seed and the seed-flax straw: POPULAR MECHANICS Up to the present time peanut hul have been used for polishing tin plate, a dynamite filler, a mixed fertilizer filler az with molasses, as a cattle foo The development of new utilizing California citrus fruits has processes I 1 per the outcome of more than ten years chemical research. Thousands of ton cull fruits were being wasted annua and production was increasing. The uration point in consumption was at hat and it was a question of developing ne uses for the fruit or of curtailing produ tion. The result has been the establis ment of new industries in California t] last two years, which are doing an agg gate business of $1,000,000 a year. One concern in Los Angeles uses sixt tons of citrus fruit day in making juice As citrus vorth approximate $2.50 a pound, the e traction and tion of the oil an additional retur: of $12.50 for each tor of cull fruit. Form- erly it cost the pro- ducers $1 a ton to have the waste fruit hauled away. An- other plant manu- oils al utiliza meat Top, Wheat the Liquid Furnace in Which Wheat Straw Is Converted into Gas Device for Measuring Foods, and, Bottom, Center, Canned Grading; Content in

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POPULAR MECHANICS

- in a Government School Receiving a Lesson ia How to Grade and Analyze Grain: SHELLED COM) COATS

Government In spectors Play an Important Part in the Marketing of Crops ed 50,000 pounds of orange oil hav- estimated lsposa a wi 1 1 oO mately $100,000. 7 i ics ale value of ap- of orange pulp irom which uice had been extracted was once a 11 proviem, I h <A ration and disposal ° 9 te . 1or dairy Co this source 3.000 a month. lar work 1 rowers ot ure of sirup f pome costl method ] soda fountains. rated juice 1 sses nts with pineapp! I are being and je De 1 I is found amount to dey eloped ig about for 1 from g undertaken by factory con \ have ted experimentally, and commercial S800 a the of orange pulp ws, and now the profits $2,500 ‘cranates in the man- and concentrates for A sati been ex- . Experi- es are yielding meth- of extracting juice from the hitherto ted skins and cores. F refully graded fruits and vegetables re- he demands o 5 | maining at the producing centers. One the ilt each year in larger quantities of cul market 7 I] for more Ss the pressing problems of fruit and veg- ble growers is to find more profitable utlets for the cu

7 The development of new processes for “4 izing fruits and vegetables is slow and ls and for the surplus hich cannot be marketed profitably fresh. 1 tedious work, requiring extensive and pa tient research. The composition of fruits rule is very and vegetables as a compiex, and the various chemical substances con 1 ] tained in these products can be aetert mined only by laborious methods. MYSTERY RELICS FROM MEXICO ARE CENTURIES OLD Said to be among the found on the North curious images of sun- oldest relics ever \merican continent, baked clay ha e been unearthed near Guadala- jara Mexico hey are ught peri 060.000 vears avo. and human represent heads on four-legged bodie Ss, two- ] reptiles odd lesigns. Scholars leaded ] ind other

of the Los Angeles useum are esti- gating the age and character of the pie es, 1 7 ° j which were found in volcanic ibout lour teet beneath the

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796 POPULAR MECHANICS || have been used for polishing tin plate | a dynamite filler, a fertilizer filler ai - — ; Up to the present time peanut hu _— | | ee 1 4 2 ! mixed with molasses, as a cattle fox | . "HARD RED WINTER WHEAT anne as The development of new processes utilizing California citrus fruits has be: | the outcome of more than ten year } chemical research. Thousands of ton cull fruits were being wasted annua and production was increasing. The || uration point in consumption was at ha: and it was a question of developing n uses for the fruit or of curtailing produ tion. The result has been the establis ment of new industries in California last two years, which are doing an agg gate business of $1,000,000 a year. One concern in Los Angeles uses si tons of citrus fruit day in making jui phonograph records, As citrus oils ar ae worth approximate $2.50 a pound, the e traction and utiliza tion of the oil mea an additional retur of $12.50 for each t of cull fruit. Form- erly it cost the pr / ducers $1 a ton to have the waste fruit hauled away. An- other plant manu- and noise ess gears can be made; tur- fural which has many uses in industry, in- cluding a base for varnish and muci- lage; xylan, a valua- ble base for sulphur , dyes; cellulose from \ which artificial silk is made, and which is used also in water- 4 proofing, paper sizing and in cement. All these materials _——— are obtained from substances less plenti- ful and less efficient than corncobs. The i use of them in the manufacture of ber substitute, where high tensile strengt is not required, also has been developed recently. The substitute withstands wear and tear as well as any hardwood and will tolerate a pressure of 10,000 pounds to the square inch. Uses for seed-flax straw include rugs, carpets, fiberboards, insulating material, upholstery, tow and thatched roofs. Flax- seed already is being used in medicines, varnish, linoleum, patent leather, artists’ oil, explosives, and many other industrial products. Why a wheat surplus, the chemists ask, when the production of flax | is insufficient for domestic needs, and there ‘ == a SSS are more than fifty different uses for the Top, Wheat Grading; Center, Device for Measuring spe) 41 he ceed-flax straw ? the Liquid Content in Canned Foods, and, Bottom, seed and the seed flax straw: Furnace in Which Wheat Straw Is Converted into Gas

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POPULAR MECHANICS 797 Lue com oars in a Government School Receiving a Lesson ia How to Grade and Analyze Grain; Government In spectors Play an Important Part in the Marketing of Crops ed 50,000 pounds of orange oil hay tedious work, requiring extensive and pa n estimated wholesale value of ap-_ tient research. The composition of fruits mately $100,000. and vegetables as a rule is very complex, : disposal of orange pulp from which and the various chemical substances con uice had been extracted was once a_ tained in these products can be detet t problem, costing about $800 a mined only by laborious method h. A method was found for the ration and disposal of orange pulp " MYSTERY RELICS FROM MEXICO ARE CENTURIES OLD 1 7 for dairy cows, and now the pro this source amount to from $2,500 00 a month. Said to be among the oldest relics ever lar work is being undertaken by found on the North American continent, rowers of pomegranates in the man- curious images of ure of sirups and concentrates for been unearthed t soda fountains. \ satisfactory con near Guadala- ited juice and jelly have been ex- sara, Mexico. ed experimentally, and commercial They are thought esses are being developed. Experi- to belong to a nts with pineapples are yielding meth- period of at least of extracting juice from the hitherto 6,000 years ago, ted skins and cores. and represent he demands of the market for more human heads on refully graded fruits and vegetables re- four-legged each year in larger quantities of culls bodies, two ; emaining at the producing centers. One headed reptile the pressing problems of fruit and veg and other odd table growers is to find more profitable designs. Scholars y} utlets for the culls and for the surplus of the Los Angeles museum are investi- hich cannot be marketed profitably fresh gating the age and character of the pieces, : The devel mt of new processes for whicl aoe gant Aon . ine deve opment OT new processes Io! vnich were tound in volcanic ash about s itilizing fruits and vegetables is slow ind tour feet bene; th the suriace

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798 | | coals J Truck on End, Showing the Foot Lever That Controls the Loading and Unloading Extension HAND TRUCK LOADED BY LEVER PREVENTS BREAKING BOXES With the usual tvpe of hand truck, boxes and other damaged or the bottom This objection is articles often are broken by the sharp blade at of the carrier. sald to be eliminated in a truck equipped with pointed rods that can be clamped against the bottom box by pressing a lever with the foot so that the load may be tipped on the rack with little difficulty. The rods are easily released for unloading FALLING SHUTTER TRAPS THIEF TRYING TO STEAL JEWELS For the protection of show windows and display cases containing jewelry or other valuable articles, a falling shutter arrange has introduced in foil the smash-and-grab thieves that have been ment been England to active there. It can be made to fit almost any shape or size of window or case and is entirely concealed when folded up. Tampering with the glass or frame POPULAR MECHANICS instantly releases the support for ich is made of metal, ily, cutting or thiet’s wrist and tl breaking off an alar The secret of the shutt a vacuum device that hol up. The vacuum is destroyed when \ tion setting le same time. operation ts smashes a glass slide, allowing heavy shutter to fall. EYES’ SPEED LIMIT In order to distinguish an object, average eve must remain in a statio1 position for about one-seventh of a ond, tests hay oo disclosed. The eve pears to act ona sort of skip stop S\ and no amount of illumination will spe its rate of functioning, the experiment: found. interesting fact that brightly enou One of the vealed by the tests was most hor not e eve to work a function under the ' ‘onditions of illumination CLEAN BUILDINGS WITH STEAM INSTEAD OF SANDBLAST Jets of live steam as a substitute sandblast and acid washes have been u standards in cleani1 building in Washington, D. C. The for of the vapor is controlled through a spe by the bureau of nozzle, and parts that cannot ordinarily easily reached are said to be cleaned t!] oughly by the steam. Scouring Building’s Decorations with Blast of Steam an Advantage Is That Crevices Are Cleaned

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POPULAR MECHANICS THEATER ON WHEELS ENLIVENS PLAYGROUNDS 799 t \rranging Scenery on the Stage of the “‘Vagabond”’ Theater, a Trailer Towed by a Motor Truck; It Makes I the Rounds of Playgrounds in Oakland, Calif., to Entertain Hundreds of Children ompletely contained on a trailer, and ed by a motor truck, a “vagabond” iter, built by the playgrounds depart- nt of Oakland, Calif., entertains audi- es of 200 to 500 children every week ifternoon in the fifty-two playgrounds hat city. Stage, scenery, plays and act- are all done by the boys and girls of grammar and junior high schools, and ime play is never presented twice by same children, so that all the young- are given an opportunity to write s, in competition, and to act them as The motor-truck theater, which is eved to be the first of its kind ever lt, is simple in construction. The floor the stage two sections, nged down their length, one-half being ted to the chassis of the trailer. The ipper half is equipped with folding steel egs along the outer rim and, when not n use, folds over on the lower half, which consists of orms the bed of the trailer. A motor ruck, which carries the scenery, cos- tumes and other equipment, tows this railer. The hinged side of the stage floor placed next the audience. and the upper . half swung over to rest on the folding legs. A looped curtain is then draped around it, covering the wheels of the trailer and the legs of the forward half of the stage. Holes in the stage engage pegs in the lower edge of the scenery, bai “prop stage for an in 1 lo . 1o¢ drops and stage Complete ot the loor play requires only fifteen minutes, while that for an out- door lhe more than cene takes somewhat longer. plays, which never require twenty minutes in presentation, are writ- 1 ] 1 ten by pupils of the junior high schools. GOLF TEE AND SCORE PENCIL COMBINED IN ONE . One of the latest novelties for golf is a convenient tee, the sharp point of which contains a lead for writing ty / ra the score. The if ; pencil is made in eet if two colors, red y— and vellow, is al- ways accessible and saves the trouble of carrying an extra article.

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SOO POPULAR MECHANICS scarcely a trace oft ilient substance « detected. res Che rubbe use in buildings is in blocks or form of which are built up ver cally on the y According to the invert ot the process, it afto a sereen or buffer which all vibrations ¢ pend themselve RULE ON MIRROR TELLS YOUR HEIGHT d 7 \ fairly accurate 1 ure of a person’ is shown on a rul ror especially su d sp \ in public or tor advertising Car Effect of a Withstand Huge Winds Damascus Street Is Strongly Constructed t py over COVERED STREET IN DAMASCUS RESEMBLES PIPE LINE “ Over the famed “street called Straight” in Damascus, no en erected so that. on first elance rom an elevated position, the way the | ince of a huge pipe line th brace reeular it tery Che coverit f pe lestrians fro! i Tena tha as d is strongly built to withstand the RUBBER WALLS FOR OFFICES TO REDUCE NOISE Rubber walls in office buil .@ crease vibration and treets walks paved w rubber, are ai recent | uses They irror Gauge That Tells the mirror. i ce I 1 distance LT) Hoor so that a glanes 1 the glass shows ho ry vou ire The act } ‘ ot t qevice 18 base ine Se ° 1 ] ] Pipe Line; It the tact that the d I 7 | . Irom the pupil ot c « ‘ the 1 h h d i pp! { to the crown ot the head tppronl : same in all people. Height in Position for Use

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se POPULAR MECHANICS 801 UGESHOWS RECORD RAINFALL OVER INCH A MINUTE to the time of this writing, the I's record rainfall was observed in a ct on the west front of the San iel range. Here, on April 5, 1926, a 1 1.02 inches in one minute was meas- ona weighing rain gauge and was re- “| by the United States weather bu- and the Los Angeles county flood- rol commission, joint operators of the rvation station. By chance, a second e of the same pattern had been in- | near the other, for test purposes, both instruments made the same additional testimony of its accu- was afforded. The previous rain- record was observed in Panama. On 29, 1911, a fall of 2.47 inches was tered in three minutes at the weather in Porto Bello. SAFETY FLUE IN STOVEPIPE REDUCES FIRE HAZARD ind rubbish accumulating in the ipe elbow are usually removed only with considerable trouble and con- stitute a fire haz- ard but can now be quickly taken out through a safety flue, an opening in front of the elbow. It inates the necessity of lifting the pipe and also serves as a check damper for in case the pipe becomes too hot. In tion, by insuring a constantly clean ing, it saves fuel. WINDOW CLEANED FROM INSIDE THROUGH INSET PANE Oth upper and lower panes can be eaned from the inside through the nging center of a window recently in- duced especially for office buildings, itals, schools and similar installations. ] I can be placed in any style of sash, old new, is made in bronze or aluminum nd also serves as a ventilator. The out- le of the entire window frame and sash n be painted through the swinging pane, Showing How Simple It Is to Clean the Outside of the Window from Within through Inset Pane saving the erection of special scaffolding and, in washing the windows, the hazards and trouble of climbing on the outer sill are done away with ELECTRIC FAN MAKES OZONE TO PURIFY AIR 1 Purification as well as circulation of the tir 1s sought in an electric fan recently in- troduced in France. It pro- duces ozone fromasmall venerator at- tached to it, the gas being blown outward by the rapidly revolving blades. Ozone is qe used in ster ing water a nd may sometimes be detected by its odor after a flash of lightning @ Whenever you find that you wish to know more about any article in this maga zine, write our Bureau of Information.

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io 2) c POPULAR MECHANICS The center one is detachable and serve a boat to which an outboard motor m One of the Exercises on attached to simplify the task of landi1 the Weight- Reducing . a Puller; It Develops getting back to the plane. The other t Sune “Seatoine are pontoons are sufficient to support move Superfluous Fat ship. The removable unit is secured the craft by four bolts and, with its 1 attached, may be used to maneuver plane independent of the big engine pontoon may also serve commercial for conveying cargo to and from short MUDGUARDS FOR SHOE HEELS EASILY DETACHED To keep mud from soiling the bac] women’s shoes, a French shoemake1 introduced a guard that is quickl; REDUCING EXERCISER ALSO tached to the rear of the heel and may DEVELOPS ARM MUSCLES removed before entering the house. It made of transparent material so that it fat is said to be removed 9 : line and the muscles of the hardly noticeable, and is shaped to ke . F : , : TUE} the mud down off .ueemesseeeseeee arms receive beneficial exercise by a gym- E Superfluous from the waist the shoe even if 1 nasium unit especially for the home. It 7 f ] . 1: ; Syren: the heel sinks in. consists chiefly of a cord on a friction ih : 7 . . lhe guard is also reel which furnishes sufficient resistance — Ned “wag adaptable to men’s when the rope is pulled to require con- ; . hoes and _ helps siderable effort on the part of the user “3 I keep the trouset bottoms from be- An advantage of the exerciser is that the user can sit or stand in several positions. coming soiled and, consequently, worn out quickly SEAPLANE PONTOON IS TURNED INTO FLYING BOAT Increased utility of the seaplane is prom MYSTERY OF SATURN’S RINGS ised in a three-pontoon flying machine. EXPLAINED BY METEORS? Little is known for certainty about the of Saturn, but one exp nation is that they ist of small solid piec: like meteors, shining reflected sunlight though they are but few miles thick, they 173,000 miles acro 1 Viewed edgewise, t disappear even und: powerful telescopes al are clearly seen only whet they are tilted. Their o1 gin is obscure. SO! scholars believe they at 1 survivals of rings wht > “Irclie a] TS Pontoon of Flying Boat, Which Serves as Separate Craft encircled all planets.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 803 A ACRE ES 4 apiiertasiertes fog so thick that the look course, when, so close that a marble could : t on the b could not see ve been to 1 board, an express ‘) i. ferrvboat carrving 800 passenger liner, in trom the Pacific, rushed b it t across San Francisco bay. In the top speed. Had the ferry continued | thouse, the captain at the wheel, with course, she would have been shattered by rst and second officers on either side the great steamer. he newest life m, watched two small, square-topped server of the sea—the sound con ck boxes, or peered through the win had saved her , While the third officer plaved search Running automatical 1 ts against the grav wall that loomed ¢ the direction and distance . d ot the vessel. nd signals, tl ne levice is bein ( , Suddenly a brilliant red light glowed exhaustive tests on some of tl] irtv-one an instant on the revolving disk atop errvboat vhich, da lL night ‘ of the boxes. In a fraction of a their cross the Bay ot St. | nd, a similar light flashed on the other nd the above , \n indicator needle, spinning be eral unexpected nd unde een the two, stopped at 700 feet. Th I ed lights flashed again, both seeming! Phe sound compa col t ‘ e same direction. At the first flash of a receiving device in the form ¢ ale n the port bow, the captain spun his low half globe, mounted on - heel to starboard, and, through his pilot haft. Attached to the same shaft. either ar e controls, drove his heavy propel directly or bv gearing or ren motors full need ahead. trical drive. j in. indicate Hardly had the ferryboat changed her arranged that it rotates at e> t]

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POPULAR rn LH eee . o ‘*taseeae same speed as the sound receiver. vacuum bulb ingular The indicator consists of a filled glow brightly when excited by an electric The arranged to with a gas, such as neon, which will sound-receiving device is convert the current. vibrations re- into electrical vibrations, which are amplified, if great sensitivity 1s required, and then transmitted to the in- dicator, where they cause the lamp on the disk to flash. Assume, ceived by it being from that a whistle is continuously at a now, blown distance +} ie vessel. The sound-receiving device, as t rotates, comes into a position where it is strongly actuated by the vibrations from the whistle. The glow lamp on the rotat- ing indicator flashes, and, being in position as the sound then the same angular receiver, the observer, by locating the flash, may read from the indicator the bear- ing of the sound with respect to his ship. MECHANICS Ferry Slip Fitted with Beacon Transmitter to Gu Ships, and, Left, the Sound-Compass Dial In the experiments with the sound cor pass, it was found to have a particular a plication—in addition to locating oth: vessels in fog—to the problem of na) gating ships into slips, berths or harb: entrances, in fog. and past obstacles at night Sound beacons of varying pit devised and placed on points and other similar positio1 were ferry slij rocks, where the experiments were carried 01 The sound-receiving instruments, on tl] boats on which the trials were made, wet particularly different ind vidual sound beacons, without interfering with the ability of the receiver to pick u whistles from other vessels and indicat« their direction. It found that eac! ferry captain knew at all times the beat ing of his slip on the opposite side of tl Wart befor: sensitized to Was bay, a distance of about four miles. automatically laid ‘ - =e 1 al hs a point on an tsland along fh course across the bay, on which one 01 the sound beacons was located. ing also him of Was One feature of particular interest is thi sound-locatins when the frequency 01 pitch of the sound beacon is increased Signals, of a pitch far too high to be heard by the human ear, instantly attract the at tention of the sound receiver and appeat brilliantly in the with which the pertorms accuracy dey ice neon light on the in

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POPULAR MECHANICS 805 in the pilothouse. This provides a pass 1s quite similar to the directional whereby sound beacons of a pitch radio beacons being developed to guide |, say, 15,000 vibrations a second, airplanes, and possibly the two sery e maintained in continnous opera ices may in the future be combined over ithout in any way interfering with such frequently fog-shrouded areas as e of audible signals. This is of es San Francisco. The Golden Gate has value in guiding ships, ferries or been a problem to flyers from the start its through heavy fog. and for some time the transcontinental air e device also may be used to obtain mail did not even approach it. nce as well as direction read- by mounting two of the de one at each end of the e of a vessel, and placing respective indicators side by n the pilothouse. Readings of the two indicators simul- susly may be plotted to give the direction and distance of und. le the confusion due to the ling of, or the echo from, a nd in a fog, renders the hu- sense of hearing somewhat ependable, the sound compass, uch conditions, shows two hes in the neon light on the ’ ator—a very strong flash 1 the direction of the origin r the sound, and a weak flash m the direction of the echo. makes recognition of the ex- direction comparatively easy. [ln many ways the sound com- u | it e . ! i 0 ns . —— A oO BS ee. »¢] - =“ rd if at n Receiver of the Sound Compass in Position at the Bow of a Frisco Bay Ferry, and, Above, the Front of the Receiver and the Recording Cabinet to Which It Is Connected

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806 — Metal Top for Fish Basket Has Space for Bait, and a Rule That Tells How Big Are the Ones You Catch METAL TOP FOR FISH BASKET HOLDS HOOKS AND LINES Shaped to fit standard-size basket, a metal top, one inch thick, holds hooks, lines and other accessories. There any fish is a space in the center compartment for bait and a one-foot measure is marked on one side so that the accurate dimensions of the fish may be obtained. A round lid in the middle of the top can be turned for placing fish in the basket. CHECK PROTECTOR IN BILL FOLD LATEST MONEY GUARD Check-book holder, bill fold and check protector are combined in one pocket article recently introduced by a southern manufacturer. After a check is written, Check-Protecting Outfit Complete; the Perforating Stencil Unit Is at the Right with the Flap Raised POPULAR MECHANICS it is laid under a hinged metal flap perforated, at the same time receivin inking, so that any attempt to eras: alter the original writing will result smears. The entire unit folds up t the pocket and additional fillers of ch are easily inserted. FLOATING MOUNTAIN OF DUST OVER AMERICAN CITIES According to reliable estimates, eno soot and dirt float over American cit in one year to bury every street on M hattan island to a depth of twenty feet. It would form a pyramid 1,500 { high and five miles across at the base gathered into one large mass. These « culations have been prepared on actu measurements of the and found in the air at different times of t! year and over many different cities smol soot NIGHT FLOOR LIGHT IN WALL HAS GLOW REGULATOR Subdued illumi- nation for the floors or landings in hospitals, the- aters and similar places is provided by an electric lamp installed from twelve to eighteen inches above the The de- gree of light dis- played up to the maximum capacity of the unit, can be regulated by means 0! a small on the outside. This con trols a shutter attachment inside. The light is housed in a metal box which | easily accessible for wiring or repairs, an: the glass through which the rays shine is tilted to provide the most diffusion and focus. fic oring. Screw satisfactor\ @The Popular Mechanics’ Bureau of In formation offers its iree service to al readers of our magazine. Names and ad dresses of manufacturers and dealers in articles described, and anv details in our possession, will be promptly fur- nished by addressing the bureau. other

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und POPULAR MECHANICS 807 RTIFICIAL WAVES.ADD THRILLS TO BATHING POOL Bringing the Pleasures of the Open Beach to the Swimming Pool; Artificial Waves, Formed by Agitat a Sandy Shore, Which Add to the Delights of This Berlin Bathing Resort Pleasures of an ocean beach are afforded rons of an open-air swimming pool in lin. It has a sandy shore and a special e-making apparatus that produces reakers” like those of the sea. Besides iding an enjoyable suri, the wave ker helps purify the water. \UTO BRAKE ADJUSTER ON DASH REDUCES MOTOR HAZARD urn a little handle on the dashboard your brakes are equalized and safely adjusted to the road and weather condi- tions. This is the claim fora recently intro- duced motoring accessory quickly attached and simple in opera- tion It saves htening bolts or rods, getting out and me er the car, and can be used while the r, and auto is in motion. Like the ignition, it can be locked, affording an additional pro- tection against theft, and eliminates waste of time in adjustment of the brakes. WEATHER “CARDS” FOR AIRMEN PROMOTE FLYING SAFETY Aviators taking off from the Croydon flving field, the English air port, for the continent, consult the “cards” before a journey, but not for any superstitious re son. The cards, in this case, are disks on a special board, showing what weat ditions wi rious point ] prob ibly be en -ountered at va ilong the route. For instanc¢ one set shows if it is to be clear, raining or snowing, another indicates visibility, a third shows if the clouds are hanging lo and a fourth tells the distance between tl base of the clouds and the ground Wind warnings are displaved bv a conical sign which is illuminated at night. @ Yellowstone national park is visited ky more than 200 species of birds annuall

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808 -OPULAR MECHANICS SHIP THAT SWALLOWS WHALES PROVES A SUCCES; Part of a Whale, Being Cut Up; tl Picture Shows the Curious Pleated A; pearance of a Whale’s Underside Hauling a Whale through the Door in the ‘“‘Larsen’s’” Bow; the Open- ing, Sixteen Feet in Diameter, Is Big Enough to Accommodate 150- Ton Leviathans of the Deep | Whale Catcher, with Harpoon on Bow, Bringing In = Six Whales to the Mother Ship =

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POPULAR MECHANICS 809

RM PROBLEMS BEING SOLVED | | BY USE OF MACHINERY ) w extensively machinery has reduced d labor on the farm was forcibly illus- ed last season when it was estimated from 80,000 to 90,000 fewer harvest were required in the wheat belt n were necessary a few years ago. Be- en 1900 and 1927, the number of work es on farms declined from 21,047,000 15,179,000. One student of the question the era of machinery transforming ‘manu- ‘ farmer from a grower into a turer of foodstuffs,” and the day of “sericultural engineer,’ rather than farmer, is said to have arrived. Com-

Model of Boat Body for Fast Atlantic Trips; It Is Ex- ned wheat harvesters, that cut and thresh pected sy < eg yp ete — grain in one operation, mechanical rn huskers and cotton pickers are among SPEED BOAT TO CROSS OCEAN e units that are supplanting hand work IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS the larger agricultural tasks, while the ctor has lightened considerably the Trips across the Atlantic ocean can be len of the small farmer in all parts of | made in twenty-four hours, an eastern in ventor hopes, in a special speed he is designing. He ex- -country. As the use of ma- nery makes further develop- ent of land practical, several teresting effects are noticed. ne is that still larger produc-

boat pects the crait to develop a speed of 180 miles an hour. As 1 indicated by the small model he tion of wheat is assured, keep- is shown demonstrating here, ng prices low and thus mak- the body of the boat is long ng its growing unprofitable and slender with grooved bot- » the owner of high-priced tom intended to decrease the ind. In Texas and other parts resistance of the water. of the south, still larger culti- vation of cotton is predicted as result of improved picking equipment. In 1790, at the time of the first census, the work of seven rural families was required to supply one “TOTEM POLE” OF USED AUTO TIRES MARKS DESERT ROAD Tribute is paid to the “Great Spirit of Departed Milea; y ~ e” in ewnsman with food and raw an odd totem pole aterials. At present, seven Odd Totem Pole On the road be a a om Oe , a of Today ; Worn- J ural famili¢ supply about Out Auto Tires tween Needles and eighty-four townspeople. In Stacked near [Los Angeles. It is Desert High- . way; a Garage [01 med of old Owner Sells the . - Yearly Offe- #*Uto tires, man ings for Junk worn out from 1820, it took sixty hours of nan labor to bring an acre of corn through the crop cycle by hand methods. At the present time, with improved machin- desert travel

Tourists add theit contribution to j ery, the work can the lot and, last be done in five man- vear, a garage ~ hours. Similar sav- owner is said to have sold 300 tires ings have been ef- fectedin other crops. a trom it as junk.

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POPULAR MECHANICS

Three of Nature’s Inventions, the Original Pneumatic Tube Connecting the Chambers of the Pearly Nautilus the Tailor Bird Stitching Leaves Together, and the Lobster’s Fine Pincers

Queer Things in Nature’s Patent Office How Man’s Mechanical and Other Contrivances Follow along the Lines of Things Known Ages Ago By RENE BACHE e ol , 1 1 lat é P t ¢ t 11 c ar nical ind one : 7 cont ( S mio thre 1Tl¢ 0 her dea NX itu ‘ ‘ e 1 maple ] = « , , aco | 1 r I ou the prob ; S 1] fl lit t muzzare ( the top ot ee 11 1 1 wooden towe \ rie a On in the 1.1 1 alt ol ret rkab kk ¢ ig 1 fisl 1+ ty 1 1 ay f | eam ec ) é € t\ IO , < tne ind there 1 i t resem , 1 1 ble t DbaAlLIOON It l the . hsh about eight inche me 1 com mm species in 1 VA} } Chesapeake bay Vhen caught ona hook it inflates itself to almost spherical shape } | } t | \ taking in iT retween its parchment like in and the muscular coat of its body. Fishermen . that it rise to the top . . 1 . , of the water and. inflating itself, 1s blown , 1 ) ver tine ¢ ) I yreeze ihe para it ) 11 é } iretv con ry ince to | pa onist hit ell | e he f ed bv the ] oc himble nadelion | € » Al l ] } r dispe " ed il ott 7 1 ] 1) the ne ind ca ¢ me you 1 1 ] ey é cn e KenDT mat lh t é } 1 i fluff iy 1 The idea that umns tor supporting rendered much stronger co ft em hollow relative to weight, by maki nealculably old in nature, as illustt the stems of bamboo and wheat The origin of the screw is lost in mists of antiquity, vet its form rE ectly illustrated bv the interior of 1 ell ot i mollu I called terebra hr vhen the outer wall is removed, is ab utely screwlike Pumps are now in use that are modele closely after the human heart, with ilar arrangement ot valves. Phe ball-ar socket joint 1s a tamiliar device in natu as it is with that kind of joint t irms and legs are joined to hi Who was it that first inge? Doubtles f f / son who ate an oyster or < : : <a 2 ee . 1: or every iIivaive Moilusk is 1ts hinge

‘lative ense, our vith electricity is new. have been developed only wt in recent ears Yet such hatter of | h « ciency vere in existe! r } a) é ro, and are in use today | : 5 Che torpedo 1 1 co mn ¢ n the deeper ers of Bu re 1 Vinevard sound 1 terror to fish eing able to d P " hoc | knock a man down Phe eature « ries two storage ide of its head Thev are large o masses composed of cells filled with 4° iellylike substance

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POPULAR MECHANICS 811 Nature’s Invention, in an Egg, of a Rounded Box That Cannot Roll Off a Shelf, as It Can Only Roll in a Circle First Combs ere Grown by s Species of Sea_ Island e, and Perhaps e Man the Idea Above Is the First Bottle, Another of Na- ture’s Inventions in This Case the Com- mon Gourd, Still Used as a Liquid Container The First Boat Was the Craft Sailed by the Argo- naut Cephalopod, Above; at the Left of It Is Na- ture’s Original Knife, a Keen-Edged Tooth Ex- tracted from a Shark Above Is the Original Bal- loon, a Swellfish, Which Blows Itself Up with Air; at the Right Is Nature’s Patent-Of- e Model of a Spinning Ma- chine, the Caterpillar, Which Produces Silk and Spins It nto a Cocoon; Above the Caterpillar Is a Pre-Edison Electric Battery, in the Form of a Torpedo Ray, with a Shocking Sting

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812 Weaving was one of man’s earliest in- but him to it.” In the tropics certain trees weave their inner bark fiber laid crisscross to make woof and dustries, nature “beat into excellent cloth, the strands of weft, as if with deft fingers. Nearlv three iards in Mexico sent to the king of Spain, centuries ago, the Span- for a birthday gift. a magnificent collar of lace. Save for the shaping and finishing, it was made by no human hands, being a product ot the lace tree, whose bark, when soaked for many hours in water, splits into layers Another very ancient industry is pottery making. ] +] But the potter wasp made the daintiest imaginable pot terv ages before man first knew the need of vessels for food and ater. The first bottle was a gourd. Every egg is a neatly made box, and so likewise is every nut. The egg or a seafowl, called the murre, in itself represents a curious invention—that of a rounded box which cannot roll off a shelf The hen bird lavs her eggs on bare and often nar- which they it not for the they now eages oO! loftv cliffs, off would be li ely to roll were fact that, bei ng pointed at one end, roll in a circle disturbed. The tailor bird. a species of finch, might "epi e sewing have been the first teacher of the art « It makes its nest by sewing l Caterpillars mav be said 1 eaves together. to have invente: POPULAR MECHANICS is produced in enormous quantities by canoes from melted quartz rock. All of the evolution of life, both an and vegetable, on earth has been a tory of invention, periments, many of with them innumerable eventually jected, while those that proved succes have been retained. SHiP METAL OF LIGHT WEIGHT TO MEET NAVY PROBLEM While the question of total tonnage navies has proved a perplexing inter: tional problem, the Japanese are report to have discovered a strong, lightweis steel alloy which will permit them to bu 1 more ships than would be possible ordinary materials ulations. under restrictive re It is said to be extremely har but will reduce the weight of a vessel half. ment is cerning nearly the alloy, The Japanese maintaining great secrecy and laval officials wou neither confirm nor deny the report “BREATHING-TUBE” FURNACE TO REDUCE COAL BILLS Buckwheat and other small sizes of c: can be economically burned in the or: nary furnace spinning. In the manufacture of the silk called ravon, the machines artificial imitate the spinning apparatus of the *1 silkworm. The earliest comb was a molluscan shell (still used that purpose by na- fc Tr tives of Polynesia), whichis orna mented with long arranged in For spines rows. ages built their nests of paper made pulp wasps have from wood- Nature was first turer ol the manufac elass, which Air Tubes for the Furnace, to Permit Burning of Small- Size Coal; They Increase Oxygen Supply without smothering the fire, the likelihood according to claim made for a combu tion unit devised b a scientist of the de partment of agri culture. tially a tubes so perforate that when it i placed in the fm firebox, draft is a o1\ ing sult It is esse SST IES oD nace strong forded, cient oxygen for tl burning of po fuel. As th kind generally sel it much dered | OW el prices than the lum variety, a savin for the consumer without t 1 open expense of remodel ing his furnace.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Boring through a Drift and Throwing the Snow over the Fence; the Machine in Action, Illustrating Its Power- ful Blowing Force; It Is Said to Operate Effectively in All Kinds of Snow SNOW CUTTER AND BLOWER QUICKLY CLEARS ROADS Snow of any depth, whether dry, wet, ird or loose, is quickly removed from ids with a combined cutter and blower that is said to have performed satis- ‘torily under practically all conditions of ow and roads. Tempered cutting augers ‘re into the drifts, break them up and the forward movement of the machine, e snow is forced against a powerful lower that hurls it fences, com- letely off the roadway, to the right or ft, high or low. The outfit is made as complete unit, only one motor being re- uired to operate the and the lower, and to propel the machine. An dditional feature is that snow is removed om the the roads to permit lrainage during thaws. over augers sides of SLICE OF TOAST IN TWO SECONDS ON QUICK-ACTION TOASTER Toast at the rate of twenty-four to fifty slices per minute, depending upon the condition of the bread, is browned in an electric unit for which patents have been sought. It like those of a wringer. A piece of bread is dropped be- has rollers tween them and pops out at the botton evenly and thoroughly toasted, due to the action of heat from the rolls, which run on graphite bearings that serve as brushe to take off the current. One roller swings on a pivot, permitting variation in thick ness of the slices from one-quarter of an inch to an inch. Toasting Bread in the Roller Unit; Speed and Even Browning Are Special Features of the Machine

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Light May Be Di- j rected at Any Angle This Floor Lamp for Many Purposes; One Bulb Is Sufficient from Right, Jum Seat for Baby Is Safe, Give Healthful Exercise and Keeps Him from Floor Rapid Comb Cleaner Gets between Teeth Electric Iron with Special Stand Shuts Itself Off If It Becomes Overheated Left, Adjustable Glove- Drying Racks Fit Any Size and Prevent Wrin- kles and Shrinking

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Kitchen Cabinet, Regular a Sliding One for Porcelain-Top Worktable, Has Enough to Accommodate Four Persons in the Larger in Addition to the Meals with Room Models For Convenience and Added Cleanliness, Metal Cover for the Milk Bottle Has Space for Coins or Tickets and Can Be Used Practically Indefinitely Using Heat from Radi- J ator for Drying Clothes; Three-Armed Rack Is Quickly Adjusted and Prevents Soiling of the Garments While Drying Detachable Knife Edges Save Sharpen- ing; Put On a New One When Old Is Dull Below, Grinder for Sharpening Shears or Knives Does the Work Quickly and Easily

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816 POPULAR MECHANICS

AIR LANDING PLANNED FOR POST-OFFICE ROOF

| | | | | ¥ a Drawing of New Post-Office Building for Chicago, Showing Landing Facilities for Airplanes on the Roof the Plan Would Save a Separate Haul by Motor Trucks and Speed Schedules Fleets of airplanes taking off and alight can easily attain flying speed by the et ing on the roofs of office buildings, and _ of the first second, it is estimated. On tl other small Spaces, will be possible, it 1s runway, the plane is adjusted to vive litt believed, by the utilization of two im resistance as it plunges downward, a1 provements just added to the long list of | the control stick is held at a climbing inventions by C. Francis Jenkins of Wash gle from the start, so that the ship leave ington, D. C. One is a special launching as soon as flying speed is attained and in runway, not unlike the “dips” at amuse mediately starts to climb. Mr. Jenk ment parks, while the other is a “brake” believes this can be used on “mother or means for reversing the propeller. Al ships” and small fields ready, plans have been made to adapt these features to mail planes, and it FUEL METER FOR AUTOMOBILE proposed that ships shall land on the root REGISTERS WASTE of the new post-office building under way ‘ ior Chicago. Mr. Jenkins explains that Accurate

t +

ie idea of the reversing propeller is not ah <a urement of the . : Ce re A ee . , new but has been considered too dan Bam ore amount of fuel re gerous for airplane use, since the pilot quired by the auto might accidentally pull the controlling ata engine in going lever during flight, resulting in a cras! certain distance \n essential feature of the new brake made in a spec that the reversing lever is so gea VALE. meter recently it that it cannot be moved hile the pl ine j troduced in En: sintheair. As yn t aligl a spring land. It is fitte utomatically release the tet eua between the tanl ‘ , * +10 CARBUBETTER nn the control, and the aviater is free to and the carbureto

J bring his plane to rest almost as abruptly — and records the \ . . . ° < — . ‘ a bird ceases its flight. The take-off rate of fuel consumption by the twentiet levice is merely a runway built on the of a gallon each forty seconds, up to a all Olt er-coaster idea. Taking advantage of total of 10,000 gallons, and then repea he gravitational acceleration plus the mo ¢ rs By checking this record, the driver can tell nentum gained by the motor, the plane if the motor functions properly, or it

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POPULAR MECHANICS 817 is any waste of fuel some unknown The instrument is to be accurate with vo per cent, is easily hed and will operate practically any liquid flows through a pipe reasonable speed. BOW AND ARROW TRAP INSECTS Shooting” insects with | ww and arrow suggests impractical method, pecially when some of game is so small that can hardly be seen by unaided eye, but this | he way one of the gov- : nment scientists obtains pecimens for the Na- onal museum. The ithers on the arrows re smeared with liquid lue and the shaft is shot to swarms of insects , : ng over tree tops and ss Lie other places difficult to reach. As it passes Constructing Realistic Backgrounds for Specimens in New York's Outdoor Animal Cages; Woman Painter at Work on Scenic Detail through the swarm, the nsects are trapped on the glue and fall PAINTING SCENERY FOR LIONS the ground with the arrow. Although WOMAN’S NOVEL TASK ome are shaken off, enough are leit to erve the collector’s purposes. By this Painting jungle scenes in the outdoor iethod, species of high-flying insects, cage for the lions atthe New York zoolog- rely collected before, are caught. ical garden, is a woman artist’s specialty. The decorations are said to make the ? beasts feel more at home. SURVEYORS HELPED BY COLORS USED ON SIGHT CARDS Engineers surveying for a cabin site in the mountains, near Seattle, Wash., had ;' difficulty in using their instruments as t] | darkness of the woods made it hard to take the readings from the sight card beyond 7 r - ’ ’ ’ a few hundred feet. An artist utilized his e : : | knowledge of color values to make a new h card that could be seen more than 1,000 . . ; feet away with little trouble. Instead of 1 having the usual four-square pattern in ; contrasting colors, his card was of red t Bow and Arrow Equipment Used in Collecting Insects; 1 . , with a vertical bar in the centet Glue on the Feathers Traps Specimens in the Air

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818 POPULAR MECHANICS STUDY QUICKER BERRY PICKING TO REDUCE FARMING COSTS Farming costs in Great Brit can be reduced without a cor sponding reduction in wages, cording to findings of exper who recently completed a serie of tests on workers with a vie rartstt Sy to abolishing antiquated and in efficient methods. Strawbert "e's : pickers were observed with speci care. It was found that a fa picker spent more than ha an hour in actually picking an seventeen minutes fumbling at t] leaves. Slow pickers spent ovs a quarter of an hour hesitatin; with the leaves. They increase their output rate by picking mor: than one berry at a time before bringing the hand back to the re ceptacle; by using both hand keeping the basket as near to tl bush as possible, and refraining from “dodging about.” For cur rant pickers, a special stool wa introduced. It could be adjusted to three different heights and wa also adapted to use in the pack- Manne, with Some of the Instruments Used in Theater for Mak- ing sheds. The investigators ing Interpretative Noises to Accompany Productions found that women are superior to EXPERT IN NOISE MAKING ADDS _™en in handling milk cows, especially JOY TO THEATERGOING when the animals are restless, because the women speak to them more often than To make as much noise as he can and in men and in soothing voices. as many different ways as possible is the } ——— ask of Max : Ma 1e, who produces task of Max H. Manne, ”" ELECTRIC PAINT MIXER WORKS t sound effects to accompany the films and FROM HTING feature numbers at Roxy's theater. Wire O LIG SOCKET brushes rubbed over the kettledrum, give Saving of time, the effect of a locomotive’s noise; a reed labor and mate- whistle has been made to imitate an in- rials is claimed for fant’s cry; catgut, variously used, mimics a paint mixer, the calls of a number of animals and, to. an electric motor reproduce a dog’s bark, a string drawn which operates through a tin can and caressed by rosined with current from fingers is effective. Mr. Manne has been the lighting granted a number of patents on noise socket. It is fur- makers, and the percussion room of the’ nished in a floor theater, where articles are stored, is an or wall model, interesting museum of musical novelties. parts of which are —_—__—__ interchangeable, @The weight of tungsten is about twice and is adapted to a wide variety of other that of lead. mixing operations.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 1 in Aviator’s Fur Suits, Testers in the Subzero gines under the Most Trying Condit Room of Automobile-Test Grounds Operate Sample En- ions to Which They Can Be Subjected Breaking ’em Up to Make Them Better How Scientists Devise De tT AT m the Sa ical raincoat salesman, with 1 hara desert as his territory, ha ing on the experts in the laboratories he big Detroit automobile factories, their intricate devices, made by the re, have no market beyond their own rkshops and no one bothers about seek- patents on then 1. “We are always inventing ways to wreck yi A. Danse, chief metal pert for a factory producing one of the explained L. hest-priced cars. “Inventors in the t have centered their efforts on means make automobiles; none saw the ne- ity of breaking them up.” \[r. Danse pointed to a device for break- rod. front pected rut,” he ex sé a steering The average break hits an “Well, mes when a wheel unex- plained. we had invent a machine that would duplicate sort ot jar not only on the right wheel but the left. We keep this Methods of Improving Your Car structive Tests to Find New jarring up, increasing the violence the 1olts un something breaks. The tet if the breaking point is examined and, if feasible. we advise the substitution of a different grade of meta Gears and their tendency to strip, have offered no end of opportunity rr the experts. The teeth in the ge Mr. Danse explained, must have urface made of the hardest steel pos e and at the same time, to prevent brittlene the core must be of softer metal. lo test the hardness of the vea tooth’s ice, a machine was rigged up in the t o- bile laboratorv. It c sts ot a la- mond ball that is dropped upon the va- rious gear teeth, the rebound the ball being automatically recorded he higher the bounce, the harder the steel, explained the engineer Just the other day Mr. Danse and his assistants started an experiment this

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20 POPULAR MECHANICS ble laboratory, with a finer grade of au mobile anticipated as the harvest. Ste: shipped into the factory of various gra Some is meant for gears, others for cylinders and still others for the chas Before any of it is used, however, Dar “goes plowing.” His plowshare is made of a tiny po of sapphire and the steel is polished ur it might serve as a mirror. Across t field the sapphire plow is dragged and, | looking closely, one may discern a fai: scratch. But, the scratch becomes a gre furrow when placed under a microsco; that enlarges 4,000 times. deeper tracks are found, and here is whet the experts do their work. In some place Tiny crysta are remove matter of hard- | ening steel for gear teeth. “We'll know whether we are successful or not about two years from now,” he said. “This is one of the big prob- lems in the manufacture of automobiles. bnesce: from the deep: tracks and ey amined mor closely. The represent tl “fatioue point in steel and, there are tor many of the the steel is once rejected. The micro scope itself in this wonder laboratory Wa Sea | The present method of hard An Accurate Measure of Fuel : Consumption Made by Special ening suriaces Apparatus, Top; and Check- for gears con- = pony cee —— hy sco ‘ © : ars Are otographed to Com sists in combin- pare the Contour om ing carbon with the steel, the steel absorbing the carbon. The gear must undergo an intense heat during the process. The heat must be quenched in water or oil. The trouble lies in the fact that the great heat and the sudden quench invariably cause warp. “Now we believe that by nitriting the steel instead of carbonizing, the same hardness will result, and there will be no occasion for the tremendous heat nor, therefore, any warping. The automobile of the future, if this thing is done, will have fewer stripped gears.” Plowing furrows in fields of polished steel is a method adopted in this remarka- Bicycle Wheel and Chain Drive Operating the Elec- trical Apparatus That Makes a Written Record of Ac- celeration Tests at the Proving Grounds

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POPULAR MECHANICS 821 ’ invented by the men who break rs fo It carries, Mr. Danse 1 _the first binocular evepiece ever used, ra living. result of failing eyesight of one of the scientists. It possesses a short nt — microscope makers laughed Dan The are light for the point of light he center on the specimen has been e ordered one—so he made his away with, and a simpler method uted, and the has ed on springs so as to nullify the whole been ng influences of a busy factory. So carefu are steel tests made in the nufacture of automobiles, that in e’s workshop the set of balances is delicate that it can give the exact one fif- eight of eth part of an elash. Even the it of an electric ulb influences the eighing otf a pecimen, and it is rule iat the light must he kept at least fifteen minutes before the used. con- vance that took laboratory burning balances are “Here is a time to fix up,” aid Mr. Danse, point- ing to a considerable roaring mechanism in one corner of the lab- oratory. "its & test rear-axle gears. We imag- driven for car rying a heavy load _ How Much Pressure Does It Take to Operate Your = Clutch? The Testing Engineers Do Not Guess, But Use This Spring Scale to Get Accurate Figures and operating for Duplicate Steering-Wheel 5 sale > SH Device Used to Measure exactly ay ' Steering Effort, Top; and mile Whe he : , , = les. en the an Electrical Brake-Pedal Pressure Recorder, Center machine has run for this distance, ap Sear er we take off the gears, break them up a! find hich port are worn mos Recently Dr. Harold Hough, prominent Detroit minister, plaints that \ trip through an) 1e minister, would out Ww ions commented upon com- gone trom the } 1 has “romance world.” automobile- factory laboratory, sai l destroy this idea. It would prove, he said, that the discovery of America was but an afternoon’s incident when compared with made daily the discoveries being field of science. here, the what wonderful things are being found out,” said Mr. Danse. “The more we learn about steel more we realize

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822 POPULAR MECHANICS BUTTERFLY FARM BRINGS PROFIT AND PLEASURE She decided to take the eggs home an watch them hatch. The proceedings wet so interesting that she went back for mor: until she finally had most of the specie found in that part of the country and ha created a wide interest in farm. She the rather than the very rare, and sometime her handsome unusu seeks specie — PR ) . “yl iS f4 Some of the Butterflies and Moths Iowa Woman Cultivates on Her ‘“‘Farm,” Which Was Started as a Hobby and Has Developed into a Paying Enterprise; Specimens Are Mounted and Sold to Schools hundred dollars in profits and the-pleasure of pioneering in a little explored field are wards enjoyed by an lowa woman from her butterfly “farm.” She hun- dreds of the insects in a screened porch each year and mounts them for tray and table while many the state rely on her for supplies of butter- flies and larve to study. Several spare-time the re- among hatches decorations schools of be used in laboratorv The venture was started as the re- sult of the chance discovery of a cluster of butterfly the tree while she was walking through the woods. eggs on bark of a includes dragon flies in the collection be- their brilliant and beautifully marked wings. When specimens are ready for mounting, they are painlessly put to cause of sleep in jars filled with cyanide gas. The wings are than pressed and mounted. Backgrounds of weeds and leaves with sprinklings of “diamond dust” have proved effective for use on the tray and table dec- The numbers some 400 species and is easily maintained furnish the chief food. While orations. collection now as leaves raising the butterflies for sale, interesting about facts have been discovered them

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POPULAR ther insects, and the hobby has taken ollector into the outdoors, an activity mended by her physician. She has that bright-colored flowers are the ttractive to butterflies and moths. YRIZONTAL WELL SAVES CITY EXPENSE IN WATER SUPPLY means of a horizontal well instead ‘veral vertical the city of St. ph, Mich., has saved itself many thou- ls of dollars in its supply. The constructed driving sheet-steel piling through the ones, connection with well was fourteen feet below the level of the in parallel rows, fifteen feet The sand between the Roce a bong crushed apart 150 feet long. excavated, forming ch, which was bedded with k, and a perforated pipe, twenty-four es in diameter, was laid at the bottom +} veen manholes built at each end of the ench. This pipe, in turn, was packed with ers of crushed rock, and the trench ed. As water seeped in from the lake, is filtered and drawn up for use ough pumps. The supply is proving equate for this city of 8,000 population, | the intakes are unclogged in winter. ODD FOODS IN MANY LANDS Crocodile meat is considered a good by natives of Africa and southern relish the: tail In e West Indies, fish eves Jellyfish are eaten in Japan roes ls of alligators. are regarded as delicacy. nd, in many places of the world, squid valued for food. In ‘olynesia, a sea worm, the “palolo,” which nd octopus are erages about sixteen inches when fully rown, is caught nd prepared into appetizing stew. ntiment is rainst 5 snakes, ut they are eaten MECHANICS For Hot Meals on the Dining Cars; Platter with Bowl in Base, to Hold Warm Water HEATING PLANTS IN PLATTERS KEEP FOOD WARM For its dining-car service, a western rail- oad is using platters with a metal bow! n the base, which is filled it] tt water to keep the food warm. A stopper keeps the contents from spilling. The same principle is applied to butter dishes, with butter cold water or ice to prevent the from melting on warm davs WATCH TELLING WORLD TIME ALSO PREDICTS WEATHER Constructed varts, a watch de signed by a French craftsman is a small observatory in itself, tor besides telling 1e time for the princip cities of the orld, it has a thermometer and barot erer 1 compa ’ gives the signs of the od 1 ind a ke t} e hours quarter hour psery er n some places and n te he day of ravelers testify that the weel ntl hey are often very e de e, the tasty. Hawks, her- e »f the ons and parrots moon at ie time are commonly . en e sun will killed for food in _ sf 1 se ir any parts of the tropics. Wether Prombet, Watch snd Compare, All in Ove: day of the yea

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824 POPULAR Greasing the Car with the Gun; Compressed Air from the Tank Forces Lubricant into’ Parts CARS ARE GREASED BY AIR GUN AT TOUCH OF BUTTON Press a button, and grease ‘is forced from a portable receptacle into stubborn shackle bolts, bearings and other parts of an automobile in an instant and at a sav- ing of unpleasant work. The operated from an ordinary air tank, such used for equipped with a unit, which the pressure may be raised as high “oun” is as is inflating tires, and is “booster” inside as 10,000 pounds if desired. This is em- ployed only when the gun is to be used. about easily on a three-wheeled carriage, holds fifty pounds of lubricant and is The outfit 1s moved readily refilled. RADIO BEACON TO GUIDE PLANES THROUGH STORM AND FOG Directing airplanes by means of radio signals has been successfully accomplished for some time and now wireless is adapted still further to the in a beacon devised by C of Washington would fly safel the airman Francis Jenkins, Under his plan, planes tnrougna service of “radio channel” regardless of storms or fogs, for a little lamp, lighted by energy from a series of radio stations along the wav. would burn MECHANICS brightly on the instrument board as | as the pilot kept to his course, but wo begin to grow dim if the ship went ast: The transmitting units, Mr. Jenkins « clares, could be erected at the same poi where there are now lights to direct fly and the lamp towers already installe could be used to support antennz oi vertical type, which would send out shx waves and be placed about twenty-fi milés apart. Each unit would cost n more than $250, it is estimated, and cou be attended by the same men that operat the present The system serve many planes at the same time, tl inventor points out, and would oper aw when fogs and storms obscured the lig beacons. wou SPECTACLES FOR RACE HORSES RELIEVE VISION ILLS Race horses have been known to stu ble at a crucial moment, losing thei chance of victory and seriously impairin their value. that this tendency is not always due to faulty feet but to defective vision. Recently, well-known owner of “blue bloods” had It has been discovered special pair ot glasses made to fit a two year old, afflicted with imperfect eyesight The lenses were incased in a wide, com fortably fitting holder kept snugly in place with straps and bands. Marked improv: ment in the horse’s performance was noted while wearing the glasses. o¢ Spectacles and Goggles Combined to Aid Vision of a Valuable Race Horse and Keep It from Stumbling

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. _, How to Prevent; \\ ’! THIN the past year the term ¥ “motorboating” has frequently heard in connection with B- nators and resistance-coupled circuits. The term was used ise it clearly defines the put- ng sound heard in the speaker, which ler aggravated conditions seriously in- res with the program. A careful k of the set is required to eliminate noise, but when the cause is under- l, it is a simple matter. Blocking, yrtion, whistles and other similar trou- are often symptoms that derive from e same cause. One of the most common causes will be ind in B-batteries that have fallen be- the necessary potential for producing xd results. Such-batteries are tested in manner shown in the upper photo A d.c. voltmeter, reading to ) volts, is used, and if the average voltage dropped, say, to 18 volts in a 22%-volt ck, it should be discarded. In a 45- block, a drop to 38 volts will often , 97 page S2/. use trouble, and the remedy is a new it. It is always best to renew all units the new cells will quickly drop to the el of the when connected As the voltage decreases, the resistance of the battery in resulting in a common high im older ones series. ternal ases. dance, or resistance caused by reactance. ligh resistance at any point in the in- output ‘ew B-batteries of good quality have a v internal tallation means poor voltage. and maintain, in a constant voltage. The sit- most B- resistance t cases, somewhat On 18 different in because the current In the correctly designed eliminator, a sut plus of power is provided so that in actual operation the plate or B-potential will be correct at all times. Study the needs of your set and be sure that the the terminals, eliminators, output voltage decreases as the flow increases correct B-voltage 1s app ied to as designated by t signer of the set. The ordinary d.c. vo meter, even though designed to cover the B-voltage, is not suitable fot B-eliminators. \ be obtained unless the voltmete maximum checking true read will not the high-resistance ohms per is of type, of volt, and a maximum range. Such instruments are now a\ able in a small table type, shown in the headpiece. The eliminator may be test under operating conditions and will give It is then a simple matter to adjust the control knobs on the an accurate reading. eliminator to obtain the required voltage at the The radio set consumes 40 milliamp. of plate terminals. average five-tube current; the drain of plate current on t in the B-supply depends on conditions 1 proportioned tube, the greatest set and is_ increasingly through each

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S-6 POPULAR MECHANICS ce in the last audio tube. \W het operly applied remedy this t1 + 7) ] ly | ‘ lx ; e - 4 | 7 ¢ f s connecte o the b supply, it average experimenter will find thi constitute a resistance, which changes hard to do, but much of the trou th the modulation of the received sig- the unit is now overcome, owing t the b-voltage unit passing current provements in eliminators, and the -eArA is Thy; ‘ : } ] 1 1 ccording)|\ [his variation in the signal condenser shunted across the outt ength will produce a rapid charge and shown in the diagram on this page harge of the condensers in the filter correct the average deficiency in t] ( cuit ot € »-SUPPIV, which, if effected spect. Condensers of this tvpe are 1 } ' : sfuoaslets > : ¢ ] - ] 1 F 11 b gh-resistance conditions, is unable’ available and very easv to install. 1 + tha ] we Che + ] , - i to re pone oO the ¢ inges. ine tauit may \ very common cause ot motorbo ] +1 ¢ +1 ha slaervii - : P 1 1 . : e @1 el the et oO 1 the eliminator, Is an impertectly designed or defective a ( emedy 1s applied to either o1 both sistance-coupled audio-amplifier 1 tiie Init the set Tho vho é conte Ip \ capacity of about 30 mfd., shunted using an amplifier of this type witl I I . ro the output of the B-eliminator, a eliminator for the first time. will } tit 1 hoke . a } 1 1 CE eC ¢ ( OWE Cf > KeELY De ntroduced to the etteé Ss yoating, unless the inst ent ! | 1 r 11@€s hn certain reaction t it 1 ¢ vithin the unit from Value Of resistance 1ithoug unit mav wort ell wit 1 the I » dry B-batterie ihe usua ncee-coupled unit designe to tery operation Vi l] employ i re ance of 100,000 ohms (.1 mee ie plate circuit of the detector tu } as pointed out in the photo on DETECTOR. IST. AUDIO 2ND. AUDIO 3RD. AUDIO TUBE GR Vv ~ ‘> _— a (ins: = I aT | = ide [= +4 | L B45 A- CONVENTIONAL RESISTANCE- COUPLED AMPLIFIER rae R} 1ST. AUDIO 2ND. AUDIO 3RD. AUDIO C\ i ‘. [Te | $= = = & (fn [hig i 2}, ¢ Te] a= $9(3 || $ 5. ab ann {\b N . ~“ > = + x “+ we " = ad x al R L B45 A- BI35 A BI35 REVISED RESISTANCE- court AMPLIFIER FOR ELIMINATOR OP ON ELIMINATOR -- Cn ONNECTIONS BETWEEN y) CONDENSER AND ELIMINATOR |B- D+ B+ ro B- DET + a | B+ y) In Circle, Discharging Fixed Condenser; Above, Charg- ing Condenser

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but the B-eliminator will supply ess of voltage to the plate of this d. unless a resistor of higher value the result will be motorboating. nce-coupled amplification is far ensitive to low frequencies than to frequencies; therefore, the residual the alternating current is ampli- | this, when added to the modu- enals, aggravates distortion, and oating occurs. The upper diagram * oy E ize 826 shows the usual standard re- 1r combination, and the one below a bination that engineers have worked especially for use with B-eliminators. o further filter the noises referred to caused by the a.c. current, the elec- vtic condenser of 30 mfd., or one of ilar type, across the eliminator out- may or may not be required, depend- on the efficiency of the eliminator as ll-wave rectifier. Defective blocking ndensers in the amplifier until will cause ous trouble. To check such fixed con- nsers, remove them from the unit, if sible, and check them with a pair of ones in series with a battery. An accu- _ te check is obtained by discharging the i ; A POPULAR MECHANICS 827 bove, Testing 45-Volt B-Battery Unit; Left, Point- ing Out Resistor in Plate Circuit of Detector Tube condenser of any residual charge it may contain. This is done by placing a knife blade, or other metallic instrument, across the terminals, as shown in the insert on page 826. When tested, there may still be a faint click in the phones on first con- tact. If so, remove the contact and again apply it; if no click is heard, the condenser may be considered efficient or at least to contain no short circuit. The ability of a condenser of this type to hold its charge may be determined by charging it as shown in the lower photo on the same page and setting it aside fora minute or two before testing The strength of the click at the end of this period will determine the strength of the charge retained. If defective, the con- denser will quickly lose its charge through leakage, due, perhaps, to defec- tive workmanship or poor insulation. When replacing a condenser, be sure that the new instrument is of the same rated value and of good quality. lf a highly regenerative set is used in connection with 1 resistance-coupled amplifier, several complications often occur even with the best of B-eliminators. The variations in the a.c. line voltage must be compensated for, so that, when the set is tuned just be- low the point of self-oscillation at normal B-voltage, a slight fluctuation in the line

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POPULAR MECHANICS not throw the set into oscillation, with ing is as specfied by the tube manufact resultant motorboating. A new vallast The negative connection trom the tube h: een designed for this purpose, meter is, of course, connected to thi ative terminal of the A-battery, ar B A “Wie BATTERY BATTERY positive connection moved tro _ ww = F6V— ‘ | +] : Y A = a a _s. positive term nal to the thelr Ol eo : ~ f \ tube S yc] eT. The rheost it conti 4 S# ABS 4 + / each tube is adjusted to the best oper : - ~p p at G6 P Fe\ bc ce ie ep 1, 1 1 1 "1)1_A lox) =aIe] — smo fs —e voltage h 1, in the case ot a 2U1 IN J { J + ] 5 + | ] . ed —¥ ama; | a Mare ed at oO voits m Ly ea OV a ; {| ie " } volts: the main advantage being t j j 7 > | | i mis that excessive voltage harmtul to the fayet ma is not applied. A permanent instal of midget jacks, mounted on the panel as shown below the diagram be used, greatly simplifying these te To test the grid-circuit wiring of detector tube, use the same connect and touch the wiring at the point mat \ in the diagram. In the case of neutrodyne circuit shown, this will ch: both the detector-grid secondary of the second r.f. transfor To test the wiring, main switch, rheo and jacks between the negative side oi \-battery and the F-negative posts oOo! filaments, connect the positive side of 1 \-battery to the low-range post on t voltmeter and, with the negative termi! of the other cable connected to the ne; ‘de iggested Tests Obtained with Dual-Range Voltmeter tive post on the instrument, touch t negative F-post on each tube successive a constant-current device that will take To test the wiring between the positi care of line fluctuations. Directions for side of the B-battery and the plate, t] installing this tube will be found on a_ primary windings of all transformers the tube. This tube all jacks, connect the negative side of t! is known as the UV-876 or C-376, and B-battery to the negative post on the volt 1 the primary of the meter and, with the terminal of the cab transformer supplying the eliminator. connected to the high-range post on tl Now that we have covered the most instrument, touch the posts marked P « common cause and remedy for motor- each tube socket successively. This col boating, still further check can be made nection is shown in the upper diagrar in the set to locate other possible sources To test the wiring between the C-batte of trouble. Here again a voltmeter of and the grids, and the secondary sides « the d.c. dual-range type or a dual-range the transformers, excepting the grid cit B-eliminator voltmeter may be used for cuit of the detector tube and the secondart measurements within the range of the in- of the second r.{. transformer. connect strument. Cuircuit-continuity tests are ta- the positive post on the C-battery to thi miliar to most experimenters, and the low-range post on the voltmeter and, wit! procedure is outlined in the diagram on the other cable from the negative post o1 this page. In general, it is only necessary the voltmeter, touch the G-post on eacl to test trom - batteries to the four bind- socket successively. This makes a com ts on each tube base in the follow- plete test for continuity for this particular ing manner: Connect the voltmeter for type of circuit, and it is a simple matter the low-range reading to test the filament to adapt it to any set you have. : ¢ j o each tube ant see that the read- Any deflection of the voltmeter pointer

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that the circuit is continuous to rticular point. If no deflection is d, which is the indication of a necessary to go back on cuit toward the battery, touching ous points until a deflection takes The faulty part is then readily For some types of circuits, it is test the transformers sepa- in this case, connect a 6-volt stor- ttery or several dry cells in series he voltmeter and the transformer ¢. The continuity tests give you idea of what is going on in the set urther demonstrates the value of a lual-range voltmeter. t a ble to elding A. C. Line to Prevent Hum rnating-current hum caused by leads may be eliminated by shield- lead with tinfoil. Cut the foil in and wrap it around the wire, also ing bare copper wire over the foil rounding one end to a water pipe. lester for Service Men Is Portable t ; tester is useful for radio-service and experimenters who go deeply ze the subject of checking their work in t] r to obtain maximum results at all the various volt- n either a battery or a battery-elim- el For measuring t] operated set, both at the battery al nals and at the tube sockets, and for t] testing tubes o] under operat- ib ing conditions t] this tester is iar ideal. Tests o1 may also be al made for con- el tinuity and ( condition of c circuits, all of ar them being Le made with the the regular bat- vit] teries or bat- on tery elimina- ach used in the radio set without. change ym- onnections. The voltage ranges have ilar ‘nsitivity of 1,000 ohms per volt, which tter ins that full-scale deflection is produced h a current of only 1 milliamp. iter POPULAR MECHANICS 829 Power Amplifier and B-Eliminator Combined in One Unit Combining all the good points of the latest type of power amplifier with an ef- nsiiepeediasiiaiaistammaninatiaa . — bi ‘ | ATTACH THIS PLUG TO SUPER- f LAMP SOCKET IF RELAY AMPLIFIER | iS NOT USED {UX 210) | \Cx 3103 / |) ATTACHMENT CORD TO if PLUG POWER UNIT tN id « NI ) = x a 1G CORD TO FT RECTRON {5 1¢ 4 } CHARGER 4 CONTROL on RELAY « TC SWITCH SIGNAL LEAD -->| | FILAMENT CIRCUIT ) ‘TRICKLE | CHARGER | °| A- BATTERY SET OF ANY TYPE TRANSFER PLUG IN LAST SOCKET Amplifier and Diagram of Connections for Power Am- plification and B-Elimination ficient bB-eliminator, this compact device may be used with any radio receiver. The wiring diagram shows the power unit re placing the usual B-batteries and, in ad dition, supplying the necessary high volt age for the power-amplifier tube. The loud speaker is removed from the set and plugged in at the power-amplifier outfit (n automatic relay switch, trickle charger and storage battery complete the installa- tion, forming a complete power plant. The plug from the relay switch is connected into the 110-volt house-lighting line and the power supply is controlled from the switch on the front panel of the set. This simple method of bringing the old receiver up to date or making a new one better, complicating the wiring, fills a long-felt need. The signal lead power unit is plugged into the last audio socket, and the full 210 super-amplifier tube is thus obtained without from the benefit of the

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2 °ON 1 'ON AUBLLVE 110A-9 . ‘W872 SLINA'A-%% OML ——— 1261 AON | 48,9 eye | ele) INAGOUALIHYIANS | G5 ININ AWONODT fat INIZVOWN SOINVHOIW YVINdOd = = SLINN LIOA-S% 334H1 “AYUILIVE-9 Q30VHS TANWd8NsS BAOSY Sdval Sdi1d do007 GT3IHS OL. if "AS [et Ge oe ——_ a v-102 980 76, Sa | oOo @) SLOVINOD ONOUd JBNL ONILVIOT YOs BLVIGWIL ~ dO 3dAL + a? 92%,2% 2‘ 1anvaens , ZON ‘LV8-9 7 av a+ G13IKS | 40 3Sve 01 193NNOD \ Sanvaans uzann >*¢ SLINN TONLNO) “Ud \wowr NYOH SWHO Sz 1V1SO3HY me wy : seat 77 “6 d WW, J | J9WIS GINNL SONA co S\Sazg xz Ys 92x 1X9 “TINVd LNOUS

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SIXTY DOLLARS builds (> Nine fabe - GANT Tre deren UPERF es | \!CLARED by experts to equal, if not el, the finest superheterodynes ) available, the latest development pular Mechanics radio laboratory ong-felt want. Not a single thing een sacrificed for efficiency; in fact, h simplicity of construction and nination of nonessentials much has rained, and, best of all, this set really less than many four and five-tube OF is $60 completely covers the cost of a terials, except tubes and batteries. ciency and the new 240, 30-MU tubes are covering a period of six months employed. These are

: ae specially designed een highly satisfactory and no set for use in resistance-coupled sets, and, have seen has better tone, selec- since the amplification in resistance cou- and range. pling is entirely due to the amplification e circuit is similar to our previous’ e¢onstant of the tube itself. the advent of ‘IS, but several _improvements have these tubes, of exceptionally high ampli made in the oscillator and intermedi- fication factor, is of prime interest. They re new + - . ° equency amplifier. The controls on have the same filament characteristics as iront panel have been reduced to the standard 201-A type, namely, 5 volts and the operation is so simple that and .25 amp. The plate volt we " age, on the et can be meee by a child. The citr- other hand, can and should be about 135 onsists of an oscillator, first detector, yolts: the plate-coupling resistor should tages of resistance-coupled interme- be 250,000 ohms (.25 meg.) instead of the e-irequency amplification, second de- ysual 100,000 ohms (.1 meg.). These tubes one stage of transformer-coupled may also be used as detectors, if desired, o and a second audio stage of the re- jn which case the plate voltage would be nce-coupled type. Due to the com- 6714 or 90. The 200-A type, however, is shielding, the howls usually associ- specified for this circuit. ; vith supers are absent, and selectiv- The detailed wiring diagram given fur increased to a point where near-by ther illustrates the extreme simplicity of erful stations may be separated by a the set: the rear of the front panel is or two-degree movement of the dials. shown in detail and the subpanel is dotted ( standard socket is used for the oscil- in, giving an “X-ray view” of the wiring. or tube, but all other sockets are built The few wires that show above the sub directly on the subpanel. No effort panel are shaded and by referring to the been made to use cheap material; all rear-view photo these wires are easily lo rts specified are of the highest grade’ cated. Drilled and engraved panels. will din this lies much of the succcess of the be available for those who do not wish to ew receiver. drill their own, and full-size templates and Che intermediate stages are built up enlarged layout diagrams have been pre ross the subpanel in individual units; pared, simplifying construction to such t

esistors and condensers of highest eff- an extent that the set can be built by a \

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o- POPULAR MECHANICS ay — "i + ee * novice. The necessary tube-prong cli machine screws and nuts for building up the sockets on the subpanel come in sets, Ns ps the manufacturer also providing a steel jig for properly locating the holes. A sketch of this jig or template, showing the various drill sizes, will be found at the lower left on the simplified wiring dia- gram on page 830. C-battery No. 1 consists of two 414-volt units connected in series and is connected to the Fahnest ck clips on n the left side of the subpanel as shown; use 3 or 4% volts for the first audio stage and 9 volts for the second. C-battery No. 2 i i Top, Rear View of Completed Set with Lid of Os lator Shield Removed; Center, Undersubpanel Showi: Method of Wiring and Instrument Assembly The Left, Side View of First-Detector Shield gle 414-volt unit and is connected at tl extreme right side of the subpanel as 1 dicated at the right. Aiter the instruments have all been a sembled on the front and subpanel, ar the subpanel brackets are in_ positio screw the front panel to these bracket and place long round-hole soldering lus under each terminal that is to be connect in the circuit. Referring to the phot on this page, it should be noted that whi only two wooden pins that support tl rear of the subpanel are visible, there a third one in the center. These support are made from dowel stock, “e in. in diat eter and 1% in. long, and are held in pi sition by oval-head nickelplated woo screws, % in. long. The instruments lo cated on the underside of the subpane are clearly shown in the lower photo; the filament-control units are grouped in the center at front. The %-amp. type con trols the filament of the power tube; the g ]

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imp. units control three tubes each, ] the first manually y the rheostat on the front panel, operator will soon learn that the indling of this rheostat in tuning set unusual flexibility. The ill fixed shown are amp. unit, detecto he oscillator is con- condensers » .0025-mfd. and the .006-mfd. in the detailed wiring diagram. eative lead from the rheostat is ted to a lug bolted to the bottom aluminum can at the front, the thus becoming the negative side to the line. The id to the filament of the oscillator | taken to the socket post from a ‘ited to the bottom of the can at the matically grounded “Om. ~ co 1 \ and B-negative nega- he 1l-mfd. fixed shown front of the can base and located di- 1 condenser, velow the oscillator condenser, is on the bottom of the can, as shown The con- ipper photo on this page. ocket, socket and 1-mfd. > 1 Coll

POPULAR MECHANICS 833 placed in position. Enlarge the holes with a reamer where the leads pass through the can base, and use good black spaghetti tubing on these wires to prevent shorts Now the and prepare the front side of the can tor mounting. remove oscillator condense Place the open can in position on the base, and, with an icepick or othe sharp instrument, mark off the position

, ©. i p ) T aid n on the of the rio nel, and holes for the wing red in the condense i , beto1 e Tne f »>n in { ugh the +1 1) i Right, Close- I ynt | ( Oscillator-U nit Drill and re y on Base of » of Midget Con- ou Lie Cs Wavelength o that t ( ser and First- il Socket at I ountin Center, Com- 1, ¢ on tl Set; Bottom, et and A. F.-Am- mt ofr the her Section u condet r | ‘ t against te bakelite fro Pp ie] } | ~€ t t e con lenset t} s] iit hole Ss amp e to clea 1 rea the shatt With the « pen can iT posit mn t] e ( enset , } eT] 117 ¢ ] } é ¢ | . { “e- ‘ ' p D } tand Jon 1e@ ¢ ) I 0 iIdered to the Variable-« lo denser lugs. These leads should ne he bent 0 as to clear the <« the when it is in the socket, and the should clear both coil and can on des by about one-half inch the —: The shield between the first

Page 136

oof POPULAR MECHANICS

té ‘ ’ P + ‘ first ntermer te 1) eT nstrut "1+ P ette} +1 7 he lay } 11 11 } ] ; | init can be a standard heavy aluminum , the better the tone of the 1 ’ ] , | ] hr 1 ] 1 1 eli O ide ot ea eet brass, 4 a few extra doliars invested here } i? ] , , ] +7) ; , rp, ] ] ] 0 1n : ‘ : . © 4s spent i ne st udio stage 1s ¢ + + + ] . ha } , ’ + ] ] ] 1 ed at the ott if ' 11 nz on the tance O11 ed type the Ut 1 1 , ne is n t he ’ nutacture tyne det eT 1t ¢ 1) ‘ Eq (WH ra n in t e 1 tho 7 4 Sn + ; +] , ‘ 1 + 22 | é l€ ¢ tvpe o e eTlsé per Oto o1 D e 833 note the p t y 1 oe . 104 a . ‘ ’ ’ > ( be | vicier ‘ ul n¢g e + ea matte on 2 Volt 1 1 1 1 : 1 bracket.) [he tuned-stage tra ony used for furthe , the. or rv tit 1 ] + +1 ; 1 ] | 1 or hiter shown at the « t é ett tune nterme te t ¢ hatter 1c 7 1 : toa equent oO 15 . . ly y1¢ ’ n Dp rt 1 hy two met hr ¢ et 7 ) ' : , 7 , ot the .OOf S-m fe { ‘ ‘ ’ encer 7 it | ihnest ] ‘ 1) tor termina across the seconday} at | d (; \ se the asse1 \ mited to the u , ' 1 1 ‘ one ( pon the (, t ports t e cot th Ort bt mac ne crew \ ‘ 1 1 1 ’ 1 ’ 1 , + ) ’ , ’ | ; + + + ] < D on eri conde e ane € adleak O piate o é tront ine Oo! Su ) 1 “oe 4 4 : tne econd detector tuhe \l ( cd hiter en r 1s¢ Ot thre cl OT ‘ : ’ ' 1 ’ tut oe be een +U an re KILO e can ¢ il to ) them n VOTKII cit » ] = 1 - ot ¢ ¢ ] ] 1 be user at e( é é CO? ru on put tu ize at Ing temp tes oT e ste on 4 . . ‘ : { " 1 ‘ , ’ 1] a ; Ol e inte f ea ¢ no { ird panels \ i accompany he yueprint 1 1 ’ 1 n chit nterme te ctaas t hea \fter t e wirine ji completed. cy contended r . +1] ‘ mat +} hatter: } } ] } ¢ i ‘ nie e itte es to the et 1 1 ce one Ch é T)¢ 1 ear Sor et ucce r I I i t t ‘ COr ¢ 0 ent switch turned o1 f the tube rieé i Tyé T ? to ~/ : PPT) ) recTriy , e ‘ ) cv eT ? 7 é , 7 r ‘ 7 | ] TERT _ MATERIAL LIST Vf : 1) | 1 1) n 7 | ‘ | ( ‘ Fe t \ ] ‘ | ( . t t | , . ( filar { | - SUGGESTED EQUIPMENT UX bef

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POPULAR MECHANICS 835 ree-tap type designed for use with a the midget condenser to the point that s-mfd. condenser, is then connected. gives the loudest and clearest signal. Once > 5.2) + U — | | 6) |? ) “ st DET + 005 MFD 200A 201A | } 9 = | | MFO f T \ TN} AN), . 3 4 - ky eeeee eS eee eee ti BAT SCHEMAT DIAGRAM ee 1 ' | hs 6 - Above, Schematic Diagram; Below, Close-Up of Front Panel, Showing the Simple Controls, the Horn Jack and the Filament Switch that the center loop clip, marked found, this setting need not be change X in the detailed diagram, must These first tests should be made whet . be connected to the center loop local stations are known to be on the ai ile the two outer loop leads may The best B-battervy combinations will mnected to either of the two outside found by trial; for the first test use 45 clips on the subpanel. Keep the loop = 112 1 135 volts on the clip as short as possible. cated in the detailed wiring d » test the set, plug in the coupler coil this combination is. not satisfactory, use place the rotor ot the coupler at an 67 » ON the clip marked $5 e use ol le of about 45°, replacing the lid of a good output transformer between tl n firmly so that it will not vibrate et and the loud speaker, althou: na good loud speaker and turn on tional with the builde ereatly crea iment itch. Turn the rheostat the handling power of the speak one-tourth to one-half its range device is shown next to the speaker in-tl the left, exact position to be foun photo at tl head of the art ¢ t ve lo pick up a station, slowly ro easily installed at any convenient po e dials in step, never turning thet either in the cabinet or near the speaket pendently when locating a_ station Popular Mechanics radio laborator en tiie oo] s heard at good volume wil be g id to ¢ iny qu ( ve the oscillator dial as it is, and turt1 garding the construction of the set 1 ivelength dial a few points on either a complete set of enlarged blueprin oO e of the oscillator setting, to bring the the simplified diagram and full e n at maximum strength. This ing templates have been prepare ng ust be slowly done as the set may be obtained from Popular Mechat nes very sharply, and if the dials are Radio department, 200 E. Ontario st.. ¢ ed by jerks, it is quite possible that the cago, Ill., for 50 cent vhich covers co yn will be passed over. Now adjust ind packing. Specity blueprints No. 123

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836 POPULAR Art Lamp and Cone Speaker Combined Art Lamp Speaker Connected to Radio Set Is Placed Near-By Table Combining a table an ethcient cone speaker, this attractive and usetul outfit is one of the new devices on the market. The sturdy, dustproof weather and temperature c feet radio loud speaker unit is and unaffected by anges. Twenty 1 0 of silk radio cord and & ft. of lamp cord come as regular equipment with the speaker The bowl is of. artistic pottery, and the cone serves bot} loud speaker and lamp shade Eliminating Unnecessary Leads Much ing has been said in regard to keep- ina but not only the leads radio receiver as short can they some Ol them may be entirely as possible, be short ened: done iwav with. The following suggestions vill be of interest not only to the set suilder,.but also to the fan who would like to simplify and nprove nh present set Before making anv changes in the wiring, however, it is well to make a diagram of the circuit for reference. It will be found that a ire trot the ground post conneets with Ren thi eround directly to one or the leads filament ove post an re © and connect MECHANICS itive or negative terminal, whichever t] case may be. As the batteries are usu on the floor or a shelf under the table. \ are doing away with about 3 ft. of right here. A binding post for the B-ne ative connection is unnecessary. Rut lead from the B-battery to the A-battery, usually the positive t mil Consult vour diag For than one reason, it is best to place C-battery inside the cabinet. Because { its comparatively long life. it can be 1 Into the set permanently. Start a wire the F-post of the first af. transform: run it straight to the sec nd transtormer and then to the tive terminal of the C-battery. the C battery to the nearest point in the A-negati) bar, the and the bat lace all the batteries close togethe under the set No. 14 rubber-and The po tive terminal of connect e bu between rheostats tery. P on a shelf and connect thet with short lengths of insulated pieces of small wire increa e the re fabric wire. Long strag ance and Heberger invite short circuit Rochester, N. Y Three-Gang Condenser Is Adjustable An adjustable three-gange condensse making possible the balancing and tu ing of any desired number of circuit dial, is now available Provided I a special adjustment feature and employ Ing a tool supplied with each unit, shown in the photo, be set for perfect equalizati cuits the has b pletely wired. condenset ( after receiver This eliminates the nece vernier or tri for using SIty immer col densers. Complete instructions for mal ing this adjustment are supplied with the unit. Che shaft may be hortened « lengthened o entirely ré moved witl out attectin the adjust ment of the rotor p t¢ rhe con denser is sO designed that it n he mounted from either end \ riable pring tension is provided and the roto is mé t on ba r n

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Facts and Fads for Radio Fans es Carrigan, Former Juvenile Star of Movies, Invents New Loud Speake ( ying Two or More Cylinders and a Conical Diaphragm With This Field Equipment U. Board Installation Shown Here Was Used dur- Radio Communication with Headquarters; the Signal Recent Combined Air-Ground Maneuvers Above, Clinton B. Hanna and Dr. Joseph Slepian with Their New Horn Designed Mathematically Correct Enlargement f the Tone Chamber; in Tests, It Is p Said to Have Broadcast Voice and Music Three-Quarters of a Mile without Dis- tortion; Right, the Radio Receiver At- a tached to the Telephone Is the Invention George F. Mitchell, of Washington D. C.; the Telephone Receiver Serves as Earphone, and the Instrument Does Not Interfere with the Use of the Phone —_>

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POPULAR Light-Socket Supply for Power Tubes Light-socket supply for power tubes is but very few ‘tain the not a new idea simple devices result. As I] radio ex 1 } | have been shown to o TOY TO perimenters TRANSFORMER B-NEGATIVE : “1 400-OHM POTENTIOMETER | = Know, the fila- ment require ments of any tube are such that power there are few sources oflow- voltage cu rent that not seriously are lepleted when AUTOMATIC the operation CONTROL of these tubes TUBE SOCKET is continued over many hours \ simple method of employing the house hting current is shown in the sketch; a small a.c.-current transformet of the tvpe used for operating toy trains are inex pensive, and are usuallv tapped from six ten volts: this voltage does not alwavs remain constant due to line fluctuations, SO some method must be used to keep the filament supply steady. This easily done with one of the standard automatic filament-control units now in common use hese control units have the unique prop automatically changing in resist supply changes, kee] ing the filament at the at all times. "he proper temperature 100-ohm potentiometer across the transformer output tends to fur- ther stabilize the device and should be con- shown and mounted on the front panel at any convenient point.—L. H. Georger, Buffalo, N. Y. Friction of Air Layers Cause of Static \nyone who owns a radio set is more or less familiar with the troublesome dis known as static. The cause ot rumbling or crashing noise, the understood. the responsible for this fi ving encountered during sum mer months, not genet illy Often these noises are attributed to r hen it is in no way | Static and fading phenomena MECHANICS have been carefully studied and many ] teresting data obtained without materi helping the situation. It is, however accepted fact that the combination of perature and ring most barometric pressure oc frequently in summer i cause of static. Comparatively quiet air heated in va ing degrees rises and mixes with the c air above. This warm, moisture-carr\ air, mixing with the cold air in the hig! altitudes causes the moisture to conde1 the clouds, and friction betwe the moving air tavers produces electri energy. This energy, having no defin character such as radio waves, trave all directions and cannot be controlled human the [Interfering with the radio way means, entering receiving “4y at will by the broadcasting station, the outlaw waves cause the disturbance kno sent out as static. The same conditions in the u a try) mhea > , , > : , per atmosphere, in a more intense fot cause the severe electrical torms whet , as , , the disturbing element appears in the fe of lightning dischares Speaker Combined with Art Tapestry A modern loud speaker combined an artistic piece of neatly framed tape f 4 \, its appearat f "J \ new speaker offered tor t] coming se son. Fine wi ing, run alon the picture molding to the set, which ma be placed another ro if desired makes an i! stallation puz zling to ti uninitiated As the speake the usual | tvpe, the visitor is at a loss to account for the exac ( looks entirelv unlike sound, which location of the | at the top of t ceiling and rebounds, wi to all comes out travels to thie h even volume parts of the room.

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~ SSS SSS / € j —/ | i, TTT AMATEUR {MECHANICS Kasy Way i Flasidiioads Outboard Motors Ww, t on the stern of a boat knows what a_ to prevent the motor from slipping cult task it is, for twin-cylinder motors It is an easy matter to push the t a] ited to carry one of these motors and over this support, and are then tig t I om 1) to 110 lb. By JOHN EDWIN HOAG the end of the wharf. he trouble of doing this has been elim- The work of lowering the entirely by one outboard- the wharf into the At his recreation camp to the stern, is accomplished by on the island of Oahu, the small hoist shown 1n the photo. almost enthusiast. beautiful bay boat and eans i) } ITH the increasing popularity of the he has a small wharf to whicl boats rge and poweriul types of out are moored. This permits ci the motors, which are supplanting the outboard motor on an ordinary baggage ‘r lightweight ones, the problem of truck, as shown in the illustration. The ling former is beginning to re-_ truck is fitted with a wooden support, at more attention from boating en- tached with the aid of lengths strap ists Anyone who has ever at- iron. The clamps of the motor are slipped htened 4 ruck to rom fastening it t i It con Left, Ordinary Baggage Truck Fitted with Support Facilitates Carrying Outboard the Small Hoist Eliminates the Hard Ww yoden Right Lifting the Motor from Boat to Wharf or Vice Versa

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S40 POPULAR sists « in old ship’s davit rigged with bloc ind tackle I] per ts the work to be done with ease and peed, one pel son handling the tackle and another, in the boat, placing the motor in position. 1 1 Pulling the motor up from the boat is done just as easily and can be accom plished with a minimum of muscular ex ertion \nvone can provide these simple means of handling an outboard motor, and the cost of the m | ‘ pocketknive make i ertective ubstitute for a corksere Insert one blade bet een the ola and cork on. one side of the bottle neck, ind the othe with the cutting edge point-

tween the handles of the knives, and. 1 , ‘ pressing the thumb and middle | hnger against the handles, pull upward with a gradual turn, or pull down turning the knives around in the direction indicated by the arrows.—J. A, reich, Brooklyn, N. Y. on the bottle, Lang- Decorating Iron Castings Gray-iron casting for doorstops, can- dlesti ks, bookends, an lirons. door knox k- 1 1 ers, and other artic es, can be obtained, rate them to his own and anvone cat taste. A paint is first applied to the casting \ en this is thor i I coat ot flat yvyhite l oughly dry, the color decor ition is applied with an even stroke (the long wav of the work, not across). A great assortment of paints is unnecessary, as with a tube each of red, blue, vellow, black and hite oil colors it iS 1] e to obtain in interme diate tint For example. a mixture ot red and blue produces purple; yellow and blue MECHANICS

make green;.red and yellow make ora Shading adds greatly to the beauty of work. When a yellow flower is paint shade the spaces between the petal High lights or promine Surtaces nould € kept light while cesses and low place hould be dark intique hi h, v ch adds to the beaut the work 1 produced is TOLLOW \ can or tube of Van Dyke brown, gr in japan, is obtained, and a smal using turpentine a 1 soivent \fter 1 1 Color I r been thoroug \ dried | } $ 1 + irdenead, cover the entire urtace thi brown paint, and 11 ott with a cheesecloth or a piece ot lan ase 2 tas con af leaving the brown in the powder s may be applied in one of thet ‘ ' tollowing Wavs: ania : . Phe commoner way is ing liquid with the bronze pow: , ply with paint. Another method consists in co a camel’s-hair brush, just ing the work with flat varnish and 1 1 P . I | pecome a } t at or tach rar) 1 in O! the bronze powder th a t i , 1 1 1 m1 . hea camel S-Nair bru ihe adittere ] +1 (i¢ 1 On tiie ime piece vA! cart } rate shade ot bronze bronze Oo é P . ire made in a iriet ot color lfab li: ] * ] 1 1 f . 1 Mant, highly Poll eC urtiace 18 desire 1 1 4 ‘ use ename Or acquer paints. ihe i parts, and those farthest away from you should be color painted first, and the then applied to the highest points of t! design. <A shellac, applied after the painting has bee: completed, will preserve the finish.—J. Hagans, coat of flat varnish or vw Chicago. Reflux Condenser for Auto Radiator The alcohol from in radiators may be saved evaporation by soldering a _ reflu condenser on the cap, as shown in tl illustration. The ovet COPPER TUBING» pipe 1s close d a the vapor ust pass through the coil on the cap. Wher the vapor strikes the tube

RADIATOR CAP it condense idiato1 1] 1 Vood ( coid

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POPULAR MECHANICS 841 here the thermometer has Che n which th Ss condenser is ly 1 gal. of the 1) below zero. ra- ta } \ ead DY ONLY Mla usse ne a flush e Tube “ Oo on double door, | hat it s rather difficult to d e ft ( ole into whicl the the bolt is screwed. he troubl ei dly overcome ) soldet n { ort 1 of wire the end of the be qroverney HORT LENGTH OF VIRE SOLDERED TO ND OF BOLT ling the Tapped Hole for a Long Bolt in a D Lock n in the illuustration Lhe exte erved as a feeler and enabled me to the hole qu ckly. When this met] ed, care must, of course, be taken et solder be een the threads of the t { Rivers Pete 1 Indianapo I ne n @ When a candle does not fit in a holde ¢ e end is usual craped « n. A bette et rc] to hol the end in he r nt it become ott Then it can be ced into the holder without difficuity i { contri pig bre P ‘ t , rile } ment tached , pails ¢ € { t ) et 1 1 1] hit nN ; e } 0 repent vette CK n 1 { nee T - 1 re € t t or ? t 1eé¢ é tt e) 1 ¢ et é ect t At inte { er ug ( ] ihes ead 71 ? ’ 1 “y 7) T ] ] I £ a ] tal + t e p 5 take 1 > ) Croudie | I with Brace and Bit r r oiten ¢ n 1 ae) { t t Tre ect t t Ho eve ¢ { T t t t eqauire ( 1 ( 1) ce ] ( 1 ? } k o e | 1 1 ( the pb ce ye t practice \ i ( é om 0 Tlie (

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POPULAR Masked Costume Made from Cardboard Boxes of Va- rious Shapes and Sizes Novel Costume Made from Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes Corrug ited fiber boxes of various sizes and shapes make up the disguise shown in the photo, a costume which recently won first prize at a masked party. The legs are sections of a box originally used to ship the handle of a vacuum cleaner. Two corners of each of these sections are slit so that one side forms a f] he shoes lap to covet! the fore part of t The arms are made from the same kind of box, with three sides cut through at the elbow to form a flexible joint, so that the arm can be bent \ large box torm the main portion of tl] ing the body. All four t e costume, covert laps at the bottom are opened t to give the appearance of a skirt. At the top, two of the flaps are opened outward at the sides to form epau lets. The other two flaps are sealed down and a hole cut through, large enough to admit the head of the wearer Holes are also cut in the sides to admit the arms. MECHANICS The box for the head is completely sea and then a hole is cut through at the tom. This box is not fastened to other but merely rests on it. Excel sewed to the upper box makes highly propriate whiskers. The whole thing quickly made and offers a complete guise.—Leon I. Thomas, Oak Park, | Lock for Dial on Telephone In an office where the dial telep! was located so that anyone in the ot could make private calls at the compat expense, in many cases long-distance « it was found necessary to devise method of preventing unauthorized us: the telephone. An ordinary small pad! was used to lock the dial, and this eff tively prevented anyone from calling although it did not keep employes f: answering an incoming call. It was e mated that the lock saved the office least $50 per month. Rheostat Controls Auto Charging Rat I mounted a 6-ohm radio rheostat the instrument board of my car, and wires to the generator, placing the rhe stat in series with the third brush _ RA RHEOSTAT N the one that con INSTRUMENT trols the strength BOARD | of the field flux thereby regulating the rate of charge. Then, I moved the control brush up to a fairly high 1 | i 1 } rate of charge w it the resistance ot the rheostat all out. By cutting the resistance in, a very nice adjust ment is possible. This eliminates the need of burning the lights to prevent over charging the battery on long trips, an makes it possible to lower the rate whet driving at high speeds, and to raise it whe driving at night. Also, by turning the rheostat off, the field is open and n charge is given, which takes a certain load off the engine and does the generator ni harm.—Harold I. Calkins, Lomita, Calif

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POPULAR MECHANICS lacing Auto Window and Door Glass acing broken plate glass in the car ther tedious job unless the operator e knowledge of the work. he uble encountered is in removing glass from the channel. When lone, the shattered piece are usu ken into small fragments. he ay to remove them is to obtain blocks of soft wood and clamp cting broken ends of the glass be the blocks in the vise. Then pull nel away from the glass. In this removal is easy. When replacing oe ure that you have it cen the channel, and that it is of the ize and shape. Stand the glass on ve on a wooden floor and drive the el down on it, but be sure to hold pertectly vertical when you do nd use a block of wood in driving the channel, otherwise the glass may ken. If the glass has a sharp edge, be smoothed is less trouble than grinding ane easily by means of a 1 | 5 | 1 no danger of chipping the glass Sweeper for Golf Greens brooms, held together by slats sood sw eeper for the greens oO! a course. The handles are cut off the

ent Green Sweeper on Course Is Made from Four Old Brooms 0 end broor and the handles of the o center brooms are left in place pel tting the worker to drag the sweeper er the green without difficulty. _ w

Tire Chains Sewed to Bottom of Tent Flic Keey ‘hem Shut in the Wind Self-Closing Flies on Campers’ Tent io ho tent Tile mn) Dio ‘ +1, + * nh \ ne Cal Nel sua nece ( tasten n } t! rope or ce t 1 pes 1 1 S lis¢ ( e of ‘ nee oO ( I ie en ¢ O 1 of —— +1 ¢ oat ‘ ( » OVerTC 1¢ oOuvle a 1 7 I ner en used i D | Oo! tire ‘ tit< e;( ne 7 ‘ } tt; he ‘ ‘ | I eig © ( nN ies ciosed C 1 ( nd ne ve lowe T e!1 t é pen | the ie€ ( Full-Length Screen over Eave Troughs Prevents Stoppage and Overflow Almost evervbor kes a ote tree : ’ 1 arouns thnome Ho yvever, the eave tt ‘ 1 , 1 1 , may e ChHoKed \ accumulatiol lé é oTtnet OOSE ubstance 1 1 espe e | ut \\ re cave ote. ) (\¢ I | ¢ pO I 1 , 1 ug qui | miu ette 1 ’ , CLOSE ( \ ole cuttet | eel N 1 Ds Oo 1 eC ( Op ‘ | 1 e piace 1 « er tine ( ) 0 t e ¢ ¢ reel } r€ oidere on T n ' \ 1 hicuit \\ eT the é Vé r ( Teé ( ott ‘ d ( , nt + P tte! ef HH L;eO! ¢ )

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How to Put on Galoshes Easily When wear- ing shoes with rubber heels it is often quite difficult to pull on a pair of valoshes, ow- ing to the fric- tion of the rubber against lin- the overshoes. To the task, place a the fleece ing oft simplify piece of wax paper in the position shown in the illustration, PIECE OF and you will WAX PAPER “Ne “) _, find that the NY > Os ~ shoe will slip \ \ into the rub- ber without any trouble. The paper is left in the heel of the overshoe and may be used over and over again.—G. E. Hen- drickson, Argyle, Wis. Waterproofing a Serving Tray Serving trays are frequently spoiled by liquid coming into contact with the em broidery, picture, or other work which may be placed beneath the glass to beau tify the tray. In order to prevent this, a water-tight joint between the edge of the olass and the edge ot the tray, extend- ing over the glass, should be made. To do this, bievele tape, about 74 in. wide, should be inserted into the joint. Remove the bottom of the trav, and then the glass. Clean the inner edge of the tray frame of glue and rough spots. Press the tape into the square corners around the edge of the be turned by cutting the tape on the upper edge and frame The four corners may stretching it into the proper form. If the tape is cut in two at the corners, there is more likeli! od of a leak The open spaces in the corners should be filled with small pieces, but care must be taken not POPULAR MECHANICS to form lumps. Replace the glass see that it rests evenly on the tape all way around, and reassemble the tray Roofing Tar Keeps Rats Away Broken stone, glass bottles, sheet me and other material of a like nature se: to do little good in the prevention of 1 under porches and tions of other similar proj a home or other building. Ho ever, an excellent method has been four for keeping these pests away effective Get a small quantity of cold tar, the ki: which is used by roofers for closing sean With a sm brush apply a liberal coating on the insi of the holes and you will notice that t rats will practically disappear. Such application need only be made about on every week for a time during tl summer months.—L. H. Georger, Buffa New York. This does not need heating. short Chemical Flower Bed For a few cents enough materials c: be obtained to produce a chemical flows bed, such as is shown in the illustratiot Get a small goldfish bowl] or similar clea: the receptacle. Fill bottom wit fine sand to a little over ™% glass in. Buy the following at any drug store: copper sulphate, 2 oz.; a few small pieces zinc about the size of pure ot postage Scameos; @ alum broken into small frag ments and enough to fill a piece of tablespoon a teaspoonful of crystals of potassium bichromate; one can of water glass, and » avd or 4-in. length of aluminum wire, cut into ™%-in. Scatter the materials over the sand in the bowl in a “hit-or fashion. pieces. miss Mix one part of the water glass three parts of and pour the mixture slowly over the chemical-strewn sand, thing. with water careful not to disturb The depth of the liquid not exceed 4 to 6 in. being any should Set the jar aside in

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POPULAR MECHANICS 845

e where it will not be shaken or Extra Legs on Stepladder | the |. Soon you will see queer little col rowths appearing here and there, Most stepladders are a little wiggly. in the course of a few days, will This trouble can be completely eliminated upward and assume various shapes. by providing two extra legs, as shown in *1 ut a week or two, you will have a

ne i| garden somewhat similar to the aCe hown in the drawing Some of the I r puffy growths are whitish or vel rye ind look like mushrooms or puff lo Some are brownish and resemble ul r fungoid forms. Others are slende1 ve reen, and look like grasses and j <1 ’ Still other growths are reddish an orange Nearly every color of the Ad . rum is represented. Most curious r SI re the growths which extend down t nto the sand and along the sides of iSS. If not jarred or shaken, the yn cal tflowet1 bed will last for several tl Then, like living things, the ba vths will slowly disintegrate—Dr. L. fausman, New Brunswick, N. J] Concealed Switch Prevents Theft a e concealed device shown in the draw i a mean of di connecting the auto oe from the battery. It consists of a = e, made of hard insulating material, te contains a terminal with one , , . om Ne Soa Dee Oe ided end, and another terminal with te a ee ae ar ind their outwar¢ ing mites urled and a threaded end, to which the lenethe of re Hi ; ds , is soldered, as indicated. The inside tl it ea ct, ae a ee os e insulating sleeve is threaded to cor ai ne +] enn s q PE GE md to these parts. In use, the parts :, ey 3 Fics folded sin aii : s ‘aa ~ turned in one direction to break the oi Sei alas nrg ie et Sa Hon 1 ‘ reult and in the other to complete it. in so ee ‘ai rie : i aed adil = switch can be used on most circuits. Paper Cups Serve as Funnels

While cone-shaped paper cups are get

1] 1 ] : ] ' ‘ ] eraliyv used for drinking purpose only 19 their shape lends them to adaptation To! ag _ inte other purposes. It has been found that um hey are especially useful as funnel u nd nip the bottom off, and the funnel is re and | \lay MoOTo ctc 7 " f (| 7 < 1 } “ut = SOLDERED, (- nally BACK OF \ Jf} vhen flline 11 he or f | a ial NSTRUMENT 2 vhen filling up the icuum tank ( BOARD running out of gas on a count! roa : Manutacturers of batterie Iso advocat as t] ‘ the use ot these cot ped ¢ 1) ) { le - BAKELITE OR ne the cells with electrolvte ee wh HARD INSULATING ‘Sf witl ‘ MATERIAL vaxe ] surtace ot the paper n ike 4 ny ld — : up under t ety ‘ + ’ \ ~~ ul ( cealed Device Cut into Line from Battery to ) Switch, Helps to Prevent Auto Theft OW € ‘ ( O

Page 148

‘id Arms -Troph < Wall Diece” corners to form an octagon. Using backing the lid of a shoe-polish can some other convenient article, ham: the netting up into roundness, as sho in Fig. 3, beginning with light blows NUITS of armor are eagerly sought by the center, and working around in circl collectors who are unhindered by finan- toward the edges. Since this is a bendi cial restraints. Folk of ordinary means, Tather than a stretching process, a as well, can have pieces reminiscent of the hammering sheet metal, there is an ob age of chivalry. Such a piece is the inter- nate tendency to lopsidedness in the r esting wall model of helmet, sword and sulting piece; but by hammering doy shield, illustrated in the folds with s¢ Fig. 1, based on a f[ eral thicknesses design of 1330 A. D. : paper for backin The cost of mate- as in Fig. 5, a fa rials need not be degree of roundne more than $1.50, and can be obtained. |

only a little skill is the original helmet required in tne ; % the headpiece wa making of it. oval, but the mode The construction is made spherica of the helmet, or } vf both to simplify th« “basinet,” as this work and to reduce form was _ techni- the depth fron cally known, is illus- ; front to back, since trated in Fig. 2 and | a . / it is to hang fro: the drawings fol- | — ’ the wall. lowing. It is built | ay I Se Having brought up of papier-mache 7 . oS | the netting to the and “plastic wood,” 4 / } ; it " form of a hemi over %-in. mesh ¥ sphere,4in.in diam

galvanized-wire net- eter, trim the edge ting. Cut a piece oi even and nail to a netting, 8 in. square, 4-in. disk of ¥%-1n and snip off the wood, to give rigid-

846

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POPULAR MECHANICS Now make a thin paste of wheat flour t ar | 1e ‘Imet just inside iter, and build over the netting a “ chamter around on the face side >| ATTACH AFTER > ms es 5 Gauge a pencil line 1D) .wole round the edge CHAIN MAIL IMITATED ) | MODELED ind t! ° BY HEAVY KNITTED ~ ys . in. from the bacl FABRIC Dw a ie a HALF FRONT OF BASINET AND FORM ; (A.0.1330) ; in. trom the edge d one on the face ‘ 1 1 + e111 ne h) | » 1 he pevel, as ec saw, but perhaps the | a to rough it out with a hand rower one wil aw and chisel to the line, as in Fig. 8. with chisel Smooth with a spokeshave. encountered. Do By this time the papier-mache should be cut the upper edge, Iry enough for further work on the hel grain, clamp the met. Cut a straight band of netting, % 11). Now work n. wide and of such length that, when careful strokes

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POPULAR MECHANICS til it is uniformly curved throughout. In of umbrella bow (a_ three-cornered spect it often from all edges, noting the can also be used), cut furrows, Mg in. dee high spots. When it is reduced to a good = as shown in Fig. 13. With a chisel wid curve, scrub across the grain with coarse these to %-in. V-grooves (see Fig. 14 sandpaper, removing the chisel marks. Round the corners with sandpaper, a1 Sand with the grain to take out the fix to the top with glue and brads scratches and smooth with fine sandpaper. four-pointed linoleum leaf shown in | When the helmet is dry, trim and sand 2. This crest ornament is 2% in. vy it smooth, rounding off all corners. Fig Glue on an additional piece, 34 In. squa ] 12 illustrates the cardboard overlay which and when dry, carve into the form sho ornaments the lower part of the helmet. sloping gracefully from thin points to It is cut from a strip, 6 in. wide, the peak at the center, with the edges a exact length being found by measure- tapered thin. To facilitate carving, ment. Divide it in 10 equal spaces, form- brads may be removed. If preferred, ing a ‘46-in. band all around, with con crest may be modeled with plastic wo ventionalized tassels, as shown, marking A ‘6-in. cardboard band is glued arour the divisions. The ends of these are “sin. the helmet with the upper edge ¥% from the border. Cut out with the point above the tassel ornament. On the o of a sharp knife and glue in place. A few inal helmet, this band apparently bi wraps of twine will hold it tight while hooks that held the mail hood, but in it is drying. model the hooks are represented by l Centering on the top, describe a circle wire brads driven through the band abo 13g in. above the face opening, and draw the tassels and centering between the 12 equidistant radii pointing to the tassels. When the glue dries, smooth off the « With a %-in. gouge, which may bea wood- ners of the overlay and glue strip carvers’ eve t r a sharpened length coarse knitted fabric (such as materi —————} ' | SQUARES BRONZE SHIELD AND SECTION

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POPULAR MECHANICS UR CERO RRR HALF CARDBOARD OVERLAY EXACT SIZE TAKEN FROM HELMET n old n the mall, as sweater ) bands, to shown 15 ha ld the neck mail form of Thy: rig, rl 1 111s is make a netting as indi bent ipe and the narrow top opening is around in inward bend to make a slit As Fig. 4 back and ice opening is egg even. ‘To form the it is 1 Neck, necessary nd there for lapping. bend in from well. The f must 1 ,) . "4 1 ) . - , 2’ in. wide and 2% in. long from When properly to bottom. shaped, e top inside the helmet and attach re stitches through in the plastic small holes wood, tying inside. n snips, is oe, 16, ttom trim the edge to .. viving a total le width of » attach told he top edge and through the ting with twine. over the edge the netting and with a whip tch. To hide the ugh inside, sew a ece of black velvet nt o the face open- when the paint- « is done. If an old able, it mesh bag sood etl mail with The sword stock by 1% by it. | is 18 in. Reduc e in., and taper the bl width from 1% in. at the hil “est a ae ange é distance of 1 in. from the point, length width to The blade hilt 1 niit to thickness from 34 in. to ‘46 in. R Draw ce 1 and with the point as shown. and sides edges, the blade to the lozenge shay Finish with a plane and sandpaper the lis round tl tle pommel being yR 1 in., forming a tenon ti i through the front be- small W ood and clinched hind. block of the back off flush. The griy Glue a and tri

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850 POPULAR . twisted cord ( arpenters chalk line is good. ‘To give more roundness to the grip, tie on each side a piece Ol paper, folded several times to give thicknes Drill a small hole just above the quillon to thread the starting end of the string through, and below the pom el, on one edge, gouge out a_ furrow, in. long. Wind the cord tightly on the grip until this furrow is reached, when a loop of small copper wire is laid in it and covered with the four remaining turns. Pass the cord end through the wire loop, and with pliers pull the ends of the wire until the cord end is drawn under, as in Fig 18 Draw out the wire. The sword, ready for fit ng, is shown it gy. 17 e finishing otf the shield typical of \pp t] ! brush or gy a coat of orange ellac and ow to di ( nute nt ist bare ( nto ! Ke in enougn ¢ ( é to r to i cream con te \\ nee ne t] kK ture 1 1 ‘ The ] f ra ork ha 1 otior m the let 1] ( r ner to t back ut i] the é 1 ce rvered (so Ovetl ‘ts

M +t i ( EKCHANICS a second time inally shake the d t, rubbing it in urtace Is produc — “orroded l-bronze ap] In ry \ Wi ] ly}) some places and qauii ? ie decorations. 1 1 ihe ornamentai straight, located ct « irners. Rule tl 1 ! t

the same wa : , yowder liberal h a little care which has a cu vearance, pol in others. Alloy nish to drv well before attempting ti bat 1¢@ in. below the UI 214 in. wide 1s edges with a pe ind trace the center square ornat shown in Fig. 19. Trace the other squ just touching the corners of the first. \ a small brush carefully paint the sq When dry, trace « with aluminunf . a , , ‘ small shields. Paint these vermilio1 oil color, O1 ith light red showeart which, in drving, show minute « t! t ch the ilvet hines paint the background of the b , 4 ‘ , 7 Diack e ad ng oO! m= F n 1] | 1] +4 ‘ tened Dy the addition Of a Cit Finish the helmet and ( Ironze ind the swor b le ; é ; inum [t desired, a touch of color « at cle ad oO ft € he bh ed ring ive ni the t els 1 Pa io assen ble T e mMmoce 1 l -— ‘ _—— a ~.. ——— | en ~ i 1 z'+—3} >. 1@ ——— 3 cts 4 GRIPL Berl Cy a aie Ba cha i 7 h « ( yer 8) | “Th. POMMEL QUILLON —>4 4 aa iG fy Gs ‘ Gf AT GRIP WINDING DETAIL OF QUILLONS \ A w SHIELD ORNAMENT (19) \

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POPULAR MECHANICS block 2 in. from the right cornet Pocket Palette for the Artist in. below the top on the back of the and to the center, just above the Anyone who likes to go sketching out point, two blocks forming a ‘6 doors with oil colors can make a pocke ve at an angle of 20° with the cen | to which a stiff wire, attached to Imet, is forced. Drive a wire staple midway between the center line eft edge, near the top, as an addi- upport for the helmet standard. e sword to the blocks, showing 2! the blade above the shield, and at- helmet as shown by bending a re into suitable shape and tying it he netting with wire loops. The hould slope from the vertical about ired, two swords can be made, and iell mounted with these crosse¢ e helmet vertical in the center. | done, the swords should be half where they cross at the back, so re no thicker than a single one. Wax Seals on Jelly Tumblers emade jellies or marmalades are put up in glass tumblers and sealed Artist's Pocket Palette Can Be Carried Al C elted paraftin, which is poured over veniently for Sketching uriace. Although this method is san- palette that will aid in reducing the equ ind efficient, it presents some diffi- ment necessary to carry on such triy es when the seal is broken, as the [he construction is clearly shown in t lied parafiin often crumbles when it illustration, and it can be made from g: emoved, and the pieces become mixed grained cigar-box wood. Saw two pit the contents io the same size, sandpaper them smo and then oil or shellac them. Cut a thun he tumbler. eliminate this and finger holein one panel as shown at uble, take a nail slides for the second panel arout bottle cap two sides and one end. These should be | place it over abou » in. high he second pat contents of the should have an end stop nailed and elu bler, and then to it and is pushed into the grooves of t ur the paraffin slides on the first panel until the stop for it, letting the the fourth side of a shallow box ry » of the cap pro- top consists of a third panel. hinged t t above the sur- one side and fitted with a hook, to clos eof the paraffin. the box when not in use. For the sake o then a simple easy carrying, the total width should 1 > 1 > - ° itter to pull the exceed 5 or 6 in.. so that the box can b p and the par- tin off without e use of a knife conveniently slipped into a pocket.—L. B Robbins, Harwich, Mass any other in- @lodine stains on clothes can be removed rument. Pieces of cardboard or heavy by applying a solution consisting of 1 0: aper may be used instead of caps if the of photographic hypo and 2 oz. of clear itter are not available. water.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Method of Ef- | SOLDER fecting a Permanent Re,pair on a Leaky Ford Radiator Simple VAAL AAR) eA Simple and Effective Repair for Leaky Ford Radiator ir recently sprung ance it Wa und, in the no dents or breaks anvwhere. | upon inspection, that three tube ibes outside row were leaking “ar the bottom. [ then drained off t] removed the outside shell and cut a hole in the tank at the brass drawing. to the plugged these top, as in the Che hole was cut tubes that tubes adjacent were lea ‘1 with strips of rag, forcing them down to the bottom with a wire. In doing this I ec mpletely filled the tube ends at the top with wood plugs prevented , water trom settling in tl and avoided freezing in cold weather. fore up the hole I filled the closing “with water had Ee alid folded to make sure that heen back metal and closed the seam In this cut out of three tubes of the stopped effectively the lap ot with solder. Wav circulation was radiator, but, of course, it is not desirable to close any this much better solders reduce the The method, however, 1 putting in so-called other anti-leak pounds as they rarely effect a permanent more, as would effect too is much liquid cooling and com- repair, and very often do lugging the more dat than good, ] entire radia system, with resultant overheating My method Was crude, but it lowered efficiency. haps, somewhat worked was done in about an hour's time. It not even necessary to remove the rad from the car.—H. L. Wheeler, Syrax New York. Lamp Wick Waters Flowers in Owner’s Absence for a few and return to find the plants and flo) Did you ever go away in the house drooping for want of wate Here is a simple and effective metho: keeping them watered for a week or n at a time, with the assurance can return and find them just hen you leit four plants around a 1 uch Also v clear to the bottom thoroughly betore leaving Plants and Flowers Can Be Watered Effectively by Using Ordinary Lamp Wicks 1 he flowerpot attraction and vou will be surprised how much water has been ab sorbed by will transfer the water to t by capillary the soil at the end of a week If lamp wicks cannot be obtained, it is

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POPULAR 1s effective to use strips of felt rolled tubular shape, or any soft loosely cloth, to transfer the moisture. Repairing a Cracked Soil Basin - of the children allowed the seat and o drop on the soil basin, which ed the bowl between two of the little the channel inside, it, when the flushed, a of water gushed out on the floor mber tried to repair it by put patch of rubber and putty on the holes in water bowl was le and lashing it on, but when the vas flushed it blew off. As this hap 1 on Saturday, the plumber said he not install a new bowl before the ing Monday. In the meantime, | ipon a handy plan that saved me f inconvenience and the price of a basin at that t [ mixed up a cup ter of paris to a fairly thick cream holes near ime. njected it into the small ck with a glass dropper taken from nedicine cabinet As the water chan wet it thinned out the plaster, and the where it could een out side. The ter was allowed to set a couple of hours, when the bowl was flushed not a drop re- low into crack oozing on each iter showed on the outside. The stood the test for eight months and good when a new bowl was put in.— P. H. Murray Mass. Fall River, How to Crimp Stovepipe When fitting lengths of stovepipe to ther it is usually to make mps in the small ends of the joints so it they can be assembled more easily. necessary is difficult to do without a special ol, but of a pair by clamping two nails in the pliers, as in the llustration, can e done effec- The uls are held right angles to the pliers, and the im provised crimper is operated by placing it over the pipe end and twisting in a hor hown he w ork tively. zontal plane. MECHANICS 853 Focusing Shield for Box Camera While taking pictures on a bright I found it difficult to shield glass with-the hand and ma- nipulate the camera eff ciently at the same time The difficulty rested a shield proved sug « PBER ys BAND_» simple which very effective. A post was foldedand card and cut with rounding corne: tached to the ber band. The shield glass of the focusing flected objects could be seen clearly.—G. Argyle, Wis. camefra by means of a rub- shadowed the cround lens so that the re- FE. Hendrickson, Preventing Picture Marks on Walls |, _--PICTURE An easy method of Ne IT — | preventing picture } He - at marks on w all pape I} — . as a result of the dus i A BRADS ‘ collecting on the backs “y a of the pictures, is to > \ 1 drive two small brads | \ \ 4 if Dp or tacks on the backs, \A I/ | about two inches above y \ ¢ { the bottom corners, to Nf hold the lower edge the frames slight] | [7 “y ol / A [ \ ir 7 } » T pe} py \ away trom the pa j~ — Mrs. M. R. Wells, Cleveland, Ohio. Roof Leaks around Chimney Many roofs develop leaks yund chim neys, which are not only difficult to repa but often continue leaking even t new flashings are provided. The proper method of repair in such cases is not to remove the flashing, but to cement tl entire face of the flashing with a mixture of cold tar and sand, using the same quan tity of each. Apply it with a brush so that it can be worked into the crevices the brickwork as well as at the and there will be no more leakage. around flashing

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Laying Up the Boat for the Winter S| RAINED timl , unpainted wood ble length and weight, require tims » } } nad rust al quickly spell dis- thought, and one should bu \ he ravages of wintet time in October or the first of Nover oon take their toll un at the latest. ess the craft ha been properly hauled However, locations and time of from the water, blocked up and otherwise will set the rule. Northern localitie protected from the elements. Several hun pecially near fresh water, mean early dreds, or maybe thousands, of dollars’ andthe job must be done before ice fi worth of boat should no more be ‘or In warmer climates, the hauling « deferred until late in the winter. In lected than an equally Just when to haul the a is, of case, the reader must use his own course, somewhat de t tion and inclinati thusiasts put it off innot | lvantage best 1 t work on the tice [ water lake 1orce ast 1 men draft boat ¥ 1e@ Chall) dt ° 4 = 3 41: consider ' a marking buo WEIGHTS Al TIE STRAP JPRIGHTS c=, EACH CORNER WEIGHTS ; FROCK UNDER JOINT ENS , WA. .cROS: | BEARER f z z Ws it Ud q 2 “ - bu . CHAIN i . BRIDLE ---” j AND WAY Top, This Boat Is Well Covered with Canvas: Center, Details of the Cradle and Way Used to Haul the Boat; Bottom, One Method of Cradling a Boat, Showing Props, Braces and Cross Bearers

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POPULAR MECHANICS so that the in be picked in in the \s the mill- broken ice iten break the nes, it is even ie a bundle RESTING KEEL ON CROSS PLANKS WITH PLANKS WEDGED DIAGONALLY S~_HULL BY PROPS TOE BLOCK FORE AND AFT PLANK HARD GROUND wisely and carefully from the start \ day or two betore intending to haul build the cradle the ways. and Construct the latter as far on the beach out as low “TIE PLANK TO SIMILAR FORWARD BLOCKING UNDER HEAVY BLOCKING BURIED DEEP , Cradle on the Ways with Tackle Attached, Ready for Hauling When the Tide of Bracing Boats on Hard and on Sandy Ground d wire to the chain before letting it Chen, in the spring, it will be a simple to grapple up the wire after locat- bearings. When the mooring is disposed of, bring hoat up to the dock or alongshore and all movable life uten property, such ads sails, tools, spare spars, galley etc., ashore where they can be safely red. You will feel much safer by do- leaving them aboard over t} ng this than by he winter. upon rollers keel, the rollers working Small boats can be pulled directly e beach by means ol ‘laced under the ver a single several rack of planks, and the boat pushed and guided by several men. It in then be chocked up to rest on an even keel and covered with canvas. The deeper- lraftt boats, however, present real prob ems in engineering and must be handled : = — Rises; Center, Methods Bottom, a Good Method of Shoring on Firm Ground tide will allow vou then 1 water will cover the cradle ; OW still be deep toit. If posts cannot be driven tat out to hold down the rail must be kept tide and enough o float the boat up enough s, their lower ends down be made of any str he well greased before into the w rhe bers iter cradle consists resting directly connected by two them, parallel to the rail he former are known as cross bearers and are often old railroad ties. They should be far enough apart so that the keel will i made of rest on them without danger of any down sweep touching the sand and so that the weight of the boat will be well distributed It should be thoroughly built and measurements taken before the boat is run nropne}4n | }

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POPULAR MECHANICS on it. If it can be nail conveniently done, ome sheet iron under the cross bearers where they rest on the rails, and rails will be much uprights to the sliding action on the improved. Spike two heavy each side plat ind brace them allv, inside, diagon that the boat's bilges. to lie ‘TOS pea 4 ¢.P 0 the brace \ lecome under lake a hitch with « ne end ot a hea\ \ such as a chain, around ] end of » rear cross be rs and le I na ward chain, mooring one for OppoOs! together with short . board nailed to ti Rocks. the sand under these joints, them With greased, | = sides. into will the the prevent from track Cc! adl laid and e weighted The Work of Shoring a Motorboat Depends on Its Size, a Small One Requir- ing No Cradle; Insert, Blocking Up a Large Boat Which Is Left in the Cradle over Winter and high water run coming in, the boat cal into the cradle. Have an anchor on the after deck as well as forward tach guy lines to the masthead, if it sailboat, and to the highest points ( motorboat and lead them to each side it is a motorboat that is to be hauled « to connections runt be particularly careful not crush outside piping or along the bottom of'the hull. and propeller sh The rud ould be unshipped ju soon as thev can be reached in the Head the boat into the cradle at the fl of the tide and under slow headway until the proper point. lf touch, haul up it slowly and carefully about the to sightly and follow it the cr 1 the keel rests on the cross bearers fir: and steadily. With a ] 1eavy boat, it be necessarv to throw out the stern anc! before the cradle is reached and chec] speed slowly by ST ub 1 a stern cleat. When the vat is cradle, fasten the bo the stern-anchor line This holds the boat position. Pay off the HEAVY BLOCKING WOODEN STRAPS TO PREVENT BLOCKS FROM SLIPPING;, with the boat unt

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POPULAR TAR PAPER RAFTERS STRONG BACK. | LATERALS ee —_ —Vi } ' > «a on eT Se, . roo + __11__ When Shoring Them; Order to Keep Out the Paper in m ece bro lfa wincl “an be done e end. of le attached to ine them tracks wel MECHANICS aos Detzils Sh I Ost les, om 11S pressure of Severe . ‘ the elements. | he TAR PAPER BATTEN

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858 POPULAR MECHANICS the boat on the cradle—but it is not Che been built hurriedly and is only temporary. leave always the best. cradle may have The best way is to remove the blocking, then the cradle and let the hull rest on a firm foundation. To shore up and make a good job of it, first wooden bl eather a number of good, solid ties, or other railroad material, ~| OCKS, equally and place them strong under the keel at points where they will boat up on weight of the evenly dis build the smaller blocks until the latter fit snugly under the keel. bear the tributed. Then these with Place some heavy planks and on each side of the hull, parallel to it, bury them slightly. Cut two or three props for each side, as shown in the diagram and photos, and, resting their butts on under short them slightly the hull so the two meet. Wedge planks between the tops of the props and the keel | hull and drive indicated, until the hull With this ar rangement, it cannot fall or tip unless the earth underneath gives way. It the planks, incline diagonally under the wedges, as smaller is absolutely rigid is safest to fasten the bottom ends of the props in order to prevent them from slipping out If the that i danger of its washing away, it is sary to build up trench in the beach is so sandy there is neces- blocking from a hold the undermining of heav\ sand to Otherwise, any boat's weight. the sand will cause the props to drop from under the boat, which may seriously strain it. Build up a 1 solid triangular blocking from the bottom of a deep trench running in the direction of the cradle cross bearers The top log should come about level with the beach. Do this at both ends, just in front of the cradle. Tie the t p gs to- gether by spiking heavy side of the keel. blocks on planks to them on each Rest the keel these. Then heavy props can be placed on these planks and wedged in the manner just described, blocking the toes of the props to them from slipping. When completed, carefully un- dermine the cradle and remove it under the boat, then fill in and tamp them down. An open must be can best be done b prevent from the trenches boat This using heavy canvas, covered. such as an old sail, or a canvas cover made to fit. One method of covering a sailboat is to use the boom as a ridge, draping canvas over it and tying it down fore aft, then lashing the sides several in over the This made to keep out drift snow and sleet gunwales. lap must sure to arrange the canvas to dip in al rections to carry off melting rain water or from snows. Patch any places before using and see that the stretched tight over the prevent it leaking. A boards, lengthways of the bh will help holding it making a better water shed than it canvas is allowed to sag and stretch, t] _ vas is frame from few nar running under the canvas, forming into pocket ; used for cannot be “strongback” Tar paper can also be where First sisting of a timber, running the lengt] the boat and lashed to the masts or ot] wise centered. covering canvas cured. make a It acts like the ridge ( Nail light wood to it down to gunwales and far enough apart to t the width of a strip of tar paper: La over these “rafters,” root. nail more light stri running parallel to the strongback about 30 in. apart. This with 30-in. squares. The paper can th be tacked to the rafters and battened do with laths outside, to prevent it fr tearing and allowing water to leak in forms a latt it is properly made, such a cover will pro weather-tight and Lig! lumber used spring the pieces can be numbered, inexpensive. and, in the taken dow and stowed away for another year’s use All standing spats should be doped wit a mixture of linseed oil, tallow and yello ocher. Mix and warm until the tallo melts, and then the ingredients can b stirred to a paintlike consistency. App! while warm with an old brush, startin from the masthead and working down. | can be 1 spars are removed before laying up the boat, which is the best method, they c be laid on horses or blocking and doped in the same way. It protects them fro the weather and prevents cracking. AW other exposed varnished surfaces can bh: treated in the same way with very good effect. Cover the masthole with a canvas boot or tar paper to keep out the water. With sailboats the rudder should be re moved or well lashed in place to prevent it from swinging in gales. Make sure the

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POPULAR MECHANICS 859 ard is well up and fastened, or it with the water drained off, in order to heat ig during the hauling and split or and dry it out. Remove the exhaust and ff. We have already assumed that intake ports and peller has been removed. Open cl t] rose the water pipe openings q°.. 9.4% n ports Sslightiv, to vive ‘ little plug holes i the manner. on, but batten down all hatches pint oO! , panionwavs into which snow or” and thet eht drive. Open all seacocks, toilet to distribute the oil o bilge ports and any other plumb Paint the t might freeze and burst if water lead ver the cvlinder engine with a mixture of it from ru n them. canva over it as removal of the powerplant from Then pull out the pacl motorboat - auxiliarv is optional ] stufhnge box on the nditional upon the needs of the en gland with the same transmission nall boats, it vas used on the engine. iob to take ou » engine but emove all the ballast and l Chen clean the bilges of and dry out by some } engine a ‘ plugs, in a Before taking the ignition sys apart, run the engine a few moments

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860 POPULAR Road Map Mounted on Spring-Roller ‘Shade Is Convenient rather difficult handle as they are quite lat Ordinary maps are hs fore are apt to be torn easily. The Road Map Is Mounted on a Spring-Roller Wind Shade Attached to the Auto Windshield culty was eliminated in one case by ing an ordinary shade rol seid, and giuing the may 1 1 as shown in the drawing. necessary to look at the map, is pulled down and map, the shade is rolled Krey, East Orange, N. J aiter consulting back.—T. Non-Scratching Emery for Polishing Chere are many instances where emery would be used for polishing purposes it it would not scratch. Non-scratching emery can be ob- tained by the fol- lowing simple method bottle, hold practically pt., and fill it with 7 parts and Take any which will machine oil part flour emery, by bulk. Shake the bottle well for a few one mo- ments and then let it stand for a halt hour. You will find that, after settling, some of will be in the oil. the emery suspended Pour this Strong Clamp for Holding Tree Trunk Lightens Labor of Sawing It MECHANICS top liquid into another bottle without turbing the sediment on the bottom liquid poured off contains the finest ticles of emery, which will not scrat Marking Position of Sewer Pipes Sewer or water pipes not laid straight line may be easily marke laying a row of brick on or near the face of the ground, where they ma located in case of trouble. marked by Joints m laying a brick directly them, sideways. This method will p: a great timesaver when it becomes ne Sary to get at the pipe, especially if pipe is used, which may not require at tion for Charles E. |] several years gette, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Clamp for Logs and Knotty Sticks about cottage dies or is blown down, its ot If one of the shade trees mental usetulness may be prolonged turning its trunk and enarled limbs rustic seats and tables, attractive supp for plant tubs, sundials, etc. However, it is usually difficult to gates, perg the trunk and heavy limbs on trees on the ground. A doing such work is the clamping de\ shown in the illustration. It will hold t crooked and knotty sticks firmly in desired position for sawing, drilling o1 taching other parts. It is made of a he piece of timber, about 4 ft. has great convenience long, whi V-shape close to o1 and port 1 neg notch end two su] blo nailed to the unde: side. It can also made of two piece of 2 by 6 or 2 by in. lumber, naile A levet attached to it wit together. a stout strap hing: and a coil sprin not too long bu stiff enough to ex ert a strong pull, 1 fastened betwee! the parts by mean of two screweyes

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All Shop Notes published in 1926, in book form—Fifty Cents—from our Book Department Glue and Its Use Around the Home By L. B. ROBBINS \ | ODERN olue come both in the flake is form and as a liquid. To- Ost generally used be crystal m liness keeping qualities Of course, the hard rted into liquid form le and in some cases + Left, Scraping Off Old Glue from Joint with Knife; Right, Applying Glue to Joint with Tube and Spreading It with a Piece of Cardboard

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{ ture. | Fiue other household tion POPULAR MECHANICS veneer has parted from ts foundation on a costly piece of furnt The amused for ours by making cardboard toys with the In fact, ten cents’ overs torn off or children can be iid OF giue., worth ol} will pay a bigger dividend than any necessity one can men [t is simple to use and accomplishes vonders when properly applied. For home repairs wood is prob ably the material most to be reck oned with. Now, let us suppose a P 1,1 -} - | ] > } aluable Chal! is iosened it is al propel pel jwints ) up in the most unsafe. he procedure for making a manent gluing job is about as ee e TOHUOWS: First, separate the jointed portion they are entirely exposed. Scrape off old the and di out from all of the holes and crevices glue clear to wood sharp knife blade or freshly broken can be used for this. Then sandpaps smooth the surface and give it a to both surfaces of the joint clean and dry; of glue direct from t low this first coat to nearly dry so it to the touch. Then that become tacky, and finally fit the joint Be sure then apply a thin coa he can or tube quite “tacky” second generous coat and let as firmly as poss irregu gether evenly and a chair or shaped object, the be maintained between the glued part With glued In the case of any i i 1 | pressure may have tving with strong. cord. and flat the parts can often be clamped, using c pictu Irames Surtaces toget! mon carpenters’ clamps or boat clamp press the parts together. Any glue t! oozes out from the joint under pres should be allowed to set nearly hard with a knife Do not press the joi: so hard, however, that most of the g will be squeezed out, for some of it removing it blade other suitable tool. 1ore shou remain between the surfaces to make t! iob a good one. By allowing at least 24 hours for a joint to dry, you will have perfect job and one that will stand u under the most trying conditions. Left, Double Boiler for Heating Flak« Glue; Cente Smoothing Mitered Joint; Below Clamping Joint

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vood should be properly fitted be- uing and made t the glue he well to allow pplving POPULAR horoughly dry be b For sott woods a thinned coating 1e to sink into the pores before ap the bed tw Thi regulation coats as just will increase the holding considerably. word regarding the use of hard MECHANICS Apply to the job whi fairl] and clamping and previously described. In recent years a glue-in by the work and filling craft articles. anqents in il I ying le it there ipregnated mat warm and oT n |} fluid state, setting the work inst: ative hand he principal characteristic of hard T iT applying aii re that they set quicker than liquid 1d must be dissolved and For general work, heated there prepared liquid glue is preferable, solid is de iquid glue cannot be pro ue must be used. ‘re an especially joint when | rd gl t soak the glue until it is soft, using It goes by the name and, in modern terms, is gesso a combination of glue. varnish, ] 1 hard pered, whiti1 and linseed It is plastic like putty, dries and can | 1g be worked, sandpa sawed, chiseled, painted, waxed or varnished exactly like ] 1} q wood | us us it can be used to places in ater. will take from depending upon whether 4 the to 1 i 1? ue furniture, Ing Ty! ul > errors in wood vet ized iT sheet form. Do mixture by guesswork. to thoroughly, softe to ¢ > into the pe so much as lil olue the at } DO! +} ie solder cannot melt from Use a not *ll ute it tt and S and thermomete1 ng the 1 ielting proc eSS let and careful not to the tem rise a 41 allt AS" ec bove 160 F to bec: me If TOO rapidly loses its this nued, the glue trergeth d, if excess heat is con- will be ruined. a mixing bowl or on slab ing, hen pour in the stirring all the wh a cup and a quart Left, a Glass Pouring a Paper hree F ment for tey t center ile Slab the Gess Funnel rms Paper Mixing Gess« C enter int Right of Attac Gluir

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POPULAR MECHANICS By placing the gesso in a fruit jar, co ing it with a little water and sealing cover, it will keep indefinitely. Just off the water and it is ready for use. Now suppose you have built a cab and one of the joints shows an unsig gap. Just fill the gap with gesso and it harden. Then it can be shaved or pla: down, sandpapered smooth and _ fin with the same finish as the wood, and defect will hardly be noticeable. Supp a sliver is torn from a hand-carved or ment. Instead of attempting to { piece of wood to the break, just mold suriace up with the gesso and finish match. Broken decorations elaborate picture frames can 1 restored with gesso so as to undetected, and chipped piec from statuary filled in as well. gesso joint has about one-thit the holding power of a pure-glu joint, but is sufficiently strong fo all ordinary purposes. It is al a good filler and putty substitut: ill fillc TS - holes better Bottom, Sheets of Paper or Cardboard Pressed Together Firmly It will fill countersunk hole * by Rolling with a Mailing Tube; Above, Mending Broken Plaster than a wood plug. (sesso can be Ornaments with Glue best applied to a long open joint iree teaspooniuls of by pouring it into a rolled paper funn linseed oil and three teaspoonfuls of var and allowing it to run from the small end nish. Stir slowly for two or three min- This method can also be employed whet utes and until the ingredients are mixed molding raised figures on a frame. thoroughly and smooth. If the mixture Making paper and cardboard toys and is oily and does not stick to the bowl or decorative objects, such as lampshades, slab, add a little more glue and stir longer. fascinating work, but certain rules shoul: When ready, the mixture should remain be followed to get the best results. First piled up wherever it is laid and stick to do not use too much glue and remember the utensil or container. If the pile settles that liquid glue is much to be preferred down, it is still too thin, and a little whit- for this work. Squeeze just enough from ing should be added until it acts like an the tube to cover the surface to be ce immobile mass that can be molded as de- mented. Spread it evenly over the mate sired. If too thick, add a little water. rial with the spreader or a piece of card- 1 } grade liquid glue, t

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+] POPULAR MECHANICS Let it become almost dry and then second piece over it and press to- This method will prevent the sur- irom slipping, and the glue will dry A few heavy books piled over ining will hold it solid until dry, or in pieces of wood, one on each side material and held tight by a pair ips, will make the job easy. making paper objects there are three ial methods used in joining two pieces. One is by means of a This consists of a narrow strip terial, folded lengthways, with the r one half clipped off at at angle used in joining two edges meeting irp angle. A hinge is used to strad joint and is similar to a flange ex it both ends of the piece are bev- When a flange is to be bent around a piece, it must be saw-toothed and ‘ t h glued to the face of the circular ee \ll three are shown on page 863. eep the scissors sharp for paper work- id have a clean cloth and bowl of indy to wash and dry the fingers 1 onally. A good method of smoot! lued surface and removing all air before putting the work in the Iry. is to use a piece of mailing i roller This thoroughly presses urtaces together and is an inexpen ol that vou will find it easy to pick 1 nere. Imost anyv ending plaster casts and similar ob should be done carefully to insure g¢ job. Dry the surfaces by hold 1e article over a slow heat for some Then thin down a little glue with and thoroughly soak it into eacl iace until the pores are filled. After apply one coating of normally thick letting it nearly dry, then the final t, and press into position for drying. he illustrations that accompany this le fully illustrate the essential points using glue, and if they are followed re ” ) tully, along with the directions, you ld have no difficulty in doing a satis ry job. Remember to use only a grade of glue for good work and do hurry. You can save many dollars’ h ot otherwise useless furniture and sehold utensils besides constructing things that will be a pleasure to use to look upon. Bushing Compressor The use of split bushings is fairly com- mon on certain kinds of machines, and a simple tool for compressing these, so that they may be easily slipped into place, will be interesting to many. Two pieces of hardwood are joined by a nut and bolt, to form arms, and a shorter piece is joined to one of the arms in the same way, to form a stop. Wire rope, of a length to suit the bushings, is slipped through holes in the arms and knotted. To operate the ~- ARMS {P* --- nuT AND BOLT A >) i“ ‘ y 1) | | N—<-WiRE ROPE Considerable Leverage }) Is Provided by This Tai BUSHING Tool for Compressing Bushings tool, give the rope a single twist to mal loop and slip it over the bushing pull the arms apart to tighten the and so squeeze in the bushing, and stop piece will drop down and hold arms securely, while the unwrapped part of the bushing is pushed into the handle The tool is then removed and the rest of the bushing is tapped or pressed into place. Method of Locating a Gas Leak Never use matches when lool gas leak. The followi | safer: Mix a solution soap, making the wat an old paintbrush appli to the points where leaks Bubbles will appear wherever there leak.—L. H. Georger, Buffalo, N. Y.

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POPULAR COIL SPRING Coil Spring Attached to Pitman Facilitates and Windmill Pumping Frame Coil Spring on Windmill In a windmill, the upward movement of the pitman requires the force as it is necessary to lift the total weight of the pitman and also the column of w the pump is drawing up ater which Oby iously, the windmill will start much more easily on a downward stroke because gravity aids in pulling the pitman down. To equalize the force required to raise and lower the pitman, a strong coil spring convenient. It is be found attached to the frame of the windmill and to the pitman as shown in the drawing. The pump will then start easily in the slightest breeze.—H., J. ley, Salem, S. Dak. Cur- Paint Keeps Straw from Beneath Slats on Harvester When harvesting, trouble is usually en- countered due to pushing beneat] the slats on the elevator and butter can- vas, until these become clogged and slip, making it away straw necessary to and clear To prevent this trouble, paint thickly along the canvas the front side of the slat, first oiling the edge of the slat with a rag stop the straw. [ apply next to MECHANICS will not stick to it. 1 on thickly enough to for that the paint 11K on the just paint is laid ridge canvas in front slat, and so forms a guard to prevent straw from G. McVi North Bend, sticking.—G. Nebr. Modeling Clay for Casts Modeling clay, which can be obta in most toy departments of retail st is excellent material for use in casting W hen I object should dusted with talcum and, after the plast has been poured and hardened, the « can be peeled off without difficulty Wisconsin window decorator saves dollars this compound by mal small accessories for his displays. Hendrickson, Argyle, Wis. ple objects in plaster of paris. ng an impression, the | with —(; Emergency Grease Gun for Differentia! Filling the differential of an auto task which can easily be done with emergency filler shown in the illustrati when a regular grease gun is not availal It consists of 1 a piece ot paper rolled to the This is filled with wide, he point and slip the small open end folded over. To tran te; grease to the differential, r off a open end into t hole. Then roll the cone like a tu the conte) Luers, Wa of toothpaste, thus into the differential. ington, D. C. lorcing -G, PAPER ROLLED INTO CONICAL TUBE AND FILLED WITH GREASE ROLLING CPEN END OF CONE FORCES GREASE INT DIFFERENTIAL i p Filling Auto Differential with an Emergency Paps Grease Gun

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POPULAR MECHANICS laking Earth Fill without Trestle is desired to strip the clay ove on a gravel deposit and to use to construct a channel. for the consisted of a steam ross a equipment with a 34-yd. dip- locomotive and a ber of 4-yd. side- The locomo- cars. cars were 00-1n. nating the Expense of Building a Trestle for Making an Earth Fill 14 eep,and it was desired to havethe grade In order to eliminate expense of building a trestle to carry Vas Che water in the channel iboy e the water. cars while dumping, a framework wa t on a pontoon, 8 by 16 ft. and 2 ft ep. This was to outer ends of two steel rails, weighing pounds to the and 30 ft. e rails were clamped in the center to d them to frame of the pontoon and to the ends the track on the shore. This allowed clear space of 9 ft. for dumping between e shore and the pontoon. The arrange ent also permitted the forward pair oi to run out over the edge e fill so that the load could be dumped nto the water. \fter the work filling had essed to the pontoon the rails were dis onnected at the joint on shore, the pon on pushed forward 9 ft., and the track d in the This fepeated as the grade was filled un the framework suppot yard long vauge, and were fastened to heels Ol of pro gap on the new grade pontoon was against the opposite 867 shore. Two full-length rails were then connected to the rail ends on the pontoon and extended onto the shore on that side. The pontoon was then taken out. After a narrow made across the channel! matte! ) bring the grade up to the it Was an easy desired width by dumping the leveling-off botl the track. By method the on sides of using this need of a trestle was elim inated and the dumping i highly satisfactory manner. \W g, Lake View lowa. Doubling the Life of Tool Bits The life of tool bits of the turned-shanl type can be prolonged by an average of approximately 100 per cent, by us! simple holder in the draw- The ‘A SHOWS THE USUAL shown SERVICE OBTAINED ing. shows the reg *B’ SHOWS THE ADDITIONAL ular way of SERVICE OBTAINED Oo \8"\ 7", d » 1 ( ley} NEW CLEARANCE GRINDING ’ using these tools. A sh the a1 servi tained tool. Instead of scrapping the tool at tl point, it is placed into the holder show in the lower detail, and 1 proper clearance, which makes it good more service than it has a Kk. H. Dreider, I incaster 1 is ground with the for

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868 rOoOPrULAR Handy Ladder Ne JN Made from a Dis- \ carded Wagon Tongue {| Wagon Tongue Makes Handy Ladder For use about his farn made a serviceable lad agon tongue, using gs. The tip of the broken off in an accident 1ooth end the in ong. Besides this lad der co1 I ends ItS€ f on account of the ease with which it can be carried fré off to provi le a Sl! rval for bolts, 8 in. ] construction, place to place, and the width of its base, which makes it safe. It especially convenient for use at stacks of hay or straw or for picking fruit, and may even be used as a binding pole when hauling fodder Glass as a Substitute for Tracing Cloth cloth or the tracing is Instead of using tracing in instances paper, not to heet of glass where be kept as a record. a plain makes a good substitute, and one that pos- ad\ intages, A pet fect sesses certain glass ag is take the « piece of clean and dry will rawing ink excellently, and no sizing need be used. The ink dries as quickly as On pape! and, when dry the tracing may be dusted or wiped off with- MECHANICS dings, a Wis- tongue, out e slightest injurv. ing is no longer wanted. will qu ckly | remove the ink, s then available for another tracit cen e located by mean of | piece of rubber, leather, or the like tened and placed on the glass. TI a | rest for the point of the ce his idea simplifies the as it does away with tracing cloth, single glass will do for manv tracing sides which the olass alwavs lies flat out the use of thumbtack ind the fi: ne 1s read \ cei diminished to the point lere the | fails, the burning out of the connect rods or the scoring of the evlinders is most certain to result. Che dash oi] dicator is visible in the day, but at 1 many drivers are unaware of the oil ply, due to lack of illumination. To guard the car by being able to re oil indicator at night, a small « can be mounted direct over the qaupii¢ ting the dash lhigl t ovel the Ne omete A si pler method. he ¢ to mount a small mirror on one side of oil indicator, as shown in the illustrat The mirror, set in a sheet-metal ] ’ fastened to the dash at such an at r to direct the light Irom t] ec d onto the indicator a L GAUGE Reflector to Illuminate the Oil Indicator on the Auto Instrument Board

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POPULAR MECHANICS 869 Drill Supported by Truck the drill up against the work by bearing down on the handles. The wheels permit tructural-steel workshop finds that the free movement of the drill from one lustrated method of supporting a hole to another, or around the shop. This peeds up the work on girders, tran- and the like, in which rivet and bolt are drilled. Much of the work is Heavy Girders, Trestles and Other Work Can Be Drilled for Rivets with the Aid of /\ This Truck / on low trestles and the greater truck is useful in any the drilling can be done from be- can be done advantageously from lrill truck being -xtensions are fitted on a truck to’ the height of the d lrill, and the operator can thrust mined by the height of the fixtures. Tightening Ford Door Handles hammer, after which the setscrews are tightened. The handles will be more diff he later models of Ford closed cars cult to remove, but this is seldom required. ve crank handles on the door-glass iters, which fit over square shanks. The ndles are secured on the shanks by mall setscrews. The screws are a rather To direct the flame of a blowtorch up ose fit in their holes and the handles are ward against the bottom of a babbitt ladle tt very strongly made, which prevents or against small Useful Accessory for the Blowtorch uch tightening of the setscrews. Conse- tempering plates, tently, the handles often shake loose and to the floor of the car. They can be ept in place, however, by means of a small : : } shown in tl ece of heavy cloth, about ™% in. wide at : tration ne end and tapering to a point at the "ee : hole is drilled her. This is laid on the square shank = = tapped in the i the lifters with the pointed end out, and of the elbow to re e crank is then driven on by tapping ‘eive a setscrew, wi which the device ghtly with a piece of wood and a small can be attached.

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Hot-Water Heaters That Work By ROBERT S. KRUSE ~ | IVING in rented homes is an aut we have an L-R coupling; a fitting “4 matic education in water heaters, it left-hand thread in one end and a1 one only observes and tests a bit. Mv own hand thread in the other. I have ne experience has been to the general effect seen one that did not leak sooner or | I eT 1 that there must be something like a sacred and most of them must be taken off tradition against a proper installation of a chisel—in pieces—when the job need ras-operated hot-water svstems—in spite tention, as all heater coils do at inter, j fact that it does not cost any more A union should be used as in the up i connection. It costs a few cents 1 lation that i at first and many cents less later on. First of all, the In place of the elbow below the t heater should have a pipe to the chimney, there should be a faucet, not merely but that is a minor point and will presentiy drain the system but to draw off dirt, rm he taken care of by the safety codes of all and scale. It is a good idea to work tl a couple of times a year, partly 1 oO! mentioned and partly to ke — COLD-WATER INLET . [ MIXED WITH HOT WATER-~, [J | TY 1 TO HOT-WATER FAUCETS Li ee 4 F TO HOT-WATER FAUCETS Ty ae a), . S ; HOT-WATER ( AIRTRAP . > SPACE f , , COLD WATER INLET \ | Fic.2

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POPULAR MECHANICS Fic.5 ree forthat time when the house must _— —_— left ona cold day and it is imperative : pion i Ag lrain the tank CEMENT FILLING \hbove the heater there is a really se error, one that certainly is made in out of ten installations and which i Hibly prevents them from working perly and economically. One eastern company had at one time employ a regular “missionary” to go ut correcting this thing which was ing heaters to he denounced as no een made. The coil connections id. When the change was made they” ynions. making it possible functioned. The error itself is simple heater down from the ceiling ugh: the pi from the top of the much trouble iter coil sh 1 go into the side of the jing faucet h: k and not he top If connected as is no special and above t | e wn in Fig. 1, air will be certain to col- any type would he important change has been made rr 4 t above the dotted line. This sounds eoil t mless, but when an attempt is made to that triples the of heating it water the results are very slow in works every time: is been ming, because it 1s necessary to boil dozens of robs Phe reason 1S 1 e water in the heater so that steam is the air trap has been removed roduced and driven into the tank, taking lation e air along Then. finally, the water hottes I tarts circulating. But things are still dotted line) at rong for we are compelled to make the immediate supp!v of 5 ole tankful lukewarm and then hot— tank has no side opening king (in a test case in East Hartford) connection. don't take it. ¢ ‘thing like an hour. The same job, Another worth-while c ] nade in running the cok 1 ] oiling water in five hottom to prevent it from methi en changed, as in Fig. 2, would produce 1 11 e small amount oft nutes and a tankful of the same in hot water This prevent ventv minutes faucet from delivering lead-cold water, seeming! In Fig. 2, the suggested changes have ment and then dead-«

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POPULAR for no reason, as quite a few jobs do the cold water can cut across from let to the outlet. It will be gatl that, 1f a new trouble usuall Assumin: made well in working way to d of work ith heat heater is a foot or so away very it is generally safe thick, of ordinary fastened on by a wrapping of crude, but will save halt where hot i the dav. ort cou}t water 1S The rez bestos laggir close enough ‘ndanger a paper wrap- ping. ‘ leater will work unt! ot, scale an lirt slow it Once 7 down. The soot is difficult to remove with brushes and the like. My wife thought of a quicker way, which is a bit rough but very prompt. The idea is simply to use the exhaust hose of the vacuum cleane with any small nozzle, or none at all. The soot gets out instantly, and if you move rapidly not too much will settle on you. This is a good summer } It can be done outside because the heater should (except where the city water is chemically treated to remove lime) be taken down each sum- mer so that scale may be removed from the inside of the coll : his, the heater coil is plugged at one end and commercial hydrochloric (muriatic) acid is poured in full. When this has stood for a while, the liquid is poured out until the coil is and the process repeated until acid can After that a great deal of water is run through from 1 be run through the coil freely. the garden hose, and the heater reinstalled. The openings in the burner may need attention also. The simplest way to clean them is with a hand drill or a twist drill of the proper size, unless the openings are in the shape of slits. which can be freed of dirt with the aid of a hacksaw or thin metal sheet notched wit! file. Several told me tank-heater loop put that a furnace will people lately into a MECHANICS “stop the furnace from heating” and vater and always have to taken out again.” ~ because | ha ve never heat Chis Was indeed ne lived with a great m such jobs that work bevond criticism, ; have had to do with a number of oth that also work well. \s nearly as I can make out, the un sfactory jobs were installed as shown Since the loop is often filled y uite cold water the tendency is to cre Fig. 3. a “cold spot” in the fire, as shown in t sketch, and also to cause clinkering on as indicated in Fig. 3. \ loop installed as shown in Fig. 4 wor beautifully. grate near by, The proper height of the | above the fire depends on the coal use For anthri right, wl the long-flame soft coals can stand 18 icite 10 in. is about very nicely. so high that it does not chill the flame L-f the coll sooty, it is too far down. The idea is to place the c cause sooting. tends to beco: If one happens to own a furnace which the openings are so placed a compel the use of a coil of the tvpe sho in Fig. 3, the dead spot in the fire can | avoided by using the dodge shown in F 5. A piece of iron pipe is slipped over tl pipe of the heater loop after having bee notched so as to permit the latter to go ou through the side of the outer pipe. TI notch should not be made too deep, el the iron pipe will get down far fight idea to enough 1 bars. it-#8 2 iron pipe with the lower side of the elbow at th bottom of the loop. The pipe should have an inside diameter 1 1 ae: the grate make the with come furnace oute 2 in. larger than the outside diameter oj the inner one. The space between is fille with asbestos cement or fire clay. By jus gling properly, the whole contrivance can be slipped into place, after which the iro: pipe will heat up enough to prevent a dead spot in the fire, while the top part of th loop wii! heat all the water that is wanted When everything else has been done sat isfactorily, one sometimes finds that th: whole business is killed by a piping layout such as the one suggested in Fig. 6. | these, the water goes up through the one heater and down through the other while the tank sits alongside and neither gives nor takes. The effect is that, in winter, the furnace heats the gas-heater coil and in

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POPULAR MECHANICS T ! y= HOT-WATER OUTLE IL. -GAS HEATER , FURNACE | LOOP TzCAS B COLD- WATER INLET FURNACE LOOP lererore ‘ments sugg in opening des near tl suspect they wv ae ith a ; purposes to let iron loop bout furnace loop 1 “—() continuously ee ir Re el Friction Buttons Hold Triangle e it either difficulty does not = - the tall when the then the trap can { iclica hot-water faucet i p é to hree rubber Ir water escape to is clear. Several arv as the furnace there he system be neces t time, after which unless the water i lone to boiling tor a in difficulty loop is heated ¢

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POPULAR —, HANDLE AY i KG | Pai ai / | j TUBULAR, "| HANDLE Wheelbarrow Handles Protect Workers’ Hands in Close Quarters Guards on Wheelbarrow Handles for Close Quarters Guards When quarters on construction jobs, the w often injure their hands by using wheelbarrows scraping them against walls or other obstructions. This trouble can be prevented by attaching guards to the handles, as shown in the The guard consists of a length iron rod, bent to the and fastened to the wooden handles of the barrow with bolts Robert D. Peebles, Bridgeport, Conn. drawing. 7 shape shown of 34-In. and SCTeWsS Preserving Shafting from Corrosion In a laboratory it was very difficult to keep the lineshaft and countershatts bright fumes and gases issuing from the several fume ithin the The fol lowing. method was tried and proved very The with two coats of flat white paint and al lowed to dry, and free trom rust, owing to the closets same room. atistactory shafting was covered white was applied, giving it a clean, and sanitary This eliminated cleaning it after which a_ coat of enamel glossy appearance. all the trouble of cl and it a harmony with with emery lso made it ap furnish pear in the other 1 ot the laboratory. MECHANICS Glass Window Signs To keep his signs on the outside windows from being washed off b a store proprietor painted the: a piece of window glass, 24 by 24 dimensions, rain, and set this piece insid the window against the plate glass. though the signs could have been pai on the inside of the windows, this pra involved the difficulty backward. of painting t Shoppers would see thr the glass to the goods in the window new signs could be painted at any tim Arthur Flinner, Manhattan, Kans. Scraper-and Brush in One for Drilling Operators of drill presses often us piece of sheet metal to scrape away cuttings from the drill plate and t clean off the surface with an ordinary brush. When I have work to do wl requires the use of a drill plate, I keep ' plate clean with a brush. keeps the combined «ie scraper Besides saving time, this d brush clean, eliminating trouble of pulling out curled cut- SHEET- METAL SCRAPER tings from it. Che is made of scrapet sheet metal, bent to fit the metal binding on the brush tightly. It should be set so that ‘ ‘ ’ U , nor- pressure on the brush brings the mal scraper in contact with the surface to cleaned.—Harry Moore, Montreal, Can Jigsaw Blade for Cutting Hard Materia! Insulating material, composition an various hard veneered stocks will quick dull the usual jigsaw blade. One shop ha adopted the use of metal-cutting hacksa blades for jigsaw work, merely modity erinding off the back o of met ing the blade by the blade until only about “46 in. remains behind the teeth. This blade wil

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POPULAR MECHANICS cut the veneers and any ird material. Care must t to crowd While ble of hard cutting, such ill not stand much bend- hould therefore be given re than is usual with soit utting blades.—G. A. Luers, ngton, D. C to Repair a Saw Handle en your favorite saw handle it can easily be repaired vn in the illustration. Two from %6 to % in. in diam- ire drilled on each side of ick or break, and a saw cut le between them. Counter- he holes on both sides and ith one side held on a flat pour in melted babbitt, } good ide: slip i l Heavy Wheel of Farm Tractor Can Be Removed Single-Handed nto the slot to reinf with the Aid of This Sling tt, as shown 11 Aint ail. Put Removing a Heavy Tractor Wheel iron over the abbitt - it sets, irce it down al ie hollows. The drivewheel of a farm tractor is u ally more than one man can handle 1 | vhe it has set, the surp! < be filed even with the ‘nit becomes necessary to remo, t shows the single-handed, pped thread, cat ely by making a babbitt nut. First put crew in place and then pour the bab strong n from the other side Che hole for iack beneath nut is counterbored Geo. H. Cappel, from the groun branch at a point width of the wheel CORNERS chk Taw vane ts tole deultel FILED OFF, Ss ends are tied together. serted between the 1 twisted together and tied, as ind oosened the weight of the the axle e Tone farther out on the branch so t! wheel will swing toward the tracto very slight movement necessary t pushing the wheel on the axle can fected bv twisting or untwisting the BABBITT — @A column of water 27.6 in. wi How to Make a Simple and Efficient Repair on : , ] . ] pressure of 1 lb. per square inch Cracked Saw Handles

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Movable’ Sewing-Machine Stand and Mending Cabinet By WALTER LEWIS Cabinet Fitted on Whe Makes Good Support { = Table-Top Sewing Ma and Provides Plenty of S; for Equipment and Mat for Sewing desired. Two pairs of 10 or 12-in. ba carriage wheels, on axles, are fastened the underside of the stand. New whet SS can be obtained for approximately $3, though old ones will do as well, provid ——— are a great many women who they are in good condition. They « possess a portable or table tvpe ot sew- easily be repainted to look presentab f ing machine, and, no doubt, most of them lwo bolts through each axle are sufficie dislike to carry it back and forth to the to hold them in place securely. If an ele spare room where it is kept. A box of tric motor is used to run the sewing n mending material, thread, scissors, ete., chine, additional space should be cal must also be brought out every time the’ lated for the motor. The cord to the fo sewing machine is used, and this adds to rheostat can be threaded through hole the inconvenience in the top and bottom, the cord runnit For this reason a movable stand, resem- inside of the cabinet. The foot rheost bling a tea cart. will be of considerable can then be stored in the lower compa utility to hold both the sewing machine ment when the machine is not in use and the odds and ends, which should be at When assembling the stand, measu hand when the machine is used. Any kind ments should be taken to determine t! of cabinet, box or part of a small desk will most suitable height for sewing. Whe do for the bod: ovided there are draw the machine is needed, it can readily ers or lockers. Suitable pigeonholes can wheeled out Refinishing it with varni | be arranged in the lower compartment, if will add to its appearance.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Zemoving Overhead-Valve Cages hauling the valy es on some Cars iS dithcult job. The drawing shows l extremely efficient method of job on a Buick or other over motors \iter the rocker-arm ‘'s have been removed, the first to compress and remove the valve The only equipment necessary is a 6-in. piece of strap iron or od. Two holes are drilled in it so ill drop over the two studs which e rocker-arm assembly, as shown Che nuts are turned » strap, and an open size 1s used as in free end of the compre I ioved. ‘| he remaining se : ‘ . . : ; Sanitary Sheet- Metal s then made Holder for Cuspidors , , , Picks Them Up Auto- ne vaive L matically ; Miatica sy \ C-clamp is cuspidor, manner, a until fi Two-Color Paint Job on Chair Legs When painting or |] real } tr. room chairs in cotton cord tight bottom, Phe cord will ; it from running. After the jol cord is cut off—Hiram C Method of Removing Overhead-Valve Cages — without Special Tools beria, La.

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POPULAR Scribing a Circle without Compasses lt ‘asionally necessary for the chanic to scribe a circle when no Masses hand; it 2 square is avail able this can be done a piece of pa on the bench- top and lay off the diameter. A small nail is per dow n driven at each of this and an corner around that semicircle. then the the square, which is swung keeping it against nails, so the corner describes a complete Che other halt of the circle is scribed in the same way Heat as Aid in Woodworking It is wood into a piece of metal by often desirable to fit a piece means metal and wood therein Chi cutting a thread in the screw- ing the accom- plished by heating the metal a little over the boiling point of water crewing while hot: of plate by the wood piece into the met or, if it 1s impractical, on account to heat cutting the hole size, the metal, 1 Mane a screw a small piece of metal, a thread in size and thread ponding to the to required corres the wood heating it to the into which inserted, piece 1s be and temperature, then running the wood with hrough the thre The ve screwed into the larget it will hold firmly. | some pressure t ad. } wood can then piece, where Che process of heating wood without the aid of stear n be used to advant ige in a number of ways; for instance, a ham- mer handle that is crooked can be straight- MECHANICS ened by careful heating without bu: billiard hardw ood. also cwes, OF It is sur is done and how permanent the repai be. The Indian arrows from small hardwood twigs were almost anythi prising how ea s at one time made almost always crooked to start but after being dried they were wat over a fire and straightened. \nother use for the application of When it place a screw in a fragile piece of that is likely to split, if the screw is h: ? to iS desire: is the following: a blue color and turned into the vhile hot, there will be scarcely any ger of splitting. oil or lubricant « to In this case do not f any kind, as the Is sure seize before it is driven h Spotlight Turns with Wheel Spotlights are especially handy to minate sharp corners, to ata certain angle and then swi Bu the illum but they are 1 inconvenient manipulate unless are set on only while turning a corner corners have different radii, often fall where it sl and the light is of little or no help to driver tion does not is shown it attached spindle so that it tur with the wl The support bracket ¢ An improvement illustration. is The spotligh the front-wheel an clamped to spindle, or, stronger attac ment is desire the alemite fi be and ing may moved small bolt, rut ning throug! hole previous drilled light substituted in tl bracke GREASING FITTING 1 However, if th method is used, the bolt must be rem: to permit greasing the king pin. CA melted stirred int improve and make in-treated babbitt run into places where the plain will not. small piece of rosin babbitt run bette will Cher

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POPULAR MECHANICS ‘inks in Washing Photographic Negatives and Prints tographic defects, spots, stains, etc ten due to insufficient washing. In mmon method of washing prints under the tap, in a di is not changed quickly enough gvatives are placed film downward ported at the edges, the washing is and more thorough. Films as well s negatives are in the same class in itter of washing. Films should not together, and the sharp edges must e permitted to cause scratches. Chip Guard for the Drill or Lathe chips are more or less of a nuisance automatic machines, especially ; : ; Side Guards on Shoy Grinder Prevent Ir or ratchets and clog the machine. It jury to Workman long endless chips which get into ible to prevent these chips from ng back, if a chip guard of the type n t} if is made and attached of the cutting depth or steel, forming he chip. Tap 14 old it securely t ich will ] he drill socket. This fix- in either the automatic spindle of multiple-spindle that uses numerous stops automatic teatures. An Acid Test for Steel and Iron File, or grind, the pieces and polish them smooth, t SETSCREW é - in a dilute nitfic or sulp] DIAMETER 1 OF DRILL CAST IRON OR BRASS one-Shaped Device for Turning Away on Automatic Machines IN accordance with the editorial policy of this magazine never to accept compensation in any form what appears in our reading »ages and also to avoid the appearance of doing so, we are obliged to the name of the maker or the seller of any article described This information, however, is kept on f will be furnished free, by addressing Bureau of Information, Popular Mechanics Magazine, Chi

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Is This Your Home? ="rs FIRST FLOOR t CEILING *——* HEIGHT 8’-6” fe Copyright, Architects’ S UESTIONS rega g home building addressed to this magazine will be answered by The Archite in Small House Service Bureau of the United States, Inc , controlled by the American Institute of Arch tects and endorsed by the United States Department of Commerce. Please inclose 10c in stamps or coin. Blue prints, specification forms, and material lists for the house shown here may be obtained from The Archi tects’ Small House Service Bureau for a small fee. If further information is desired, literature describing the plan service and publications of The Architects’ Small House Service Bureau will be sent upon re quest. A booklet entitled “50 Ways to Lower Home Building Costs,” illustrated by ten Bureau homes actually lived in and showing how as much as $1,000 can be saved on a home, may be obtained for 20c. A SUCCESSFUL home is a combination it is desired to decrease expense. A goo “4 of a pleasing, well-designed exterior size dining alcove, off the kitchen, shou and a good practical plan 700d con- be sunny and pleasant because of the ty struction is the third necessary element. windows at the head of the built-in table This house has been desig roy Linen may be kept under the seats and workable plan ior a sm fami Th china in a closet above them. The living windows, doors and walls of the house are room has a large open fireplace wit! proportioned and little touches have been built-in bookcases adjacent to it at one added so as to take it distinctly out of the end and a little cupboard built into the commonplace. Also every acknowledg- chimney on the other. ment has been given to the necessity of There is plenty of space here for a famil sound and economical construction. of three or four. The bedroom to the left The design brings out the natural beauty might readily be made into a sewing root of the wood finish. The wide siding gives with a modern folding bed designed to go a splendid texture to the walls. A so-called into the large closet. The plan may be ] Germantown hooded roof, broken to em- swung around in many ways to vary t phasize the entrance, recalls the old Penn- effect, but the house should be placed so sylvania houses. Its style, however, is not that the living room and sun porch have a slavish followi: fa tradition. southern exposure. here are fou oms, two of The construction is wood frame with them bedrooms, and in addition a com-_ wide siding as a finish, shingle or compo modious sun porch, w may be open if sition roof, and cement base course Ss )