Popular Mechanics 1924-10: Vol 42 Iss 4

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CTOBER | e5f POPULAF ¥ MECHANICS MAGAZINE WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT

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Be An Auto & « Electrical Expert! Automotive and electrical fields growing by leaps and bounds. A hundred thousand more expert mechanics needed now. I Tractor Expert can fit you in fifty days to fill a big job. McSweeny trained men earn from $50 to $250 per week, Guarantee .. Read on for proof of this I am more than satisfied with you gave the school. Don't think a better n garage one could be found anywhere. I edat bout — = find everything just as it is adver- in my first ~ tised. I find all the instructors the . PORLMAN best of men, willing to help and ex- Aurora, ind. plain anything at any time. I recom- mend without hesitation the McSweeny 4 Schools and the instructors to anyone tting along fine wishing to learn the automobile and bat- the MeSweeny tery trade. S. J. PERRY fy ha A awe y Hodgenville, Ky. een stuck yet. ry County serv- I have been more than repaid for the cost of my course by the training that I ornville, Ohio, | received in one department alone. I | have been in several other automobile f your training I schools, and in none of them have I found sales agency and as efficient a staff of instructors #s you have in your school. I do not believe Alexandria, O. that anyone could find a group of men who understand the various depart ments of the automobile industry as well as your instructors. I can say that I fully recommend the MeSweeny Auto, Tractor and Electrical Schools to anyone wanting to learn the auto trade in any branch, n busi-.éss seven NELSON I). WAGENER, Gibsonia, Pa. ta turee gurages oye , What more could you ask than °S. BOYER, this guarantee of satisfaction lexandria, Ky, I now control —testimony of former stu- £ made me the former Rahe , dents! If you write any of din: ae . these men, enclose self- ae oo School of Cincinnati, addressed and stamped ror Ohio, and the former envelope for reply. 1an of Cleveland Auto School of Shitieentitione casi Cleveland, Ohio. Chances are or Manager you can reach one of them by a day’s trip. Two fine schools advantageously located—nearest the masses of popula- tion, the most autos and most jobs. Railroad Fare Paid Board 8 Weeks FREE lad I took the in business. It sasant Hill, O, Lack of space prevents full details. ta — sill — eee ee Write me for complete informa- ly a .H. McSweeny, Pres. McSweeny Schools tion about my special tuition offer with railroad Dept. 149, (Address School N-arest You) fare paid and board for eight weeks free. Send me your Big Free Book on auto and tractor business, | and send me information on special reduced tuition offer | with railroad fare and board paid, now in effect for short 4 | time. | - RT Te Ae Co hes ieee _.) Auto,Tractor & Electrical | 9th & Walnut 1815 E. 24th Street or R. R. hes ae eee Sv eels Cincinnati & h 1 Cleveland | i suet BCROOLS “3:2 | City or Town i <¢ seen ILITIES FOX COLORED STI Address Scheol Nearest You

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POPULAR MECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION =\ ° ANTE + A % ELK \ : ¥ \ \ wt a THIS BATTERY WILL MATERIALLY REDUCE YOUR OPERATING COSTS ON HEAVY CURRENT SETS NEW! Eveready Heavy Duty “B” Battery. mem Three Fahnestock Clips. gth, 8% inches; width, 4% inches; height, 7% inches; weight, 13% pounds, New low price, $4.75 New Heavy Duty 45-volt “B” Battery No. 770 Extra large cells—extra long service For maximum “B™ Battery economy, use this New Eveready Heavy Duty 45-volt “B” Battery, in the following general cases: 1—On all receiving sets operating at go volts or more, having four tubes without a ““C™ Battery, and all sets having five or more tubes, with or without a “C™ Battery. 2—On all power amplifiers. 3—On all sets that pull heavy currents from the “B” Battery. Under the above conditions, the New Eveready Heavy Duty 45-volt “B” Battery will give much longer service than the 45-volt “B” Battery of usual size. If your receiving equipment falls under any of the above classifi- cations, you can make a big saving in “B” Battery costs by using this New Eveready Heavy Duty 45-volt ““B” Battery No. ‘770. Buy it and you get the biggest battery value on the market to-day! Manufactured and guaranteed by NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, Inc. Headquarters for Radio Battery Information New York—San Francisco Canadian National Carbon Co., Limited, Toronto, Ontario EVEREADY Radio Batteries ~they last longer No. 7122 Eveready Radio “A” Dry Cell Specially manufactured for use with dry cell tubes Bveready 6-volt Storage “A” Battery No. 766 Eveready “B” 2234 volts. Six Fahnestock Spring Clip Connectors No. 772 Vertical 45-volt, large size “B” Battery No. 771 Eveready “C™ Battery Clarifies tone and prolongs “B” Battery life 4 Vertical 22 4-volt “B” Battery

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Te ees. if aia Courtesy The Spher War's Thrills for Theater Crowds; a Daring Airman, Shooting as He Descends, Leaps with a Parachute While 2 Searchlights Play, Bombs Burst and an Airshin Catches Fire—See Page 60

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Popular Mechanics Magazine REGISTERED IN U. S. PATENT OFFICE WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT OCTOBER, 1924 Copyright, Kadel & Herbert My Car Is Safe,"’ Said the Owner as He Chained It to a Post; in His Absence, Thieves Removed the Wheel, Put On the Spare and Drove Away How Safe Is Your Automobile ? More Than 100,000 Cars Stolen in Year, According to Figures, Despite Vigilance of the Police ()' all forms of larceny, the automobile ered. Some are “borrowed” by joyriders, theft is the most easily committed. holdup men and bootleggers and are is so because found abandoned a thief does not few days later. have the problem Ileavier penalties carrying away for joyriders have plunder. His put a stop to this carries him 3 form of theft in He finds it many states. Accu- only a readily iad rate figures of ile article but ey losses for the en o the swiftest . , tire country are ns of escape. , difficult to arrive at popular this because of varying of theft has ° y methods of police ome may be departments in thered from the : compiling statis that experts tics. A few years estimate that cars . ago, however, only ued at more =. about half of all 1 $100,000,000 stolen cars were nto the hands found. That con eves annually. 1 & U ditions have im ge percentage ; , yroved is exempli ‘ centage Locking the Door Is a Futile Precaution When De- P : P: ni] P ; ese are recov- termined Thieves Cut through Glass hed by figures tor 529

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eighteen eral st which show 34,722 cais were stolen in 1923, and that 30.180 of them were recov- ered. As this territory has the best record in the country it is estimated more than 100000 cars were stolen throughout the United States last year, of which between 20,000 and 30,000 © K. & H were not recovered. These figures ap- pear appalling, but when considered in the light of the vast number of cars in ervice discloss Improvement over previous vears. How then, the car owner asks, can he nake his car absolu ely safe against rob- bery? The experts reply candidly enough that he can not be 100-per-cent proof against theit. No safety device as been invented that will prevent the experienced auto thief from taking a car if he really wants it. If he can get it no other | come along with a moving van or an improvised towing ma- chine and cart it away bodily. But the experts also reply that the owner can help by making it as difficult for the thief as possible. Figures show way, he wil POPULAR MECHANICS that approximately seventy-five pe: of all cars stolen were not locked if all the cars that In other words, stolen had been made secure wit] of the excellent protective devices . market, the number of thefts woul been materially reduced But, although to prevent theft, it is daily becomin it is almost imy dificult for a car thief to dispose loot. Scientific detection and ne are slowly shutting down the t1 stolen machines. market eS And a thief wit will soon turn to other “busin Auton thefts m generally ed into classes there is who ste for the of sell: Then t] the auto defraudin dealer purchase zler —th« who m:; first pay a car at d r i VY¢es distan with a bu balance ot Disfiguring Engine Numbers, Hooking_ Emergency Fuel Tank and Inserting | Parts They Carry with Them, Are Com: Strategies of Auto Thieves ll

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POPULAR MECHANICS 531 ; nt § numerous, is the “consent thiei” } teals a car with the aid and knowl- 1§ the owner who wants to collect nce. To put a stop to this form of nsurance companies have been to stop paying full insured valve en cars and now most of them will y the estimated resale value of ito at the time of the theft. This it unprofitable for an unscrupu- wner to connive with a thief. The ndit usually starts out as a tire or ory thief, snipping spares from vith chain cutters or driving off a car to some secluded spot and f e abandoning it, stripped of spot- bumpers, . tools and er salable ; t Che lure : the large e attracts : and the tran- ( &1 n 1 Casy. It : t ? ' ilmost impos- ity W here his busi for him to ness 158 winked at ; perate without by sheritf or police. Some - times he works alone or with one or two confeder ates, but more often is a member of an organized gang which op erates in several states. In _ steal ing a high-priced car the thief al- ways has a pur- chaser before he steals it. His “fence” reports he has a prospective purchaser for a machine of such a make and model. The order goes out. A car of the desired make is spotted. For sev eral day s the thief may study the owner's aid of some endly garage who also us- acts as his ence’ in dis- ing of the Sometimes e thief himself ns a garage or, repair shop in me quiet local- ©K. &H habits. Ordinarily there are only three locks used by the autoist. These are for the ignition, transmission and steet ing wheel. The thief has keys made for these or gets duplicate keys from the dealer Sometimes he has been sup plied with the keys by some confederate working in the factory long before the car actually has been delivered. At the opportune moment he steps boldly into the machine, swiftly inserts the keys, steps on the gas and is*egone. The first QU. &U thing he must do is to change the license eg Rig Dg ky my - plate. Sometimes the switch is made Foiled Sometimes 4 Removing Wire from before the car is taken, but not often. Ignition Switch to Coil - The thief usually makes for the nearest

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1 ily garage where, in criminal par- lance, the car receives its first “polishing off,” i. e., is stripped of its license plate nd conspicuous extras. Thus disguised, he car is driven to the repair shop or ence’s garage where the other changes re to be made. In a few cases, the body is painted another color. This is not often cone because black cars are more easily disposed of. In every case the motor and serial numbers are changed. These are the only numbers which some manufac- turers place on their cars, but most mak- ers now number every part and keep a complete assembly record of each car in the factory. In addition, a secret number, known only to the manufacturer and in- surance adjusters, is now placed on a hid- den part of some cars. The thief rarely changes more of these numbers than vould be looked at in a cursory inspec- n, and yet detectives recently spent five hours in taking down a car before finally establishing ownership by one number on the rear axle which the thief had over- looked. Possibly the car owner has used some protective device for which the thief finds he has no key. He may have in- serted a lock through the footboard, shut- ting off the gas feed between tank and carburetor. Che experienced thief car- ries a can of fuel with a rubber tube or pipe attached. He lifts the hood, places the can inside, connects the tube with the carburetor and drives away with enough gas to last to a spot where he can break or unfasten the gas lock at his leisure. Another trick resorted to by the old offender, who is known to the police, is to have some innocent person act as his agent in driving off with the car. For in- stance, he will call up a reliable garage tell him he man, has lost his keys and in- K. & H

Disguised as Me- chanics, Thieves - Sometimes Boldly Tow Away Cars POPULAR MECHANICS form him he will find the car, bearing s a license number, in front of a certain dress. He will ask the garage man tot the car to his home—another fake addr: —and be waiting for him when he art There are many ways in which an ov may identify his car if recovered even a the numbers have been changed. On: to bore holes into the undersides of running boards. <A thief seldom | under these. Another is to scratcl owner’s name on some secret place as inside the radiator feed, under the | or inside the headlight washers. Still other is to conceal an identification « inside the upholstery. An imitation carbon pencil, mad wood and painted black, may be su tuted for the real one in the magi When the thief examines the magneto finds a pencil there, he will be puzzled it will take him some time to discover trouble. brush inside the di tor head may be specially bored to fit so that no ot brush can Hidden igi and fuel switches may be used. Or: tain types of cars merely the remo the cap from the gas tank shuts off supply. The best protection, expert tend, is more efficient laws making it possible to dispose of stolen cars. The federal authorities recent], been co-operating with the police ii covering stolen cars and punishing thieves under the Dyer act, which vides a fine of $5,000, or five prison, or both, for the transportatio1 ry rhe YroOOove over a pin ~ 2 ? be inserted. yeal a stolen machine from one state to other. The best advice the experts can give owner is that all locks are worth hav but that vigilance also is needed.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 533 Boy Explorers in Sixty-Foot Boat Drift Fifteen Thousand Miles’ One of the youngest and smallest parties t explorers who have ever braved the iorth is due at New York this fall, to nter before making a drive for the pole 1925. The expedition, consisting of e boys, most of whom are under twenty- ne, left England last May in the sixty- ot fishing trawler “Beltai,” bound for Nova Zembla and Franz-Josef land. They xpected during the summer to explore ‘country northeast of Spitzbergen, and en swing down the east and southern ores of Greenland, cross Davis strait to Labrador, and so to New York. The trip as planned to take advantage of the ean currents which at the end of the p will have carried them some 15,000 les. Entering the gulf stream north of he Orkney islands, above Scotland, the beltai” would have a favorable current ntil it passed Hammerfest, the north- ost town in Europe, and on eastward Youthful Navigators and Their Stanch Sixty-Foot Trawler “Beltai,” on hich They Are Exploring Northern Waters past the mouth of the White sea, well above Archangel, to Kara strait, which separates Nova Zembla from Rus- sia. The southern tip of Nova Zembla is in the same latitude as Point Barrow, the northmost point of Alaska. From Nova Zembla, with its two islands stretching northeast for 1,500 miles, the explorers planned to sail north through Barents sea to Franz-Josef land, around it by Peter man land and the Queen Victoria sea, and so pick up the east Greenland current, north of Spitzbergen. That current will carry them down the length of Greenland until the Labrador current is met, and so down the North American coast. Special Snubbers for Balloon Tires Automobile snubbers, specially designed to solve the difficulties presented by bal- loon tires, are now on the market. They are built to allow free play for wheels and springs and absorb smaller road shocks, and also to afford increased brake con trol. Outwardly they resemble the stand- ard snubber, but their interior operation is suited to low-pressure tires.

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534 Papyrus, Source of Ancient Paper, Again Coming into Use Papyrus, the feathery reed that more than 2,000 years ago supplied the world with its principal writing ‘material, is again being used in the manufacture of paper. According to publishers’ reports, mills are being built in Zululand and other parts of Africa where the growth is plentiful. The modern process differs considerably from that of the ancients, the pith being treated in somewhat the same manner as the wood pulp. In olden times, the triangular stem was split lengthwise into layers which were pressed and dried into long smooth sheets for writing. Portable High-Pressure Pump Gives Effective Fire Protection Equipped with a gas engine of either one or two cylinders, a portable pump has heen developed which will supply large quanti- ties of water under suth- cient pressure to carry long It is de- signed for intermittent or continuous operation and can be used in fight- ing fires in forests, or other places not reached by regular equipment; for filling tanks, water- ing lawns and gardens, washing decks and boil- ers; in concrete and road construction, stances. and tor most other purposes here water must be Che one-cvlin- fitted with straps permitting it to be pumped. der outfit is POPULAR MECHANICS carried by one man, the lower side of th: base being formed to fit a man’s back an: the whole balanced to make carrying eas Glass Kidney Made to Save Lives of Victims of Poison Death from various kinds of poison ar many maladies may be prevented if e periments with an artificial kidney i: vented by Dr. John J. Abel, of the Joh Hopkins medical school, are successin The kidney is principally a tube of gla containing certain chemicals and is «ck signed so that it can be attached to t! arm or to some other part of the bod On one side, it is connected with an arte and on the other, with a vein. I: purities regularly filtered by the kidn: are to be caught in this tube and draine off. Tests with this remarkable inve: tion by using it on dogs were halted d ing the war by the doctor's inability Emergency Motorcycle Fire paratus Packed, and O; en Show Equipment of Hose, | tinguishers, Ax and Pum; get a supply of a sul stance taken from a lee: native to Germany a! which prevents the lo of blood corpuscte bl through the false kidn: Recently, German sci ' proposed t tists have use it on human beins

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a POPULAR MECHANICS 535 J tage as wires of the airplane before he releases his parachute. The lower picture shows a pilot whose life was saved at McCook Field, Dayton, when an old German war plane which he was piloting . t For d, U. Ss. Army, Stepping into Space from Wing of Plane 2,000 Feet above Mitchell Field, Long Island, and Walter Lees, Whose Life Was Saved by His Parachute When His Plane Broke Down Count Ten and Then Pull String in Leap from Plane Two thousand feet in the air, a man in i heavy canvas flying suit crawls from the cockpit and edges his way along the wing ot an airplane. Harnessed to his chest nd back are two bulky packs. He nears e end of the wing, steadies himself a ioment as he rises upright, waves one ind at the pilot, then calmly steps back- ird into space. As the body plunges lownward his lips move rapidly, framing words: One, two, three, four, five, seven, eight, nine, ten! At ten he a cord at his shoulder and out of e packs billows a great silk parachute. it fills with air, the speed of the falling in slackens, until finally he is drifting owly downward for a safe landing. To e beginner, the task of counting to ten hile hurtling through space is the most theult part of parachute jumping—and yet one of the most important. The inter- al is designed to make sure that the umper is safely clear of the entangling 1 broke up high in the air. The pilot leaped clear of the wreckage and landed safely. The picture, taken just after he reached ground, shows, in the lower left-hand cor ner, the tiny pilot parachute which is re leased first to pull its big brother out of the packs. Phone Tests Show How to Obtain Best Results in Talking Telephone companies for many years have reiterated the advice that users should talk directly into the transmitter but recent tests have for the first time set forth in concrete terms the result of dis obeying the injunction. It was found that to talk with the lips six inches from the transmitter was equivalent to inserting another 200 miles of line between the speaker and the listener. The best results were obtained, the tests disclosed, when the mouth was only one-half inch from the transmitter and facing directly into it, thus avoiding deflection of sound waves.

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536 POPULAR MECHANICS MODEL RAILWAY IN ATTIC RUN BY ELECTRICITY Rainy Days and Leisure Hours Pass All Too Swiftly in This Enchanting Attic Transformed into Humming Elec- tric Village | { Nf Power House, Turntable and En- gines in the Bus rev - Nave Engineer - Inventor with Some of th: Realist } E'ectric Mode's He Has Bui’ + = Laas —- f = Working during his spare hours for with papier-mache and tin figvre seven years, a government engineer in railroad shops, roundhouse, turntal Washington has constructed in the attic automatic coal-loading apparatus, n ot his home, a complete railroad town with line and switchyards connecting wit “ireight” and “passenger” trains running ferryboat, present a scene of a Lilliput on ballasted tracks over truss bridges and village nestling among the hills that through a tunnel, crossing streets lighted portrayed on canvas screens set along t by arc lamps and passing a power plant’ walls. The track is ballasted with ro equipped with a tiny motor that operates and cinders in which the wooden ties its pumps and flywheels. The houses, securely anchored. The rails are made « stores, churches, schools and public build- sheet brass, and as most of the rollir ings of cardboard and plywood, peopled stock is driven by electricity, a third 1

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POPULAR MECHANICS 7 provided consisting of a copper wire ered on special screws. The engines of tin, iron and steel, true to scale and ntifically accurate, and those that are trically operated have diminutive mo- skillfully concealed in the tenders er the coal. Through a special trans- er, the current that lights the house ipplied to run the trains. By merely ing a switch, a locomotive can be ipled to passenger or freight cars and it along the tracks, over a metal bridge | upgrade to the adjoining “mountain ve,” where there is a tunnel. Before : tering it, another button is pressed ch lights the coaches and the headlight the engine. On the grades the rails are ded so the wheels will not slip or spin. | sacks hung on high posts along the cks are hooked and deposited inside the | car as the train passes. The ferry- it is operated by thread controls and pper wires along its course carry the rrent for its electric lights. Sl ee”™S,—S——— see Automobile Replaces Royal Coach for Maharajah in India Mounted on a chassis that has a wheel- se of 178 inches, one of the world’s most ixurious automobiles has been delivered the Maharajah of Alwar. It is designed ter the pattern of the formal horse- lrawn landau used by the ruler and takes place as a state coach. The body seats jour persons and is suspended on C- prings, the lower extremities of which re continued to meet the underside of and thus prevent excessive rolling while giving complete from road shocks and ere is said to be no sense of mechanical spulsion, the feeling being more that of ~ iting than of riding on wheels. Four lamps are lighted by electricity. carriage ing or Jars. Nation 537 One-String Instrument on Bellows Has ‘‘Voice’’ of a Prima Donna Unique tones, which are said to sound like the far-away voice of a prima donna, are produced by an odd one-stringed in- Inventor with Instrument Which Is Said to Produce Tones of a Woman Singing strument invented bv a Spanish musician Made out of a pair of bellows with the single string stretched needle and diaphragm of a phonograph, it is plaved with a violin bow, giving the notes a singing character of charm and sweet ness. A horn at the top increases the volume of the sound between a In This Luxurious Auto Coach with Its Floating-Spring Body, an Indian Ruler Rides on Missions of State and of Pleasure in Elegance and Comfort

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538 POPULAR Folding Tennis-Court Cover Keeps Ground Dry for Players Tennis courts at Wimbledon, England, in good condition during the were kept

MECHANICS mitted, 12,000,000,000 pieces are letters which weigh a total of 133,350 tons Every second of the tweyty-four hours 389 letters are dropped into boxes, and the service delivers, on an average, 112 of them each year to every man, woman and child in the United States There are 44,552 rural routes which supply mail to 6,504,592 families Every conceivable t y pe ot transportation is used, railroads, steamboats, automobiles, airplanes, motorboats, ons, pneumatic tubes, belt conveyors, motor cycles, bicycles, the sled of the Arctic and horse wag- even

championship matches by a patent- ed canvas canopy pread over the area at night and during rains. The entire cov- ering, built as a unit, was suspended on small trolleys from cables stretched from one end of the courts to the other so that it

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could be pushed back and removed, or ex- tended with little trouble. While games were in progress, the canopy was kept in a convenient posi- tion at the side lines where it could be reached quickly in case of a sudden shower. U. S. Postal Service Is the World's Biggest Single Business Showing the United States postal serv- ice to be the biggest single business enter- prise in the world, interesting statistics have been compiled that indicate the vast- ness of the work. Fifteen and a half bil- lion stamps and one and a quarter billio: postal cards are sold annually by the de- partment, which employs more than 351,- YOO men and women. Each year 23,000,- VO0,000 articles are handled and _ these are increasing at the rate of a billion every twelve months. Of all the mail sub- Removing the ‘“Roll-Top’’ Tennis Court Cover for a Game, and Canvas on Side Lines during Play Position of the dog car. In one section of Utah, the department has established an automobile railroad of 125 miles, serving a valley to which no private rail line has penetrated Automobiles are running mal cars a close second for numerical suprem acy with 4,930 in operation as against the 5,096 of the latter. These railway cat traveled last year a total of 219,171,224 miles, while the mail planes flew approx mately 2,000,000 miles in the same period As a sideline, the department operates th: biggest savings bank in the world wit total deposits, in 1923, of $134,458,105.29. railway @ Greetings to guests and a serviceab! sewing kit are combined in a neat card placed on dressers by the management 0! a New York hotel. The articles ar those most likely to be needed for emet gency mendings, including two colors o! thread and a stout safety pin.

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EEE Testing Hearing to Safeguard Life ireful Examinations of School Children and Industrial Workers Show Rapid Spread of Deafness in United States .\CED by the rapid spread of deafness the United States, health officials, al concerns and others interested blic welfare are making efforts to de- ne what percentage of the country’s lation is afflicted with defective hear- \nd as a precaution, manufacturing erns and transportation systems are ng closer check on the hearing of oyes and applicants for positions re ability to distinguish sounds is es- il to the safety of lives and property. the schools of some of the big cities e numbers of pupils have been found e partially deaf, and insurance com- es subjecting prospective policy hold- to physical examination have discov- | a great many to be afflicted with ired hearing. The movement has re- ted in the development of an instru- nt, called the audiometer, designed to ure the accuracy and quality of hear- Che work of scientists in the employ nation-wide telephone system, the ce can be operated by almost anyone ter a short period of training. Not only ; e machine expected to be of great aid measuring the hearing capacity of the but is also believed to be of valu- e assistance in determining causes and ‘dies for such defects. Since various rposes require different tests to be the auditometer is constructed in ral types, each one of which is of par- ticular value in certain cases. In diag- nosing causes of deafness, it can be used to help ear specialists in delicate work requiring exacting measurements of the volume of sound heard by the patient Combinations of tones sustained at almost any ordinary pitch and intensity can be created by the instrument, which is said may be employed to determine the fitness of army and navy recruits to correctly distinguish noises and by insurance con- cerns, automobile license bureaus and sim- ilar bodies where the public must be safeguarded from accident or risk of life The controls and dials of the machine are few and plainly marked, enabling it: perfect operation with slight chance of error. Sounds and tone mixtures can be produced in a few seconds by simple ad justments, and in the field of physical examination to learn the speed with which a subject recognizes al d responds to various sounds, the ease of operation and rapidity of the device make possible thor- ough and useful studies. The construction of the apparatus is such that, it is claimed, its upkeep entails no more expense than a common electric bell. Vacuum tubes, with which it is xamining a Subject for Evidence of Partial Deafness with a Portable Audiometer Which Can Be Operated by Current from Its Own Batteries or from an Ordinary House-Lighting System oe etna se

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POPULAR Phot Copyright, Laboratory Testing Instrument Capable of Hearing; equipped, can be quickly replaced to main- tain the proper output of sound, when use has weakened their effect. A_ special vacuum-tube circuit actuated either by batteries or by direct connection to an ordinary house-lighting the source of sound. This circuit is arranged so that it can produce continuously, clear and deliver them through a phone receiver direct to the ear. In re- cording a patient’s hearing capacity, the tones may be graduated in slight “steps” of intensity, permitting an accurate gauge of the volume of sound necessary for the subject to detect the noise. Such tions are registered on a control and may be seen indicated on a scale changes are accomplished in the vay, and the steps no note can e system is tones, tele- varia are close enough the patient examiner. oing the test holds a time. cape ithout discovery by the The person underg telenhone receiver to one ear at a With the free hand he keeps a push but ton pressed down as long as he is able to hear the sounds, so tl no spoken words are needed to communicate the the operator during the test. Ona record card the results of the trial for each marked from the the machine, effects to ear readings on the from these hearing can are scales of and notes the actual be easily computed. Large numbers of people with apparently unimpaired hear- ing ability have shown decided losses from detects ot Western Electric Co Recording Degree of Sound Push-Button Signals Make Speech Unnecessary MECHANICS the normal condition o hearing under thes, scientific experiment It is believed that this due to the fact that under present-day cond tions most people are not called upon to exerci the full function of tl ears, and capability sound detection suffers decrease through lack of use. With a wider ap plication of scientifi testing apparatus, it is thought health authori ties will be better able to arrest the development of a large percentage of cases of deafness in thei: early stages. Experts declare, unless the steady increase of de fective hearing in thi country is arrested b 1s some such means of de tection and treatment a these now being adopted that within 300 years this nation will b one of hard-of-hearing people. For laboratory experiments and the use of organizations constantly recruiting large numbers of employes, the audio meter may be constructed as a cabinet Where the examiner, traveling from place to place, must carry the instrument wit him, it is contained Patient in a small case Ciose-Up of Audiometer Showing Dials and E.ectr vontrois ior Making Tone Combinations

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POPULAR MECHANICS 541 Skyscrapers Built without Rivets Seen in Acetylene Tests Popular as acetylene gas has become, uses are really in their infancy, accord- to engineers who have applied them- es to the problem of extending its application, with results that seem likely to revolu- tionize industries requiring a_ high degree of heat. Instances of these wonders have been given by moving pictures. “No More Riv- ets,” was the title one picture. It revealed a workman elding together two pieces of structural teel with an acetylene blower. The heat cenerated was 6,300 degrees at least. here followed a picture showing a work- in making patterns in steel with an cetylene torch as easily as cutting paper, th the advantage that he mechanically ollowed the draftsman’s design on paper dona machine. Over it the workman nply runs a wheel, following the draw- . By a mechanical arrangement the ‘wer moves exactly with the wheel, but er a sheet of steel. The most intense eat with the blower is secured when oxy- en is mixed with the acetylene. An ex- mple of the uses to which this combina- ion can be put was shown in the cutting ot a solid block of armor plate, sixteen nches thick, in four minutes. @{In Russia, there are several farms where orses are bred especially for making olin bows from their hair. Rubber Lighter Than Cork in Suits to Save Lives of Aviators Experts of the U. S. army aviation sec tion have perfected a method of vulcani ing rubber which makes it three time lighter than cork. This has enabled the Buoyant Rubber Suit Supports Wearer in Ver- tical or Hori- zontal Position and Does Not Interfere with Flier or His Parachute government to manufacture an aviation suit which will save many lives from the waters, should a wet landing become necessary. The material is not pneumatic and cannot be punctured sufficiently to destroy its buoyancy. The method, though more or less a technical secret, is known to be a process of vulcanizing under ex tremely high pressure. This operation causes the rubber to become a huge mas of rubber foam or bubbles, each cli at several points to its neighbor. bubbles during the vulcanizing become filled with a lighter than distending them much the same \ child does the ordinary soap bubbl the rubber has been expanded to quired degree it is allowed to cool. cooling does not alter the shape these high-pressure bubbles, A suit made oft this material weighs nine pounds dry and will keep a human cargo of more than 200 pounds afloat for more than twenty-four hours, it is said. The suits are so fash- ioned that the wearer’s mouth and cannot be held under water, even though unconscious. or size nor doe Ss if allow the gas to escape. ] nose he be

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542 POPULAR MECHANICS Cliff - Side View \y Where Tons of Rock A ‘ ‘. 4 s- wa >, - Were Blasted Out for Firm Foundation Historic Coast-Guard Ship to Leave Lonely Post in Far North Reported to be held up by barriers of ice in the far northern waters, the United States coast-guard cutter “Bear” has been ordered to break loose and return to its base for dismantling, after forty years of service in the outposts of the polar seas. During fifty voyages, each lasting many months, to deliver mail and enforce the law in the icy sections of the north, the vessel has been the means of saving hun- dreds of people from starving and treez- ing during its career. Sometimes referred to-as the “floating court,” the boat was used as a magistrate’s office for those liv- ing in out-of-the-way places. Two of the ship's officers acted as marshal and com- missioner On every trip. * — . = Attaching Massive Girders of i) Niagara Gorge Bridge to Anchor Plates Set in Concrete Engineers Show Skill in Bridging the Great Niagara Gorge Michigan Central railroad engineers art battling nature and the elements to fling a new steel arch across the grorge of the Niagara river, below the falls. Unusual and unexpected difficulties have been en countered in preparing the anchors and approaches for the great 660-foot spat Fissures and cracks in the rock walls e» tend far back into the cliff, necessitati: the removal of considerably more roc! than the engineers had anticipated. Wher drilling and blasting started on the in clined anchor tunnels another difficult was presented bythe unforeseen quantitie of water which rushed in. Pumps wert kept going all the time to handle fiit gallons per minute. The work on tl abutments and approach on the Americar side of the gorge was delayed by the re oval of the extra rock. When the top of the bluff had been cleared away to pre pare for the removal of the overhanging ledge at the rim of the gorge it was fousad necessary to build up staging from the bottom to handle the debris blasted out in the search for solid rock. The removal of the rock made it necessary to lengthen the approach on the American side.

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OO ee put val len POPULAR MECHANICS 543 Electric Lamps for Miners Reduce Danger of Explosions Electric lamps for miners are fast re- cing safety flame lights, according to estigators for the bureau of mines, report that approximately 200,000 of em are now being used in the United ites alone. In 1911, Pennsylvania es that then produced thirty-five per t of the soft coal mined in the country, re using 45,000 flame lamps, while the tric kind was practically unknown. t seven years later, the former type had creased to about 17,000 while nearly 00 electric lamps had been put into vice. The same year witnessed a turn ird the battery lights in Great Britain, ere the number of flame lights de- eased from 723,934 to 590,185 and electric nps leaped from 4,298 to 156,521. In ly history of mining, tallow candles flame lamps were used, re- ting in numerous explosions and heavy of life. Development has been con- ually toward the safer light although e flame is considered useful still, it is d, as it indicates if there is a deficiency oxygen in the air, thus warning miners approaching gas. € Cal ] ac ude open Extra-Large Composition Shingles Cut Cost of Laying Roof Composition shingles, ten by fourteen nches in size, that can be laid at consider- ble saving in time and labor, have been iced on the market. For covering the erage-size roof, about 1,500 -e feet, this stvle is said to re- [r re 2,000 less shingles and some 00 fewer nails than the usual mr Ordin Notches Insure Spacing and Sim ary Size Laying the Shingles on Any Kind of a Building t —— x size, yet the resulting roof is 900 pounds heavier due to the special material of which the shingles are composed. Notched part way up on one side, they can be evenly spaced and alined and are well suited to laying over old wooden shingles Substitute for Alcohol Is Sought for Making Flavoring Extracts Search for a satisfactory substitute for grain alcohol as a- solvent in the manufac- ture of flavoring extracts has been con- ducted in tests at the University of Wis- consin. The oils of lemon, orange, pepper mint, spearmint, almond, wintergreen and other ingredients used in the preparation of flavorings are not soluble in water and up to this time, alcohol has been the most practical solvent obtainable. Scarcity and high cost of the pure article have contrib- uted to the need for a substitute. Even plify

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544 POPULAR Laying Wall of Interlocking Brick; Note Lugs, Spaces and Grooves for Finger Gr‘ps Interlocking Hollow Bricks Reduce Costs and Insulate Walls Claimed to reduce building costs and provide good insulation, an interlocking, hollow brick has been patented. It has the appearance of ordinary face brick but is eight inches wide so that no backing is re- quired for a wall of that thickness. Three horizontal spaces in each unit form dead- air cells when the bricks are laid, thus in- sulating the wall, and an additional space left in the mortar joints prevents absorp- tion of moisture. The bricks are easily handled, the center being con venient holds for the fingers, and although each block is practically the equivalent of two or- dinary bricks, it weighs less Projecting lugs at the bottom interlock with the mortar in the channels of the layer be- low, to form a strong wall. With this. style, only half as many bricks need be handled, and in addition to savings in time and labor, it is claimed that freight and truckage charges are lowered. Frooves MECHANICS Compressed Air Feeds Live Stock in Transit on Railroad Feeding live stock by the aid of con pressed air is the latest development o one of the railroads serving the Dakota and Pacific northwest. When a train load of stock stops for feeding, an engine coupled to a grain car runs alongside on the adjoining track. A compressed-ai hose from the engine leads to a hopper i: the grain car, and as the feeders shove the grain into the hopper the air drives it through the hose. As the engine and grain car move along the side of the stocl train, it is possible to feed a double-deck hog car with ten bushels of grain in two minutes. Grain can be transferred in this way from cars which break dow: en route, at a considerable saving over older methods. also How Navy Keeps Warship Anchors from Being Lost in Port It might seem strange to the averag “landlubber” that a ship’s anchor, weig! ing seven or eight tons and with hooks si feet long, can be lost on land. But su things have happened, and to prevent re occurrences, Uncle Sam has set aside corner of the navy yard at Charlestow: Mass., where the anchors can be store and checked up when not being used b the great battleships and other vessels be longing to the government. As soon a one is received, it is given an identifica tion number and then the rust is chipped off with pneumatic chisels. A coat of anti rust paint follows, which keeps it in cor dition until some ship needs that size. Scene in Charlestown Navy Yard Where Ponderous Ship’s Anchors Are “*Filed’’ Away and Indexed to Keep Them from Getting Lost

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POPULAR MECHANICS Produce Hauling Is Done, the ‘‘Vest-Pocket”’ Railway Train with the Owner at the Throttle Gives Family and Friends an Enjoyab!e Ride around the Estate Miniature Railway Two Miles Long Is Built on Private Estate ly as a hobby and also to solve problems on his country estate, York man, after five years’ work, finished a 14-inch gauge “vest-pocket”’ road system, two miles long. The ture line is equipped with a locomo- cleverly modeled to resemble a full- one, which is run by a twelve-horse- gasoline engine, three passenger, baggage and four flat cars. Five hes and a turntable also have been tructed to speed operations. The is used for hauling produce from and transporting ashes, and es the owner, his family and friends the farm. elds Disabled Veterans Master Crafts Requiring Skill and Science iough handicapped by the loss of or by other injuries suffered in the thousands of former service men have rehabilitated and completed courses cational training through the Veter- Bureau. Special instruction and in cases, the use of cleverly adjusted ial limbs and other‘appliances have ‘ed hundreds of crippled men to sur- int tremendous obstacles in their to overcome the ravages of war. usands have mastered trades and craits ring considerable skill and science, coming the loss of limbs by the use oi special apparatus and by expert training. Of the approximately 70,000 men still being taught, from 1,000 to 6,000 are enlisted in each of the following occupa- tions: accountancy, agriculture, book keeping, engineering, dentistry, drafting, electricity, jewelry, machinery, salesman- ship, tailoring and law. The bureau re ceived in all 671,686 applications for vo- cational training of which I 1 330,058 were «las eligible for the service More accept Disabled Service Man, Aided by Arm Appiiance, Learn- ing Jewelry Trade through Veterans’ Bureau than 150,000 men are receiving compensa tion from $80 to $170 monthly in to the schooling they are given addition

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546 Twenty-Five Thousand Bits of Iron Are Welded to Form Lamp Composed of 25,000 pieces of iron welded together, an ornate electric chandelier has Putting Finishing Touch on Welded Iron Chandelier; Decorated Button Plate at Right been completed by a New York artisan after more than a vear’s work. Oak leaves, twigs and acorns form the design and so faithfully were the details executed that the veins in the leaves may be traced. The lamp is said to be the only one of its kind ever made and is valued at $20,000. Sun-Power Plant Generates Steam to Run Mechanical Toys Running toys with steam generated by the sun to teach pupils the principles of heat energy and engines is the methods of instruction followed in a Ger- man school. The princi- pal part of the apparatus is a polished brass mirror which is so mounted and can be so adjusted that it will always focus the sun’s rays directly one of POPULAR MECHANICS upon the tubes of a miniature boil These are smeared with soot to absorb much heat as possible while other par are insulated to prevent loss by radiatio Sixteen Million Miles of Phone Wire to Run through City Tunnel Blasting out the solid rock while su way trains, their passengers unaware the engineering feat being performed be low them, roar overhead, workmen New York city are constructing a tunnel] for the telephone company which will have a capacity of+nearly 16,000,000 miles of wire in cables of 1,200 pairs each approximately 350,000 separate strand The conduit is eight feet wide, eight feet high and is fifty feet below the surfac: It will serve the Times Square-Penns) vania section of the citv wv here eight ce! tral offices some dav will be in operatio Roads Built of Rubber and Asphalt Prove Success in Europe Durable pavements of an asphalt rubber mixture are being made in F; and, according to reports, are more quic! laid and easily repaired than those other materials. The rubber, swolle: softened by a solution, is mixed ina sp« machine with the asphalt to form a f dark powder. the street and pressure stiffen and settle it ready for traffic. a few days’ exposure to the air, it grayish white. The laver is said come harder than asphalt alone, the test of time and heavy wear and inate the rate tools, apparatu skilled work in pavement struction. This 1s applied directly requires only need of el: Sun-Power Steam Plant with Boiler at Center of Reflecting Mirror That Concentrates the Heat, and Shaft Attached to Miniature Mill at Right

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alt —— oo POPULAR ME ¢ HANICS 547 Fashion’s Fads, from Sketch to Model Dress Designing Taught in School Helps to Make America Peer T \CHING of Paris as World’s Style large classes of students dress designing, the art of combining ious fabrics, a to express the beauty school tor ta in the middle west covers the en- nge of gown modeling from the sketching in paints to the drap- the manikin with the finished garb. ls are shown the proper methods ind “lines” shion ¢ their individual ideas first on brush and colors, which resul ect picture of the garment adori earer in the wa¥ it will finally hen worn. In addition to tl ’ king the dresses, the youthtul adapt certain ind shades to particular types oi to express to t advantage 5 | Ss are taugnt to 1 le pest — active features of the wearer. Not ire the reasons for selected combina- ¢ reasing the ‘mphasized, but stréss is laid on the ity of fitting the pattern to the vari es of the body lines. s charms and effectively conceal faults of figure, by designing the to drape properly, beauty is oTea attractiveness of the I uset garment By giving mo mn «} combinit terials, they are enabled to use their own deas in creating individual stv] Without a thorough study of the pre lar\ preparations of sket« | ( ting, draping and manikin dres lent is permitted to take part in tl designing. Che teacher , n ho have received al of prominent modelers o pe erica. Betore enrollment « he iver the prospective entrants to ool are first examined to tualities tl ey may have to é he courses. With the rapid s« mn Cc nges WV hich are constant! taking ac yng the fashions, it is ¢ entia it students show more than an ordi des re to take up stvle ce sign fondness for ng, sketch work, and other opera tio of the seamstresses are carett 1dce¢ Center and the natural poise of the sub- 1 to advantage in shaping the to meet the r the students a thorough train iade values and a knowledge of ig color, line and masses of ma problet Is Ol the tutors, a l ea

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548 POPULAR Gown | Sketch of Purposed Draped on Exaggerated Figure _ ~~ | How First an cording must : for art, on . hi ve qualities of the possess a certain liking h is based the creatiy originator. At first a thorough study of human anatomy must made by the student from living models who are picked for the purpose. In thi of the value of curved lines of women and the straight lines of men is acquired and adapted in each instance to vartous modes and effects incorporated in the gowns. Early in the course the student is taught that the purpose of the designer is to dec- be s way a knowledge “Tried”’ Sewed Together, Living Model MECTIANICS é@ — PLA Class in Dress Designing Com paring Doll - Size Model of Bridal Gown with Origi nal Painting of the Pattern Original Gown Is | before Being and Right, Adorned Ac- to Sketch Above orate the human body with com)hi of color and patterns which press the natural charms. A brief hi of dress design is given the pupil, wit outline of the period costumes a1 forms. Sketches in | are and made of some original pattern create pen ink t the student who later applies the colors paints. From this drawing a pattern the gown can be worked out, or a s1 model may he made first dray doll-like hgure it which to ] SHOW its ert ona

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POPULAR MECHANICS n the scholar is permitted to cut the Artistic Gown Design Exhibited in Sketched and Fin- > and sew it to fit herself. carefully ‘ished Forms, and Below, Hand-Painting Decorations ; : A on Delicate Fabrics for Dresses rrecting mistakes under the guidance of teachers who explain errors in each e where they are found. During these ceedings the students learn the struc- e of the many fabrics, and how to cut so that no damage will be done by ing bad edges. Measuring, draping fitting follow, and the class is ed in the various operations using each other as models. ere a chart is first drawn by the director, the modiste rentices are shown how to use » determine the amount of necessary to complete the h is made in minia- before the final laying out ot irger gown is begun. Some- models dressed in costumes storic periods are posed and in these Styles the students are red to design different esses containing features of the tique fashion adapted to the dern idea. Often the minia- models are of such high ie as works of originality that are placed on exhibition and entually are found among the pular styles in prominent shops. ¢ 2 whic

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5450 So widespread has the demand for ex- clusive individual dress patterns be- come, that artist-designers have come to be almost indispensable to the industry. Sometimes the artist no more than portray his idea in color on a carefully painted canvas. The figure of the picture is always exaggerated, usually appearing to be more than ordinarily tall and slen- der. Not only is the entire body drawn to a long but the limbs are in- creased in length to give the appearance of tallness and “willowiness” to the sub- ject. From these sketches, the cutters and designers form their patterns, following the paintings closely in every detail. When the are finished they are placed on living manikins and studied for proper “hang” and shape, before they are finally permitted to grace a wax figure in and does scale, dresses a shop window or become part of the wardrobe of a fashion enthusiast. Throughout the world’s fashion cen- ters constant efforts are being made-by designers and_ arti to enhance the - beauty and charm of women and to add to their by creating sts attractiveness for their wear ornamental draperies carefully adapted to each individual combination of physical features And most of the style POPULAR MECHANICS Draping D es communities have gathering places wher enthusiasts and admirers gowns can see the latest creations of tl modiste exhibited on living models wl “parade” them for the benefit of servers. Often a wearer will be gowned in a garment of her own desig made entirely different from any othe popular style of a season. Particular] is this true in European countries wher: unlike American buyers of dresses, t] wearers frequently depart from the ger eral trend of popular tastes and appear i designs strikingly original. Fashions in this country are general] created along some particular lines only differ in their adaptability to needs the wearer. This has been means of setting up a group of styles t do not follow the fashion dictates of tho Old World cities which have until recent years pointed th and modelers in America as each dawned witha new array of gorgeous gar Even the most ancient costumes ha been imitated by makers of gown patter: who add modern cuts to drapes and bi lines of their products and which gener: result in stvles that become popular short ol Yors 4 feo! , , the o See of al the t] e way to dress designe SCadas time and are eagerly sought | those who desire to appear dressed as ne like the others as is possible. To them, the artist is called upon to m slight changes in the established style dresses to conform with the individu particular physical appearance. ie Manikins with before Final Large Miniature Cutting Patterns Gowns to G Materials Doll ired Effects of

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POPULAR MECHANICS Dipping Museum Specimens into Solution That Renders Them Hard and Stonelike and Preserves Natural Colors Although Exposed on Gallery Shelves Liquid Turns Animals into Stone and Preserves Natural Colors By dipping beasts and birds into a secret emical solution, a New York man is ported to have mummified them success- ly in their natural colors. The treat- it is said to cause, the specimens to ome hard and somewhat like stone though they had been petrified. In s state, they resist decay and do have to be kept in liquids while exhibition. Mine Model Shows Worked-Out Areas owing the areas from ore has been taken | spots where pillars have n left to support the a model of a zinc ne indicates each test | hole by a small black Che holes are sunk above ground to a pth of from 150 to 350 et, leaving openings inches wide. The mples of soil are ana- ed to learn their vol- ch ume of ore, after which the stems on the corresponding model are set in place and labeled to show depth and formation of the rock and earth. Tunnels and drifts are then dug according to the layout of the miniature workings. As each chamber o* the mine is opened up and cleaned of th mineral, a black patch is added on model, and if portions of the soil are Copyright, The Explosives Engineer Mine Model Showing Worked-Out Areas, Supporting Pillars and Drill Ho!'es in Unopened Ground Used as Guide after Taking Earth Samp!es

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552 POPULAR M standing to hold up the ceiling, these are represented by white dots on the dark spaces. [Two-thirds of the zinc mined in the United States last year was taken from a section five miles long and six miles wide. It is said that, seven vears ago, this district which is in the neighbor- hoc d of Picher, Okla., was occupied by Indians and a few white farmers, but now is inhabited by more than 8,000 miners. Touch on Lever Tilts Auto Lights Ending Glare without Dimming To eliminate the necessity of dimming automobile headlights when passing other I cars, a device has been made with which they may be tilted toward the road by Positions and touch- ing a lever on the Bt @ €F = ing post. In Wwava daylight view of the road is given when meeting other motorists without blinding approaching Ir By dropping the lights while st | J ariver;rs. driving in tog or over rough or mudd) places where it is necessary to pick the way, all details of the road immediately ahead of the Caf become clearly visible. @ Few people using a crowbar connect it with the bird flying overhead, but dic- tionary research reveals the reason tor the bar’s name. is defined as a “bar with a strong beak, like that of a crow.” The bird itself, in- cidentally, took its name trom the nature of its crv, suggesting the old Anglo-Saxon word “crawan,” which was equivalent to the English verb “to crow.” Investig: ition shows it Diagram Showing Lights in Two ECHANICS Winter Sleep of Potatoes Is Ended by “Shot’’ of Ethylene Gas How to make the northern potat: sprout in southern soil during the winter is said to have been solved in a plant re search laboratory by giving each potat: a “shot” of ethylene gas. The treatme: is declared to be extremely simple an inexpensive and, it is said, literally caus: the “spuds” to wake up, with the effect that the tubers begin to sprout. Souther planters found that the hardy potatoés fro the northern states have greater vitalit and yield than their own product, but when planted during the winter mont] they rotted in the ground. Experiment on oranges and lemons have shown th the gas can be used to advantage in ripet ing the fruit and also ir solving the problem « “dis - buttoning” t ) oranges. Because ( their closer proximity the markets, Flor growers want the butto off while those in C fornia desire it kept o1 Properly manipulated, is said, the gas can Bait Bottle Keeps Supply Alive So that grasshoppe 1 crickets, small frogs a1 ther bait can be k ilting Lever alive and carried easily and convenient a pertorated metal bottle has been signed that fits into a pocket or on a be through loops so constructed that tl form legs on which it can stand. By taching a string to the bottle, it cai be used in the water for minnows, eli! nating the necessity of taki Y the boat. \ a bucket Having a cone-shaped et ) + - SC OTTER MY CF are e093" seen .d , 2, Perforated Bottle That Keeps Many Kinds of Fishir Bait Alive and Is Easily Carried securely covered with a top, the bait c be taken out indi without t danger of losing any. hually

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POPULAR US. Crime Cost Billions Yearly cording to Recent Figures llion dollars a year—three times is ts appropriated for the running of the government and about cent of the total national in- the cost of crime in the United cording to recent surveys. Every costs the country about $10,000 _and of the 1,000,000 persons con- t war with law and order, one- in jailallthetime. It is estimated punishment and prevention of ncluding the maintenance of jails and police departments cost §.000,000,000 to $4,000,000,000 annu- minals, by theft and other means, pproximately $3,500,000,000 each m society, and on the basis that dividual has a productive value ( annually, the loss on this item $1,500,000,000. Auto Built Like Locomotive Speeds Tourists Across the Nation ised as a locomotive and pulling < modeled after a freight caboose, a es)

& Underwood from Cab to Caboose, Tourists’ Auto Train Drew Crowds at Every Stop utomobile attracted considerable at- as it crossed the country. Cow- bell, whistle and headlight gave ine’ a realistic appearance, which creased by the discharge of ex- ses through the smokestack. The built upon the chassis of an old car, was fitted with bunks, cooking and other articles for the conven- the “passengers and crew,” two who traveled in comfort on this train. ‘ e than half of the total cargo through the Panama Canal last s carried in United States ships. MECHANICS 553 Bits of Glass Direct Fire of Guns for Battleships and Armies Small glass prisms, accurately placed inside range finders used on battleships

Andrew J. Howard “Sticking Up’ Pot of Glass for United States Navy Range-Finder Prisms of objects, play an important part in direct ing the fire of the guns. They deflect images to the eyepiece through which the observer looks, and and in the army to determine the distance the accuracy of the measurements taken largely depends upon the precision with which the glass is cut and its quality. Prisms. for the finders on Uncle Sam’s fleets are manufactured under the ex acting direction of the bureau of standards. One of the first steps in the process, alter the glass which is of the best erade obtain ible, has been melted in huge clay pots, 1s to break it up into small pieces for cutting and grinding each receptacle holds about 900 pounds and is melted in indivic ual furnaces. Before the prism ire in stalled, they must pass exacting tests Air Mail in Alaska Cuts Dog-Team Time over Fourteen Days Five-day journeys across the continent were cut to less than thirty hours when the United States air mail established the night service through the middle west, but even more remarkable timesavings have been attained by the air mail in Alaska. The first route, established this year between Fairbanks and McGrath, cut the dog-team time for the 300-mile trip from fifteen days to four hours

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POPULAR MECHANICS ; fa ae An 5 : Copyright. Wnderw ] TT; “ Cadet Officers at Plattsburg R: O. T. C. Learn to Set Up, Aim and Fire a Machine Gun from a Strat Position during the First Day's Drill Keeping the Army Busy in Peace Time Aircraft, Wireless, Poison Gas and Even Cavalry Horses Put Work to Aid Industry and Agriculture \ THAT does the army do in peace time besides getting ready for another war? For one thing it has converted war’s deadliest poison gas to such varied uses as repelling bank burglars, quelling riots and curing It has kept the battle planes flying to locate forest fires and spray the boll weevil of the cotton fields with insecticides. The gas mask has been improved and is used by firemen, mine-rescue workers and employes of chemical plants. ‘The best of the cavalry stallions have been placed at the disposal of farmers to breed a better type of work horse. Strangely enough, the most horrible and devastating form of warfare—the use of poisonous one that lends itself to the greatest service in times of peace. The chemical-warfare service has made numerous transformations of its agencies for serving peaceful pursuits and industries. These converted usages range from the equipping of 3,500° banks with colds. 1 the gases—is devices for combating burglars to treatment of common colds with chlo: The mask which the American do boy employed as a protective de against poisonous gas fumes, with ce modifications, is now serving fire-fig! departments, mines, foundries, and « agencies where lives may be impe by poisonous gases or fumes. This ty; gas mask has lately been provided w special canister, which makes it against all known gases, and a diaph has been added by means of which a son is enabled to talk while wearing protective device. The widespread u this gas mask is suggested by the fact many of the larger cities have adopt for use by their fire department contributing to the safety of fireme: “Tear gases,” the spraying of whi the face of a person causes tears wit endangering life, are useful in captu barricaded criminals and in quelling and outbreaks in prisons. A conce! to

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POPULAR MECHANICS Charges through Smoke Screens and “Attacks” of Ponderous Tanks Lend Thrills to Sham Battles Staged at Army Posts When Drills Are Given before Reviewing Officers and When the Army Turns Teacher to the Citizens Depicting the Sterner Side of War and What It Meant Really ‘“‘to Go over the Top” Lower Photo Copyright by Western Newspaper Tnion

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POPULAR MECHANICS tT eae ee Mor 1g Vict mined the E is producing a _ policeman’s small trigger arrangement for rg tear gas in measured quanti- is gas-containing club enables a man to push a trigger which, in turn, es a safety valve, thus squirting gas ‘face of a person resisting arrest. ther war-time poison gas is being tituted by the public health service for formerly emploved in fumigating It is not only effective but is said safe from danger to persons admin- g it. e air service, by means of a co-oper- irrangement with the department of ilture, also has devised the most ive wholesale method yet found for ving the boll weevil. Aeroplanes ng insecticide aloft are enabled to poisonous dust on_ boll-weevil-in- cotton by the acre. Similar treat- of insects on fruit trees has proved ive. Moreover, war-time aeroplanes been employed in reforesting de- d areas that were not readily acces- to other seeding appliances. Re- this branch of the United States adapted bomb-carrying aeroplanes e purpose of dropping explosives the sky in shattering great forma- of ice to prevent floods. e radio research laboratories of both var and navy departments, although irily dedicated to devising useful time communication devices, are con- tly introducing inventions of great e to peaceful arts of intelligence. are being trained in more than occupations in the citizens’ mili- training camps, which had a total 1 | Copyright, Underwood | National Guardsmen Learning>to Load and Fire a 14- Inch Rifle at Ff. McArthur enrollment of approximately 32,000 in 1924. These summer educational strategically located at twenty point stretching from Florida to the state of Washington. Any physically and mentally fit boy between the ages of 17 and 24 years is entitled to attend this army educational system. The federal government pays the expenses of those enlisting camps are nceluding

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SB Pa AO: p- POPULAR MECHANICS Citizens Taste Army Life at Ft. McArthur with M deen P ortar-Aiming Drill, while Thron leen Proving Grounds to See the Big Guns gs Assemble at the Aber

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POPULAR MECHANICS uniform and railroad fare and home to camp. esident Coolidge says, “These camps in essential in the plan of national ity. They promote obedience to law respect for the institutions of a well- red society. Young men are helped sical health, mental vigor and moral llence. Social understanding and cratic feeling are developed; love reverence for the flag are the natural ome of the training. Courtesy in act, ithy in feeling, tolerance in thought, he ideals.” orts are emphasized at these citizens’ tary training camps. The young men ge in baseball, tennis, track and field es, boxing, riding, handball, volley ball swimming. Each camp, for instance, tains a baseball league. Boxing in- ‘tion is given by the most competent Moreover, rifle and _ pistol ting is taught every person enlisted military training camp. If a person nes aS a sharpshooter, he is entitled to Camp Perry, at government ex- where the greatest rifle experts in to ers. S I ergt. Olin Brown in the “Jumping Balloon”’ eller ye 559 the country compete for national honors. The war department not only maintains a motion-picture service but has made cer- tain improvements in the projection of pictures. For instance, a system of long distance projection with tungsten-filament lamps has been developed, making them available for use in larger theaters, with throws from booth to screen of over 760 nl Coy pyright, Underw Its Pro- with € over the Basket in Which He Shenandoah’s Hangar at Attempted a Leap Lakehurst

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POPULAR MECHANICS Practice in Spreading a Gas Cloud Screen Generated from “‘Candles’’ Set at Intervals on Wide Fields to Perfect Soldiers for War-Time Duties feet. The tungsten-filament lamps are said ment in peace time. Three years ago tl to be superior to are lamps. . The former army horse-breeding project was intt ire noiseless, emit no fumes, radiate less duced. By means of this plan there heat, require little attention while burning available 285. stallions for improvi and consume less than one-half of the horses on farms. electric current required by arc lamps. Colonization, strange as it may seem his improvement is a patented invention a peace-time activity of the war depart of the army motion-picture service. ment. Churches, schools, roads and r Of a similar educational nature, is the roads have been built by the army in t library system of the army, consisting of | Philippine islands as a means of endi: 203 post libraries and 150 traveling strife in that colonial possession. Anoth« libraries. These libraries contain more _ striking example of colonization is t than 900,000 volumes. The system of of administering the affairs of Alas} traveling libraries of late books isa recent Today, in the administration of the bu valuable acquisition. ness of this great territory by ar A special service is rendered farmers by _ officers, $100,000,000 are annually tra the quartermaster corps of the war depart- mitted over fifty-seven cable and telegra;: 1 } T Dattery of Gas Projectors That Are Fired Simultaneously by Electric Contact Requires Prec djustments and Careful Handling by Specially Trained Soldiers Preparing a

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POPULAR MECHANICS a ee ont aoe he ae .* a . yew Se en 7. ‘ * = we wt \ ‘> n Trips Add ae % Looking Down Thrills of Army Ales the Bore of a 240- Life : Millimeter Gun th the Use of Big my Fliers Are Bombing Planes such as This Barling Giant That Can Carry Five Tons of Explosives eveloping New Skill in Aviation while Changing Tactics of the Skies Continually Present Their Alluring Problems to Invite Trained and Daring Soldiers

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562 POPULAR MECHANICS offices and seventeen inland radio sta- tions, operated by the signal corps. Ona relatively less scale, business is trans- acted by the army in other colonies or territories that have been acquired by America. And, to again revert to the conversion of death-dealing agencies into instruments of value to peaceful pursuits, the war department has made a worth- while contribution to the industries in the way of an active charcoal which is of use in manufacturing gasoline from natural gas and coal-tar products. Similar re- search has resulted in the laying of the foundation of our dye industry. The corps of engineers is another branch of the army that has long adjusted its personnel and instrumentalities to the needs of peaceful industries. During the past two years the army engineers have studied proposed water-power develop- ments in excess of 20,000,000 horsepower. This is more than twice the existing power development of the. United States and more than the combined potential water- power resources of Norway, Sweden, Fin- land and the Arctic and Baltic drainages of Russia. Moreover, it has been claimed that the corps of engineers has led in the prevention of floods and has assisted stantially in the protection of our f The owners of 15,000,000 motor ve in the United States and the millio persons who wear eyeglasses will be ested in a process developed by th department whereby it is easier to misty and rainy weather. Of even g1 value to owners of automobiles, is t! velopment of a material as a prot: against carbon monoxide when wi in closed garages. Still another subs! has been produced as a safeguard ag ammonia fumes. The peace-time activities of the w partment may at times take queer of procedure. For instance, just no army, in co-operation with the nay partment, is experimenting with a fouling paint which may avoid the forma tion of barnacles on ship bottoms. The diversion of war-time explosi productive uses of agriculture, th: velopment of airways for commercia ing traffic, the establishment of a board sociology for modernizing the. treat of prisoners, and the exploring and veying of new territory, are among peace activities of the war departme: With Sabers Drawn, Members of a Light Cavalry Troop Stage a Thrilling Charge in Preparation for an Ex! of Their Expert Horsemanship and Army Tactics

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™ “ws POPULAR MECHANICS — - ape en : = * _ Radio Adds Its Lure in Directing Maneuvers at Mimic Cavairy Engagement Rutgers College Men at Plattsburg R. O. T. C. Enjoy a Moment of Close Harmony and Jazz Music between For- mations; Inset Shows Tear Gas Gun with Fifty-Yard Range, Now Also Being Used by Several Police Departments & I

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mail POPULAR MECHANICS Teams of Pupils from a ree Schools Trying Artisti Special Box for Air-Mail Service Painted Red, White and Blue To distinguish them from the ordinary boxes, those used in the coast-to- coast air service are painted red, white and blue. They have been placed in some of the larger cities and are surmounted by a map showing the course and indicating mailing schedules at connect- ing points. The route has been divided into three zones, one be- tween New York and Chicago, another be- tween the latter city _and Cheyenne and the third ending at San Francisco. An eight- “cent air-mail stamp will carry an ounce in Annual Drawing ontest Staged in a Public Par} Art Race Held in Park Tests Skill of Pupils in Drawing Figures To test the artistic skill of pupils Japanese high school in handling | and ink, a drawing contest is held « year in a public park. Large placard paper on big easels are covered wit! signs hastily made by the students who divided in teams, each class endeavori: create the largest number of origina! attractive figures in the time 1] allot Ocean Mystery Is Seen in Island Covered with Cabbages Midway between Africa and Aust! and about 1,500 miles from the antar circle, Kerguelen island or Desolat Land, as it is called, presents one of most perplexing mysteries of the Ind ocean. It is covered with strange ve tation unlike that found in any other p letter anywhere within one of these zones, a sixteen-cent into the second twenty-four cent one into the third. of the world. There are also millions cabbages which bear large heads of lea eighteen to twenty inches across. and a

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POPULAR MECHANICS 565 matic Garage for Skyscrapers Beauties of Nature Rivaled in Wax » Solve Parking Problems That Preserves Them for Museum o do with the thousands of auto- Models of various kinds of fruits, leaves it daily pour into large busi- and flowers, so realistic that they are said tricts, is a problem, a solution to offered by an eastern inventor scraper garage differing somewhat ther proposed structures of this its loading apparatus. This con- a series of electrically operated conveyors similar to the old- ned chain pump and extending the ength of the building. Cars can be quickly to any floor and then run rd or backward upon the three wide e decks provided. When the chains the top or bottom, the platforms on the cars rest slide across a track rement, remaining right side up for upward or downward journey. A four- story building, 110 by 300 feet, the tor asserts, will hold 3,000 automo- ind can be emptied in forty-five min- \ system of electric signals is ed to tell the men on the various what cars are wanted. It is also to have deceived the eyes of experts, are hat the absence of ramps and drive- being fashioned in wax for exhibition pur- reduces the loss in parking space. poses in museums and other institutions by an eastern man who has patented the sub- stance. Color, gloss and exterior structure of the specimens are faithfully reproduced even to the size and arrangement of the veins, buds and other minute details. Modeler Finishing Realistic Spray of Leaves in Colored ax for Museum Display Electrical Labor- Saving Village Searcity of cooks and maids has been sur- mounted by an English matron by substituting electricity for servants. Under her direction, a whole village of labor saving cottages has been constructed near East Hoathly, in which prac- tically all household tasks are performed with the aid of electricity. A private power station is maintained and all kinds of the latest inventions in time and trouble-sav- ing household equipment have been installed in This Diagram of Proposed Automatic Garage Illustrates How Endless Chain spatial aa of Elevators Operates and Shows Storage Spaces for Cars every cottage.

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566 Magnifiers Worn like Spectacles Eliminate Strain on Eyes For the use of watchmakers, machinists, students of natural history and others who Worn like Spectacles, Magnifying Lenses Improve Vision and Relieve Eyestrain in Close Work use magnifiers for comparatively long periods, a new type of spectacles has been introduced in England. When a micro- scope is held in the hand, the image pro- duced cannot be steady as the circulation of the blood makes it impossible to hold any object without vibration. This trem- bling and the resulting evéstrain are en- tirely avoided by the magnifying glasses as the relative position of the eye and lens is always fixed. In addition relief or stereo- scopic vision is obtained as both eyes see the enlarged picture, and the lenses are achromatic, that is, they give a clear-cut yada bhedddel Ti THLE POPULAR MECHANICS picture without any color fringes cases where the vision is defective, c: tive lenses can be fitted behind the nifiers. The glasses may be had with ous magnifications. Rock Dust Sprinkled in Coal Mines to Prevent Explosions Fine rock dust sprinkled in bitun coal mines is an effective preventi explosions and may be applied at of one cent or less per ton, according George S. Rice, of the bureau of n The tiny particles, screened to a pov are blown to all parts of the shaits settle everywhere, the idea being that non-combustible grains will form a | tecting “blanket” between the _ bit coal dust and prevent a spread of fi Wetting the mines with water, it has be found, is not a sure safeguard. Bookkeeper on Moving Platform Saves Time in Reaching Files Time and effort in referring to a filing index in a busy office are sav: placing a billing machine and its ope: on a platform which moves on rails carriage is anchored by a hand brak« veniently placed, and when the ope: wishes to move to another case, shi leases the handle and pushes herseli chine and all, to the next position. Moving Platform for Bookkeeper and Billing Machine Rolls, by a Slight Push from the Operator, besi Filing Cabinet on Rails and Is Anchored b oy Brake

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How News Is Flashed across Nation More than Thirty Thousand Miles of Telegraph Wire Linked Up to Tell of World’s Series Games STR-I-K-E R'S OUT!!” e umpire’s hand shoots upward and suund in a dismissing gesture. The bat- throws his bat to the ground. The | man is out in the final inning of the | world’s series game. The Yankees e won. Forty ousand voices e a great roar | forty thousand ople start madly rambling to get of the great | park they paid ndreds of thou- ds of dollars to into. Sut, al- before the ire has com- eted his final ture, thousands people in thou- ds of parts of country know the Yankees won. Three usand miles y, in San Fran- THR-E-E-E-E! BAT- , < 1 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood or even months be- Telegraph Instrument That Transmits More than Sixty essages an Hour, Four at a Time cisco, another crowd sets up a roar as the game ends. The same in Maine Texas. And, before the crowd watched the game itself can be com- pletely emptied from the park, news- boys in the four corners of the country are yelling: “Extra! Extra!! Yankees win world series.” The papers they sell give the reader a detailed account of every ball, every strike, every hit, run and error in that game miles away, and give it all within twenty min utes after the um pire has called out the last batter. That’s what mod- ern progress in sci- ence and mechanics has done, for with- out that progress it would have been matter of hours and that fore the news had

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568 POPULAR MECHANICS Down for the Count, an Event That Is Announced to Millions a Few Seconds —, Afterward over Wires Di- SS ( rect from the Ringside 4 & A \ () P Testing Instru- ments Which Clicked Off Prog- ress of Political Convention to Newspapers Associated-Press Operator Receiving : a Report of Reparations Commission from Europe as It Was Transmitted by Undersea Cable Direct to His Desk | The Giart Newspaper Press Is One of the Last Links in Distribution of Latest News to the Public

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* We een disseminated. Think of the time ie old pony express would have taken! The same speed is found in transmis- on of the news of any great event—ball ime, prize fight, golf match, election, a isaster at sea, the death of a president Millions of people daily learn of things ippening across seas and thousands of iles away, but they do not realize that hey sometimes learn of them seconds ter their occurrence simply because of the aid that science and mechanics have furnished. lake the world’s series as an example. na press box in the grand stand are doz- ens of reporters from papers everywhere. But, while almost every good-sized paper has at least one man present, a majority depend for all the details on the news associations—the United Press, the As- ociated Press, the International News Service—each of which supplies its news reports to hundreds of papers. Here's how it’s done: Each association will have half a dozen reporters present—each handling some special angle of the report. We are in- terested most in the “play by play” man. Special telegraph wires have been strung Si 4 ‘ and Above, Trouble- POPULAR MECHANICS VQ Typesetting Machines in Composing Room of Metropolitan Daily, Transferring Telegraphed News to Type, unting Linemen Repairing Break in Important Cross-Country Wires

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POPULAR MECHANICS a” Lo FR —-- SEO EE _ ——_ a Copyright, Underwood & Underwood Battery of “‘Daylight’’ Arc Lamps Installed to Illuminate Arena of Large Stadium during Night Sporting Contest between Champion Contenders Whose Every Move Was Clearly Seen by Spectators into the press box. Special repeaters and mechanical devices enable every paper wanting the service to be connected up on one wire. This wire will zigzag back and forth from New York to Los Angeles and from Florida to Washington. For the Associated Press alone it will be some 35,000 miles long, and only the most mod- ern electrical appliances make it possible to send over a single wire of that enor- mous length. The reporter, prior to the game, has dictated to the telegraph operator at his elbow a story of the crowd, the weather, the line-up, the notables at the game and so on—a column or more in type. The operator presses his key and hun- dreds of keys over the 35,000-mile circuit respond. The reporter dictates: “Ball one. Strike one. Ruth hit the next one over the right-field fence for a homerun.” And so on. Simultaneously the telegraph instru- ments repeat each word. As the report of the ball or strike or hit comes in, a boy, 3,000 miles from the game perhaps, presses a button. A great electric score- board outside registers the play for a big crowd getting the returns. Every play is detailed on the board. The receiving pa- per’s copy is yanked from the typewriter a sentence at a time and shot through a pneumatic tube to the typesetting room several floors away. There it is set into type on a machine, which has a keyboard much like a type- writer's. The operator touches a key and a mold for that letter drops into a slot. When about enough for a line have been put in the slot, he touches a handle. The molds automatically are spaced to make an even line, hot metal is squirted into the spaces and out comes a solid line of type. He can set type this way nearly as fast as the fastest typist can run a typewriter. A few seconds after the end of the game he has it all in type. Then the columns are put into a frame the size of a page and sent to the stereo typing machine. First a mold of the whole page is made by putting a card- board-like, soft substance on it and run- ning a roller across. From this a page size metal mold is made by a machine and clamped on the great presses turning out 100,000 papers an hour. Machines cut and fold the papers, carry them in bundles to the street, trucks rush them to all parts

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POPULAR MECHANICS 2 = pyright, Underwood & Underwood A Tense Moment in a aie Baseball Game, and Teproeteer Sending Machine and Switchboard Which elp to Flash the Play to All Parts of the Nation

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¢ them venty minutes aiter the ently successiul experiments have been made in transmitting news through the automatic printers by wireless, and at the same time keeping the radio secret so that only the authorized station can get the news report. The automatic machines punch the code letters in a tape, five rows of holes in various combinations giving the code. Electrical contacts made through the various groups of holes trans- mit impulses to the printer at the other end. The machines at both ends of the line must be synchronized, and in the wireless tests this fact was used by alter- ing motor speeds at both ends, and at the same time changing the punch-hole com binations, to give an infinite variety of codes. The necessity for secrecy has been the stumbling block in the way of wire- less news transmission, as each press as- sociation must carefully guard its report. There are many lesser speed-making contrivances besides presses, type ma- chines, and so on: the telephone, the typewriter, the radio—frequently used in place of telegraph—loud-speaking devices which enable announcements to carry for blocks, the automobile delivery, truck, ad- dressing machines for mail subscriptions —all mechanical and all speed-producing. And that is why we learn today in a few seconds what our forefathers first heard months later. vame MECHANICS Weights and Measures Guarded as Closely as Crown Jewels Locked in shielded from strong boxes and moisture and changes of temperature, international standards of weights and measures are as guarded as crown jewels. The original British yard and pound are kept in the House of Commons. The pound is a bat of platinum wrapped in filtering paper in a silver-gilt case. This is inclosed in an outer bronze container which is placed in a solid-mahogany box. The yardstick is of gun metal and is placed on eight rollers in a box, which, with the pound chest, is put in a lead vase and the cover soldered The opening in the wall containing these treasures is cemented up and remains closed for twenty years until another in spection is made of the standards. At the international bureau of standards, neat Paris, delicate instruments invented by skilled scientists are used for comparing rules and balances throughout the world as an aid to commerce between nations Among these is one that shows the loss ot weight due to the almost infinitesimal re duction in the pressure of the earth’s at mosphere when two pieces of metal ar weighed one on top of the other instead of side by side, and another, automatic in action and run by a motor, which 1 used to compare measurements and regis ters any differences between them. carefully closely 77, (a Crowd Watchin Election Returns Appearing on Immense Bulletin Board Erected by Southern Newspape: here Network of Telegraph Wires Delivers News as Fast as It Is Gathered

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POPULAR MECHANICS Model of Destroyer “Fox’’ on Wheels with Chauffeur Who Puts the Land-Going Craft through Realistic Maneuvers Model of U. S. Destroyer on Wheels Is Thirty Feet in Length Capable of making a speed of ten miles an hour, a thirty-foot working model of he U. S. destroyer “Fox” has been built the navy department. The “ship” runs n wheels, the power being furnished by torage battery. It is said to be capable f doing almost everything a destroyer is alled upon to do except discharging its hells and torpedoes. Fingerprint Pictures by Telephone Aid in Capturing Criminals On the heels of the discovery of a ethod for transmitting photographs by lephone, comes the announcement that e process already is being used success- lly in sending fingerprints of criminals. e prints are repro- ced so accurately that telltale depressions, es and curves are said show almost as plain- as on the original rds. Two minutes ter fingerprints had n sent by this means m New York to Chi- so in a recent test, ice authorities in the tter city identified them nd telephoned the man’s ame back to the officials New York. This mazing development, it believed, will not only aid in the arrest and identification of crim- inals, but will also prevent useless holding of suspects for long and irksome periods merely on suspicion. School Children Paid to Catch Flies to Prevent Spread of Disease Following the Japanese earthquake, lack of sanitary facilities caused an enormous increase in the number of flies. To com- bat the pests, school children in Tokyo and Osaka were offered five cents a hundred for catching them. The response was so great that crews of clerks were kept busy counting the piles of victims sent in by the energetic young workers, some catching as many as 1,000 flies. The insects were placed in bottles after being classified and credited to the hunters and were displaved at a public sanitation exhibit. Officials Counting Flies Captured by Japanese School Children to Rid Cities of ests after Earthquake

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POPULAR Loud Speaker Is Aid to Sport Fans in Hearing the Announcer So that sport fans at athletic events may hear the announcer whether his phone is aimed not, a loud speaker has been erected on a tower in one +7 1 hieid ihe mega- their way or horns are connected by wire MECH LANiCSsS Fifteen Petrified Forests Are Found One on Top of Another Along the almost perpendicular Yellowstone canyon, where the river ha cut its Way le pth sides 0 through the mountains to of 2,000 feet, may be seen the re Lins of fifteen petrified forests, grow: one on top of the other Millions of vears ago iccording to scientists this high, rugged region was a low, flat country only a little above sea level and covered with magnificent trees. Vol canic eruptions then buried everything under a mass of ashes and pum ice stone. The tree were soaked by silica charged water, and the air being excluded, they slowly changed to ston In the following the volcanic material was reduced to soil which another grew, the roots of whi must have actually e1 twined among the top most branches of the trees underneath Then came another and ages later growth, such being repeated during a vast period of time until 2,000 feet of volcanic ma terial had been showered over the land. Finally the volcanoes ceased veal torest eruption another processe Cluster of Sound Amplifiers, Similar to Those Used at the Democratic Convention, to Carry Announcing Voice to All Parts of Field to a mouthpiece below into which the speaker talks in a conversational tone. The voice is amplified about 50,000 times, sufficient to reach every ear in the crowd. Blight-Resisting Chestnut Tree Found in China by Explorer Accounts of a _ hitherto unexplored gorge of the Yangtze river, deeper than the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, were brought back from China by Joseph F. Rock, discoverer of the tree that yields an oil valuable in the treatment of leprosy. Among his finds is a_ blight-resisting chestnut tree with which an attempt will be made to restore the diseased chestnut timber crop in America. their activity, frost and rain cut the great Yel lowstone gorge through the mountain, in the heart of which may be read the story of its origin. Along its steep slopes are found fossil trees now un known in the United States and species ranging from the vegetation of a tropical country to that in the north tem perate zone, indicating great changes of climate since the first forest was sub merged. othet @ Quick shipment of a valuable horse from Amsterdam to Paris was accom plished by airplane not long ago. The animal was at first crated, but the box was too large to go into the plane; so the floor was reinforced and a temporary stall built into the fuselage in which the horse was carried away safely.

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War on Tropical Diseases Shown at British Exposition Among the exhibits at the Wembley ex- ition in England was a graphic display, trating by means of pictures, wax dels and diagrams e ravages and methods curing twenty-seven pical diseases, such as eeping sickness, ty- oid, malaria and vari- s skin maladies. Real- tic figures showed the osquito and tsetse fly n several stages of de- elopment, while illumi- ated devices depicted preventive measures and owed how organized campaigns are being vaged., Model Cars and Ships Built by Boys Ingenious young craftsmen in a California ity have developed a POPULAR MECHANICS Giant Lens Built in Revolving Dome ene vid to Solve the Riddle of Mars One of the largest telescopes with which scientists hope to solve some of the mysteries of Mars is the huge reflector in- rofitable business for Russia’s Forty-Inch Reflector Telescope, Showing Observer's Platform on Rails themselves by building models of railroad cars and steamships and selling them to the companies for ex- hibition and other purposes. Accurate in essential details, all parts constructed carefully and proportioned to exact scale, the models are given a further realistic touch by regulation lettering and paint- ing. The enterprising society is said to have more orders than it can fill. Young Modeler Checking Measurements of Miniature Box Car Made for Railroad Company and Mechanism for Focusing the Powerful ‘“‘Eye’’ on Distant Stars strument built for the Russian govern- ment and erected recently at the Crimean astronomical observatory on the Black Sea. .It is mounted on a massive base, weighing several tons, beneath a revolving dome thirty-two feet in diameter. Both telescope and dome are controlled by elec- tricity from the observer's platform mov- ing on rails. Several years have been spent in finishing the forty-inch reflecting mirror. It is set in a latticework frame of aluminum alloy, has a focal length of six- teen and one-half feet, and with it are attachments for analyzing light. Sacred Fruit Brings High Prices What is said to be the costliest fruit in the world is the “etrog” or sacred Jewish citron, sometimes known as the paradise or Adam's apple, a single perfect specimen of which will sell for as much as twenty five dollars. Outwardly resembling lemon, the etrog is said to be so es tremely aromatic, that one suffices to pet fume a whole room. It has a thick rind, bitter and seedy pulp and scanty juice of a sweet-sour taste, and is suitable for mak ing jelly. The fruit is used in ceremonies during the Feast of the Tabernacles.

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POPULAR Live Bees Shipped Safely by Mail in Hollow Wooden Blocks g live queen oh the mails is a small sh workers afely accomplished It consists ot bees and with mn ipppt > i Wooden Shipping Cases for Live Bees Showing Screened Tops and Hollow Compartments a block of wood hollowed out to form three connecting compartments, one for the queen, another for the workers and the third for sugar candy, the food for the bees while they are in transit. The top is cov- ered with wire screening over which is loosely tacked the tag for the name and address of the consignee. Thousands of queens are shipped in this manner every year, the season beginning early in May and lasting through September. Concrete Floor Hung from Beams Supporting the Fioor Above Engineers of the Underwriters’ Labora- tories, Chicago, solved a difficult problem recently by hanging the heavy concrete second floor of a new building from huge four-foot steel beams placed in the third floor. . In expanding the underwriters’ plant, it was found impracticable to use supporting columns to hold up the second floor as the entire forty-foot wide ground- floor space was needed for a traveling crane. At the same time heavy beams could not be used for the second floor as it was desirable to keep this floor even with the second floor of an adjoining building, in order that the two might be M ki ¢ HANICS CON ered bridge ‘ | he en? - problem by placing rout | beams under the third floor, an then hung the floor from thet with steel rods. The beams are forty feet long, in the clear between walls, and are spaced twenty feet apart. The rods sup port light beams under the second floor When the concrete forms were placed holes were left in the first-floor ceiling and after the forms had been removed and the concrete settled, the rod nuts were tightened to take up the sag as the build ing adjusted itself. The holes were then plastered over with concrete. The peculiar construction and the concrete covering for the traveling-crane supports and track necessitated unusually exact work in building the forms. second Skeleton of Flesh-Eating Bird Is About Four Feet Tall Declared to be one of the most impor tant recent additions to the exhibits in the Smithsonian Institution, the skeleton of the largest flesh-eating bird of prehistoric ages has been mounted there. a 3 known scientifically as Terotornis Merri ami. Standing on long claws, the skele ——— Skeleton of Huge Prehistoric Bird, the Largest Known of Flesh-Eating Species ton is four feet tall, and when extended, the wings measure more than seven feet

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in Ship Designing, a Completed Model and Exterior of the School Building t far from New York’s busy harbor ne of the country’s most notable ls. Here, without paying a cent for n, board or lodging, young men re- four years’ course in building ships marine engineering. This is made ble by the philanthropic enterprise e founder, the late William H. Webb. tinctive feature of the institute is the tical work in designing and building ls of ships. Books are used, but the rooms are equipped with many of the uments and tools commonly found in ular shipyard. Freshmen and sopho- students complete courses in me- cal drawing, mathematics and: other hes. In the third year, original ng and designing of vessels of vari- kinds are started and before he is uated, the student must have worked itisfactorily a given problem in naval itecture with original designs. From best submitted, one is chosen and from lie senior class members actually con- a model ship. In the se um may be found an interesting dis- school’s play of those miniatures which previous Entrance to the school is by competitive examinations and there are accommodations for only fifty students. A full knowledge of high-school mathematics is the only requirement. classes have completed. Belief That Thunder Sours Milk Is Refuted by Science and the giving cheese-making for the souring of milk before storms, ac- Heat phere, moisture-laden rise to he atmos- increase of responsible microbes, are cording to Prof. A. D. Lynch of the Illi nois agricultural Thunder has nothing to do with it, he declares. The hot, humid air before the rain often warms the cooling tanks and containers to a point where the bacteria multiply rapidly, giv- ing the milk or cream the “off” taste tre- quently noticed or causing them to sour. association. id

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oid POPULAR Pocket Fire Escape Wound on Reel Is Safeguard in Tall Buildings lo demonstrate the efficiency of a “vest pocket” fire escape which he has devised, the 11 fastened one end of - story iiling of a ] \ ork hotel and ventor New lowered himselt lv to the ground by clinging the stout wire cal which un safe- mm, Inventor About to Descend taching Fire Escape to Railing Side of Building after At- from a e] | yider. \ low attached to the ¢ adjusted, up part ound buckle it could be quick Fifty-Four Nations Join in Fight to Safeguard World’s Health Fiftv-four working together in the interest of public welfare through the health section of the league nations to prevent and cure di ad to (i orge Ie. countries are now 1 sease, according Vincent, president Rockefeller toundat Never be- he SaVS has ! ce presented SO nd’s battle against front in man! l stitutes ol International in health officers, the e shment of nearly 700 fellowships enablit scientists to go to other countries for special train ing and the practice of inviting individuals trom abroad to make sanitation problems, are important promoting thi of the ion. rore, united a sickness, g young and commissions special tours for the study of and health tors in -ordination of fac- MECHANICS out, E magic effort, it is pointed that will bring about a health millennium. that this will be accomplished science has no gradu How Roads Affect Auto Mileag: Is Shown by Tests Tests to show how much gasoline au mobiles consume on different roads have been conducted in Iowa. results were computed in terms of t and demonstrated that a gallo: yield thirty-one ton-mile concrete, twenty-one on gravel and fo teen on dirt roads. It was that an automobile weighing livered twenty miles ot concrete road on a gallon of cost of twenty cents; ona gr distance required 1.46 gallons twenty-nine cents, and on a d gallons costing forty-four cents types miles rasoline will two Violin with Horn for Sounding Box Directs Tone toward Audience Built on the same principle as a and played in the same manner, a mu instrument metal horn 1 the usual sounding box has been ach string is provided with a bridge and metal diaphragms to the The sound can be directly those wishing to pointing the mouth of the horn tov them; greater volume is secured, and tone, while essentially that of a violin, | something of the quality of a cornet’ with a tone. upon | Metal Horn and Diaphragms on This Instrument Violin Tones Resonance and Volume

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POPULAR MECHANICS ee td st-Guard Crew Landing through the Surf with Survivors from a Wrecked Ship; the Service Maintains a Constant Patrol of the Seas and the Great Lakes Policing the Seas for Uncle Sam Work of the Coast Guard on Oceans, Lakes and Rivers Maintains Law and Order, Saves Lives and Protects Ships WHEN a citizen needs assistance on land he summons the police. When le Sam needs assistance at sea he calls he coast guard. The historic service, ‘t of our seagoing forces, has taken new activity of late, since Uncle Sam ed on it to stop the rum-running fleets ng the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards. ike the police ashore, however, keep- in eye on undesirable visitors is only all part of the work of the coast ds. From their shore stations they | the beaches to rescue wreck victims, e at sea their cutters aid vessels in ress. They destroy derelicts and other vers to navigation, give medical aid eep-sea fishermen, suppress mutinies merchant vessels, pretect the customs nues by running down smugglers, ther of liquor or goods, enforce our igation laws and regulations, enforce sponge-fishing law and the laws and lations protecting the seals of the ng sea, and, on behalf of all the great maritime maintain the tional ice patrol in the north Atlantic On the Great Lakes, shore stations and cutters maintain the same services, and on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers special boats patrol the streams in time of flood to rescue victims who have been washed away or stranded on their house tops. The coast guard has an interesting his- tory, being Uncle Sam’s oldest sea service. In 1790 the second session of the first co1 gress passed a law creating the revenue cutter service, and in 1848 the life-saving service was established. In 1915 the two were combined under the present name of the Coast Guard. powers, interna The personnel ot the guard includes 270 commissioned officers 395 warrant officers, 3,496 operates 89 ships. One of the most recent developments in its work has been the establishment of the north Atlantic patrol. The “Titanic” brought forcefull; men, and it international ice disaster in 1912 home to the seagoing

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580 POPULAR MECHANICS powers the danger from the giant icebergs and the nearest revenue cutter is d which each spring break loose from the patched in pursuit. Frequently the de: glaciers of the far north and set sail south- __lict has drifted far away before the c ward, drifting along until warmer suns guardsmen arrive, and then a search and warmer waters gradually melt them. gins which may last for days before At the international conference on wreck ts located and either towed to px safety of life at sea, held in London on _ in hope of learning the fate of the cre Noy. 12, 1913, the powers discussed an or blown up to remove the danger to ot! international patrol to report the presence’ ships. Radio amateurs who have lear: of icebergs, destroy those that could be’ the telegraph code may hear Arlingt dynamited, and also to destroy derelict each night broadcasting the position ships. An international convention to all reported derelicts. In Alaskan wate undertake the coast the work was h signed by the tacular career nations repre- fighting the se sented, and ao a hunters who hen Great ” 4 the Britain, on be- halt of the other powers, asked the United States to furnish the ships and men, the other countries to pay their share of the cast. Presi- eg dent Wilson Se a dentally agreed, and in : project retur two coast- “— Meee © side guard cutters , were assigned to the task. sale of se Except for the - : . s from war years of 4 , - urplus bu 1917 and 1918 they _have , ‘ - killed each maintained the ; by governm« patrol ever ; hunters. since. Whena , huge iceberg is ; yj sel, sighted the , built t “Copyright, United Newspictures . revenue _ cutter Coast-Guard Marksman Sending Shot Across the Bow of a Rum stand the ic gua 1as had a spe ? t able revel through t Vi hic h reports its po- Runner as a Signal to Halt the Bering sition. each day is the coa by wireless, for the benefit of all ships in guard cutter “Bear,” a name t] almost e north Atlantic, and then continues to well known to the general public as stand by until it has succeeded, with re- “Lusitania”’ or the “Leviathan.” Hari peated charges of dynamite, in blowing a month passes without the cables fr the berg to pieces. Asthereis much more’ Alaska bringing word of new rescues ice below the surface of the sea than ap- sea or other deeds of daring by the “Bea pears above it the task of blowing up Less spectacular, but equally intere bergs, which frequently tower 200 feet or ing, is the work of the shore patrolm more above the ocean, is a slow and dan- who keeps his lonely vigil each night, gerous process. gardless of the weather, along a stretcl The destruction of floating derelicts is many miles of sandy beach, with « equally interesting. Every sea captain ceaselessly turned to sea watching for who sights a floating menace to ngviga- red rocket that proclaims a vessel in d tion immediately reports its position by tress. If the rocket appears at sea, vireless to the naval station at Arlington, sends up an answering flare to cheet

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POPULAR MECHANICS st Guardsmen Watching as a oem of Dynamite bay Placed Blows Ur p a Giant Icebe: as an Obstruction to Navigation in the North Atlantic Ocean

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POPULAR MECHANICS Coast-Guard Crew on the Mississippi Rescuing Flood Victims from the Roof of Home; the River Is Patrolled Each Year at Time of Floods sailors in their fight with death, and then of fast speed boats has been added to t races for the coast-guard station to bring guard’s equipment. In these the guar back the guardsmen with their lifeboat men of more peaceful days become part and the gun which shoots the breeches- a floating navy, armed with small cann buoy line out across a wreck when the machine guns, rifles and pistols. If tl surf is running too high to launch the rum runner stops at the shot across |! lifeboat. lo all these other. activities bows and peacefully surrenders, all go: Uncle Sam has now added the duty of well, but if he runs or resists the new ru catching rum smugglers, and a new fleet navy is prepared to give battle Heater and Window-Washing Tools Carried in Small Wagon Five hundred pounds of window-was! ing utensils are carried in a small rolle coaster wagon which has been fitted up | an Oregon man. Ladders, buckets, tows and a spotlight are included in the outt In addition, there is a heating system tl will boil ten gallons of water in ebout | teen minutes by the use of a blowtor: Equipped with an auto horn, bumper windshield and license plate, the cart, pil high with implements, wins the energet owner favorable notice as he goes abo the streets. @ During the last 300 vears the Engli have increased their vield of wheat at t rate ot about eight bushels an acre in Window Washer’s Wagon Which Carnes Water Heater, heed ¢ Spotlight and Other Apparatus hundred years.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 5S¢ am Boilers Built Like Cannon to Carry High Pressure ilers built as strong as cannon and ble of holding a working steam pres- of 1,200 pounds to the square inch— it five times as much as that used in an nary locomotive and three times the unt employed in the average com- ial power station—are being installed in eastern company. The boiler drum irty-four feet long and the walls, of steel, are four inches thick. Smoke- ks for the plant will be higher than Bunker Hill monument and their in- ‘ diameter large enough to permit a ‘tt car being lowered from the top to bottom without touching the sides. Collie Awarded Medal for Heroism in Saving Two Children’s Lives ibute worthy of a man was won by uble,” a collie, not long ago when the inta, Ga., Humane society awarded a hero’s medal for saving his six- old mistress and her little cousin from hogs that attacked them while cross- pasture. True to his loyalty and rage, “Trouble” fought off the en- the ed animals until men arrived and car- dd ried away the frightened children. Since the time of the early Egyptians, who as- 01 ciated the regular appearance of a bright t] at fruitful seasons with the fidelity ols as let ) } V € tf th ni Tc eT pile ret ©) idly Pointing to. Hero. Medal, Young Mistress Poses with “Trouble,"’ Her Valiant Defender rli the dog and thereiore named it Sirius, t! ne courage has exhibited itself in in of heroism in behalf of man. Waterless Gas Holder Will Have Million Cubic Feet Capacity With a capacity of 1,000,000 cubic feet, a new type of gas holder, said to be the America, first of its kind ever erected in Waterless Gas Holder Which Does Not Slide Up and Down in a Steel Frame is being built in Michigan City, Ind. It is known as a waterless holder, no water being used to seal it as is the pfactice in the tanks used universally in this country and everywhere else prior to the time this design was developed in Germany. The first one was erected in that country in 1915. Instead of sliding up and down in a huge steel frame as others do, it remains stationary and a steel piston inside the shell rises and recedes as the amount ot gas varies. When completed, it will be 105 feet in diameter and 160 feet high, giv- ing the city storage capacity seven time as great as at present. Provision is: made to enlarge it when necessary by adding an lditional fifty feet to the top, bringing its capacity up to 1,350,000 cubic feet. In appearance it will be entirely different from the holders now in use. There will be no outer framework, the entire tank being built of steel plates twenty feet long and thirty-two inches high. They are riveted and welded together, making a solid steel shell. @ Japan is said to lead all other countries in the value of its fishing product

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584 i ‘ Luxurious ing Speed Control, valids or t | t Deeply springs, by simplicity of mechani safety and reliability. It ] aiso ( 7 uxurious POPULAR Electric Wheel Chair for Invalids Has All the Luxuries of Auto 17 the automob! asily operated Practically a of a e are provided in an electric wheel chair for in- conveniences Wheel Chair for Invalids, Steering Lever and Brake Show- Handle Electric for those who are unable to run Th a eo It ed is reculated larger venicie. ts speec 1 reculates f the cur from he right hand, steered bv < with tl left. Te ; , uphoistere an ting on e the seat 1 pneumatic tire he sede rent yy a simple cont he storage batter! ind it is the as\ added comfort brakes and ase the car’s to require company i is said ittle upkeep cost he | manu an electric propelling ittachment which can be put on a thair with little trou Same W heel Ruby Lamp Made from Pocket Flash < lack of proper dark-room facilities, 1 ] ta Aids Photographer on Travels mav be handi- ile traveling by the a small ‘uby lamp can be quickly made from a yocket flashlight with For photographers ho ‘apped in their work wl 1 ‘ ple at- the aid of sin chments which an Englis] rm has in- Adjusting Ruby Cylinder to Bulb in Pocket Flashlight for Emergency Dark-Room Lamp MECHANICS troduced. The bulb is first removed fro; the casing and placed in a small woods adapter, the outside of which is coni and rubber-lined. Over this, a small rub glass cylinder fits tightly. A cord wit plug connecter, which is fitted into t flashlight bulb socket, is attached to su; ply current from the battery. If a whit light is desired, the cylinder is and the regular bulb used. The apparatu takes up but little more room than tl flashlight and weighs only a few remover ounce Kitchen Is Built in Outdoor Cabinet and Will Fit in Window Discomforts of preparing meals oy hot stove the house with fireproof oT in a close, stuffy room and fillit odors are eliminated cabinets installed the wall of a the gasoline, oil or electric range. The practically place the kitchen tdoor leaving the room for dining or ot] outs house ou er pu i poses, free from objectionable fumes excess heat. he 1 cabinets h ave doul a dead-air s cone sh 1 1 asbestos-lined walls wit] for insulation and a the ceiling to < am. \ ventil: draft, and the a damper whi may be closed, if desired, to direct the he into the pin hi off easily, and have removab els through which the may be watched. Each door opens inde pendently of the other and closes snug a spring fastener insuring a tight Supported by an ornamental steel bra and carefully finished on the outside, t! cabinets present a neat appearance and at not conspicuous. They have two windo for added ventilation, and inside is a she for pots and pans. They are electric lights, finished on the ro side in white enamel, and the outside su face may be painted to match the hou The window stvle, designed for housekeeping and for small apartment has adjustable flanges which are screw to the side casing when the lower wind sash is raised. alr S] aj ed dot 1e — off all insures a iTT\ vapors Ste itor const re also 1S are hung iges so that they may be tak: e€ Yiass Pp house. The doors loose cooking operatio1 wired ft are Che outfit saves space ; eliminates the unsighily ment which cooking equi oiten mars the appearance Accidet dren tampering with t also practically prevented the stove is securely shut from their re behind the Standard oye ; , special sizes tor hotel light-housekeeping quarters. caused burners by cn are doors. stvles apartment home use are being manufactured

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POPULAR MECHANICS i “a Window h be : Glass Doors Fit |} n Equipped Tight, Retain Heat ittle Electric - _ =. t. ; , and Permit Watching nd Shelves sz the Cooking without and Pans fi. : . Standing over Stove _——_-__—_—_— -~ Tr Larger Cabinet Kitchen, with Its Neat Clock and Fittings, Practically a Whole tra Room wo 7 Outside Views of the Two Types of Cabinet Kitchens; the Window Style at Left Fitting into Space f Lower Sash and Larger Size Filling Whole Window or Special Opening; Steel Side Apertures for Light and Air and Ventilators on Top Combine for Safety, Comfort and Durability

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586 POPULAR MECHANICS Wooden Horses Help Army Cadets same way for each four-hour period, « : ) Pr anew : e | Learn How to Play Polo cept on sritish naval ships and on J anese vessels, which use the English s “Saddled” and “bridled,” a wooden tem. On the ships of these two nati horse is used by West Point cadets to the variations occur in the first and sec: practice on when they begin learning how dogwatches, from 4:00 to 6:00 p.m. to play polo. The “animal” is braced from 6:00 to 8:00 p.m. There was a t when bells were struck betw: four and eight in the aftern as in the other watches, but cording to the story han down by sailors, the crew o British man-o’-war once plott to mutiny at five bells in second dogwatch, in ot] words, at 6:30 p.m. One of plotters weakened and told captain. He decided to take vantage of the superstition his crew. As the first dogwat passed, the bell struck one ti: twice, three times, and tl four, as usual. The wat changed and the men of the | remained on deck. As the hour passed the tension g1 All was ready for the mut And then the bell struck once! The sailors stared, then became uneasy. The tain had upset tradition started a new count. Not kt ing what had happened or w! to trust, the sailors did mutiny. To this day the Brit ships continue to strike one four bells for the first dogwat and another one to four for 1 second. The world’s m famous ship’s bell, on which Cadet Astride half hours are struck, is Wooden Polo ,, . ” ‘ : Horse Practicing Lutine” bell which hangs in t Strokes and Riding |obby of Lloyd’s insurance Positions - - ‘ - ye change in London. Each ti Copyright, Underwood & | lerw l 7 - a ship.is reported lost at sea t 1 . ss : 9 } ; »~L- _ ] . securely to the wooden floor in the center Lutine” beil is struck to call the brol of an inclosure surrounded by wire net- together to get the news. rhe yell ting. To keep the balls within striking salvaged from the ship “Lutine,” su distance at all times. the sides of the cage off the coast of Holland more than a c¢ slope toward the center. tury ago with a vast treasure aboa Lloyds had insured the cargo and st: the loss, but has since recovered a ci How Time at Sea Is Told by Bells = siderable portion of the gold and sil — ; bars. One of the diving expediti Based on Captain’s T rick he g ex] brought up the ship’s bell. Time at sea is measured by bells, strik- ones an ing from one to eight, or at half-hour @ The Popular Mechanics’ Bureau of intervals during each four-hour watch. tormation offers its tree service to There are six watch periods in each day, readers of our magazine. Names and the first being from midnight to 4:00 a.m. dresses of manufacturers and dealers Thus 12:30 a.m. is one bell: one o'clock articles described, and any other det two bells, and so on to eight bells, at 4:00 in our possession, will be promptly { a.m. The count is then repeated in the’ nished by addressing the Bureau.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Hovs Are Tattooed by Uncle Sam to Trace Cattle Plague e work in tracing the source of cattle has been resorted to by tment of agriculture and pack- The method is based swine become infected with the other animals. to keep a record of the farm from e hogs come, an instrument for them has been developed, con- handle in which needles are to form letters and words. This ved into indelible ink and the 1 on the shoulder with it, marks which are apparent even gone through the nk, scraping machine and other Swine which are found to have s can then be easily traced to from which they came. In one e method resulted in finding that spread by chickens. e officials. belief that contact ( IT ! */ ( CaTCAass has ease was being Self-Loading Lumber Truck Reduces Time and Cost in Hauling nd labor are saved in a western d with a huge motor-truck car- the pile, picks up a aad and deposits it with little aid an hands. ‘The boards held in a basket-sling device ottom and are easily released when traddles” are irrives at the spot where they are ed. The machine has large pneu- er 1s applied to the a chain drive. 2s and po t& I erw -Truck Carrier on “‘Stilts’’ for Picking Up Whole Pile at Once Auto Repairing Is 1+. of Eastern High Scnuvi Automobile repairing has been added to the curriculum for girls at Eastern high school, Washington, D. C., where it is Copyright Miller Girl Students at Washington, D. C., High School Learning Automobile Kepairing by Experience Henry have those said to among proved a popular study students. Thev are taught the fundamental principles of the gas en- operation and repair and how to assemble a motor. The institution is believed to be the first one of its kind to add the course exclusively for gir] gine, its How Salt Is Obtained from Sea \us- ater. One method of producing salt tralia is through evaporation of sea A large bay is inciosed by a dat mile The rising tides through sluice and the raised to higher elevations where through shalloy which the coarser impurities sett] hen pumped into ’ , vhich it is allowed to drain. The resi is conveyed by trucks into an niled in mounds and covered wit or thatch. is ripe, - long. gates numerous crvstaliizetl open 1 Here the salt remait which sometimes takes Phe crude product is then take fining mill, which is equipped hinery tor crushing, and late heat process and sterilized. toa

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POPULAR on Wheels Speeds orses to T racks Transporting race horses in railway cars or in ordinary motor trucks always has been attended with anxiety for the owner and more or less discomfort for the animals. To eliminate these difficulties and to save time as well, a luxurious auto- mobile has been designed. It is a com- pletely equipped stable on wheels. Cush- ioned upon a passenger-carrying chassis with shock absorbers, the car develops an average speed of thirty or thirty-five miles an hour and can swing along with ease and safety at fifty. Two horses and a groom besides the chauffeur can be carried in the roomy, electric-lighted in- terior. There are two stalls, separated by a partition on a pivot to facilitate loading.

Ci meee woe < pean asm ccsmnr gee

MECHANICS The sides are lined with canvas pneumat pads and the floor covered with a spe sanitary cork composition. Space is p: vided for feed boxes, cleaning impleme: hayracks. and watering troughs, a water is kept in a tank under body. The horses are loaded throu a wide rear door. They pass up the g1 ual slope on a ramp that can be hool to the front or rear doors or taken ap and stored away in the stall. Unloadi is done through a forward side door. World’s Diet Shows America Leads in Use of Meat and Eggs It takes four pounds of potatoes eve day to satisfy the average native Iri man; an American consumes about pounds of meat yearly, while the Fre: man, leading the rest of the world in particular item of diet, eats almost pounds of wheat annually. These some of the statistics compiled by restaurant owners’ association of York to show what the world eats. only are Americans the greatest eaters, according to the report, but t lead in the matter of egg consumpt about 150° being required annually capita. Italians bring up the rear am: the flesh-consuming peoples with ab twenty-four pounds a year. 9? Views of Motor Stable Race Horses, Showing L ing Ramp, Stalls and § Swell. Ventilated Interi

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POPULAR MECHANICS ei rev ele Nolin. Co $/5 Ff - Fipffreene DOLLARS: TWENTY SEVEN CENTS in Te OLN-ALLIANCE BANK 0-17 ROCHESTER, N.Y 3 Tampering Revealed »* Action of Forger’s Ink-Removing Acid, Which Immediately Dissolve Secret Coating on Paper and “Sounds” Silent Alarm against Check Raiser How You Can Guard against the Forger Huge Yearly Loss Is Caused by Carelessness and Failure to Use Protective Devices Ie RGERS and check raisers reaped a with such a protected check, and the est estimated at $150,000,000 last experts among criminals are so few that considerable part of which may they are generally known to the authori- rged to carelessness in writing ties, who can run them down if their work ind failure to use protective de- appears. When the bank cashes a forged While two-thirds of last year’s loss on one which you did not write—it forged checks and bogus paper was rep- illy has to resented by forged the loss, but ' and raised checks, thedepositor's crt oe 21 BEERS the banks did not essness per- , - | stand one-tenth of the check — : “* ‘ the amount. i C to change a — , rest was divided figures on a “is SE o between the care- check and get { ‘ of BRS less depositors and with a larger mics . aoe! the careless busi- nt, the care- ; . a nessmen who lepositor pays + accommodat Chere is "> a... ingly cashed checks eck paper or g —— oF for strangers. One ting device | § ' statistician has fig- is absolutely hs ‘ ured out that for proof, it is an mt bed each $8,000 handled but patented é ' sg bal by the banks one and modern i \\ ae a dollar is stolen by) writing ma- a\Y 14." . i the check manipu- are so effi- 3 a. BRS lator. This partic- that they put 4 ular form of crime k of the for- | - : has increased rap check raiser é ond the abil- the average al. Only an idly in recent despite the ing use = , : : : ; protectors Mixing Special Shades of Ink with Which Protective , can tamper Patterns Are Printed on Checks e1 pap

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590 POPULAR MECHANICS

such protecte d p of them. Let us checks are rarely a ‘ how the crook attacked by the at "i erates. Say, criminal, it is safe jae ; have made ou to assume that > = ° a check for se\ most of the in- "ai dollars and it crease is at the ex- . tt io into the hands pense of the man ; me | 1 ie “seratcher,” as who sticks to old- " ~ — expert with

fashioned ways or j ( criminal pe carelessly fails to ) a known in p fill out every bit of Se |S bee parlance. You | the line with words, ( 72 , . he adds a “t” ar back as 1913, that a - , _——————_! w to the wi the ann u al loss Precision Projector Reducing Pattern of Large Design wor d "Sever through lorgeries to Norma! Check Size by Photography the line bel Was in the neigh- making it borhood of $23,000,000. In 1919 he placed “seventy.” He then has a check fo the estimate at $50,000,000, and it has con- which will be accepted without quest tinued to grow by leaps and bounds ever’ even at the bank. He has not committ since. The question for the depositor is, forgery in the technical sense and th: what is science doing to combat forgery? positor stands the loss because of care! How, the depositor asks, can he protect ness in writing the check, unless he is himself? The detective specialists in for- sured. Even though the check is engra gery, the handwriting experts, and even’ on special protective paper it is not p1 the manufacturers of check-protective against this sort of fraud. One of devices and patent papers candidly answer earliest devices used to balk the-cl that insurance is the best protection, but raiser was the perforating machine w! they likewise advocate the use of every cut holes in the check to form numer possible protective device. for the amount of the check. It was In addition, the best advice to the de- long, however, before swindlers were positor is to write his checks correctly and ting other perforations in the checks safely, beginning at the extreme left in larger amounts and taking the small pa each instance and filling all available blank disks cut out and inserting them in space on the face of the check with words, original perforations with the white of numerals or lines which must be erased’ egg as paste. before the check can be altered. Experts Then came the modern checkwrit have figured out that there are 137 differ- machines which macerate the paper \ ent ways of raising a check, and the’ the amount and run the ink into it sot criminal is on the lookout for any one it would seem impossible to erase the

\ TRAVELERS CHEQUE \\

\ International Travelers Cheque lag (United Trust Company) LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA ail

Pay to the order of For Right Inder Finger Print gg ee When Cashing COUNTERSICn Z# ct ee aa Se Qo

\

By

Traveler's Check Made Safe from Most Expert Forger by Thumbprints of Signer Applied at Times of Purch and Cashing; an Ink Pad Is Attached for the Purpose

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POPULAR MECHANICS \- 728 BRYANT EMBROIDERY Nes Anprew Reisner i wr 16 WEST 45TH QJREET ULB 499 os ee New York, é 20 192. ay eet! “+ . eon Lt ae 57 $a TWO HUNORED S NITY SEVEN DOLL A8S FORTY F ve renrs JOLLARS TU THE ray / Empire Crust Company | / a S60 VIN TH AVENUE i 0 A, = ro @ New York, N.0. \ Mey & ==. Kenrata, Pa. 4 > A9/E S® go08 Tri; FAR RM S; yAgONMY, BAWKG © a | pes raros COzarer~, S27 290 vee Fane Mises ahh at ~ Ss > a DOLLARS H. L. COX PHARMACIST EPHRATA, PA. COLLPOCTIOLE AT Pam THROTOR THE FROCK AT OPSERVE BAK OF PHTLADETIHTA Courtesy Todd Protectograph Co Above, Stolen Check on Which Everything Was Altered by Forger Except Protected Amount; Payment Was Stopped. Below, Check with All Original Writing but the Issuer's Signature Changed without rubbing holes in the paper. thicknessandthe shapes of its fibers. With these too have been circumvented by _ the aid of a microscope he can tell whether e expert crooks. In some cases they’ the paper has been made of cotton, linen, ve even cut the paper and replaced it hemp, manila, jute, pine wood, poplar h another piece of paper of the same wood, straw, hair or wool or a combina- nt and design and macerated by the same _ tion of any of these. The crook may tint pe of machine with the figures of a and engrave his paper so that no fraud rger amount. can be discovered, only to have the thick- torgers even have been able to imitate’ ness of the paper and the fiber give him termarks in patent check papers. The away. With the aid of micrometers these inal is made by a wire device fitted to experts can easily distinguish a traced sig surface of the fine wire gauze of the nature, an altered word or figure or even id. The mark is produced by the in- a “muscle forgery,” the actual duplication ised pressure of this device upon the of a man’s signature free-hand, by the which renders the paper more trans- width of the upward and downward rent. In making imitations, forgers use strokes. Traced signatures are easily dis- tamp with carnauba wax or spermaceti — tinguished because it is almost impossible a drying oil. The chemist can easily fora man to duplicate his own name twice tect these frauds, however, by treating in a lifetime. false watermark with a solvent for Many a forger has been traced through such as ether, thus reducing the his fingerprint left upon the spurious parency. Handwriting experts have check. These fingerprints have been e a study of various kinds of paper brought out clearly with the use of methy- detect a bogus document by its lene blue, even in cases three years old. + 1

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592 POPULAR MECHANICS With Play Devices Music Lessons Become an Interesting Pastime to the Children in This Studio Patient Hears His Own Heart Beats Magnified Three -Times Listening to his own heart beats magni- fied three times by an electrical instrument was the experience of a patient in a Chi- cago hospital recently. It was during a test of a device to permit a more accurate diagnosis in cases of disease. Batteries and parts are contained ina portable push- cart somewhat like a tea wagon so that the outfit may: be. moved easily. While ~ the physician is making his exam- ~ na: . : | % =| y @D Copyright, Western Electric Company Patient Listening to His Heart Beats during Exam- ination with Aid of Amplifying Apparatu_ ination, the patient may “listen in” with a head phone and hear his own heart beats. Music Study Is Turned into Game to Hold Children’s Interest Mechanical devices with which child: play to make the study of music and t practicing of exercises easier, are wu in a New York studio. Scales are play: on a portable keyboard and, with nu: bered disks and symbols, are built by t! pupils on individual charts of the gra staff. Little sticks help in teaching t different values of tones, everything ing done in the spirit of a game or so! The keyboard also simplifies notation means of movable characters. The mus« of the fingers, wrists and arms are first d veloped and strengthened by gymnast and table technique is performed to | rhythm of song. The system is said to enable a child to write music by dictati before making an attempt to play. Rain-Insurance Rates Are Raised by Showers on Holidays Fickle weather with the tendency showers to fall on holidays resulted such heavy losses to the rain-insura: companies last year that the rates had be increased. This business, now 01 about five years old in this country handled by about thirty companies t! make it a side line to their regular ins! ance. At first little more than a gam!

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7 ime POPULAR becoming more standardized. For- almost anyone, by “putting up” ith a company, could register for nefits of the insurance. The trans- is little more than a bet that ould be a certain amount of rain a certain time. Now, the policies ed upon a careful study of rainfall perature statistics for the whole and going back several years, and, tle, cover only the initial expense of enterprise and not the property dam- resulting from the rain. Payment is le if a given amount of rain falls within peciied number of hours. Policies t be taken out five days in advance he event and may be secured for pic- circuses, dances, motion - picture vs and all sorts of sales and sports. Tratler Pump Attached to Tractor Fights Fire and Sprays Crops \ttachable to the rear of a tractor, a erful pumping outfit that can be used or fighting fires and for a wide variety; of farm purposes has been invented. It a number of attachments including a |)-gallon tank trailer with nozzles for praying potatoes, tomatoes or like crops. Used as a fire extinguisher, the pump will row a heavy stream of water higher than the ordinary farm building at the rate of (4) gallons a minute. Liquid paint or litewash may also be applied with it, ving Low-Growing Plants a Thorough Spraying | it is practical for filling tanks, pump- , out swamps, cellars and pools, for irri- ting and for watering live stock. MECHANICS from Trailer Tank Attached to Tractor; Also Used to Operate Fire Pump 593 Honor Memory of Woodrow Wilson with Portrait Bust in Park One of the first Woodrow Wilson me- morials to be completed is the bronze por- trait bust erected in Devoe Park, New Julio Kilenyi, Sculptor, at Work on Cast of Woodrow ilson Memorial Portrait Bust York City. It stands within a small court named aiter the great war president on a pedestal ten feet high and fourteen feet wide, so designed that two large bronze lamps illuminate it at night. Its erection was sponsored bv Con rad Glaser and the de signer planned that the artistic note should dom inate the entire monu ment rather than bulk and elaborate decoration. Heat Worth Billion Goes Up Chimneys Nearly a billion and a half dollars go up Amer ican chimneys every year in wasted heat, ac cording to engineers who have been studying the fuel requirements of the country. This great loss is blamed on extrav- agant and __ inefficient methods of firing and on faulty standards of con struction. About sixty per cent of the heat produced by burning coal is said to escape through the tops of buildings.

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POPULAR MECHANICS MMaE ew! fF Lofty Hydraulic Extended Position and on Its Fire Ladder Folded Swift in Running Motor FIRE LADDER, EIGHTY FEET LONG, IS RAISED IN MINUTE What is said to be the world’s first hydraulic fire-esc: ladder has been completed by an English company for u in Rangoon, India. It consists of four sections and carried on a strong chassis propelled by a sixty-five hor power motor. Owing to its strength, it can be used a water tower. It is operated by hydraulic pressure, working medium being oil. Pressure is generated by: pump driven by the chassis motor. The sections are « tended by a ram, the movement of which is multiplied means of six wire-rope pulley blocks. This motor star in any position and can be instantly reversed by a cont: lever. A novel addition to the equipment is a set of ty gongs with different tones. When the rungs are in px tion for safe ascent, the high-toned gong gives its sig When everything is clear for lowering the ladder, the ot] strikes. In case the oil pressure should fail for so: reason, such as a broken pipe, a ratchet mechanism ho the ladder securely in any position and prevents collay With the hydraulic system, the sections can be exten: and erected in one minute and the raising apparatus is to run far more smoothly and to be less likely to get of order than mechanical or electrical drives. A | mechanism is also provided, acting through worm and sg] gearing, but more time, of course, is required to raise ladder this way. While the lengths are being elevated indicator shows just how many feet of the sections -been raised, and the angle at which they lean is told b quadrant. The outfit is the invention of the chief of Rangoon fire department and was designed particul: to meet the requirements of the city’s broad streets. Fully Truck

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POPULAR MECHANICS 595 n Trees to Reclaim Arid Lands Chinese Junk Docks in New York by Taking Water from Air after Two-Year Journey ian rain trees, which sprinkle What is believed to be the first real rom the leaves and stalks upon the Chinese junk seen in New York, sailed | and the travel- of Madagascar, stores the mois- reservoirs in the e being planted ralia and south in an effort to » dry, barren iere into produc- inds In the same as the banana, the ler’s tree grows in a p of several stems from the same reaching a height of feet and bearing at top broad leaves in -h the water is gath- and conveyed down he natural reservoirs e stalks, from which drinks can be ob- ed. Each plant stores from five to six quarts, the drier the season - greater is the supply. ping does little harm, he cuts heal rapidly ey are not too deep. Peruvian species al- Chinese Mother and Son ‘btains its moisture Tiller of Their Junk sugh condensation, in addition, both the trunk and leaves into the harbor recently, manned only by ract water from the air and sprinkle it the captain, his wife and their young son. n the ground below. Built by the captain himself, the strange craft carried its crew safeiy tl sorts of weather during the two years that é 1 } | rough all Road Map Printed on Cap Lining Serves as Tourist Guide China. Tied among the smart yachts, powertul tugs and steamers, the small vessel presented an odd sight. were required to make the trip trom ists’ caps with road maps of vari- ts of the country printed on the le of the top lining are being manu- tured for the ” Boat Found, Relic of Stone Age venience oft ” toists and Ae ; Believed to be a relic of the stone age, ers. Without p a boat, which experts say is at least 5,000 imbling for a vears old, has been found in a marsh tn ks or papers, England. It lay seven feet beneath the traveler can suriace not far from a tidal river and ts ult the direc- ~ ‘ eleven feet long and three feet wide. Ap- simply by a : e q parently it had been hollowed trom an fing his head- ait oak tree by the crude implements belong The map is Sea ing to the period that ended from 1,500 to tected against 2,000 years before Christ, when, accord ind from the weather, and guides for ing to scientists, bronze began to take tically every part of the country are . the place of stone. In spite of its age, the y prepared in this form. boat was well preserved.

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596 Girls Who Drove Motors in Wartime Start Peace Parcel Service Parcels are being delivered all over Eng- land by a newly organized “motomessen- Girl Drivers of Tuning Up Their Machines Motomessenger Service in England ger” service formed of girls who drove motorcycles during the war. The drivers wear attractive uniforms and use sidecars to carry express matter. Many of them are competent mechanics and take care of their own mounts. The service has proved popular with both employes and patrons. Hoist and Stump Puller on Tractor Lightens Heavy Farm Work Built on the front end hoisting and pulling machine has designed which is said to greatest of a tractor, a been represent the advance in land-clearing equip- ment since the man-power puller super- seded the primitive grub-hoe and ax method. Claimed to be able to draw out green stumps up to ten and twelve inches in diameter (and much larger if they are decayed), the machine is being used exten- sively on the Pacific coast in turning logged-off lands into farms, increasing the POPULAR MECHANICS acreage value from twenty-five to hundred dollars, it is said. Advant claimed for the unit are that it can t: under its own power, is ready for y immediately upon reaching the gro is economical to operate and can be u to haul away logs, stumps, brush, r and snags after they have been pu Power is taken from the tractor by me of a belt or chain drive and can be doul or tripled by the use of power hitches. Blast of Engine Steam Kills Weeds along Railroad Right of Way To kill weeds along the right of wa southern railroad blasts them with lo motive steam superheated in an oil fi nace carried on a special car and deliver through perforated pipes that may raised or lowered. It hits the weeds at temperature of from 700 to 900 degr and at a pressure of seventy-five pou to the square inch. Four trips a sea are sufficient to keep down a heavy gro Pythons Sold at So Much a Yard When shows and museums find it n¢ sary to replenish their stock of pyt and boas, they usually have to buy t by the vard. New York forms the « of the snake-importing industry in A ica and each men go from ther Africa, India, Sumatra and South A: ica, returning in the spring with hundr ot the big reptiles. A seven-foot Pp can be had for about twenty dollar cording to snake dealers, while a lengt twenty-five feet—found in the regal mens from Sumatra—runs the price uj six or seven hundred dollars. Boas c: smaller. _ Sixteen feet is said to be maximum at an age of eight or ten y: In price these also start about twenty « lars and runas high as two hundred dol! year ~ Clearing Land with Tractor Puller That Can Be Moved Quickly under Its Own Power to Favor- able Positions and Removes Stumps and Hauls Them Away in One Operation

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POPULAR MECHANICS

Hunting for Oil beneath Polar Snows Geologists Explore Vast Frozen Desert in Search of New Fields to Insure Navy’s Supply of Fuel Oil and Coal in Far North Veen N the annual ship leaves Point Reserve No. 4. The party, which includes Barrow, at the northernmost tip of two government geologists, two engineers aska, October 1, in the race for the eight Eskimos and 140 sled dogs, also wi pan betore ,e Tring sea have mapped t wee t w oO eezes over, it ra hes 1 a xpected to t « nal ce thoa rd ream oO! 1 first party iT It rivet! ( lore to hi flows 11 the i t< the Ameri desert can side of tl c | lies Arctic cea th of the ; and they will ctic moun have. proved further more, that white men ca of \] iska. ey will have _ | ered more in 1.000 \ es of hither- unexplored ritory in irch of the il deposits lieved to be ated in the live and travel on the Arcti plain, supply ing themselves with fresh meat and fuel. Dr Philip S. Smith, a government 000 square geologist, is in iles of Naval — command of ‘etroleum One of the Eskimo Dog-Team Drivers the exploration

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An Oil Geologist Ready to Leave Point Barrow in the Arctic Search for Oil party, which includes Dr. J. B. Mertie and two engineers, R. K. Lynt and Gerald Fitzgerald. Their work in the Arctic sup- plements that of an expedition under Sid- ney Paige, year visited the asphalt lake discovered by harles D. Brower, United States commissioner at Point Barrow and agent for an American fur-trading firm there for thirty-two years. The asphalt lake, oil-soaked tundra moss and oil-seepage springs along the coast gave the first indication that the barren plain of the inter known to geog- raphers only as the Arctic desert, might contain vast oil deposits. his year’s expedition left northern terminus of the Seward, in March. Putting all their sup- plies on sledges, their trust for direction in their compasses, their chance for food in their rifles, and their hope for fuel to cook that food in the discovery of oil seepages on the treeless plain, the four white men started on a 1,200-mile trip as oc 1 which last Nenana, the railroad from —_ POPULAR MECHANICS filled with privations and perils a any undertaken in the Arct short of actual search for t pole itself. On what the depends the de whether the United States nay owns a tremendous supply « crude oil in Alaska, or merely lot of snow and ice-covered lane level as a floor, barren of veg: tation, where there are less tha forty days a year without killir frost, where there is no timber and where man cannot live fro: the soil. The region being explored lit north of the Arctic mountai: system, a series of high and wm explored barren ranges tha stretch almost completely acro northern Alaska. South of thes: ranges are the large drainag basins of the Yukon and Kusk: kwim rivers, where the climate expedition fine cision as t comparatively mild, vegetatio abundant, forests plentiful, much level and arable day of settlement by there is a summer land, assured so1 white men, sin FTOWIN, season nearly 100 days, permitting many fox crops to ripen. The Polar desert nort] the Arctic mountains comprises less tl twenty per cent of the total area of Al covered with nothing but moss of animal life in the winter. When the expedition left took along five Ne nana tons of supplies and fai collapsible canoes, and its was 400 miles, ean due the Yukon river and the Arctic mountains, headwaters of one first “mu north, acre bye vallev. ove down to the branch of the Colvi and river, which, flowing ever northward, em] ties into the great Arctic sea some 20) miles east Point Barrow. According 1 BA { &. Packed and Ready for the Start into the Polar Desert; Part of the Geological Survey Expedition Leaving Wainwright in Search for Oil

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POPULAR MECHANICS The “Arctic,” the Trading Schooner Which Carried the Geologists to Wainwright, Here Shown Tied Up to an Ice Field Waiting to Land Ccpo}! tur ts brought to Nenana by Eskimos ning from the interior, the expedition iched the headwaters of the Colville, in he barren gorges of the northern slopes the Arctic mountains, at the end of April. od \rriving there, two months of sledding remained before the snow to melt, and the party pushed on the southern edge of the reserve, re, on the eastern branch of the Col- . it was to be divided into two parties, Dr. Smith in charge of one and Dr. ie of the other, each taking one of the neers, and half of the Eskimos and s Walrus for Food of the “Arctic” dogs. One party would work north along the eastern arm of the Colville, and the other westward to the western branch, and then north along it until the snow became too soft for sledding, when both parties would return to a _ prearranged point on the Colville, where the canoes and part of the food supplies were to be cached before the geologists began the survey of the southern half of the reserve faking to these cano and = le i! ome ot the party to 1 yllo on cs. if explorers would float dow1 the t branches of the river to the Arct Oct het ll would unite and L’o Barrow to take sl! Ip back to thi United states. lhe hardest part of the exped tion was expected to be the 400-mile hike trom Nenana to the headwaters of the Colville, and, all considered, the journey will have been a great adventure

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600 Rope Chandelier Woven by Sailor Takes Year to Complete With ropes as his only material, a Span- ish sailor has made a large chandelier, weaving into it designs of flowers and fig- ures with smaller cords of various colors. More than five feet in height, it took a POPULAR MECHANICS , Che operation is continued until all fi walls are in place. Precast plates simi to the sills are placed on top of the w: and to prevent spreading, cast collar bea: tie the walls together, anchoring wi bolts cast into the pilasters. The ro which: is of cement-slab construction, supported by concrete rafters, three f« apart. Doors cons slabs Ca steel fram« which provide with hinges so that the sections fold t rether. Bolts for the at tachment of the hing: are imbedded in the co: crete corner piers at the time of manufactur Window sash also are « concrete, fitted with w glass. No mortar is use in erecting the buildi: and it can be taken doy at any time and to a new location. ot concrete in special are move Setting Sugar Afire with Ashes After-dinner idl smoking their cig have often attempted t table trick of setting to a lump of Knowing that it is a for and carbon, suLg composed largel they mystified, perhaps, be cause it did not burst have hee Hanging a Chandelier That Was Woven from Cords and Ropes by a Sailor ging i Who Devoted a Year to the Work year to complete the work. Wired for electricity and provided with incandescent lamps, it was recently exhibited in New York under the auspices of an art club. Concrete Garage Has Bolted Slabs for the Roof and Walls Casting a garage complete with walls, doors and roof in movable sections elimi- nates work at the site. After the floor has hardened, a concrete pilaster, eight feet high, is placed at one corner, and a sec- tion of precast cement sill joined to it. Then a wall slab is put in place. Next comes an intermediate pilaster, slotted on both sides, and then another wall slab. to flames. Some oi ventures that the trick simple, reaches for lump and in a second h: it burning with a soot flame. Only the most observant at t! table saw “the joker’”—the lump droppe as though by accident, into an ash tra or brushed with the tip of a cigar « cigaret. There lay the secret of the tric! The ashes, by some strange chemical r: action, lowered the ignition point of th: sugar so that it could be set afire by t! match, something that flames from an a cohol lamp, a gas jet or even a Bunse: burner cannot do with plain sugar. Lim: zine oxide and similar substances will a¢ complish the same result and common salt sprinkled on the sugar will cause it to bur partly, leaving a black, porous residue @ About 150 species of fish are said t belong to the shark family.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 6OL ‘isk Death in Building Tunnel [wo Hundred Feet under Lake o hundred feet below the surface of Michigan, a crew of men is blasting through the solid rock to build a supply tunnel. The conduit is to ile long, eighteen and a half feet meter—about twice the height of the ve size room—and will be lined with rete two feet thick. Though every vins the workers precious progress, ls to the hazard of the task, for too a charge, a mistake in calculations increase in pressure, might release of water upon their heads. Three er tunnels have been outgrown. The ent project will take five years to com- e and will cost $11,000,000. Electric Sanding Wheel Saves Time in Erasing Shipping Marks r quickly removing the shipping marks rates and boxes, a motor-driven sand- drum has been invented. It is easily d about by means of a handgrip on lrum casing, which incloses a length indpaper that revolves as an emery |! when the current is turned on ugh a flexible shaft. The motor is | on a swivel upon a light stand with er legs, so that it can be moved about | turned in any direction. As the paper rs out, new lengths can be inserted little trouble. The device may be on paper cartons as well and is ited to resurfacing stair treads, desks like a Plane, Electric Sander Quickly Scours Old Shipping Marks off Wood table tops. Considerable saving can fiected with this machine, it is said, as repares old containers for reuse. Colored Wigs of Spun Glass Lend Novelty to Headdress Wigs of spun glass in a variety of col ors are being manufactured as a decorative novelty in headdress. Tinted to match the Glistening Spun-Glass ‘Wig Which Effectively Conceals Bobbed Hair and Is Made in Many Shades complexion, the eves or the costume, they are said to produce charming effects. The) are adapted for evening or for various special functions. A broad band, passed across the forehead, holds them in plac and they are said to retain their shape and gloss for a long time. Unbreakable Hatchet Has Handle and Head in One Claimed to be unbreakable, a_ broad hatchet designed specially for carpenters has been placed on the market. The head and handle are forged in one piece, eliminating the usual eye and permitting prying and splitting with full strength. The hand grip is held by solid steel rivets and washers so it is not likely to split or b come loosened. Deeper cleavage is o! tained and resharpening made easier b cause the blade is thin, while the steel part of the handle is thin back of the head to allow working in close places.

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602 POPULAR MECHANICS Horses’ Teeth Pulled to Stop Pain brushes and cleaning cloths attached to it by Equine Dental Specialist by seen Py they cannot be lost. A last : is inserted into the shoe and ¢ imped do Pulling horses’ teeth is the specialty of by a spring handle. With this arra an Indiana veterinary surgeon. His op ment, the work of cleaning and shin erating room is equipped with a formida- can be done with both hands, insuring a better polish in less time than the method of holding the shoe in one ha and brushing it with the other. Fan Keeps Dust from Carburetor and Lengthens Life of Motor To keep dust and grit from entering carburetor, a fan air separator has bee invented. It is so adjusted that when the motor is started, a set of blades cor mences to revolve by suction Foreig particles, because of their greater weight, are thrown outward to the inside wall of the cleaner shell and are Copyright, Underwood & Underwood ejected. Only the Equine Dental Specialist Examining Horse’s Mouth in dust-free current Operating Room Where Extractions Are Performed passes in. Tests ble array of files, forceps and other appa- 4re said to have ratus. The importance of dental treatment Shown that the }{ for horses has become generally recog- device has an effi- . nized and many teaming companies now Clency of ninety-nine per cent in dust sep give their horses regular examinations and ration. Operated by suction, it does n treatment if needed. Decaved teeth are detract from the power of the engine frequently found in animals ten years old increase fuel consumption. It weig or more, but sometimes occur at earlier only a few ounces and is easily installe ages. Extracting the tooth of a six-year old requires local anaesthetic and may lis Gale hada oF thowe. * Air Raid Is Staged inside Theater to Show Incidents of War Clamp That Holds Shoe on Stand Spectacular incidents of an air raid we Makes Polishing Easv performed with realistic effect befor w thousands of men and women sitting co1 Shoes are held firmly in position while fortably in theater seats at Olympia being polished in a stand that has the in London, not long ago, during a play staged by flying detachments. Bom! i were dropped and exploded in the are guns fired, searchlights swept over tl high ceiling of the large auditorium though feeling for invading craft, and a high point in the excitement, a large a ship was set on fire. A thrilling and eff: tive climax to the show was reached whe an aviator, clinging to a parachute, leap: from the roof and shot down toward tl! sea of upturned faces. As he reached tl! searchlight paths, he drew a pistol at opened fire on imaginary forces belo The entertainment duplicated as neat as possible scenes from a raid on an a . Stand That Holds Shoe While It Is Being Polished Station near London during the war.

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or er pe th: al lov arl POPULAR ike Threat Seen in Oil Wells ind Building of Skyscrapers up of thousands of tons of sky- rs in big cities and removal through is of the gas and oil pressure which hold the earth’s crust in place may ) disastrous earthquakes, in the of Prof. David Todd, of Amherst The primary ‘cause of the tem- lippage of-two different strata of is said to be pressure on the earth’s e. The piling up of the enormous of steel and stone buildings may day start such a slip, he fears. The from oil wells, he says, comes igh the release of the enormous pres- the center of the earth. The result be, on a large scale, similar to the in of land above coal mines when timbers give way. “Did you ever driller strike oil?” Prof. Todd asks. ou have, you will get some idea of the endous pressure locked up in the nd. It is this pressure which holds orld in shape. With countless hun- of oil wells tapping this pressure in part-of the globe, I dare not pre- the result.” Huge Pencil That Cannot Get Lost Also Has an Easy Grip ‘the use of editors, writers, business and others whose desks are covered etters and manuscripts, a pencil so large that it can always be readily found when hid- den under a mass of papers, has been introduced by a European manu- facturer. Because of its size, one end generally projects when lying under a heap of corre- spondence. Should it, however, be- come entirely bur- ied, its location be quickly detected by passing the over the desk, when the thick shaft be distinctly felt. About twice the th of an ordinary pencil, it has a cor- ondingly greater diameter, affording a | grip. The lead is of such ample size t it does not have to be sharpened fre- ntly. d @ Nearly 35,000 forest fires oceur in this try every year. MECHANICS 603 Phonograph Carried as Vanity Case Plays Standard-Size Records Carried like a vanity case and about the same size, a collapsible phonograph that plays standard records has been invented. Fre -eaneeen 8 Portable Phonograph Open to Show Standard-Size Record in Place and Telescoping Horn The motor is wound by a detachable crank and the horn opens and closes like a tele- scope so that it can be folded into small space. The entire instrument weighs but little and is said to reproduce tones as sat- isfactorily as many larger and more expen sive machines. Warning Hands on Auto Signal Flag Cars Coming and Going To warn autoists of an intended stop or turn, a double-filament signal lamp which shows both a red and white light has been invented. When the brakes are ap- plied, the design of a red warning hand is automati- cally illuminated at the back of the glass, to signal drivers behind. At the same time, a white light in front advises autoists approach- ing from the op- posite direction and also illuminates the driver's hand in giving arm signals. To serve as a parking or emergency tail lamp, a minor or dim filament is put into use by a switch conveniently located on the dash.

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604 POPULAR MECHANICS Heat Method of Removing Bushings kept cold with running water. Wh and Liners Cuts Expense temperature of about 900 degrees — reached, the flame was cut off and That liners and bushings having a drive parts cooled. Upon turning the cyli: fit, or which have been shrunk in place. on end, the liner dropped out of its may be removed by weight. Measurements taken during \ heating wa demon ous stages of the demonstration sl strated in the nava that there was practically no distortion to Fun factors at Wasl the former, while the latter contracte ington, D. C., with the about two-hundredths of an inch in d announcement that eter. The inventor, William R. Wo the method will prove a machinist in the gun factory, is of great advantage in working on electrical heating apparatu saving the time and with which, it is hoped, gun liners 600 1 expense of boring 800 inches in length may be removed This, it is said, might lead to the po bility of removing and replacing liners oj light artillery in the field. Automatic Fifth Wheel on Trailer Does Away with Jacks For hauling lumber, cement or ot! Heating Liner to Make Removal Easy Whi'e Keeping material, a trailer for one-ton trucks Cylinder Cool with Running Water been designed that does away with rais or lowering by jacks. It is supporte them out. A _nickel-steel cylinder was when not attached to the truck, by t heated until it expanded sufficiently so small front wheels, raised or lowered b that a liner could be forced into it and a few turns of a small fifth wheel wl held rigidly in place when the whole was’ moves a jack screw. In a moment the cooled. Then heat was again applied with trailer can be set for loading, and w! an oxyacetylene torch spirally around the _ it is filled, the wheels are quickly ra inside, while the exterior of the casing was high enough to avoid striking obstacle Trailer Loaded in Hauling Position behind Tractor, and Elevated, Showing How Front Wheels Are Raised a Turn of Fifth Wheel to Tip Body Back and Dump Load

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cs ha aising orted y two ‘ed by which nt the wl en POPULAR Sketching a Shellfish Fossil with Aid of Magnifying Glass and Special Lights MECHANICS Fossil Pictures Point Way for Modern Mining Remains of Tiny Shellfish Found in Soils Help to Guide Searchers to Fields of Buried Minerals and Oils } i y! SPITE the vast difference between “ tiny fossils of shellfish buried in rock oil for several millions of years, and oils and minerals that form the basis many gigantic industries, science has ind a definite meaning in the presence these minute skeletons, certain species which unquestionably show the pres- ce or absence of metallic ores, coal or troleum. Experts studying areas of und for evidence of mineral and oil eposits gather the specimens of such mains, which are generally so small ey must be picked up on the end of a el’s-hair brush, and send them to lab- tories at Washington where geologists tudy and identify them. After classifica- n, the tiny objects are delivered to an st, who with the aid of powerful mag- ving instruments and special reflect- g lights draws their likenesses on paper. ut of every six specimens, it is estimated, t least one must be enlarged from twenty- e to 150 times in order that the skilled orker may become familiar with all the rves, bumps, dents, lines and other char- teristic markings on the surface of the v shells. Most of the fossils found are believed to be from 5,000,000 to 20,000,000 vears old. After being reproduced in enlarged draw- ings, the pictures are photographed and used to illustrate scientific data and other publications issued by the government for the guidance of those engaged in the min- ing industries. In making preliminary tests in any part of the country, prospect- ors and operators now collect specimens of the fossils at different depths in the earth and. these are closely compared while under magnifying glasses with the pictures prepared in the drawing room of the government bureau. More than 20,000 such pictures have been made to chart the history of coal, oil and marble discoveries. About seven hours are necessary to thoroughly study and draw the most com- plicated specimens. Usually a blowpipe is used to spray chemicals over the shell before it is placed under the microscope. This coating consists of a white liquid which causes the almost invisible mark- ings and scorings on the fossil to stand out clearly during the copying process so the artist can accurately reproduce the particular pattern for each species.

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606 POPULAR MECHANICS ’ . = : a Until the inau- Y), , , diately transferr curation of the fos- to the artist studio for compat son with those sil- picture guides, few of those en- gagedin pros- | ready sketches pecting and opera-_ || This method, it | tion of mines and been estimated, h oil fields were able already resulted to identify the tell- savings of millio1 i tale kele f | dollar ; ul : ale Skeletons oO! | Ot dollars annua ; the little creatures to oil-well opel } tors who have bee | turned from invest | ments in prospec tive fields that wer pro\ ed worthle from the stand point of oil produc tion by the evi dence shown in th: presence of certai: of the fossil classe These, experts ce clare, offer positive indication as to the buried in the mire when upheavals and glacial dis- turbances locked beneath thousands of feet of rock and soil the vegetation and animal life which helped to form the natural treasures now pointed out by the shellfish remains. But a score ot years ago the ar- value of almost an tist was set to work soil for purposes of in an effort to cre- Y fr mining, drilling o1 ate pictures of the r et te a “ 7 quarrying. Thoug! minute skeletons in Enlarged Reproductions of Tiny Fossil Shel's Whose caught up in tl Presence in Soils Guides Mining Prospectors such a way that disturbances of the hey could be recognized easily by anyone earth when se: ‘re tossed inland wit! they could be recognized easily Dy anyone earth when seas were tossed inilane vit acquainted with the numerous kinds. all the marine life they held countless cer Today there is hardly one of them that turies ago, the small shellfish have leit has been left out of the records. And _ their remains to point the way to man 1 when a new one is discovered, it is imme- his search for natural resources. Spraying Shells to Empha- size Identifying Markings ~

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POPULAR MECHANICS

king Identification Photograph of Bank Customer and His Signature, Which Is Written on Card Attached to Projecting Arm; a Finished Picture Is Seen at Right amera That Snaps Face and Name Mysteries of World of Atoms Told Is Protection against Forgery by Flash of Electric Lights Protection from forgeries is provided To demonstrate the theoretical struc- hanks, hotels and other institutions ture of fifty-four different kinds of camera that simultaneously takes pic- engineers in one of the research labora- of the customer and his signature. tories of the General Electric company are kept on a convenient card for have devised an ingenious arrangement and when there is a doubt as to the of electric lights attached to < of a person or the genuineness of framework and operated by endorsement, the clerk has but to refer switchboard. T! he records. It takes only a few sec in various to make the expo- re and no flash is nec- iry, as sufficient light urnished by an elec- lamp attached to the era. The portrait- iture cards are ecially valuable in ntifving persons seek- entrance to safe-de- it vaults. atoms, cvlin dric il ntity a special 1e bulbs are illumin combinations to River of Ink Found in Africa Travelers in northern \frica have observed a river of ink in which the ater is black although e streams that feed it re perfectly clear. emical analysis and ‘amination have re- ealed that one of the butaries is strongly pregnated with iron om the soil while an- ler Carries tannin from eat swamp. It is the combination of different structures, ese two substances with the oxygen in r that turns the water black. With This Ingenious Framework of Electric Bulbs and Combination Switch board, Fifty-Four Kinds of Atoms Are Pictured in Lights a light on a cer pole representing the nucleus and about it the atom’s surrounding electr

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605 POPULAR Silk Purse Made from Pigs’ Ears Proves Fallacy of Old Saying Modern science has disproved the old saying that a silk purse cannot be made from a sow’s ear, according to Prof. Alex ander Silverman of the University of Pittsburgh, who describes how a chemist beautifully bag from pigs’ ears obtained at a slaughterhouse. The gelatin was ex- tracted from them, purified and hardened, and then rendered flexible with glycerin. The filaments that were formed from this preparation were dyed and spun into the material for the purse. While this proc- ess is not recommended as a practical one for the manufacture of artificial silk, it is pointed out as an example of the marvels and possibilities of science in this direc- tion. Studies in silk culture and the establishment of laboratories where the product is tested and carefully graded, al- ready have resulted in a method whereby seven crops instead of the usual two or three are obtained and in the microscopic Boston fashioned a colored MECHANICS examination of the eggs of the moths Ss ay that diseased ones m be destroyed healthy worms and high-grade Cold torage p] iow being installed in Canton, Cl] the eggs can be kept and utili at any eason of the year desired. silk industry employs in this country 12 000 workers in 1,500 factories. ony coons be produced. Auto Bodies Cut from Planks to Reduce Wood Waste So the greatest number of wood parts for automobile bodies can be cut from a cross section of a tree, undressed plan! on which the bark is left are laid out by « perts who draw each design on the flat sur face of the timber. Almost every inch oi space is taken up by the patterns, the “la er-out” fitting small parts into the ope ings left between the larger units. Band saws are used to separate the pieces, which are tested for shape and size by special measuring “jigs,’ to insure accurate ting when assembled. Ash and oak generally used for the bodies, and the s “Map” of Parts on Pla Sawing, and Some of Finished Pieces tions are joined powerful glues. of the lumber is ki! dried to preve! warping, before t skeleton work put in place.

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POPULAR i ll Hillside Garages and Tunnel En- trance to Com- munity Elevator = Pa oe es | oe Outdoor Community Elevator Serves Dwellers on Lofty Hillside Rising like the tower of a Spanish mis- from a hillside in Hollywood, Calif., a unique community elevator which idents have built to solve the problem | getting to their homes. The tower, sur- unted by an artistic cupola, rises from : practically level street to a height of out 100 feet. About one-third of it is cated in a concrete shaft within the hill. e elevator itself is reached through a foot tunnel cut in the solid rock, is lectrically operated and controlled with push button by the user. An auxiliary iit inclosing a steel ladder and a sepa- te stairway have been built for use in ‘rgencies. At the base, twenty-two iges have been constructed in the side the hill where the owners leave their s before ascending to their homes. The ator cost approximately $50,000. lany human lives are lost and more $16,000,000 worth of property de- ved by the 36,000 forest fires that occur e United States every year, according overnment reports. At the Ton, a Lighted Walk i Leads to i late Shaft Homes MECHANICS Rows of Windows Relieve Tower's Bulk and Venti- Va Three-Wheeled Auto Makes Speed with Low Fuel Cost Resembling a tiny inclosed model, a three-wheeled automobile designed in Ger- many has a closed top and doors like big- ger cars. Although the vehicle does not consume much fuel, it is said to attain a speed of ten miles an hour on good roads. Its size enables it to be operated where more cumbersome machines might find dif- ficult traveling. It is claimed that, owing to the small size of the car, the govern- ment places no tax on it and permits its use without a driver’s license. Three-Wheeled “Flivver” That Burns Litt'e Fuel and Can Easily Operate in Crowded Streets

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610 POPULAR Letters in Port of Missing Mail Cost over Million Yearly In spite of systematic campaigns waged to teach the public how to prevent mail from finding its way into the dead-letter office, the amount is increasing yearly, according to the post office department, the cost being estimated at $1,740,000 an- nually. For the lack of a return address nearly 20,000,000 pieces die there every year and it is estimated that 200,000,000 more are given directory service every twelve months, which means that postal employes must take time from their reg- ular duties to provide correct addresses for misdirected matter. In New York City alone this service is said to approximate $500 daily. Error in, or omission of ad- dress, persistence in late afternoon mail- ing which causes needless rush and waste, poor and insecurely wrapped packages, im- proper receptacles for parcels when de- Views inside the Post Office Department’s Busy Letter ‘““Graveyard’’ Where the ‘“Nixies,” MECHANICS livered and the failure to provide a retur address, are some of the reasons given fi the big business done by the “Port of Mis ing Mail.” In the inquiry section of tl Chicago office, 185 men and women at employed to handle all classes ot dead ma from fourteen states, examining each pie in an effort to learn the identity of tl sender or receiver. After every effort ha proved futile, the piece, if it is parcel post is tied up, ticketed and numbered, place in a storeroom for several months and the: sold at public auction. In 1923, the spring housecleaning of the New York offic eliminated some 804 different items and Boston sold nearly 600 packages whicl netted around $1,600. Birds Aid Man in War on Pests Human beings could not live for more than ten years without birds because the increasing insects would destroy all food within that Massachusetts time, the A udu bon society was told r cently. Even now croy valued at a billion do! lars are ruined eacl year by bugs and other pests, the speaker de clared. This amount, he pointed out, is approx mately double that oi business failures and figures about two to one with the fire loss« of the country. the Improperly Addressed Missives, Are Examined by Skilled Clerks in an Effort to Identify Them

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POPULAR MECHANICS Drawing Animated Cartoons for the Movies \ \KING laugh-creating animated car- 4 toons for the movie screen in which tesque clowns, misshapen animals, and catured people with funny faces and nier habits go through their pen-and- performances part in the play, performing with a group of the queer figures that seem to be bal- ancing on pencils or bobbing about on top of a desk or table. characters are combined in an uires not only led drawing by ts who “cast” but care- ork by the era operator as ll, to insure each - its proper se- nce on the reel. like the studios re the dramatic s are acted out, animated car- is made up on ordinary draw- board amid the liliar imple- ts of the ink tsman. And at es the creator the charac s is parts . When ed upon to , ke Photographing Cartoons with an Inverted Camera human animated cartoon with “sketched” charac ters, the exposures are made in two sections. The first is generally made up of the and action human play with one-half the film masked t prevent it from registering, leaving it free to include the inked figures 11 the second sure. In the i.ge cartoon ture, 800 feet of required, artist is ca to draw such scenes Loe | pic 4/00 to film and lled upon from 2,500 about

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612 to 3,000 sketches. The only oppor- tunity he has to save labor and time in the preparation of a picture is in instances where the Same scenery or settings are used continuously for long periods of ac- tion. Then by transferring the background to transparent sur- faces, it can be used repeatedly, the po- sition of the figures alone necessitating continual redraw- ing. With this method, the back- ground is centered over each figure sketch as the cam- era takes the pic- ture, guides on the sketch sheets hold- ing the transparent piece in exact posi- tion to imsure the appearance of fix- ture on the reel. Sometimes, a pen- and-ink character is depicted as run- ning or walking, and then only the legs and arms need to be redrawn for each stage of the action, the body generally being kept in the one pese. For instance, where a figure is drawn to appear as though moving past a hut, the hut is drawn only once on transparent ma- terial but the char- acter must have every motion re- peated until the en- tire movement is carried out. This means that there will be not less than sixteen sketches for every foot of film, each one an_ individual POPULAR MECHANICS Duthie Betton vased boat Shale drawing sequence with t preceding pictur for when the strips are fina thrown upon tl screen th ey mu perform the mov ment smooth without any fluct ating or “boun ine” from the d rect line on whi the first one starte Scenarios for an mated cartoons are not written as are those of ordinar features, but in stead are drawn series of from fort to sixty sketche roughly done b the cartoonist t illustrate only tl principal action of the characte: They are -.arrange for a straight car era “shot” taken the ordinary wa using human actor and animals for complete cartoo picture, or a comb nation of bot! When real actors are employed the go through the entire parts play with imaginat characters' whic are absent from t! first reeling, but which are late filled in at positior left blank to accor modate them. A action is timed w absolute accura¢ almost every tu of the camera crat being counted a1 posed 1 recorded and tl! distances of t] machine from subjects closely ° without moving t measure Cher camera trom original positio 1 ¢ cartoon are introduce

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POPULAR MECHANICS i> | -¥ pee | so? = 5 = . x x ° k ® Oo ° > O ° °o oO * irlesy Bray Studios juential Motion Sketches That Give ““Movement” to Animated Cartoon Performers and Objects, and Center, Backgzound on a Transparent Sheet Which Is Placed over Each Drawing for Fiiming

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POPULAR MECHANICS Two Scenes | Where Artist Has Added ‘ Cartoon to ? {L Photo | | l - } Combination Poses Made by Two Separate Ex- | posures of Camera SSSS— ————————— = : and “put through their parts.” Instead distance, the scenery is placed on a of shooting the cartooned figures while — strip of paper and the figures continu they are in a vertical pose in front of the drawn for each movement as it is pa lens, the camera is placed above the draw- before the camera. This gives the efi ings and the lens is directed at the sheets of having the camera follow the move as they are passed one by one over a of the character as it speeds a strong light in the top of the table. Each its way. sketch requires a separate exposure. For Some animated-cartoon actors are this purpose specially constructed ma-_ picted performing their queer tricks chines are necessary. The camera action the surroundings or interiors of ordi is controlled by a pedal and worked in per- houses or offices, annoying by their ant fect unity with the speed at which the human players who seem to be actt cartoonist places his sequential pictures in registering their actions at the same t position for photographing. To prevent the “cardboard” stars are going throu the lines of the background from showing their parts. By the simple process of t through the outline of the figure posed ing the entire picture without the “ink against it, a corresponding space is figures and afterward inserting then blocked out of the setting to permit the the drawing board when the film has b: ne character to appear each time in a differ- enlarged, the missing characters can ent place without coming in contact with = easily shown in the final film, as vivid! the lines of other objects. Often, to il- though they had actually been present lustrate a figure running a considerable _ the first staging of the play.

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—_— ockless Windows for Skyscraper Save a Thousand Dollars \ Chicago newspaper has found a way save $1,000 on the cost of its new thirty- e-story home by eliminating window ks on the upper twenty-four stories. Vindows always have had locks, and en tall skyscrapers came into being, uilders kept right on putting locks on em, despite the fact that upper floors ere out of reach of even the most hardy urglar. When the newspaper planned new structure, an investigation was iade of other tall buildings, and the con- lusion reached that few tenants locked their windows, so the paper decided to iminate the locks. Twelve hundred win- ws are to be lockless, and the saving in st of the locks and the labor of install- ng them is estimated at $1,000. The only vindows on the twenty-four floors which ill be equipped with locks are those opening on fire escapes. \ Money Boxes Are Chained to Car to Foil Bandit Attacks To insure safe delivery of money be- tween banks in Kansas City, an armored car with lock boxes attached to a 150-foot steel chain has been put into service. When the messenger steps out to deliver one of the chests, he hooks it to the chain. If he is compelled to drop it, a reel auto- matically winds it up and drags the box back to the car. Each chest is protected by a separate lock and all are shielded by heavy outer doors. A gunner occupying a turret on top of the car commands a n.2.. POPULAR MECHANICS 615 Metal Barrel Revolving on Pipe Adds to Playground Thrills Hung lengthwise through the center on a horizontal pipe, a revolving metal bar- rel has proved a popular addition to the ™ Girl Balanced on Revolving Metal Barrel Which Adds Thrills for Children on Playground playground equipment of a park in Pasa- dena, Calif. Attempting to stand erect on the barrel requires almost acrobatic skill. Old-World Wonders Are Revealed by Lifting Floor Covering Removal of the covering of the floor in the Westminster Abbey chapter house, the meeting place of the first house of parliament, has uncovered in the old til- ing found beneath, a veritable treasure house of historic information concern- ing the England of 700 years ago. Mingled with the designs and pat- terns were portraits of Henry III and other notables. With these new glimpses into the lives of almost forgotten heroes, the floor revealed interesting facts » concerning the making of tile. Red clay was pressed into a mold that had the design carved on its sur- face. While’ the clay was still damp, it was re- : moved and the depres Amored Car with Lock Boxes, Steel Chain and a Double-Barreled Shotgun Insure Safe Bank Delivery iew of the surrounding territory and is in Osition to fire in the event of an attack. sions formed by the pat- tern were filled with white clay. After glazing and firing, the pieces were ready for the floor.

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POPULAR MEC HANICS Man-Made Subterranean Caverns for the Millions of Gallons of Water New York Ci Point, the Center Conduit, Already in Operation, Branches into Folding Chair Gives Room to Stand without Blocking the Aisle Folding chairs with seats that can be raised to give more passage space between rows have been placed on the market. De- signed for use in theaters, halls, excursion boats, camps and other places where in- creased seating capacity is desired, they are strongly built and will not tip over or break easily. Improved construction per- mits folding and stacking as compactly as boards. When the seat is raised, the user can step back into the space it occupied, = Chair That Folds as Flat as a Board ar Space for Passage in Aisles 1d Gives More ty Requires Daily; at This Tishess Steel Pipes Eleven Feet in Diameter to Double City’s Water Supply Work of doubling the present capacit of the 100-mile aqueduct that suppli New York City with water from the Cats kills by trebling the number of pipes fourteen places along the line, is bei: pushed to completion to care for the city growing demands. Two additional co duits, from nine to eleven feet six inch: in diameter, are being laid, one on ea: side of the original line, to carry the wat: across valleys and depressions. At son of these places the concrete which the huge tube is placed, forks int three horseshoe-shaped “arteries” to pei mit installation of the siphons. Approx mately thirteen miles of additional pi are being laid at a cost of over $6,000,00) The aqueduct will finally have a capacit of about 500,000,000 gallons a day. tunnel Safes and Sentrics Guard Radium to Prevent Theft and Loss Keeping vigilant watch over the minu but almost priceless quantities of radiu: that have been prepared for commerci purposes, specially appointed sentries at kept on duty in hospitals and various 11 stitutions where the substance is uss to see that none of it is lost. The radium is generally kept in a metal plate know as an applicator, sandwiched between tw layers of varnish, or stored in small gla When it is to be use a patient, the powder, tubes or capsules. in treating close

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POPULAR MECHANICS 617 bling ordinary table salt, is made up Plane Perches on Roof of House a small parcel from one to three after Dive through Aire es square and covered with a metal paper, lint and a rubber sheeting. Suddenly hitting an air pocket above even a fire would destroy the strange South Bend, Ind., an all-metal plane con- er of the substance and it could be lo- d easily among the debris of a safe wrecked or bur@ed building by the terious rays which emanate from it. Heat Losses Shown by Material Display llow warmth can be t into homes has en shown mechani- by means of pan- made in just the hion that entire ls, ceilings and roofs built in the usual es of dwellings. The nels swing like the es of a book and spective home build- can thus see and feel Unique Photograph of Airplane with Its Nose Stuck in the Roof of a House e combinations of iterials they choose from before telling taining the pilot and his ee ce Ae —-amnangge ———— a ee nr mechanician contractor to go ahead. The mechan- dove onto the roof of a house where it of this display, which is called a “visible stuck, resembling, from a distance, a huge iilder,” include facilities for instantly at- bird perched on the top of the residence. hing or detaching the frame-house Although it struck with a severe jolt that nel or the stucco-house panel with in- threw the men against the front edge of ining of heat insulation. With the the cockpit, neither was seriously injured The plane, however, was badly damaged and a hole torn in the roof. Boy Scouts Learn to Stuff Animals Every Saturday aiter- noon, a group of Boy Scouts troops up to the American Museum of Nat- ural History in New Yorl city for a free lesson in the science of stuffing preserving animals. course is given to encout age the study of outdoo: lite. A taxidermy merit badge is awarded for su perior work. Each boy 1 given personal instruction itil. of Building and Insulating Materials Conveniently Arranged in ii preserving and mount Swinging Panels for Inspection by Prospective Home Owners ing animals so that he may prepare specimens in vy showing the rate of heat loss of a realistic manner and also become tamil panel, the future fuel costs of the iar with the habits and haunts of various ling are considered. creatures.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Fishermen's Nets and Seines Constant Preying on the Salmon Keep the Cannerix Filled, but Continual Inroads on the Supp! Are Partly Balanced by Hatchery Stock and Protected Grounds from Which Ne Schools Are Furnished to Depleted Wate:

— <—_Seenr om ~~" et Se + 2s alls ee ee “he | 4 Battle to Save Salmon from Extinction Government Scientists Hatch New Stock to Replenish Streams Depleted by Commercial and Amateur Anglers \ HUSKY salmon leaping a falls is a The bureau obtains the eggs of s = sight that thrills a sportsman. A_ on, trout and other fish, hatches t! number of rainbow trout lying motionless and raises the baby fish to a size wl in a deep pool tempts the artist to try they can safely fend for themselves, his skill. then returns them to the streams and s¢ The sporting and artistic sides of fishing, Without this work, supplemented by t however, are backed by the practical work limitation on packers’ catch, the sal of the government bureau of fisheries, on probably would have disappeared which sees to it that there is a continued this time. The salmon’s life is a hard o supply of salmon to jump over the falls and while nature provided him in sufficie or fill the packer’s cans, and a constant numbers to cope with his natural enemi supply of trout to thrill the artist and take it failed to make provision for the inro the fisherman’s fly. Likewise the govern- made by the fishermen’s nets and sein ment bureau and its hatcheries endeavor Civilization has been hard on the to protect and restock other varieties of | wherever it appeared. On the Atlant the river and ocean fish, and as a side coast the salmon, once the pride ot line protects the seals of the Arctic. streams of the north Atlantic, has virtua

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POPULAR MECHANICS Special Car for Men and Shipping Tanks; Below, Res- cue ~S Hauling Fish Back to Main Stream after High Water Stranded Them Removing the he MY Spawn from Rain- Eggs for Ship- a, how Trout ment

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POPULAR MECHANICS Bent f the Spawning Grounds, Jum>ing a Natvral La Falls in Rapid St owimmers Sometimes Surme cts with Ay

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POPULAR MECHANICS Catching Fish to Collect Spawn for the Hatchery ippeared. In twenty-eight rivers be- This peculiarity has one inevitable re- een New York and the Canadian border — sult. Since each stream is visited only by salmon once spawned. Today only a __ the fish hatched in it, when the ascending thousand survive, and the Penobscot salmon are all once caught and propaga ne receives their vi:its. On the Pacific tion prevented, that stream ceases to h¢ st a similar process was under way a salmon stream. No other salmon will en the government stepped in in time visit it. It can be restocked only artificially save the remnants of the salmon in- There is one unexplained peculiarity ry. In at least one respect the salm- about salmon runs—the return of the is unique among living things. matured salmon to the spawning beds ‘hed in some quiet lake or stream at The runs are not uniform from year to headwaters of a great river, it stays year, high years being followed by lea: re tor a.longer or shorter period ac- ones in cycles of some regularity. ling to the species, and then swims to Almost the entire commercial catch ot i—where, no marknows. Forsome_ salmon is made from the mature school it stays “in. undiscovered ocean on their way to the spawning grounds is, but mever. does it forget its. birth- The work of the fisheries bureau dates When it‘has attained maturity, it back as far as 1871, when Congress-ordered ns again to the spot. where life began, the selection of one man to make a study ere spawns and dies. The period of | of the diminishing fish supply The fol nce varies with different species, but lowing year artificial propagation of food ve this common homing instinct fish was authorized, and in 1888 the first where life began for them, there it commissioner of fish was appointed. To end, and there their descendants day the bureau has grown to 500 employes likewise start life. and operates Seventy-three fish hatcl

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POPULAR and six specially designed railroad cars for transporting live fish in tanks. In addi- tion many states have their own fish hatcheries and license their fishermen. Both the national and state fish hatch- eries are interested not only in the protec- tion and improvement of commercial fish- ing, but likewise stock streams and lakes for the sportsman and amateur angler. Millions of trout and bass, the two favor- ite game fish of the sportsman, are placed in the country’s rivers and lakes each year. In connection with its work, the federal fisheries bureau recently commented on the increasingly large number of persons, state officials, commercial fishermen, sportsmen’s organizations and others, who are assisting in the fisheries-conservation task. It also called attention to the fact that the commercial fisheries of the country have long constituted one of our most valuable national assets, but that it is only recently that the fish of our minor interior waters have come to be con- sidered by the general public as a resource. Some idea of the commercial value of the fish of inland waters caught by anglers was given recently by the fish commis- sioner of Minnesota. Pianting Hatchery-Raised Trout in Stream in Yellowstone Park MECHANICS He estimated the value of the fish t from the waters of Minnesota, Wisco and Michigan in one year at approxim: $6,500,000. Minnesota,’ which boast its 10,000 lakes and innumerable stre as well as a considerable frontage on Superior, led the list with $3,000,000 w of food caught in a single year by ama anglers. Wisconsin was second wit! estimated catch of $2,125,000 and Mic! third with $1,275,000, these figures resenting the food value alone. While the federal government undertaken to regulate the deep-sea ing, no attempt has been made to co the laws governing commercial fishi: the Great Lakes. Each state has its laws, and frequently the regulations a: such conflict that while fishermen of state are limited to hand lines, a from an adjoining state will be fi alongside with nets, or when the fi men from the first state are forbidde: fish at all, they can sit on shore and the smoke of their rivals right off t frcnt door.

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POPULAR MECHANICS ino with Quarter-Tone Notes Gives New Jazz Effects effects in jazz will be made pos- it is claimed, by the invention in iny of a quarter-tone piano which ces sounds described as a cross be- the gliding airs of a ukulele and a and the exotic ils of a Chinese piano. The fas- ne effect that is to be produced, is ned by having two one tuned to lard pitch and the a quarter-tone connected with a board on which red brown keys are in- d between the ordi- black and white Should the inven- find favor with mu- ns, it is expected to ise a revolution in the ufacture of musical ruments. Not only the ear have to be- e accustomed to dis- nguishing intervals of a quarter of.a tone, the whole technique piano playing will be inged. Women. with mall hands will be elim- ited as pianists, since new octave will re- re greater span. The tire mechanism of ng will_also ‘become greatly compli- ited, as there will be one-third more keys. i Razor Strop of Folded Newspapers Gives Blade Keen Edge Ordinary newspapers folded together in i thick strip and held between wire clips uake a satisfactory substitute for a regu- leather razor rop, according European in- tor. The ink the paper is d to assist in ing a keen, pulling edge consequently mooth ‘shave. resh strop can prepared in a moments and it is especially conven- ior the traveler and camper. 623 Paper Umbrellas Shield Prize Roses from Heavy Rains and Sun As an aid to the production of prize roses, a Pacific coast florist has invented a tiny umbrella which is placed over the buds just before they burst into full bloom to shield them from heavy rains and shade Adjusting Paper Umbrella over Unfolding Petals of Rose Being Grown for Exhibition, to Protect Them from Storms and Sun them if the sun’s rays become too strong. The covering is formed of wax paper in the shape of a cone and is about eight inches in*diameter at the base. It is supported on a light frame of twisted wire attached to a wooden pole pressed into the ground beside the bush. Why Cigar Smoke Is Blue Smoke from good tobacco appears blue because its infinitely small particles catch only the shorter wave lengths of light of that color, according to sejentists. The smoke, in reality, is a dark brown, the blue being merely the reflection of the light waves, itis said. When held in the mouth, it cools somewhat, and the small particles are joined into larger ones which catch the whole light, so that when exhaled, the smoke—as every smoker has observed— appears nearly white or colorless.

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624 POPULAR Mirror to Measure Clouds’ Speed Aids Weather Forecasters $y measuring the speed and direction of clouds from their reflections in a black mirror, weather observers are able to es- M. A. Robinson of Government Weather Bureau Esti- mating Wind’s Speed by Cloud Reflections timate the velocity of winds at high alti- tudes and gather other data useful in mak- ing forecasts. As the clouds sail by, their movements are checked accurately through peepholes in a horizontal extension, set to measure reflections at a fixed height. The mirror is inclosed in a graduated cir- cular frame and distances are computed with specially devised rulers. Time is measured with a stop clock which registers seconds. The device is sometimes used in High-Pressure, Compound Locomotive ‘shat Embodies New Principles, Starting on Trial to Test Speed, Power and Efficiency MECHANICS connection with pilot balloons and been found convenient at several stat as only one man is required to operat Alaska Railways Save on Light Railroading in Alaska has its ad tages because of the almost continuou sunshine there during the summer months. Switch lights on a part of main line of the government’s road turned out early in June and not relight until fall. The three and a half miont! of unbroken daylight render unneces the use of the lamps as danger signa open switches, making the railway only one in America where this condit exists. A considerable saving in ope ing expenses is effected in conserving supply of illuminating oil and eliminati: the labor entailed in keeping the la: filled and lighted each night. High-Pressure Freight Engine Built for Greater Pulling Power Tests with a high-pressure freight | motive specially built for the Delay and Hudson railroad company were « ducted not long ago to determine the gine’s pulling power and general efficie under actual working conditions. monster tractor is of a compound type is designed to operate under 350 pou: steam pressure. The normal amount from 185 to 200 pounds in the average « gine. An increase in boiler space wit! great addition to the dead weight was 0: of the aims of the builders who adopted several changes in construction. tests were highly satisfactory.

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World’s Progress Hastened by Inventions Seeking New and Improved Methods and Machines to Do Man's Labor, Many Industries Spur Search with Offers of Reward | ) SPITE the fleetness with which could produce a cylinder true within “the evelopments in science and industry thickness of an old shilling.” But the ken their places in the service of effort resulted in the marvelous assort luring the past few centuries, untold ment of machine tools which are today remain to be solved, powerful among the best accessories that human n forces are to be harnessed and = mind and hand ever produced ources of new wealth uncovered lhe motion-picture machine, ith: demands for time and labor-sav- been remarked, does for time what tl +} ] ods and devices are constantly telescope did for space, drawing out rapid notwithstanding the fact that ma- movements so that they can be examined nov performs most of the labor i! d watched und r almost al speed tactory and office. Roentgen Tavs, a ded by specia screen 1 ‘ad we eat, the soap we use, cot- reveal the secrets of the human body onc 1\ ' chewing gum, cigarets, almost hidden from the eyes of surgery, and the ‘le of necessity, is now wrapped selenium cell that can be as easily affected iery that does from two to forty by light as the eye, has been brought to work of one man. Inthe steel the service of man. With all the thou one or two attendants with un- = sands of advances, it has been pointed out devices can replace ten to twenty that we still live within narrow limita ling by hand. Giant traveling tions. E. E. Fournier D’Albe, prominent natch up loads it would require — scientist, calls attention to many ques iment of workers to move, in less’ tions still to be solved and new benefits ind with more ease. In glass fac- to commerce yet to be found. bottle machines can produce as Fogs that disorganize shipping, railway is fifty-four operators using the old transportation, and overland transport ods, and in coal mines an automatic must some time be met with a successful evor with twelve attendants takes combating device Instruments will be place of 150 men. Business offices are devised wi which a person equipped with machinery that keeps around a distant corner, and pene makes out statements, adds, calcu- to the bottom of streams and lakes ] id subtracts with a speed and pre- now a few fathoms of water c is more than human. conceal submerged objects ilmost impossible to realize the ion every tele Ities that were faced by the early the users ca ntors who the an- acro tors of : dist devices. Som. n Watt j 3 may be ted the ilso the or appli- in exist- lamper avia for tion. While ning his X-rays dis ders and close the inte first ones rior of bodies ed from attention 1 e truly cir- called to the by half : fact that they nch. Then : . do not permit the bor- j ; the study ol mill, in- a . the surfaces 01 , A ted by Wil- the bone, and y Wil E. Robertson, Commissioner of Patents, with Patent No ‘ 7 ox . on, that 1,500,000, Issued to Simon Lake for New Submarine while the m1

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POPULAR MECHANICS published by Popular Mechanics M zine, many new problems have been mitted by manufacturers and indivir seeking to acquire new ideas valualh them. These, with the offers heret included in the plan and which have peared in this magazine, will be foun: the following pages with the amount the awards the manufacturers are w to pay for successful solutions. $2,000—Preservative for Cheese We are packers and distributors of cottage which is sold to the grocery trade in stone j sealed paper cups is cheese spoils rapidly maximum life is one week in cool weather ; one days m hot weather. This makes it impossible product to be marketed beyond a local area. W pay the sum of $2,000 for a method of proces preserving ¢ age ecse, Satistactory to us, to sweet and fresh for : ‘ two weeks after p Henry Ford, as He Was Twenty Years Ago, Driving regardless " t Such method the First Auto He Built be in accord wit! all pr ood la and must 1 the flavor or appearance th oe se. This tre arms of minute or- might possibly be ac« mplished by some met! . : ‘ .% , pasteurization and then im packing 11 1! ranisms, there vet remain invisible to the glass containers. This ofles ends May 1, 19 human eye deadly germs which annually S7ess, North Shore Food Products Company, 1 - , a ‘- . = orga . I . i axo, : 1s take great toll of life by disease. All these are but a few of the greater prob- $500—Automatic Grease —_ lems which, the scientist says, require the Carr Fastener Company, manufactur solution. With each ady ance, new ay “Dot” high pressure lubricati ng system ‘fos aut - “a. . and industrial equipme: t, will pay the sum of $ en:ies of demand are opened up. Skill is a reservoir grease cup which can be filled thi drawn upon for its contribution to lighten Pot grease gun, and which will thereafter feed « the i] Pat . or s ar ah : grease onto a bearing at a slow and con ie toil of the worker and reduce the ele There is a tendency in spring-actuated ment of time. Everywhere thought is grease cups for the grease to feed rapidly when is full, due to the tight compression of the sprn being devoted to better Ways of manufac- as the cup empties the spring expands and ha ture, greater safety and speed in travel _ tension, and the grease is- fed more slowly : eb ; it “PSA Se spring is used, this tendency must be compensat and less expensive methods of carrying in some way, or else some principle other than a s on industrial development. must be devised. All plans or models submitted E ; ar . . = be judged for their value solely by this concer {forts are not confined to the technical offer expires May 1, 1925. Address, Carr 1 minds and the trained researcher. In- Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts. deed, many of the things wanted will 1, . , = $500—Use for Button Molds probably come from those who have no ae ection whatever with the field in An amount up. to $500, depending on the | . . . value of ideas, wi 1 paid yY a concern equipp« which the inventions are needed. make button molds, for a ways of using mol Moved by the announcements of which buttons formerls eS — es ‘ ° “4 “ . olds sent or request Address, robien Industrial Award Plan, originated and lar Mechanics Magazine, Chicago, Mlinois croscope rev eals Lo dat shld > — Qf Mergentha‘er, Inventor of Linot Machine. Ancient Form of B and Part of Volume Written Ne 5,000 Years Ago

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POPULAR MECHANICS ia Builder of First Successful Reaper, cats oo? Cyrus H. McCormick, and Machine At Aly in Operation ~ * xi Le

~ 3500—Uses for Button-Mold Machines the merit of the suggestion, a sum satistactory suggestions machines em ed im Address Problem HA-2, ne, Chicago, Illinois The May 1, 1925. $250—Slogan and Sales Plan { rhe Co , $100—Ink Formula manufactures and markets a : da “Atenthine witch’ monneanen In nav il architects’ offices, th nd voice and benefiting with multitudes of detailed parts necessitates the use improves the voices of tracing sheets printed with border li ind tit! tarrh, hay fever, et blo “Ss of stamped with conventional logan or phrase which quently these blocks must | hat P ove properties in a very so forth, necessitating ¢ m be c | a lan that will aid les to the retail druggists through ways, but are apt to spoil all the w will pay the sum of $250 rhe at best, result m_a lack of crisp: will alone determine the value work For an ink nd plans to their business iy 1, ing machi t l g date of this offer Address will ist Twelfth Street, New York e desig ing of ships e ions Fre rding and ent ink ] atist ) ches and fa in largely ink marks These do not interfere ith printing » satiofas ruins the tracing cloth with | $250—Article to Manufacture yan Machine Shops will pay the sum of ahi e person submitting to them an article la . : t tr Shee Gee Geeteed aueehiens $5,000—Animated Drawings Forging and welding artmet ' negineeritr i 1 architect nd brass foundry cay | neluded. The electric ils and parts tor s, commutato an article at somethir } ginec » especially design ] there all en ston uyan Machi: $1,000—Detonator for Explos‘ves donor, Mr. Frank Lesh, will pay the sum of met 1 of exy ng a n cap 1 1 to explode und without need of attachments is 1 n cost and notaries s his concern ut ny methods and will ‘ - ._ will be generously rewardec » the worth of any plans offered. It may : il rrange ent could be brought about by $100- -Drafting Improvements otter hold rood until Mav 1, 1925. Ad- In any draftine 1 t t} e n enorn « Casper, Wyoming. ot tume wasted in doing ta that KS lat, tor method

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628 POPULAR relics of darker ages. For the best list of salient and glaring faults which are now standard practice in drafting. procedure, between the time the drawing is started and the last tracing made. the donor will pay the sum of $100. Opposed to the faults should. be recommended a remedy for each. Receipt of lists will be witnessed by a notary; all lists will be copied, returned as witnessed, and a mimeographed circular all entrants. The foregoing three offers close sent te ’ Address Problem NA-1. 1, 1925, $20,000—Static Eliminator The National Company, “Pericct Vernier Condenser” and velvet vernier dials, offer to pay the sum of $10,000 in percentage from sales profits for either of the following devices that will meet the approval of this company, who are to be sole judge of whether or not the said devices are acceptable to them: A satisfactory static or interference eliminator. work in conjunction with a radio-receiving set that car be manufactured on a commercial and nominal price, and, A highly efficient fixed condenser of small size large « with a rupturing voltage of at volts maximum. Said condenser to be entirely from any other device of this nature now in On acceptance hy the National Company, both of the above devices, an arrangement wil th the inventor whereby a percentage of profits rived from the sales of same will be paid until such tage aggregates the sum of $10,000 for each This offer expires May 1, 1925. Models drawings may be submitted, but in either case return postage must be_ included. Address, The National Company, Incorporated, Cambridge, 39, Massachusetts $5,000—New Product for Manufacture The Wollensak Optical Company of ochester. .N. ¥.. inufacturers of photographic lenses A shutters ant s of the Bios« ype pocket binocular and Por kescope te'escope, are recept e to an rgestions for which could most logically be offered for dealers ho are now handling their products he st inter suggestions could be so!d through optical, 1 the Inco porated, makers of tor basis sold at pacity east diff fre percer de\ c or make poc ket merc} si new indise sale v This concern would este in for merchandise that tographic or sporting-goods They would only be interested in a product could be hand'ed to advantage by their present equiy ment. Thev are equipped to manufacture any sort of optical unit or any kind of small mechanical job involv- stores which OFFERS ANNOUNCED MECHANICS ing the use of screw machines, presses and cust machine-shop equipment. For any such product prove acceptable to them, they will enter into a ; agreement with the inventor or the one who the suggestion, awarding royalties until such ti the sum total of the royalties amounts to $5.00 flat sum, agreeable to both parties, may be arr No Wollensak employe nor any member of families will be entitled to submit suggestions offer. The suggestion can be offered in the for: drawing with comp'ete description, in the fort written suggestion or as a working model. This ends Julv 1, 1925. Address all entries to Wol Optical Company, 1415 Clinton Ave., Rochester $1,000—Process for Hard-Glossed Candies The Happiness Candy Stores, Incorporated, w the n ot $1,000 for the exclusive rights to a f method of manufacturing hard-glossed candies will not impair in any way either the appeara eating qualities of the candy, but will prevent coming sticky or losing its gloss when exposed t itmospheric conditions. $1,000—Non-Discoloring Chocolate will be 4 Incorporated, tor to a formula or method of manu coating which will not impair either the ance or eating qualities of the same, but will | it from turning gray or dull when exposed to pheric conditions. The above two awards of them will be paid only if and when a sufficient f the formulas or methods submitted has prove to be in every respect satisfactory and Happiness Candy Stores, Incorporated, and that will neither violate any pure-food | upon the rights of anyone, of all of which Stores, Incorporated, will be the s rs expire May 1, 1925 Ad H: Incorporated, 202 Harris Avenu New York I hie of Candy Stores, sum $1,000 uid by the Hay the exclusive acturing cl or a accept ise iws nor i the Hay le judge dress ippine » Lo é 1 res Many Additional! Offers Will Appear in the OCTOBER ISSUE IN PREVIOUS ISSUES All of These Offers Expire May 1, 1925 CONTINENTAL CAR COMPANY OFFERS $5,000 in royalties for hoist for dump bodies operated by motor vehicle from driver's seat with power from engine; $1,000 under like arrangement for new toy or article of household furniture to be made from lumber scraps of truck bodies. Also $5,900 in royalty arrange- ment for air-dumping device to be controlled from loco- motive by engineer. $1.000 IS OFFERED BY KIRSTIN COMPANY for improvements in F ; and reductions in cost of manufacture and distribution amounting to twenty per cent. ‘il-Gsage FOR A NEW METHOD WHEREBY SCRAP leather in a glove factory can he profitably disposed of, Eisendrath Glove Company f will pay sum of $5,000. NATIONAL SLATE ASSOCIATION WILL pay $200 for best suggested new use for slate; other accepted suggestions paid for in proportion to value. WILLIAM H. MITCHELL COMPANY WILL pay $500 for three new uses suggested for low-voltage generators which they adopt as part of sales plan. FOR AN ANTI-FREEZING INGREDIENT FOR an emulsified asphaltic concrete S. D. Hofheimer will pay the of GRANITE STATE MOWING I $ sum $500. MACHINE COM- pany offers $500 in cash and royalties for working drawings for gasoline-motor lawn mower accept for manufacture and marketing. NATIONAL BRASS COMPANY WILI $300 for design of key guide that can be made oi metal and which will properly fit escutcheon p! similar material. IN FOUR AWARDS OF $500, $250, $150 $100, the South Bend Lathe Company offers pay for four best ideas for new and practicable attachr for screw-cutting engine lathe. FOR A PRACTICAL INEXPENSIVE MI by which carbonization can he prevented in por oil burners of vaporizing type, Aeroil Burner Con will pay $500. THE YELLOW CAB MANUFAC company offers an award of $50,000 for a lan of traffic and pedestrian correction and regu! meluding mechanical devices, regulations, et« promotion of greater street safety. Satis! $10,000 FOR A NEW MUSICAL INSTRUMI which can be incorporated in any orchestra band and will take a place among the present fami musical instruments accepted by the rank of pla Lyon & Healy, Inc. or

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BEST ne-heate ned utacturi HI is 1 bl Everhot Mat WILL BE | | the est PAID suggestec } xt preceding. OCESS BY WHICH Y WHI r CH L , can I Cc ME SU blowtor award ot $590 POPULAR MECHANICS GGESTED IMPROV! ch and soldering and will be pai ng Company. BY THE ABOVE CON 1 new use for the device Other cash awards i OX be saved a ZINC THAT IDIZES es can nd used. IN to EATHER WAS! he disposed ot at ED WILL I , } library pa ACH or a reased mpany I sales of tl rHOD O} ises, urns, ANCHORING etc., to ert NI } HAT CAN BE MA g in making MEAS UGGESTING Proportionate } EW FORM . cent , 1 IDACK ELECTRIC PROCESS ( vill pay $1,0 ESCHER BAND INST er Ic yVCle TFACTURED BY PLAN‘ wheel rims Award NOVEL, PRACTICAITI entilating fans, blowe nd gregating tri iwards ag lig ku a total VARIABLE CON the Phenix Radio Corpora TOOL CORPORATION for satistact hammer met AN ng-current mo PD-1 ‘ WHICH WILL MAKI not impair it } RUMENT those now used ACCEPTED COMPANY Marconi, Dis- coverer of Wire'ess and Instrument Room on the Liner ‘‘Phila- delphia’”’ ELECTRIC HE ll operate and inte wi Imperial Brass ( self-heating ympany oO} scral 100 FOR PLAN ’ n\ pany DISCOVERY Ol x ¢ FOR AN AUTOMATI rt ‘ ¢ ele A t cK il Lumber M pr ation SKYROCKI FOR ' MOTOR-OPERATED THE GEMCO MA | lwo ATING WILL BE PAID IN SEVERAL AWARD ELEMENT wit! ‘ il WHICH ] ‘ er yt Imp il Y DISPOS PROFITABI s. Bassick Manufacturing \RBO Awa FREEZEPROOF SODA l ( ‘ srers’ As STICK ! HANDSA Full Details Regarding the Previous Offers Listed Above May Be Obtained by \ddressing the Bureau of Information, Popular Mechanics Magazine.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Bridge That Will Link Two States to Be Nearly Two Miles Long At dizzy heights on slender, sagging cables, workmen are putting into reality a dream more than 100 years old—the great Delaware river bridge between Phil- adelphia and Camden that will link Penn- sylvania and New Jersey with the longest suspended roadway human ingenuity has yet achieved. The span will be 1,750 feet, 154 feet longer than that of the Williams- burg bridge in New York, and with theap- Views of the Mighty Delaware River Suspens Bridge under Construction; a Wooden Footpath { the orkers Is Being Built on Cables Stretche from Tower to Tower proach plazas, will have a total length 9,600 feet. The cost of the main structu: alone is placed at $9,000,000, while the e pense of the approaches and the proper damages will bring the total to near $29,000,000. The bridge will be of the tw: cable suspension type, a style finally ce cided upon because of lower’ maintenan: costs, better appearance, less exposed su face and a constantly clear passage: f ships in the river below. It will be 13 feet above mean high water for 800 fe« in the center of the span. Each of th mighty cables will contain 18,666 strand of galvanized wire and will be constructe to withstand a strain of more than 36,000 000 pounds. The ponderous lines are tie to great masses of concrete on eithe shore, more than 75,000 cubic yards of thi material being placed below ground t hold them. From their granite piers t the center of the cable, the towers, con taining nearly 19,000,000 pounds of stee are a little over 347 feet high and th: height above the roadway floor is 240 feet. The bridge will afford passage fo six lines of vehicles, two lines of surfac« cars, two for rapid-transit trains, and will have two ten-foot sidewalks.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 631 urgeons Patch Up Man's Heart Landscapes Portrayed in Feathers to Cure Painful Disease Rival Colorful Oil Paintings smplete recovery of a patient operated Using only bird feathers, a Boston n in a Vienna hospital by two Ameri- woman has made picturesque landscape surgeons for an extremely painful of heart disease has been reported as aroused considerable interest ng physicians from all parts of the | The operation involved severing of the nerves of the organ, and was cely performed that the subject ts to have suffered no serious after ef- ind was relieved instantly of the se- pasms associated with his malady. lliant surgical achievement is also | to have contributed much to ex <nowledge of the organ’s actions it is believed, will assist in future tment of some forms of heart disease. Dummy Rabbit Hitched to Motor- cycle Draws Dogs to Race 1 ( 1 t

\rranged to be fastened at the side of otorcycle, a coursing device carrying lummy rabbit that rides a small wheel ; . Co.orful Landsc Made with the Feathers of Parro heen patented to lead fleet dogs in Pima gy Baggy Reet et. Paqeet.

ling races. As the machine speeds er the ground, the imitation quarry is scenes that are said to be as colorful as used to bob up and down to give the any paintings done in oil. Placed in vari- pearance of a live hare in motion. The ous positions on a white background, the elocity of the motorcycle is kept at the bright plumes of peacocks, ostriches, par- te which will not outdistance the canine rots, pheasants, ducks and other fowls appear as forests, water- falls, hills and bushes. Fastened to the canvas and framed, the feathers present a decoration that is both novel and pleasing Socket Wrench and Hammer in One Fitting nuts of various sizes or hub caps of small automobiles, an ad justable socket wrench that also can be con- verted into a hammer, has been placed on the market. It may be used on all six-sided or square nuts ranging from three eighths to one and one

. ’ - . ccewc! year] ) C e »e . p of = ; soos tp, Matecerce Oey an half inches in diameter A hammer cap for one irsuers. Running paths wide enough to side of the jaws gives the tool perfect commodate both the vehicle and a large balance when used for pounding. The mber of dogs are prepared on level jaws are specially adapted to battered nuts ound and kept free of obstructions. and are clamped quickly into place.

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ee ee ee POPULAR MECHANICS Seat of Kings, in Use for Centuries, Is Still Well Preserved Occupying one of the pedestals in West- minster Abbey, is the stately chair in which English kings for hundreds of years have Polishing Ancient Seat Which English Kings for Centuries Have Occupied When Receiving the Crown sat during impressive coronation cere- monies. Beneath the richly carved upper portion of the seat rests the ancient Stone of Destiny on which Celtic kings were crowned for many years. It was brought from Scone, Scotland, in 1296 by Edward I. Careful treatment has preserved the chair from the ravages of time. Electric Tester for Silk and Wool Tells Fabric’s Worth Based on a scientific discovery that natural silk and animal wool are highly insulating when placed in contact with an electrified object, an Italian experi- menter has devised a testing device for measuring the quality of such textiles. Made in the shape and size of an alarm clock with glass front and back, the ap- paratus has a metal plate running down- ward through the center from a button at the top of the instrument. Clamped to it on each side are two other similar plates that hold squares of gold leaf pressed flat against the main blade. When operating, these plates are pulled away from the ce ter one by means of handles, leaving t gold leaf loose at one end. Then ¢t device is charged with electricity by pa ing a piece of hard rubber rapidly ba and forth across the top button, whi causes the thin sheets of gold to be ai tracted toward the center plate so t! they lie in a horizontal position. The si or wool to be tested is then touched to t top button. If its quality is pure, the go! leaf will remain in its level fixture, but the textile is mixed, the leaves will slow fall back to a vertical position. Ot! fibers, such as artificial silk and cotto flax, hemp and vegetable materials cause a sudden drop of the leaves if ap- plied to the knob. Pin Holder and Tray Are Combined for Use in Office or Home Combining a pin holder and receptac! for paper clips, hairpins or knickknack a tray has been invented for use on dressing table or an office desk. Wher paper of pins is correctly folded and placed between the two plates of the article, one row of pins projects so that they can be readily re- moved, while the trays at each side hold the loose, small things. Neatly mani factured of brass or aluminum, it can | used as an advertising medium, keepin the “ad” before the recipient almost i: definitely. Handle of Shaving Brush Holds Soap and Talcum Powder Contained in compartments in t! handle of a shaving brush, soap and ta cum powder can be quickly supplied wh« eile needed throug Cones |) openings cot _Taucune | trolled by rotat able caps. T! soap can be fe directly to th: bristles and tl! powder can bp: shaken from small magazin ‘| which fits into tl ee hollow cylinde that forms a retainer for the soap. By r moving the talcum box, both sections ca be refilled.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Nested in Accessible Recesses alon PSSeeseinee Seease: WH I es Its Hull, Lifeboats G've the “Catalina” a Unique Appearance, but Are lose to the Water and Easi-y Launched Liner’s Lifeboats Hung in Nooks to Make Launching Easy Lifeboats hung from davits that are ung in recessed apertures along the le of the ship, give a novel appearance the $1,000,000 liner “Catalina,” which ; recently gone into service between Los ngeles and Catalina island. The un- ial design is said to make it very easy to nch the boats in a rough sea, owing to helter given in the lee of the ship, and comparatively short drop to the sur e of the water. Hole Ten Miles Deep Is Suggested to Utilize Earth’s Heat tilization of the internal heat of the th as a source of power is worth under- ing as an international scientific entet e, according to E. W. Rice, Jr., hon- chairman of the board of directors the General Electric company at the eting of the World Power conference ondon. He suggested the boring of a eat hole, ten or twelve miles deep, in e convenient or suitable place to use heat. The cost of this experiment, he would be trivial compared with the ue of the possible information which geht be gained by the investigation into s unexplored region of the earth. a Cake Baked in the Form of a Book Is Cut into Hundred Pieces Baked in the form of a book, a huge cake from which more than a hundred pieces were cut, was presented by the Northern Pacific railway to the Kiwanis club of Fargo, N. Dak., at a banquet. Ponderous Cake “Volume” from which One H and Fifteen Pieces Were Cut at Banquet Coloring, “binding” and were executed in skilled pastry chefs. artistic lettering realistic fashion by

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POPULAR MECHANICS Librarians with Portable Book-Lending Service from Public Libra Who Select Their Reading from Shelves That Are Bowling-Ball Polisher and Brake Helps Game and Protects Players Bowling balls are kept free from dust, grease or other foreign matter and play- er’s fingers are protected from bruises by a patented felt-lined collar arrangement placed at the end of the return track. As the ball mounts the incline, it through the ring, receiving a light brush- ing and polishing, and its speed is slack- ened, the collar acting as a brake so that the ball will not bump against the others. passes Joe Falcaro, Champion Bowler, Testing an Alley Equipped with Felt-Lined Ball Brake and Polisher eer A aS AV ME ony 12 eR ae ae. Sareea te he Be Issuing Books to Hospital Patients heeled to the Bedsides Library on Wheels Serves Patients in Hospitals at Bedsides To accommodate patients of the city hospitals, the public library of Portland Oreg., has established a_ book-lendi: service which is distributed from shelve equipped with wheels. The racks are moved about the wards and the patien may select their reading at their bedside It is said the improvement generally i sures the person literature more suited to his taste than that chosen or brought b visitors. miniature library is charge of a librarian and an assistant wl make the rounds of the institutions at re ular intervals. The®ervice is ¢claime to be of great value in creating a state o mind helpful to the patients by divertin their thoughts from their condition. ry i he U.S. to Be Linked to South America by Two Air-Mail Lines New York will be linked to South Ame: ica by two swift air-mail lines, accordin to ._present plans. Passenger service 01 both will be added eventually, it is ex pected. One of the routes will be betwee! New York and Buenos Aires, extendin along the eastern coast of the Unite

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POPULAR MECHANICS tes to Key West, ice to the West In- by way of Cuba, rto Rico and Haiti, king the first stop in ith America at Ven- la. From there, the nes will fly over Co- hia, Brazil, Peru, guay to Argentina. e other line will ex- d to Barranquilla, mmbia, where it will nect with the present route which has been operation for several rs between that city Bogota. The pro- ed lines will greatly luce the twenty - nine s now required for an terchange of letters be- een New York and nos Aires. 1 Lip Reading Taught by Movie Camera earning lip reading is le easy by an inven- n for taking stereo- opie pictures of the iman mouth in speech. lirect views of the lips action as well as pic- res from an angle are tained through the use mirrors so arranged sinieteien: Wiiitienessth i iahiceadl at tl e model can be Pulling Huge Saw Log to Distant Mill across Deep Ravine on Aerial Trolley een from the side as well Cainer Saves Expense and Long Hau from the front, thus wing the position of the mouth when Aerial Trolley Brings Logs to Mill he speaker’s head is turned. The films : : re studied through a special glass and Reducing Cost of Transportation ‘e run slowly to permit close study. As lumbermen advance farther into forest domains, the problem of economi- - cally transporting the logs to the mill from rugged and almost inaccessible territory is becoming increasingly important. Own- ers of a wooded tract in Washington not long ago were faced with this situation and finally solved it by erecting an aerial tramway over a deep ravine. Logs were ~hed , heeled rrier and lled attached to a wheeled carrer and pullet ( to the saws with a donkey engine by means of a cable and winding drum. To vet the lumber to the railroad, they built a suspension bridge 210 teet long, and on this rigged another carrier to save the cost of building a spur from the main line. Underwood & Underwood . ; [American mules are being purchased in Stereoscopic Camera, Roll of Film and Mirrors Used q ; a ‘ 7 } Bis in Taking Motion Pictures of Mouth Germany to replace oxen 1n larming

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ee ee 636 POPULA R MECHANICS Inventor with “‘Talkless Telephone’’ Which Transmits Conversa- tion by Fiashing Lights in Lettered Bulbs ‘““Talkless Phone’’ Helps Deaf-Mutes to Converse over Wire So that deaf-mutes can carry on versations by con- “talkless phone” has been invented which trans mits messages over the wires by a system of flashing lights. With a keyboard some- what similar to that on a typewriter, the words are spelled out by the person doing the “phoning.” As each letter is tapped, in electric bulb, on which the correspond- ing character has been painted, is illumi nated for an instant at the receiving end Deaf and dumb since he was five years old the inventor perfected the apparatus to enable him to communicate quickly with other persons. telephone, a Can You Tell Hot from Cold? The human body cannot always dis tinguish heat from cold, and the latter, if it is cold enough, will burn the flesh, as liquid air does. A simple test, though that proves how the nerves may be con fused in trying to register an impression on the brain may be made with three basins, one containing ice wat: one hot water and the third lul warm water. Insert one hand the cold water and the other the hot for a minute or two, ar then place both in the lukewar basin. To the hand which was the cold water the lukewarm m ture is hot and to the hand whi was in the hot water it appea cold. Making Use of the Shark Formerly regarded as an un sirable inhabitant of the de : when alive and usel when dead, the shark lately come into esteem in commerc circles. Onl from its liver is to have the same medicinal qual ties as that from the cod, shar fin soup is appreciated by Chinese and its eyes, after the have been boiled and _ treated leave a hard residue which for: a sort of opalescent substance f making ornaments and jewel The outer skin is used for polis! ’ feared ing hardwoods and ivory, whi the inner layers are tanned into serviceable leather of different shades and qualities. It is pra tically waterproof and does not crack, and is being employed extensivel in the manufacture of purses, traveling bags and belts Microscope with Measuring Scale Aids Accurate Studies Magnifying and measuring an object the same time is possible with a smal microscope being manufactured in Eng land. fitting close to the object It consists of two lenses, the large! Behind the ‘pues siete See" Microscope Held as in Working Position and Drawins of Measuring Scale before Lens

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POPULAR MECHANICS n tube end of the instrument is a fine e engraved on glass so that dimensions be seen while peering through the jiece. Objects are illuminated through ole at the side of the tube and by ror which throws a diffused light upon article and on the ruled screen to in- accurate readings. Measuring the hes of fine screws and the diameters mall wires and taking accurate botan- observations are some of the uses of convenient microscope. Million Feet of Lumber Is Saved Yearly by Mechanical Pencils ore than a million board feet of saved each year by the use of hanical pencils, according to statistics. e figures showed that, in addition to the ber are 637 family. The party, with guides, num- bered seven. The departure in hunting and fishing expeditions was made pos- sible by the construction of the govern- ment railway in Alaska. The motorboat, ra leads sold, it would have juired 287,000 board feet to [> e ordinary pencils of the | e writing capacity as the Sey Se | 00,000 mechanical ones turned a. 2 | Leads for Metal Pen- | cil Barrels 3 : ts faith. ry ’ \) a: hs Er *; e & right, Underwood & Underwood ——=— -_— out by just one company alone in 1923. No allowance was made for the waste of ood in the stubs that are thrown away. (he total leads sold by a single concern last year, if placed in a straight line, would tretch from New York to San Francisco. Ship and Rails Carry Motorboat into Wilds of Alaska Folding boats and canoes have been ised frequently by big-game hunters, but i San Francisco man on his most recent ioray into inner Alaska carried with him forty-foot cabin cruiser and his entire = | pws Leads and Drawing Metal Tubing to Size - 4 equipped with a 250-horsepower engine, was shipped to Skagway by steamer. There it loaded on a flat car and transported to the Atlin lakes. The rail road was again used to ship the cruiser to Whitehorse, on the Yukon river. The main difficulty was provisioning with ga oline. An oil company solved the prob lem by sending out Indians with dog teams to place 5,000 gallons of “gas” and 260 gallons of oil in caches at White horse, Fort Selkirk, Dawson, Circle City, Fairbanks and other isolated points along the rivers and lakes. The hunters used the boat for three months was without ever being out of touch with their fuel supply. t 4

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Little Ice Factory at Right May Be Run by Hand or Small Motor and Will Freeze a Two-Pound Block in Ten Minutes In This Com- pact and Com- plete Electric Range, the Current Is Turned On or Off by Clock- work to Save Waste and Watching Foods over Hot Stove Time and Money-Saving Tools Twin Shoe - Trees Keep Pairs Together and Are Easily Hung Up: Below, Folding Card Table, like Um- brella, for Outdoor Use There Is Nearly a Whole Kitchen in Cab- inet Below, Which Combines Stove, Ice Box, Drawers, She'ves and Table and Shuts Up like Chiffonier Pretty Effects in Plants and At- tractive Combi- nations of Blos- soms Are Possible at Lit- tle Expense with a Unique Four- 4 Way Flowerpot, an Ordinary Hollow Tile Set in a Saucer Putting Up the Curtain Rods Is Easy if They Are This Style—Flat, Adjustable and with Holes in the Ends That Slip into Little Hook Brackets Anyone wishing further information on devices described in the editorial pages can

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yr Woman’s Workshop in Home == Like Economicall itted to Finger Quick] Done with Oval Above, Potato Press Mashes and _ Flakes Them with Their Jack- ets On and Squeezes Other Vegetables. Right, Putting in a New Chair Seat Is the Work of a Moment with Upholstered Bottom That Is Attached to Frame by a _ Crossbar and Two Screws ———_—_—_—_—-s_ Peeling Vegetables, Scaling Fish and Operations Are and craper tain it by addressing Bureau of Information, Popula: For One or Two - Room A partments, Portable Cabi- besides Drawers and Shelves, Saves Space and Need- less Steps; When Meals Are Cleared Away, Seats and Table Are Pushed Back iV. Any Chair Is Converted Quickly into a High Chair with Folding Canvas-Seat. It Is At- tached by Covered Hooks That Cannot Scratch the Furniture; Below, Beater and i Mixer Run by Water 4 Faucet “ } a) i | aha CR ane Waiters Are Not So Likely to Finger Forks and Carelessly When Shoulder Separates Handle from Bow! Spoons Distinct Bolster or Mechanics Magazine, Chica 639

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610 POPULAR MECHANICS — pn Life of a Circus Elephant, Apparently, Holds Just One Thrill after Another; Portly Jungle Entertainers from India Getting an Air Ride from Ship to London Dock Motorcycle Made into Ambulance by Lengthening the Sidecar Motorcycles that can be converted into ambulances, have been added to the equip- ment otf highway police in one Illinois county. Each machine can carry two per- sons, and when not employed as an am- bulance, is used as an ordinary sidecar. As the motorcycles are ridden by highway police on patrol duty, it is expected that they will prove a big asset in rushing those injured on rural roads to city hospitals. Policeman with a “Patient” in Ambulance Converted from Ordinary Motorcycle Sidecar Tons of Elephants Test Ship Tackle and Skill of Stevedores Unloading a cargo of elephants afte their voyage from Calcutta to England for the exposition at Wembley was a tas! that required the combined skill of steve dores and the animals’ keepers. A sling arrangement of stout hawsers was devised and placed about the creatures’ bodies i such a way that it would not chafe the hide or allow the animals to fall. As soor as the leg chains were released, a signa was given and the jungle giants were swung lightly aloft over the side and landed safely on the wharf by the ship’ powerful derrick which handled the ponderous animals as though they had been bundles or boxes. The work w done without a mishap and to the great delight of scores of thronged the pier onlookers who @Scientists have found what is believed to be the oldest known pen, the bone stylus with which wedge-shaped inscrip- tions were made on the clay tablets of Babylonia.

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Flour and Rock Made from Eggs of Goat Fly in Mexico w peoples have a stranger food than ves in certain parts of Mexico. It is ed “haulte” and is made from the eggs species of water bug, or goat fly, that uid on a particular kind of reed. To ect them, the natives place bundles of branches in the water. After four or eeks, when the lengths have become red with millions of eggs, they are out, dried in the sun and the de gathered by shaking the reeds or them on cloths. The eggs are ground and sold as flour. Nature, makes use of these eggs, for those to the lake bottom become in ted with carbonate of lime, deposited the water, and form the hard nodules characterize the rock of the region. Oddly Decorated Summer Parasols Add Novel Touch to Fashions Sunshades grotesquely decorated with feathers and various kinds of fabrics e appeared at some of the English re- as novelties in summer fashions. De- ns of different kinds of flowers and are worked on them, forming dis ctive touches to the beach or holiday tume. One of the first of this style ore a realistic representation of a cat’s ice of white fur with painted glass eyes. Cat's-Face Design Worked in White Fur on Top of Ordinary Black Parasol POPULAR MECHANICS 641 Fifteen-Foot Sawfish Is Caught after an Hour’s Battle After battling for an hour with a sawfish off the coast of Florida, two sailors suc- ceeded in towing ashore the monster, Giant Sawfish Captured and Killed by Two Sailors after an Hour’s Battle Off Florida which weighed almost a half ton The captive was raised from the water with a small derrick. It measured fifteen feet in length and its long saw was armed with twenty-six sharp teeth down each side. Two gallons of valuable oil, such as is used for lubricating watches, were ob- tained from the liver Linoleum Is a Varied Product Jute from the swamps of British India, woven on the looms of Scotland, linseed oil pressed from the flax seeds of Argen tina, cork taken out of the forests of Spain and Portugal, and kauri gum supplied by the tall kauri trees of New Zealand, form the principal ingredients in the manufac ture of linoleum. Rendered hard by oxi- dation, the linseed oil is mixed with the finely ground cork and proportions of kauri gum, resin and pigments added ac- cording to the ground color desired. The mass is then squeezed into a rough canvas backing and the surface later coated or waterproofed with oil paint. | ; ~~ es : ¢ a '

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“ i ‘4 Tian 642 POPULAR MECHANICS Button-Coverer Uses Waste Cloth and Saves Time for Sewers Almost any size and style of cloth-cov- ered button can be made or matched with « machine that uses clippings which would Easily Operated Machine Which Makes Attractive Cloth-Covered Buttons Out of Left-Overs of Material ordinarily find their way into the waste heap. Chiefly intended for dressmaking establishments, dry-goods and notion stores, but with usefulness that extends to almost all branches of the garment-making industry, the machine is capable of turning out large quantities of buttons rapidly and with economy. It can also be used for at- taching nail-head buttons or evelets. Metal-Boring Insects Cause Mucl Trouble for Phone Users Insects that drill in metal cause mu trouble to telephone companies. There a kind of beetle which bores through t lead covering of cables, allowing moistu to enter and causing short circuits. Le allovs containing tin and lead har ened with antimony are also bored beetles. When metal confines these sects In any way as, for example, when is in contact with wood out of which th: are trying to bore, there are instanc where they have drilled through lead tot ing nearly an inch in thickness. Ther: are several cases reported from Jap where holes have been made in piping us: for water and gas. Most insects are mu attracted by the odor of fermentation a: they often drill through the linings tubs and vats and through lead pipes co taining alcohol Ox Cart, Stage and Locomotive Show Transportation Progress Spanning a gap of more than two hu dred years in one dramatic picture, progress of transportation was illustrat: in a tableau staged by officials of the Gr Northern railway. It depicted the su cessive methods of travel from the ti of the Indians down to the modern o hurning locomotives. The stagecoa and the tiny engine which pulled the fi train on the old St. Paul and Pacific ra way in 1852 were shown. There also vw the original sleeper in which rode some the nation’s celebrated persons includi Abraham Lincoln Copyright, Underwood & Underw Teb'eau That Told Two Hundred Years of Transportation Progress, from the Indian's Primitive Poles on the Right to the Early Days of Steam Heralded by Cumbersome Engine

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When Danger Menaces, Lined Chutes Em- cee Escape Quickly from Dynamite Plant House in Metal- POPULAR MECHANICS 643 —- Harnessing the Power of Dynamite War’s Destructive Force, Turned into Peace-Time Channels, Aids Farms and Industry and Preserves Health VV BEN the World War ended, leaving immense stocks of munitions on ind and all war plants working at capac- ty on orders, many of which the govern- ent could not cancel without seriously srupting employment, Uncle Sam pre- pared to take a huge loss, and did, but the sposal of the apparently’ least-wanted ir stocks—the high explosives -vielded . profit for the country, if not forthe treas- ury. Millions of pounds of superdeadly N.T. and other explosives were set to ork at such prosaic tasks as blasting tumps from newly leared land, turning ip the deep soil in subsoil farming, dig- ing excavations for ew buildings, mak- ng drainage ditches ind canals and open- ng trenches in wamp lands to ibate the mosquito uisance. Con- erted from super- ensitive nitroglyc- rin and T.N.T. in- » comparatively afe dynamite car- Loading a Truck with Round Tubs in Which Smoke- ~ 5.- - , less Powder Is Handled a 275-foot high hill, tridges, the war munitions were distrib- uted by the government, through county farm bureaus and agents, to farmers at the cost of transportation. Thousands of acres of cut-over forest land were cleared of their stumps and prepared for the plow with explosives originally intended for the box barrages in France. The necessity for finding new wavs to dispose of the surplus war. stock may in the long run help the manufac- turers, for dynamite ind blasting pow ders are being more widely used than heretotore to do work formerly done by steam shovels, tractors and horses Recently, when the Southern Pacific railway needed thousands of yards of rock for the ap proaches to the famous trestle across Great Salt Lake, the engineers picked out a

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POPULAR MECHANICS with a 1,000-foot face, near Lakesid Utah, and blew it into crushed rock wit a charge of 150 tons of special blasti powder, removing in one blast sufficie: broken rock to more than complete t! construction job. Blasting has become such an exact sc ence that, in the hands of an expert, e» plosives can be made to perform at desired task. A Connecticut contract: recently dug a 10,000-foot ditch, four fe« deep, four feet wide at the bottom a1 nine feet across at the top, entirely wit dynamite, using 9,000 pounds of expl sives, or slightly less than one pound f each linear foot. Powder and labor bo cost but 25 cents a foot. Louisiana towns are cleaning out stag nant swamps, where mosquitoes former] throve, by digging drainage ditches wit! dynamite, while the explosive engineer have developed an infinity of uses. I: every big conflagration firemen now resort to dynamite to clear a path to stop the spread of the flames. Explosive bom! dropped from airplanes are used now days to break up ice gorges in rivers prevent the backed up water from flood ing the countryside. Dynamite and explosive manufactur Is unique among the industries of t! ceuntry for at least one reason—it is ca ried on among pleasant woods and mea ows and there 1s never any tendency { smoky industrial centers to grow u around a powder factory. A dynamite factory sprawls over thou sands of acres, with each mixing hou tucked away out of sight in its own ind vidual ravine. The widespread charact« of the works is the best safeguard agai a great disaster. One mixing house ma Dynamite and a Quick Pull of Ropes Sent a Five-Ton Smokestack Section Crashing Down without Hitting Power House, a Feat Workmen Were Unable to Do the

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POPULAR MECHANICS 645 Above, ; Gas Jets \ Rubber - Tired Ma- under Cover \ chines in Mixing } Replace \ House Where Ni : Matches When : \\ troglycerin, Brought { Workers . ; ... \ in on the “Angel ou Leave Plant jf " ; \ puewes,** £8 Uy . 2 \ Mingled with Ab- : sorbent Materials to Form Dynamite; F at Left, Bulk Dyna J ( mite Is Being ( a Carted to the Shell } j House Where It Is | Packed into Paper Wrappings and Pre- pared for Shipment Around Nitroglycerin House, Barricades Are Built and Trees Planted as Protection Should Explosions Occur uurtesy E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.

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646 blow up if something goes wrong, but the surrounding hills or sand dunes are counted on to prevent the spread of the blast to other buildings. The mixing houses themselves are built with enormously thick walls, inclosed in wood and earth cribs, but the roofs are quite light, and frequently are hinged, opening at the center to facilitate the up- ward passing of the blast, if one occurs. The materials for explosive making come from many countries. One big com- pany has its own nitrate mines in Chile and operates its own line of ships to bring the output to the United States. Nitrate, used also for fertilizer, is the base of nitric acid and several other ni- trate substances used in making various explosives. Nitroglycerin, which can no longer be shipped in the liquid form, is converted in- to dynamite through mix- ture with wood pulp, flour, starch, ivory-nut meal, chalk and sulphur, which absorb the liquid and form the cartridge. ~The making of the nitroglycerin is the most dangerous step in the process. As the chemicals mix they generate heat, which, if permitted to pass a certain point, will explode the boiling mass in the vat. One workman stands throughout the mixing process with his hand on a lever and his eyes glued ona thermometer. If the red line reaches the danger point, he pulls the lever and POPULAR MECHANICS the vat dumps it contents into a “drow: ing tub” containing water equivalent | seven times the volume of the mixing va If the charge passes the mixing stag safely, it is sent down a lead-lined gutte to a separating house a hundred yard away for the most hazardous process ji its entire manufacture. Here again a co: venient drowning tub is ready, while a stex chute to the outside offers a quick escap route for the innocent bystander, if | does not stand on the order of his going After the nitroglycerin is completed ; goes to the dynamite mixing house and j combined with the ground powders whic! form the paste for the completed car tridges. Packed in pape: shells, with ends closed b machinery, the cartridge are dipped in hot paraffi ior waterproofing. In the final step—of shipment the boxes are loaded int cars and braced according to rigid rules laid down by the government to safe guard against shifting an accidental explosion. |: one year 379,258,000 pound of commercial explosive: were shipped by railroa without one accident e route. The chiet bugabo: of the dynamite factory matches, and all employe are required to leave al smoking materials at the entrance. Searches by plant guards are carried out fre quently, and any employe found with a match is sun marily discharged Clearing a Harbor of an Old Bridge Substructure with 1,400 Pounds of Dynamite That Lifted Tons of Water and Shot a Mimic Volcano High in the Air

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~~ ee SS.S.SSLS.5.E POPULAR MECHANICS hild-Welfare Hospital on Wheels Serves Country Communities ibraries, groceries and even churches automobiles have been used for some » Now appears the auto hospital, nned especially for child welfare, so small communities without public- Ith officials may have the advice of the t physicians and the advantages of an When the Welfare Special Rolls into Town, Parents Gather for a Lecture and Bring Their Children for Doctor's Inspection; Inset Shows Young Charge Receiving Heart Test ip-to-date clinic. The traveling hospital, known as “the child-welfare special,” is maintained by the Wisconsin state board of health. Accompanying the car, which is equipped with complete apparatus, a physician and nurse examine infants and give mothers talks on the raising of babies. Fossil Plants Aid in Finding Oil Fossil skeletons of a tiny microscopic sea plant, the diatom, are being used to locate the trend of the oil-bearing sands on the Pacific coast. The diatoms, often in beds hundreds of feet thick, were de- posited ages ago when the coast was under the sea. The diatom stratum bears a distinct relation to the oil sands, and when the driller’s tools bring up the tiny plants the geolegist can predict where the oil deposits will be found. Windows Cleaned Quickly by Wiper without Water, Bucket or Soap To clean windows quickly, a combined washer and wiper has been invented that requires no soap, sponges or buckets of water. By simply rubbing a felt pad, that has been first soaked in cold water, over the glass, dirt is loosened and dissolved suf ficiently to be cleared off by a rubber drier on the reverse side of the implement. It is also said to prevent grit from scratching the panes when being removed, as is often the case when cloths are used. By elimi nating lengthy preparations tor the work, the cleaner saves much time and protects the hands from moisture. A similar de Washer and Wiper with Broad Felt Back, Socket for Handle and Windshield Cleaner vice made to cleanse automobile wind- shields is said to keep them clear for hours.

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ses ‘648 POPULAR MECHANICS Hats Trimmed with Horses’ Tails Latest Parisian Fashion Trimmed with the tails of horses, wom- en’s hats were introduced recently as the latest creation of a famous French de- Hat Trimmed with Horsetails, a Creation Worn by Model at French Fashion Show signer. The hairs at one end were wound tightly together into a cone shape and at- tached to one side of the hat. while the other end hung down in front over the shoulder. Dyed in various colors, the odd ornaments were displaved by models dur- ing a fashion revue Broadside Sealer Does the Work of Fifteen Hand Operators Electrically operated, a portable ma- chine with a capacity of sealing and count- ing 5.500 broadsides and similar advertis- ing matter in an hour, is being manufactured. Said to do the work of fifteen hand _ operators while reducing the production cost to twenty- four cents a thou- sand, it is designed to handle matter ranging in size irom three by four to twelve by eighteen inches and from one sheet in thickness to three-sixteenths of aninch. The sheets are loaded on a feed- ing shelf where they are picked up by suc tion and fed into a set of mechanical fir gers which in turn seal, clamp and eject the work on a built-in shelt. Gum sticker supplied from a roll, are punched out iy circular form and moistened after bein; cut, eliminating the possibility of the ta becoming tangled about the device. changing the machine to handle different size sheets, it is only necessary to loose: two setscrews and adjust the suction de vice that picks up the sheets to that size by turning a wheel. De i | i Fuel Strainer and Gauge for Autos Eliminates Use of Stick Combined in one compact attachment a gasoline strainer and tuel-tank gauge i small automobiles has been placed on the market. It con- sists of a mesh- lined metal cylin- der screwed into the tank opening underneath the seat. Inside is a cork-ball float to which is attached a short rod. By giving the cover a half turn, the rod is released and bobs up through the opening, show- ing exactly how much gasoline is in the tank with- out the bother of measuring with a stick. The gasoline is strained through the screen and any sediment is caught in a trap at the bottom. Auto Goggles Give Clear Vision and Shield Eyes from Glare With a different size of opening in the green transparent material of each lens goggles have been placed on the market by which the driver's view of the road can be changed instantly to protect the eyes from blind- ing lights. Through the holes a clear vi- sion of the high- way is obtained. On the approach of a car with bright headlights, the eyes are shielded from the glare by raising them and looking through the colored celluloid.

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All Shop Notes published in 1923, in book form—Fifty Cents—from our Book Department A Price-Ticket Printer for Stores By EDWIN M. LOVE RB SY grocerymen and other storekeep- J ers who have many price cards to e can save considerable time by using simple printing machine shown in the stration. Few tools are needed in its nstruction and the lumber used can be obtained from packing or similar boxes The base is made of 1-in. material and measures 94% in. by 16% in. A notch, 1% in. deep and 3% in. long, is cut in the cen- ter of one end to receive the large end of the pillar, which is glued and nailed in place, and a %-in. strip, 1% in. wide, is m ne pee tered around the outside to hide the end Lif, wood and to resist warping; beginning 2 in. from the back, 4%4-in. holes, spaced 1 in 4 I, _COTTON apart, are drilled in a row on each side ot e OR FELT \0 b RUBBER . 4 a 4 h , n { ¢ it ie h 104 x i A Simple Homemade Device for Printing Price Tickets That Saves Considerable Time for the Busy Store- keeper; the Lumber Can Be Obtained from Packine Boxes 649

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650 the base to receive the stops or pins that guide the card while it is being printed. [In making the pillar, yoke and disk sup- port, care should be taken to make the joints fit accurately so that the pillar and support piece incline toward each other at an angle of 60°. When the glue is dry, each joint is drilled and a 3-in. dowel driven into RUBBER -. BOTTOM VIEW OF KEY Side Elevation of the Ticket Printer, Showing the Arrangement of the Parts, Also Detail of Key The inking roller is built up of a roll of thin felt or cloth, 1% in. in diameter and 2 in. in length, wound on a piece of “¢-in. brass tubing, such as a length of um- brella handle, the open ends being closed by washers soldered on. These washers take the thrust and reduce the end friction on the carriage bolt that passes through the. roller, and fastens it to the yoke. The type disk is 34 in. thick, built up of two pieces of 3¢-in. pine, 12 in. in diameter, glued together with the grain running at right angles to prevent warping. Through the center a %-in. hole is drilled and the bearing is lengthened by gluing a 1%4-in. wooden washer, % in. thick, on each side of the disk. The 40 type keys are spaced at regular intervals about the circumference, and are fastened by glue and nails. Shallow %3-in. holes, drilled opposite the center of each key and 5 in. from the center of the disk, form stop seats for the small curved end of the stop spring, which is screwed to the upper side of the disk support, and keeps the disk from turning while the key is making its impression upon the card. To insure con- tact between the inking roller and the keys as they pass, a small roller may be fitted in a convenient position on the un- derside of the disk support so as to bear against the top of the disk as close to the inking roller as possible. For type, %4-in. rubber stamps, all cap- itals, are used, or if desired, the letters may be cut from linoleum. If rubber stamps POPULAR MECHANICS are used the keys should be recessed to 1 ceive them, although by cutting off t! rubber backs the letters can easily glued and tacked in place. The letters are arranged alphabetically around the disk, following with the numerals from 2 to 0) the dollar sign, fraction bar, cents sig period and the “&” sign. The disk support is cut and hinged as shown, the two parts being kept in co tact by a heavy rubber band or piece inner tube, tacked under tension on t upper side. When the letter to be print has been passed over the inking roller a brought into position by the spring sto it is then depressed to make contact wit! the card to be printed; the distance he tween key and card should not exceed in. The printer should be kept cover: when not in use to prevent the accumu lation of dust on the inking roller. Attaching Brake Lining Rivets are usually used for attaching brake bands to their shoes but it take considerable time to drill, countersink and place the ri ets. In thi construs tion of a small hoist where brake wa used con erable we: was antic! pated and order to avoid the work of rivet ing the bands . MOLE on frequent- ly, the met! od of faste: ing the lining shown in the drawing, w used. T-shaped bolts were passed throug holes punched at each end of the lining and the lining was then pulled down into grooves cut in the ends of the shoeés., O} viously, by this method very little tin was lost in changing a lining. ‘T- BOLT Cleaning Steel of Burnt Oil The oil, coming in contact with steel | hardening, will burn in places, and is hat to remove. The cleaning can be acco! plished by immersing the hardened st¢ in gasoline, and, when exposed to the ai it will dry immediately. This will lea) parts to be polished without the marks « burnt oil.

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} rated erproof. lency POPULAR MECHANICS Waterproofing Blueprints ) overcome the annoyance of having prints spotted by rain or moisture, the ving simple plan is useful: Melt two ree cakes of refined paraffin, then im- ‘ a number AX. Te of absorbent cloths in Withdraw the cloths and allow » drain. To treat a print, lay one e cloths on a dry, smooth surface, e the print on top of it, then another ’ n top of the print, and iron the top ith a moderately hot flatiron. The mmediately absorbs paraffin until and becomes translucent and This method is better than ig the prints into the paraffin, which too heavy a coating. Determining Grade Lines e device shown in the photo is used etermine grade lines when locating a ce on washed land, or land that has a to wash. One leg is made ad- table so that it may be lengthened or rtened to give the definite grade de- ’ | ( For instance; if the front leg is 4% shorter than the rear leg on the level, ch is 1634 ft. long, the grade established ll be 3in. to each 100 ft. rise. In use, the rear leg is placed at the lowest point deter- ned, the front end swung back and forth ¢ ] bh a point is found where the level vs center and a stake driven to mark point. The level ts then moved for- rd again so that the rear leg is placed ck Method of Determining Grade Lines for Terracing Land 651 Sand-Drying Stove for Contractor On a job where thoroughly dried sand was needed in large quantities, a con- tractor built the simple drying stove. shown in the drawing. It consists of two Simply Made Stove Used by Contractor for Drying Large Quantities of Sand truncated cones made of heavy sheet metal, mounted one on the other. The lower one has a collar at the top, for the attachment of a length of stovepipe, and a fire door near the bottom. To the upper cone are welded four curved feet so that it will rest steadily on the lower one, leav- ing a space of 1 in. or more between them Sand is shoveled into the hopper he point just staked. Pe} a and Laying Tile Drains This device will ich time and trouble in working out ide lines for terracing land, and also for rking age. out the grades for laying tile \ carpenter's level is used with ~ device.—J. C. Allen, Lafayette, Ind. formed by the upper cone, and as soon as it becomes dry it sifts through the space between the cones to the ground. An occa- sional tap against the hopper may be necessary to keep the drier go- ing without waste of fuel. The stovepipe can be taken off so that the stove takes little space on a truck.—G. FE. Hendrickson, Ar gvle, Wis Soldering Small Parts \ solder for small parts can be made by cutting tin foil to the shape of the surtace to be sol- dered and moistening it on both sides with ammoniac. The parts to be soldered are cleaned carefully and the foil is placed between them. They are then heated until the tin foil melts. This gives a good, neat job and can be done without difficulty—Frank N. Coak- ley, Buffalo, N. Y. sal

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POPULAR ja 18. -- B SHEET IRON ‘ ae | RIVETS ’ CENTER| SPIKE CUTTER BLADES ' ' i ' ' i ' ' -¥ CENTER SPIKE ASSEMBLED AUGER Durable Homemade Post-Hole Auger Is Inexpensive Nail-Straightening Device Anyone who has had experience in straightening old nails in large quantities will appreciate the device shown in the drawing. At least, the owner of a build- ing, which was torn down to be erected elsewhere, found it verv useful, when he found himself in possession of several kegs of quite usable nails, all of which were more or less bent. After a bit of exper- imenting he cast a V-block of iron and made a ham- mer with a heavy head to fit the block. The block was made from a single-piece pattern, the groove being cut to an angle of 45°. The hammer was made from a two-piece pat- tern, as shown at the upper right. The core prints were about 6 in. long and as large as the required hole, where they joined the pattern, but tapered slightly toward the ends. The halves of the pat- tern were doweled together. In use, the nails are placed in the vee and are given one or more blows with the hammer. Sometimes it proved necessary to roll a nail over and give it another blow and a few of them had to be held by the head with a pair of pliers in order to straighten short bends close to the head, PATTERN CAST-IRON “ HEAD MECHANICS A Serviceable Post-Hole Auger A serviceable post-hole auger, which is just as good as the manufactured artick can readily be made by anyone. It co: sists of a 4%-ft. length of 1%-in. pipe 3oth ends are slotted with a hacksaw for about 6 in. and bent over and flattened, as shown, so that a handle and a blade can be attached. The handle is made of an 18-in length of hardwood, about 1% in. thick, and is securely riveted to the bent ends of the pipe. A 10-in. steel disk, about % in thick, is riveted to the other end, as shown The blade is cut radially and the edges thus formed are bent to “bite” the soil. A spike sharpened to a point, is driven into the lower end under the blade and is held in this position by means of a rivet. An auger of this kind has been giving satisfactory service for almost two years and the initial cost of the material was only 5 cents, as most of it was found about the workshop 4G. A. Luers, Washington, D. C. but in most cases one operation sufficed Sloping heads can be straightened by plac ing the hammer flush with the edge of the anvil and striking the head of the nail hard with another hammer. Sliding Round-Work Holder Work holders of the kind shown in the illustration are very convenient for hold ing disks, gear blanks, wheels, etc., but are difficult to move around the shop when loaded. This trouble can easily be over come by fitting a skid under the holder so that it can be raised a trifle above the floor and the skid the: pushed around wherever de sired. The skid is made of flat steel, bent as shown and drilled and tapped so that it can be screwed ont the pipe stan: ard, which threaded fo this purpos: A hole i drilled through the pipe to take a shor' round bar used for turning the pipe an thereby raising the holder from the floo: Then by pushing on the handle the ski can be slid over the floor with little effort

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Brake-Spring Replacing Tool e of the most difficult jobs in over- ng the rear-wheel assembly of an iobile is the replac- the coil spring in ternal brake. These are heavy and ¢, so that they can epended upon to draw brakes together as as they are released, consequently it is easy to hook the ngs in place by hand. ol, tor this purpose, made by any ga- mechanic, is shown he illustration. \ t consists of a '%4-in. | rod with a thread at one end and a flat | on the threaded sec- to one-third of its eter. Two head- es are made of “%-in. 1 eet metal, cut and bent - the shape shown, and - ewed to blocks of %- d square steel. The ( cpten it per one is drilled to fit pumpanp motor ~ ssely on the flattened ge itt of the rod, the ews bearing against e flat to prevent the d ock from turning re round. A nut is run on od a RESERVOIR ~ 1 e rod first and the T ock then slipped on, so eT it by turning the nut the block can be he rced along the threads. The lower block he riveted securely to the unthreaded end ? the rod. In use, the tips of the head- nd eces, which are notched or hooked le ghtly, are slipped into the ends of the cid ring and the nut then turned up, which ' Se _ C rT j . : \ nd _ roll — INTERNAL % SQUARE c lat BRAKE ‘ , ; Vg SHEET )) METAL it L” } y SPRING - 14 SCREWS 3S NUT j 0 “2 FLAT - ; i ~ V4" ROD --2> ———— - = —— “RIVETS | for Expanding Coil Springs When Attaching in Them to Internal Brakes pO! ki irees the spring open until it can be ort apped in place on the lugs. POPULAR MECHANICS 65: Distributing Liquid Manure over Fields Liquid manure is usually applied to the fields by means of a tank wagon, but the aD Distributing Liquid Manure over a Field by Means of an Electric Motor and Rotary Pump; Insert, View of the Distributing Pipe method used at Robert's Sanitary Dairy Farm in Nebraska is entirely different: it saves a great deal of time and has proved satisfactory for four vears. The barn accommodates about 75 head of cattle. Being up-to-date, it has con crete floor and gutters covered with iron gratings. Once a day the floor is flushed and the rush of water through the gutters carries with it all the waste matter into a concrete reservoir, where it is stored. A 15-hp. electric motor attached to a rotary pump is located above the reservoir and pumps the liquid up to the crest of a hill through a 6-in. pipe. This pipe is run un derground until the crest is reached. and is then elevated and supported on poles. The overground part runs the length of the field and is perforated with two rows of holes drilled at a 45° angle to the ground, so that the liquid is sprayed on both sides of the hill. Any subsequent rain will carry the fertilizer downhill and the whole field will benefit from it. St apcun

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654 POPULAR Running Separator with Water Power Most farms have an elevated water tank into which water is pumped by a windmill. As the water is cheap, it can be used for running ma- chinery as well as watering stock and irri- gating the land. A simple appli- cation of this idea is shown in the drawing and photo- graph; the water being used in this case to run a cream separa- tor, Asmall wooden water wheel of the undershot type is set up near the tank and the discharge pipe arranged to direct the water against the blades, a shut - off valve being, of course, provid- ed in the line to control the flow. The speed of the wheel can also be reg- ulated with the valve by opening it more or less to vary towing out.—Mrs. the amount of water M. W. Annis, Shafter (Calif. Gear-Tooth Template for Drafting There is nothing that shows up so badly on an otherwise good drawing as poorly drawn gear teeth and while many drafts- men will be satisfied with showing three or tour well-drawn teeth, leaving the rest of the circle blank, it is often advisable, if not necessary, to show all the teeth for a perfect understanding of the drawing. Per- fect work is made possible by the use of a template made from thin celluloid which is cut out to shape as shown, with the profile of the tooth worked to shape with a sharp These templates should be made to ‘cover the range of gear teeth common to 'the work in hand and a good set will To form the tooth correctly, the black chart forms knife. include all pitches from 3 to 12. California Rancher Uses Water from Storage Tank to Run Cream Separator; Arrow in Photo Points to Valve ones can be MECHANICS and shapes found in mechanical handboo are used as a pattern. In order to dray perfectly sized tooth, allowance must made for the width of the pencil so that t template is smaller than the charted fo: by the wid of the pen line. A valu able aid is the small pet hole ont base or ro diamet .« of the toot! which enabl one to easi! draw the lin connecting t teeth on the b asea.° FT] template centered a1 held in posi tion b \ thumbtack s that bot hands are Ik free for ma nipulating thi Whik a single te! plate will fun tion for gea of minimu: diameter to those of 8 or more in d ameter, large! tt device made. Acente! line scratched or drawn down the cente! will show the correct position for all ce: ters. Ratchet, sprocket and many othe: shaped projections often used in drait ing can be produced by the same metho: These templates should be marked wit their corresponding sizes and pitches \ . SLOT TEMPLATE FOR od (1 a INSERTED-BLADE CUTTERS \ ee | 5P. ) | ee | Root- \ TEETH SPACED ON P.D. DIA. } THUMB-TACK HOLES o | HOLE \¢] TYPES OF CELLULOID TEMPLATES / | L] RATCHET SPROCKET se RS a « a > THUMB ees ae, LAS TACK Tomeiages for Drawing the Outlines of Gear Teeth ifferent Forms and Other Machine Details

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POPULAR MECHANICS \ BENCH FILING MAC JV. Romige NE of the handiest and most useful of small machine tools for the experi- ntal or small shop is the bench filing chine. It may be used to finish dies, rming tools and gauges, and for filing angular clearance in blanking dies is iluable, as it irisures that the clearance be uniform all around the die. An- her advantage of the filing machine as mmpared with hand filing is that straight flat surfaces are filed with much less ficulty because the file is mechanically tided and moves in a straight line, thus «lucing much more accurate work than possible by hand. When equipped with awing attachment the machine may be ed for sawing out the cores of dies and milar work, thus reducing the time nec- ary for this operation. \ very neat and serviceable machine iv be built by the small-shop owner by ising structural-steel shapes for the ime and other principal parts, thereby oiding the necessity for castings, and educing machine work to a minimum. he machine shown in the drawing has 1'4-in. stroke and takes files up to 3% in. juare, although the regular %4-in. ma- hine files are recommended. lhe frame of the machine is made from short section of 6 or 8-in. I-beam, the tter making the easier job as the web ay be cut through below the flange, hile with the 6-in. stock the flange must cut on both sides. A hand hacksaw nd a good coarse file are the only ools needed to shape the frame. A de ression is filed in the top of the web to rm two lugs as shown, and these are ed parallel to the bottom web, which rms the base. A \% by 1-in. slot is drilled nd filed for the table bolt, a 1%-in. hole lriled and reamed in the web, holes rilled in the base for lagscrews or bolts, nd the frame is finished. rhe table is made frém a piece of 6-in. annel iron, the flanges of which are ta- ered as shown. A piece of % by 1-in. teel is fitted between the flanges at the igh end and fastened in place either by in. flat-head screws or by welding. This ece forms the rear of the table, and is slotted vertically for the '%4-in. bolt that clamps the table to the frame. The sides, front and top of the table should be ma- chined dead true, preferably on a surface grinder, if one is available. When in the level position the top of the table rests on the two lugs on the top of the frame. The crank mechanism is of the Scotch- voke type, is easy to make and op ates satisfactorily. A bearing, made frem a piece of steel 3 in. in diameter, is turned to the shape indicated and fitted with two bronze bushings. The front bushing, which is the longer of the two, projects Ye in. bevond the front of the frame when the bearing is in place. The bearing is fastened to the frame with four 4%-in. cap- screws, as shown in the assembly draw- ings. The crankshaft may either be turned from a solid piece, or built up, as desired. The crank throw is 1% in., the shaft proper being 5¢ in. in diameter and the crankpin “46 in. in diameter An oil passage is drilled to lead from the oil cav- itv in the bearing to the upper side of the pin; this permits the oil not only to lu- bricate the crankpin but also the yoke itself through tiny oil holes drilled in the voke crankpin block. This bearing is flanged, and is made by sweat ing two pieces of bronze together and boring the crankpin hole central with the split, after which the block is shaped to size. When finished, the halves are sepa- rated and the joint smoothed with a fine file and emery cloth. The slide is made from a piece of cold- rolled steel, 4 by 2% by % in. in dinien- sions; it is lightened by cutting away parts of the center, as shown. The sides and faces of the slide should be made as straight and true as possible, testing with bearing or

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656 POPULAR MECHANICS

the micrometer and straightedge to in- are used at the back, two pieces, 4 by sure this. The surfaces of the yoke slot in., in the center, and two pieces, 4% by also must be square, straight and flat, in., on the outside. All are held to the and should be polished pertectly smooth frame by stove or other small bolts, and

- ° . | and made a good fit over the yoke block. the holes in the center pieces are slotted ' The file holder is fastened to the slide so as to permit adjustment to fit the sid ‘| with four “46-in. screws and should be _ of the slide and also for taking up wear, t! | i lined up square with the sides of the slide. back pieces being drilled and tapped fo: i It is made of steel, shaped as in the draw- adjusting screws. Oil holes are drilled in | o8 BS SJ i] ' — Z = = | | seer - . = | f " } rs H ae -g SETSCREWS ; f OlL- Nay Ge F ©) ‘> HOLE ’ FILE HOLDER ‘, , CAP MBO) _ -} ---- GUIDE __j}} : 9 : } 4 ed) - 15 ; PLATE 7 - | ; [ © i ; " | pen ' . © eee 2 — : --~ SLIDE cL’ 14 e ' ' -— CRANKPIN BLOCK i ne if, { 34 ei, ? i CRANKPIN c + ; ©: . spuares COIL ~GUIDE BOLT 2}. +71 @ SCREW RESERVOIR KG 2 Ww - i BASE --- Lit = TION TH . ‘ SECTIO ROUGH A-B FRONT. View ass ee —"§ | powrene----- §Xig BOLTS a: S i] --- FRAME a nee Us Ip eo we r } 4 4 SY 7|C -i ) 1 Pe , PLUG 4 { 2p rs - SDIAM. 3TaP... ¥- 1) ey, en ai ar: ae \ Vt ee / 7 - ‘jg DIAM. =y LSS QA AIA AN OlL PASSAGE“ ~— j, ear » . | 9 TE ; \ ADJUSTING aT 1 | = ae » | | fi = ot SCREW = CRANKSHAFT f—'§- iL t ° Ja | 2-4 01 —— ¢-— Oo ¢ 3" i; fan i: ia 2 1 aie qo eet} 5%

TO -- Beikeas

| Neen annne om GXBX4E jeacs ‘ 306% 4" | | Nema nn nn= == FXSKAT \ at as thee, la | SECTION THROUGH C-D i BRASS BUSHINGS SECTION THROUGH CRANKPIN BLOCK, | ONE TO BE I"LONG FILE HOLDER BRONZE - Assembly Views of the Machine, with Details of the Crankshaft, Bearings, Slide, File Holder, Crankpin or Yoke Block and Yoke Guides; Note How the Latter Are Adjusted

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= BOTTOM VIEW OF TABLE FRAME , SONSTRUCTION SAW --- FILE AND SAW HOLDER ' ' i UPPER SAW CLAMP LOWER SAW // CLAMP, 2'SQ. 2°LONG, ” Le 8 PIN ‘ ‘ UPPER Vi LE HOLDER UPPER FRAME AND DETAIL OF LOWER FRAM SAW CLAMP CONNECTION TO SAW AN FILE HOLDER Details of the Frame, Table, File and Saw Holder, Upper Saw Frame, Lower Saw Frame and File Clamp; Center, a Perspective View of the Finished Filing Machine Finishing the Sides of a Die 6357

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ai ED ls ea — on nit rs ee ees Tey ee 658 POPULAR holder and is fastened to it with four %e- in. screws. The top part of the frame is built up to the dimensions given, and slides on the upper part of the vertical member. A thumbscrew locks it at any desired height. The upper end of the saw is clamped in a tiny vise made of square stock, and the shank of the vise fits the square hole in the frame top. The corners of the shank are threaded, and a ™%-in. wingnut is used to strain the blade. The lower saw clamp is a piece of square 3%-in. steel drilled and slitted as shown, and is fit- ted with a pin that bears against the lower end of the holder. The blade is clamped by tightening either of the upper set- screws in the holder. Saws can be used in any position by arranging the clamps to suit, although a blade is best supported when the teeth face away from the back of the frame. While a file can be used without any support at the upper end, the addition of An Improved Spring Toolholder A spring toolholder for the lathe, of the kind shown in the illustration, has been found very successful in a large machine shop for cutting slots and . Seen, 2B; radii, cutting off and Sp ae ‘Waice, threading. The most important features in this design are the guide key in the bottom and the spring bushing that permits the amount of spring to be ad- = "6 | ° | “ “Th 3 hg " % eo x “6 + ——— 2% io ——— — — 6 — - Spring Toolholder for Cutting Slots and Radii, Cutting Off and Threading justed for different jobs. The key is a press fit in the shank of the holder and a snug sliding fit in the part holding the tool. The slot in the spring part was cut quite deep, to allow it to spring down with- out striking the top of the key. The spring MECHANICS a simple file clamp makes it possible to cut faster and truer. As shown in the detail, this clamp is simply a piece of square stock with a taper hole which fits down over the file, either flat, square or round, and braces it against side strains. The machine should be fitted with a pulley and belted to run at between 25) and 350 r.p.m. The drive can be direct from a slow-speed motor or through a countershaft. The machine should be bolted solidly on a substantial bench, in position to receive the best light. Files and saws for the machine can he bought from any supply house; saw blades can be bought for either wood or metal, and the kind wanted should alwa be specified. A new file should be brok in with very little pressure on the teet! at first, gradually increasing the pressure as the teeth wear even. Too much pres sure on the teeth of a new file will stri off the points and ruin the file. bushing was made of %-in. drill rod drilled eccentrically and sawed through o: the thin side. After the bushing was hard ened, it opened enough to make a tight press fit in the 34-in. hole drilled for it in the holder. For light work the bushing leit out and for medium work it is serted with its slot in line with the slot i: the holder. For heavy work, such as cut ting wide grooves, the bushing is turned around so that the slot is at the to; which makes the holder rather stiff. The holder was made of cold-drawn steel, a: nealed and pack-hardened, and it was then polished on the buffing wheel. An ordi nary square-head setscrew is used to hol the tool. Dimensions that were found most suitable are given in the illustratio: Some of the men in my shop made their toolholders more fancy than the one de scribed above. After pack - hardening them they ground them all over and the: color-hardened them with cyanide, which made a nice job. They also made fanc screws to hold the tool, and ground a radius on all the corners but the bottom ones. In all cases the sides of the shan! were recessed, using a cutter of 1l-in. rad: us; this made the toolholders lighter an: added to their good appearance.—C. R Haynes, Endicott, N. Y. @ Sometimes a mired car can be pulled ou: by means of a rope, tied to a tree or fence post along the road and to a spoke of on: of the drivewheels so that when thx wheel turns the rope is wound on the hu! causing the car to move ahead slowly) , a o& ob Gee oe of fe ee at

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POPULAR MECHANICS Tractor, Steel Cable and Scraper Used to Load Dirt on Trucks, a Method Found Much Quicker and More Convenient Than Doing the Work by Hand Novel Method of Loading Dirt on Trucks \Vhen grading and leveling a city lot in imbra, Calif., about 300 cu. yd. of dirt to be hauled off the property. This resented several days of labor if it had be shoveled on trucks by hand. A tle thought on the part of the contrac- r developed the simple method of doing is with a tractor and a scraper shown the illustration. The tractor was hitched to the scraper with a length of steel cable and the latter was run over the ruck so that the scraper could be pulled a skid to the top of the truck and the ontents then dumped. The skid was ade of four lengths of 2 by 4-in. wood, decked over with l-in. boards. Horses ere used to do the ground leveling. The inimals pulled the scrapers to the incline here the steel cable was hitched on, and ne man did all the dumping. A consider- ible saving of time was made in this way. Protecting Lanterns during Building Operations Building op- erations in every large city often ne- cessitate the blocking of the sidewalks vith the box- like structures inclosing the ork. At ght these iclosures ust be marked by lanterns for the protec. tion of pedes- trians. The arrangement hown in the drawing not ‘nly permits the proper placing of the red lanterns but also protects them against ac- cidental overturning or theft. A small opening is cut in the corner of the inclos- ure and covered with wire screen; the lantern is placed immediately behind th opening on a small shelf nailed to the braces.—R. F. Lufkin, Medford, Mass. Removing Lugs from Storage Batteries Garage men and car owners frequent], have difficulty in removing the cable lugs from storage batteries when they have t« be taken out for recharg- ing. No mat- ter how care- fully the lugs have been at- tached to the battery ter- minals, cor- rosion will take place, and this usu- ally makes it necessary to use a pair of pliers, which often results in bruised knuckles or pinched fin- gers. To pre- vent this trouble a Wisconsin battery-repair man constructed the tool shown in the illustration. It con sists of a discarded flat file, with one end heated and shaped to a point, as indicated in the upper detail. It is used as a handle and a metal clip, shown in the center de tail, is hinged on near the pointed end. In use, the handle is held horizontally with the pointed end on the battery post, and the jaws of the clip are pushed under the lug so that when the tool is raised the lug is readily pulled off.—G. E. Hendrickson, Argyle, Wis. X HANDLE a— METAL CLIP @Iron tanks can be protected against cor- rosion by painting the exposed surtace with a thin mixture of “neat” Portland cement, applied with a paintbrush.

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660 POPULAR MECHANICS Clogs for Asphalt Workers Many pairs of shoes can be saved by as- phalt-paving workers by using wooden clogs of the kind shown in the drawing. Wooden Clogs for Asphalt Workers Protect Shoes and eet from Burns They are made from 2 by 4-in. material, sawed to suitable lengths and roughly shaped to resemble shoe soles, pieces of auto tire being tacked on, as shown, to keep them on the feet. They are worn while spreading the hot asphalt, which quickly ruins the soles of the shoes and also burns the feet.—W. L. Salvage, Beau- mont, Calif. Making Plate-Steel Levers The plate-steel lever shown in the draw- ing will prove of interest to mechanics in shops where the facilities for forging are limited or lacking entirely. It was made to replace a lever for the brake connec- tions of an automo- bile, the orig- inal one havy- ing broken in a manner that made repair =, impossible. A strip of steel plate was cut to the proper length and doubled over at the ends and center, as shown, to form counterparts of SUBSTITUTE ’ PLATE -STEEL LEVER as Soa the bosses on the original lever. The pi ot and clevis-pin holes were then drilled, when the only work remaining was to file the sides of the bosses to fit into the forks, This lever was just as strong as the one it replaced, and as a lever of this type is easily made, the kink will prove a time and money saver in other instances. Setting a Lathe Steady Rest To set a lathe steady rest proceed as fol- lows: Chuck a piece of scrap stock and turn down the projecting end to the exact diameter of the work and a little longer than the width of the steady-rest jaw: Now clamp the rest in place and adjust the jaws in the usual manner to the turned part of the piece in the chuck. One ja ot the rest may now be loosened and the rest moved to any part of the ways. The work is then chucked and trued at the chuck by chalking or indicating, and the free end supported in the steady re where it will be in perfect adjustment. Fastening Screens and Storm Windows There are several methods of fastening window screens, but one that has bet found very simple and entirely satisfacto: is shown in the drawing. All that is neces sary is to drill four holes in the windo, casing at t! points ind cated an provide two nails a3 two sprin window bolt in the frame of the scree inm.corre sponding px sitions, shown. | placing screen in tl window Cas ing, the tw nails project ing irom tl upper edg are. inserte in the holes drilled to receive them an then the window bolts are snapped int place. Screens held in this way are tigh' and cannot fall out, and there are no met: parts that remain on the window casin when the screens are removed for the win ter. The same method can, of course, b used with storm windows. 4 — Sy "SPRING ———e WINDOW BOLT

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Sawing Circular Segments sawing circular segments on the band- it is usually necessary to mark out ( segment on the wood and then follow by cutting along the outline marked. ; requires much time and also several if the pieces to be cut are of thick and vy timber, such as those required in ivard work. o enable the work to be cut more ac- rately, eliminate all unnecessary mark- and also to permit one man to do the ie amount of work that formerly re- red four or more, one shop made the ture shown in the drawing. Two rollers re mounted on the saw table, projecting ut % in. above the top; the rollers ere mounted at an angle found by ex- riment to be correct for the radius to be it At the front of the table a guide ece, made of wood of the same thickness : the stock to be cut, was clamped. The ner edge of the guide was cut on a radius the same as the work, and was just far enough from the saw blade to make the finished pieces the proper thickness. The wing operation then consisted simply of feeding the stock into the saw, while press- ng it against the guide. This not only Filing Piston Rings It is sometimes necessary to file down the edges of rings for auto-engine pistons so that they will enter the grooves. To remove an even amount of material all round the edges is quite a task, so one mechanic devised the fixture shown in the drawing to facilitate the operation. <A flat block re forms the I base of the ECTION. WIDTH OF . VIEW AL; PISTON RING

fixture, and a steel plate, with a hole bored through it of such a di- ameter that it will hold the rings when compressed, and slightly thinner than the ring to be filed, is fitted to the base with dowel ins. Steel plate comes in standard sizes orresponding to the proper width of the ings, so it should not be necessary to grind it thinner, except where the groove

POPULAR MECHANICS

661 proved to be a labor saver, but aided in turning out a more uniform product.

Time and Labor-Saving Fixture for Cutting Segments on the Bandsaw in the pistons is undersize. The fixture is not held in the vise, but the base is cen- ter-drilled at directly opposite points, and the fixture swung between the centers of the lathe, or between two centers fixed to the bench. The work thus adjusts itself to the file, and the ring is easily made uni form in thickness throughout its circum- ference.—G. A. Luers, Washington, D. C Non-Slipping Hammer Handle Usually the slipping of a hammer handle in greasy hands is partly remedied by wrapping friction tape around the handle, but a <i this soon becomes oil- e= soaked and ineffective. , A better method of preventing this is to cut a number of grooves around the handle as shown in the illustration. These should be about “ge in. wide and %¢ in. deep, and spaced about % in. apart. They can easily be made witha file, burned in with a hot wire or cut on the edge of an emery wheel.—Francis M. Weston, Jr., Pensacola, Fla.

GROOVES { i

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662 POPULAR MECHANICS Wheeled Platform for Plasterers This involved the problem of turning s« eral sharp curves, which could not be do: An eastern contractor finds that a plat- if the poles were loaded on the cars in t! form on wheels is much better for plas- usual way. The method of mounting the terers than the usual kind, as it takes soto eliminate this difficulty is shown int illustration. Three poles we carried on two flat cars, by se] rating the cars a distance about 80 ft. The ends of tl poles were clamped down secure ly on pivoted cradles, central located on the car floors. In th way all the curves were mad without breaking the poles. Getting the Most Out of the Lathe It is accepted as an axiom th the most useful all-around to for the garage and jobbing sho; is the engine lathe, but it doubtful if all the small - sl! users of lathes really get the ut most from them. The usefulne Plasterers’ Platform Mounted on Wheels Is Readily Pushed Along - . in without Getting Off of the lathe is increased measurably by the addition of much time to move the latter around, few attachments, and the cost of these whereas the wheeled platform, shown in’ made up in a short time by the time ar the photo, can be moved along by pushing labor saved by their use. Homemade at against the ceiling. Ifthe floor-is uneven, tachments also are used to increase pt the wheels can be blocked up to prevent duction on the lathe, or to adapt it to wor them from turning. Obviously, the time that otherwise must be done on a mill saved by using such a platform soon pays or drill press. for the cost of making it—A. S. Bowes, The illustrations on the following Chicago, Il. are intended to show what can be on the engine lathe by the addition of su attachments, toolholders and fixtures, an thus to help our readers obtain the most When constructing a power line re- in service from their lathes. These, « cently, German engineers found it neces- course, are only a few of the possibilities sary to transport huge concrete poles, 130 of the lathe, and if our readers know o ft. long, a considerable distance by rail. any unusual jobs that are being don in this way and will sen us photos showing the operation, we will be gla to accept them and t pass the information 0: to others through thi medium of these page > Transporting Long Poles by Rail CA good black varnis for finishing metal part on machinery can b¢ made by mixing the fol lowing ingredients: Ber zine, 10 parts; pulverize: asphalt, 3 parts; pur India rubber, 6 part: peiareD Enough lampblack i CRADLE added to the mixture t give the desired consist RAILWAY FLAT CAR,_ — Method of Transporting Concrete Poles, 130 Feet Long, to Prevent Them oe from Being Broken When Turning Curves ency.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Using the Lathe as a Drill Press, with a Drill Chuck in the Headstock and a Drill Pad in the Tailstock Spindle, Feeding with the Latter Turning the Crown on a Small Pulley in One Operation, Using Two Tools and the Taper Attach- ment; One Tool Is Turned Upside Down All Four Faces of This Cone Pulley Are Turned we ’ in One Operation, Using Four Tools Held in a Le a BRED : Simple Fixture on the Cross Slide Using Four Spacing Tools on a Shaft That Is to Be Turned to Four Different Diameters, as re Shown at the Right = S SV SiH aff VDE, fy 7? “Ud WEB . Ut ae g : 4 =~ 2 The Second Part of the Job at the Left; Four Turn- t t yj [FA 2 | ing Tools in Operation, Reducing a Steel Shaft to : f Four Different Diameters at Once * 4. Ze iy f = Photos, Courtesy So. Bend Lathe Wks.

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POPULAR MECHANICS EDR ARBRE CT rake seep A Useful Attachment for the Small Garage Is the Grinder; Facing iston Rings to Proper Width on a Disk Wheel Grinding or Backing Off Reamer; Taper and Spiral Reamers and Milling Cutters Are Ground in the Same Way L Using the Internal-Grinding Attachment to True the Bore of a Hardened Steel Bushing, | Feeding with the Cross Slide | -— — — = = — —$——————— MAA SSAA ZA | LZ al Using Three Tools to Increase Production; This Collar Is Faced to Length and Turned to Size with One Tool Setting Tl 7 ———a | Machining a Keyway in a Gear with a Cutter i Held in a Boring Bar L

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POPULAR MECHANICS es Another of the Many Uses for the Lathe in the Garage and Job- bing Shop; Straightening an Armature Shaft between Centers | Regrinding a Crankshaft, Using Special Center Blocks and a Grinder Mounted on the Cross Slide Testing the Alinement of an Automobile-Piston Wristpin Hole with That of the Connecting Rod; a Pair of Calipers Is the Only Tool Necessary Making a Helical Spring a Bs = = Set- i i i 5nd. Centers in the Lathe; the andrel Is Turne ine “Ae Games eel eee anes and Grooved to Suit the Shape and Pitch When Fitting Semi-Machined Pistons meres — OM - , a y y, “ Y et fA Y Z

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666 POPULAR Swinging Tray Aids Draftsman The accompanying drawing shows how one ingenious draftsman solved the prob- lem of keeping his tools instantly acces sible, vet out of the way, by means of an The Draftsman with This Swinging Tray on His Table Need Not Hunt for His Tools adjustable swinging tray that holds his supplies. The tray is mounted on the end of a swinging arm, as shown, so that it can be pushed aside or pulled close when addi- tional tools are needed. The swinging arm is made in two pieces, connected by a pin joint, and is attached to a %4-in. steel shaft mounted in two small brackets which are fastened to the end of the table as shown. The tray can be raised or lowered by adjusting the col- lar on the shaft just above the upper bracket. If desired, it may be fitted with compartments for ink bottles, pens, pen- cils, etc. The outfit is inexpensive; any blacksmith can supply the metal parts for a small sum, and the trav can be made in spare moments. The time and cost in- volved are well spent, considering the in- creased convenience gained.—Ivan R. Houk, Denver, Colo. scales, Distributing Wear in Starter Ring Gears flywheels of automobile engines invari- ably stop in certain definite positions when the engine stops. Four-cylinder engines come to rest in one of two positions, while six-cylinder engines stop in one of three positions. This brings the ring gear on the flywheel opposite the starting-motor pinion in some one of these positions every MECHANICS time the engine is shut off, and the enga ment of the starter pinion with the & and the consequent wear, is confined two or three points on the gear. To distribute the particula when the edges of the teeth begin to « it is advisable when overhauling the c turn the ring gear of the four-cylinde: gine a quarter turn, and that of the cylinder engine one-sixth of a revolu New and unworn teeth are thus brou opposite the pinion, and fracture o} teeth is not so likely to occur. Of cour this only applies to ring gears that Screw ed to the flywheel. A starter that sticks ture of one or the gear usually be cured by this simple expedi Wear’, due to the two teeth on Shaft-Centering Tool The shaft-centering device described this article will prove a money any shop where a large number shatts must first be centered to them tor a turning operation. is customary to do this work in a speed lathe, greater accuracy and hig production are possible with this tool shank and shell of the device are mad machine steel. The shank is turned to > 3 Morse ta as this wil the drill-pre spindle as as most lat spindl CENTER DRILL machined w a flaage limit t movement of the hardened-steel cente cup. A groove is machined in the back the centering cup, betore hardening, lg-in. steel balls. The steel balls in t groove are covered by a small, thin ra which is grooved on both sides, to contor to the ‘contour of the balls on the unde side and to form a spring seat on the uppe In assembling the tool, a stiff steel sprit

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POPULAR MECHANICS iserted just before the shank is screwed 1 the sleeve. Then, a hole is drilled and ped for the center-drill setscrew. n use, the centering appliance is sught against the end of the stock, and - cup, touching it first, stops rotating. e spring then compresses with the pres- re on the drill and its thrust is taken the ball bearings. Further movement iinst the stock brings the drill against e work and the center hole is drilled. As ‘ whole device is inclosed no chips can ter and interfere with the operation of > tool. Planing Window Frames For fitting windows and doors, etc.. the shown in the illustration will be ind very handy. It consists of a long board of any suit- le size at hand, a short piece of wood iled to this at an angle of about 45°, a rtical brace for the angular piece, and block nailed to the base at the bottom of e brace. The upper end of the angular iece or stop is notched deeply to take the nds of the windows or doors, and the ock is notched in the same manner; the ethod of setting up the work to be aned is apparent from the illustration. evice A Simple Jack Which Will Hold Doors and Windows That Must Be Planed to Fit he device will be found convenient not nly for doors and windows, but for other imilar work too large for the vise, and it in easily be carried from room to room. J. E. McLaughlin, Chicago, Ill. Barrel for Feeding Slops Feeding slops, which are mixed together in a barrel, is quite a tedious task, as the stuff has to be dipped out of the barrel and fed to the hogs by the bucketful. A much Pivoted Slop Barrel on Farm Facilitates Task of Feed- ing Hogs easier method of emptying the barrel is shown in the drawing. The barrel is pivoted between two posts, securely set into the ground. This is done by bolting or screwing around the barrel a heavy iron band, in which two short sections of shafting are mounted to serve as pivots. A metal spout is nailed to the edge of the barrel at the mouth to facilitate pouring the slop. A wooden chute, slanting to ward the feed trough, is extended from the barrel, and the slop is poured into this —R. E. Deering, Clements, Kans. Preventing Sticky Counters Under certain atmospheric conditions the glass or marble slabs on counters in banks and offices becomes moist and sticky to such an extent that customers have con- siderable difficulty in picking up checks, bills and other papers. In one bank the paving teller eliminated this trouble in a simple way. A can of cheap talcum powder was kept at hand for just such conditions, and a little of it was sprinkled on the counter as occasion arose. Thus papers and bills slid easily on the surface and could be picked up without difficulty.

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Useful Corn-Crib Door Hood By LOUIS SCHNEIDER NLY a few of the thousands of corn cribs in use are equipped with any arrangement to allow free, quick and easy removal of the contents. Most cribs are of the horizontally boarded type, with spaces between the boards to permit free circulation of air. If the owner of such a crib will install the door and hood ar- rangement shown in the illustration, every trace of his feeding and crib-cleaning troubles will be over. The door, as usual, is placed between This Simply Made Hood for the Corn Crib Enables the Corn to Be Shoveled Out with a Minimum of Trouble, Yet Is Easily Removed When Necessary two studs. It should not be less than 6 ft. in height, so that entrance and exit will be easy when the hood is removed. Nail the door cleats in place before doing anything else, taking care not to get the outside one so close to its stud that the door will not open freely. Then saw through, close to the stud, two boards at 668 the points whe placed; attach mainder of the is complete. The hood is 1 its ends will ex side of the door. Its eave, or lower ed should be about ‘re the hinges are to the hinges, saw the 1 boards free, and the do nade of such a length t! tend about 16 in. on ea 2 ft. away from the in edge of the studding. Only two fra: pieces are requi the top boards red, to which the ends a: are nailed. Let the t boards be of ample strength, as there quite a bit of pressure on them whet high crib is full hood iS clearly of the drawing . The construction of t shown in the lower det The upper ends of t rame pieces are fitted on their lower sid with flat-steel h spaced that the two siding boa top of the lowe a trifle more space may be required to pa the hooks than affords. In thi boards slightly, door in the dr: ooks of such form and *y may be thrust betwe: rds and engaged wit! rones. It is possible t] I ] the spacing of the sidir Ss case, cut away the up; as shown on the left of t iwing. The hooks shou be hung ona board at such a height t is in place its lower edg when the hood will be about 1 The end boa - 8 or 20 in. from the flo rds or wings of the | ROE FP erry Seo a | ER er nee 6: -WINGS -*” r€ WING REST --** STUD- DETAIL OF HOOD

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POPULAR MECHANICS of such a length that they bear against wing rest, shown in the detail and in cut-away section at the left; the rest sists of a length of 2 by 4-in. stuff led to the two studs next to each side the door. This con- uction is used to avoid ing the hood wings against the siding, if this were done, the ssure of the corn on e hood would push out siding boards against ich the lower edge of wings rested. \t the top of the out- e door a header must inserted to fill the ice between the studs. the space be- een the top of the door d the top of the hood, ide a second door hang it loosely on ils in the proper posi- so that when the b is filled, the pressure the corn will hold it place. Vhen the level of the rn has fallen to the int where it is desir- ile to walk into the full- eight door, remove both ose door and hood and ng them to one side, hen the crib may be ntered freely. It may e seen that this con- truction allows a free ow of corn from every irt of the crib, as there re no posts to retard it. Scooping also is rendered very It would.be well to armor the upper dge of the board with which the hooks ngage with a length of light angle iron, give them extra strength to carry the ad. The construction shown can also e adapted to granaries used for small grain. These must be built stronger and vrain-tight, and the method of hooking the hood to the side must be altered also. close easy. Stropping Safety-Razor Blades One of the simplest and best methods of eeping safety blades in good condition is 0 strop them often on the palm of the and, before and after shaving. Hold the lade between the thumb and finger of the ight hand and strop it on the inner edge i the palm of the left hand. Simplified Method of Unloading Automobiles Automobiles are loaded onto and un- loaded from the steamers of a San Fran- cisco navigation company by means, of \ 6 \ Xe”senut \~ *s WELDED Holding Disk-Wheeled Autos Securely While Hoisting Them with Crane large cranes. Recently, with the increas- ing number of cars equipped with disk wheels, considerable difficulty was experi- enced in handling them until fixtures of the kind shown in the photograph were made. The ordinary sling with spreaders is used, but instead of tying the four ropes to the wheels, they are attached totriangu lar fixtures adapted to receive the tires of the wheels, as indicated. The construc- tion of the fixtures is clearly shown in the detail; each consists of a 6-in. ring to which two 18-in. lengths of l-in. rod are attached. These rods have arms welded on at right angles, which are clamped to- gether with a heavy bolt and nut to hold the rods apart at a convenient angle. The lower ends of the rods are bent as shown and have curved plates of heavy sheet iron welded on.

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POPULAR M ECHANICS NYY nt | | | IRA tM NO.2, HEXAGON-HEAD BOLT STOCK 14 HEX.X G'?, CDS DRILL “Yaz Bone 7 5 THREAD 1-8 THC R.H 53S NO.1,HEXAGON NUT STOCK 1%" HEX Xie CDS | | i | x ss UNITED STATES STANDARD OLD-DRAWN STEEL RIGHT- HAND FINISHED SURFACE u DSs.=c RH bal a. 1"- B THOS. U.S.S. R.1H CHAMFER THREAD Y6 DEEP, EACH END ASSEMBLY OF BOLT & NUT CHAMFER vn Working Drawing of a Project for the Vocational School Teaching Machine-Shop Work A Project for Vocational Schools The illustration accompanying this ar- ticle shows an excellent project for voca- tional-training schools giving a machine- shop course. This is presented in co- operation with one of the largest machine- tool manufacturers in the country, who will be more than pleased to help any machine-shop instructor in his problems. The operations necessary for the com- pletion of the nut, which should be drawn 1p in the form of a job sheet tor the pu- pils; are as follows: Select stock as per drawing Place stock in 3-jaw universal chuck with ! in. extending; adjust so stock runs true . Arrange belt for proper spindle speed Set lathe tool for facing Face end Center with centering tool held in toolpost Rough-drill hole through stock as per drawing, with drill held in drill chuck in tailstock spind’‘e Set tool for boring Bore hole to size . Arrange lathe for cutting thread Set tool for thread cuttin . Cut thread, leaving .005-in. remove Finish thread to size with tap, guiding tap with tailstock center . Chamfer end of thread as per drawing . Chamfer outside corners . Turn stock end for end before Face end . Chamfer end of thread . Chamfer outside corners 4 stock for ta» to in chuck, truing as The following operations, which should also be incorporated in a job sheet, are for the bolt: Select stock as per drawing Lay off and center both ends . Attach clamp lathe dog and place stock ters in lathe . Arrange belt for proper spindle speed Set lathe tool for facing Face end Turn stock end for end between cent Face end Rough-turn round section Finish-turn round section Face shoulder at end of round section . Turn threaded section (A) .010 in for threading . Turn stock end for end on centers . Chamfer corners . Turn end for end on centers . Arrange gears for cutting thread 7. Set tool or thread cutting . Cut thread, fitting it to nut . Chamfer end of threaded section NK OOBIDANe WNe undersi It is hoped that this project will prov of value to the vocational instructo Blueprints of this drawing, 12 by 18 in size, will be furnished free to readers o request. Rust-Preventing Oil for Gun Barrels Gun barrels and other metal article can be prevented from rusting by an o consisting of equal parts of sperm oil a: high-test grain alcohol. This mixtur should be kept in a tightly corked bott! It shaken well before using and i rubbed on the surface with a cloth. Any moisture on the article to which the mix ture is applied will be absorbed by th alcohol, and this will evaporate quickly leaving a film of oil to protect the metal —Frank N. Coakley, Buffalo, N. Y. is

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SOOO RS ASS ener ee an Radio Rules the Derby [PSO Downs on Derby Day! It 4 seems as though all London comes on this—in the minds of thousands Englishmen—most important day of vear. From every road leading from metropolis debouches an_ endless ‘am of vehicles. Costers’ barrows, busses, dogearts, “brakes,” taxis, mobiles, “charabancs” and donkey s, all kinds and conditions of vehicles, tch along the roads for mile after mile, The Latest Wrinkle in the Control of Enormous Crowds. The Control Officer in the “Blimp’’ Directs the “Wireless Vans’ When Traffic Jams Occur at the English Derby; Insert, Rear View of One of the Vans

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672 POPULAR seemingly in the utmost confusion. As the streams approach the Downs, ever, they take on an unexpected order. "Arry and ‘Arriet, with their donkey cart, turn off onto road, motor and charabane onto another and taxi and pri- vate car down a third, under the unob- trusive but efficient direction of a rew white - gloved traffic ach stream moves over its own road slowly but steadily, drawing iside every little while to permit police ambulance” to Mass, accompanied by a squad “specials” going to the stance of a disabled car. Suddenly there is a halt in the procession on the horse-drawn how- one bus officers. Car as- 1 TOa d 7 cart has a wheel in crush and spilled its load into he road. 1] © d © g- rt fol- wing vings to ne side at d foes over into the ditch, and in a moment the stream is dammed; for over a mile the road is packed from ditch to ditch with a shouting, milling, rearing, sweating—and swearing—mass of men and horses. For five minutes the grows, then suddenly there is the clang of a bell ahead, and, as if by magic, How the Counterbalanced Antennae chaos Making a Radio Set Pay Dividends The cost of installing a large radio set on the farm will usually be repaid within a season or two by the tips obtained from market and crop reports. An Ohio farmer relates his experiences in this respect, tell- ing of an instance when he got a tip from the air which yielded him a handsome profit. The tip was news of an unexpected rise in the live-stock market at a time when the farmer was preparing to sell a shipment of hogs to the local buyer for a lower price than that quoted by the distant market. By shipping the hogs to the lat- er-point he realized a profit of $19.60 above the local buyer’s quotations, after all ship- ping expenses had been paid. This first experience led the farmer to systematize his selling and he now takes The Two Wireless Vans Ready for the Big Job, Showing, in the Foreground, Fo!d Down on the Roofs, and in the Background, How They Look When in Position for Sending or Receiving MECHANICS a dozen helmeted “Bobbies” appear on t! scene. Five minutes more and the o structions are out of the way and t! stream moves onward. It is a monumental task, this contr of the Derby traffic, and radio plays a pa: of prime importance. In spite of tl 1,800 special police and t] flving squad of 200 in aut: mobiles it would be impos sible to locate most traft jams quickly and easil were radio not into But g in the blue sky ov: the ‘course presse service. cers ( Stal sweep roads p OW CI! ful glass The car zs irt I with | sending and receiving sets, and as soon asa jan a breakdown in the steady flow of tratt is observed a message is sent below. Her: it is picked up by an operator in one « the two special police “vans,” and in a fe moments the van is on its way to tl scene. Thus radio rules the Derby. the market and crop reports down in ledger. At the top of each page he writ the city where the reports are broadca and also a list of the principal dealers an their addresses. The ledger is kept hand so that the changes in prices can readily be entered. After the prices of several cor venient markets have been noted, the) are carefully compared, the cost of shy ment estimated, and the one yielding t! greatest profit chosen, arrangements hav ing been made with the dealers to accon modate his shipments at any time. In th way he realizes larger profits not only o: live stock but on poultry and farm pros uce as well. Another advantage gaine by having a radio set is that the tarme gets news concerning railroad strikes freight tie-ups and many other condition which are likely to affect the market.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Vacation Sets Are Compact and Efficient With the growing demand of radio fans for sets that they can take away with them on their vacations, manufacturers have been bending their efforts to the production of neat portable receivers, and two such sets are shown in our illustration. The smaller one is a one-tube set which weighs only 434 lb. and is said to have a rans f severa Vacation Radio Sets That Are the Last Word in Neatness and Portability; Below, a One-Tube Set That Requires No Aerial; Insert, a Two-Tube Portable That Will Operate a Loud Speaker on Local Stations ndred miles without an aerial, and 1,000 a loud speaker splendidly on local stations. iles or more with an aerial. Batteries, It has ample space in the interior for three ibe, phones, aerial and ground wires are’ dry cells, supplying either C-299 or C-1l2 packed neatly inside the case, which, tubes, three B-batteries, and one C-hat- hen closed, resembles a medium-sized _ tery, as well as space for aerial and ground mera. The set is easy to operate, and wires and head phones. Complete with highly selective. batteries, it weighs only 21 Ib., less than Che larger set is a two-tube unit, and is the weight of the average traveler's filled \itable for home use as well as for its suitcase. The size is approximately 12% re ostensible purpose, as it will operate in. wide, 1134 in. high, and 7'% in. deep.

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POPULAR MECHANICS = Top, Girls in a High School Have Set Out to Prove That Building Radio Sets Is Not an Art for Boys Alone, and They Show Surprising Aptitude at the Job; Center, a Prisoner on Governor’s Island, New York, Building a Radio Set in the Shops Where Earnest Endeavor Is Made to Turn Wayward Energies into Useful Chan- nels; Below, Even the Smallest and Most Remote Country School Can Now Have Its Own Drill Orchestra &U Top phote © U

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POPULAR MECHANICS A New Type of Loud Speaker Entertains New York Fans Gathered on the Street Below. The Invent- or Is Paul De Kilduchevsky A Candidate in the French Elec- i “Stumps” District by Radio Auto A Pa Major Andrew White, Famous Fight Announcer, Broadcasting the Gibbons- Carpentier Fight, Round by Round, from the Ringside at Michigan City; the Microphone Was Connected by | At a Dinner on the “Levi- athan.”’ Speeches and Enter- | o | | 1 Hii 7 Special Wire to KYW Se aie Mites Seen eae j t with Shin's Set —the First ee Time This — } r tna, _ Has ‘oe Done “CD > U &uU

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POPULAR MECHA Above, the Salvation Army Has Adopted a New Way of Supplying Music to Pussma ines Left, a Fashion Hint for Girl Fans—a Minia- ture Ivory Loose Cou- pler on the Ring ©U. &U.; K. &H. \ ii ~. N LO . Joseph-Takes-the-Shield and Mrs. Shield, Sioux from Standing Rock, and Black Owl, an Assini- boine from Montana, Whose War Whoops, Songs and Tom-Tom Music, Broadcast from WRC, Chilled and Thrilled the Radio Audience Ay & dene dies SOUS

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HL POPULAR MECHANICS O Walford Davis, English Composer, Lectures to Schools over the Radio; Note the Flexible Suspension of the Microphone. Right, Radio Set in a Coconut Shell - — : —_ — ———EE Delivering Set That Brought the peed and Democratic National Conventions into the | White House; the Diaphragm of the Hornless Loud Speaker Is Covered with Reed, and the Loop Aerial Is Attached Directly to the Cabinet & I

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POPULAR MECHANICS This Radio-Receiving Set Fits in a Telephone Re- ceiver. The Tuning Ele- ment Is a Spider-Web Coil with Five Taps; the Builder Is J. A. Key of St. Louis The “Columbus” Is the First Trans- atlantic Liner Whose Lifeboats Carry Radio - Trans- mitting and Receiving Sets of Long Range. The Photo Shows Of- ficers Rigging the Antenna

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POPULAR MECHANICS Left, the Radio Truck That Supplies Music to Crowds in Chicago’s Parks; Right, Set Built into Refreshment Stand at Luna Park, » =e Left, © P. & A. lI Head of 25-Foot Shark Makes Unique Loud peaker rs | | | | - nn — — ——

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Built-In Sets for the Home By ORENE CATHCART S! NCE radio has become such a part of our daily and nightly existence we have begun to give more attention to mak- ing our sets more attractive. However, there seems to be no really good location for radio furniture in the modern home; it is always more or less in the way. The same condition once obtained with china closets, desks, bookcases and iron- ing boards, but these are now built into the walls of the house; why not the same with the radio set? The advantages are worth considering. First, it gets “that mess of wires and junk” out of sight; a much better horn can be used; certain (cea + At rooms can be wired for radio outlets and a loud speaker moved from room to room if desired. The children’s room may ly provided with an outlet so that they car enjoy the bedtime stories. The porch wi be another good place for an outlet, fo: there is much good dance music ontheair The general idea is to build in the wal of the house a niche that will house the radio set, batteries, charger and loud speaker, and possibly the loop aerial als if one is used, and to make the whole a attractive as possible. There are a num ber of ways of doing this, to suit an pocketbook. Many houses have bookcases on eac! side of the fireplace, and it is a very simpl matter to convert one of these into a housing for the set, as shown in Fig. | Most cases have adjustable shelves, and Fic.2 © Fig. 1, a Simple Bookcase Installation; Fig. 2, Unused Space in the Wall of the Living Room Utilized for a Radio Set of Exceptionally Dignified and Attractive Appearance

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POPULAR MECHANICS a nis _ | A Variety of Methods of Concealing the Radio Set in the Modern Home, Making Provision for Housing the Batteries, Charger and Aerial, and with All Wiring Concea‘ed in the Walls AWERS : ‘OR BATTERIES _ a

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POPULAR MECHANICS installation merely consists in fitting the described hereafter. Any kind of set and auxiliaries into the space in the can be used with the “picture frame If desired, new A built-in bookcase and desk otte he set also, as sho nt manner. suggested in the ideal place for I be Fig. 5. The batteries are housed drawers, if these are provided: ] as bottom ones may the batteries, etc., *] } they may be placed in the bookcas ‘ig, 21s a more and the doors hung with curtains t | : and tl loors | t t under . them. Part of the bookcase mav b i the loud-spea <er doors are open one. 4 - he space room wall is used to voted to the loud speaker and fitted . The horn is bull grillwork, as shown at the top of the ri in the illustration. Figure 6 shows another simple but and attractive set, mounted | is described late of this kind contal tm loop : ; / LATH AND _ \ suitable PLASTER —- eS, at ow a et a ?weh tallia - would be S114 per-hetero

no —— iF dropped r difficult, a coral b new house SECTIONAL VIEW inside the - Unl owner

aset es set know

© iS, a TO LOUD , = = 4 petent car SPEAKER OUTPUT ° I< job, and tain of 1 a good ) to go about ~ nter can cu Ss_-~ space in wall and fit SOLDERED ~ <== is recom! woodwork j “ ed that he Casily. CLOSED-CIRCUIT JACK fic 7

ploy a tent e : : the wi : avo ta ; ) icting the Built-In Loud Speaker and Mounting — ra ¢ ' ¥* rn; Also Wiring of Baseboard Jack wirin Sta YT a- hould be hich the set is housed in one of by an electrician, caut e him to } wires as tar as possible 4 , , HDOOKCAaASES O}1 it ‘r side ot ti light and telephone between dining and living room vi especially from the former common construction hows the construction m peaker horn ult in the partition Figure / ‘ed with a neat grill. while built-in horns and the method of wiring 1s concealed he wall the outlet jacks It will be neces hand have a plasterer make the horn should be cut at the t hy l wt an | covel ne may have a cabinet set on re can be fitted in he wall in the man The horn Here a space is cut shown, so that the sound will Le tl against the plaster and reflected; it mirror front, such as a medicine cabinet, necessary that the horn project so t] the can be seen from the room, as the r capacity effect of the mirror when the may be dropped a little below the 1 should rail so as to hide it. If the recess is « ered with a grill, of course, this will er shown out between two studs and a cabinet with fitted in place. To get away from door is shut a radio-frequency set be employed. A picture can also be used in the door frame, and, when this is done, the location of the set is completely con- ealed, as the loud-speaker connection be necessary. The jacks are mounte a bakelite plate and screwed to the b board in the same manner as lighting n be taken from a baseboard jack as _ lets; the wiring is very simple.

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WEE MECHANICS i4 SUIT a=? Outboard Motor Lights Camp By LAWRENCE B. ROBBINS FEN small lighting outfits for the boat hours each should furnish sufficient cur- or the camp cost considerable money rent so that three or four 32-cp. bulbs ‘) or upward. Handy as they may could be burned for several hours without ev are bevond the reach of the aver- running the batteries down very much. amper, but if one owns an outboard Then an hour’s charging twice a week or for the rowboat it can be used at times to charge a low-voltage electric nt which will furnish all the light nec- In this case it is designed to use more 6 to 8-volt lighting storage ‘s connected in multiple, to be rged by an automobile generator of : : > es aan, COOLING- | ficient capacity—8 to 12 volts—depend- Ga water / upon the speed. Of course, the am- (@ om ee se re-hour capacity of each battery will de- mine the length of time the lights may INCLINED BOARD burned, but two batteries of l20ampere- , § COOLING: OUTBOARD WATER INTAKE PIPE + ‘ie Putting the Outboard Motor to Work When Not in Use in the Boat; the eur Is Mounted on a Special Frame and Panel and Used to Light the Tent or Summer Cottage 683

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684 POPULAR MECHANICS would keep them fully charged. From 17 to 32-cp., 6 to 8-volt bulbs will give good illumination for any average room. This idea is based upon no particular make of outboard motor as designs vary, and by following the drawing it will be seen that the arrangement is simple and can be adapted to any type of motor with but minor alterations. First build a wooden panel to support the motor in its normal position. This is constructed, as indicated, of several savy boards nailed to a framework of 2 t+-in. timbers fastened securely to a wall. Bolt two short timbers, with h other and about 3 ft. apart, to the Set them at right angles to the wall. hen to the ends of these bolt two upright timbers, about 3! 2 ft. long, so they point upward but incline out slightly at the top it about the angle of the stern of a row- boat. Then connect these to the wall with two timbers parallel with each _ other. When finished, a side view will appear somewhat as in the detail. Use bolts for all fastenings and make sure that the structure is rigid and free from sway or vibration. Nail a wide board across the two parallel timbers on one side for a switchboard. Now set the motor in position on the el as shown and clamp it down tight. is should bring the bottom of the pro- peller about a foot or more from the floor; the farther awav the better so long as the motor can be easily cranked. Remove the propeller and substitute a 9 or 10-in. pulley. Make the necessary changes so it will fit on the shaft tight and run true. This may require reboring and ig the hole, if the propeller pulls oft he shaft. If the propeller and bevel gear ‘ome out of the hub as one piece, it will be necessary to substitute a dupli- ite pinion and gear attached to the wheel to fit after the manner of the pro- It 1 simple machine job in parallel eac floor. or< oved kevin t is a line up the generator and bolt it to a baseboard, which in turn is bolted to the floor. Key a 3-in. grooved pulley to the shaft of the generator and connect he two pulleys by a strong, round leather belt. Ii there is not sufficient space under the large pulley the generator can be off- set to one side until enough distance is secured to allow good belting distance. To prevent the motor from turning ‘n its clamp and throwing the pulley out of line it will be necessary to clamp the tiller solidly in position. This can be done by bolting a cross timber across the two top parallel timbers, as indicated, and secur- ing a flat-iron clamp to the center t will fit down over the tiller handle. Si a clamp can be made of a comn strap hinge. The cooling water for the motor car taken from a large tub or barrel, or e from a stream or pond if the structure housing the plant is so situated as to low the latter to be used. In either c it will be necessary to solder a very hose nipple to the intake of the y pump and another at the outlet. TT! can be made permanent as they will hinder the normal running of the en: when in use on the boat. generator, simply couple a piece of gat hose to each nipple and draw and charge the cooling water at the source Set the batteries under the frame connect to the generator and a switch cut-out mounted on the_= switchboar Then wire from the switch to the n lighting wires of the house. The of wiring depends to a great individual taste, and upon the generat The system may be “hooked up” as int illustration, although in this case a 12-\ battery or two 6-volt batteries in set should be used. Here the battery “float on the line,” and, when the generato1 running, it supplies the lights, the ex current charging the battery as in automobile. A switch for the batte: should be included. When the generat is not running, the switch opened and the battery then supplies t! lights. To use again in the boat it is o1 necessary to remove the hose couplins release the tiller clamp and substitute t propeller for the flywheel. Then pick the motor and transfer it to the boat For running met] extent uy showt Climbing a Tall Smokestack When a huge steel smokestack ot power house needed painting and it found rather difficult to arrange a tac! to haul up a man, the fireman made parachute that fitted snugly inside ot stack. He attached a string to the par chute and allowed the draft in the st to carry it up. As soon as it came out the stack it fell to the ground ard picked up. A small rope was next tied the string and pulled up, and finally a ro strong enough to hold the tackle, whi was arranged to hoist up the painter @ If a key shears in the axle of the car ai there is none at hand to replace it, a set iceable one can be made from the bla of a square-shank screwdriver.

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i ont li to em ls 1 +h +¢ \ nte od t re ; t } fa one efull cs 0 ncl und \ VV el tri hing Field Rodents have the approaches. iT about Mt USWA rie dogs and squir- 7 habit of into some- This it nearly impos- cet a fair “crack” V dropping when | les with a gun. It quite dificult to em, for their e almost vertical, nake a trap efttfec- must be set up- down over the hole. resting and sure of catching lents is used by as farm lad, who great sport to his vacation days In a stout two rods slip-loop is made end, and this is Way. y laid against the tf the hole about 1 below the sur- Lying on the at the other | of the cord and care- vatching the hole, e boy gives the cord a quick jerk when animal sticks his head out, and scarce- ever fails to make a catch. for small gophers, who are too quick to caught in this way, it is best to use a Simple and Effec- tive Great POPULAR MECHANICS Method of Catching Field Rodents Provides Sport for Farm Lad ip. The end of the hole is dug out | the trap set inside so that the animal Printing Masks for the Amateur Printing masks of any size, shape and gn can readily be made by the ama- teur photog- rapher in his spare time and with little et ade @©Z- pense. A sheet of heavy paper, which will permit fold- ing without cracking, but is strong enough to re- Sist tearing, iolded over to form an envelope for the vative for which it is to be used; it must has to run over it when trying to get out. Aiter the trap is set, fine dirt should be sprinkled over it until it is concealed. A small board may be used to close the opening above the trap, loose dirt being packed overT entirely.—H shut out Kans. it until the light is H. Siegele, Emporia 1 f 1 ] pD¢ LOLded accurately to make the nega tive fit snugly or the latter will have a tendency to slip while printing, which 1s, undesirable The design is drawn on the inside of the envelope, which is then laid on a smooth surface, and the central portion carefully cut out, as hown, with a sharp knife or razor blade. lhe masks should be made to conform to standard size of negative so that the sensitive paper, which comes in corre- sponding sizes, can be slipped under the negative and printed without trimming. I course, Sno @ When it is necessary to drill small holes in hardwood and the correct size of drill is not at hand, an ordinary nail with the head clipped off will be found to be a good substitute. It is inserted in the chuck of the drill in the usual way and will pene- trate the work as quickly as a regular bit.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Cleaning Aluminum Kettles Aluminumware must be spick and span in order to look right and this makes fre- quent cleaning necessary, especially on IRON ROD ie - BROOM HANDLE WOODEN / BLOCK

RUBBER Cleaning Black- ened Utensils by Turning Them Briskly in a Box of Fine Sand 1 the outside, which is rapidly blackened by the flame. This is easily removed by the method shown in the drawing. \ box of fine sand is kept in the base- hook near by is a broom idle with an iron rod at the top anda attached to bottom, with a piece of rubber cut from an old inner tube. A plumber’s suction cup would be better for this purpose if one can be obtained. ( every the kettles and pans are carried into the basement to be cleaned. One utensil at a time is put in the box, the broom handle placed against its bottom, and by the | lle while working it back and fort! pan is rubbed against the sand briskly about half a minute. The rubber on ock takes a firm hold of the pan so it turns and gradually sinks into the sand, and both bottom and cleaned soot ent. Ona the LIl¢ 1 hat \ ooden block the block being covered 1 . nce weekK OT SO, bearing down on sides are Making Metal Wheels for Toys Metal wheels on toy wagons, carts, trains and similar playthings are stronger and more suitable for the purpose than wooden ones, and can be made by anyone with a few ordinary tools. A piece otf steel pipe, about 3 in. long and 2'% in. in diameter is first obtained. This can be found around a plumber’s shop, and usu- 1] The inner ally can be had for the asking. and outer edges of one end are roun off, and the burr on the inner edge at other end is removed. This pipe is to used’as a die for forming the tires on wheels. A hardwood block, about 4 square, is obtained, the pipe placed on { end and struck several hard blows wit heavy hammer so that its rounded edge « ters the wood about \% in. It must sin! an even depth all the way round. A we en plug is then turned or whittled d to just pass through the pipe and about ™% in. shorter than the pipe ex for an oval projection in the center, y should be about % in. high and 1 i: diameter. A %-in. hole is then dr through the plug, as shown in the tional view. <A recess is cut in the 1 vood block so that the projection o1 plug will just fit in it. The pipe and p are now placed on the block, the of the recess marked by steel rod passed through the plug, and a block, a pu 1} it means of a hole 11 i4-in. hole drilled throug] The steel rod is also to be used nch for the central hole in the d » wheels consist of two disks, e made of a piece of tin cut from an old « as follows: The flat piece of tin is lai the block of wood, the plug, held 1 pipe, placed on top of it, and both pour alternately until the concave centet wheel rim are formed. The punch is t used to cut a hole in the center, and edge is trimmed down just on the out of the rim with a pair of tin snips the two disks are ready, they are together, as indicated, and 1¢ SECTIONAL OF DIE Simple Tools for Making Sheet-Metal Wheels for Vehicles in the Home Workshop

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POPULAR X ch, with the nose ground so that it - only on three sides, is used to make perforations through both disks. - small tin projections are bent over to | the disks together. To properly lo- e the position of the square punch, im- ssions should first be made with it in hardwood block, as shown. Short eths of copper or brass tubing are used hubs. These are placed through the nter holes and flared out with a taper inch to fit snugly. If the outer edges of - disks are uneven after being trimmed with the snips, they may not fit together ictly, but the projecting parts can be ound off on a grindstone or emery eel. An application of solder around edges will make the wheels stronger. e rims are then painted white, the in- le red and the centers black. Paste and Toothbrush Holder Tubes of tooth paste or shaving cream n be kept neatly and conveniently in a all sheet-metal holder, as shown in the rawing. The holder is mounted on the de of the bathroom medicine cabinet where it is handy and al- ‘ A Ways ready : for use. The end of z = ~ = 4 fit end ‘x, the tube is in- serted in the slot of the key which is turned to squeeze the contents out, the tube be- ing wound on the key as the paste is used ip. The holder is adapted to tubes of arious sizes; it is finished with white enamel to match the other bathroom fix- tures. In making it, a double back is ormed, as shown in the top view, so that two toothbrushes can be held in it.—Carl Rue, Fond du Lac, Wis. Preserving Flowers Flowers can be preserved in all their heauty by placing them in a bottle of ‘lyveerin. The bottle is made air-tight by ipplying sealing wax over the stopper. Flowers kept in this way have retained their original shape and color for more than two years. Bouquets can be pre- erved in the same way. ECHANICS Radiator-Filling Pail An ordinary pail fitted with legs, as shown in the drawing, will prove useful around the farm garage as it saves much work and prevents one from spilling water all over the radi- ator and hood. The pail should be of large size and a faucet is soldered in the side near the bottom. Four legs, cut from heavy sheet metal, are riveted to the underside of the pail, and these are covered with soft material in order to prevent scratching the hood. Ordinary cloth wound on the legs and tied with cord will serve to make non-scratching feet, but electrician’s tape is better, if available. In use, the pail is filled with water, set on the hood so that the faucet comes directly over the radiator-filling hole, and as much water as necessary 1s then let into the radiator by opening the faucet.—Arthur D. Smith, Norfolk, Conn. Handling Large Grain Scoops Large grain scoops used in stores and on the farm, can be improved by providing an additional handle as shown in the drawing, so that both hands can be used in carry- ing the scoop when it is heavily loaded. The extra handle is cut from a length of broomstick, or similar material, to fit snugly between the edges. Holes are then punched through the metal and wood screws driven into the ends of the handle from the out- side, as indicated.

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POPULAR MECHANICS By RAY F. KUNS PRINCIPAL AUTOMOTIVE TRADE SCHOOL, CINCINNATI, OHIO : ’ ' 1 at inclosed-c ir podies are apt to conclude that a eood- is beyond the range KING inclosed car ‘the average amateur. The writer, how- has built about half a dozen jobs the last ten vears, ranging from curtain-and-window jobs through called winter top, to the truction of an entire inclosed body. l these 10bs, the one described here is nd simplest, amount of i! closed or sé ips the best consider- the service given and the or involved. Before going into the details of this par- lar job, it might be well to consider me items that ration betore we can get tar actual work. tools or ire bound to receive con- along on ‘ e al 1,1 . equipment avallabie are it the builder. Wood- more Va certain to | 1g tools are generally i han the equipment needed for d pecial sheet-metal body work. type of must look llv to the sheet-metal work that will nes essary. reader will carefully observe the sees daily, or reason, in considering the e wish to undertake, we irs he consider his own touring car, he will see that there are two curves used in the sheet-metal le curve. The first is the single practically straight in one direction, but curved in the opposite. This ts like the curve used in making any kind of cans or buckets from sheet metal. The other curve is the com- pound curve in which the metal is curved in-several directions, as, for instance, the metal used in forming a globe, or the bot- tom and sides of an aluminum stewpan, or an automobile fender. On the car body, the compound curve is types ot covering. In this case, the metal is usually found around the cowl, in the shell of the rear seat. curve is found in the door covering, the back of the front seat. The avera amateur does not have access to a ham: or press such as is used in forming special sections on automobile bodies | ing compound curves. He can, howev: make use of the single curve very readi and sometimes by the use of a rubber mallet, he can even do a little forming. In the particular job illustrated, th above-mentioned facts were taken int consideration. The car, which was prac tically new at the time it became wedgt between two street cars, came out looki: very much like The door and the cowl were badly damaged, but t rear-seat shell was merely twisted. first thought, it was decided to throw tl] body away, but when the is v found to be in excellent condition, t next thought was what to do for a bod It was finally decided to buy a new co and with this and the rear-seat shell as t nucleus, to build an inclosed job. The lustrations will give an idea of the as it progressed. From previous experience, it had learned that there was one essential if all work was to be satisfactory frame of the chassis must be blocked a1 maintained in the position it wou'd sume on a perfectly level roadway. T'! frame must not be “in wind,’ or twiste and the rear end must be an inch or tw higher than the front end. If the car t be converted is in good condition, tl proper frame position can easily be ascet tained. When placing the car in the sho; or garage, care must be exercised to bloc! the frame at four points, running th blocks to the floor, and taking practicall an accordion. he CNnassis

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POPULAR MECHANICS veight off the springs and tires. A ing flat, or addition of weight will ot throw the frame out of level and ent and cause faulty workmanship, ison for which might otherwise be ely hard to locate. When the is in its natural position, the posts umbed, rather than squared with ime. th these points in mind, block up the d proceed to remove the four doors iy them away. Next remove all up- ering, noting how it is fastened, and where the padding goes. The first of course, is to remove the gimp the edges of the leather, and then all cut tacks. It will be found that pholstering leather has a back of bur- ith the hair padded to it. The en- ssembly will come out together, and 689 after which the entire padding may be rolled into a bundle, tied up and placed away. Next remove the springs that cushion the back. Note how they are fas- tened also. The next point is to remove the top and windshield, if this has not al- ready been done, and then plan the gen- i a —_—__—] SECTION ATA “ey BOW | [LIGHT 5, SECTION AT B hha w BODY WIDTH y BOW 4 ZA ~~ Fee, SECTION AT © i - SHEATHING wooD = ‘SOFT WOO SECTION AT D e is no danger of any real difficulty it, even though the workman has no former experience. There will, ips, be found certain pieces of auxil- padding, and these must be laid on e large piece in their proper positions, ie) Lefts LENGTH + Plan View of Top Construction; Photos Illustrating the Progress of the Framing, Sills and Windshie!d eral layout of the body. It will likely be found that, in order to secure a good-looking job of the proper width in front, it will be necessary to place the front posts on the outside of the cow! It is very likely, too, that a sloping windshield will be the type used, and possibly in order to get around the curve at the side of the cowl, it will be necessary to work in the little triangu lar side lights so popular in inclosed cars. Having considered these items, the next thought will be directed to the front- seat shell and the body panels just at each side of the seat. These panels vary from a few inches to about a foot in width. It will be necessary to remove them. In the

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690 POPULAR sedan body, all of the space between the rear-seat shell and the cowl will be filled by the two doors on each side; these doors usually close together, each locking onto the post between them. If the body is of all-steel construction, cut out the panels about 1 in. above the sill line, and bend them in to form part of the sill. Ifa wood sill is in use, cut as before, and bend the sheet metal in, while the wood frame onto which the panels are nailed is removed entirely. This leaves the back of the front seat without any support, but later it will be tied to the posts. Next consider the rear-seat shell and methods of setting in posts for doors and windows. No specific directions can be given here: in fact this entire article is merely suggestive. The beginner at this type of work frequently makes the mis- take of fearing that he will go too far in cutting and removing parts. For instance, many times he will try to utilize the old body doors and build onto them. This is feasible, but does not give good results in the end, as no real ventilation is possible and the doors are hard to keep together The posts are cut from maple, ash, or oak. The front ones are formed to fit the cowl from the centers down, conforming to-its curve. From the centers upward, the outside edges are plumbed. The front posts of the rear-seat shell are anchored as seems best to the builder. The bottom half of each is fitted into the body, while the top outside half is plumbed. Posts are set in the rear-seat shell just at the point where the real curve starts. These are used to hold the sheet metal covering the back of the top and as a support for the rear window glass. Figures 2 and 3 show the method of framing and securing the windshield frame. It will not always be possible to use this method of framing, but it is sug- gestive. The lower edge of the windshield glass is, as a rule, even with the lower edges of the side windows, although in some cases it may be an inch or two above the window ledzes. The windshield, in this instance, is non-ventilating, and of the one-piece type. Ventilation is assured by a cowl ventilator and two side ventilators. These side ventilators are made from some of the 22-gauge body stock, and bent up to conform to the hole left when the body line is raised to sedan-body height. They are worked from the inside by means of control rods. ‘The windshield posts are mahogany, and the trim or mold used to hold the glass is also mahogany. The frame for the rear window may be any size or shape to suit the builder. MECHANICS Curves may be worked in if desired will be found that, in the width o frame, the body swells out just a Fit the frame to the body, mainta this curve. Do not worry about the that will go into the frame, since, material of the frame is maintained 1% in. to 1% in. thick, the window may be laid in straight, and the job « finished. Fasten the bottom of the window frame to the rear-seat shell final position, and secure it in a p position by means of lath braces. | wise, secure all posts to the body, ex ing the two center posts beside the seat. These cannot be secured unti curve of thé body sides has been d mined. Make this curve just as slig seems necessary, since we do not \ have to put compound curves in the panels. From % to 1 in. will not « sion any trouble. When this curve i termined, the next step is to form ar the center posts. If the rear post an post on the cow! are not of the same « it would be well to come about ha between them in laying off the oute: of the center posts. Set these post tening them at the bottom, and secu them in a plumb position by mea lath braces. The length or height of the posts same in every case—48 in. from the unless it is desired to drop the front o roof very greatly, which is seldom nowadays. The figures on the dra and at the end of this article will give of the most important dimensions at able the builder to figure his own di: sions properly. Head clearance is important, but if too much is provided result is a top-heavy, unsightly job. It will now be seen that with all posts set plumb, we have a numbe: points determining the outer edges o! top plates, and, in fact, their exact Clamp or nail strins across the posts their upper end, and on these lay se thin boards, about 6 in. wide and as as the top will be with the front over! Lay one across the front, and an across the rear. Mark the positions 01 posts, and then with the level use@ plumb, it will be possible to mark p: every inch or so all the way around rear-seat shell. Remove the boards sketch in the curves with a pencil, which they may be cut out and for to serve as a pattern in laying out real plates, which are of l-in. maple. I) lap joints are used at the front cor of the plates and butt joints at the as indicated in Figs. 1 and 2. The

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ut cor! ie he for co 2” SOFT WOOD 19x12 - ae I PLATE,! HARDWOOD - B Cc WOODEN BLOCK FORMED AND FASTENED FOR — SHEET-METAL NAIL TIE 2] REAR-SEAT SHELL FRONT-SEAT | METAL SHELL °) %» \ w ee ‘ NEW SILL OVER OLD SILL TO , WIDEN BODY | ORIGINAL _----- BODY BRACE Fig.2: SIDE ELEVATION \-TENON TO RECEIVE PLATE _ HALF-LAPPED 8) TO POST we! WINDSHIELD-FRAME BOTTOM MEMBER ALSO BOLTS FOR FASTENING TO COWL PLUMB SIDES Fic.3:METHOD OF FRAMING FRONT POSTS AND WIND- nf SHIELD TO COWL . 4 te | | ee. PLUMB SIDES Fig.4: METHOD OF FRAMING POSTS WITH NOTCHES TO RECEIVE FRONT POSTS, | | | Turther Details of the Framing of the Body; Note How the Posts Are Fitted to the Curve »f the Cowl and Re a Seat Shells at the Bottom and Plumbed at the Top, also How the Cow! Is Treated to Receive Windshield Fra:

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POPULAR joints are strengthened by the pieces marked X in Fig. 1, when they are screwed in place. These pieces, as well as the ones marked Y and Z, are of soft pine or pop- lar. Their main purpose is to give the curve to the edges of the top, and the slant toward the front. The pieces used in this job are cut from 2-in. stock. The space between the posts along the body sills must be filled in, since the front post is set out over the body or cowl, and the center one will likely project part way bevond the old body line. The rear post being set in the old body, the result is that a space is left which tapers from the front post to the rear side post. Cut and form wood strips to fill in this space as a sort of dummy sill. Over this place a cover- ing of sheet metal, which may be enameled before fastening in place permanently. Aiter the plates have all been fitted and fastened in place by means of wood screws through the half-lapped post tops, the pieces marked X, Y and Z, are formed MECHANICS roughly and finished after being placed position. Hardwood rafters or bows a next laid out. These are fitted as shown the sections in Fig. 1, showing the r plan. The ends are fitted over the platea are just thick enough to allow the %¢ sheathing strips to be laid in as illustrat: With this arrangement, the top mater may be drawn down and nailed with: any irregularities showing through. 1 bows have an arch of about 1 in. on tk It is customary to provide a dome 0: ceiling light in the inclosed car. A soit wood board about 1-ft. square, with t center cut out to the size of the lamp mounted between two of the bows. T| necessary wiring also run in bef trimming the inside. With these it cared for, the sheathing is laid in pla and nailed. Lay the strips touching ea other, and when finishing the center, tay the ends so that there are This article will November issue. 1S no gaps be concluded in Safety Shoe Scraper Foot scrapers of the common type are rather dangerous, as youngstefs may trip over them and hurt themselves. This pos- Protecting Foot Scraper at Schoolhouse with a Pipe Frame to Prevent Injury sibility a school-teacher avoided by providing scrapers protected with an iron-pipe rail on the top step of the school- house. A special scraper was made; it consisted of a %4-in. flat iron bar, about 2 in. wide and long enough to enable sev- eral children to use it at the same This was fitted in the uprights of the ra ing and, about 10 in. above, a brace small pipe was inserted. The height the railing was about 36 in. An Emergency Jack The emergency jack shown in the illu tration was the result of being caught alone with a flat tire and a broken ja It consists of a 16-in. length of 2 by 4-i: material, and an 8-in. length of 1 by 2 board. The 2 by 4-in. piece is notched the top end, leaving a projecting pi about 11% in. wide, and the other piece securely nailed to the bottom of the fir as indicated. In use, the jack is set behin the axle in a tilted position, that when the axle 1 raised, the jack will fall in- to position under it with the notch directly under the axle and the base squarely on the ground. It an easy matter toraisea car on the jack; in case of a light car any person of ordinary strength can lift one wheel high enough for the jack to fall into position, and in case of hea cars the work can be done by means ol plank or an ordinary fencepost used as lever. It is set under the rear axle, an‘ large stone or block of wood used as fulcrum.—W. F. Messenger, Stillwat« New York. so 1S is

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POPULAR MECHANICS Protecting Side Curtains the side curtains of the car are car- iround in the usual way, they soon surface cracks, and the celluloid ts become broken. I have found that of the best methods of keeping the tains in good condition is to carry in a tin can made specially for this se. For my car I have a can made tovepipe tin, 4 in. in diameter and 2 ng. One end is closed with a wooden nailed in place, and the other end fitted with a leather cap. The curtains kept in this, rolled up, so that they tt become damaged in any way.—R. Deering, Clements, Kans. Shock Absorbers for the Typewriter sur tennis balls or other similar hol- rubber balls, fastened to the feet of a riter, as shown in the illustration, ke efficient shock absorbers. They ke typing much easier and reduce the e considerably. Each ball is held in a eet-metal clip, cut according to the pat- rn shown in the lower detail and fas- ed to the typewriter frame by unscrew- the rubber foot, slipping the hole in the clip over the screw, which holds the foot on, and then driving the screw in again. The method of do- ing this is ap- parent from the sectional view. The arms of the clip are bent d ow nwar®r d and curved to fit the ball, and the latter Ps 2h ee pushed be- tween them. Obvious- lv, these arms should not be long as to come in contact with the ble or desk top when the balls are com- essed, or the purpose of using the shock irbers would be deteated. ow egg production is usually caused Incorrect feeding. Disappearing Drawing Board Home draftsmen, art students and others who have use for a drawing board but lack space for an easel or drawing Disappearing Drawing Board Can Be Folded into Table or Desk Drawer When Not in Use table or do not care to buy the latter too, will find the arrangement illustrated quite handy. An ordinary drawing board, the width of which is just a little less than the inside width of the drawer, is hinged to the front edge of a table or desk drawer with three or four hinges, as shown. The rack supporting the board is made of | by l-in. material and consists of two legs and a crosspiece, mortised or dovetailed to gether. The lower ends of the legs are pivoted to the drawer sides, as shown, a1 d are held in position, when raised, by means of two hooks, which are formed from steel or iron rod. hooks are held by screweyes on the legs when the rack ts set up. The lengths of the legs and ot the hooks are determined by the which the drawing board is most conve ient and comfortable for the user. This forms a folding outfit, which is entirely out of the way when not in use, yet leaves These angle at

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694 plenty of room in the drawer for materials and instruments. Cleats should be screwed to the sides of the drawer to hold the board level with the top and permit its use as an Ordinary writing desk if de- sired. It would be advisable also to rein- force the cleats under the drawer or put on heavier ones, so that the drawer may be held more securely when pulled out.—G. IE. Hendrickson, Argyle, Wis. Adjustable Stilts On ordinary stilts the foot supports are not adjustable. Usually they are nailed two feet or more above the ground, and it STEP PULLED UP- WARD WITH FOOT THRUST OF FOOT MAKES !RON GRIP WOOD GUIDE Adjustable Supports on Stilts Can Be Pulled Up While Walking on Them is much harder to learn to walk so high than if the supports were only about one foot above the bottom. For this reason, beginners usually start with stilts having low supports and, as they learn to main- tain their balance and gain confidence, remove the supports and nail them on again a little higher up. The necessity of doing this repeatedly is avoided by fitting the stilts with adjustable supports, shown in the drawing. These “steps” can be pulled up while walking, if desired, and cannot slip down again of themselves. The supports are wedge-shaped wooden blocks of the same width as the stiits, which are usually made of 2-in. material. They are held on by a strap-iron band pivoted to the top of the support on both sides and bent around the stilt that there is just a little play between the sup- port and the stilt. One end of the band as so POPULAR MECHANICS is extended upward and bent over the of the step as shown. This arrangeny: will cause the band to grip the stilt curely when pressure is applied on t support. A short length of strap iro: fastened vertically to the support a flush on the inside, is bent to fit over t foot, so that the support can be raise when necessary. Small guide screwed to the sides of the supports ne the bottom, keep them squarely on t stilts, and a nail below the top band pre- vents the lower edge of this band fro: binding against the stilts when the step is to be lifted.—F. E. Leitch, Brooklyn, N. ' Locking Auto Wheels When, for some reason, you have leave your auto along the roadside highway, some means of locking the tir wheels, and other accessories, which attractive items to road thieves, is des able. A simple means of doing this, whi also prevents theft of the car itself shown in the illustration. The locki: device consists of a heavy bar, which between the wheels, as shown, and a hea chain and padlock at each end for faste ing the bar to the wheels. The bar is « in the center and the parts are riveted together to permit fold- ing, so that it can be con- veniently car- ried under the rear seat. The method of using these locking devices is self - evident from the drawing. A pair should be made, one for the fro: and the other for the rear wheels. If spare tire is carried, it, too, can be chain« to the rear bar—Wnm. T. Peck, St. Peter burg, Fla. @ While putting up gutters several mil from the shop, a mechanic found that t! anchors had not been sent along. Find: some 12-gauge telephone wire about t! place, he cut this to length, doubled and, holding the ends in the vise, fasten: the doubled ends in a brace and twist: each length up hard. These formed « cellent anchors. Strips

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POPULAR MECHANICS eventing Loosening of Exhaust Nut A Hedge Porch Rail e nut that holds the exhaust pipe to Departures from conventional usages in ‘ngine manifold, on Ford automobiles, architecture, if properly executed, often tendency to work loose due to the add to the appearance of a building and tinual vibration. It Pive ita es down and allows | ry _ = touch of dis- muffler pipe to come : F tinction An e and rattle, which ame = = example of ery annoying be- —~ 4a 4 a} re this is the e the full explo- of the engine can be heard. This je can be over- e by securely fas- ¢ an ordinary hose » around the ex- pipe just below ut to keep it from ie +1 ewing. “Stretching” Single- Car Garage ny autoists first a small one-car hich they later mall for their and then tear it to build a larger It occurred a ngeles garag ner that this w: teful method, therefore sawed le-car garage Novel Porch Rail Consisting of Well-Trimmed Hedge Gives Building a Touch > . 4 of Distinction straight down trom ridge to the base and separated these hedge porch rail shown in the photo and sections far enough to form two sides drawing. It is kept trimmed and well rt of the roof of the new garage, watered at all times to preserve its fres! vas built between them as shown green color. In case it is planted next to oto. New rafters were extended a concrete wall, which absorbs a great se in the separate sectrons and amount of moisture from the soil, clav. be with 34-in. board and shingles in cause of its moisture-retaining properties way. A rear wall was built, doors should be provided around the roots and frequent tests should be made to make sure there is enough moisture for the hedge to thrive, especially during the first few months after it has been planted From then on, ordinary attention ts all that is necessarvy.—Dale R. Van Hort Walton, Nebr. Removing Bullet from Gun To remove a stuck bullet from barrel, make a steel rod that will —— 1 dee & Riges a ary barrel and place it in a vise. Then Moa ins Three Car Gareee * T*° little oil in the barrel, insert the rod muzzle and use the gun as a ram hung in the front and a concrete method will remove’ an obstinate vas laid. This saved much expense. without injuring the gun.—J. V. A. Goddard, Los Angeles, Calit. Webster, Ss. Dak.

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696 Lens Shade and Ray-Filter Holder Nearly every photographer knows that some exceptionally attractive pictures can be made by “back-light” effects, which are produced

by taking the

pictures against the light. In such cases it is, of course, neces- sary to pro- vide a shade

ee

over the lens in order to protect the film or plate from over- exposure. Many pho- tographers -\ Cup FoLDs To | THIS POINT ~ BRASS BOX SLOTTED BRASS TUBE, INSIDE DIAM. * FITS OVER END OF LENS _. BARREL ce ee oe em

“Back-Light” Photo Taken with the Aid of a Lens Shade, Which Can Be Combined with a Ray-Filter Holder, and Is Slipped over the Lens When Used attempt to take back-light photos by shading the lens with a plate slide or with their hats, with the result that the picture is partly ruined by the slide or hat ap- pearing on the negative, all out of focus and cutting off part of the view. A lens shade, which is adaptable to all kinds of cameras, is light in weight and has a ray- filter holder attached so that the operator can use both filter and shade at the same time, is shown in the drawing. It con- sists of a collapsible drinking cup riveted to a small brass box, of a size suitable to hold the filter, one end of the box being left open to permit its insertion. <A short piece of brass tube, fittrng snugly on the POPULAR MECHANICS lens barrel and slitted so as to grip latter tightly, is soldered to the other of the holder, as shown. It is obvious t holes equal in diameter to the lens bar must be cut through both sides of the ter holder—J. E. Hoag, Los Ange California. Stucco Finish for Bird Houses When my son was nine years old he ; very ambitious to make a bird house the yard. I helped with suggestions a he made a bird house all right. It \ made from old boxes, and although nic: designed, the lumber was rough and various thicknesses, split, and showi: several large knot holes. His difficul: was how to finish it; it did not look ver promising, but after some experimenti: we found a way that made a fine fini I got a gallon of silicate of soda (wate: glass) which | mix« with coarse sawdust u til I had a gummy m with which [ filled in t knot holes and evened uy the differences in t] thickness of the lumber This worked so well a looked so good that I ; another idea. With old paintbrush I covered one entire of tl house with the silicate soda and immediat: poured the sawdust over it, then did the sai with all three remainii sides and the bottom turn. Parts that got t or three coats by t overlapping of the co pound only looked t! more artistic. ing dried in a few mi utes, and in about | an hour the sawdust stucco was as hi as could be desired. Now I took all the old paint of vario colors that I had at hand, and mixed it t gether to use it all up. This was dabb all over the house in a thick coat; the: took dry pigments of different colors a: sprinkled over the surface in spots a streaks. The final effect was splendid The boy made a number of houses this type and although the lumber us could hardly have been worse, wi! treated in the manner described, all 1 perfections were covered. The hou: stood the weather perfectly —Luke Murdock, Cincinnati, Ohio. side

This coat-

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ou write at home, A Homemade Typewriter Cabinet By DONALD R. SIMONDS how long does it ke you to open and close your home e ‘2? Waste of productive time in ‘ting and putting away the writing rial and equipment can be lessened e ¢€ 1) | ce) rially by constructing the “writer’s described in this article, a tab- cabinet so made that it will conven- hold the folding typewriter and sup- nd be suitable for use as a type- table. ¢ beveled edge. ng from the side, abinet is about 21 in. high over all, - square inside, with an over- A hinged door, exposes a series of shelves parallel to the bottom, which is 7% in. above the casters. The top space, 5 in. in depth in the clear, accommodates the typewriter. Directly below this is a drawer, 1% in. deep, divided into ten compartments of various sizes to receive rubber bands, pins, clips, etc. The shelves below, spaced 13 in. on centers, are made of thin fiberboard, and provide oe letter- heads, copy paper - carbon paper. The lowest space, 2 in. in height, holds enve! opes. The Sieetchiae height is purposely made lower than that of the common type writer stand, so that when the machine is placed on top of the cabinet, it can easily veat and Attractive Typewriter Cabinet That Will Prove Invaluable to the Home Writer; a Table When Not in Use

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POPULAR perated from a comfortable house [t is also low enough to roll under ry table, and this is a decided con- nce when economy of Space is desir- i | oe Sos 7 ++. +55 > am $ é L a SSS Ly i a 4g 4,9, %,% * 0.2 . oe 2 REQUIRED . “r — iZ ~ ie" a | = | . | = --¢ | DIAM. The Swe CASTOR BLOCKS 1 cig ool i3.d ~ =a lo PARTITION, | REQ. i . “ 4z le oF 4 23 { 16 4 ue : f viol] J. 2.8 - a Pl aahnn uf ' 4 ’ a PARTITION, 2 REQUIRED _— 4 PARTITION, | REQUIRED DRAWER DETAILS Detail Drawings of the Are Specified in the Material List 7 ide of oak or nish it ission fi n, it proves a well as useful piece of tur ‘he material list, draw- phot graph make description ot struction almost assembli dowel pins, flat can be used, or screws be deeply set so that a wooden plug be inserted above the heads. a len plug is used, the grain detailed Col unneces- or nd-head screws WOO Repairing Rubber Gloves Ya bungling job of rej air- rubber gloves, whicn I used keep the stain from my fingers while ‘veloping photographic plates, a phys ian iriend happened along and told m ww to do it properly. The method is as Obtain a piece ef cardboard, such the heavy bristol board used for filing ls; spread it on one side, rather thick, ibrary paste, and stick it to the re- pair tissue, which should preferably dentists’ rubber dam of light weight, it flat and let it dry. When a patch OWS. be smoot FRONT AND BACK PARTITION, | REQUIRED Woodwork for the Typewriter Cabinet; Other Parts MECHANICS should run crosswise so it will line wit! panel in which it is set. The top surtace of cabinet bottoms! set 44 1n. above the cross brace to ai a doorstop and make cabinet dust-proof. casters are mounted blocks glued and scre to the bottom of cabi: and can be furt] strengthened by cri screws to the side pan Use small brads to last he halved - toget drawer partitions to and bottom ver. Fiberboard (pl oT imitation wood grait used for partitions, t be —- 7 ~. DOOR CATCH ” }~— 134 > HINGES Ske 4 s* lanes ——s C— = | CROSS BRACE ,! REQ. DOOR DETAIL sides | in. thick ain low maximum s and the weight cabinet, which can further lightened using '% in. materia the body, and whitew for draw er, drawer sl and cabinet bottom low closely the in of the mi facturer in staining cabinet. The inclined to reverse ect process, with satisfactory results. Use copper-finis hardware for the door knob, drawer pull - : pace 12 letterheads crease i” —_ Wy . tions Stain novic cort | ninges MATERIAL, not lop, 14 by 14 by % it ners Drawer rt Ke Letter! nake six Door knob Door Door i/50r-Catcl detailed slide partition, 1 16 by 1 two eat Dartiti opper finis! >) hinges (2 copper catcn is needed cut out, rubber and « together. and fit it to the hole in the g Put i on the hand inside moisten the patch with cement, let it foes a few seconds, and then press:hat place. If the tear is large, it is easier lay the moistened patch down and fit edges of the tear or cut to it, then p1 hard in place. After the cemet thoroughly dry, soak the pate’ and remove the bit of card. This g a patch securely fastened to the extr: edges. After removing the card, the pa is dusted with talcum.—J. 5S. Hagans, ¢ Lil. one 5 | glove cago,

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POPULAR MECHANICS 699 Adjusting Ford Coils ew drivers thoroughly understand the istment of the vibrator ignition coils d on Ford cars; hence the expense of juent service and new ts is usually high. e tension at the base he spring on the top each coil controls, in limits, the amper- of the coil. The am- age of the coil, how- cannot be adjusted means of the thumb- on the spring, but, the springs on some s become weak with ng - continued use, er the bases on which are mounted must changed, or the ten- 1) raised or lowered by e of two methods. The t is to place several cknesses of paper, 4% square and with a le punched near one le through which the rew can pass, under e spring base at the one rew or the other. The ond is to tap the rew heads with a light mmer if the tension is be increased, or to pry the back of the base th a screwdriver if the sion is too strong. A Durable Lawn Swing Every child who has access to a lawn swing knows how to play “street car,” where the one who propels the swing acts Lawn Swing Suspended from Iron Frame That Has Been in Continuous Use for Eight Yea-s and Is Still in Good Condition e tension must always be determined by eans of an ammeter, which should indi- te a current in the primary circuit of amp.—a current that will produce a irk 4% in. long. An amperage of more an 1.5 is liable to cause heavy sparking the vibrator points and shorten their e, while a lower amperage will fail to the work.—-W. E. Bramel, Eugene, egon, Packing Washers Made from Old Hat VW When the water pump on my automo- e needed repacking, | found that | had new felt washers on hand, and cast out for something from which to make em. Finding an old felt hat, I cut the ishers from this, and then boiled them a mixture of tallow and plumbago. The ishers made in this way were found rior to those originally used.—N. rn, Birmingham, Mich. su- Cc. as “conductor.” Continued usage in this Wav soon wears out most wooden swings, and the part that breaks down first is the frame. A durable swing, which will out- last most wooden ones and has not the usual clumsy frame, is shown in the draw- ing. The swinging part is of wood and made according to the usual design. It is suspended from two lengths of heavy r-iron, which are bent at an angle and braced at the ends with l-in. rods on which the swing is hung as shown. This assembly is supported on a length of 2-in. pipe, mounted between the corner of the house and a 10-ft. post of 4-in. pipe, set in concrete. U-bolts, hooked around the horizontal pipe, are fastened to the T-iron braces at the point where they are bent. Iron pins, slipped through holes in the pipe, keep the swing from moving toward the house or post. A swing of this kind has been in continuous use for eight years and is still in good condition.—Dr. W. lL. Brown, Savannah, Mo.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Windshield for Rear Auto Seat Windshields used on rear seats of auto- mobiles are usually constructed of thick plate glass and require a substantial metal a es a eS i » Ea RUBBERIZED CLOTH ae ¥--- CELLULOID ai ‘*+- STIFFENING ROD /~SNAPS —=s -- WINGNUT —— Gad i Windshield for Rear Seat Eliminates Danger of Being Cut by Broken Glass to hold them in y construction can ng the celluloid and metal as shown in the drawing. It is easy just and there will be no danger of ut by broken glass, should an acci- position. This be avoided by shield of framework is . bent to the shape made of %4-in. brass indicated. Iron rod also be used provided it is. painted to ‘nt rust. Four pieces of 42-in. cellu- cut to fit inside of the frame. re sewed or glued to strips of heavy ed ] ‘ized fabric, which is he trame and fastened by eans ot snaps. A good adhesive for glu- ¢ celluloid to cloth or leather is made by a parts of spirits I camphor and 4 parts of alcohol. The fittings permanently attached to the inside tf the body to hold the windshield, are I The frame and ng 2 parts ot shellac lg-in. sheet brass. the shield itself are readily removable.— G. A. Luers, Washington, D. C. lade of A Handy Scrap Box The home owner usually has about the premises a _ collection of tacks, nails, screws, bolts and scrap of all kinds, put away with the idea that they “will come ir handy some time.” When that t comes, however, the particular art wanted is usually found at the bott of the box or drawer, after an ardu search. A “junk” box of the type sh in the illustration will eliminate trouble. The box is easily made from scrap s ping boxes obtained from the nearest gr The boxes selected should be the same size, and of dovetailed c struction if possible. Each box is part tioned as shown in the drawing, after ing over the joints of the sides and nai or gluing them, if found necessary. boxes then laid one top of other, with the edges flush all around, the side braces or lifters screwed in pla These must be kept parallel to each othe: and spaced evenly, so that the box 1 open easily. For small or light bo wood screws will serve to fasten the brace but for heavy ones small bolts and hea braces should be used. A leg may be screwed to the rear ot top box, to support the assembly wi! opened. The low er box | cery store. are on may also deeper than the remaining ones, in ord to store heavier parts. Scrap boxes of this kind are ideal use in the garage, for keeping spare p bolts and screws for the car. If the Made of Old Grocery Boxes is well finished, and provided with a g lock, it also makes a splendid tool bo» James Fenwick, Tonopah, N. Y. @ The man who does painting, varnis! or enameling usually finds it a diffi task to remove the stains from his ha: A simple and effective way of doing is to rub the hands with lard, and wash them with soap and hot water +

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POPULAR MECHANICS A Miniature Replica of the Old Homestead Is Used as a Mail Box, Adding a Pleasing and Artistic Touch to an Object Usually Ugly, if Useful An Unusual and Attractive Mail Box By L. W. WILLIAMS \N these days of widespread use of the ircel post, when the mailman may ng anything from a pair of shoes to an tomobile tire, it is desirable to have a kage box to receive his burdens. This particularly true in the country, where rural carrier drives a small car and es the mail at the roadside. \ box—any old box—will not give full tection from the weather, however, | certainly is not ornamental. For e reasons the residents around Lake iopac, N. Y., have adopted the custom ot making little houses, exact models of their respective homes, which they set on posts at the roadside. The effect of these miniature houses along the road is very attractive. Unless the house to be mod- eled is very irregular in outline the mak- ing of the miniature is not very difficult. Let us take an old New England farm- house, for example. In case one would like to have a mail-box house, but did not care to duplicate one’s own, this tyne could very well be used. It is simple in design, but the effect is artistic and pleas-

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702 POPULAR MECHANICS ing. ‘lhe house is square on the base. A house, with no overhang. One side ¢ moderate size would be 24 in. square. roof is nailed securely and the other Boards, preferably tongued and grooved, together with battens, hinged to the : should be cut to form a base of this size. to form the door. Now comes the fi: Next, enough boards must be cut to form ing. The box is first painted, inside and the two ends of the house, which is 16% out, preferably two coats and white. in. to the ridge. These boards should be outside white may serve as window ¢ the length of the base plus twice the thick- the frames being painted another <¢ ness of the lumber. The boards are fitted The painting done, the next job is together and the roof line laid out for one’ gling. The shingles may be cut fron end. It will be noticed that the roof angle thin ends of regular shingles, making the; is the same on both sides, one side simply 2 in. long and preferably of various co! extending lower than the other. One end Small-head nails are used to fasten ther should be sawed first and then used as a_ As in shingling a large house, the vy template for the other, so as to insure’ should proceed from the lower edge oj | both being alike. The front side of the roof and from the base of the walls house may now be fitted, the top edge As a finishing touch, strips of thin lu being planed to the pitch of the roof. The _ ber are fitted beneath the shingle over! low side may be fitted in the same way or, at the ends of the roof, covering the e to make the effect more interesting, it may of the roof boards and fitting down o be set in 4in. from the edge of the sides to the side shingles. The same method form a back “porch.” The roof boards — be used to finish the corners. The ho should be cut the exact length of the is now finished, ready for mounting.

A Broom and Brush Holder and provides an orderly arrangement that any brush, broom or mop ca: Brooms and brushes are usually set up stantly be found when needed. The in a corner on the porch when not in use, struction of this holder is clearly show but this causes the bristles or hairs to the drawing. It is made of %4-in. bo about 8 in. wide. The length shoul about 3 ft. and the height about the s A number of holes are drilled throug! two shelves, those in the upper sheli ing directly above those in the lower s! permitting the handles of brooms t set up vertically. Hooks, driven into edges of the shelves and sides as indic hold the smaller brushes.—F. L. Mint Newberry, Mich. Weighing Light Objects on Large Scale Every farmer has felt the need, at time or another, of a small, accurate when careful weighing of spray ing ents or similar substances was neces Such scales are expensive, but the | portable platform scales found on al: every farm can be made to serve the s purpose in a very simple manner. method sounds a bit involved in des¢ : tion, but is in reality simplicity itself Broom and Brush Holder Which Protects and Keeps Suppose, lor example, that it is des Them in an Orderly Arrangement to weigh a small part of some mac that is to be sent to the factory for rep! bend over permanently, which greatly im- ment. The part is so light, however, 1 pairs the usefulness of these articles. This it cannot be weighed on the platform can be prevented by providing a brush inthe usual way. Tie a piece of strin and broom holder of the kind shown in it, leaving a loose loop. Now stand on the drawing. This holder adds consider- — scale, after seeing that it is balanced ably to the neat appearance of the porch — rectly, and weigh yourself. Jot dow:

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POPULAR MECHANICS eight on a piece of paper. Remain on e scale, remove the 100-lb. balance eight, and substitute the machine -part, ing the loop to hook it onto the balance m, then weigh yourself again. Record s reading under the first, subtract the econd reading from the first, point off two cimal places, and the result is the cor- ct weight of the part. lo illustrate: Suppose your own weight found to be 176.75 lb. After removing e 100-lb. weight and substituting the itt, by balancing again you get a weight 74.25 lb. By subtracting the second om the first 102.50 Ib. is obtained. Point- off two decimal places gives 1.025 Ib. the correct weight of the part. If this ‘ight is verified on an accurate small ile, it will be found correct to the third ecimal place—which is a whole lot more curate than required for most farm urposes. Objects weighing only a frac- of a pound can be weighed in the me way with equal accuracy.—Joseph tl. Hughes, Madison, Wis. Electric Heater Made from Auto Parts rhe photo shows a novel electric heater, ide entirely trom discarded automobile irts, with the exception of the heating unit, which is a standard one kept in stock by elec- tric-supply houses. The base is made from a Ford brake drum and hub flange, the latter being reversed so that the larger opening of the ta- pered hole is at thetop. The standard is made from a_ headlight bracket to which the reflector is at- tached. The rim is fastened to the bracket with two screws, which vivel in holes drilled for the purpose. t is necessary to enlarge the hole in the receptacle for the porcelain socket. A wire S wrapped around the shell and the ends twisted to hold the socket on the re- ‘lector. The heating element is screwed into the socket like an ordinary electric amp, and a 10-ft. length of heavy lamp- cord, with a plug at one end, is provided o that the heater can be used almost any- here—E. W. Willat, Cuiver City, Calif. Polishing Trolling Spoons Bass, lake trout, muskies, salmon and other game fish that pleasure anglers usu- ally catch by trolling, do not bite on spoons Motorboat Flywheel Used as Buffer to Polish Trolling Spoons and Other Fishing Lure or other lures unless these are highly pol- ished. Keeping them so is not easy, es- pecially when fishing in salt water, which corrodes and tarnishes them quickly. The lures can be polished very quickly, however, and with little work, by using the flywheel of the motor as a buffing wheel. A 1-in. elastic band, a little shorter than the circumference of the flywheel, is sewed together at the ends and a flannel strip stitched around it, as shown in the upper detail. This can be kept in the tackle box and stretched around the fly- wheel in a moment when needed. Jew- elers’ rouge may be used as an abrasive, a stick of it being handy tor rubbing into the flannel, but this is not absolutely necessary. With this polisher, a large brass salmon spoon that is badly tarnished can be pol- ished in a few moments while the boat is under way to the fishing grounds. This device was made for use with an outboard motor, but can, of course, be used on the flywheel of any other type. @A corncob, dipped in melted resin and then left to dry, makes an effective fire lighter. It will even ignite wet wood. This method has been in long use by a Louisi- ana swamp fisherman.

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704 POPULAR MECHANICS FROM THE EDITOR’S MAIL BAG of Popular Mechani seems to carry a ini montl wee resting é I i t in the magazine, and oftene: ing tl wonder é xample | consider it ne n My wil x which 149, wa gs of tahies, he mill, made ult is i neat ur cabinetn oncludins es i Hy and Closed of Mr. Howe s Radio Set, t from the De- tion in Popular Mechanics m N accordance with the editorial policy of this magazine never to accept compensation in any for for what appears in our reading pages, and also to avoid all appearance of doing so, we are obliged to omit the name of the maker or seller of any article described. This information, however, is kept n file and will be furnished free, by addressing Bureau of Information, Popular Mechanics Magazine, Chicago. [Editor