Popular Mechanics 1924-08: Vol 42 Iss 2

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MECHANICS MAGAZINE WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT

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Big Demand for Auto & Electrical EXPERTS Automotive and electrical fields growing by leaps and bounds. A hundred thousand more expert mechanics needed now. I can fit you in fifty days to fill a big job. McSweeny trained men earn from $50 to $250 per week. Read on for proof of this—

Electrical Expert $800 Month DEAR Mac: Before going to your school I was working on a farm for fifty dollars a month and did not have steady work nor a bright future. Now, as a result of your training, I have my own garage and sales agency and average $800 per month. I owe it all to your training. (signed) GEORGE SMITH, West Alexandria, Ohio. And Fred Pendley, Blowing Rock, N. C., writes: ‘‘Mc- Sweeny training made me Chief Mechanic of a_ big plant in three months.”” These two are typical of many we could quote to prove that Mc- Sweeny training paves the way to better jobs and bigger pay. Tractor Expert Guarantee To whom it may concern: I, J. B. Dudley, will state under oath that I am now attending the McSweeny School and find everything as repre- sented. In fact, better than expected. The course of instruction is practical andthe McSweeny method of learning by actually working with real tools on real jobs under experienced instruc- tors enables a fellow to learn a powerful lot in a few days (signed) J. B. DUDLEY, McSweeny School Student.

I now control the former Rahe School of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the former Cleveland Auto School of Cleveland, Ohio. Chances are you can reach one of them by a day’s trip. Two fine schools advantageously located—nearest the masses of popula- tion, the most autos and most jobs. Railroad Fare Paid Board 8 Weeks FREE Lack of space prevents full details. Eee; ee Write for complete informa- — «as a as ae —e ' gprs . eg ae [ McSweeny Auto, Tractor & Electrical Schools “| — pov ply Ro a pos ghee dl — ae Dept. 147 (Address School Nearest You) , 8 _— Send me your Big Free Book on auto and tractor business, | and send me information on special reduced tuition offer | with railroad fare and board paid, now in effect for short l time | | Ren OS iy Sere! ea | Auto, Tractor & Electrical What more could you ask than this guarantee of sat- isfaction — sworn testi- mony of a student! Auto Salesman or Garage Owner nen ez De strator or Manager

pe Pe ee __.. | Operating former Rahe School of Cincinnati | , and Cleveland School, Cleveland, Ohio a L_ NO PACILITIES FOR COLORED STUDENTS | maecvimae h 1 1815 E. 24th <_<. «an an' on ae Ge ae a a a ow oe oo Cincinnati, O. Cc 00 ‘ Cleveland, O. | Street or R. R.

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nN: will it I the re- ter irse cal 10d lly real ruc- ma ask Sat- sti- oad al ati 4th POPULAR MECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION ¢ 3 i¢ Money Business Have Success Like This is H. A. Bradley—merely one of thousands of Michigan te students who have achieved success far beyond their dest hopes. What these men have done you can do. The ortunities are now greater than ever. There are more autos ore trucks—more tractors and every year adds to the ney-making possibilities. You have ambition—you want ess. Success is certain if you are willing to work for it. 1 can have independence—be your own boss—stop the dding and get into work you like. You can earn big money, prosperous, happy and independent. Bradley is no excep- n, we have graduates who have made as high as $10,000 in s than a year. These records may seem amazing, but they true. It is all done through head and hand training at the higan State. Decide now to give yourself the training that !| pay you big and establish you in a successful life work. Spend Your Summer at Detroit “The Summer Resort” City here business is always good. Where weather is always fine. Detroit’s location in center of the Great Lakes gives it ideal mate, not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer. Get 1y from the burning sun into the cool breezes of Michigan. ter school hours, enjoy boat trips, swimming, fishing, sail- canoeing on the lakes and river. See Major League iseball games—see Ty Cobb, Babe Ruth, Eddie Collins, Speaker, Walter Johnson, George Sisier—all the stars. Spend a pleasant summer and improve yourself at the same time. We work hard up here but we believe in some od times too. Detroit-Trained Auto Men Earn More Money oit-trained men are preferred. Your diploma from the Michigan State is a valuable money-making asset—an advantage that you can get 1 no other school. The Michigan State Automobile School is known world over. Wherever autos are used—Detroit-trained men get the jobs, highest pay. Auto, truck, tractor factories employ M. S. A. S. luates. Leading factories, dealers, service stations, garages, shops — — men who have trained their heads as well as their hands A. S. Detroit-kind. Good Positions Open demand for men who know automotive mechanics and ctrics is greater than the supply. We have more calls than can fill. The training in Business Management and Salesmanship included in our courses makes our graduates specially valuable. The years ahead are predicted to be the ggest years of the industry. That means certain money-making vantages to men who start in the business now. Mail This Coupon ret all the interesting facts from our big catalog. information concerning your future that you must not fail get. It gives complete information about all courses. It's istrated with photos of school, equipment and graduates. It ls you how you can get a good paying job—how you can go to business for yourself with little capital. Let us send it to u FREE without obligation. Mail the coupon or send us a stceard today. Write now. (We do not enroll colored students, xcept for our Home Study Course.) AUTOMOBILE SCHOOL 3729 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Mich. From $1200 a Week to $50000 a Month Read Bradley's let- ter below. It's his own story of the credit he gives to M. S. A. S. for his success. The success you can enjoy, too, if you accept this opportunity. BRADLEY GARAGE aoe onio Distributor Vesta Storage Batteries ALEMITE LUBRICATOR SERVICE Automobile Repairing H. A. BRADLEY Michigan State Aute School, Detroit, Mich. Gentlemen: | wish to state that before going to your Schoc I was employed as shipping clerk with a well-known concern at the enormous salary of $12 per week. Incidentally, t! included overtime difference between a carburetor and a wheel-base; in fact dida’t know they had a wheel-base. After leaving the School I worked as service repairman for the Oakland Motor Company of Pontiac, Michigan. I leit the Oakland to accept a position as night service foreman for the Studebaker Company at Detroit and was later connected with such firms as the Northway Motor and Manufacturing Company, and the Continental Motor Manufactur ing Cor pany. I have since been service-manager for two large cx cerns—one in Detroit and one in Cleveland The salary mounted all the time—the last position paying me $300 per month. 1, then, decided to go in business for myself, which business | have successfully built and maintained up to the prese time and expect to maintain for a long time to come I est mate the present earnings of my business at $500 per mont clear and growing ali the time. I believe that the M. S. A. S. is by far the best School of its kind in the country. For the man who will apply himself ¢ the work and to the studies I can safely say that the Mict gan State Auto School is the best place to learn the aut mobile business. Yours very truly H. A. BRADLEY I knew absolutely nothing about an automobile. I couldn't even drive one and didn't know the i ' Name isa oor ee el Pg To Da Michigan State Automobile School ,29335" Bicincln Send me FREE and without obligation your flustrated catalog and complete information about Detroit training to make the most money. Street or R. F. D State Do you prefer to start your training at home or at our School in Detroit?. ..........5e006.

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Landing of the Night Air Mail Amid Beams of Powerful Lamos That Make Daylight of Darkness; Insert, Closeup of 460,000,000-Candlepower Beacon—See Page 267

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Popular Mechanics Magazine REGISTERED IN U. S. PATENT OFFICE WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT Vol. 42 AUGUST, 1924 No. 2 More Than $128,400 Offered for Your Ideas New Awards Widen Field and Afford Greater Opportunity for All in Seeking Solutions of Problems Copyright, 1924, by H. H. Wind ITH new offers for ideas bringing the total to more than $128,400, words of praise for the Industrial Award Plan originated by Popular Mechanics Magazine continued to be received from all parts of the nation. 2 given proper publicity and there are many bright men who ,* fail to receive recognition because of inability to place their i, | y .

ideas before the public. It seems to me that nothing but good can come of your Plan.”—Dexter S. Kimball, Cor nell University. “One of the first requisites for the solution of a prob lem is knowing what the problem is. You have set forth certain important problems. This is the first step to ard their solution. I feel you are to be congratulated.” J. Lewis Howe, Washington and Lee: University. “Your Plan of seeking out the latent ability possessed everyone should prove a tremendous success. You are doing a great good in bringing out this ability and at the ime time are giving the public that one needed thing perfection of all manufactured articles." —L. B. Ivey, Edi tor, Money- Making.

Phaxfa rire

“[ take pleasure in commending it as a means of bring ng readers and manufacturers into a co-operative and mutually beneficial union.” K. G. Matheson, Drexel Institute, Philadelphia. “It seems to me that it is of such a character

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178 as to offer encouragement in a more sub- stantial and general and protected way than almost any other plan which might be devised.”—E. T. Stiger, Editor, Print- ing Art. “Popular Mechanics Magazine, always a favorite with men who use their heads as well as their hands, is performing a most valuable service to industry and mankind by encouraging men to do things better. You have. my sincere congratulations.”- J. A. Gary, Editor, Furniture Age Mag azine. “You are rendering the industries of this country a useful service in making your splendid publication the focal point at which important problems and their olutions are brought together.”—Ernest Coler, Editor, Motor Life. “Your enterprise will bring the manu- facturer and the inventor together to their mutual advantage and the entire nation will profit.’"—John M. Glenn, Secretary, Illinois Manufacturers’ Association. “Your Plan will lead to considerable benefit and it will not be at all surprising if some rather radical improvements re- sult from it.’—L. D. Crain, State Agricul- tural College, Fort Collins, Colo. “Your Plan provides a number of defi- nite lines along which there is a need of investigation and invention and ought to POPULAR MECHANICS yield useful results.”.—O. M. Leland, The University of Minnesota. “It seems to me that your Plan should produce excellent results. Anything that will encourage investigations and discover ies is certainly worth while.”—Charles H Warren, Yale University. “It is an interesting proposition whicl vou are placing before the public. It co: stitutes: an incentive to some who might never think of developing their idea i: form to go to the patent office.’"—P. | Walker, University of Kansas. “IT am glad to see your magazine work ing along such constructive and edifvins lines.”—A. M. Soule, University of Georgi “Tl think that this kind of competitio: opens up a wide field of interest and f1 quently results in useful and sometim: very valuable suggestions.”—H. J. Hughe Harvard University. “Many people with inquiring and active minds will welcome these definite sugge tions to which they may direct their et forts."—H. S. Evans, University of Colo rado. “This seems to me to be a very go means of bringing inventors and those who have problems which they would lik: to solve together for the mutual advantag¢ of both.”—C. D. Marx, Stanford U versity. ABOUT THE LATHE—THE KING OF ALL TOOLS 5 ee screw-cutting engine lathe is the oldest of all machine tools. It was the first developed and without it the locomo- tive, the steamboat, the electric motor, and, in fact, all the machinery used in industry, would be impossible. The earliest screw-cutting engine lathe ae » seg bs , Ae em ie . ~ Te ae 1. $4 ly . ; — D > iii ud [yA —- iaaes 7 Two-Man Hand-Power Lathe of the Orient known was built in France about 174 The name of the builder is unknovy There was not much further development until 1797, when Henry Maudslay, an E1 lishman, designed and built one with abou a ten-inch swing, fitted with a lead scr geared to the spindle. Although only few lathes were built until after 1830, ne ertheless they have made the United State the greatest manufacturing country in t! world today. It was on the lathe that the pione: mechanics got their early training a1 developed special tools for cutting cost increasing production and improving pro ucts. Now many of the vocational a: industrial schools offer an opportunity t learn the fundamentals of machine-sh« work. The lathe, of course, is the basis o these courses, and the average boy w! spends two years in the machine shop ot vocational or industrial school is by the manufacturer. But the boy who takes up such worl is not expected to spend the rest of his life as a machinist, for he has received a train ing that will give him an opportunity t« sought

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ork life un to od UR taitinsen? metic Sic POPULAR MECHANICS s\ or ax exn0F 2 nor om F : ‘ a” ava? a Unwensity of Mame viet ‘ & enone. amt ve ee a eS / Motor Life Boe Boiversity of Muw dot Enguscering ond A roreman, utacturer (reorge Henry Ford and the re all mechanics. While there are excellent mechanics and reecome a superintendent or Westinghouse, Studebaker brothers skiled workmen in the large industrial lants contributing their part in improve- ments and inventions to industry, there re also a great many unknown craftsmen in the smaller shops and communities vhout the country who are doing heir bit, as the following story will serve » illustrate: In 1890, a young tool and die maker en- ered the employ of one of the largest brass utacturing concerns in Connecticut \n order came in for a large amount of + urtain brackets The foreman and the e maker worked out a set of tools for laking the bracket in quantities, and at he end of two months, the tools were set Operation and a production of 8,000 rackets a day was obtained. The young lie maker’s reputation was made in that sota Ponting / Art community Later he became a machine tool salesman and visited a small shop the equipment of which did not cost more than $4,000. On the floor was a horizontal machine for the turning out of the ve same curtain brackets that he had works on ten years betore in New England, es cept that this bracket vas made steel instead of bt iss; and this mac e had a_ production capacity of 40,000 brackets a day. lhe machine was crudely built, of pe de ign, but the dies and tool did tl work. Che mechanic who built it did realize what ability he had He did seem to think it much of a job, but ‘ developed alone a machine which had five times the capacity of that built in the ea ern plant with all its equipment and e: perience of the builders. This goes to show that in the United States there are a great many people ot unusual mechanical ability if they only had the opportunity to develop it. They

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180 POPULAR do not always know they have this ability, and it is to stimulate it and show the way to constructive achievement that the fol- lowing problems, including several on the lathe, are presented: No. 14—$1,000—Harmless Skyrocket Stick The Thearle-Duffield producers Fireworks Company, of fireworks displays and spectacles, will pay to the designer of a skyrocket equipped with a stick absolutely harmless in its descent after explosion in the air, the sum of $1,000: Models or clearly defined ideas are acceptable to this company, who will be the sole judge of the article and its value No. 14A—$250—Bombshell with Fiag t the sum of $250 for a satisfac tory right bombshell that will release, at an altitude o to them. ( , § ) feet, a large silk American flag attached to a par ute together with an illuminating compound that will function in such a manner as to safely and itisfactorily illuminate the flag so that it may be learly seen as it floats in the air. No. 14B—$250—Smokeless Colors hemicals that will produce less, when burning, Duffield Fireworks Company will pay the The colors produced are to be m solid lues, yellows, greens and white. The main a combination of « ss, or nearly smokeless colors

object is to secure a smokeless combination that will prove acceptable to this organization. Offers 14, 14A and 14B cl May 1, 1925. Address Thearle-Duftheld Fireworks Company, 624 South Michigan Avenue, Chi Capo, Illinois. No. 15—$10,000—Motorized Handsaw With the person who designs a successful and ac- ceptable means of motorizing the ordina handsaw, x . Barker and Company will enter into an agree ment to manufacture and market such device and award inventor royalties from the sales until such time as the royalties aggregate the sum of $10,000, when the payments shall cease and all rights to and owner ship of the implement will pass to R. L. Barker and ; ist | 1 | 1 ]

Con ny I he vy 1 e of the ec ocating type We have in 1 1 three siz one driven |} i | to with l¢ blade, 14 h stroke, to cut 1: nch timbers, and weighing about 25 pounds; another driven by a %-hp. 1 with 6 or nch blade, with 4 or 5-inch stroke, to cut 4-inch timbers; this would be tl nost popular size, selling in almost every field ! 1andsaws are used. The third size should take 1 iller m ibout a 4-inch blade with stroke of ‘ inches, to cut 1 light materials, such as veneer d wallboard, or for sha showcards and stage scenery The difficulty in rly designing the in plement, it seems, would be to get uniform pressure on the vy blade while it is being drawn back and forth by the motor 2. L. Barker and Con will be the only authority to judge of the suitability for their purpose of all designs submitted. This offer will terminate on May /*. Address R. L. Barker and Company, 642 West Washington Street, Cl g llinois.

No. 16—$500—Sales Promotion Plan The Keasby and Mattison t which is very light ‘ ent, as a non-heat-c powder, as a neu- tral powder to be mixed with arsenite of lead or other nsecticides, or for any sort of disinfectant, for air sup- plying, dusting, etc. Wed neutral Company has a and of use as an d flufty, desire a price of about three cents a pound ior this material. It is mainly of a very light and fluffy chalk and is exceedingly bulky. A larg sugar barrel can be made to hold about 100 pounds of the powder, 95 per cent of which will pass through a 400- mesh screen. For a satisfactory plan that will aid in largely increasing our sales of, and assist us in market- ing, the product, we will pay the person submitting the plan, the sum of $500, Keasby and Mattison Company alone to determine the value of the method. The offer will end on May 1, 1925. Address Keasby and Mat tison Company, Ambler, Pennsylvania.

MECHANICS No. 17—$15,000—Mechanical Devices Le

The Aetna Industries, Incorporated, manufacture: of mechanical and labor-saving appliances, such 4 automatic oil burners, camp stoves, rivet heaters, il] ; minating lamps, portable shower baths, burglar-pri window locks, lawn sprinklers, rotary pumps for air a liquid, and hand drills for steel, m, ete., will unde a

anutacture of an entirely new and origi their take the j device either in the line of caucts alore

entioned or any other labor-sa mec! cal or electrical, that are prac gain t endorsement of this organizati entor s itting such article, this concet follow terms The will enter into a make ell the new or improved device to the entor royalties from the sales e as t oyalties will aggregate the sum of $1 ), when I nents shall cease i the im} ed « ne ae s hecome the sole { erty of the Ac 1 Industries, | ted No pe connected with t S . r e ar < le n under this off \ it must be sul ed in f f1 lels, no sketche ] r ts will ccepted Ex I ce tee W l be Ik » B I s t t \ ’ette president, of tl tior and J J Be il superintendent the | i I 1 Ma » offer closes May 1, 19 lress Aetna Industries, Incorporated, 117 Nort De Chicago, Illinois. No. 18—$250—Article for Manufacture

The Gemco Manufacturing Company will sum t 3 ) in cash to the person su itting ft a lairly well developed article that « 1 be lanutlact

m an ordinary genet il metal-working pl nt ¢€ a line of medium-hea punch presse screw 1 hines, automatic machinery, polishing and p I tments, 1 cx lete tool and diemaking 1 ex . This also applies ion that leads to the a lis concern. We are in s«

of some good live accessory to manufacture and sell t e automotive trade, or an article that will n eadily th I e hardware trade and which n pplicabl st any field—to the fart other class of 1 rs Value of the

will be determined entirely by members of our o ation, and its merits will be largely measured | daptability to our sales organization. The awar offered here, means a payment over and above eements into which we might enter with an « oft the rights to such ac epted arti ior mar se he is the one to submit the id v é closed on May 1, 1925 Address Ge Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, W isc« ffer wili be No. 19—$25—Leakproofing Cast Iron This donor will pay the sum of $25 in cash tisiactory, si e and imexpensive method the in make cast-iron vessels, about 4 inches w 9 inches deep, and of % to 16-inch metal, p i leakage of kerosene. It seems that the metal is sufficiently i the grain to allow seepage, and their efforts to apply a.coating on the inside of t close the kerosene have been unsu May 1, 19 s Magazine, Chicago, vessel t pores and resist tl cessful Th oblem SC-1, Illinois. e action eir ofte ext Popular Me No. 20—$1,000—Untarnishable Silver The Stieff Company, silvet $1.000 in « smiths, will pay the su ted process or method wher« some transparent mate rial of a permanent and satisfactory character which w not in any way detract from tts appearance or us¢ which will prevent tarnish. Or, the plan may be such tl ] ‘ could he introduc ed mto the composition which will not be detrimental to its qualit or use, and yet will permit it to reta permanent brilliance and luster absolute] immune to tarnish. a perte finished siiver can be coated by sh tor

The plans, methods, and process« submitted must necessarily be proven by qualified tes and demonstrations on the part of our concern, and the one selected by us must be only of such characte will warrant its adoption. This offer will termiate May 1, 1925. Address The Stieff Company, 17 Nort Liberty Street, Baltimore, Maryland.

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POPULAR MECHANICS | } | N ati € Craf an Operatin: an Ancient and Crude Form of the Lathe Which Is Still in Use in India » ; . A 4 f | oe 7 r = nnn a ae. . — Bie ” Machining Flywheel for Starter Gear in Lathe, Checking the Work with Calipers for Size = = ” s) Applying Micrometers on Accurate Tool Work, Which Must Measure within Few Thousandths of Inch of Specified Size Turning Down Apron Nuts in a Screw - Cutting Engine Lathe

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182 No. 21—$1,000—Saxophone Reed The Buescher Band Instrument Company will pay the sum of $1,000 in cash to anyone who will produce for them a reed for a saxophone that will give the same results as the present reed but which must be inde- structible in so far as ordinary care 1s concerned. This idea has received a great deal of attention m the past from many people, but nothing has been developed to satisfactorily replace the present cane reed All kinds of metal, ivory, wood, rubber, celluloid, and other ma- terials have been tried without success. All entries must be in the hands of this company, who will act as sole heir worth, by May 1, 1925, the date on which Address Buescher Band Instrument Research De partment, Elkhart, Indiana. No. 22—$1,000—Clamp for Rubber Bottle Dr. Goddard Nurser Co., Ir lapsible all-rubber nursing bottle for been in the 1 some time and has } success. However, this firm is desirous of procuring an improvement over the present clamp used to close the bottom of the bottle. While our device is satis tor difficult for many lady cioses

c., Manutactures a co babies. It has roved a

LF y ie its purpose, it Is folks to re e without great effort. We will 1 Ly the sum of $1 ) to the person submitting a device that will satisfactorily perform this service and which will be easy to re yvve and replace without becoming dan aged under ordinary usage Any device or plans sul must be passed upon by Dr. Goddard Nurse esentatives who alone will decide on the sted appliances. Persons interested lamp are to write us at once for nds May 1, 1925 Address, Fort Atkinson, W mitted Co., Ine rel merits of the sug

in working on this cl: particulars. This offer Dr. Goddard Nurser Co., Inc., No. 23—$1,000—New Variable Condenser The Phen Radio Corpo

ation will pay the sum of

$1,000 in c: for the design of a new form of variable condenser for radio reception. It must be a departure from the common rotary plate type, the mercury type and the type relying on the decrease of distance between two conducting surtaces for an increase of capacity. The va: le condenser must be no larger than the rotary plate type, for a given capacity, and preferably smaller. It must have a gradual straight line curve and have its entire variation through 180 degrees. The new device r must not be so complicated in design that the cost of would exceed that of the present forms of itary plate condensers. All submitted designs are sul nent of the Phenix Radio Corporation, 1 the value of the device to their 1, 1925, is the late for this e Phenix Radio Corporation, 5 Beek closing «

POPULAR MECHANICS No. 24—$500—Portable Electric Hammer j Wodack Electric Tool Corporation desires a hamme arrangement for an electrically driven portable hamm« 3 drill other than a lifting cam and spring. The idea to secure an electric drill strong enough to drill hol ; to 1 inch in diameter and from to 6 inches dee; in stone or concrete. Such a tool should weigh le than 25 pounds. What we need primarily is a motio: that will strike a powerful hammer blow. Our present ' hammer delivers 2,000 blows a minute, but they are 1 hard enough. ‘To enlarge the spring of the lifting « and spring arrangement would call for a larger mot than that used. Perhaps some combination could he troduced to increase the force without such a char The purpose of the tool must be to drill a 1-inch hole oncrete at the rate of 1 or 2 inches a minute. For a practical, workable plan or model of a portable ha: mer drill arrangement that we accept and which prove satisfactory, we will pay the sum of $500. The offer will expire May 1, 1925. Address Wodack Electric Ty Corporation, 23 South Jefferson Street, Chicago, Illin No. 25—$2,500—Rubber Products Continental Rubber Works, manufacturers of a 1 tionall known line of uggestions ik < or improvements on existing accessor! from rubber, rubber and tabric Articles to be acceptable n construction and applicat ect to wide use to ins possess sufthcient origma automobdue accessories, are terested in ideas o1

Continental Rubber Wo deter! mine wi t sugcyves é d in the event of ‘ é mt € ! ll 1 t t 7 ; € « le i ; < ] ? sum 1 ng up to $2, the ticle w here t ll ce r 1 the t t t inental Ru No. 26—$100—Switch for A. C. Motor This donor will pay the sum of $100 for starting an accepted lesign of a switch for an alternating-current otor. The switch must operate so as to open the start ng winding of split-phase, alternating-current electric tors at a predetermined speed It must brea ‘ a ent of about fifteen amperes at a speed approximately 500 r. p. 1 The diameter cannot « ec 47% es } a : 3 : es in lengt! Ope

Youthful Students of the Boston Continuation School at Work in One of the Lathe Classrooms

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-r ire eee = E my Lathe Section of Springfield, Mass., High-School POPULAR MECHANICS Machine Shop he adjustable to some extent Submit descriptive explanation Closing date t ffer is May 1, 1925 Address Problem er PIDD-1, Popular Mechanics Magazine, Chi No. 27—$5,000—Leather Scrap Uses mcerr the Eisen dr ith Glove Con pany, wants od whe y th scrap leather in ou glove n be profitably utilised Over thirty per cent ither, horsehide, cowhide, sheepskin, etc., that —= in scraps Is there an automobile floor nnn com . floor covering or fabric capable of Teaching Student Proper Method of Adjusting Lathe leveloped tror these waste preces The iccept to #1 Ww . , nes er eee e » the ork cess or method of some profitable util ste material is worth $5,000 to us We m in cash to the person submitting the extending such uss nd w lem which we adopt \ll ideas and best suggest est $s are hject to the judgment of this firm May 1, 19 t Our ffer expires May 1, 1925 Address addition lrath Glove Company, 2001 Elston Avenue, Chi tion to thet “ 1 ‘ ‘ pa No. add Best New Use for Slate fo to hee fe ae oo af Ge Matinnsl & Ass nd extend the uses of slate as illustrated No. 30—$500—Uses for Generators iogan, Slate Consider Its Uses the isso i the sum of $200 for the suggested I t , se rece ed efore May 1, 1925, the late ot ex volts, ies |} ti t this offs In addition to the wwe offer, ing, t i nts in proportion to their lue to our men to this concern, t i ick > H e industry will be given tor all sugwestions Mitche { ] t reference to the production, distribution, and use of the at nt at t " ind slate products, not already known to our embers, and which they adopt Address, National Slate Association, 761 Drexel Building, Philadel gia sos No. 30A—$500—Motor Generator Set No. 29—$50—New Use for Ground Slate Fer. Gage Senge Cf She, soter-gencreter oe Owing to the tremendous use of crushed and ground synchre is te ! iri s construction and industrial processes, volt generator it drive ind one w Parsons Meaulecterine Company is interested in this concern, we will pay the sur t $ The outht

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154 POPULAR MECHANICS must have good starting torque and unity power-factor characteristics. Offers 30 and 30A will close on May 1, 192 Address, William H. Mitchell Company, Troy, Ohio. No. 31—$500—Anti-Freezing Ingredient We have an emulsified asphaltic concrete which con- sists of 70 per cent petroleum asphalt of from 90 to 110 penetration and a 30 per cent water and soap solution. The addition of alcohol would keep the material from freezing out in the cold weather but would be highly expensive and the ingredient used for this purpose must not add more than 1 per cent to the present cost of the product We will pay the sum of $500 to the person who can give us an acceptable and satisfactory formula, process, ingredient, or method by which the freezing out of the emulsion can be prevented in cold weather. This offer expires May 1, 1925. Address, S. D. Hofl Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No. 32—$500—Gasoline Mower The Granite State Mowing Machine Company will pay the sum of $250 in sh and $2.50 each royalty on hines sold for satisfactory work line motor lawn mower which we 1e1mer, e and sale This must be a prac ttor-driven lawn mower, 20 inches 1 simple compact power unit such

a r ide by Briggs and Stratton Com pany, Milwaukee, Wis., that will drive and operate a lawn mower about the siz« ype of the ordinary 20 inch hand lawn mower, at will be suitable for general use and can be manufactured complete for $50 or less Motor must propel both mower and cutter and perator must be required only to guide mower. This organization will be the sole judges in reaching a deci- s ! he amie f the design to us. Our offer 1925 Address, Granite State Mowing Hir sdale, New Hampshire No. 33—$5,000—Hoist for Dump Trucks

Machine Compat

The Continental Car Company of America will unde take the manufacture and marketing’ of an original design hoist for dump bodies operated by motor vehicle, said hoist to be operated from the driver's seat by power the engine This invention or improvement must be different from de es now in use for such purposes, must be simple in construction, inexpensive to build ar efficient It must do the work of a hoist satisfactory to our engineering de tment, and it must be acceptable to r distributors located in the principal cities t t it the United This hoist must be so designed that it « e used, by increasing the size of the rts, for dumping bodies of from one-ton to five-ton capacity lo the inventor of such a hoist which meets the pproval of our engineering department, the donor offers the following position The donor will enter m2 ot to % and sell these hoists in conne tion with their truck bodies and will the inventor ilties i | I patent n the } t S Se ired g- L t “ the I oT » the 1 Ihe ng I inne r ilties are t e | 1 the ent mm an t not to excet e pe ent of the et sales price of the « plete od ind |} st wher nd as the bodies and hoists are sold; until the full an nt of the $5,000 has been paid to the inventor, at w time payments shall cease | the invention or improvement becomes the sole roperty of the Continental ¢ Company ot America, Inc., or its assigns. A working model of the hoist should e submitted so our engineering department can judge ot it value Written descript ns, drawings, sketches, et will recei consideration but we prefer to have a y le n No. 33A—$1, ao of Furniture is concern also will ] the sum $1,000 in an ingement Tr to that a ¢ this red lor a new toy for a child, a new useful ticle of household fu niture made pri uatpale of wood parts formed from the umber offal trom manutacture of wooden truck bodies We prefer that this article be something of use in cor nection with radio that would prove to be an attractive accessory to the public This firm will be the sole judge of the article’s merits. No. 33B—$5,000—Air Car-Dumping For air-dumping equipment which meets with the of the Continental Car Company of America’s and to meet with their approval, among other things, the dumping equipment must not only dump the car but right it to a horizontal position and lock it—

engineers the donor agrees to pay the inventor the sum of $5,0 provided a basic patent can be secured, in the following manner: The donor is to pay a royalty of $50 on eacl and every car sold with this equipment installed thereor when and as the cars are sold, until the full sum of $5,000 in royalties has been paid to the inventor, at which time payment of royalties shall cease and the ir vention is to become the sole property of the Continent Car Company of America, Inc., or its assigns If the dumping device is not patentable, but in the opinion ot the donor is new and useful and is used by the donor, then a smaller amount is to be paid to the entrant, said amount to be fixed by the directors of the Continental Car Company of America Detail drawings may be bmitted to the donor instead of a model In oper ating the projected car, it must be so designed as to dump on either side of a track and the act of dumping is to be accomplished with compressed air furnished | the locomotive and operated by the engineer from the No individual connected in any way with the Cor tinental Car Company of America may participate iv offers 33, 33A and 33B, all of which will terminate May 1, i9 25, unless extended by special arrangement etween donor and any entrants Address, Continent Car Compz of America, Louisville, Kentucky. No. 34—$1,000—Cost Reduction This concern makes the Kirstin Fil-Gage for fillir Ford automobile gasoline tanks under the seat w

need of removing the cushions. It has an indi gauge in plain sight of the driver at all time atts ached to the tank opening in place of the cap Fil-Gage is made of black-finished sheet metal oO factory operates in large production, and for cepted improvements not yet tried out or deve ‘ : ich will increase the efficiency of this filler and decrease manufacturing costs, we will pay the $] Or, we will pay this amount for gested changes, satisfactory to us which will reduce t I d t cost < cents on each article. No theo suggest s will be considered lo qualify, ent | st | € tually tr ed their im pre ements in ope t on one the devices and have | ed it practical w € Phe Fil-Gage containing the imp ment t r ent to us by registered 1 lf test 1 upor eptance and the assigning t a of entable rights, we shall pay the amount stated to t entrant whose ideas we adopt his i ' 1, 1925. Address, A. J. Kirstin, General Manager, A. ] rstin Company, Kirstin Bldg., Escanaba, M

No. 35—$300—Sheet- Metal Key Guide

We make a key guide surr 1 y an < l ¢ cutcheon plate rhe 1 plate is made of sheet metal and the key guide is a die-cast article 0 pl to design a key guide of sheet metal that w properly fit the oval plate or one of similar for | guide is inserted through the center of the esx it € and protrudes beyond it. For a satisfactory arrang ment that will be as cheap as the die t guide we use, and one that we accept, the Nat 1 Brass ( I ll pay the sum of $300 This offer ends M iB } Add , National Brass ( pany, G R ds, Mi

In four awards of $500, $250, $150, and $100 ese aw is will be paid for the r ind practical ttachments tor C gine lathe Phe mie ni ] appli 1 st r « se, e heretofore untri ! y msist of a distinct tmy € ent vy im use or a direct umprover t on y I oI ; screw-cutting engine lathe \ ind t improvements or suggestions will govern the which the allotments of the four awards will be made The offer expires May 1, 1925 Address all sugges to South Bend Lathe South Bend, kl Works, 423 East Madison Street

lana. No. 37—$500—Anti-Carbon in Oil Burner The Aeroil Burner Company will pay the sum of $5 in.cash to the person who develops tor them a pract« inexpensive means by which carbonization can be pre vented in portable oil burners of the vaporizing such as we manufacture Such a method may consist { different construction from that we now employ; a change in the design or the use of another kind of

Oo a oe toe

em nee

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POPULAR MECHANICS

Scholars Taking Instructions in Lathe Operations in Lakewood, Ohio, High School etal The process may also include or consist of the process the Patent Novelty Company will pay the m an inexpensive chemical which could be mixed of $10 in cash The material will be ect to trial | th kerosene Whatever the plan, if it can prevent our own organization before adoptior e offer e1 bonization in our oil burners and we accept the May 1, 1925 Address, Patent Novelty Cor I cess after it passes our tests, we will pay the amounts ton, Illinois pulated herein. This offer expires May 1, 1925. Ad ss, Aeroil Burner Company, 266 Hudson Avenue, nion Hill, New Jersey.

, Many Additional Offers Will Appear in No. 38—$10—One-Dip Enamel the SEPTEMBER ISSUE For a white enamel which will satisfactorily cover ck sheet steel in one application by the dipping

OFFERS ANNOUNCED IN PREVIOUS ISSUES All of These Offers Expire May 1, 1925 NO. 1—THE YELLOW CAB MANUFACTUR- NO tA PLAN BY WHI H LEATHER ng Company offers an award of $50,000 for a perfected wasted in making of belting, et pose t lan of trafhe and pedestrian correction and regulation, proht to manufacturer. Award $10 luding mechanical devices, regulations, etc., for the . np: oe J sa ae motion of greater street safety. NO. 5—AWARDS OF $500 EACH WILL BE paid for a waterproofing process for a library paste and NO. 2—$10,000 FOR A NEW MUSICAL IN- a method that will produce increase sales f tl unent which can be incorporated in any orchestra product. John J. Harris and Company brass band and will take a place among the present , oe _ as mily of musical instruments accepted by the rank of , NO. 6 ’ a ihe RACTICAL METHOD - AN choring elec gl clusters to ses, 1 S te to yers Lyon and Healy, Inc. < ’ a convert them into lamp stands, $250 NO. 3—FOR THE BEST SUGGESTED IM- NO. 6A—FOR MOST WORKABLE PLAN vement on a gasoline-heated blowtorch and soldering otese aac ten tam te Jha toon aatial tonal nd branding iron combined, an award of $500 will be in uhonn of dtncests al aneieia ctace and dealere, $150 paid by the Everhot Manufacturing Company. . : dn , NO. 6B—BEST SALES SCHEME bed ag Saal ol nrg NO. 3A—$200 WILL BE PAID BY THE ABOVE é promote business of making lamp stands neern for the best suggested new use for the device $100. Above three problems by Benjamin Electric Mig” named in Problem 3. Other cash awards in proportion. Cc =p any NO. 4—PROCESS BY WHICH ZINC THAT NO. 7—WHAT “AN BE MANUFACTURED BY oxidizes and is lost in brass foundries can be saved and plant specializing in making bicycle wheel rims’? Award ed Award $500. $5,000.

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LS6 POPULAR MECHANICS HERE IS THE PLAN 1. All off f a 1 le, and all solu ition, d shall make no use of t | C ed, t to 1 ’ Ive | ded these terms 1 conditior except where they howeve that 1 g herein contained shal e il flict wit lifie the terms | tt ! trom us m f In that ca e ) ‘ levice rmation whicl knew ibout l L the t to u ‘ the 4 Che r te t iward I r ifte eipt the l yt suc t called the ““D the a t S t i 7. Any patent on, o any patentable feature All proposed lutions shall be mailed t y er nt n accepted and paid o l as it r is herein provided, shall belong to the nor, nd entrant shail a to the Phe dor hall pay the award to the donor any such patent already ji ed and ar ent t i yluti invention for such a patent on whic] [ problem which is complete, practical and eco itions shall have been mad \ t call l 1 satisfactory, to, and not trant, t donor's re est hall exe te | already | such applications, assignments ind the . documents as may, mn donor's jude ent, be 5S. The 1 |} the period of one necessary or expedient for the purpose of year trom the receipt of any proposed solu obtaining a patent on et ie wr ae tion to 1 $ upon it, and, in case it be re or any feature thereof, such patent to be i rded as a partial ition, to agree with the ued in the name of, and to be th le pr ent t as to the ar t of the award. Dur erty of the dono: that one-year | l the « t hall not 2 Ot | t said solution, or ar part 8. Popular Mechanics M igazine shall 1 t eof. to one else ceive no tees or commissior direct 1 i directly, fo publishing any offer made 6. If t ior shall not have paid the through this department, nor for anything it wl le y part f the offe ed awa l mu ma lo in connection therewith And the t ly ti tory to any entrant within said publisher is not and shall not be he Id re c ‘ unless ent e¢ ul sible for the performance of any obligation ext i the donor shall to either of a donor or an entrant The pub y 1 the solution submitted lisher’s responsibility ceases with the publi ! If the ent t had t rht to sub cation of the offer Er n I l it low To (Here write name of firm to whom \v yur solution is offered.) CITY STATE Dear S Enclosed find my solution of + ur problem, published in Popular Me hanics Magazine I he e s il 1 t1 y sol ition to v itor examinat i s ib ect to the terms and ynditions pub lished l ‘ ‘ 1 with vo ffe NAMI ADDRESS ( DEAS { | ( OVEIT PRAG ‘ l ge far lon B P t gregat ’ will I Ve l 2) | PLA O} Ot ( R , O FO 4 so oO oO} METHOD . ‘ n ¢i 0) IT VI (>I K\ I | ra) LT NO \—PERFECT IT) OVEMI IN COL \ cess use ” O. 9B—PLAN BY WHICH A PERFEC1 ao soaker eda AUTOMATIC FREEZI | e i t « hn wv : . { tl e1 , ) sol iat On i oh ( pa { NO. 1 $2 ) WILL BE PAID IN SEVERAI NO 10 ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENT wards for 1 esses ls hin f git wast vill operate and interchar th base and ‘covet lumber, Natio Lumber Manufacture \ it Full Details Regarding the Previous Offers List to Thirteen, May Be Obtain Mechanics Magazine. ed Above and Numbered from One ed by Addressing the Bureau of Information, Popular ERT 5 ner eee ts

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ir POPULAR MECHANICS 187 Photos Sent over Telephone Wire Are Accurately Reproduced fransmission of photographs from Cleveland to New York City over long- distance telephone lines was recently ac- complished in a demonstration by labora- tory experts of the American Telephone ind Telegraph company. The method, achieved after several years’ work, was described by officials of the company as a simple, rapid and accurate transmitting ystem.” It will be installed on the com- pany'’s various long-dis- tance lines, it was an- nounced, as demand may rise for this type of ervice. Cleveland was elected as the ace for the trans- itting station so that pictures taken it the Republican national conven- tion might be sent Machine Which Receives or Sends Pictures by Telephone, and Photographs of Baseball Players and of President Coolidge That Were Received on It to New York within a few minutes. The tests showed that photographs could be transmitted and made ready tor producing newspaper plates within ten minutes from the time the original picture was put on the machine. Messages in handwriting were also sent, the copy received being a facsimile of the original. In sending a picture, the original is placed around a cylinder within which there is a photo- electric cell. On another cylinder in the re- ceiving office an unused film is placed Both cylinders revolve in synchronization ‘ right, Keystone View Co.

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188 POPULAR very small but light is thrown on the original photograph, passing through it to operation a ntense peam Ol the otoelectric cell with an intensity proportionate to the lights and shades of the picture. By the aid of a new device kn is a light valve, a beam of light T ng in mntensit\ in exact correspond ence with the original beam received bv the rOorToe ectric cell, is thrown on the film in the receiving oitnce The receiving cvlin and the ray of light gradually moves trom one end of it to the other en the film is readv fot det revolves 1 development Floats in Safety Parade Teach Dangers of Carelessness Calling attention to the dangers lurking in carelessness and disobedience of traffic rules, fl ' parade in New York depicted penalties resulting irom oats in a “satety day” neglect of vehicle drivers and pedes- trians to observe the g streets of the he displays pointed out the extent of the annual death list due to accidents occurring on laws governing the city. thoroughtares \ ithin the limits of the city, and portrayed ‘ Iiederwood & Und i ats of Safety Parade That Portraved Penalties of Care'ess- ness and Disregard of Traffic Rules by Pedestrians and Drivers ) tvpes of careless tizens and automobile drivers undergoing hos pital treatment and severe 1 sentences as a result ot failure to abide by Most of the entered by business firms. 1 traine rutes floats were MECHANICS Oil Refinery on Wheels Cuts Costs and Is Easily Moved and a saving in op erating and building expenses are claimed Increased efficiency tor a portable oil refinery recently put in to use in lexas. The equipment ts carried on two specially built steel railway cat being permanently attached to and oper ted from them The process of moving consists simply in dismantling the detach able equipment, such as pipe connection smokestack and placing that apparatus in regular freight cars and rectifving tower, consigning the plant to its new tion Che ation destina refinery can be within eight or _ | 1 ee 131 , ‘ . arrival Of the cars, while only tour or five Dice ed In Opel } t } ] ten davs aiter the days are required to prepare it for ship ment again. One of the most revolution ary teatures of the plant is s: used in condensing ipor An instead of water cools the condenser, be ing drawn through the space betw coils by a suction fan, seventy diameter. Air also reduces the fuel oil in to a fine spray tor the burners and for combustion. \ seventy horsepower oil engine drives the generator that furnishes the current for the pumps and lighting system, the use of steam being entire ly eliminated. The re finery has a capacity ra from 1,000 to 3,500 barrels of crude oil each twenty-four hours, depending upon the per centage of distilled prod uct in the raw material Before the plant is placed in operation, the cars are 1 } process ‘en the ] mcnes 1n nging jacked up and lowered on concrete foundation beams which are laid across the tracks. * gre ene

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“Death Ray” Is Carried by Shafts of Light Beam Is Said to Act as Cable for Transmitting Powerful Energy to Bring: Down Enemy Aircraft A CTING as a carrier for energy made _ oped, the “spotting” of a target would be 4 up of high-tension electric currents, greatly simplified. Where attendants have 1 new ray invented by H. Grindell- crossed the path of the ray during tests, Matthews of London, is claimed to prac- they have been ren- tically destroy aircraft on which it might dered unconscious by ve directed. The beams, similar to shafts violent shocks. of light, are claimed to render the air they include ithin their limits highly onductive to electricity. rests have been reported vhere the ray has been used to stop the operation of tomobiles by arresting the iction of the magnetos, and a quantity of gunpowder is aid to have been exploded by playing the beams on it from a distance of thirty-six feet. It is pointed out that he discovery may result in the development of entirely new fields and methods of varfare. Where aerial at- tacks are to be combated, the vs could be guided from a battery of transmitters on the ground and a barrage of high voltages loosed upon the craft n a fraction of the time necessary to bring a series of guns to bear on the targets. With the ability to control the ray and make it visible or in- visible, a property which it is aid the inventor has devel- How Batteries of the “Death Ray” Might Destroy Enemy Airplanes by Passing Electric Enerey into Them through Shafts of Powerful Light; Below, Mr Grindell- Matthews, Inventor of the Ray, Using It to Stov a Motorcyc'e En- gine in His Laboratory 189

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POPULAR MECHANICS SS —————————————————— Artist's Concevtion of Aerial Attack on New York Being Repelled by “Salvos’” of “Death Rays” Directed on Enemy Craft from Batteries of Transmitters Installed on High Buildings

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POPULAR MECHANICS Should the Power of the a Be Multivlied to Convey Sufficient Destructive Energy to Its Targets, Future Wars May Find Air Fleets Combated by Barrages of Deadly Light Beams

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POPULAR Other cases are reported where intense burns were received on occasions when the workers came into contact with it ] sending stations have been equipped with special protective and safety devices in order to guard injury to upon to operate the trans- mittine mechanism during the trials Throughout its development and test ¢ stages the utmost secrecy was observed by the inventor to conceal the method of Other and scientists claim that similar discoveries have been made in the past in several different countries with electric en- ergy that xperimental against those called generating and directing the rays. engineers can be directed along irivisible paths, and the “death ray” has been made the subject of court action bv those dis puting the inventor's right to dispose of it. Aerial Left, Photo of from Airplane Six Miles Up; Cameras and Operator Garbed for Upper Air Strata MECHANICS Invisible Plane Photographs City from Six-Mile Altitude What is declared to be a new record in aerial photography was made when Lieuts John \. Macready and A. W. Stevens ot McCook field taking pic tures of an airplane succeeded in Dayton, Ohio, from at a height approximately six miles above the city. The ability to take pictures at high altitudes has long been the aim of aviators, but difficulties in the way of lens and airplanes that could carry a heavy camera and an operator besides the pilot have been many. It was only the lessons taught by many tests that enabled the fight at 31,540 feet with the required veight to be made. A new supercharger was used to increase the engine power, and +1 the aviators covered their faces with grease to pre vent sunburn. The su burns with pitiless inten sity in the raretied air and ime protection against rhe lens had to protected with a spe il film to prevent mois ture trom collecting and obscuring the view. The chief advantage of higl altitude photography lies inthe larger territory that 1e rays Is necessary. camnera also can be covered. The us ual way of photographing extensive areas is by the “mosaic” process. In photographing a city, for exXanipie, aS many as one hundred different pic tures may be made of the various sections and these are placed together like a_ puzzle. But at 21,000 feet, only three photographs are re quired large city. Another two ot to include quite a advantage ol! high-altitude photo: raphy lies in the satety affords during wat \ i airplane cannot be set the naked eve at 21,000 feet, therefore it ts less apt to be shot down from earth. This is im portant where the tate o! nations hangs upon a true knowledge of the enemy's ground such as photog- raphy affords. with Citv Taken Trip into Cold

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POPULAR MECHANICS 193 Oil-Absorbing Bushing Doing Service as a Wick; Chipping Piece of the Unannealed Metal with Ordinary Penknife, and Volume of Lubricant the Porous Tube Will Hold Metal That Absorbs Oil Like Sponge Is Perfected for Bearings Imagine a substance so hard that it will a lathe tool, and yet so porous that it oak up oil like a sponge, and you have tair idea of a brand-new metal that has en perfected in the laboratories of the eneral Motors corporation and will soon found in many installations that have retofore lent themselves only with diffi- ilty to efficient lubrication. In composi- n it is a copper-tin bronze in which phite has been incorporated. Thou- ds of tiny pores, uniformly distributed oughout the structure of the metal, give he absorptive qualities of a blotter. An teresting demonstration of this charac- ristic can be made by fitting an ordinary |-fashioned kerosene lamp with a bush- ¢ in place of the usual cotton wick. The hing can be lighted and will burn as ng as kerosene remains in the lamp. The lantity of oil the metal will absorb ‘ amounts to twenty-five per cent of its own mass, and a peculiar feature is that the oil does not drain out again but is held no matter how dry the surtace may be wiped. The metal is designed for bearings in the generators and starting motors of auto- mobiles, in laundry machinery, where the leakage of alkaline water makes lubrica- tion a difficult problem, as well as in instal- lations where thorough lubrication is re- quired on account of heavy loads and high speeds, or both. It is stated that it is prac- tically impossible to gall a shaft running in such a bearing, even though no lubri- cant is fed to the bearing for a long time. @ Old leaves are being utilized in France for making paper, fuel and cattle food. They are crushed and chemically treated so that the powdered portion easily sepa- rates. The fibrous ribs and veins are then pulped and made ready for use in the manufacture of paper, while the powder is converted into fuel and cattle food.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Dore’s Portrayal of the Destructive and Pestilential Plagues Sent Down upon the Egyptian Pharaoh and His People to Compel Them to Free the Israelites from Bondage Unearthed Ruins Bear Out Bible Stories Canaanite Pottery and Altar of Worship Found near Dead Sea Point to Civilization FREARING out the Bible stories of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, the wicked “Cities of the Plains,” long buried evidence of their existence and fall has been unearthed by an expedition under Dr. Melvin G. Kyle, of Saint Louis, ac cording to reports. fhe party found a plain where the Arabs, making excavations in a cemetery, had discovered specimens of elaborately wrought bronze pottery believed to have been made forty centuries before, during the time in which Abraham is supposed to have lived. These relics, together with an ancient structure once used as a place of worship by the tribes of Canaan, which has been uncovered near the shores of the Dead Sea, the explorers say, point toa civilization that, according to Biblical his- tory, existed in that region thousands of years ago. of Abraham’s Time The sites of the old cities that fell under a rain of fire, as told in the Old Testame: are thought to have been long since burit beneath the waters of the Dead Sea, b the spot on which stood Zoar. the city t] gave refuge to Lot when he fled from t doomed towns, is said to have been d covered by members of the searchi: party. Strata of rock salt, marl and s phur occupying the district close to t sea, according to the accounts of the e pedition, show that at some time in 1 remote past, a subterranean explosion | taken place, forcing these substan above ground. The ancient cities are su posed to have existed close to this tert tory and to have been consumed by gas« that ignited as they poured from tl! ground when it burst open. Suggestio: have been made that divers be sent do into the Dead Sea to search for ruins

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POPULAR MECHANICS Patriarch Jacob Delivering His Prayer for Guidance; Reproduced from One of Dore’s Masterful Drawing in Which He Depicted Scenes and Incidents Described in the Old Testament

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196 Seek Cure for Cancer by Causing It to Grow in Animals Scientists who are constantly seeking a cure for the dread malady cancer, have been attempting to find a solution for Dr. M. B. Krumbhaar of Philadelphia General Hospi- tal Who Is Seeking Cure for Cancer their problem and to learn more of the nature of the growth by producing it in animal specimens. Experiments with rats and mice have shown that a certain kind of tar will cause cancerous formations six POPULAR MECHANICS months after it is applied to the living tis sue of the animals, and it was also found that cancers were produced in the stom achs of the specimens after they had eate: cockroaches infested with a certain kind o worm. While the cure is being sought efforts are constantly in progress to in prove existing methods of treatment, b radium and other means, to allay the ray ages of the mysterious affliction. Typing Is Taught by Phonograph Lessons Set to Music Typewriting is being taught and the speed of writing increased by lessons set to music embodied in twelve phonograp! records that have recently been placed on the market. The music, it is claimed, pre- vents the student from following the slo pace he may set for himself, by forcing hi to work faster. Each record starts out with a few words of instruction, and the: at the words “Ready; stirring march begins. The beats are especial! accentuated so as to be heard above tl! noise of the typing with the idea that key is to be struck at each beat. The rang: of the records increases gradually fro: fourteen words a minute in the first less: to 103 in the twelfth. Two of the adva tages claimed for the method are that th: music relieves the lessons of their monot ony and that the student’s speed is unco1 sciously accelerated. Go!” a CHAINS ARE PUT ON AUTO WITHOUT LEAVING CAR To enable tire chains to be placed on the rear wheels of an automobile by a driver while seated in his car, a spring-reel device has been patented. The links are wound in two boxes on the running boards. Near the driver’s hand is a small lever with which clamps attached to the chains are engaged with the tires. As the car is run Views of Rear Wheel While Chain Is Being Put On as Car Proceeds. from Box and Automatically Locks in Place slowly forward, the chains are wou: tightly to the tires and locked in place another spring clamp that snaps the e1 together. A smaller chain, used to hi the tire chain taut while it is being put « is released automatically when the ope tion is completed and is rewound wl the spring in the reel recoils. Clamped to Tire (left) It Unwinds a

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yinds POPULAR MECHANICS : a Lions Shot with Machine Guns to Preserve Edible Fish armed with machine guns, and pistols were dispatched by the idian government not long ago to at- unters the sea lions that annually devour e numbers of edible fish off the north- British Columbia. After a hunt through dangerous and coast ot F aays t uncharted waters in the cruiser 1884 of the animals were l‘ollowing investigations in 1913 1915-16, the government decided to the number of sea lions in check, but ' t to exterminate them, as they are an emy of the vicious dogfish. They are nted by native fishermen for their hides oil. encny, a ‘Nearly three times the size of Cali- nia, a sheet of ice covers most of the ntry of Greenland. 197 Sunshine May Be Made Fatal to Man by Use of Chemical That the human body may be so sensi- tized by certain substances that even a brief exposure to ordinary sunshine is dangerous or fatal is the claim of a German chemist, Herman von Tappeiner. In test- ing a certain coal-tar dyestuff, called acri- dine, he dropped a small amount of it into “Givenchy” and Scenes from the Sea-Lion Hunt; Above, Machine Gunner with Pup Kept for Pet; Below, Two of Crew and Part of Kill water containing small organisms, which immediately died when exposed to light, although they were unharmed if left in the dark. After experimenting on animals, another substance was injected into the arm ofa physician. He felt no ill effects while in the shade, but when he exposed himself to sunlight, was quickly overcome. As a result of these tests, the belief was expressed that it was possible to sensitize a human being to sunlight just as a photographic plate is so sensitized that even red light will fog it. some I3

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198 POPULAR MECHANICS OM IA I A I r 5 7" Yr IUy Ir Ie Wr I Su SU NT 1S 06S 000 @ 106 @ 044 @ 681 @ 04 @ 10s SOHs SHH Stet Sov @oere hi a ~ = past Shi Stil S Fit wits Shri Shes Stes © ths wish @ H4hw Ft S O64 @ 9019 128 S14 w 1) | 114 OH © irs Ses Sere See! S08! S! NS MSM OM ONS SNS NSIS SINS NISMS INOINSMSIN SG HOS M@ nie menienier —~- were + tes @NSSeer St Illustrations of Positions and Grips by Which Life-Saver Can Rescue Drowning Person and Avoid Dangerous Holds of Victim That Often Lead to Disaster for Both eae?

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POPULAR MECHANICS 199 Better Holds and Grips Aid Rescue of Persons Near Drowning [Improved ways of saving endangered ithers result each year from the activities life guards at beaches and summer re- rts. Better grips and holds have been orked out so that the rescuer iy be able to swim more freely d safely, and more efficient ethods of starting natural res- ration and ridding the lungs of iter also have been devised. vith a cool head and application tactics depicted in the illustra- ns, Many emergencies can be et successfully and lives saved. etting a tight hold and escaping le victim’s often fatal clutch are he first essentials, and to do this, is advisable, if possible, to ap- roach from the rear, swimming inder water a short distance if necessary. Holds can often be broken by bringing the knee up arply and pushing the drowning ing 350 pounds, that was rolled from Chi- cago to New York and Washington and then across the country to enlist recruits. Started on its unique journey March 15, the huge red, white and blue sphere of waterproof leather. ‘ambered through towns and cities before the vigorous person away. Even if the rescuer Giving Huge Push Ball a “Lift’’ on Its Cross-Country Journey for ould be grasped from the ront or from behind, if his ind” is not shut off and his hands are free, he will sometimes be able to tow e victim fora short distance. Rolling on irrels to free the lungs of water is con- dered a loss of time. Resuscitation hould be attempted at once by turning the subject’s head to one side and placing it on one of the arms. In the illustrations on the opposite page, beginning at the up- per left-hand corner and reading across, the first shows a good hold for a tow if the rescuer can swim on his back. Subject is ted to a horizontal towing position as own in next picture. The following two lustrate methods of breaking a hold if lutched by the victim. A*towing hold ith hip under the victim and use of a side roke is next shown, followed by an ex- mple of the “coat towing hold” useful in ny emergencies. Picture seven gives a p that leaves one arm free for swim- ming, the next depicts how rescuer can vim even if grasped from the front and he last, if clutched from behind, both val- uable for short distances. Roll Seven-Foot Ball across Nation in Drive for Camp Recruits When citizens’ military training camps open August 1, scores of “rookies” will robably ascribe their presence there partly to the seven-foot push ball, weigh- Recruits for Citizens’ Military Training Camps shoves of recruiting officers who walked behind it. Whenever a halt was call the advantages and plans of the training camps were explained to the crowds that gathered around the ball, and applications for enlistment were received. It bounded into New York City in time for the open- ing baseball games and was then rolled down to Washington, where General Pershing officially “welcomed” it. Officers declared that the ball was one of the most effective enlistment devices ever used. Shaving in the Dark Is Made Easy by Electric Light on Razor As an aid to shaving where other light is not available, a small electric lamp for attaching to the handle of a safety razor has been de- vised. Fastened to a clamp it can be easily fixed in position with a thumbscrew. The bulb throws its rays directly on the path of the blade, permit- ting the user to readily guide the razor. Connetted to a small battery, the light is of advantage to campers and tourists.

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200 Portable Tobacco Store Carried on Back of Its Owner Shaped like a cigarette and constructed so that it can be rolled up and carried home on the back of the proprietor when the Shopping at Tiny Cigarette Store that Proprietor Takes Home When Day Is Done day’s business is done, a unique street- booth for the sale of tobaccos has made its appearance in Berlin. The distinctive shape of the little shop advertised its wares and its portable feature enabled the owner to move whenever trade slackened in any one locality. Interior space was sufficient for the clerk and a fair-sized stock. Painted canvas on a collapsible frame was the ma- terial used in the construction of hea } lL, t ¢ pootn.,. POPULAR MECHANICS Grape Seeds and Skins Converted into Oil and Stock Feed Seeds and skins of grapes left over in making wine, are being used in France to make stock feed and lubricating oil. Mixed with the silage of wine residue, cakes are formed which are fed to cattle with prof itable results. The oil, extracted from the seeds by crushing them, is said to be a sat isfactory substitute for castor oil in the . lubrication of high-speed internal-combus- tion engines. Great War Memorial Figures Are Eight Feet in Height Plaster casts for what is said to be one of the largest bronze war memorials in the United States have been completed by Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor, at his studio in Stamford, Conn. The group will include forty-four figures, each eight feet high, depicting battle scenes from the revolutionary, civil and world conflicts— “the three wars of preservation,” accord- ing to the sculptor. In style and massive- ness, it will suggest the huge Confederate group which Mr. Borglum is chiseling on the face of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, The memorial will be placed in Mili tary park at Newark, New Jersey. Ga. Model Cast of a Battle Group for Gigantic Bronze Memorial Which Will Contain Forty-Four Figures y and Will Depict Scenes from Revolutionary, Civil and World Wars

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4 bs RNING § bare pressive settings motion-picture ectacles, draw up- practically every and trade in the rformance of stu- dous tasks they mplete almost ernizons. Vhether portray- serious drama, most farcical edy or enacting e great tragic ot history, ap- opriate back- = rounds are faith- i : ly copied from , ld paintings or criptive writings vorked up from tailed models by illed artisans, who ten possess the res bined talents of POPULAR MECHANICS wastes of sandy ground into large com- OT. unities of majestically arched buildings wned with graceful domes and lofty res, or changing hillsides and mountain ps to terraced splendors that recall the rgeousness of the old Orient, movie en- neers vying with reality in producing and barren acres of land, BI a « 1% Sunlight Arc Lamps Used to Illuminate Large Interior Sets Where Many People Are Congregated 201 1e Method by Which Movie Directors and Cameramen Keep Characters in Speeding Autos Always in Full View of Audiences When Pictures Are Shown on the Screen Skill of Movie Engineers Rivals Reality Disasters of Sea and Land Produced with Pocket-Size Settings While Spectacular “Props” Touch Almost Every Industry architect, photographer, actor, and direct- Drawing on workshops that cover the “hot-dog” engineer, as he is known in and about the studios, di- rects the erection of huge structures on the “lot” or supervises the construction of miniature scenes in his laboratory with a mathematical perfection that insures a per- fect “stage” to the performers who en- act the plays. In producing great dis- asters on sea and land for the movies the e1 vineer avoids the dangers and ex penses of actuall stagi with life-size mate rial by resorting to ring such scenes the employment of toy-sized ob ject and landscapes Some of the most realistic marine ca tastrophes seen on the screen are the result of carefully placed cameras and tiny vessels pro- pelled across small tanks of agitated water. Close atten-

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t Was Re« This Strange POPULAR MECHANICS 203 Te ey Douglas Fairbanks Viewing Model for Big Set through Peephole in Cardboard Sight fn, Educating Child Movie Actors in Holly- wood School- Artist Painting Atmospheric Back- | genes in Front of Which Subtitles for ig Motion-Picture Feature Will Ap- pear When Reels Are Shown on Screen Picture Designed Solely for Wall Decoration of Interior Colonial-Mansion Setting

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POPULAR MECHANICS Enactment of Fire Scenes for the Movies Requires Close Attention to Every Detail of Rea'ism; the Properties Are Designed to Prevent Their Burning Too Rapid’y for the Camera’s Purpose

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POPULAR MECHANICS Modeled from a the Original, This Old-Time Railway Train Is Run by a | Hidden “‘Gas” Engine Actors Posing amid the Debris of Crashed Air- plane Arranged by the Movie Builders; Left, How Studio Air- craft Is Put Safely through Wild Maneuvers Miles an Hour

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POPULAR MECHANICS « aagpeneeanneieiian —} « = = > cme ell _ LJ 0S 0 SSS 0 SSS ES SOB SESH . = \\ —_ - ee ; Disasters Produced in ~ y Although Smal! Miniature Form by SS ay Enough to Be Placed Movie Builders Who . x on a Table, Such Set Used Toy Railroads : = . tings Appear “Life and Plaster Scenery —____——_ Sized’ on the Screen

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POPULAR MECHANICS 2 eae Ae Lae py ite we Se All Ready for a Sub- way Act; How Movie Folks Imitate Familiar Scenes of Everyday Life in Public Conveyances Auto Body Rigged on Rocking Platform to Get Close - Up Impression of Occupants in Moving Car

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208 POPULAR tion is paid to every detail of the action in crder to imitate as nearly as possible the characteristic roll of ships and the heavy swells of the sea. The camera used for these scenes is of a special rapid type that takes five pic- tures to the one of ordinary ma- chines. Usu- ally but a few days’ time is al- lowed the movie builder to pro- duce some needed “trick” property or me- chanical ar- rangement by which screen il- lusions are to be carried out. (nd in addition to his knowl- edge of architecture, mechanics and art of almost every period of the world’s history, the hot-dog engineer is called upon for in- formation dealing vith styles of clothing, domestic customs, military ethics and even social manners, of bygone centuries. Where locations for scenes are selected at great distances from the studios, it is often necessary that the engineer and his staff transport large amounts of proper- ties to the places, sometimes employing two or three lengthy railroad trains, re- sembling the modern caravan of a big cir- cus. If the field of action covers a wide expanse of ground, a telephone system is required to connect the various directors et and their assistants with important sta- Helping Movie with Camera Platform Constructing Huge Plaster Head of Egyptian Statue, Part of ackground of Historical Motion-Picture Production Fans to Follow Every P.ay of Comedy Actors by Trailing Them Mounted MECHANICS tions scattered over the area to govern the proper sequence of the performance. For this purpose complete portable electrical equipment is in- cluded in the properties when cur- rent cannot be secured from commer- cial power plants. Much so-called trick photography is often resorted to in construct- ing the sensa- tional and hazardous- lookin gx per- } formances fre- quently seen carried on high over crowded streets in the screen thrillers. This is made possible by erecting faked parts on the roofs of buildings and setting the camera at fixed positions for taking the pictures. When a dam is planned to burst and cause great volumes of water to sweep away rail- road bridges, houses and log jams, vivid productions can be arranged by the arti- sans with miniature landscape models, us- ing dolls moved by hidden strings to rep- resent people being overtaken by the rush of “mighty waters” that are poured into the beds of tiny streams on Wheeled

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2 rw nt nach SNe ee ae POPULAR MECHANICS 209 From Insects to Stars Is Range of Combined Micro- Telescope mounting a telescope in front of ignifying instrument, an apparatus has ‘n devised in England, that can be used tudy objects within a few inches or at tances otf many miles. Em- oyved by astronomers, it tly enlarges views of the | Corrugations on Roof of Snail’s Mouth tevealed by rns Camera, and, the Curled Tongue of a Butterfly nets, and then can be read- hanged for close-ups of by minute bodies. The plement, it is said, is also of advan- e in reading thermometers at great tances or for watching the melting of thstances in furnaces which are too hot be approached. No larger than the or- Even Old Teeth Find Market lo reclaim the silver used in rivets that d sets of false teeth together, shop keepers on the East Side of New York City uy cast-off “plates” from the owners. It said that a considerable amount of the ‘tal is thus purchased by the dealers at ww cost. After the silver is extracted, it melted into a solid nugget. Safety Spark Gun for Lighting Gas Eliminates Danger of Matches or lighting gas, a safe and simple igniter that shoots a shower of hot sparks dinary microscope, the instrument causes the subjects to appear in relief, instead of giving them a “flat” look when seen through the lens. Glasses for both near and far observations can be attached to the device, which also may be connected with a camera when photographs of the objects under study are desired. A picture of some mountains was taken in this way over a Microscopic Camera That Photographs at Close Range or Great Distances: Above, Fly “Posing” Fifteen Inches from Lens range of sixty miles,and bushes located within twenty feet of the lens showed up with as much detail and as clearly as did the dis- tant point on which the instrument was trained. It is claimed that magi above 5,000 are possible, and that they can l hout optical change ihicatio}l be altered over the burner when a spring trigger is ~ snapped, has been invented. Frictio1 Pressing Igniter Trigger with Thumb Sends Spark Shower into Gas from Notched Wheel notched wheel against a material produces the sparks. The lighter is operated easily with one hand, is long enough to keep the fingers away from the blaze and requires no care except to renew the sparking stone occasionally.

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~10 POPULAR British Government Pavilion at Wembley in Which Historical Naval and Military Episodes Are Re>roduced on a Changeable Water and Platform Stage Operated by a Novel Mechanical Arrangemeut Arts of Empire Shown in British Exposition Products of Industry, Architecture and Domestic Life of Overseas Provinces Collected in Trade Exhibition of Motherland SRENGING together exhibits of the D products of art and industry from every part of the British empire, the expo ition at Wembley park, in the Londen rea, occupies 216 acres and is conven iently reached by practically every railroad in England. A half dozen special stations adjoining the grounds receive passengers from approximately 1,500 street cars and 3,000 motor busses each day Circling the grounds is a non-stop rail- road with trains that travel twenty-four ile hour. slowing @ at loading milies an hour, siowing down at toading plattorms to a speed equal to a walking pace O passenge ( inalight from or board the coaches without need of bringing the cars to a dead halt. Within the area, the MECHANICS total length of the roads on which the vai ous spectacles front is estimated at fifte: miles. On some of these avenues, mot: coaches and electric cars are operated carry between the more pro nent Embracing almost eve known form of architecture—both ancie: and modern—the buildings, most of whi are constructed of concrete, represent t greater part of the $60,000,000 spent erect the gigantic displays. Practical ' the entire affair is planned on the grou: level, with the exception of a reali copy of a coal mine, made of clay, wv visitors points. subterranean workings that total m 1 : 7 than a quarter mile in length. Color of dark-skinned peoples transplanted f:

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whet... POPULAR MECHANICS 211

~ ‘ ~ * - x - = wow | a Siex: , .* = & — r ae c - ) oT Ss * Te wet . ; a jy Shane = - . ce re anal s tai 4 =~ asf ce

‘Sigs i 2 , " - , : ——— 4 7 gies. ’ ' ——s +* - — - a — > “ g % ee tw NN ; »/ —_ —— } } Canada Building Containing Complete Range of Natural and Manufactured Products of That Country

— .

Right, “Old Lon- don Bridge,"’ Rep- lica of Famous Old Span; Left. Burma's Fretted Pavilion -

Pillared Facade of Gorgeous Cey- 4 lon Building

a | a 4 Hongkong Building Displaying > Wonders of the Orient I 2 , a fi

& "4 ae hy .4

ois ies | = bygh = ee em roe =< eh We: i , a Front of Nigerian Inclosure Where African Arts Are Shown Court The Sphere

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212 POPULAR MECHANICS Arranging Models of Vessels around Docks of Miniature Seaport for Displa Crane; Below, “‘Bird’s-Eye”’ their native lands in the tropics may be seen living in villages built by themselves within the grounds, and indulging in pas- times rude industries, indifferent to the swirling thousands of visitors who daily attend the exposition. Oriental countries are represented by sma!l communities of and their peoples housed in quaint artistic homes their own workmen planned and erected for the purpose. With each native unit, the things they make for trade and home are shown in neatly arranged dis- View of Toy Harbor and Workman at Wembley, and Replica of Giant ouching Up Merchant Fleet plays, while those who produce the arti- cles ply their crafts in full view of the observer. During the period of the ex- position, meetings of commercial, archi- tectural, scientific and engineering leaders from all over the empire will be held, to study and discuss various subjects touch- ing the industrial and domestic advance- ment of the provinces. In the Palace of Engineering, claimed to be one of* the largest concrete structures ever erected, instructive and interesting collections of

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oo eee POPULAR MECHANICS 213 Many of these, it has been pointed out, will be attracted not only by the trades exhibitions but by the novel amuse- ments, pastimes and important sporting events which have been designed for lighter entertainment of the guests Among the more prominent displays are many miniature ade Apprentices ind Bricklaying e most mod t series th: ecl anical W Palace, res of gTO inufacturin lustries that Competing in Plastering, Plumbing Contests at Wembley Exposition ern achievements are set in it mark the progress of the orld. Near by, the Indus- covering about thirteen und, contains displays of g methods of numerous in- affect the everyday life of modern civilization. Estimates of the groups. Gorgeous palaces, great industrial number of visitors who will attend the gi- establishments and miles of busy seaport ntic fair in the six months it will be in areas have been artistically reproduced by progress have been placed at 25,000,000. skilled craftsmen with toylike model British Empire Exposition as Seen from an Airplane, Showing the Artistic Ground Plan and the Monste: Stadium in Which Various Performances and Spectacular Contests Are Held

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214 POPULAR MECHANICS Buying the Food, Cooking and Serving Their Own Meals, Girls Learn by Ac- tual Practice Essentials o f Domestig¢ Economy Domestic j Science Operate as Home Exterior and Interior Views of ‘‘Laboratory” at Rhode Island State College That Trains Girls for Home Careers Girls Are Taught to Manage Homes _ holders, paperweights and all sorts of orna- by Going to School in Cottage ments. These objects are beautifully , yellow, as transparent as amber, hardet To teach young women the science of than ebonite and nonconductors of elec- home management, Rhode Island state tricity. The same chemists also have college has erected a completely equipped evolved sweet perfumes from ill-smelling cottage where girls in the senior classes acetylene, and another liquid from th: live for part of the year and handle all its same source has the property of prevent affairs. Under the direction of instructors, ing the oxygen in the air from combining they plan their own meals, do all the mar- with oils and turning them rancid. keting, cooking, dishwashing and house-; 2 work, keep the books and even do their Ants Honeycomb Pillars of Church own washing if they desire. Practical training, gained in this way, is expected to Ants boring into the wooden supports prove a valuable supplement to laboratory joists and flooring of a church in southern work and enable the girl to decide more Illinois, did damage estimated at nearly easilv if she desires a home career. $25,000. The falling of a fragment of a rafter during a service revealed the fact hie 8 . that the lower part of the building, and Deadly War Gas Now Being Turned at the lower part of the building, a1 : even some of the pews, had been hone into Peace- Time Ornaments combed by the insects. It was necessat to replace the wooden pillars with iro a -— “ceeded i . , ! : Fren¢ 1 chemists have succeeded inturn- ones and to make other extensive repair ing one of the deadly gases deve oped dur- before the building was pronout ced sate : ing the war into umbrella handles, cigaret again for service.

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Gypsy Life in Autos Lures Tourist Hosts Good Roads and Convenient Camp Equipment Lead Millions of Motorists to “Rough It” in Nation’s Great Outdoors AS evidence that the outdoor sport of 4 automobile camping is growing by leaps and bounds, it is estimated more than 5,000,000 people toured the countrys with their cars last year and that a great increase over that number will be found this season to have “hit the rubber trail” to resorts and camp grounds. Invading the most remote wilds of the forest lands and traversing the barest stes of sand that cover many parts of the west, the motor tourists stream over Mealtime at the Roadside; the Auto Tourists Set Up a Kitchen with Stove and Utensils That Fit in One Package the continent, crossing the paths first used by pioneer settlers and roads that were the nation’s only highways of travel long be- fore the days of steamboats and railroads Tents are snugly packed on the outsides of the cars and entire families speed into quiet, open country where temporary can vas homes are set up in a short time. From convenient chests and boxes strapped to running boards, cooking utensils, fold ing chairs, tables and small stoves are taken. Ina few minutes, with these acces sories of outdoor life, the open-air home is in full swing, sleeping quarters are at ranged, and aiter an overnight stop, the travelers pack their equipment again and are away for another jaunt on their gypsy journey. Refinements in motor-vehicle construction, laying of improved roads and the establishment of thousands of auto mobile-provision stations throughout the country are combining to make this a nation of outdoor enthusiasts. The value of the pastime to the health of the people alone is said to be beyond any attempt t W oods, fishing streams, lake re Sorts al national parks, are a recelvil

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POPULAR MECHANICS oe. Group Wash- at Municipal ° n Californi ? Orchestra Pavil- ion in Tent Col- ony of Outdoor Fans “Hikers” Who Mo- tor to Woods for Tramping and Com- munity of “Auto Gypsies’”’ in Camp

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—_— POPULAR MECHANICS Portab'’e Auto Camp with Two-Story Tent on Car Guide Map for lourists and a Lake Fishing Camp Cross-Country Motor Caravan and a Way- side Stop

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218 POPULAR thousands of these’ gypsy tourists. The average sojourn lasts about two weeks, and to care for the great army of those who are out to “rough it,” national, state and even municipal and village govern- ments have erected camping sites, sum- mer hotels and information stations to ac- commodate the throngs of “gasoline wan- derers.” One-Man Jazz Band Gives Effects of Fourteen Instruments Shaped like a guitar with double sets of strings, an instrument with which it is claimed that one man can produce the et- Inventor Playing Odd Guitar That Has Horns, Cymbal and Flutes for Orchestral Effects fect of a fourteen-piece orchestra has been invented. Various horn, cymbal and flute attachments are provided within easy reach of the player's hands and lips so that several combinations of sounds may +e obtained at the same time. Solo parts can also be played if desired. Pigeon Breeding, Centuries Old, Hobby of Many Americans Centuries old, pigeon breeding today is said to be the hobby of a million Ameri- cans. Beginning with the humble, wild blue rock dove in the days of the Egyp- tian and Roman empires, inbreeding and crossbreeding have continued until now there are some 300 varieties of fancy pig- eons recognized. to experiments, Particularly responsive these birds are being im- MECHANICS proved and trained as carefully as tho: oughbred race horses. It is claimed tl a prize winner is more often the result years of work on the part of some fa seeing fancier than an accidental discove So important is heredity accounted tha blue-ribbon bird will hundreds dollars or even a thousand or mor Throughout the centuries, the pigeon | proved to be a steadily increasing tact in the military operations of nations. bring development and training of the relia! sturdy homing pigeon with its keen « and powerful wings is now a part of programs of many countries, for use \ other means of communication fail. > Bu on racing lines, the homer is trained slow stages to fly unswervingly to a gi point from great distances. Waterwheel on Floating Raft Rises or Falls with the River 1 Because continual changes in the le Africa terrupts the operation of ordinary wat of the Orange river in South wheels, a device has been invented rests on a ratt. Whether the stream flood or at low stage, the wheel is a kept working by being at the proper dept in the current. The invention, which p1 trudes through the center of the float expected to achieve great savings in t irrigated agricultural districts, where « treme changes in the river’s height oft stop the operation of fixed pumping 1 chinery and interfere with the steady fl of water to arid land. ' Steel Ink Eraser Shaped Like Spoon Fits in Any Penholder Resembling an ordinary steel pen, spoon-shaped ink eraser designed to be tached to anv holder has been by a European manufacturer. It has ground and hardened edges for scrap ing out the marks, and when inserted until only the rounded sec- tion projects, but slight pres sure is required to remove the ink. It is not likely to tear the paper and ts especia adapted for making erasures on tracu introdu eal "

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oon }

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POPULAR MECHANICS 219 Buildings in the Form of Plants Express ‘‘Spiritual Science” Striving to express the teachings of itual science in buildings, a group of ars in the little town of Dornac! erland, has erected a number of tures of weird and fantastic design, leving what critics call a new move- ent in architecture. Plants and growing es furnish the motifs not alone for the orations but for the forms and shapes he buildings and rooms as well. Con quently, they have a power house with a | smokestack with: “buds” on it like a ntic pussy willow; a main building bulbous roof similar to the contour ump mushroom, and other struc- todd design. There is little attempt etry. Simplicity and bulk, in mass detail, are apparent. Windows art usually of one pane of thick, colored glass, so arranged that various combinations of tones are caused when the light shines through them. The rooms are built in the form of plants and leaves, so far as pos =a sa,

= ae terior and Exterior Views of Weird Buildings Patterned after Plants and Leaves That Members of a Swiss School Have Erected to Express Teachings in “Spiritual Science” umns with curious wood cary with futuristic paintings. The school, o1 inated by Dr. Rudoli Steiner, also pounds theories in other art music and drat publish the name < , ker ¢ al cde 1c¢ de ibex ] a < l 1 mation 1s kept o file ( ye Tur- ? ed tree b ddressi our Bureau o t) 1 at ?

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220 POPULAR Ton of Soot Washed from the Face of Hotel by Sand Blasts Washing the faces of city to remove accumulations of task that skyscrapers soot and dirt thousands of dollars Isa costs Magic Worked by Sand on Screened Scaffolds; and Unscoured Sections of Chicago Hotel Scoured services of tile front “4 hicago last each year and requires the workmen. To clean the of a single large building in ( pring with an acid solution cost $2,000, and considerably more was spent in scour- ing another with sand blast. The workers, wearing special suits and goggles to protect themselves, with the aid of two large sand-blasting machines, dug more than a ton of dirt from the structure, leaving the stone in its native color, almost pure The task was tightly covered scaffolds, and 1 aone on and white. retuse MECHANICS filtered to the street in lo: canvas tubes connected to aprons belo ' so that n . the material would fa on pedestrians. sand were ye oO! Eighty Billion Dollars Is Latest Estimate of World-War Cost Eighty billion six hundred and eight million dollars is given as the cost in figures compiled by a Ne oO! t] ereat, war g banking concern. York Chis sum, it pointed out, would reproduce all of t railway mileage in the world with n than twenty billion dollars idea of the huge sum by report declares that the cost of run: the United States ryovernment from 17 through the year 1913, was $24,500,000,0 And this amount includes the expense ighting England in 1812, "40's, the Civil war, several Indian « paigns and the Spanish-American war 1914 economists estimated the wealth of t people of Great Britain to be about $7! 000.000.000. leit. To give comparisons, t Mexico in t This figure included propert of every kind in England, Wales, and Ireland, factories, the great navy, c tin and iron mines, the shipping indust: in short, all tangible property. : , scotia Electric Light in Walking Stick Is Hidden under Band By turning the ferrule of a walk- ing stick in which a flashlamp is cor cealed, the bulb may be exposed and lighted ready for use. The de- vice is helpful in dark theaters, to disclose a keyhole at night or to read small print where other illumin is not. sufficient. It is also conven- ient in reading the dial of a watch in tion al the darkness and eli: inates the necessity of fumbling in pocket for matches or other means of lighti: When not required, the globe can be p1 tected from injury by sliding the met guard, which serves as an ornament to t! cane, over the opening. @ Weighing 1,168 tons, there is an obelis! in Egypt which has never beet

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— Rich and Poor Find Joy in Work with Hands -VOTING their leisure hours » practical work of the making everything from » useful instruments and models of nery and big boats, many men occu- | positions in professional and ness lite vie with toilers in factory and in pursuit of interesting hobbies. Be- ng and assembling of violins which ( ings of baseball games “Frankie” of the New York Giants worked on lel of a toy he had invented. A t official of a large eastern citv r years turned his spare time to the heaply or gives away to his friends. recently he learned to play the violin, tr Woodworker and a Specimen of Elaborate etrical Chip Carving He Made in Spare Time Ithough his three children are finished periormers on the instrument. Some of the best boat models made are those created by prominent men who put sue the art as a pastime and have become skillful wielders of carving utensils simpl) through their own efforts in applying a } a love of tools to the performance of useful Professional Baseball Players Tinkering with New Toy between Innings, and Son of Frank A. Vander H Home Workshoy ; 1deé tasks. Franklin D. Roosevelt. former a Sistant secretary ot the navy pec! es building miniature sailing boat Begit ning with making tov craft for his childre: interest in the work brought adeptne the handling of tools and material and gradually expertness and_ originalit From a pastime the hobby with the i . modeler became a study and now, accord ing to Mr. Roosevelt, he designs variou types of sailboats for the sake of experi menting with weights, sail form, speed and other features. Many members of the highest courts i: the land, railroad presidents and banker in all parts of the country are known to have home workshops where they spend the time away from business grind in do ing light lathe work, woodturning. cabi netmaking and the Ii] tionally known multi-millionaire of western city spends a great portion ot time in tearing down old auto which he buys, in attempts- to discov their weaknesses or defects H evel the “riding” of hobbies requiring worl th the hands is not confined lely t those \ ho practice callir ot tot ( osite character 1 oie I ( mills derive much enjovment in do

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222 POPULAR MECHANICS ( lerw & Underw 1 Franklin D. Rocsevelt, Former Assistant Secretary of Navy, and Model of a Fleet Naval Vessel I ittle home workbenches the same kind of things at which they are employed every workday of the year, and many adepts at furniture making not only pro vide tasty articles for their own dwellings, but dispose of their pastime products to dealers who eagerly pay high prices to ob tain original and durable designs. In St. Louis a millionaire lumberman has become a master of geometrical chip carving, oak, walnut and other hardwoods to obtain artistic crea tions which are looked upon by the neigh bor! ood using mahogany, as an exhibit worth study. Change in Construction of Violin Results in Better Tone By following a slightly different prin- ciple of construction, an Austrian is re- ported to have designed a violin with tones that are said to rival in volume, strength and quality those produced by the almost priceless instruments of the old masters. According to the inventor, the body has been made to resound to its full capacity by connecting one of the feet of the bridge with the belly and carrying the other through ona pier which rests on the back In this way, both sides are brought into vibration, and the air inclosed in the re sounding chamber is animated. This is said to cause a better tone in every way. Earth Is the Target for Stones of Many Varieties from Sky Varving from masses tiny weighing tons, particles to huge than 20,000,- QOO meteorites according to the estimates ot astronomers, are drawn into the earth’s every twenty-four hours. more atmosphere Rarely, how ever, does reach tl} ground, as they are burned up by frictio one as they rush through the air. In 149 a meteorite weighing 260 pounds fell \lsace; one, the shape of a. man’s and weighing fifty-four pounds, fell Provence, France, in 1637, and in 1654 small one struck and killed a man at Mila Italy. One of the largest recorded i: cent times fell in 1917 at Perth, Scotla: It weighed thirty-eight pounds. The Br ish Museum now contains more than 50 specimens of meteorites and over 300 them actually been Masses of iron, believed to be of meteor have seen to origin and weighing several tons have bee found in Greenland and in Mexico Giant “‘Nose’’ of Liner Is Repaired after Accident in Harbor \iter repairs necessitated by } 1 aground last tall, the “Leviathan,’ pl of the American merchant marine, has turned to sery ice Six teet horter t} ‘Nose’ of the “‘Leviathan’’ and One of tl Gigantic, Pronged Anchors the “Majestic” and with only 700 tons le displacement, the gigantic liner, before s was fitted for commercial service, carri¢ 150,000 soldiers to France during the and brought an equal. number home aga She was remodeled for passengers atl cost of more than $8,000,000.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 2% a ~~ DATE E OWNER TEST NO. MODEL . IN YLIN 1 HORSE POWER-ToRQUEX Re MILES PER HOUR- ”) TORQVE POUN KE PORTABLE BR Used Cars Tested in Laboratory to Find Exact Value So that Chicago automobile dealers may the condition of a used car taken in ide, a laboratory has been established in hich every part of the machine is ex- ined in thirty minutes. When the car ves the test stand, it is said that every ult is known and its value can be exactly raised. Special meters reveal any leaks the electrical connections, the perform- ce of battery and motor is compared th standards, a grounding gap shows the ndition of spark plugs and ignition, a nnection between the crankcase and a isometer indicates the amount of gas caping past the pistons, and under its n power the motor operates a brake to w the horsepower, while a specially ised flow meter measures the amoun fuel consumed. When all mechanical d electrical tests have been given, an ex- ation for defects in the chassis and rs is made. The complete data tell dealer how much it would cost him to ul the automobile. After it has been 1,000 | WHEEL RPMX WHEEL DIAX.00297. CONDITION REPORT MOTOR BRAKE H.PM 1000 MOTOR ’ ./ oA 2 nding” a Used Automobile in Laboratory Where All Parts Are Tested and Recorded to Guide I airme Who “Condition” the Car; t Above, Indicating Cha I o shape, it is sent through t ag ind then, if it meets the e¢ ‘ m it 1S Ceé tified. This service r pected to speed up the resales of used cars, as it is claimed that the buyer can be certain the automobile he is getting is in first-class shape. Bugs Are Called Man’s Worst Foe; Cause Heavy Yearly Loss Bugs are listed among mankind's most dangerous enemies by Dr. Leland O Howard, a government scientist Every vear, it is estimated, they cost the Amer ican farmer $2,000,000,000. The United States, according to figures, pays more it sect damage than anv other country, as it climate and soil conditions favor the prop agation of nearly a hundred destruct species. Almost all of them have beet | rted, despite the fact that there are n« seventy-five investigating statio tered throughout the country 1 one ibroad, where experiments are co ) o le the latest 1 des of wa ( 2 t the pests

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994 Music Rack Turns Sheets as Player Presses on Foot Pedal sheets of music without need lo turn of interruption to t ie player, a rack has Music Stand that Turns Sheets when the Player Presses a Foot Pedal at the Bottom been invented that reverses the when a foot pedal at the bottom is pressed. Resembling the ordinary type of stand, the device is adjustable to different heights and with very little effort from The appliance can also be pages { operates | the made to turn the scores to either the right or left, enabling the reader to follow the composition with ease. After reversing a leaf of music, the swinging arm is returned by a spring to the starting position ready for another movement. play l- Playful Porpoises Aid Punctuality by Oil Supply for Watches From the playful porpoise to the deli cate springs and balances of an expensive watch Mav appear to be a long leap, but the connection is direct for the porpoise plays an important part in helping man to be on time. From the spongy fat in the jaw pans of these creatures is extracted the best known oil for watches. It does not ret too thin or too thick, keeps up lubri- cation at all degrees of temperature, and in almost every particular has proved superior to other kinds tried. To supply the demand, some 3,000 porpoises caught each year, the principal fisheries are POPULAR MECHANICS of Nort The seas: being established on the coast Carolina near Cape Hatteras. usually begins the first of November a: lasts until the following April. Lookout give the signal when a school of porpois is sighted. Then a crew of fishermen pu out with heavy seines, and carefully proaching, surrounds them with the net Then ftollows the hazardous task of pu ing in the catch over rough breakers scores of fighting 500 pound porpolse each about seven feet long, struggle escape. After they are killed, the oil extracted and prepared for shipment. Model Lighthouse on Church Roof Is Substitute for Spire Rising several feet from the roof California church, a model of a lighthou equipped with a_ revolving that has changeable colors, is an unu substitute for the ordinary spire. Roci around the base are representative of t! “Rock of Ages,” and the entire structur gives the suggestion of serving as a be con against the shoals of spiritual disaste The “steeple” is said to be the only ons its kind in the world. Seal chli THAT WE Garet x Sonteale Om Mime snc \ om Ne : ¢ Model of Lighthouse That Is Substitute for Spire Roof of California Church

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POPULAR MECHANICS aper Dresses on Models Display Latest Fashions in Gowns 1reeous-looking gowns and frocks that made entirely of paper and worn by ls, were features at a New York ion show. Designed in different colors various grades of paper, each dress ked like the expensive creation of a diste, but even the most dazziing cost than one dollar. The dresses were rn by the models as a novel method of playing the latest fashions in gowns. Sun’s Energy Stored Up by Plants Turns Heads toward Light Some unusual chemical effects of light plants have been described by Dr. W. T. sovie, of Harvard, who declares that his periments have proved it possible to de- mine the direction of growth by cut- ¢ off tops, exposing them to light from en directions and then reattaching the by a gelatin cement. After regraft- the top, following its special treatment ight, the whole plant would bend in the tion from which the rays had been cted at the amputated part, it was de- ed. While it has been well known that rowing plant would twist itself into a tion so that the top would receive the oy, imum of direct light, this experiment cated that the chemical “steering appa- ‘ which regulated the plant's bend- 225 ing could be manufactured in the top even after the plant had been decapitated. It also is said to have shown that the specific chemicals manufactured by the sun in plant tops could be stored up in the part and later released into the sap, retaining Arrayed in Gorgeously Colored Paper Replicas of Fashionab'e Gowns, These Models Displayed the Beauty of the Original Dresses with Imitations Costing Less than a Dollar Each the power to affect cells in all parts of the growth and cause remarkable distor- tions in the branches. Chair, Stool and Table Combined to Save Apartment Space Constructed so that it can be converted quickly into a music stool or table, a com- fortable and strongly built armchair has parallel bars at the sides to support the upholstered seat at any desired height. Convertible Chair with Seat Raised to Form Stool, and Placed as Table Top A table is formed by placing the cushion, bottom side up, on the top bar below the horizontal chair arms. The article is manufactured in mahogany, is covered with various kinds of fabrics as desired and can be satisfactorily used in almost any room of the house.

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996 Derrick on Tractor Raises Towers Built on the Ground To raise heavy structural-steel trans- mission towers into position alter they are built on the ground, a combined tractor POPULAR MECHANICS U. S. Wealth Rises Seventy Per Cent during Last Ten Years Wealth of the United States is placed at $320,803,862,000 according to r ports of the census bureau, an increase 72.2 per cent since 1912. Ont basis, every man, woman and cl in the country is worth $2,918 sum 49.6 per cent greater t!] was reported as the per-capita wealth little more than a dec: ago. Most of this enormous tot is represented by real propert and improvements, and all clas of property show an increase value except live stock, whic! creased 69 per cent. Rises prices, it is stated, largely exp! the increases in money Taxed real property and impro ments are valued at $155,908.65 000, an increase of 60.9 per cent gold and silver coin and bul $4,278,155,000, an increase of ( per cent; farm implements machinery, $2,604,638,000, an Tower-Raising Machine Lifting Steel Transmission-Line Support into Position after Assembly on Ground and derrick has been devised that can easily move along the routes of power lines. It is said that, by erecting the cable supports before they are set up, much time and expense may be saved. The struc- tures may be assembled close to their an- chorage and when ready for elevation, are hauled upward by cables reeled in by the lifting machine. Tank treads on the trac- tor enable it to move over almost any char- acter of land, and the derrick girders can be quickly put up for use or dismounted. Cleaning of Golf Clubs Made Easy by Novel Holder for Table Keeping golf clubs clean is sim- plified by a small holder that has been introduced in England. It con- sists of a metal frame that has two jaws lined with a soft mate- rial, permitting a firm grip without risk of damage. The club can be turned by releasing the jaws slightly, so that all parts may be reached without further change. crease of 90.4 per cent; manui turing machinery, tools and plements, $15,783,260,000, crease of 159.1 per cent, and roads and their equipment, $19,950,804 000, an increase of 23.5 per cent. i7 Lamp to Light Ford-Car Oil Gauge Aids Proper Lubrication For the convenience of Ford-car own: an inventor has designed a small ele light fitted in a bracket back of the gauge. Current is supplied from tl At Left, Lamp Is Lighted behind Gauge; Side View Bracket at Right batteries and a metal shield incloses bulb, which is lighted when desired by pressure of a button. Use of the eliminates guesswork when filling and sures the exact quantity for best resul

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POPULAR MECHANICS Illustrating New York's Building Restrictions; Possible Cubical Mass Permitted under Law; Artist's A>pli- cation of It to Actual Construction, and Its Development by Architects into Pleasing and Efficient Structure The > City of the Future Terraced, Receding Walls to Open Canyons of Business Districts and Double-Deck Streets to Speed Traffic [Ate from wide massive bases fording the greatest possible amount of into terraced floor levels that gradu- space within the bulk of building per- ally recede from the streets, modern archi- mitted. The maximum bulk allowable is tecture is expected to , that nearest the bolish the dark can- ground. Above this ons that trace som- “base,” and ber chasms across ing with each few he crowded business feet upward, the plan districts of the city shrinks inward to- f{ today. Beginning ward the center, pro- ith a provision in viding apertures be- the recently adopted tween buildings that building laws of New grow wider with the York, which requires " height of the struc- the stepping back of ‘ tures. Around this buildings from the : cubical air “plan” the treet line, architects . designs of the build- nd builders have ie Ure s ings must be laid, turned their attention is generally resulting in to the designing of A a a ct ne gracefully tapered, tructures that will , t stepped-in or pyram- nsure greater access pe J idal forms. Depart- to air and sunlight ao * ee man 46©ing from the tradi- and provide a greater : tional forms of egree of safety from architecture, design- tire hazards. Because ers have already he law governs the produced office build- r line as well as the » ings, lofty church vround lines of prop- ' edifices and even rty within certain | “ hotels with a certain ity divisions, ‘archi- e , regard for the tects are called upon decreas- circu- : , ion of air and to ol , Old Oriental Temple of Pyramidal Design Somewhat én ‘ ) plan structures al- Related to Architectural Trend of Modern Building access Ol more light

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228 than ordinarily pro- vided, to the benefit of those whose work- days and lives are spent in the confines of such structures. And although the buildings retain many of the general lines seen in earlier architecture, the tendency is toward the tapered type, and points to the future office building that will rise majestically in tiers without the customary scrolled masonry at the eaves and cornices. To use the words of an authority, “the scheme sought is to follow as nearly as possible the shape of the steel construction whichlends its strength to the struc- ture.” At certain measured heights of the terraced buildings the levels may be spread out and used for gardens, open-air theaters and churches, while around the _ larger structures prom- enades might be pro- vided far above the din of busy humming thoroughfares. Com- bined with these ideas in building are sug- gested plans of ele- vated sidewalks and sunken streets, that are expectedto relieve congestion of traffic in crowded districts. Not only would such arrangements aid in solving problems of civic development, but, it is claimed, would also _ permit greater value in show-window space, because second-floor displays could be made possible to mer- chants, thus adding further to the bene- POPULAR MECHANICS AMO tit | ft UE Ua AY Somber Canyon of Building Walls Where Terraced Architecture Would Give Access to Light and Air fits derived fro; more efficient traf control. In Ne \ York, triple-dec! Streets diverting v« hicle, foot and street railway traffic int: three separate level have been propose to gain greater fre¢ dom in the busines districts for a classes of convey- ances and the pedes trians. According ti : one of the of the plan of deck ing the streets, the idea instead of beir of modern origin, said to date back t olden time whet Leonardo da Vir made anumber drawings, which are still preserved, f« double - decking the streets of Milan. O: the plane he planned to keep the horses, cattle and while sponsor low er peasants, upper be reserved aristocracy / Street wa te for the Arcade have also been incor- porated in proposed plans to eliminate store and shop en- trances from the pat! of pedestrians along the thu creating expansive arched promenades on the floors of large buildings, and co: necting with the streets from the low er levels. Other bis cities, traversed by o1 bordering on water ways and which put pose improvement present-day method of providing ade quate trafhc move ment, have made al } lowances in theit plans for wharve submerged below the streets and connect ing with distributing centers by means ofa sidewalks,

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the ing ta POPULAR MECHANICS me PO me tm ee a Cait Red OB te te Ie Artist's Grouping of Recent’y Completed and Proposed Skyscrapers of Several American Cities, Showing the Tendency of Modern Architecture Toward the Receding, Terraced Design of Buildin x > Construction

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230 POPULAR MECHANICS ie ' j pe a af ¥ on .- & . ( , 5 ec ee ee st : Glimpse of New York a Half-Century from Now, as Seen by Hugh Ferriss, Architectural Artist, Which Illustrates the Zoning Law Adopted by the Metropolis to Insure Light and Air Space

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0 PT Oe EEE a — ES! le 6 It POPULAR Is Predicted That, MECHANICS with This New Pyramid Form of Structures for Big Cities, od Terre ace od Lev rels Will Permit Development of Gardens and Open-Air Theaters Hundreds of Feet abo

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series of tun- nels passing under the build- ing Both land and water traffic in these ideas are to be assisted by drawbridges spanning the rivers and in- lets at conven- ient po ints, whereby ship- ping and light- ngs erage service can be accom- modated with ] passage ciose to District to loading places. While the change from the straight severe wall of the familiar skyscraper to the terraced-block building is taking place, greater heights are being sought for fu- ture structures with corresponding efforts in beauty of form. Where formerly wenty or thirty stories have been consid- ered a fairly substantial height, now mas- System of Elevated Sidewalks Suggested for Chicago’s Business Relieve Pedestrian and Vehicle Traffic 32 POPULAR MECHANICS Sive business blocks of forty to fifty stories able to accom modate.the pop ulation ot i good-sized cit are bein planned. ‘To care for the ad ditional weight foundations and bases are ti sustain, tl gradually de creasing widt] of upper floors within specified heights has been designed This affords a bette: arrangement also supply of air and more sunlight than the older forms of architecture found in the cities of this country. given way to outside “free spaces” hazards from fire are greatly decreased and at the same time the artistic appearance of the structure is improved. his ra ad ma i ty | Inner courts have while Venetian-Like Plan Submitted as Means of Solving Chicago’s Problems of Civic Improvement by Building Roomy Underground Tunnels for Shipping beneath Structural Combinations of Art and Utility 7

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—_ Stee. reased an descend ble, is POPULAR MECHANICS 233 ov Golfers on Miniature Course Imitate Open-Air Game ved with a_ spring released by a er, a mechanical toy man strikes a ball indoor golf game resembling that ed over an open-air course. The imi- in greens contain nine holes with small ’ and “water hazards” to make the tests difficult. Skill of the player in ting and posing the “golfer” decides the uracy of the pellet’s flight after the ke. The miniature fairway is seven manufacture of articles made from mother- of-pearl. The finest shells for this pur- pose are said to be found in the warm waters off northern and western Australia, where approximately 3,000 men are en- gaged in gathering them. Tent Poles and Auto Luggage Rack Are Combined for Tourists Carried conveniently in a rack clamped to the running board of the automobile t long and three feet wide, and can be ily set up or put away in a few minutes. Deep-Sea Seekers for Pearls Win Fortunes from Ocean Bed Scientific methods of diving for pearls \ustralian waters have resulted in in- profits, it is reported. Steam- riven boats are used and the latest diving its permit the searchers to remain below considerable time instead of the few min- tes that were the limit of the natives. The epth in which the men work varies from xty to 144 feet. Two or more divers from a single boat, each jurpped with a bag. When the container filled it is attached to a rope, the signal en and it is hauled to the surface to be mptied and sent down again. The shells re opened in the presence of the skipper. le oyster is removed, and although ed- thrown back.. The shells are earched for pearls and, if any are found, ne captain takes charge of them. Pearl ing and pearl fishing are separate in- istries. The efforts of those engaged in e latter work are directed primarily to- ird collecting pearl shells used in the Miniature Golf Links on Which Mechanical Toy Figures Contest Game; Left, “Player’’ Completing Full Swing Stroke; Right, Putting on the Green where they form a handy luggage carrier, a set of metal tubes with couplings so ar- ranged that they can be fitted together to form poles and supports for tents of vari- ous sizes and styles has been manufac- tured. Wooden poles can be carried in- side the hollow metal ones to form addi tional lengths. In place on the car, the mals |; Metal Tent Poles in Rack That Forms Handy Luggage Carrier on Running Board tubes are locked between the sides of the bracket holder so that they cannot fall out.

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23-4 POPULAR Phone Permits Several to Listen or Talk at Same Time To save time in large offices and elimi- nate the necessity for making repeated calls on the telephone, a small switchboard, Party Telephone Instrument in Use; Keys Below Con- nect Offices in Any Combination Desired transmitter and receiver have been com- bined into one compact instrument that can be placed on top of a desk or in any other convenient position.. With it, the speaker can communicate with a number of offices and receive replies at the same time. It is designed especially for execu- tives and managers. Pulling Power of Horses Measured by Tests with Weighted Wagon To measure the pulling power of horses, a testing wagon geared to heavy weights has been invented at Iowa state c lege. MECHANICS When the team is started, the weights, t number of which can be changed at are lifted and the exact amount of fo: exerted is registered. Lifting a 1,6 pound weight on this wagon is figured the equivalent of pulling the same burd out of a hole in the ground or startin, load of more than 20,000 pounds on granite-block pavement. In the opi: of experts, this will eliminate much gue work as to the actual work value of far horses and will also show what sort roads are best suited to hauling heavy tra fic. Some of the interesting facts alrea revealed by the apparatus are that loa are most easily pulled on steel rails and that level granite blocks, set firmly in cement, offer the next easiest path; that good roads practically treble the®pulling capacity of draft teams and that horses and mules possess reserve power sufficient to exert six or eight times as much tractive pull as is required in ordinary work. It estimated that the use of the device wv enable farmers and others to reduce by nearly one-third the expense of hauling | placing horses and mules where they ca do the most efficient work. Finds Way to Keep Poppies Awake Poppies and other flowers that cl their petals at sundown can be made open them at night, according to Luther: Surbank, the plant wizard. The flows should be cut before daybreak while t! petals are still closed, he says, and the placed on ice for the day. In the eveni: arranged in a vase filled with water a: exposed to the warm air of a room, tl resnond to the heat by blooming. Pull-Measuring Wagon in Operation; When Team Is Started, Weights in Front Are Raised on Hydrauli P.atform While Operator in Rear Controls and Observes Their Action An ome eth

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POPULAR MECHANICS Memorial and One of the Searchlights That Illuminates It, Built into Miniature Rockery War Memorial’s Beauty Revealed by Battery of Searchlights So that a war memorial erected on a | in the center of a large park in an nglish town could be illuminated without iving the searchlight apparatus detract m the beauty of the view during the , the four lights were built into minia- ture rockeries on the ground that blend 1 the general plan of the park. They ere mounted in specially constructed teel casings for protection, and during the the glass faces are covered bv n loors Under this plan the memorial is inated bv a total of 12,000 candle power with no objectionable framework t rt ta | 7 la ipports visible. 1etal Japanese Art of Self-Defense Is Shown in Mock Duel Clad in strange armor, a number of japanese gave a demonstration of the art self-defense in London, in which the mbatants, equipped with rounded clubs, engaged in a number of duels. Centuries 1 +} go, the samurai or bushi as the military nen called themselves, gained great power Japan by the use of the bow and arrow and the sword. The “military party” was thus established and many systems of combat sprang up and were eagerly studied. The important feature in all of them was to tire out an adversary with a minimum of effort and to be prepared Japanese in Native Armor Illustrating System of Self- Defense by Mock Duel for any emergency. Jiujitsu developed from study of swordsmanship @iIn southwestern Kentucky is a where asphalt rock is taken out like

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36 POPULAR MECHANICS Gold Seekers Revive Camps of Forty-Nine Modern Processes Reclaiming Mine Dumps and Deserted Shafts Abandoned by Old Trail Breakers of Boom Days R ECALLING the days of 49 when the Vv contagious germ of gold fever urged heroic pioneers to brave the hardships of a raw and unknown country and to face death at the hands of hostile bands of abandoned mine workings and “dumps” they deserted as exhausted oper- ations, are being revived into producing tields yielding rich deposits of metal that escaped the crude processes of the old days. Modern cities and towns that have grown up on the sites of the camps that once dotted the mountain regions of the west are in many cases assuming appear- ances resembling the thriving “boom” days, when toil-worn prospectors gathered to swap yarns and experiences in dimly lighted shacks that answered as _ hotels, stores and even banks. Instead of con- igning the glittering mineral to the care of “shotgun” sworn to the service of their employers in defense of the treasured shipments, the gold, melted into ndians, nessenger.nrs, bars, is now transported to collecti: centers in swift and well-guarded cars The tobacco-chewing, swearing, knott) handed but loyal stage driver has gone b« fore the irresistible march of a civilizati that banished the western road agent a train bandit of the sixties. His place | been taken by trustworthy men in emplo of the railroads which carry the product of the gold fields safely to markets. With the coming of “hell diggers,” dredges—into more general use than ev: before and the discovery of better pro esses of recovering the metal, renewe activity points to another series of boot in the heart of the gold-mining count: Old “tailings” are being cleared from aba doned shaft openings and cleaned of the metal contents which has remained ofte for more than half a century unsought at hidden in the piles of cast-off soil ar rock dug from the depths of surroundin hills. New tools have come in place of the

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POPULAR MECHANICS 237 Hydraulic Mining Where the “Pay Dirt” Is Washed into Sluices That Carry It to Mills to Be Treated for Its Gold “Hell Digger,”’ Giant Two- Stacker Dredge That Digs Gold-Bearing Gravel from Rivers with Bucket Chain 2 ——-- en Prospector of the Early Days of the West with His Kit and_ Provisions Packed “Aboard” a | Sturdy Sure-Footed Burro, an Animal Still in | Demand for Transport Duty in Rough Moun- tainous Lands of the Gold Fields; Right. Miner | with Pneumatic Drill Boring Opening in Rock = for Blasting = — = ——e a =

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POPULAR inadequate pick and shovel and familiar blasting powder. Test drills are sunk thousands of feet below the ground in search of veins or leads that may have been overlooked or unsuspected by those who combed the regions ot gold-bearing rock in the past. Expan- sive workings which have been producing for more than sixty years are sounded anew in the hope that they might re- veal some trace of an untapped, hidden lode. Shafts driven to depths con- sidered to be at the limit of the mineral - laden soils have been extended hun- dreds of feet bevond, result- ing in the open- ing up of strata offering yields of gold un- dreamed of by old-timers who would have de- rided such ef- forts a short few years ago. Tumble - down shack camps, weed - choked drift mouths and old trails long since abandoned t 0 Old-Time Prospector, of the the Tavages oO! Sands of a Mountain time by those who believed the districts they occupy to be drained of pay dirt, have taken on a new attraction to the modern gold seeker who comes into the field with equipment designed to salvage the tiniest particles of the yellow dust. Workings and cham- bers filled with water seeping from the ground over many years have been pumped dry, cleared of fallen rock, the roofs sup- plied with new proppings, and digging be- gun again with tools operated by hum- ming motors. ‘Tracks are laid to the crushers and stamping mills run by elec- tric power carried on lines that traverse the mountains for miles, and soil once scorned as useless from the viewpoint of MECHANICS the miner is made to give up yields of go i averaging high returns. While many mines that operated fort to sixty years ago have been abandoned worked out, a number of large operatio put in at the same time have produce steadily eve since. In t] northern part of the Blac! Hills in Sout Dakota is t] Homestak mine, first worked in the spring of 187/ From a clai: of ten acres thi property ha spread to i: clude thor sands of acre of land contain ing timber stands, minera deposits an watercourse This mine ha produced near three - fourt! of the $190,000 000 worth ot gold and silver taken from the district in fort years. It | approximate fifty miles undergrout railway tra and = requir about two a! a half tons dynamite to a Days of Forty-Nine, Panning the re st the ts Stream in Search of Gold drills whi daily bite th. ways into the flintlike rock. Hundreds « tons of refuse dirt lay for a long ti: around the mine openings, consider: worthless because no means of salvagi! the fine particles of valuable metals t! contained was known. Then a _ ne method of smelting was developed and t heaps were reclaimed and gleaned of hu dreds of pounds of gold once thought i possible of recovery. Despite almost half century of continuous digging, the: is said to be still twenty vears of work le to be done in the mine, and no apparent i: dication of the ore veins diminishing is i1 j sight. However, new ore leads and cheape! mining methods are still sought there

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>=-sehH'—_ POPULAR MECH Go'd Miners “Going on Shift’’ Awaiting E’evator Cage Which Carries Them Underground One of Earliest Gold Dredges Which Is Still Operating in California; Miners in Its Big Bucket, and Right, Part of Home- stake Mine Properties at Lead City, S. D. James W. Marshall, Discoverer of Gold

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240 Soundproof Cabinet on Typewriter Decreases Noise in Offices Soundproof cabinets which inclose all carriage-reversing and but the keyboard, Typewriter Silencer Cabinet Adjusted; Work Seen through Top Glass, Levers and Keyboard Exposed line-spacing levers of a certain make of typewriter, have been designed to decrease noise in offices and to protect the machine. They are manufactured of metal, grained to harmonize with other furniture, and are lined with thick, sound-absorbing felt in- side. The slanting top is of glass so that the typist can see the work, and the cover is raised automatically at the touch of a small button. Automatic Primer Saves Gasoline and Makes Car Easy to Start To save ftiel and facilitate starting, a device that atomizes the priming charge of gasoline has been designed to fit any make of automobile or truck. It is in- : stalled between i the carburetor and ; the intake mani- fold and works automatically. When the starting pedal is pressed, a valve operated by a magnetized coil throws a jet of gasoline against a set of stationary blades. These break up the globules of the liquid which is sucked into MIXTURE BEFORE’ ‘, MIXTURE AFTER' POPULAR MECHANICS the cylinders as a whirling vapor, easil; ignited. Less carbon, longer life for 1 batteries and greater ease in starting t] engine in cold weather are also claimed f. the invention, and it can be installed wit! little trouble. Making Wood from Corn Cobs Corn cobs are said to have been turne into a good substitute for wood by Prot Darling of Milliken university. The cob are ground into a pulp, mixed with a sub stance that binds the product together a1 compacted by powerful hydraulic pres sure. When the process is finished, it said the wood is so hard that it can be whittled, shaved or turned in a lathe wit! out danger of chipping. Blind Horse Is Pulled from Ocean with Block and Tackle Frightened by attempts to rescue it fro: danger, a blind horse plunged from the edge of a pier in Boston and then starte to swim out to sea. Police followed in a Blind Horse that Plunged from Pier Being Lifted Out of the Water with Block and Tackle boat and finally succeeded in towing the animal back to the dock liitted out of the water with af tackie, where it wa a block and

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POPULAR MECHANICS 2 es tish Engineer and His Wife on Their Ocean-Going Lifeboat Which They Have Fitted with Sails and Engine for 16,000-Mile Cruise to Australia Lifeboat Fitted for Ocean Voyage of Sixteen Thousand Miles Equipped with sails and a seventeen- epower engine, an open lifeboat has rigged by a British engineer to take elf and his wife on a 16,000-mile ocean e Starting from Penzance, near I's End, England, the navigators will le their craft to Australia, taking turns e wheel by day and night. The en- ill be used in times of calm, Summer Sun Reveals Desert Sands in the Wilds of. Alaska ifting sands, having all the character- of the Great American desert and tituting a menace to inexperienced elers, have been discovered in Alaska, ording to reports from prospectors. » reason this desert of the far north has been tound betore, the miners say, is t trips over it have always been made in ter when heavy snows conceal the true ture of the country. Last summer, how- some prospectors started back over route when they encountered condi- ns that made them = apprehensive. ere, in the winter, the old trail had ap- eared to lead across a level plateau, they ‘ported finding immense sand dunes and e entire landscape changed. In summer the winds start the:sands moving in the same manner as on the American desert and changing of landmarks makes it difh cult to travel. Detective Camera Like Telescope Has Dummy Front Lens Shaped like a small telescope, a pocket camera that takes pictures at right angle to the line of vision, has been designed especially for the use of detectives, or others who de- sire to obtain photographs with- out the knowledge of the subjects. A dummv lens at one end resemble > that of a field glass. Thus the user is able to take a picture at ri ry ht angles to the ostensible line of vision. The view finder is contained 1 what appears to be the evepiece. | camera can be focused to less than a yard 4 or to “infinity,” and uses plates or fill @ High-grade paper is being manufactured trom waste cotton.

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242 POPULAR Each Nail and Point in Wooden Statue Is Congo Tribesman's Prayer for Vengeance Prayers for Revenge Said by Nails Driven in Wooden Statue One of the latest additions to the Uni- versity Museum at Philadelphia is a curi- ous wooden statue bristling with many It is one of found in western Airica not far from the mouth of the Congo river where natives practice weird religious rites. Each nail and point repre- ents a prayer to the spirit believed to dwell in the figure for vengeance on some of the tribe. A priest and a party of followers go into the forest and cut the statue from a live tree. While it is being prepared, only the names of persons hose death they desire and whose spirits they wish to enter the statue, are spoken. As soon as it is dedicated with proper rites, the figure is supposed to become the dwell- ing of spirits that award justice. nails and sharp metal points. the fetishes commonly ~ nemy MECHANICS Rapid Growth of Canning Industry Aided by War’s Demands Due to the tremendous demand for f packed so that they could be e; shipped, the world war with its hug: ders for “corned willie” and many ot goods, was the greatest impetus the ning industry has had since its intro: tion in America in 1815, according t official of the Sacramento, Calif., char of commerce. In 1914, the value ot canned food products here was place $243,000,000. Today, it is well above $600,000,000 mark. Peaches are said t the most popular of canned fruits salmon leads among the sea foods. N olaus Appert, a Frenchman, invented process of hermetically sealing food | ucts. His idea was to use the pla: sailors at sea, but the French govern: purchased the invention and Napoleo lowed manufacturing plants in Ens and France to use the process. \W Ezra Daggett, an American, introd the business into this country, cans made by hand, sixty being consider: big day’s work for one man. With the vention of the stamped can, in 1847 growth of the industry has been rapi Auto Trunk Rack Easily Changed into Luggage Carrier 3y simply lifting two hood fastener attractive trunk rack now on the m: may be turned into a luggage carrier in appearance and yet durable and rux it may be installed in half an hour wit drilling, tapping or fitting of any kind Automobile Trunk Rack Which May Be Converted a Luggage Carrier by Lifting Two Fastener: trunks are built of kiln-dried lun covered with long-grain, black mat« and bound with aluminum edges. ‘ iP 4

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POPULAR MECHANICS 243 English Type of Small Country Home with a Walled Garden; the House Has but One Front Entrance, No Basement and the Garage Is in a Separate Building Beauty and Utility United in Latest Homes Ornate Houses Occupy Small Space and Combine Art and Comfort with Labor-Saving Equipment That Cuts Building Costs }e QUIPPED with built-in beds, dressing 4 tables and chiffoniers concealed be d paneled doors and mirrored walls. in ms that can be changed in a twinkling cozy living rooms to comfortable eeping and dressing chambers, houses ot our and five-room bungalow type are being designed with conveniences il to larger buildings put up two and ~ ree years ago » larger and less modern homes re furnished with out-of-the-way sun hes, garden promenades and detached ges, the later type of small home has \\ ere uch conveniences carefully worked » the limited ground plan in such a ner as to leave plenty of space for out de decorations. Instead of the “square” in usually found in the designs of small ellings, U-shaped and L-shaped build ngs are now being erected, and the areas tree ground within the angles are being cupied by garden plots and shrubbery, sreatly adding to the attractive appearance ot the domicile. Where formerly a distinct type of archi- tecture marked the general design of the tructure, builders are now combining the romantic lines of old Dutch, English and French styles with the smooth, simple walls of harmonized Spanish, Mexican a Moorish construction. By adapting t! long French window to the sway-back« roof, squat chimney and turfed yard of the English manor house, a home is evolve that fits a small lot but gives an impressi of being much larger than it really is Entire blocks of bungal ivaiows, no two which are of the same design, have bee built within ornamental walls which co tain complete conduits for all wire at pipe necessary to carry required service o water, gas and electric current to t houses. This is only one of the methor employed by the architects to reduce t cost of construction and at the same tit prevent exposure of anything that mig detract from the neat beauty of the finishe structures. The appearance of size at spacious surroundings is also furthered b the employment of built-in equipment 1 the interiors. Today, in some parts of th: country, it is possible to get homes wit! kitchen, dining-room, bedroom, laundr and garage fixtures already provided, lea\ ing only a few articles of furniture and per sonal needs to be bought by the owne: Kitchens in other labor and space-saving

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POPULAR MECHANICS tt ee ae ae fcoersttectrtt! ot ru 7 DIN Diss osroiee xx x y Nome: DIN@ ite Sma'l House of English Design: Right, Toilette Cabinets Joined in Linen Closet i lll |e EE OT TITY ET ee i Left, Handy Electrically Operated Home That Has Chimney Lines Fiiled by Graceful Peaks Kitchen Accessories That Open from Wall; Above, Cozy Concrete House with Rear Garage

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246 POPULAR homes are furnished with tables and seats, accommodating several persons, which fold against the wall and are controlled by push buttons. When opened out, the table reveals a china closet handily ar- ranged to care for the storing of the services and cutlery. In the dining room, percolator, toaster, waftle iron and broiler are all carefully hid- den behind elegantly finished walls and can be extracted in a moment and spread upon a table that folds against the side of the room until needed at meal time. Despite the luxuries and conveniences that in recent years have been developed to assist the housewife and home owner, costs of homes provided with such 1m- provements are said ‘to be remarkably low. And in their use the occupants are relieved of the task of selecting and purchasing or- dinary furnishings that would be required in houses not so equipped. Besides, there is more space available for various pur- poses For instance, an entire case of shaving accessories can be inclosed in a small aperture in the wall of a bathroom. Merely by pressing a button or turning an ornamental latch, the may be opened out and becomes a nicely ar- ranged table on which all of the articles can be placed. Sometimes this appliance hest and the is combined with a medicine c whole arrangement concealed in the rear device MECHANICS ola rror in the wall. Out of the di ot a nen be made to open, and a wall heater wit three heats is provided to keep the bat! room at any one of the temperatures de sired. A series of electric push buttons i the bedroom controls the operation « the heater comfortable in advance of the hour vhich it mav be needed. Outside the windows of such hom miniature, vet perfect, gardens can planted in inclosures that make it possi! for the owners to enjoy the flowers « rainy days as well as in clear weather. Su porches, built to extend back into the re of the lot, may be surrounded on tl side ith tlowers and vines, making 1 backyards as attractive as the front la windows ove balconies and pening upon narrow but grac¢ Pleasing combinations of looking tiny ornament are p anned to serve as conveni well as to harmonize t with their grounds. With the introduction of electricity entr: es as heating and cooking in the househ: dwellings are now being planned wit! chimneys on the roofs. In their place tractive gables and turreted peaks are bi allowing more space for storage purp: in small rooms that can be put under angles. Elimination of flues leaves ad« freedom on the interiors whe Two Views of a Home of Unusual Mexican Design, larger chambers result from t absence of jutted walls. alue in material and labor t tion of the expense to the hou owner. And besides, the ro gained can be devoted to bu in accessories. a rs — - a iy i oe - di - —S . Built of Flat Two Buildings, It Has a Large “Patio” and Three Fireplaces Holiew Tile and Concrete; Resembling closet a shoe-shining stand ca so that the room can be mad: saved represents no small fra: a

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POPULAR MECHANICS Trapdoor Stairs Lowered and View Showing How They Leave Hall Space Clear Stairs That Pull Out of Ceiling Save Floor Space in Home Sliding stairs fitted to an overhead trap- door so that they can be pushed up out of the way when not in use, have been de- igned to save floor space in hallways. When the door is opened by pulling down on a chain hanging within convenient reach, the stairway, supported by cables and attached to rollers, automatically lides to the floor. It is easily raised and pushed back again, and as it lies flat on ip of the door, it takes up but little space the attic. A handrail at one side insures fety, the steps are spaced at comfort- ble height and the stairs slant at an easy le. Big Underground Water Reservoirs Feed Springs and Wells Feeding springs and wells with their ubterranean supplies, pores, tiny holes d vast caverns in the solid rocks of the earth’s crust, guard against water famines hen rains are scant. These water-bear openings are the result of processes that have been at work for ages. By care- iul study of the dip and slope of forma- trons and the character of the rocks, drill- ers are often able to forecast the presence ot water, and to assist them the United States geological survey has published more than 200 reports on the ground-water 2 hoe -? conditions of various sections of the country, stating what conditions are most favorable to its occur- rence and furnishing other information valuable to the well digger. Tractor Guided Like Wheelbarrow Takes Place of Switch Engine Run by storage batteries, a small electri: truck for switching cars and _ towing lighters on canals has proved successful in Germany. It is guided somewhat like wheelbarrow with two long handles | tween which are the starting and contr levers. pull or push seven small freight car > ae a mercer! | Pulling a Freight Car with Electric Tractor Truck; Spring Bumpers Are for Pushing

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248 Cubist Art and Sheet Metal Repair Quake Damage in Tokyo In the rebuilding of the sections of Tokyo destroyed by the earthquake, ori- ental and western styles and materials are being combined. Nearly 1,000,000 build- ings were destroyed but, according to an official report, not one structure of mod- Impressed ern type was a complete loss. Store Built to Replace Structure Destroyed by Quake, O dd Trend in Architecture by this fact, the Japanese have ordered vast quantities of improved building mate- rials and have asked the assistance of many foreign engineers and architects. Many of the temporary buildings have been constructed in queer forms of sheet metal. Huge Steam Locomotive Is Rival to Electric in Pulling Power Supremacy in hauling railroad freight, claimed recently for an electric locomo- tive, is to be challenged soon with the in- troduction of a steam engine operating at 350 pounds’ pressure and incorporating Showing POPULAR MECHANICS features of design upon which enginee: have been working four years. It bear slight resemblance to modern engine The smoke box is small and the boiler ca: scarcely be seen under a maze of hug steam pipes. The heating apparatus is « the marine type and the tubes carrying th. circulation water are placed outside t! fire box. Incased in extra-heavy asbest: the tubes give the fire box an unusu width, so that it is only a fe inches narrower than the ca which itself is of the maximu: width permissible for railroad uss The steam is admitted under hig pressure first to the cylinder one side and then passed, und: slightly decreased pressure, to t! cylinder on the opposite larger in diameter to produce same power. It then is exhaust: through the stack. A pair of sm forward wheels are followed four drivers but the usual traile: are missing, the idea being to co centrate the weight to provid greater traction. The usu “booster” is attached to the for ward truck of the tender. St« is carried through steel pipes this, which; with its small whee and consequently lower gearin is used in starting the train, afte which the pressure shuts off auto matically. Greater efficiency i: freight haulage at less expen . than the average engine is claime . for the locomotive. Sleepless Surgery Is Predicted Prediction that a majority « surgical operations of the futur: will be performed while the pa tient is conscious, was made be fore a recent medical convention By “blocking” the nerve group that co trols the part of the body to be operated upon through the agency of a local anae thetic, it was said that pain would eliminated without the necessity of putti the patient to sleep. Considerable researc! work in nerve blocking has already been done, it was declared, and certain majo operations have already been performed @ With a dial fifty feet across, the minute hand twenty-seven feet six inches and the hour hand twenty feet long, a clock that it is believed, will be the biggest in the world is being made for a Jersey City fac weigh a ton tory; the two hands will

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ee a POPULAR MECHANICS 249 Surveyors Battle Snow and Cold to Locate Mountain Road Battling stiff gales and plunging through deep snowdrifts at sub-zero temperatures, . party of five surveyors fixed the location for the Warren G. Harding highway, a continuation of the Mt. Evans road, high mong the Colorado Rockies. At times, e wind blew so hard that two men were required to hold the level rod. Four-feet kes frequently were used because of the pth of the snow. Several trips were made over perilous country for supplies 1 ce —— Encountered, the = ‘ Pack Horses : } Needed Aid - Ali age re — as 5S Va AS f through Digging Their Way Deep Drifts, Surveyors Planted Their Transit on Wind-Swept Summits to Mark Path of Highway the task was finding the location for three tunnels that are to pierce great rock bluffs, 1,500 feet high, above a lake. Invisible Wire Gauges Strength of Electric Currents Strands of wire so fine that they can be seen by the naked eye only as they reflect a streak of light are now being manufac tured from tungsten and copper-nickel al loy for the tiny filaments that measure minute alternating currents. It would take 100 of them to make the thickness of a uy~ single human hair, some of = and sometimes the men were tied together like Alpine climbers. In all, the party ran a line twenty-five miles long with a maxi- mum grade of six per cent, dropping 5,000 feet in elevation. One of the difficulties of them being only one five- thousandth inch in diam- eter. A microscope is needed to aid in handling them. The tungsten or alloy is first drawn through dies made of pierced diamonds and then eaten down to the de- sired size in an electrolytic bath,

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POPULAR MECHANICS ir Fashioning a _ Lov- ers’ Forest by Stick- ing Real Sprigs in and | = . —— Gingerbread House Z 1 Fantastic Bal- et of Tiny Dolls Pupils and Teacher about Group of Sand-Box Settings from the Operas Wooden Blocks for Pyramids Add- ed Realistic Touch to “‘Aida”’ Sums and “Three R’s” Forgotten in the Fascination of Modeling Music

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POPULAR MECHANICS 251 Gingerbread Operas Help Pupils in the Study of Music By staging miniature replicas of operas n gingerbread, ballet suites in sand with doll dancers and interpreting Verdi and Mendelssohn in rags, pasteboard and col- ored paper, grade-school children of Cic- ero, Ill, have made a game out of the tudy of music. lhe plan was devised primarily to assist the pupils in a music-memory contest and their study of English. Instructors ex- plained the idea, but the children did all he work on the models, which were con- tructed and arranged in the schoolroom nd boxes. liny electric-light globes added to the ism of the miniature stages. Bricks nted on paper and red lamps reproduced e effect of a burning castle. Stores were nsacked for cheap dolls of all descrip- tions, and even the boys took delight in helping to costume them. Pyramids were levised of rough blocks of wood, sprigs ere placed in the sand to represent a dense forest and a gingerbread house was rooted 1 with cookies. Two-Pronged Puller Removes Corks without Breaking Them Corks are pulled easily, and with- out breaking or jamming them in- to the bottle, by a small handle to which are attached two narrow, grooved spr in g prongs. These are inserted between the cork and the neck and a twist withdraws the topper. The prongs may be bent in or out to fit bottles of different sizes. Easy to Start an Avalanche Avalanches have sometimes been started by trivial causes. The tinkle of sleigh bells or even a whisper, has been known to set them off in the Alps,.and many lives have been lost by a climber shouting to his companions. Several years ago, a cara- 1 of sleighs was overwhelmed by a slid- ng mass of snow and ice, supposedly tarted by the sound from the bells. Thick stone barriers have been erected high on the mountain slopes to protect travelers. Extension Platform on Wheels Is Run and Steered by Worker So that work may be done at an inacces- sible elevation without the building of a scaffold, a vehicular extension support has been patented. It consists of a platform on wheels which may be easily raised or lowered. Even when extended to its great- est height, it may be pro- pelled by hand or electric power and steered to any posi- Extension Support Which May Be Propelled by Hand or Electric Power to Any Desired Spot tion. Collapsible when not in use, it occu- pies little space. Cigar-Shaped Humidor of Glass Fits in Box with Smokes To keep cigars fresh and moist, a small glass humidor, the size and shape of a cigar so that it will fit the box, has been placed on the market. It will also prevent ciga- rettes and tobacco from becoming dry. The tube is filled with a preparation simi- Glass Humidor Shaped Like a Ciges That Fits in Box to Keep Tobacco Fresh lar in appearance to mineral wool. The contents are kept moist by dropping water into two holes in the humidor about once a week.

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252 POPULAR Copyright, Keystone View Co., Inc Combination Tennis-Racket Press and Seat Attached; Note Wire Legs Folded on Haridle Tennis Racket with Folding Legs Becomes Seat for Player Tennis players who have to wait for courts will be aided by a racket press that can be used asa chair. a he sides MECHANICS Coke Dust Is Pressed into Blocks as Substitute for Emery To replace emery by coke dust pressed into blocks, is the idea of an English ventor. It is said that sufficient quant ties of the material can be drawn from the thousands of tons of coke lust annuall, wasted in by-product plants. After the dust is collected, it is milled into flour of varying degrees of fineness, mixed accor ing to a secret formula so as to form thick paste and then pressed into bloc! of convenient size. “Donkey” Engine Attached to Cable Pulls Itself across River Working against the odds of a sub-zero temperature and water that threatened to extinguish his fires, an ingenious at plucky engineer in northern Idaho rigge his “donkey” logging engine to pull itsel! across the St. Joe river. A cable, ru through a pulley block on the opposite side, was attached to the engine at t! winding drum. Then the donkey, secure fastened to a log raft, was fired to 15) pounds’ pressure and moved across the i by applying power to the drum. Lucki! for the engineer, the river was only fou feet deep at a point where the “steame: left the ice, for water flooded the fire bo and only by sticking steadfastly to his po was he able to put the engine across t are tormed by the back and seat which clamp on each side of the frame. In ecarrving, the legs are easilv fol led out of the Way. Volcanoes Yield Fortunes oOicanoes ire Said to have fortunes to Ita have built tactories ‘craters to obtain com mercial by products. Boric acid is one of the most 1 +} hese. Ammonia ts also present portant of in sufficient quantities to permit its separation at a profit. The volcanic region near Naples bubbles and seethes with smoke and fumes. If the gas of any of the small craters is ignited, puffs of smoke appear in a dozen places AN on the surrounding: hills. large area, the ground gives a hollaw sound when tapped with a cane as it is only a relatively thin crust under which is a veritable inferno. Overa stream bank with only ten pounds of steam. Snaps of the “‘Donkey’s’’ Gallant Voyage across the St. Joe River; louds of Steam Arose When Water Reached the Fire Box He finally arrived at the opposite

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POPULAR MECHANICS Turntable Rooms to Help Save Space in Homes different rooms rom one in a turntable Each floor Several may be made house built in in the two-story ermany. 253 and a syndicate of Johannesburg mining engineers has devised an ingenious method of obtaining the treasure. A spot has been selected on the shore and from it a tunnel is being driven down through the solid rock of the sea bed to the gully where the ‘ture has one rge room. Be- nd draperies on ne side is a turntable divided veral sec- tions. Each of these forms an ddition to the ig room when the platform is oO se old treasure ship is known to lie, a distance of more than 400 yards. Previous at- tempts have re- sulted in several of the ship’s can- non and metal fittings being saved, and since the present mK ved. One sec- tion may have a iano, another a Exteric ard table and a third a kitchen. venient intervals. Doors are placed at con- Tunnel under Ocean to Treasure Ship Wrecked Centuries Ago One of the most romantic treasure hunts ever undertaken is being made on the Pondoland coast, S. E. Africa. During the latter part of the eighteenth century, an English-owned sailing ship, the “Gros- venor,’ was wrecked on the Pondo coast vhile homeward bound. The cargo, which consisted of gold and silver in bars and coin, was valued at $12,000,000 in those Several attempts have been made since at salvage, but owing to the wreck being close to the line of enormous break- ers, no vessel can safely anchor on the spot near enough to be of any use. it has been iscertained, however, that the hull, which is believed to be still intact, lies in a rocky gully covered to a great depth by sand, qgavs saivs. and Interior Views of Unique German House Showing Rooms Built on Turntable syndicate has been on the spot, gold coins and articles of jewelry have been found in the sand of the seashore or have been ob- tained from the natives. Apart from the enormous wealth known to be in the “Grosvenor’s” cargo, it is reported that many of the passengers who were lost with the vessel, were merchants on their way back to England with fortunes in jewelry that they had amassed during a lifetime in the Indies. In connection with the wreck, when the first white explorers penetrated Pondoland, about a century ago, it is said light-colored people were met with. These were supposed to be descended from the passengers of the wrecked ship who escaped with their lives only to be taken prisoners by the savages. @ About 8.000 electric locomotives tor mining and industrial service have been built by the General Electric company since the firm began making engines, al most half of them in the last eight years.

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POPULAR MECHANICS x | Laboratory at Carnegie Mining School ~ Where Students Study Processes of Met- allurgy and Experiment with Ores Getting Knowl- ~ : ‘ edge of Drills : and Their Uses | by Operating aN Studying Me- Tools in Mine N chanical Mining : Equipment in Machinery Room Show Plans Ore-Dressing and Coal- Washing Department of i Mining School Where » ¢ Minerals Are Senarated from Soil Particles

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POPULAR Mine-Engineering Students Study Underground Rescue Work To prepare students in the mine-engi- neering school of the University of Cali- fornia for aiding and directing first-aid and rescue crews during mine disasters, a course composed of such study and prac- tice is given them. Drills are held in which the pupils, equipped with pulmotors, stretchers and gas masks, go through the processes of rescuing and reviving victims of accidents underground. Tours through neighboring mines are made by classes of * ‘ oni nal Institute of Technology of mining to acquaint them with ture of subterranean surroundings and to teach them handling of tools and hinery employed. he Carnegie choo the na maci Lost Art of ‘‘Unbreakable’’ Glass Is Revived in Germany “Unbreakable” glass manufactured from quartz, is being used in Germany for vari- ous scientific purposes in chemical and electrical laboratorieseand for Pair of Tongs for Use in Scientific Laboratory with Ends of “‘Unbreakable’’ Glass nelting pots, tubes, clubs, flasks, and manv other articles. It is said to have twelve times the durability of ordinary glass, and because it contracts and ex- pands but little under extremes of tem- MECHANICS 255 wai O° [i7: _ Students in Mine- Engineering Holding Rescue Drill under Conditions Similar to Those Met during Dis- Above, Group Equipped to Enter Mine Prepared in Imi tation of Rock-Filled Chambers and Pas- sages That Confront Searchers after Explo- Cave-Ins Workings asters, ons or Occur in perature, kinds of s is melted it is well adapted for various entific experiments. The quartz n special apparatus under 2,000 Centigrade with the aid of an oxyhydrogen flame and treated to give it its extrem Unbreakable glass is said to have been discovered in the days of the Romans, but inventors of the proc- ess were put to death or their laboratories were demolished so that their product would not detract from the value of metals. degrees e hardness. Cast-O€ Auto Bodies Suak in River to Hold Bank in Place For temporary protection of a river bank being undermined by floods and strong currents, approximately 2,000 dis- carded automobile were sunk in depths of from twenty to forty feet. Placed in a barrier along the shore line, the cast- off vehicle hulks “mattress” to hold the land from slipping into the stream. Many that did not readily sub merge were filled with rock. It is said that the plan checked erosion of the bank, until permanent dikes could be installed. bodies formed a

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256 POPULAR Safety Gates and Boy Traffic ‘‘Cops”’ Guard Lives of School Children Automobile stop signals, somewhat like have Berkeley, crossings, railroad schools in Safety been gates at installed near Schoolboy Policeman Halting Motorist Who Has Run Past Stop- Signal Safety Gate at Crossing Calif., to protect the lives of children. In addition to the long crossbar sign, which is placed high above the street and is raised or lowered by a lever at the side, a wide white line and the words “School, Slow” have been painted on each side of the in- tersections on the pavement as additional warnings. During hours when children are on their way to and from school, boy traffic “cops” are stationed to operate the signal gate and to halt automobiles that may disre- gard the warning signs. Forestry Offers Field for Skilled Workers While rorestry United States has been practiced for a period of only twenty-tive veat vithin that time it ha greatly and has been developed into a business fession. in the advanced as well as a pro- It has many practition- ers and there are also now en- gaged in it concerns that will do any kind of forestry work, trom the care ofa single tree to the development and protection of extensive tracts. The up-to- date toresters also undertake to make or- chards profitable and the economical handling and development of timber lands. They will plant trees, will reforest cut- MECHANICS over or burnt-out tracts, or provide fore cover wherever it watersheds. desired, operate a system of fire protectio: and take charge of the trees ot a villag or a City. may be desired, as fo They will establish and In these days, more and mor private owners avail themselves o the services of the professiona forester and there is an increasing demand for his assistance among lumbermen and handling trees in a large way. There are also more and more owners wit! holdings covering hundreds ot thousands of acres who are work ing their properties on forestry lines. others modern Three-Car Surface-Line Trains Speed Traffic Three-car surface - line trains have appeared in Detroit on one of the busiest thoroughfares i the city. They are composed 0! vestibuled cars to permit passen gers to go from one to the other and each car has wide center doors for en trance and exit. A crew of only two me operates the entire train, and it is said to have proved efficient in rounding sharp corners and in passing through crowded streets. The cars are strongly built and One of Detroit’s Three-Car Surface-Line Trains, Used on B Streets to Speed Up Rush-Hour Traffic light in weight, and have two sixty-horse power motors, one on the front and o1 on the rear trucks. @Twice as many victims are claime annually by man-made electricity as b nature's lightning.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Exact Miniature of Frisco Fair Takes Eight Years to Build ired for day and night illumination, a of the Panama-Pacific International sition of 1915, has been accurately tructed of wood, galvanized iron, tin, lead and a white marblelike stone by Francisco jeweler and watchmaker n area of seven by twelve fcet. Every of design, color and lighting that le the original famous for its beauty, been reproduced in the model by the iteur sculptor, from Machinery Hall on east and the Palace of Fine Arts on the to the people, flowers, trees, wheel trains, electroliers, automobiles, es and turnstiles at the entrances. The graph poles and wires and the city eet-car lines are shown outside the wall. en illuminated, the same sparkling ef- that marked the Tower of Jewels as of the wonders of the fair, is produced the miniature. Other lights, flooding ough glass domes, windows and open irs of palaces and halls, are reflected in ‘water of the Fine Arts lagoon in which ll, live goldfish have been placed. \ided by sketches, drawings and photo- iphs, the jeweler worked for eight years complete his model. Chinese Insect Imported to Fight Farm Pests in South Dakota To combat the grasshoppers, caterpil- crickets, flies and the host of other that annually cause huge losses to m and orchard crops in South Dakota, distant relatives of the grasshop- e rs—have been imported from China. insects capture and devour the de- ructive pests but will not attack any ps grown in the state nor do harm to e n, farm animals or birds. Egg masses propagation purposes are to be placed ditfterent sections under the direction ntes 257 of the state entomologist. As the mantis increases in size, it feeds on larger and larger insects. When full-grown it is winged and measures almost four inches in length and more than five inches across the out- stretched wings “Praying man- tes” have re- ceived their name because they keep their front legs folded un- Amateur Sculptor with Exact Model of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition He Constructed on an Area of Seven by Twelve Feet after Working for Eight Years derneath their “pious-looking faces” as if in prayer. These legs are very spiny and are used to hold any insect which may be seized. ““One-Man Orchestra’ of Four Pieces Played by Keyboard Xylophone, chime and cymbal accom- paniments can be played with a “one-man orchestra,” the attachments of which are fitted to the piano keyboard and under the Xylophone, Cymbal and Chime Attachments in Position for Pianist to Play with Piano instrument. They are operated by the player's left knee and right foot.

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>» RVD Tiny Dishes for Queen’s Doll House Show China Maker’s Skill Tiny dishes, so small that a whole set can be placed easily in a woman's hand, were made by an English pottery for the queen's doll house, shown at the British Bin Ey iF # Ae Exquisitely Monogrammed and Figured, These Tiny Dishes Adorned Queen’s Doll House at English Expositio: Empire exhibition at Wembley. The gold-band, Greek-key pattern is said to have been selected by the queen herself, and every piece down to the minute egg cups, less than a quarter of an inch high, bears the royal monogram. ‘The set is made from the highest grade of china and modeled after dishes of ordinary size. Cigar Lighter That Fits in Any Auto Can Be Worked with One Hand Designed so that it can be attached quickly to the instrument board of any automobile, a simple cigar or cigarette ap RES By Pressing Button with One Finger, Cigar Is Lighted Quickly against Heat Coil POPULAR MECHANICS lighter has been placed on the marke Within a flat metal bracket there is heating coil which becomes red-hot i: few seconds when contact is made pressing a small button. Current is aut matically switched off when the butt is released. It may be worked with o hand. Contact and ground wires are eas attached and the lighter has a curved she below for a holder or ash tray and to pr vents sparks falling on the car carpet on the clothing. Calculator on Typewriter Solves Problems and Writes Answers Algebraic problems, computation foreign exchange; discount, interest, mu tiplication, addition, subtraction and mat a= = wine other similar mathematical problems solved almost miraculously on a _ type writer by a calculator that is geared the machine. With the device it is sa that, in writing bills, the correct tot prices for each and all of the articles wv be shown instantly, and that bookkeepi: and similar work can be done, all withou a second operation on an adding machin When the typist has finished copyi something, such as an invoice or s ment, the keys automatically tap off t! answers on the same sheet of paper, w all of the subordinate problems correct solved. Addition, multiplication or su traction is performed as each line is | ished, the answer appearing in the prop: column. Then at the end, the debit a credit items are summed up by the cal lator without any further action on t part of the operator. If the result 1: credit, the answer appears in red. One the accomplishments of the machine said to be its ability to instantly comput foreign exchange. Any sum in poun shillings and pence, francs, lire or mar! may be instantly translated into the equ alent in United States currency by mere typing the amount and the exchange rat¢ } tate

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es Sowing Timber Crops to Save Nation’s Trees oggers, Rangers and Government Experts Unite to Guard and Replace Virgin Forests of the Lumberlands ‘EEKING to conserve and replace the 5 rapidly disappearing forests of the na- 's timberlands, government experts of forestry division are raising millions oung trees to take the place of those ed for industry or consumed by de- ictive fires that yearly sweep their tolls m the wooded areas. While the present timber stands of the ted States are estimated at 463,000,000 res, this figure represents but a little re than half of the original lumber re- urces of three centuries ago when settle- ent of the territory first began to make roads on the forests. With the constant mand for lumber stirring the industry » renewed efforts to supply sufficient ma- rial for the country’s needs; attention has een turned to the development of seed- ng crops in large nurseries scattered over he nation. From these growths, saplings re taken from time to time for replanting er cut areas by crews working under di- ection of the forestry service. Added protection to the matured stands f virgin timber, now found mostly in the west and south, serves to prolong the upply, about two-thirds of which is saw mber. Trees that formerly were consid- @®A val ered of little or no value in the lumber industry have been utilized for profitable purposes solely through the efforts of lab- oratories established to find ways in which such growths could be used as substitutes for more valuable trees. Through the watchfulness of the forest rangers, who patrol the thickly wooded regions night and day in search of smolder- ing fires or conflagrations set up by light- ning, millions of dollars’ worth of trees are saved from destruction. Campers en- tering these territories are cautioned as to dangers that lurk in the carelessly tossed firebrand or cigar end, and thousands of blazes caused by lack of forethought on the part of sojourners in the summer-dried forests, are subdued each year by the “police of the woods.” In logging camps where the horse and ox of the pioneer logger have been re- placed by wood - burning engines or gas- oline’ tractors, extreme care 1s exercised to ; [Through Rough and Dangerous Country and over Jagged Mountain Ranges Lie the Trails of the Ever- Watchful Forest Rangers Who Guard the Nation's Forests from Fire

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260 POPULAR MECHANICS Taking Lock- ers of Fire- Fighting Tools to Their Places in the Woods Where They Can Be Easily Reached “Guardian of the Trees’’ Taking an Observation of a For- ested Valley from a Lookout Post on a Lofty Mountain Top Traveling Chain Moved by Electric Power Which Transports Logs along Steel Skidway oo N cesnsesdsmsnnstneiilanipenstemsinsanaiensinei — 7 . = , “High Climber’ Ascending Tall Spar Tree to Be Trimmed for Sup- port of Aerial Cable Forest Ranger Making Boxes to House Wild Birds among Big Trees They Help to Guard from Insect Pests

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POPULAR MECHANICS 261 * .» rh . At Oe oe ere et >»? Old Days in the Lumberlands, When Caravans — Plodding Oxen Dragged the Huge Logs to the Skidways; “Gas” Tractors, Donkey Engines and Narrow Railways Now Handle the Fallen Giants of the Fores’ or Cars ot Aerial Cables

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969 POPULAR prevent sparks and dripping oil from en- dangering the tinderlike vegetation and the safety of the workmen. More than he fears the falling giants of the forests that sometimes crash unheralded under the ax of the chopper into the midst of a toiling crew, the woodsman dreads the curling wisp of blue smoke that warns him of the presence of fire. And it usually means a [ big trees matured after vears of steady growth, unless quickly sub- dued. While engineering science aids the loggers of today in harvesting the stands in remote fastnesses or at the tops of high, teep mountains, only by studied regard jor the younger shoots is a future crop as- sured. With motors and tractors sup- plying power for transportation and the barking donkey engine performing the task of “shooting” the trimmed logs to the tem- porary railroads that often lie far down a hillside, less damage is done to surrounding trees than in the old days of rolling or drag- ving the weaving loads through the woods. Spirelike spar trees selected for their con- venience to the scenes of action are trimmed by adventurous “high climbers” into tall bare masts that support moving cables from which the speeding logs swing as they race downward to the loading place or sawmill. Hanging from the traveling line, their departure from the choppers’ loss of acres ol! MECHANICS position is announced by shrill warning blasts of the “donkey’s” whistle and brushing noisily through the foliage li: ing the pathway, they race along the aerial track. Though there are few scenes of more utter desolation than those offered by wide areas of logged-off land where great stretches of jagged debris mark the spots once occupied by splendid trees, the problem of replenishing the waste wit! valuable timber is being met to a great ex tent by tireless etforts of those struggling against a constant harvest that goes on at a rate four times as fast as the majestic woods can grow. Although many immense tracts of virgi: timberland still remain untouched by the woodsman’s saw, it is only a question of a few years when they will be invaded by crews of bustling swampers and choppers Hardwoods have been scarce for a long time and so great is the shortage of well- seasoned lumber suchas walnut, cedar and similar woods that dealers go about some parts of the country buying up old barn and farm buildings merely to salvage the valuable heavy timber they contain. One concern is known to make a practice of purchasing fences constructed from ceda1 rails, often replacing them with modern inclosures of the steel-wire variety as an inducement to the owners to sell them. Cutting a Fire Line across the Path of a Forest Blaze to Stop the Spread of Creeping Ground Flames by Clearing Away Dry Brush on Which They Feed

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POPULAR MECHANICS ig School Children, although Cripples, Model Statues from Memory al Although handicapped by crippled bod- s, several children in a Chicago school ive shown considerable skill in modeling mall statues from memory after visits to 1e 263 tage claimed for the metal is that it main- tains a brilliant polish similar to silver under all conditions and not need reburnishing. In America it is proposed to manufacture the stainless iron ona large scale, making pipe, sheets, bridge material and other forms. One element which has does Copyright, Underwood & Underwood the Art Institute. Returning to their class- rooms, they strive to reproduce in clay replicas of the works of the great masters. Guided only by their mental notes and by suggestion now and then from an in- structor, their deft fingers fashion groups and single pieces that are said to show re- markable fidelity to the originals. Stainless Iron May Replace Steel and End Ravages of Rust To do away with the tremendous waste caused by the ravages of rust and eliminate the necessity for painting steel bridges and other structures to prevent their rotting away, a process has been developed for making what is known as stainless or rust- less iron. It is said to be somewhat newer than stainless steel, which is_ suitable ilmost exclusively for cutlery and surgical nstruments. Rustless iron, however, is material which can be rolled or formed into a great many different shapes. It is essentially an alloy of iron and a metal known as chromium.: Considerable pio- neer work has been done on the product in Great Britain. Quite a number of ocean liners are being equipped with electric fans, hardware of many kinds, frames for grates nd any other objects exposed to the cor- roding action of the sea air, as one advan- Two Youthful Sculptors Whose Models Show That Skill and Good Memories Can Conquer Handicaps interfered with the wide introduction of the metal is the cost of chromium, but it is believed that this will ultimately be overcome. Disinfecting Troughs for Autos to Stop Cattle Plague To prevent automobiles from spreading the dreaded hoof and mouth California, disinfecting troughs have been constructed alongside roads in a disease in ection Disinfecting Trough to Germs on Tires and Wheels Running a Car through visited by the After through the infected area, cars are halted by officials and the drivers ordered to run them through the troughs, where a chemi- cal bath cleanses the tires and wheels. plague. passing

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POPULAR MECHANICS Marvelous Photograph of Scene on Ordinary Illuminated Stage, Taken during Action by Camera Equipped with Remarkable Speed Lens That Needs No Flashes or Searchlights to Record Detail Indoor Snapshots Made Possible by High-Speed Lens Without the aid of searchlights or flash- lights, actual snapshots of stage scenes have been taken under ordinary conditions of light with a camera speed lens having an unusually large opening. Said to be five times as rapid as the fastest lens for- merly used, it can reduce such exposures to one-fifth the required period, and the resulting picture may be greatly enlarged. Even where confronted with fast action, a camera equipped with the lens can record the photograph so quickly as to show no trace of motion in an enlargement of the subject. Where exposures of several sec- onds have been necessary to take pictures which registered very little of the finer detail, the new lens records them in less than one-tenth the time, and preserves the features ordinarily lost by the other types. In taking theatrical groups with the usual stage lighting, specially sensi- tized plates were employed, which made it possible to obtain fully exposed negatives with exposures of one-tenth of a second. Other interior uses where the lens is ex- pected to prove of great value are home photography, in which lighting conditions are seldom found suitable to rapid and finely detailed camera work; for surgical operations and in the study of minute sub- jects that cannot be highly magnified. It has also been said that aerial photography can be made more valuable through the taking of night views, especially under war-time conditions when fortified areas would be unapproachable in daylight. As tronomers, too, it is pointed out, will be able to profit by the new lens, which is known as “The Taylor-Hobson Series O,” when making star survey charts, by great- ly reducing the time of exposures. Typewriter Minus Individual Keys Is Operated by Pointer Typewriters without individual keys, that are said to permit greater speed and lessen the chances of mistakes for begin- ners, are being manufactured in France. On the left of the machine is a table of char- acters and a free- Swinging pointer or stylus which the operator moves to the desired letter. Simultane- ously the right hand presses a lever in front which causes a cylinder to print through the ribbon. The pointer governs the rotation, advance and retreat of the cylinder. Perfect alinement is given and it is said a speed of 200 to 300 characters a minute is possible. It is also claimed that the typewriter has fewer parts than the standard machine. Made of aluminum, it weighs only fifteen pounds.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 265 Mt. McKinley Sinking Two Feet Every Year, Is Claim Mt. McKinley, highest peak on the merican continent, sinks about two feet ch year from its altitude of 20,300 feet, cording to residents in the vicin- They declare that there is an erage of four earthquake shocks nually, and. contend that with ich tremor, the mountain settles bout six inches. To confirm their elief, they refer to the Aleutian slands. According to scientific re- orts, no one can state the location altitude of many of the small slands in the group, as a body of ind may appear well above the iter one day and under it the next. Daylight Motion-Picture Film Reruns Automatically Fitting compactly within a small uitcase, a daylight motion-picture rojector has been invented espe- ally for advertising purposes in how windows. It is run by an electric motor, and the film is re- ound automatically and shown Copyright igain, giving a continuous per- Putting iormance without the attention of an operator. The entire outfit folds to- gether, occupying little space. The screen is twelve by sixteen inches. Daylight Movie Camera with Screen and Hood Ad- justed; Whole Outfit Folds into One Package New Nose on ‘‘Shenandoah”’ Fits Ship for Further Sky Voyages By putting a new nose on the “Shenan- doah” and making a few other repairs, damage done when the gigantic dirigible s Kadel & Herbert Finishing Touches on “‘Shenandoah’s” Tip and Mooring Coupiing That Holds It to Mast tore loose from her moorings, some time ago, was quickly mended, and the ship was pronounced ready for further voyages. To replace the parts torn away from the framework when the ship was wrenched from her anchorage, light aluminum gird- ers and plates were riveted on, the ripped fabric was taken off and freshly painted and stitched widths put on. The accident, according to engineers and navy officials, demonstrated the solidity of the ship, as little damage was done to any other part Panama Gun Hurls a Ton of Metal over Thirty-Five Miles Uncle Sam's latest weapon of defense — a sixteen-inch gun for the fortification of the Panama Canal—has a range of approx imately thirty-five miles. About seventy feet in length, it will fire a shell or bullet weighing a ton. The powder charge totals 750 pounds. The barrel is made of special- ly treated steel tubing wrapped with miles of piano wire. Over this a metal shell is shrunk after being heated to cause its ex- pansion. The life of such a piece is com paratively short, the rifling being destroyed by the force of the charges necessary

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266 Reclining on Spikes, upon Anvil Supported on Her Chest Young Girl Withstands B!ows POPULAR MECHANICS Girl Held on Spikes by Anvil Is Unharmed by Hammer Blows Lying on a board filled with -six-inc! spikes, a young Italian girl allows two mei to strike sledge-hammer blows on an anvi resting on her chest. The spikes are driven closely together and are of equal height Most of the force of the blows is spent on the anvil, although the young performer i careful to distribute her weight equall and brace herself against slipping to a: angle where the sharp spikes would pierce her. Nevertheless, the act is sufficient! hazardous to provide a never-failing thrill @Cut with wedge-shaped tongues and grooves, a style of flooring has been in vented to permit great economy in lumbe: The wedge is said to draw the boards mor tightly and the bulk of the wood is leit above the joint where it is available fo use when nailed down. POCKET TRUCK SAVES WORK IN HOME AND SHOP As an aid in moving heavy: boxes, bar- rels and articles of furniture about the home, a small two-wheeled truck that can be easily handled by one person is being manufactured. Weighing only one and a half pounds, the contrivance may be quickly slipped under the edge of the ob- ject as it is tilted. Ball-bearing wheels per- mit the burden to be moved with little effort » on the part of the worker. As it eliminates the need of assistance in shifting heavy chairs and similar articles, the housewife can readily perform such tasks, when nec- essary, in a few moments with the truck. Strongly made, the cart can support loads up to three or four hundred pounds and may be pulled almost any distance without damage to the running gear. Inverted on the corner of a table or bench, the device can act as a roller for Sliding trunks o1 crates onto the higher level. Of advantag to expressmen, storekeepers, offices and i: all needs where cumbersome packages are Small Two-Wheeled Truck and Helpful Service It Renders in Moving Trunks and Crates without Damage to Loads or Floors moved around by hand, the little truck effects great saving in time and labor and can be kept in the tool chest.

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ant POPU ( LAR MECHANICS a ' rit 4 % . a. Meeting Plane at End of Run, Crew Is Busy as Pilot Steps Out, Unloadin Local Mail into Truck for Distribution at Postofice and Transferring Through Sacks to Another Plane; Inset Shows Pilot Seated in Deep Cockpit, Leather-Lined and Protected by Windshield Night Mail Marks New Era in Aviation Time of Flight from Statue of Liberty to Golden Gate to Be Cut NAUGURATION of daily, regular and while the permanent air-mail service between the Statue of Liberty nd the Golden Gate marks a new era in the history of transportation. Ex- periments conduct- d last August when ail planes crossed the continent eight times, flying at cht over a lighted pathway a thousand niles long between hicago and Chey- enne, demonstrated 0 the postal offi- cials the practica- bility of the new service. Under the present schedule he east- bound lights from the Pacific to the At- at tic will occupy thirty-two hours to Twenty-Four Hours Successive Ligh hat Guides Fliers at Night t Paths Made by Revolving Roof Beacon west-bound fliers will take thirty-four hours and forty-five minutes for the trip. Later it is expected to re- duce this time to twenty-four hours. Letters require eighty-seven hours between "New York and San Francisco by train. Special air-mail postage has been arranged and stamps in three de- nominations, eight- cent, sixteen - cent and twenty - four - cent, have been dis- tributed to all the principal cities of the country for use on letters specially designated to go by p lane The Ge stamps will carry letters from any city for transmission to

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POPULAR MECHANICS Night Mail Plane Preparing to Alight at the End of the Air Trail Where Massive Shafts of Light Guide the Pilot to the Illuminated Landing Ways of the Field

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POPULAR MECHANICS 269 After a Hundred Hours’ Running Time, the Big Lib- erty Motors Are Removed and Given an Overhauling With a Twist or Two of His Wrench, Mechanic Removes a Propeller That Needs Repairing At End of Run, Mechanics Remove Engine Cowl to Inspect Motor, Radi- ator and Running Parts; Hose in Foreground Is Replenishing Tank Interior of Radio Station 1 a es Where Time of Arrival and — = | ( } Departure of Mail Planes Is Dispatched and Received is , isso _

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270 POPULAR MECHANICS ti ” Left, Inspecting Valve on eating SS] System; Right, Uncle Sam’s Mail Waits While Pilot Kisses Wife ‘ C ata Pilot I N » From ro ha ae , Copying Radiogram of Pilot's Flight on Wall Chart; a Report Card and Instrument Board of Un- finished Plane Form ton Post Ofice Department PILOTS FLIGHT REPORT }| Taking Off Lens That Diffuses Rays of Powerful Portable Searchlight at an Angle of Thirty De- rees to Form a road Path of Light into Which Planes May Glide When Arriving on Field at } Night fv

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POPULAR MECHANICS 271 ™* 7 | In Case He Must Leap from | Plane, Pilot Is Protected by | Parachute That Unfolds at Pull of Hook and Opens as He Drops; All Air-Mail Pilots > P } : ties ye Fo meas | Pilot Dressed in Flying Suit for ; encies : Run with Mail; Parachute Is . / Folded at Hips as Cushion; Re- ™~ leasing Ring Is Seen Just below rT His Left Elbow - ™ me | At Work on Wing Frame in Factory, and Rigger Check- ing Inspection Chart as He Examines Struts E — _ = — — —>>..... a :

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Looking Direct] of 46°,000,000-Candlepower Beacon; Below, Adjusting Angle of Portable Light into the “Tunnel” Produced by Rays POPULAR MECHANICS ld o~ either coast by air. also will be handled. In their night flights, the guided by automatic acetylene light placed every three miles. Every twent five miles of the night air lane has an emet gency landing field provided with power ful searchlights and at about every 25 miles there is a regular landing field wit! searchlights visible for from 100 to 15 miles. “Uncle Sam’s flying postmen a1 truly the pioneers of a new era in tran portation,’ Col. Paul Henderson; seco1 assistant postmaster-general, declared it speaking of the new service. “I have great faith in the ability of mankind to so pet fect aircraft as to make it an essential part of our general transportation schemes ot the future. The courageous pioneering work being done by the pilots of the ait mail service is each day contributing its share toward that Utopia. They are en- titled to the respect and admiration of the nation.” Parcel-post packag: pilots

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) ] dbus Odd alls IN Lcaa Asda LAMA HE Hie } a LT ai i POPULAR MECHANICS Gold Fields Are Tapped by Planes Run by Canadian Railroad rplane service, operating on regular dule into a territory heretofore un- hed by steam or electric transporta- _has been instituted in the gold-field rict of the province of Quebec in Can- With a capacity of five passengers a limited amount of supplies, the nes meet all trains at a town at present farthest point north in the district ped by arailroad. The service is said to e opened up virgin timber, hunting and ing districts and has reduced the trip m the railroad into the gold fields from » days to about fifty minutes. The rush prospectors into the fields is said to have mpted the railroad company to provide added transportation. Hard Coal Is Substitute for Jet in the Making of Jewelry Polished hard coal as a substitute for in the production of rings, necklaces, tch fobs, ornamental hat trimmings and ilar articles, is being experimented with i German inventor. Selected hard coal ed and after the substance is cut as to the required dimensions as pos- e, it is finished off with fine files and | polished. Monogram rings inscribed th initials inlaid in white enamel present mart appearance, and few are said to be e to guess the nature of the substitute. New Capitol Built over Old Saves Rent for State Offices Replacing the old Nebraska state capitol h a $5,000,000 structure on the same site, ile government work goes on unham- red in the present one, is a feat being ]

accomplished at Lincoln. When the new building is near completion, the old one i: side will be torn down. The wrecking promises to be an interesting engineering operation, as the present capitol is built entirely of stone and has a dome that rises 300 feet from the ground. Just enough room is being left between the new walls and the old building for a rai road track to carry away the debri While six or seven years will be required to complete the project by this method, the contractor expects to save the state two or three years’ rent on offices. — banwm ’ ‘i . *, ti; oe eS oe oe —_- ——— ow own ow oe = ee eee) .¥ st te se ee we ——<— ee en ewe eee mK He Hr eK HN VL discue ae ststbeesesaace coos ea! mi: — =

; J *hoto-Diagram Showing How the New Nebraska State Capitol Is Being Constructed over and around the Present Building, Which Will Be Wrecked When the Other Is Near Completion

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Fads and Fancies of Beauty from Capitals ie: j ; | = J x = Young Papuan Widow Decked in Mourning ‘“Robes”’ 1} i) - = » - ! a if — a Belle of Samoa | y : j : Egyptian Daughter Dressed for a ‘ 3 nigga , © of the Nile in Hindu Princess in Her Wedding 4 First Lady of African One of China’s Fairest Dancing Lady of Tahiti in v Tribe in Holiday Attire Members of Cultured Class South Sea Festive Gown ——

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ce . . . . tals | of the World to Outposts of Civilization — Pe ————————— = DS ” American Girl Athletes for Running Contest English Beauty, : ) \ Winner in a :. . % Competition Z - a . ' J : bs ‘ Jewelry-Clad Girl of Nenal One of France’s Re- Fashionable Lady of East 2 Dressed for a Feasi nowned Screen Stars Af 2 with Tattooed F Wi “4 - m

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6 POPULAR Dog Travels Three Thousand Miles to Home and Gets Medal , traveled proximately 3,000 miles to return to his me in Oregon , ; = . bob, a Scotch colle, recently, been lost in aiter having MECHANICS Rubber Lighter than Cork Rivals Ai in Expansion after Squeeze More buoyant than cork, a rubber p: uct being manufactured in England 1 to have a resiliency almost equal t: of air. After long compré under a load of about s¢ tons a piece of the materia gained its shape within seconds. ‘The substance fi and a small sheet of it a1 thick can easily supporta hi man the Own its non-absorbent qualities believed it may be used chair cush thus insur vreater life-saving faciliti« of wrecks. The mat: consists of rubber expanded gas, but can be compresse¢ the hardness of wood, equal strength and lig weight. It is also claimed t it can be used on water. mattresses and aboard ships, Case to add stre: *. VEBRASICA /Oneg { amscan, == be 4 eeecesnoqene ecg oe woLCorrT f ? . shh , WO we 2 P 4 > a Zz - - x of tj Ma; Showing Three-Thousand-Mile to Reach Home; middle west. them on e they \ 1 ved Its owners had taken it an automobile trip, and sing lowa, Bob ’ \fter an unsuccessful rch, they went on to Indiana and then back to the Pacific coast, never ex- ting to see their pet again. Six mouths ter their return, Bob came trotting home, away. ciITOVE eak from fatigue, footsore and with ws worn short. It developed that the nimal had trailed the automobile trom Jowa to Indiana and then had started back the long trip to Oregon. The state humane society, after investigation, pre- nted the vith a medal and school children petitioned the village council to give it the freedom of the streets for the rest of its life. deg Route Traversed Photographs by Coilie in Finding Its Way Haif across C of Dog and Medal It Received to metal tubing by employing it asa cle packed filler inside the As the material can be made in severa grees of hardness it hollow cy is expected that riors for dwellings can be made fro Ostrich Legend Is Called Untru Despite the popular belief, ostrich« not hide their heads in the sand when t¢ afflicts them, according to Vilhjalr Stefansson, the arctic explorer legend has persisted for nearly 2,000 yea but naturalists agree that it has doubt! resulted from the actions of the big bu when they are pursued. Even in stor scientists say, they stick their heads un their wings until the blast is over.

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POPULAR reak Shadows Stay in Oil Pools After Object Has Moved rious shadows that ( re sie remain after the has been removed, are produced on urface of pools of crude petroleum in j it oll fie lents Oo! hining, 1 lalis a en mo , 3 on tie the ne VJ lds of California, according r the regions. If, when the a person stands so that his cross the surface of the oil ves, the first reflected image » pool, while a second is cast yosition. The longer the in lual has been standing by the pond, the er W il] th e original shadow remain. ‘hot rays of the sun produce gas in the ich rises to the surface in the form illions of bubbles, far too minute to be 1 | by the human eye. When a shadow st over the surface, the temperature educed, and this has the effect of check- the production of bubbles. The result it the shaded area looks different from part that is exposed to the sun When person moves, the temperature of the 1 a littie hich has so % 2 ick been shielded, does to its former not at warmth. It time to heat, and until this actually happened, the curious effect 11) Gun with Three-Hundred-Ton Barrel to Defend Harbor hing 320 tons without its carriage, xteen-inch coast-defense gun was com- ‘ted at the Watervliet arsenal not long » and shipped to Boston, where it is to mounted to help defend the approaches hy, ™, r Monster for Coast bor as I n Flat Whee's, the Enormous Weight; Rifle Is trically Construc Sixteen-Inch Gun Barrel Defense at Boston Har- t Arrived from the Arsenal Car, with Twenty-Four Specially Built to Sunnort the Huge to Be Mounted on Elec- Operated Carriage under ‘tion at Watertown Works ae ee ge MECHANICS 277 tothe harbor. A flat car with twenty-four wheels was provided for transporting the monster gun, which was supported and bound to the car with specially designed anchors and straps of steel. Camera Clock Records Race Victor as Finish Line Is Crossed Capable of registering to the one-hun- dredth part of a clock and combination invented to second, a camera has been Big Dials of Speed Clock and a Close Race Finish Caught by Camera avoid mistakes in timing races. As the winner crosses the line, he breaks a thin string connected with the camera. This releases the shutter and, as the lens is pointed directly on the finish, the exact position of the runners is obtained \t the same instant, the clock mechanism is stopped and the exact time registered.

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POPULAR MECHANICS after Which They Go Peeler at Work Paring ing Belt and Is Care Pastry-Molding Machine That Makes “Open” Pies and Crvsts for the Custard V arteties

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. * >...” ad IF | Baking the Nation’s Millions of Pies arge Factories, Where Machines Perform All Work Free from Human Hands, Turn Out Pastry “Like Mother Makes” Y a little while ago, Saturday morn- ing generally found mother in the with the weekly pie baking a hungry household. But the picture ee f hen busy S f ; Sisseet: i A. it ayy yt i i) | | ‘ | ss . hanged today. hinery Now electrically driven does the work in large, clean plants, turning out pies by the tens of ousands every day. And they are pala- and pure pies, made from just the ie materials that mother used. One of the principal machines employed he manufacture of pies in the present day baking factory is a device ode dil hop per of which many barrels of fresh app sles reemptied. From this magazine they are fed onto a series of revolving spindles where keen knives pare and core them be- iore they drop on a traveling belt. Passing ! mt of a line of women operators who inspect the fruit, any specks or impertec- in the apples are cut out as they move on their way to the tubs in which ire packed for the cooking caldrons. are treated in a similar manner, prepared by a machine that In iots Ota \ ey banana lices dozen at atime. Lach dual piece of this fruit must also pass id 1 specti on betore it is permitted to into the slicers. All fruits for pie fill- ings are made ready and cooked during the daytime, and are set aside in huge cool in time for use in the evening, tor most pie factories do their baking at night vats t Extracting Finished Pies from Huge Factory Oven Four at a Time, and Replacing Them with Unbaked Material, a Process a Thousand Times Faster than That of the Kitchen Method Nese to insure an absolutely fresh product to t! consumer for the following morn Fresh fruits are used the many of these baking plants Boug!] season direct from orchards and vards, they are stored in immense rt irigerating rooms tor tuture the choicest year arou!l needs 1 grades are selected and the must be taken to the cold chambers as soon as possible aitet being eathered Her they are stacked in their original co: tainers, and are not allowed to thaw aittet thev are once frozen, until made ready the cooking ve els \ single large tactor handles more than 60,000 cases ot | berries, blueberrie cherries, pineapp e

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x0) POPULAR rries ds » . P ¢ eal ithnout 1 | ne tie ivo ) t { n silting the uur and knea yr the dough for the crusts rge hour eves and dough mixers do the work ot I lands \ crust chine rece es the ipply of dough, cuts it into lite circu portions and delivers it on a belt trav- eling to a set ot rollers where one piece ( ropped ver crust. into av ng pan to form the ther part is rolled, urtace ‘| he { flat with the i1 he pan with lropped on a here it 1s mark of the the bottom half filler has been poured, passes hat point, the cover crust is placed in po- sition on the top. It is then carried to the knives which trim the surplus dough from tamped dicat ng pie, and ast which int 11it©O the edges and on the same conveyor is sent to the ovens. These huge, heated vaults contain moving trays, holding about 560 ies. Twenty minutes are required for a jie to complete its baking cycle, being kept constantly in motion during that pe- iod. When properly baked, the pastry is removed to big racks and from these loaded onto delivery trucks. Large fleets of “pie now mostly motor vehicles, with eir contents neatly housed and protected rom dust and dirt of the streets, deliver he night’s baking to agons,” MECHANICS \ ere can d truits are used, the ¢ cans are smashed by a special mac . solid round lumps of metal and are sok be manutactured into window weig! Kmpty flour sacks are cleaned by pressed air and returned to the mill. | baking pans are placed in large cl tanks where clear hot water is poured them to soiten any particles of the er adhering to the surfaces. After scrub] with soapy water, they are rinsed in | water and put in a Following each day's operation in the b ery the entire equipment is given a t] ough cleansing to comply with the tary rules of the food industry. In addition to paring and slicing 1 chines, most factories have apparatu beat and mix cream fillings, others to stem and seed cherries, while « vices are to be seen filling the crust pies of the custard type and pouring the meringue top in artistic designs a mid-west pie-baking plant, a year's ply of ingredients is represented by 10, barrels of flour, 2,000,000 pounds of su 1,000,000 pounds of shortening and 3,00 000 fresh eggs. It al consumes 65,(/ gallons milk, 50,000 bushels of apy and almost as ma steam room to oro egss SO oO! ny peaches, lemons, fruits. sins and other popular In the O'den Days Every Member of the Househo'd Assisted in the Annual Task of Peeling, Slicing and Stringing Fruits to Be Dried for Future Pie Making

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POPULAR MECHANICS

Large Travel- ing Oven of Modern Bakery Where 560 Pies at One Time Are Kept Constantly Moving as They Bake

Smashing Empty Tin Cans with a Machine in Pie Factory s< The y Will Occupy Min- imum of Storage Space Until So!d for Use it dow We ig ht Ss;

Pie Mal yon a Mov- g Table, Operators acing Crust and Fill- ers in Pans Below, low the Meringue and ‘ream Pies Get Their uffy Tops before Going into the Ovens

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282 POPULAR MECHANICS — J ‘ ri I t 1& I Where Busy Hammers Prepare for Thousands of Hurrying Feet; Constructing Chicago’s Union Passenger Station Waiting Room, 114 Feet High Great Chicago Passenger Station steel have already been used. The bui Is Nearing Completion ing rests on concrete piers sunk to om rock and from four to nine feet in diamet¢ Chicago's $75,000,000 Union station, Above the station, an eight-story office work on which started in 1914, is ex- building has been erected. This will be 1 pected to be ready for use by.the first of creased to twenty-two stories later. Sep next vear. When completed, the build rate platforms for handling baggage a1 ing vill provide accommodations for more passengers, stands with Space tor 120 cal than 100,000 passengers daily. The great at one time, stores, lunch and dining root concourse and the main part of the struc- and a large cafeteria are to be install ture cover 180,000 square feet of ground The main waiting room will be 100 feet space, More than 17,000 tons of structural Violin, Ukulele and Mandolin in One Plays as Any of Three With the tonal qualities of a mandolin, a small, compact musical instrument has been imported from Germany, which can also be played as a violin or ukulele. It is Compact Musical Instrument which Can Be a Mandoiin, Violin or layed as Ukulele wide, 217 feet long and 114 feet high. made of mahogany and Pernambuco wood and is finely finished. The bulky bowl o the violin and mandolin is eliminated, tl thickness through the center being bare two inches. A patent tuning device kee] the eight strings in perfect line, and aid the tone and pitch. @We want all our readers to write u freely and often whenever they wish ditional information on articles publishe Address Popular in this magazine formation, Mechanics, Chicag

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POPULAR Mother-of-Pearl Tile Adds Beauty and Novelty to Design \dapted to all forms of architecture and a method oi forming tile or slab ( ther-of-pearl has been patented. hed shell mixed with cement is ed into blocks, the surfaces of which e then smoothed and polished. If de- the pieces may be arranged in the in fanciful shapes and figures, such r designs, and a cement mixed with r used so that the finished surface will ent an artistic finish resembling a mo- Formed in this manner, the tile may ised for various purposes, such as fur- tops, baseboards and border work. desired, the mother-of-pearl may be nfined merely to the surface layer of the le or brick. Serve-Self Store on Wheels Saves Time for Housewives aking the grocery store to its cus- ers is the service rendered by an auto- bile truck that carries a full stock of od products, meats and vegetables and capable of making 400 calls a day on rchasers of its wares. Operated by a ver who is also the clerk, the motor ed “food shop” has shelves and bins of } ods placed within easy reach of the 1 vers, who gather their supplies in “trol- baskets suspended from an overhead ck. As the patrons leave the store on eels, bills are paid and packages unload from the container, leaving it y for the next purchaser at ntrance of the truck. So con- ient is the arrangement that it d to occupy only a small frac on Shelves Patrons at Door of Store WwW heels Which Saves Time for * Busy Buyers Rear of Motorized Grocery Shop and Purchasers Se- lecting Needs from Handy MECHANICS 283 tion of the time ven rally necessary fora ; housekeeper to buy the day's food needs at ordinary stores, besides doing away with the necessity of traveling any distance to attend the task. ‘The interior of the aff is well lighted and heated, and affords sut ficient room tor several persons to m« around. A retrigerator is carried, neat] built into a compartment, for the accom modation of fresh meats and perishable products during hot weather. A _ sho window at the rear of the car displays green groceries and fruits, while ventila tors in the roof insure good air circulatio On the ceiling is a large panel containins the list of materials carried, and each rack has a large tag showing the price of the article it contains. The machine covet an average of forty blocks in a day’s travel and because it cannot be affected by severe weather, insures its customers of well-filled larders if they do not care to go out.

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284 POPULAR MECHANICS Aircraft Mother Ship ‘“‘Hermes,” of the British Navy, Built to Carry Twenty Planes Which Are Lifted Aboard by Electric Cranes and Launched from the Deck Landing Field

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POPULAR Orchid Growth Hastened Two Years by Feeding Salts and Sugars that are maturing two ner than under natural conditions ted bacteriologically so as to obtain tically 100-per-cent germi- are being grown by a anist in an eastern university. e flowers were planted in steri | tubes five years ago. B them essential salts and tgars and eliminating the bac- a which ordinarily would ve destructive, the botanist is opeful of almost perfect germi- Orchids years and ation. After a few months’ rowth in these tubes, the seed- ngs are transferred to large ks containing the same culture edium. Under such favorable nditions, the plants grow rap- and when they have five or leaves and roots an inch or o in length, they are trans- anted to open pots. In addi- to the rapid growth, it is pointed out that there is no danger from ects or parasite fungi during the early e of these “bottle-fed” flowers. Steering Gear for Camel Is Rope Through Nose of Animal Desert travelers who ride to _ their tions on camels, guide their animal rope pulled through its nose. One of the rein is tied around the animal's eck and the other run up behind one of e ears and down the face into a hole erced in the upper part of the nose. A Camel with Rope and Nose Rein by “Which the Rider Guides Animal over Desert Wastes vier rope is looped around the long face With this arrangement, the master of his conveyance make it go wherever he pleases. e camel. caer becomes na Can MECHANICS 285 Mission on Motor Truck Has Radio ing machine, a Evangelist Fred L. Strickland and His Traveling Miss and Phonograph as Gospel Aids 11 Equipped with a radio outfit and a tall mission used by an eastern evangelist on 1 1 al | oro! Truck tou! Radio and Music Box about the country. the pulpit placed on the endgate, which serv: s a plat iorm for the preacher 1 adjustable shelves at the sides hold the radio loud speaker and the music box They have been found useful in leading the hym1 and in drawing crowds. ‘The truck inte- rior is furnished as an apartmet hich the minister lives while traveling Boiler Scale Is Prevented by Use of Electric Current nation on the wal vented by the cale fort of boilers is pre tricity. The negative pole of the source of current is connected to the wall of the boilet while the positive 1s connected, through an insulated part ot the shell, to piece of iron hanging in the water action between the two ] oles dey drogen on the sides of the boiler t t under water and the hydrogen decompos« the calcium sulphate of which the scal mainly formed. there remat muddy and loose substance that do nfluence the transmission of heat which may be easily flushed out. If t feed water contains acid that may corrods the walls, the dissolved metal is redepo: ited at the sides so that the influence « he acid is neutralized. The current must be small in order not to decompose more water than is mation of scale. necessary to prevent the tor-

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Time and Money-Saving Tools For Traveling, a Clothes Brush with Bristles That Fold Dowr Flat in- Pocket Holder Is Found Convenient Soaked in Kerosene in Handy Jug, a Fire-Clay Ball Will Sometimes Start Obstinate Coal Fires Blazing Wire Spring Clips on Dress Hangers Keep Garments Neatly Stretched and Pre- vent Their Falling Off = - _ Secu Baby May Travel in Comfort in | Well Ventilated | Wicker Cradle | Handled like Suitcase Folding Sewing-Basket Stand Saves Space and Is Decorative Left, Scrubbing Is Done like the Iron- ing with Novel Hand Washer That Has Four Grooved Rollers and Is Pushed Back and Forth: Saves Soap and Fingers Too . b When Space Is Limited, Com- = bination Ironing Board and Broom Closet Solves Household Problem 2 — No > Ee _. in SSE Anyone wishit turther informiatior ‘ é les 1 in the

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or Woman’s Workshop in Home One Stroke of Novel Cutter Quarters an Apple and Removes Core; Knife Edges Are Protected by Wooden Platter That Holds Fruit Strainer Holder Helps in Making Modish Belt and Purse Combined Add Attractive and Useful Touch to Street Costume = Can’t Break and May Bez Turned Inside Out for Easy Sterilizing Right, Floor axer and Polisher Run like Carpet Sweeper Below, Draining and Drying Dishes Are Quickly Done in Oblong Rack with Wire Basket for Silver Attached; Specially Suited for Small Kitchens Sprayer Nozzle with Anchor Spike Keeps Hose in Steady Position

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POPULAR IRR | | eal of Club That | Appears on Boxes: 1] Right, Feeding Time ~ G ~ |, Boys’ Poultry Club Serves Egg Market from Farm They Run Composed of a group of boys interested he collective production and market- x of chickens and eggs, the Early Riser poultry club of Durham, Conn., has I e worked out a modern system and distributing their products. In a re- cent contest, held with many other such organizations, the youthful poultrymen wen the championship position for judg- ing chickens. With a flock of 1,000 hens, to which close attention must be paid if thev are to be kept in good condition, the club performs practically all work neces- ary to provide the farm with feed mix- for selling Working Group | Chicken Feed trom Farm ‘| Warehouse MECHANICS Supervisor Candling Eggs Be fore . h ey Are Sent to Buyers Drawing 4 30y Workers Delivering Eggs to Central Store room for Inspecti n and Packing New houses for t! e are all at Grain are sorted and mixed at a central point and, when needed by the various sections of the club, are parceled out and recorded to show actual costs at the end of the sea- son. In selling the eggs. almost the entire twelve months’ supply is marketed direct- ly to homes. All product is graded | candling and the highest prices are re- ceived. In eggs are sold | wholesale lots to dealers, and at times tl carry on selling for their wares throughout neighboring cities. All boxe and crates are labeled with the club ss tures and equipment. fowls and repairs to old ones tended to by the members. reeds some cases S | 1 campaign } bey salesmen in order to create outlets

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POPULAR MECHANICS 289 Fortune Spent in Cleaning Liner Thrills Added to Swimmers’ Sport for Paint and Polish by Flying Rings over Pool ery time a liner arrives at its home Suspended from a long pole over one rt, a small fortune is spent in cleaning of the pools at Sulphur Springs, Fla., is a ship. All the linen is bundled ashore pair of flying rings and a chain on which be washed in the company’s laundry. In one such plant, e to 6,900,000 pieces are indled in a year. Carpets are ken up, floors scrubbed and attresses either aired or steril- ed For washing and_ scrub ng a steamer such as the “Olym- c,” it is said that in the course year nearly 20,000 gallons of quid soap, 70,000 pounds of soft ip, 22,000 pounds of soap pow- ler and 15,000 pounds of soda are ed. All the paint work is gone ver and the brass polished. For this latter work, more than 5,000 pounds of paste are needed each velve months. Once a year the hip is laid up tor painting. Trackless Sidewalk Auto Seats Thirty Persons Carrying thirty passengers, an tomobile has been made to un on sidewalks as an aid i1 city trathe problems. An 1 a closed compartment vide easy means of entrance Copyright, Underwood & Underwood exit he car is onlv twentv- Performing Aerial Stunts with Welling Waters of ‘Bottom! ] +t] Spring as Life Net e teet long and a little more Six Teet vide and VW eighs ibout two mne-half tons. It is propelled by an dropping into the tet engine mounted in the rear of the driving fancy diving are attempt: Cu | ion tires, double in the rear, cise 1s tout cd to he nvi es assure comfortable rid lone swim Che pool is continua e] 11 Lil 11 ) ( 2 | of nearly 60.000 iT A ~ ; -~ —— rn } j ; j i a i because ot the i iH ) ; expert swim! le ; t- ‘2 : - | | Golf Balls Marked to Aid it - — i ——— amas ae is ™ ‘ Players 1 ad . l 1) ag _ | C h Ove iC! a? , ts O % Aid to Traffic P ‘ Ras { { '’ 7 7 ( ills de sig ec parl 7 ‘ ac Bi ) ) re oa 1 ’ + | ‘ T ind otner place S ere ¢ ) mT are ‘ 1 \ , . 1 ‘ mg stretch of \ I ne to 1! so ft it ¢ ic . tour me read can clatt ) > ls j ’ ’ : ' ‘ @So fast does a machine that cuts up ilarlv, red, blue. orange and b 5 od into matches operate, that in a single imprinted on the surface of the b inute it will turn out 40,000 splints. provide distinguishing marks

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290 POPULAR MECHANICS *airy’’ Motor Alfalfa and Dairy Maid’s | Call Summon an Eager | Flock at Feeding Time Verdict of Food E T | Released from Barn | after Milking, Goat Herd Scampers Out to j Pasture ES ee | Supply Tank Con- nected to Cooler on Floor Below Inside Milk Cooling and Bottling Room Where Pints and Quarts Are Filled for Delivery ) a J | on Goat’s Milk i - Milk into | Loading “G o at- Truck for a Morning's Delivery to Customers City “Good for All Kids,” Is xperts T | /fp Ys

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POPULAR oat Dairy Run by Woman Pioneer Supplies City with Milk , 1O ong cultivated in 1 1 q ‘ use of the excellence of their \ .os Angeles, a woman pioneer iness Manages a goat dairy. lhe are given a thorough product ind afternoon and the ned, sterilized and bottled in modern r apparatus and delivered by motor uck he milk is in special demand for fants and invalids, and makes good reese and butter The cost of keeping , he animals is said to be moderate. They fed on alfalfa and grain. In many irts of Europe, goats are driven through ye he streets and milked at the door of the customer. Play Horseshoe “‘Pitch’’ with Cards o afford indoor amusement e pitcl time, a deck oT cards containing ous points of the game has been de d cach pasteboard bears | square present an actual play that commonly outdoor competitions \ set governs the scoring. with Steel, Hand Instrument

in é c r 7 ) l < e ed bv flex- the band with / 1 | e / ! l I said lay ed i Vtos slo 0 Europe, are popularity in the United States milk washing day. They are milked in the morn for horse iers and others interested in that tration of a peg and shoes in position “Jazz” Effects Are Easily Produced

COompaniments ind it vith little practice, anyone Call leaf&ri MECHANICS 291 One-Man Engine Stands for Autos Save Time and Repair Costs To save time and reduce the making automobile re stands with which ot raise the motor trom the floor or lower it have been designed Chey are attached by four through the maniiold stud bolts holes. By pressure on the crank and on one of the stand’s skids, the engine can cost 7 airs tout steel

“Song of Stars’’ Is Heard as Light Is Changed into Sound the |} n ict it og ce | ' ' elec Cc | oO cde\ To edl Dy ] “ t 1 . , 14 ¢ that it « id 1, } itl itih Head phone

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292 POPULAR MECHANICS Legless, One-Armed Man Conquers’ ments to the brake, clutch, gear shiit a ° am. - steering whee enable him to manage Obstacles in Driving Automobile aris Tal oat ‘ a ar with almost as much ease as the or " eth : nary dari r So adept has he come d What mav be accomplished in overcom- as y Stews adept ha 1e become ip, that he has won t reputation of being one of the most skill drivers in the city. ing physical obstacles is shown by the feat ‘SPite his han Quality of Panama Hats Revealed by the Rings in Crown Counting the number of rings of stran in the crown reveals the quality of Pana: hats, according to dealers. The more these there are, the better the grad Color, texture and shape are importa: factors, too, thev sav, and if any broke: straws are revealed, the value is decrease Furthermore, a good Panama hat is neve bleached after being woven. Those. « superior grade are the original color of th little strips of leaves from a dwarf pal: tree plant that grows in Ecuador a1 other South and Central American cou tries, where natives weave the best hat It takes three months or more to fini those of the highest quality. All the worl is done by hand and only the best and lo: est fiber is used. Reports that the mo expensive hats are woven only by candle How Ingenuity of One-Armed, Legless Man Has Con- quered Physical Obstacles in Driving Car echt or under water are said to be err neous. However, the straw is kept da of Andrew W. Cromshaw, of Alliance, nd at night the unfinished hats are hur Ohio, who has become a skilled automobile here they will be exposed to the dew, driver despite the fact that he has lost both they can be worked on without danger « legs and one arm. Specially devised attach- breaking the strands the following day —_— Putting Out a Cheaper Grade of Panama Hats to Dry on Pegs in the Sun after the Bleaching Process, a Step Unnecessary in Manufacturing Better Qualities

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POPULAR MECHANICS 293 Airplane View of Musc'e Shoals in Northern Alabama Waere Wi'son Dam Extends for a Mile across the Shallow, Broken Bed of the Tennessee River What Muscle Shoals Means World’s Greatest Hydraulic Undertaking Started in War Days to Become Immense Factor in Aid of Farms and Industries Vy Be almost evervone has become mense electric power plant is also under , > or ’ ‘ 3 ‘ t! - me construction it the ame point lhe first nore or less familiar wit] cle Shoals, but few people seem to structure of this group e Wilson dam, e a clear understanding as to the loca- when finished is expected to nerate trom tio1 size and purposes of the project 200,000 to 600,000 horsepower of electric hich the name has come to designate. energy. Although power is the prime rea- present the greatest hydraulic devel- son tor the existence of the dam, it 1 ent in the world, and a task of engi- planned with a to mal econd only to the Panama « the er in hich it ‘ t le | 4 tarted in the in f ‘ ( ‘ ‘ ‘ rr the large amount of nitrates de- so formed that the stre 1 in the manufacture of high a fi of 7,3: eet a second du é fry t ‘ ‘ c ] e ; r to waa ‘ ‘ Phe e ol e im é Ss ( t Penne e river 1n no \la- e erection of the « ( - the operation is in 1 O ( em ) d by the ve Lie se pel mt Oo} tru ( e \' , the need of nitro ( pound rive t ( material no longe ( Q t ( twent e, the plants erected for that purpose’ the lake it creates will exter » be devoted to the manutacture of for a distance ot eighteen mil ( nitrates required in the composition of and masonry cont ed inthe gigant ertiiizers, The first one of these com- comprise 36,000,000 cubic feet t l, nitrate plant number 2, has a ca- material for a solid concrete road icity of 150 tons a day. feet wide and six inches thicl tret« In connection with the production of from New York to Chicago lhe 1 much needed fertilizing substances, a great wall of the barrier rises to a height of 13/ upply of which has usually been imported feet above the ftoundatio1 for use on the farms ot the country, anim- — structures already under way, power plant

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294 POPULAR MECHANICS 41 i enema : _ q y aes nes 214 gy a em & 7. be teaiusasal i : a Constructing Gigantic Ce- ment Wall of Wilson Dam Which Is to Form Eighteen- Mile Lake in River —_ === One of Immense Concrete Cones on Tips of Which Turbines Revolve; Water Pours Down Pillar and Spreads Out for Discharge

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—— J POPULAR MECHANICS 295 aaa Lowering Steel and Masonry Regulating Gate for a Spillway into Its Position - *£ aA: " Fo Fa | , VaR te - oe a ae STs a ee Ss Se 0) yy >) % } 7] Gigantic Concrete Piers in the Spillway Section of . the Wilson Dam

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296 run by an upper dam are designed to add greatly to the output of the main plants at the Wilson dam, bringing an estimated production of 800,000 horsepower of elec- tric energy that could supply the needs of about twelve surrounding states. In the nitrate plants two processes, one mainly dependent on the supply of air, the other using coal, limestone and air, are believed to be sufhcient in production of fertilizing materials for the needs of almost any de- mand. To house the workers employed in the industries two large villages have been built at a cost of $16,000,000. These communities are well equipped with schools, hotels, hospitals, public utilities and all modern improvements found in the most up-to-date cities. Besides, eighty- five miles of navigation improvements will make possible further development of the upper reaches of the river country by bringing water transportation to the aid of industries and agriculture. Although efforts to plan profitable im- provements in the Tennessee river at Muscle Shoals and adjacent areas trav- ersed by the stream have been made for the last hundred years, it was not begun until science, searching for methods of making nitrates from materials abundant in that locality, disco, ered a ™_-~ a! means to turn he ? ee Che nat ura re- ai Wh , sources - ind for- mations POPULAR MECHANICS of the river to valuable uses. Governme: engineers had already surveyed and ported on the availability of Muscle Shoa district for a dam and power plant wh: the necessities of the great war inspir the beginning of the work. With slig changes and additions to the original plat these experts have turned the developme: from a source of essential explosive cher icals to one whereby not only agricultu: can be greatly assisted, but also neighbo: ing cities and industries for many mil around the gigantic project may be bene fited. One striking operation in the pe: formance of the work of preparing th: ground for the big Wilson dam, consiste of what has been termed “geological de: tistry.” In sounding the soils underlyi: the rocky bluffs which abut on the rive: it was found that large “pockets” or depo its of absorbent clays were so situated a to assist the seepage of water, that might result in disaster to the success of th: project. Tunnels were driven into t! walls of the bluffs, one being run 1,40 feet beneath the top of the ground. Fro: these drifts the clay pockets were reached the soft soil removed from its beds and th: holes filled with concrete, much as a dent fills a tooth cavity. This treatment re sulted in a considerable strengthening o the earth at that point, besides providing watertight and resistant barrier again dangerous seepage or leakage of wate: around the dam abutments or the power house foundations on the land end of the vork. his is but one of the huge engi neering tasks results will be cor cealed when the project is completed. whose 4 i ~, » Cre se a ~ One of the Locks of Wilson Dam That Will Be the Means of Putting the Upper Reaches of the Tennessee River into a Great System of Water ‘i ratne

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Bloodless Surgery with Radio “Knife” Radio has entered a new field—that of gery, and bids fair to find a permanent ice there. Recently, in a Chicago hos- tal, an entirely new instrument, the radio nife,”’ made its appearance, and, in the ds of the inventor, a well-known sur- eon, demonstrated its ability to sever man tissue with the minimum loss of sod. As explained by a representative of e laboratory in which the new device as developed, the theory is very simple. ve, Interior View of Instrument; per Right, Testing Radio Knife on Piece of Meat: Lower Richt, Sur- eon in Chicago Hospital Using Knife in Operation ay ow-power radio transmitting set 1s em ved to generate the high-frequency cur- ent used. The knife, which really is not knife at all. but looks more like a heavy itting needle, forms one terminal. The ther terminal is a plate on which the pa- ent is laid. The human tissue offers resistance to the passage of the current ien the knife is applied, and the result- ‘ heat, it is said, causes the knife to burn its way through skin, fat and muscle as easily and with as little necessity for pres- sure as though it were passing through butter instead of flesh. The inventor, in the course of the demonstration, operated on two men af- flicted with cancer of the bladder, and the blood resulting from the severing of the tissue might have been caught in a few tablespoons. It is anticipated that the new instrument will cause a small revolu- tion in the operative treatment of certain diseases, especially cancerous growt! @iIn the United States there are 3,000 manufacturers of radio supplies, 1,000 wholesale distributors and jobbers, and 25,000 retail dealers.

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«eID POPULAR MECHANICS Stations Logged on Dials Radio Beacons to Guide Airmen > ) é e t ca bratineg Rece t the bur iu t lard 1 ( the ito b thre operatio1 ith the U.S corps a Is Statlo Py or ¢ ( the dia the e1 ce, has d ( ( i l¢ that tuning is made much easier. The increasing the safetv of both aerial ae e€ Co L { board disk about marine navigation w ( yt re | arger in eter than the dials. in tog, when lights are practically usele 1 bt r 1 i 1 lo hthouses n t ( Oot marine navigat at statio ilo i ticular route, n Lf navigation, ordinary ra transmitting sets are talled lwo antennae the coil or loop type al 1 ed with each set. Phe antennae consist of sin 11s turns ot wire, each in t form of a vertical r tangle about 100 ft. lo and 50 ft. high, e1 +] each oO ne r at 135 degrees. an al The tt mitting set is connect alternately to each c As this type of ante transmits a maximum nal in one directior ict iil oO 1 direction at right at to the nrst re t located alo t ) ct 7 thie ) | bh 1 e ( ( = r ‘ é { I} ‘ r ) 1 ) .. i ) ( ye tet ( e ad ) ‘ ; ‘ ‘ P , , r 1 J ( t () ] Nn} ‘ ) t 1 aw ) é \ ) 1 t e ) \ et tions p! r 1 ed ¢ oked On it 1s inserted ot | tl 5 ( ¢ ( tiie ents now empio this done to all t'.¢ i thi i t I ‘ t record and the statio a Phe 1 ylest method of te 1 " t ced s| ould readily be tuned In al he rdset or ensitivene to fit t any time; there Is, | wever.r, alwavs the pho ~ ) er the ears 1 the usi ‘ po D t that it pheric condition place the cord terminals on the tongu may be encountered that will make slight Good phones will respond with a lou changes in the settings necessary. click, but inferior ones will not.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 299 Switch for Both Batteries iment batteries should be turned off e phone or loud-speaker plugs pulled f the jacks when the set is not in use. is often forgotten at the close of the ning’s entertainment, with the iit that the battery is dis- irged, sometimes overnight, the fact is not discovered until too late. Many sets are fitted a filament switch on the nel and it is a simple thing to e it. On sets having no such tch, a single-throw double-pole fe switch should be installed to off both A and B-batteries, side of the switch being used each battery circuit. This ar- gement also permits making ustments and repairs without inger of blowing tubes. Novel Window-Shade Antenna \n unusual and effective indoor | may be made by sewing the res around the edges of an or- iry window shade, as shown in e photo. The ends of the wires nate in binding posts at- hed to the slat in the bottom Radio “Pinch Hits” for Orchest-a Radio came to the rescue when the orchestra failed to appear for a dancing performance at Aeolian Hall, New York, recently. Florenz Tamara and Addison em of the shade, and connec- Florenz Tamara and Addison Fowler Dance to Radio Music at to the set is made as with ny loop aerial. The antenna can e hung in the window like a shade, where vill be inconspicuous, or; as in the case own in the photo, it may be mounted a special stand. An aerial of this type takes up very little space when not in use, Underwood & Underwood Aerial Sewed on Window Shade Is Latest Fad in Indoor Antenna and is said to be very efficient. The wires elected should, of course, be as flexible is possible, so as not to interfere with the rolling of the shade. Public Performance When Orchestra Fails to Appear Fowler, originators of the “Tamara Tango,’ who were the artists on the pri gram, were not defeated when it was di covered that there was no music. The communicated with station WJZ and made arrangements to have the station orchestra broadcast a program of dance music. They then installed a radio set and loud speaker on the stage, and, in spite of the fact that they did not know what numbers the orchestra’was going to give them, danced to the complete satisfact of the huge audience. This i uid to be the first time that radio has been employed in this manner on the public stage. Broadcasting Nightingale’s Song One of the latest innovations in radio entertainment is the broadcasting of songs and cries of wild birds and other animals, a feature begun in England by a British broadcasting company. Micro phones are placed in the groves frequented by the nightingales and their song is re layed from London. The birds were in duced to begin their “concert” by an artist 1 playing a few soft notes on a cello

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300 POPULAR MECHANICS Radio Man Rx places Organ Grinder; Left, Ra- | dio Hat Latest or Summer Fad SU. & tl

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POPULAR MECHANICS 301 Crippled Children Enjoy Radio Con- certs; Right, Crys- tal Set on Pipe 1 Crystal Set ted on Ring Children in This School Find Instruction in Radio Much More Interesting Than Three ‘‘R’s’’ . Broadcasting Heart- Right, Elevator Man Listens In

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302 POPULAR MECHANICS E. L. Luke Onstrates Scotch phone,” the Only Absolute Static Eliminator Known Captain West and L. Morrow in the Station riggin Hill, adio Concert in the Pull California; the Win 1s Aerial “— a

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' J The Control Table at POPULAR MECHANICS KYW, by Means of = Which the Operator (se —_—_;x;x;xKFE_> oat ~~ ih ea Can Amplify or Re- —— a oF duce the Volume of S the Voice >= This Life-Saver Keeps "Em on the Beach with His Radio Set, So That They Can't Drown aa Left, the “‘Radio Girl’ at the University Forum Ball in New York; Center, the Radio Necklace a New Fad That Should Prove Popular with Fair Fans; Right, Mary Pickford and “Doug” Fairbanks, the Nation's Foremost Movie Celeb 5 rities, Making Their Radio Debut : ©) Underw 1& 1 j — | }——

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304 POs POPULAR MECHANICS Violators of the Radio Laws | ter Beware. Radio Inspectors Direction-Finding Equipment on an Auto to Detect 7 ““Oranges and Lemons, St. Broad- Famous

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E Be POPULAR MECHANICS 305 Loud Speaker for Open-Air Theresa Smith, Flo Concerts at Leipsic Fair Chaumont and Hazel Stanley Dancing to Music by a Monster Loud Speaker at the New York Show The Famous Or- chestra of the \ Hote! Cecil, Lon- jon, Heard Re- cent'y by Radio Fans in This Country Above, the Latest Novelty—the **Felix the Cat” Crystal Set; Right, Miss Frances Meyer Accom- inies the Music Received on Her Loud Speaker on the Piano

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306 Ship’s Operators Play Chess by Radio F. E. Black, chief operator of the steam- ship “America,” has solved the problem of to pass the hours off watch, by in- how Playing a Game of Chess at Sea with an Operator on Another Ship dulging in a friendly game of chess with the operator on another ship. rhe procedure is simple. He simply an- nounces his play by code, the other oper- ator shifts the men on his board to suit, studies the situation, then announces his move. Here is a hint for shore-going when all the traffic is “off the hook,” and the night is still young, call up brother and indulge in “hams” game of chess. Phonograph Loud Speaker Uses Novel Principle Heretotore, when the radio fan desired raph as a loud speaker, necessary for him to remove the reproducer, and to apply | fittings to use his phonog It was special enable him to connect nis ear phones to the tone arm. Now, however, an instrument is available that makes it unneces- Sary even to fre- move the ducer and dis penses with the phones also. The new instrument is really a phone playing through the needle of the phonograph. It simply laid down on the turntable of repro- POPULAR MECHANICS the machine and the needle of the repr: ducer set down on its center exactly as is usually set in the grooves of the reco: The tone _ vibrations are transmitt:¢ through the reproducer disk in the sar manner as are those of the record. Ast new instrument has no thin metallic d phragm, it is said that it is free from haz metallic notes. No external battery special hookup is required; a cord is fu nished with each unit and is attached the set in the same way as a headset. New Method of Broadcasting Radio broadcasting and receiving 1 be influenced considerably by a_ ne method of broadcasting being tried out station WRM, the University of Illin Urbana. Recent tests have brought sponses from all over the United States the effect that the signals came in loud and clearly, without the usual interfere: caused by static and “strays.” The efi ciency of the new method is due to t elimination of the “carrier wave,” and t] advantages claimed for it are greater sele tivity, greater range and clearer recepti: Double-Grip Battery Clip Durability and conven- ience are the two outstand- ing featurés of a battery clip now on the market. It has no delicate connections to get out of order but is of rugged con struction throughout sisting of two punched and bent as shown, with a stout coil spring between them to keep the ends tightly to gether. To attach the clips the center po tion is compressed. novel , con pieces Tester for Filament Circuit Insertion of vacuum tubes into the socl ets of homemade radio sets is always dat gerous to the tubes the first time, as t] circuit wiring may be incorrect, bringi: a high voltage to the filament prongs of t! sockets and causing the tubes to blow out It is protect the tubes by testing the filament circuit befor inserting the tubes in the sockets. A simple tester for purpose ca readily be made from the base of an o burned-out tube and a miniature electri therefore advisable to this

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TO POPULAR MECHANICS 1 1 } icket, the terminals of which are soldered to the tilament prongs tube base Che miniature socket mall enough, be fitted inside ane me ; e shell and held in place by sealing wax. Flashlight lamps nt voltages, corresponding to the t voltage of the tubes to be tested, l the socket, and the device is to the tube socket on the set e current turned on. Too high volt ll then burn out the small lamp, rch is much cheaper to replace than a tube A. C. Cole, Chicago, Il. Protective Unit Prevents Shorts owing out of tubes, due to accidental t circuits while tinkering with the set, be prevented by the use of a simple signal and protective unit now on the mar ket. The unit is made In two types; one to take the place ota reg ular binding post, the her ‘place an or dinary \-battery, both typ e mounted on the é ind contain a small t I on as a short circuit Y] thu varning the operator im tely Vv using these units it is said t the necessitv for protecting the fila ts by means of fuses is avoided, as one ll protect any number of receiving of any type. Transformer Is Adjustable for Wave Length lferetotore radio-frequency transform- have been made only in the fixed style. is, they were fixed at a certain wave igth bv the nutactur- ind al- t a1 cney ere ( tonly t ¢ vave to which thev were adjusted. Now rwever, comes a transformer by means vhich maximum amplification can be iined at anv wave length merely by ting the instrument by means of a h dial mounted on the top Making Electricity Speak The greatest difficulty has generally been experienced in making any mechanism 1 1 that will successiully imitate the human voice (leaving out of consideration the Lin, Electrical Equipment Using Vacuum Tubes to Produce Artificial Speech phonograph, which reproduces mecl rally a real voice) A\lthoug! mat attempts have been mad the past t roduce a Voc bv | echat 1¢ none have been entirely succe ird the close of the tent centut Pope Sylvester I] d to ed brazen he id rl " ‘ ‘ and similar inventiot1 are ‘ribed t Albertus Ma nu IX I Bacot il others. Inthe first hal f the ente century the philosopher Descartes made speaking figure vhicl he called 1 daughter Franchina, but the superstitiou captain of a vessel had it thrown over board. Inthe latter part of the eighteent! centurv, a speaking machine made b Fabermann of Vienna closelv imitate the human voice, with a fairly good pro nunciation of various words Chis probiem now seems to be nearing solution with the assistance of the vacuut tube. A new machine, invented by Dr Har c\ Fletcher Ol New York, uses i combination of oscillator and amplifier and with it a loud speaker 1s made t pronounce the vowel sounds “ A, E, |, O | and the words “papa” and “mama an unmistakable mannet Phe ent hopes soot be iple to ope ite ‘ tri t ( to st ‘ ence 4 \ telep! one line 100 miles long connect li o in the Hotel Brunswicl Boston, Ma with station WBZ field, Mass Chis is the first studio to be located at such a distance from the broad casting station.

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Building a Honeycomb-Coil Receiver By F. L. BRITTIN A HONEYCOMB-COIL receiver has decided advantage over other re- ceivers for experimental purposes, in that the interchangeable, permitting the operator to tune to any desired wave length. In addition to this, the circuit will receive both damped and undamped waves, and the coils take up much less room than other types, and are very efficient. Each coil is mounted on a plug, designed to be used with a coil mounting; these mount ings are obtainable in various styles, the one used in the circuit described here being of a standard type, in which the center coil is stationary, and the two outer ones fitted with trunnions, permitting the oper- ator to move the coils, for the proper cou- pling and without body-capacity effects, by means of the handles. [The instruments are mounted on a bake- lite panel, ‘46 by 4 One coils are the left of the primary condenser. Imm: diately these condensers the ¢ condenser and grid leak are mounted: t grid condenser is of .00025-mf. capacit and the leak of 2-meg. resistance. If o: has not a standard leak at hand and dos not desire to purchase one, a satisfact: one can be made by making a mark wit! soit lead pencil on a small strip of car board or fiber, and mounting the strip above means of two small machine screws in t same manner as the standard leak: 1 pencil mark, of course, should make c: tact with the screws. It is much bett: however, to use a standard leak, preferal a variable one. At the leit of the grid condenser is switch for tapping off the B-battery; tl] has six points, one being the off poi he switch lever should be kept on t point when t!] ) . PRIMARY B-BATTERY ; 8 by 14 in. in AERIAL SECONDARY ; SWITCH instrument size. This panel ihagheeetl is mounted on a 4 by 6 by 14- in. wooden base by means of two angle [irons The completed in- not in use. 7] wires should soldered to t contact on all switch: The rheostat shown at tl] pot! left side of strument can, panel, and is of course, be ordinary 6-ol fitted in a cabi- rheostat of net if desired; _| GROUND panel - mount in this case, b ing type | | nee ; ---= PRIMARY ; y “apg a “ F ,---- SECONDARY PHONES ia phone bind pasedoard AERIAL r TICKLER FIXED COND. pos . 2 a should be made 1 (0005 MF. mounted ju pe . a little shorter S y Y 2 —————————— below the rhe than the panel y # fal *| (fr abd y stat, and at tl ’ | i A . \+ +} ie id ie | | Lv 7 PHONES > ft edge | th upper! | | | —~ G.L. . i€it edge oT t right-hand cor- le, 4 eee poo. panel the bind i .00! MF. nn e¢ vill be = L == mes ing posts 1 — —s " =, 6-VOLT A-BAT. . ‘ noted the ma 2a] —____— a the 6-volt \ hi — ofS pric n ‘ 1 ne screw COND yatterva é Ic f = PRIMARY- OOIMF. % ' | placed a ets Ox condenser fifo foo fufa po onevcompDp SWITCH -=ss rt + tube socket aan med _1&R 999 224-VOLT placed on t] itely pelow S _ B-BATTERY } e just att of - Above, Front View of Panel, the primary Coils con d en re © Vitcn y \ ‘ louble iever itch with eight contact points, tor the purpose o ng tne primary condet ser 7 mM series and to a parallel connection to the ground thus enabling the condenser to be used for both short and long waves. The primary the left of the switch, and the variable condenser that s connected across the secondary coil, at condenser itself is shown at 308 Showing Below, Wiring Diagr Mounting of Honeycomb am for Checking Purposes rear ort ] ] ’ lor land ground binding posts are place 1 aeTia at the right ] Phe wirin No. 18 insulated fixture wire bare, tinned copper used, at covered with “spaghetti” tubing, if desired The tubes best adapted for this circuit are the UV-200 or C-300, 6-volt detector tubs All joints in wires should be soldered using a good non-corrosive flux. After the side of the panel. is done with wire mav be

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POPULAR MECHANICS

GRID LEAK —-—-------- ‘ ,~-0005 MF. FIXED CONDENSER

PRIMARY CONDENSER SwWiTCH

PRI. COND. OO! MF.

-B-BATTERY

6-VOLT STORAGE BATTERY Back View of Panel and Baseboard, Showing All Connections and Position of the Instruments Note Par ticularly the Wiring of the Primary-Condenser Switch trument has been tested, and found to - vol Fath irk satistactorilv, the connections of the | erimery-condens: res to the screws of the binding posts Mf mm ag ould be made permanent by soldering 6 contact p em also. 2 rie a P Sts lhe various coils to use for the different 1 6-volt s ige A-batter ve lengths are as follows: <a It B-batte += | Prima S« I Condet Honeycon 5 dicate ) 5 Serie 150 1 Serie ) 50 S50 1 Serie 00 500 Seri Soldering Radio Leads } 0) S00) “se 0 1000 1000 I S In soldering the leads on my radio set best type of aerial to use with this [ found it rather difficult to hold the wire is one or two wires 125 to 150 ft ecurely at the proper height and nd from 35 to 50 ft. from the ground vhile applying the solder, as bot ere occup iding the nd laterials required co! t ol the othe the pe . ( 16 by & j easily overcome, nhoweve!l by bu ling 14 stack of books and slipping a part “ wire between the leave t the toy fixed i book to hold the end in I Benedict, Chicago, Ill

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310 POPULAR Compact Storage B-Battery Compactness and simplicity are the tea- B-battery shown in the illus number tures of the tration It centrically erooved lead disks separated by consists Of a ot con- narrow hard-rubber rings cut from rubber in. thick and 2 tubing '* MECHANICS iach cell will give a potential of ay proximately 2 volts so that only half many cells are necessary as the number volts desired The size of the cells can be made ver small by reducing the width of the har rubber rings. Varying the size of the ce } I in. in diameter, as shown one side filled with made OL re d oxide moistened with a lution of he grooves 01 le G1ISKS are a paste of lead 10-per-cent s« sulphuric acid, - forming the positive plate, and | those on the other side " with vellow oxide of lead moistened in the same forming the negative plate Thus each disk is ‘PRESSURE SCREW ——————— CORRUGATED TERMINAL @- a Vie. \ | / BG A \ Sas3 3) NEGATIVE SIDE POSITIVE END PLATE SOFT-RUBBER RINGS HARD-RUBBER TUBING f ¥ MICA DISK a Y4 RODS the positive and negative Iq plate of two adjacent cells | ° wm lal rE ‘ e a1] } and aiso serves aS a Wal - os separating these cells. Lr . This construction does \ away with external con- nections between the cells and with binding posts on LEAD PLATES SLATE BASE each of them. The can be made in the lathe, but if a large number of disks are to be mold. grooves made it is better to cast them ina € The Dattery ol cells is held together in a frame, consisting of a slate base with vooden endpieces and three '%-in. rods covered b glass tubing ind screwet to the endpieces, by means of a clamping rew at one end, a mica disk and a 1 S disk be g pro ided at both ends s sho [his assembly is practically acid-proof. A binding post is mounted on each of the end dis] one being thi positive and the other the negative tet l of the batter \ n hole drt ed in the top ot eac eparating rit o that dromet read I ot the electrolyte « be take dl ¢ 1 ecl t dded as needed lhis Ole tapped i small sere hich in tu a pinhole drilled t ough it to all to escape from the cell. The electrolyte consists of 1 part sul- phuric acid and 1% parts water, b ol- ume, which will give a specific gravity of approximately 1.400 Ki stilled uA oY then Ided reclice thic ft ] a) ater 1s then added to reduce this to 1.9 } Che solution iough a should be mixed in a stone or porcelain jat water being first der should be strictly observed as it is dan- the poured in and the acid added slowly. This or- gerous to mix acid and water in any other manner, Construction and Details of Homemade B-Battery Which Does Away wit External Connections between the Individual Cells by decreasing or increasing the plate are does not affect the voltage of the batte: but it does determine its that is, number of ampere-hours it will vield. A the battery 16 11fe, er assembling, should be with electrolyte and given a l-amp. cl for 10 hours, then immediately dischat through a resistance | 1s should De peated four or five times, when the batt | be readv to hook int e circuit : - Australian Sets Are Sealed oO protect broas casting Stations, I \ustralian wireless authorities require | have on lio sets to be sealed after the Leen correctly adjustes or tne wave let the broadcasting stations thev are Ce ¢ In order to ( is@ a rece et in that country, the prospectiv2 o1 1 t first subscribe to the service ol roadcasting statior ror ch he charged a certain tee and then is certificate of subscription to the ra dealer from whom he buys the set so it can be adjusted and sealed If he de sires to listen in to additional stations « other wave lengths, he can have the set adjusted and sealed to cover the different ranges, provided, of course, he shows sub scriptions to each statio1

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<=

All Shop Notes published in 1923, in book form—Fifty Cents—from our 300k Department Washing Tank for Films and Prints By EDW. H. FLAHARTY v= Y often the photographer, even the panying illustration, has solved the prob professional worker on a small scale, lem tor one photographer his tank cat sunters difficulty in finding a suitable be made of any desired size and capacity to hod of washing his films. plates and meet individual requirement and pat nts 1 running water without danger of ticular conditions, although the dimension cratching or creasing them eiven below will be found suitable for most \ washing tank, as shown tn the accom- purposes First a tank is made of gal ~ eth ~_- Pry —

Easily Made Film and Print-Washing Tank for the Photographer; the Outlet Is Arranged So That the Ta May Be Made to Empty and Refill itself Automatically

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312 POPULAR MECHANICS vanized sheet iron, measuring about 4 ft. long and 8 in. deep. The corners are sol dered to their being water-tig rhe tank is placed on a board or shelf be side the sink, then a made with the water pipe, preferably be- tween the tap and the end of the pipe to which the tap 1s connected done by means ot 4) insure ht. connection is coid This may be a reducing tee, inserted between the tap and the nipple; the tee vith a smaller pipe, which in turn is followed by a tap, corresponding in size connects with the pipe used, and into this tap a pipe is screwed which runs along the entire side and 1 of the tank, or it made to circle the tank. c's drilled few permit an even spray of water to play over the tank, causing a slfvht but continual agitation of the water. The outlet of the tank is arranged so as to give two methods of emptying the tank, and is in the fa l-in. pipe connec- tion drains into the sink. About 114 in. from the top of the tank a hole is cut and a l-in. bushing soldered into the hole \ the inlet of which comes at the bottom and on the inside of one en may be ‘] This pipe has small holes 1 _ = apart, wn into it a inches 1orm ota : which connection, the tank, is formed by a short piece of pipe leading from the bushing, then an ell pointing down, to which is con- nected another piece of pipe. The horizontally short Buffing Short Screw Heads It is sometimes almost hold small such as fingers when polishing buffing impossible to articles screws in the them on a cloth wheel, owing to the drag of the HANDLE HOLDER -—- -— SCREW HEAD TOBE BUFFED Holder for Buffing Short Screw Heads that Is Quick- Acting and Holds the Screws Securely wheel. Unless the work is large enough to enable the operator to secure a good hold it is nearly always advisable to use a holder, especially as the work usually be- piece of pipe leading into the fixed bu ing is allowed to remain a little loose that the piece of pipe which is attache vertically to the ell (and the ell itself) n swing from the vertical toa position near] horizontal, thereby allowing the tank be emptied from the bottom or from t!] top. 1 This sort of connection will pre an overflow, for after the water has reach« a certain height, a siphon is automatic formed and the water drains from the t into the sink. If the inside pipe is at angle near the horizontal the tank will c tain a large quantity of water all the ti but 1f the pipe is turned down straight t tank will automatically empty and ret lo prevent prints or films from adhe to the outlet connection and overflow, a causing galvat ized yire from the pipe, and fastened in place by small be and nuts, or rivets may tively. A small drain sheet iron is placed at the farther end « the tank at an angle of about 30°, direct under a red light used for viewing fil: and prints in the process of development While these are being examined the dr: ping developer falls onto this shelt drains into the tank. for the tank is small, screen of! placed a few inches end oft be used as eff shelf of galvanize The cost of mater and the tank solve troublesome film-washing problem very hot. There are, of hundreds of different kinds of holders his work, but the one shown in the ration is worth describing, because of it comes t t quick-operating feature. The holder itse is made of round | to fit into a file handle, and having a he drilled at the other end a trifle smaller t] steel, tapered at one e screws to be buffe Another hole is drilled through the si at right ] ich is merely a piece angles to the first for a handle of round steel ré bent as shown. The holder is ther open from the end to a distance be the handle hole. Che short end of indle is drilled for a small pin, whicl rounded at both ends and projects at both sides With the tool assemble shown, the handle is turned at rig eles to spread the end so tl at the screw an be inserted easily, then turned 1] again so that the screw will be grippe firmly. Che spreading is effected by tl mall pin in the handle. This 1] a SCTeWw t t } so securely that one press into tl it. By lained, the screws at dropped into a box without coming in con tact with the fingers at all. A heel polishes handle as exp

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POPULAR MECHANICS 31 Two Kinks for the Draftsman raftsmen frequently find it necessary cribe an are of which the center is lo- outside of the drawing board. This easily be done by the method shown e illustration. Two 4-in. boards of a ness equal to that of the drawing rd are cut to suitable lengths, and ved together from the underside, one ¢ about 4 in. longer than the other. longer one is clamped to the drawing rd by means of a small C-clamp, bring- the upper surface of the shorter one with the top of the board. The pivot it of the beam compass can then be ed wherever necessary on the exten- ) to scribe the arc. Obviously, the ex- sion can be clamped to the board at any nt most convenient for the purpose. Oiten a piece of sandpaper is attached to corner of the drawing board in a handy ition for sharpening pencils, but un- the draftsman is very careful, he is ely to get some of the pencil dust on hands or arms and then accidentally udge the drawing with it. This can be revented by providing a simple sheet- etal shield, as shown in the lower detail. e sheet metal is cut and bent to the pe indicated and is tacked or screwed er the sandpaper. The longitudinal ge of the shield is bent inward and in j iS ‘ nit i HIN METAL Extension on Drawing Board Aids in Scribing 1 Large Arcs; Below, Pencil-Dust Guard t V ted under the sandpaper so that none of k e pencil dust can work under it and | to the board—Warren Scholl, St. Ig e ¢ Mich. - 1 ’ . @ When grinding valves, hang a magnet : the radiator rod so that the valve pins be stuck on the magnet. This will inate the risk of losing them. Turning Heavy Objects Heavy objects, such as large pulleys, oil drums and the like, can be readily rolled quite a difficult task found over the floor but it is to turn them around It will be Easy Method of Around Drums Stave Turning Heavy Pulleys and by Rolling Them onto Barrel however, that if the area of contact is re- duced by rolling the object onto a barrel stave, with the concave side up as shown in the drawing, the work of turning it around becomes comparatively easy as there is then only a small part of the stave in contact with the floor and this is i the center.—A. C. Cole, Chicago, Il. Novel Exhaust Fan Unusual in construction, the simple e» haust fan shown in the illustrat made irom a disk o! s} eet metal wit! radial sections cut out on " three. sides and curved outward as in dicated. Che disk is cut from ‘e-in. material and six blades are cut in it, the dotted lines showing where they drilled be slipped on a SHEET STEEL are bent. hrough the center so that it shaft securely by means of two nuts and a | washer. A fan of this kind can be run high speed without any noise. where it is :

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POPULAR Adjustable Lumber Jack riiin 1 ) ( tated co det abl rv thre e ot yh ick of the kind 2) t] illust tio it m d 1 | , 1

indard to hold the litt pit he latter 1 lrilled at several point | i line to take i bolt which passes through the standard { dicated, and is provided with an iron point on the end to prevent the lumber from sliding. In use, the workman lifts a board at one end high enough to get its center on the jack, and he then pushes his end down that the other end will raised high and close enough for the man he stack to take hold of it.—Bunyan 1, Miss SO be t On Kennedy, McCoo Remedy for Puddled Soils } nave to- ouble Many soils a tendency to run | his t1 silt and soil particles her after very heavy rain. verienced mostly with cl | and bv tl tovet i\ is caused e close ler, Manne one ss. Such a puddled con ird crust wl th clitio rornis en the 1 urface dries, < is only with great dif culty that voung plants can force their way rough Che circulati of air is also cut off andasa result both crop and soil suffet he crust also causes increased loss ot soil iter due to evaporation, as there is a con t1 us movement of the water to the urtace Puddling may be prevented to a great MECHANICS extent by increasing

the amount of orga matter This improves the structure the soil, a it hold the soil particles t ether i mall ule hicl ill e up except lur the irdest ra e elttect o oO ( matter! ) Ol \¢ ed b e 9 the oll on a straw k or manure heap forme located Caretul e linatio \ that such spots are mellow for a long t atte ire no matter ho hard the roundin: soils may be All oils h have enough organic material in them t rrevent running together. Organic matte can be added by applying manures, and growing suitable crops and plowing tl under I. R. Haan, Chicago, [Il Improvised Countersink \n improvised countersink can readi be made from a hexagon-head machi: sCTeEW Kach flat on the head is grour or filed down to rd the center the angle desired for the countersink, t] forming tapered cutting edge It cou ( | 1 ft 1 Holder for Acid Pan For diluting st uri icid and ta care Of any pilted id hen filling age batterie i most practical metho used by service st tionman. | work is done in n ec l e a aA which is su pended ovet the center o large a ena p

-“PAN OF ACID i b vy detachabl

W ire holder This is mad of heavy ga vanized wire and may b mvenient hang ngin the ppo! the bottom of the si to the upper part lo place the p over the sink, without being 1 the way the faucet or blo r tl drat co ient both tor wort ¢ height and harmless drainage of any spilled acid, tl thorough dilution of the latter being a complished by opening the taucet method is applicable also to use with ac baths for cleaning and pickling small part

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POPULAR Production Work on the Drill Press the manufacture of a large number of hat required to be finished on three ed surfaces, ordinary methods were nd to be too slow and costly. After the matter con- rable thought it was ded to trv and do the on a drill press, the e of which was rigged ith a series of blocks tween which the pieces ( iid make the proper fit be held down to the means of a cir- clamp, The blocks re so spaced that the tings just dropped inta ce. This arrangement le by ured all of the work ng located centrally. the radius nearest e center an ordinary mall boring bar was used d for cutting the cond concave radius e tool shown was used. This had a pilot ich centered itself in a hole in the ter of the table. The outside radius s machined by a vertical cutter held in olholder of the same type. his arrangement proved to be very effi- ent, completely. machining eight pieces at SLAMP ut : BOLT i a r ty Pod i a AA \ 4 di 4 ? 7 , Pad e -, . ae e/ ne > are j 2 - . - I a - D ) RILt TABLE is j ve 2 b fy k i} ¥ ) . p . le STANDAR p) . =t = RANE i WORK . : SPACING BLOCKS ] LHOLDER ai , Wf r PILOT é CUTTING T L . | i for Turning Radii on a Drill Pre Adapting | , 4 the Machine to Production Work ! e The job is one that would ordi- done on a lathe or miller, but in ibsence of either, it suggests a method other types of work that are done on such \ be ) r doing enerally machines 1c @ Copper is annealed by heating to a red eat and plunging into cold water. been put in use in a garage s« tomers safely while their automobiles are left for MECHANICS 315 Lockers Used in Garages In Brooklyn, N. Y., a locker system has that cus elOng os ) } i ivwiny can i@ave personal Personal Belongings Put in Lockers in Garage Storeroom While Car Is Left for Repairs or Storage, in Order to Prevent Theft repairs or storage, without fear of loss or mix-up. The consist of kept in a storeroom at the rear of the ga Each chest is locked and the key given to the owner of the contents. The ocker;rs chests, Tage. cushions of the car are also removed and checked in the storeroom in order to elim inate the possibility of having them soiled while repairs are made Che locker serv ce. , ice is free, whi sa good advertisement Preventing Iron Stains on Buildings Dark stains on brickwe wii , ports of « mental irc thease escapes e « sed bv 1 ei Tl ¢ gy? + é 1 + on the 1ro ort d orming rust ch dissolves in the water FIRE dis deposited onthe "SA?™ il] On building onstructed of ht colored brick or stone a such stains are espe nal cially noticeable. lo - prevent them a tight 4 fitting meta oO ] T - a hould be l at the COLLAR lower part of the sup port, as shown in the ist collar should project about an inn be the support and be placed a few inch rom the wall. The rain can thet dow Tv the support to the co) at hut it drips off away from the building

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MECHANICAL POWERS By CARL W. MITMAN Curator DIVISIONS OF MINERAL AND MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM This is the sixth article of a series by Curator Mitman, explaining in simple language what every man who builds or designs a machine must know, and showing in detail just how to build a set of models of the mechanical powers that will exactly duplicate the set in the National Museum at Washington, D.C. The first articles appeared in the March April, May, June and July issues, and the next will appear in the September numbe Part VI—The Inclined Plane and Wedge | N addition to the forces that have been to withstand the strait Calculation discussed thus far and which are applied occasionally be made to solve this problet to a solid body from without, there are but there are many instances where cal forces acting within a body as well. Such lations cannot be made. or the result torces are known as uncertain, so that past uccesstul de We . , ‘ stresses Che relation and the result ot practica experietl \ between these outet ought to be given real consideratio1 " and inner trorces 1s fact, in many instances one mu { ‘ that those acting out wholly upon pract cal tests Che de ee ide the body tend to oO machinet n t tal 1 unt rt t Al leform it. but 11 » do main items; first, to develop a mecha ing create that ill modify the I ; tre c 4 contending exter} il force ~— within the ‘ ; that the motions required « —/ body whi 7 be obtained, and second, to pt in them portion the various parts of t selves esist machine so that they can wit! deformation lhe primary stand the internal stresses set Stresses thus created are called tension, compression and _ tor- sion, or shearing. There are up and be strong enough to d the work intended for the The first part of this proble: in addition so-called bending is a direct application of th: stresses, but these are simply science of mechanics, but the combinations of tension and compression. [n structures such as buildings, bridges, and the like, individual members of the structures are quite often subject to tension stresses only second part involves not onl) this same knowledge but in ad dition that generally known a the strength of materials. The two are very closely connected and the or compression stresses only, latter is —— but in machinery and machine largely parts such simple stresses are used in rather rare, and instead the such cases ’ ; } . ] 1 stresses are tound to be combi- where it is nations ot two or more simple practically nes of tension and compres- impossible ion. This is especially true of to calculate those parts ot a machine that the size oft ire in motion. There is prob- a machine ibly nothing more important part be- than to be able to determine the stresses to cause of the peculiar which each part of a machine will be sub manner in which the jected, so as to give it sufficient strength forces are applied to it. Then, a definit: Lo

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-* ae ae

POPULAR MECHANICS 317 is made to determine the actual ngth of the material. the forces acting upon a machine only the load acting upon or trans- ted through the part need ordinarily be en into account, but there are occasions en the weight of the part must also be idered. In the case of flywheels or moving at high velocity, or sub- ted to changes in velocity, forces other direct load are encountered that set combinations of stresses which must be en into consideration, and, lastly, there ist be considered the character of the d There are three different kinds of a steady or dead load: a live load, t is, one constantly in motion, and a ~ a \ <7 F pat A A W235 Neteee: QS Zp Sa ify

] alternating in direction, applied rmittently, applied gradually or applied ddenly. Of course, with manual power the applied force ‘(equal to about \%& the matter of strength of materials d internal stresses needs no more than sing attention, but with greater powers is consideration is highly important. Broadly speaking, the inclined plane

makes a man able to “lift himself up by his boot straps.” Its use is as “old as the hills,” the most pretentious application, according to a number of authorities, prob ably being in the construction of the pyra mids of Egypt. The average weight of the stone blocks in these pyramids is around 10 tons, and to place them in position,

Model of Inclined Plane, with Illustration Showing How, It Is Supposed, the Ancient Egyptians Used the Plane in the Building of the Pyramid there r lable plenty oft desert millior if sla and unlimited time the completion ot the job it doe t re quire a great stretch of the imaginat therefore, to think that for each course a pyramid an inclined roadway constructed to the proper height, blocks dragged or rolled by slave incline and into position. With the coming of the auto: the consequent erection of service nd garages, the simple inclined plane gain found a practical application \ first such buildings were single-storied and covered large areas of ground; later tl area was decreased and floors were added with the installation of elevators lastly elevators have been elimi ated replaced bv inclined planes, or ramps, be tween floors, thus making use ot the aut

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315 POPULAR MECHANICS ( ed ] re | m +} e ed ( al the co cip! ot , he th-« imple eye mople r | OT ¢ inclined 7 | model, rectior ippitle d Model of Wedge: the Drawing Shows a Common Us« f tl isting torce 1s Wedge, Which Consists of Two Inclined Plares, Base to Base move throug raised through space equal t i space equal to the vertical height of the the length of the edge, while the 1 plane, the applied force must move sisting force (pressure) yields to the « through a space equal to its length In tent ot the breadth ot the wedge other words, if the slope is 10 ft. long and Asa mechanical power the wedge is use its height 2 ft., the applied force must only where great force is to be exerted move 10 ft. while the resisting force 1s a limited space rhe edges of all cuttir raised 2 feet. tools, as saws, knives, chisels, razors. sci lt, again, the direction of the applied sors, etce., and the points Of plrercing force is parallel to the base of the plane, instruments, as awls, nails, pins, needle then equilibrium will exist when the ap etc., are all modified wedges. In genera plied force is to the resisting force as the the softer or more yielding the material t eight of the plat e is to the base from be worked, the more acute the wedgelil these two cases or conditions it follows tool may be made For exat iple, chise that the effect of a given applied force 1 intended to cut od e the edee« ta reater as the height of the clined plane angle of about 30°; for cutting brass fror d it hed or it re ised: in 90 to OU ind to tee from 60 to 70 it its effect is greatest en its direction Furthermore, tools that cut by constant parallel to the slope, for if the applied applied pressure may be sharper tha orce acts in anv other directio1 i part ol those hich cut b vact or blo t is,expended either in increasing the theory of the wedge, however, takes pre ire ot the resist Y Torce against the iccount of trictio1 ( i ely modi lope or in lifting it directly hes the results, so that the relative effect Instead of lifting a load by moving it constant pressure and a blo cannot aiong an inclined plane the same result detined

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POPULAR MECHANICS 319 or the model of the inclined plane, the ving materials are required: 7 by 4 by 1 , 2% by 1% by % In lley, 1-in. diameter, 4% in. thick, V-groove p, 4-in. base, 1%-in height, 3-in. widtl ht (resisting force), base 134 m. square, toy 1% m. square, side 1% in. high vy (apphed force), 144 im. long, 4 im. thick wide across barbs; shaft, 4 in. square quare and face the base with a finish On the center line of the e and 3% in. from the end, secure the 1p with glue and by screws from be- th. Saw and chisel a groove in the cen of the pillar top, % in. deep and 3% in. e, and round the ends of the lobes or thus fashioned. Drill a %-in. hole rough the center of the pulley and the the lobes and mount the pulley the groove on a suitable axle. Attach assembly to the base on the center ¢ in. from the end, with glue and rews from beneath. Attach the end ofa eth of lead wire (representing a rope or rd) to the screweye used as a handle for e weight, and to the other end of the wire ix the arrow by inserting the wire in a le drilled lengthwise in the shaft. Rest e weight on the ramp and the wire in the illey groove. Finish as desired. The el on top. ds of re may be enameled white to represent a rd more closely.

. ARRO W (APPLIED FORCE). +. LONG, T 5 WIDE ACROSS BARBS .. V-GROOVE PULLEY IDIAM., ZS THICK WEIGHT(RES!STING FORCE ( é BASE,!2'SQ., TOP 17 SQ., HIGH | : , BASE AMP, 4” LONG _ 7x 32x3 HIGH, 3° WIDE si * —$———$—— os Details of Model of Inclined Plane; Above, a Modern Use of the Ramp

For the material: wedge model, use the following Base B k. 144 im. square ; in. higl

Ire ve ss ise | by W sicle with finish base Square and face the

IRON WEDGE, BLOCK 13'SQ., BASE I"X3, . 15 HIGH 22 HIGH Wedge-Model Dimensions and Illustration Showing Use of Wedge in Leveling "Mac hir bevel on top. Saw a cut lengthv e nearly through the _ bloct nsert the wedge into this cut and force it in for about two-thirds of its length, separa the halves of the block, but taking care not to split it; if necessary, saw the cut in a triangular before forcing in the Tine LITI< shape wedge. Square the bottom of the bloc} and secure to the base with glue and screws from beneath Finish as desired Continved Next Month Lubricant for Auto Springs Oil and graphite applied to the leave automobile springs is usually effect a short time only, but the ture has found to last for season, as the wax iollowi been contained the graphite between the leaves keeps the grease from forming an et sion with water: japan wax, 10 flake graphite, 10 parts; cup grease, 5 parts; kerosene, 1 part. The wax can usually be had at any laundry, but if it ca nary parathn or Ti iphite is fit the wax cut by small pieces a then mixed. fire before nnot be obtained, ordi beeswax wll ao The t mixed with the grea nd addes whole being carefully melted thoroughly from the Remove the mixture adding kerosene.

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320 POPULAR MECHANICS Guard Gates Used as Bridges through a coil located near the botto: Che tank is filled with water. This wat: Ly | Pale ire used at the Panama may treeze near the top but will not free t to iccommodate vehicular trathe solidly, and consequel tly there will be When these el first so used it wa rupture \s the ammonia coil ts locat nd ( ( ( tted the near the top, it cools the surface water , : é' this water then moves toward the bott: he cold water, which is never below |: surround the lower coil and cools iter in it As water is drawn off int mittently from this coil, new water ente it and the water in the lower part of t! tank becomes somewhat warmer than t top layer, causing it to rise again, and tl circulation in the tank is maintained Compact Fuse Tester

= 4 — Aiter using a weatherproof socket wit Steel Plate Used at Angle of Guard Gates at Panama an ordinary 25-watt lamp as a fuse teste Canal to Permit Vehicles to Turn Corner Safe!y ind breaking some lamps as a result, I b van to con passage ot at automobile, the gates at -——— sider the pos |

their meeting point formed too sharp an nage : . , sibility ot us angle for an auto to turn safelv. To ovet =. , é' ng a smaller come this dithculty, removable triangulat | ' lamp and = so plates were made to fit into the corner as ; : , ' , , protecting tt een in the photo. When the gates are ' ' , . ‘ , ‘ , that breakage to be opened, this plate, of course, has to ' ' , 1 ’ | vould be un be removed and is then hung on the rail << “= : . , iikely ihe ing of one of the gate leaves, as indicated ] occce ' result as t Vv thie b ic} iTTO ‘Ompact teste detailed here , 4 . . with | | Valuable Water-Cooling Kink th, +2 ob . tained a tele REMOVABLE c ril t] thod f coolin vhhone itc] ee _ ce le ne od oO ( g | *-switch —=—— ustomarily Cine lieth ( ; | . — water by an ammonia coil is to have the board lam Pp if latter located in the water tank as shown and inclosed : | in Tig. | The objection to this method is it in an empty ‘SOLDERED \___... . 1 . - Ty o ~ that the water may freeze solidly if not cartridge fuse M!NATURE OR SwiTcHBoOaRD Lamp kept in continual motion, the result being of large size, se , =—_j— + ™“-NEEDLE RUBBER a burst tank. as shown. ‘TUBING Figure 2 shows a method which entirely Holes were eliminates this danger. The ammonia coil drilled in the sides so that the lighting the lamp could readily be observed. WATER OPEN TANK brass cap at one end, which in this ca happened to be pertorated, was made re movable by pulling out the small br rivets which held it in place. A length common lampcord was soldered to t two base terminals of the lamp and tot darning needles, as shown. Che lan

AMMONIA ' . was then pushed into the cartridge and t lampcord threaded through one oft holes in the cap. When not in use

t

cord and needles are disposed of inside

cartridge as indicated permitting the te a Ee to be carried in the pocket [he joints Fic.! + » ~ aTTi n tne | IN l 5 the wire and the needles were covere ig Customary Method Coil in Tank; Fig. 2 | 1 : 11 alee gz L ; , Wi short yieces j mall-bore hh Better Method Which Prevents Freezing with 1OTt piece ws Mal-DOoTre FUDD tubing, to provide convenient finger eri placed in a large open tank as indicated, ind avoid danger from shocks.—W. V close to the top, and the water runs Parker, Lead, S. Dak.

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a m > ” POPULAR MECHANICS Keyless Lock for the Too! Cabinet here are many kinds ot combination s, but few are as simple and etfective re one shown in the illustration. Since ut this on my tool cabinet a number ot tried to open it v ithout suc some not being able to do so even ~ nle hav e er the secret was explained to them here are no numbers, marks or even rns to count; simply a knob that can be inipulated as readily in the dark as in e light, because operation of the lock de- ends on the sense of touch. ‘The latch ts ile of heavy sheet metal, and the draw- shows its construction clearly, so that » detailed description is necessary. The ob has ashank that passes through a hole rilled in the drawer front; this shank may of any convenient size—an old valve tem, drilled at one end to take a stout ire pin, will serve very well. «A _ coil pring is fitted between the pin and the in- de of the cabinet front, to keep the shank ressed back. The shank should be long nough to allow the pin to pass the down- ird-projecting part of the latch, either in ront or behind, without touching. A mall nail is driven into the cabinet at the int indicated so that the end of the latch ill rest against It. lo operate the lock, the knob is pulled utward and turned until the pin is found, by sense of touch. to rest behind and rainst the latch; then it is pushed in, thus Simple and Fool-Proof Keyless Lock for the Too! Cabi Which Cannot Be Opened by Those Not in Secret using the latch IX. Leshe MacFarlane, Nashwaaksis, N. B., Can. q@ A draitsman’s pen should not be thrown iway when it is worn down and can no mn1¢ger be used tor ruling It should be yut in the shop's first-aid cabinet, as no better tweezers can be obtained. Refuse Hopper for Fruit Screen In a section ot the country where cra berries are grown extensively, a_ boat shaped device with a slatted bottom is used to screen the berries Much ot the chaff twigs and dirt talls be oe 4 5 a tween the slats, but Hopper Built over Hole in Screen Bed Conveys Unsound Berries into Large Barrel unsound berries still remain to be sepa rated from the sound ones It ary to have a measure standing on tl custom screen into which the retuse is thrown bh the pickers the repeated emptvit yr of the measure causes much loss of time therefore one grower built ichute or hoy per on the bottom of the screen lead into a barrel, as indicated Cleat vet nailed icros the slats it t €o enrent point underneath; an openii thout 6 i square, was cut out and the hoppet built up around this opening about 10 high. This proved quite a convenience and timesaver, and would no doubt be usefu also tor screening other small fruits, suel as cherries blueberrt 5 ind the like B. Robbins, Harwich, Ma Using Magazine Clips (he large clips used by dealers to di play current issues of magazines are equal usetul for the same purpose in the home n case the table room ts limited he magazines may be | ung trom nails driver into the wall, especially in the den or worl room, so that they ire readily ivailable In this wav, magazines can also be held open in shops where the pages might be soiled by handling

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POPULAR Stamping Nameplates In the manufacture of a number of brass plates on which the lettering had to be stamped neatly and accurately it was a problem just how to stamp the letters so PLATE .. HOLES FOR CLAMPING Sheet-Metal Fixture for Holding Brass Nameplates While Lettering Them that they would be in a straight line. As only the regular steel stamps were avail- able, it was thought best to use some kind of fixture to guide the stamps and hold them squarely in position. The fixture il- lustrated was the result. It is made from a piece of sheet iron folded over on two sides as shown, one end being doubled over these folds and then bent up at right angles to form a guide against which the letters are held. A num- ber of holes are drilled in line in the center back of the guide for a stop pin, which con- sists of a bolt and nut. The pin should be a snug fit in the holes, the screw thread below the nut being ground off to fit the hole and the nut resting on top. The dis- tance between the folded the holder is a sliding fit for the particular plates to be stamped and the plates are pushed against the stop pin. Thus, with the stop pin in the first hole and each stamp held close against the guide the first line is stamped. The holes should be so arranged that the lettering will be properly spaced. sides of Keeping Paste from Souring There is no necessity of using sour paste for wall-paper hanging as is often done, for a few drops of formaldehyde will keep it sweet indefinitely. After experimenting with various substances, I found that for- MECHANICS maldehyde was the most effective. A fe drops were added to a cupful of past: after this had been boiled, and this samp! was found still sweet when examined year later.—A. A. Kelly, Paoli, Pa. Oiling Valve Stems Lubricating valve stems on cars having overhead valves can be accomplished effective- ly by the method shown in the illustra- tion. Anasbestos rope, about “6 in. in diam- eter and about 8&8 in. long, is wrapped a few turns around the stem after the spring has been rémoved. The ends are folded down along the stem and brought out at the bot tom so that the pressure of the coil kee] them from working out of place when tl spring is released. The application ot few drops of oil on the wick every wee keeps the stem lubricated and prevent dirt from getting in contact with it. Window Frames for Small Buildings Framing windows on small building especially that have only a fe studs, is usually quite a problem. A frat put on the outside, however, as shown the drawing, presents a good appearan and found ver (QUARTER ROUND Satisfactor) yr 2xa: 5 It those has bee is made . lengths of )\ by 4-in. stoc Y set on edge with th hinge js os indi | } on as : cated. The sashes frame is mad long enoug! el | for as man Th | sashes as art \ to be mounted and the latte are separated by 2 by 4-in. pieces. The frame is nailed to the building from the inside. A 1 by 12-in. piece of boxing, nailed at each end will keep the frame in place until the top and bottom pieces are nailed on. A lengt! of quarter round is nailed along the uppet edge of the frame to turn water.

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ell if a short brass strip and POPULAR Novel Circular-Glass Cutter o 12-in. lengths of 4-in. wood, a short rod and an inexpensive glass cutter a novel tool for cutting glass of cylin shape. It has found very satisfac- by an eastern con- n that specializes in ufacturing wicker er holders, the wicker rk ineclosing a= glass tainer for the water. ese containers are ide from round bottles : arious sizes and VT lors, the tops being cut a | ff with the tool shown | the accompanying il- soene” tration. TYPEWRITER lhe two lengths of oe ood are nailed together dgewise at right angles, everal holes being drilled both pieces to receive brass rod, which serves a stop during the cut- ng operation. The cutter attached to the end of e lower piece by means vo wood SCTewWs. The ethod of using the de- ice is obvious; the bottle is simply turned hand until a scratch is made around it hereupon the top part can easily be ocked off. The sharp edge of the glass up N/ff i | ( A ' ) } 7 aoTT | = HOLE Y «-- BOTTLE } j Lr } } YW Gy tt —. Wr . * > ; ' (She | 7 , eed 2D} Gp t J : ~~ — EN hy eee SECTIONAL VIEW CLAMP VIEW al A > JTTER “ _ “ ne xe | * me > = ~—s a on > . MA \ \ ——S le Homemade Circular+-Glass Cutter Cuts Bottles Quickly and Accurately moothed on an emery wheel to prevent inger of cutting the hands.—G. A. Luers, Washington, D. C. MECHANICS Desk and Bookcase Built in Closet It is oltten ce sirable to have a lat re desl at home for correspondence vork. book keeping, etc., but on the other ha d it may Left, Part Section, Showing How the Combination Desk and Bookcase Fits into the Closet; Right, Desk in Use be byectionable on account ol the space it occupies, and because the children will put their toys and other articles on it and can not restrain their curiosity as to the i contents of the drawers With this i mind a Washington contractor built compact desk j of which, when not in use, could be pus! entirelv out of the w | 11 ya low clo The closet was fitted with gla doot above and paneled doors belo oO tl did not detract from the appearance ot the room in anv wat The general plan ot construction is given in the drawing, a1 can, with slight modifications, be adapte: to most cases The closet consist ot two compart ments, separated bv a horizontal helt about 1 in. above the top of the ce which should be about 30 in. high. Under the desk top, which width drawer for the support of whi slides are provided, and the space belo is divided into shelve for catalogs, stationery and the like. T1 drawer may also be partitioned to suit tl user’s particular needs. Shelves are pr t large dimensions, the top ind pigeon ole vided in the upper compartment for book and magazines, and for the typewriter at telephone, if desired. id

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324 POPULAR Making Stranded-Wire Cables Having had considerable difficulty in ob- taining good seven-stranded cable for guy wires, | hit upon the following method of making it myself: I jacked up one of the

Simple Method of Making Neat Stranded Cable from a Number of Galvanized-Iron Wires rear wheels of my car and fastened one end of a coil of galvanized-iron wire to one of the spokes, brought the wire around a fencepost, directly in line with the wheel, and attached it to the opposite spoke of the wheel, cutting it from the coil at this point. Two other lengths of wire were run in the same wav and also a single length from the wheel to the post. I then started the engine and put it in gear, which caused the rear and twist the wires as desired, making a strong cable. With this method I have made cables 150 ft. long.—L. Cook, Bloomingdale, Mich. wheel to revolve Nonreversible Drain Water in a reservoir is usually kept be- low a certain level by providing a drain pipe that carries off the surplus water. Where the drain extends horizontally through the wall and dis- charges the water into an exterior ditch, it often hap- \3 pens that the Ay water level in the ditch be- comes higher than the reservoir, due to heavy rainstorms, and water then flows back into the reservoir through the drain. This

aS: FLOAT te ne TOP VIEW

that in. MECHANICS trouble can be prevented by installing drain of the tvpe shown in the illustratio It consists of two short lengths of pi; two elbows and a nipple, arranged — shown in the upper detail. The couplin; must be loose enough to permit the lengt of pipe extending into the ditch to mo up and down freely. An airtight can wired to the end of this pipe to keep above water when the exterior level higher than that in the reservoir, so t] the water from the ditch will not fi back.—Harold E. Benson, Boulder, Col Drilling Glass and Pottery Drilling holes in glass and pottery usually done with a highly tempered d: using camphor oil asa lubricant. Anot! good method—in many cases better grind the holes by means of carborund stones of proper sizes, set in the drill cl and revolved at high speed. Holes been ground through pieces of hard tery in this way failed. where the drilling met! A Magazine Nut Wrench Automobile assemblers and others from screw the character of their work, 1 down large numbers of nuts of find in the tool illustrate a means of largely reducing the number movemeét! required shown same size, will 7 drawing, t magazine ¢ sists of a he agonal tul

\} that can ea ~® a SPRING 5 est be made rorming NUTS . ; piece of ste emocse tubing over mandrel of t RELEASE same the nuts to | used, at welding int _ 8 the upper e1 SECTIONAL VIEW a saitab square shat A compression spring inside feeds the nut forward as fast as they are released by t! trigger, which is operated manually, t! nut being prevented from falling out | the stop on the opposite side. Both the parts are made from spring-steel wire wit their lower points spaced apart just the thickness of one nut, Size

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r 1g 101 Ip Worm-Gear Attachment for Sensitive Drill Press By H. H. PARKER ‘HE type of small sensitive bench drill ods of time, the pressure required on the hown in the illustration is extensively hand lever is rather tiring upon the oper for light work in machine shops, fac ator, and a worm gear with handwheel es and garages, as well as similar ma- feed, as applied to a large drill press, would es with bevel-gear drive, of slightly be of decided advantage The drawings iter capacity. The feed is obtained by show how such a feed arrangement can be ns of a rack and pinion actuated by a applied to the bench drill without any cor nd lever, and ts perfectly satisfactory siderable alteration of the machine, and small or intermittent work, but for © without detracting trom its appearance 01 lling 3% to ™“%-in. holes in hard steel, preventing use of the hand lever; the pat th the machine working for long peri terns required are simple and most of the = SIDE VIEW PULL OUT TO WORM HOUSING DETACH ] a . WORM FEED jy r+- DRILL HEAD ) — BRASS OR Cl | ig Xa¢ KEYWAY a WORM-GEAR si ' D) HOUSING gine —— f ; TITTTTTA, meee? : \ Ty a + . ~ EXTENSION SHAFT an A- tet—jo- * + j al } \ y, J aa Oh ares ne: ; j \ () J -3'4AND WHEEL THRUST y Mi = EXTENSION —_ WASHERS Qa ~ SHAFT > - FRONT VIEW een | 30) — i Sa) aye 4 0 DRILL“ HEAD ; — a” CASTING BRASS WORM, - XY BP.0,2 HOLE, 3 FACE DETAIL OF WORM GEAR | } + . 1 i od LO} a | pip b— ze _ aa Ee = E y SHOWING PINION END TURNED DOWN FOR GEAR HOUSING AND SECTION THROUGH A-B DRILLED FOR EXTENSION SHAFT CLUTCH Fitting a Handwheel Feed to a Sensitive Bench Drill Press; an Attachment of This Kind Permits Hea Work to Be Done over a Long Period without Fatigue

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Making Stranded-Wire Cables Having had considerable difficulty in ob- taining good seven-stranded cable for guy wires, | hit upon the following method of I jacked up one of the making it myself:

Simple Method of Making Neat Stranded Cable from a Number of Galvanized-Iron Wires rear wheels of my car and fastened one end of a coil of galvanized-iron wire to one of the spokes, brought the wire around a fencepost, directly in line with the wheel, and attached it to the opposite spoke of the wheel, cutting it from the coil at this point. Two other lengths of wire were run in the same wav and also a single length from the wheel to the post. I then started the engine and put it in gear, which caused the rear wheel to revolve and twist the wires as desired, making a strong cable. With this method | have made cables 150 ft. long.—L. Cook, Bloomingdale, Mich. Nonreversible Drain Water in a reservoir is usually kept be- low a certain level by providing a drain pipe that carries off the surplus water. Where the drain extends horizontally through the wall and dis- charges the water into an exterior ditch, > & drawing, t magazine co! sists of a he ~ agonal tul \) that can ea fe? " SPRING P est be made | dl forming “ NUTS . “~-. ff piece of ste¢ me A TRIGGER tubing ove A RELEASE mandrel of t! same size | the nuts to | stop" 7 used, at welding int . EXAGONAL i - TUBE the upper e: SECTIONAL VIEW a saitab square shat A compression spring inside feeds the nut forward as fast as they are released by t! trigger, which is operated manually, the nut being prevented from falling out | the stop on the opposite side. Both the parts are made from spring-steel wire wit their lower points spaced apart just the thickness of one nut,

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Worm-Gear Attachment for Sensitive Drill Press By H. H. PARKER ods of time, the pressure required on the hand lever is rather tiring upon the opet and a worm gear with handwheel [E type of small sensitive bench drill hown in the illustration is extensively for light work in machine shops, fac ator, es and garages, as well as similar ma- feed, as applied toa large drill press, would es with bevel-gear drive, of slightly be of decided advantage The drawings iter capacity. The feed is obtained by show how such a feed arrangement can be ins of a rack and pinion actuated by a applied to the bench drill without any cor nd lever, and is perfectly satisfactory siderable alteration of the machine, and small or intermittent work, but for without detracting from its appearance o1 to '4-in. holes in hard steel, preventing use of the hand lever; the pat terns required are simple and most of the lliing 3% th the machine working for long peri

J |

SIDE VIEW PULL OUT TO WORM HOUSING DETACH ga ae WORM FEED je ‘ ? | + -DRILL HEAD

6 = “ BRASS OR C.l "4 la WORM-GEAR y ey @) HOUSING \ 4 \ © EXTENSION SHAFT x “a A fee ) |_s . \ . \ . Fu__3 [ ( 9, the é; : THRUST _\ b. 3 HAND WH RUS . ; TENSION 7 (EX . o cl. WASHERS ‘ { SHAFT FRONT VIEW Sa | bey —) , ~. DRILL-HEAD ——<———— “ CASTING BRASS WORM, 5 5 a 2 aP.D = HOLE z FACE J DETAIL OF WORM GEAR . | \ | y r + ee

SHOWING PINION END TURNED DOWN FOR GEAR HOUSING AND SECTION THROUGH A-B DRILLED FOR EXTENSION SHAFT CLUTCH Fitting a Handwheel Feed to a Sensitive Bench Drill Press: an Attachment of This Kind Permits Heavy Work to Be Done over a Long Period without Fatigue

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326 machine work can be performed in the lathe. While the drawings are approxi mately to scale, the exact dimensions will depend upon the type of drill press and the size of the worm wheel and worm. he latter may be obtained, finished, from any manufacturer of cut gearing; they are usually of brass in the small sizes. A diametral pitch of 16 is about right witha worm wheel of 3 to 4-in. diameter. Most of the bench drill presses are built with a feed pinion turned from solid stock, with a shaft at one end to take the feed-lever boss. The other end is left the full size of he gear blank and rotates in a bearing bored out of the drill-head casting. By turning this end down for about 4 1n., re- ducing the diameter by 3% or % in., an annular space will be formed in the pinion- bearing housing, with the pinion shaft in which the of the worm- wheel housing can be pushed and locked in place by means of setscrews. The pinion rotate in the worm-wheel a bearing, while a stub, or extension, shaft must be screwed into the pinion shaft to take the worm wheel. A cast-iron or brass casting is made for the worm-wheel housing; either in one with a cover as in the drawing, the orm shaft being put through a drilled hole, or made in halves like a blower case. In the drawing a worm wheel without a hub is shown; as this is loose on the shaft, the cover is made with a boss that bears against the web of the wheel, to steady it, a similar shallow boss being provided on the inside of the housing The place, into boss shaft will now l\OuUSINgE as piece casting

cover is held by three or more setscrews. ROUND HANDLE ~ _ SBE

( PIECE | SQUARE “-=-HOLE TO FIT SCREW HEAD SQ.HOLEX ia SCREW CLAMPED IN TOOL SCREW_\- HEAD ns oS ee DETAIL OF OPERATION

FRONT VIEW

Nonslipping Holder for Square-Head Screws

POPULAR MECHANICS A Y-in. extension shaft is driven. screwed, part way into the solid end of t pinion shaft, pinned in place and the turned down to take the worm gear, wh is not fastened to it. Means must course, be provided for clutching and « clutching the worm wheel when the wo feed is to be used instead of the hand lev: and vice versa. The clutch is made fr a steel bar, which slides on the shaft « tension and engages the worm wheel means of two %-in. steel pins that fit holes drilled in the web of the wheel keyway is cut on the outer end of shaft, and a setscrew, with its end filed fit the keyway, set into the sliding clut to make it rotate with the shaft. The f end must, of course, be a sliding fit keyway. When the hand lever is to used, the knurled end of the clutc! pulled out, which will disengage the wheel from the shaft. Fitting the worm shaft is the only ope ation requiring special care; the hol this must be accurately drilled in relation to the and reat worm-wheel shaft worm (unless solid with the shaft, in w] case a divided housing, or a large-diamet entrance hole is needed) is pinned preferably sweated, to its shaft, and thru washers, or small ball thrusts, fitted each end. The handwheel is 3 to 4 in diameter, pinned or keyed and held an end nut; a pair of locknuts are screw: : to the other end of the shaft. The a: | rangement of the housing and type of t! clutch may, of course, be changed to the individual ideas of the builder, but t , tvpe shown is easy to make.

Gripping Square-Head Screws , Pliers, tongs and other similar tools ar: [ often used for dipping small fixtures i \ cleaning solutions, but it often happer that the only part of the fixture that ca be gripped conveniently is a projecting square-head screw, and holding this wit! the tongs or pliers often results in drop 7 ping the fixture to the bottom of the tank An excellent holder for this purpose shown in the illustration. A round-steel washer is squared out in the center to fit the screw head, and two holes are drilled through it on opposite sides, and in line with the corners of the square. <A piece | of drill rod is then bent, as shown, to fit these two holes, and with the ends bent backward to fit closely in the corners of the square. The tool is made to grip the screw by first pushing the handle forward until the ends clear the square hole so that t

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POPULAR

latter can be passed over the screw Control for Roof Trapdoor it When clear over, the tool is given the th of a turn and the handle pulled Trapdoors are usually rather difficult to h ard to lock the ends against the open and tor this reason the simple and head. A little study of the drawing easily operated control shown in the draw ( soon show that the tool is nonslip ing should meet with instant favor It D nd that it is impossible for it to come ve hile the fixture is being swirled ( ind in the tank. To remove the tool S, I e sperations are, of course, reversed ‘ I ; Prolonging Life of Scraper : : \fter a season of use, the edge of a | B } raper is usually worn out. It can read i SoZ be repaired, however, so that it will be & BRACKET nearly as good LEVER new by riveting a 6-in. strip of steel Z to the edge, as a shown tn the illus a = 4 tration. The strip EF should be as long }:. ; ‘ea : anat wanes @aek as the scraper 1s thi 2 wide and is slitted Bi Ai a T+] so that the result- HANDLE tT METAL sTRIP ing “tongues” can . . be fitted alternate Bracket Lever ie. sd - nll Control Roof to the top and bottom ot the scraper. e strip is then riveted to the scraper, as ejiminates the necessity of climbing up or licated, and the rivets countersunk on a ladder A bracket lever is bolted to the e underside This will make “ strong underside of the door so that it extend e that will not bend easily. -Stanley bevond the hinged edge, as show: ind a [cCosh, Novi, Mich. 4 -in. iron rod is attached to thr d ot the lever. A quick pull on the rod cause ; , : the trapdoor to swing to tl Osition in ’ Making Collars in One Operation pale 9 ia dickiail Uae in the datek: « The arrangement of tools shown in the stop being provided to hold it there tration has been found very handy in e collars and washers on screw : — > ies directly from tubing without a Wire Bracket Holds Valve Springs operation tor burring or counter Holding up sinking. as 1s yalve springs ‘ is usually necessary is one ot the The collars are cut dithculties met _— hon off with the part- = with en re ing tool, which is frindineg mounted on the ilves and re = front CTOSS slide, moving eat and the outer edge bon. \ arious WAVE KEV is chamfered wit! kinds ot hold WIRE a chamfering tool ers are on the —— ) on the rear cross market, but L slide Che insick one that is of edges are chat simple con- —_i iered with a tool held on a bar carried in struction and performs the work as we . he turret lhe latter tool is fed in to the as the best, is shown here It con t proper depth as controlled by the turret a length of heavy wire, at least “16 top and then into the work to such a_ diameter, bent to the shape indicat lepth that after the parting tool has gone Aiter the valve spring has been Lise rough, a chamfer will be left on the in the holder is placed under it and will the : side edge. hold the spring securely, without slippu MECHANICS

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328 POPULAR Guide for Special Work in Braiding Machine for Christmas two single wires are run together through a braiding machine, taps being ln making lamp cords trees, NUT ‘. 4 SPRING WASHER Twist p STUD ! 4 ROD taken from one of the wires at inter- vals of about 18 in., to connect the L [f : lamps in series. 4 ae 7 ca The fixtures used YC A Pan t | ™! in connection with { i | this et tae chahgad while simple, are and the same principles may be adapted to much other work The drawing shows the attachment that interesting, Centering Short Shafts In the production of a hort shafts the work of vas quickly and large number of centering them conveniently accom- fixture shown It consists of a cast iron base, drilled to re- ceive a vertical rod and having a setscrew to hold the latter in position. A similar piece, or head, of cast iron, drilled to a slid- ing fit on the rod, is also provided. It is held in alinement di rectly over the base by a key seated in the head and running ina keyway in the side of the rod. Both base and head are countersunk to receive the shafts and a punch is pro- vided in the head, in the center of the countersink, as shown. In use, the shaft is placed in the lower countersink and the head lowered so that the shaft is held as shown. The punch is then tapped, with plished with the use of the in the illustration. MECHANICS replaces the regular guide. It is made machine steel, casehardened. The cent: part of the head is milled out as shown the lower detail, the slots at A being m chined with an end mill. The two swin ing pieces have lugs that fit into slots and are fastened to the center part by ste: pins. Flat springs bearing against t sidepieces keep a tension on the wire as is drawn through the guide. The hol! for the wire are drilled and countersu: half in the center and half in the sid pieces, and the head is held by a % rod, passing through a flat-steel brack: bolted to the base of the machine. To i: sure all the taps being of equal length t fixture shown at the right was made. TT] consists simply of a %-in. rod, bent shown and passing through a hole in stud that binds the rod against a co rolled steel bracket. Adjustment of t! distance between the rod and guide effected by swinging the rod. One insulated wire of each pair is dra out to the hook, pulled tight, and the 1 chine started, braiding on past the tap. A the braided cord travels up over the te: sion drum, another %4-in. rod, fastened t the machine frame, and bent to touch t drum, shows the operator where to st: the machine and form the next loop. nd the process repeated d of the shaft.—J. H loronto, Can. 1 : ne nammmer, a 1 1 e other e1 Rodger Connecting the Universal Joint The removal of the rear-axle assembly on the Ford car necessitates the discot necting of the universal joint, and it quite a difficult job to reconnect the joint by hand. However, with a lever fastened TRANSMISSION UNIVERSAL JOINT, ‘ Lever Aids in Connecting Universal Joint to Engine When Rear End Is Replaced to the joint by wire or rope and pivoted on the frame by means of a C-clamp as shown, the operation becomes quite easy. The arrangement gives a combined lift and — * }

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ite ni a POPULAR MECHANICS 329 rust. The universal joint is packed with avy cup grease, which will steady the d. An open-end wrench is used to bring e shaft end in alinement with the socket. Oiling Typewriter Bars When overhauling typewriters the bars ust be oiled a little before they are re- aced. This is usually done by squirting a few drops of oil on the bars or by rubbing them with an _ oil- soaked rag, but these methods are slow, and therefore a repairman devised the oiling pad shown in the drawing. The pad consists of a piece of thick felt, fit- _ ee ee ting inside the tin cover of a typewriter- bben box, the edges of which are bent er and flattened down to hold the felt place. Enough oil ts applied to the felt that a slight pressure will bring it to he surface. Each side of a bar is pressed gainst the felt with the result that it is noistened with just sufficient oil. + COVER OF TYPEWRITER — RIBBON BOX — FELT SATURATED WITH OTL * = Neat Safety Paint Pot the paint pot shown in the drawing is designed for inside work, to prevent spill- ng of the paint if accidentally tipped over, and also to provide a guard against which e brush can be wiped, in order to keep he outside of he pot clean. or these reasons the pot should be hallow and : Van of fairly large \ Be : , diameter, and the guard as vide as pos- ible, while permitting the brush to enter ireely through ’ \ [ne Ceres opening. The afety cover or guard is made of tin and shaped as shown in the detail. It is held on the pot by means of twa bayonet slots in the turned-down edge which engage the ends of the bail. Only as much paint should be put into the pot as will be confined in the space under the cover if the pot is acci- dentally tipped over. Handy Glass Carrier Large panes of glass, which are ordi- narily difficult to carry due to their bulki- ness, can be carried conveniently by means of the holder shown in the illustration. It Convenient Holder for Carrying Large Panes of Glass is made in any desired size from lengths of 1 by 2-in. wood. The lower rail the glass rests is screwed to two strips which are attached to the handle. A taper groove is cut lengthwise in the lower rail to receive the glass and a _ felt-covered wedge is provided to fit in this groove, against the glass, to hold it in place.— J. R. Minter, Chester, Pa on which Novel Arrangement of Cash Register Cash regis- ha ters in most stores are set to face the space inside of the coun- ter, which is often incon- venient as it necessitates passing around the counter to “ring up a sale.” However, by mounting the cash register on a small turntable on the counter, clerks on either side can use it by turning it around @ Brass is annealed by heating to a cherry , red and then allowing it to cool slowly.

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POPULAR Depth Gauge for Drilled Holes isuring the depth of drilled holes is a omewhat uncertain operation, as the bot- om is conical and dimensions are invari- ab viven to the top ol the cone Most SLOTS — | | SCALE - le END VIEW + SF STEEL PLUG ; & STOP PIN f INAL VIEW OF WORK Plug Depth Gauge for Holes Measuring Drilled Accurate measuring devices used for this work tend to slip down into the conical end, and Steel Fence Posts Good fences add to the appearance and value of a tarm, and save the tarmer many osses of live stock and crops In recent ears steel post tences h ive @ ined popu larity because they are rot-proot, lightning and dut hough they rit icy ‘ ‘ cost a little more than vyooden their use onomical be ( se they will outlast the latter mat times. here are, in tact, eco ds ot steel post set up 35 ears ago that are still in good condition, while the average wood post lasts only six to ten years he durability of a steel post ence ike any other, depends on 12°x | the manner of installation End Proper and corner posts must be securely anchored in concrete to keep the vires tight and assure resistance to violent method of doing this is the illustration. The posts re ferred to are set vertically in slabs of 18 by 18 by 42-in hocks One h own in concrete, this being done, ot eourse, while the concrete is soft. The steel braces bolted to the vertical posts are anchored in smaller slabs, 18 by 18 by 20 in. in dimensions. MECHANICS therefore one cannot be sure whether th: holes have been correctly gauged or not On the production of a machine part fun nished with slightly dif ferent diameters, one shop uses several holes of the rauge shown in the photo It consists of a round-steel plug wit slots sawed in it lengthwise, the depth o these slots varving to suit the different hol diameters so that serted in the slot the plug when the scaie 1S It and scale Wi fit the hole exactly, as shown \ groove j cut around the plug in the center and single coil of spring wire slipped in it t hold the scale lightly in the At a definite distance from the top a pi is driven through the plug to prevent from falling into the hole. In use, the scale slot anv ot is slipped in the slot marked to suit the hole to be measured and the plug inserte: into the hole until the pin rests on the top The scale is then pushed down until strikes the bottom and the reading of the scale taken from the top oftheplug. Thu if the face of the pin is % in. below the top of the plug, the correct measurement wil be % in. less than the depth to the top o the plug. With slots sawed in the plug t suit the different holes it fits snugly in eacl case, and the measurements are accurate the best features of teel po fences is that little or no dange from lightning by which farmers annual] dollars. as, (One ot there is lose millions of tor instance when cattle are driven against the fences 1) i tor i | | led Ii rad char r¢ ohtning conducted alone the re ry La Ai i t ry 4 =o Seseesse TT peaseses' crt $+ ttt \ 7 A > "50" 18 X20 : 18 X 2C ' 18” DEEP 18” DEEP SPACE LINE POSTS ONE ROD APART “ ; 16°X18 8 -42° DEEP 42° DEEP Posts in Concretk Method of Setting Steel End and Corner Foundations will not h ippen w hen steel posts are use generally will ground such dis Another advat is the speed with which is they charges. tage of steel post they can be set yl} One wagonload of enough for a 40-acre field, and posts 1S a man and boy can drive while tou the lot into the ground in a day, men at least would be required to do the same work with wooden post 5. Se ey 7

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HELL | FAST AMATEUR iT &§ MECHANICS >) RRS ; Making a Kicking Mule By L. R. BUTCHER . Pesce: kicking mule, as its name indicates, is made of medium-weight sheet metal, is an animated toy, the rear legs of preferably blue-annealed stock, as _ this hich kick up as it is pulled across the oor. Apart from a pair of tin snips, the needed for its construction are to be nd in any ordinary tool chest. Once An Amusing Toy for the Youngsters, Which Can Be Made by Anyone with Ordinary Tools : ; : ; e : CONNECTING the body is laid out, any tinsmith will cut ROD t out in a few minutes, if the maker does not feel sure of his ability to do it. Scraps ol wo ¢ ‘ > g > a- f wood and sheet metal furnish the ma stabietet exe terials for the toy. The body of the mule COTTER PIN~ i ee ae

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be POPULAR MECHANICS

holds paint much better than the galva slots in the ends are made with a hacksa nized kind. In Fig. I. a sketch of the body ind are for the purpose ot tastening t et anita By laying out a square Olla sheet wheels to the axle Che wheel ts lippe ( ner. 8 bv S in size and «i iding mto the axie and a taple nserted in 1 it into L-1n squares, the amateur artist can slot ind driven home into the wheel | a iy out the bod dra g the out wheel is kept from slipping off by squee ein Fig l the ime relative position ing the split end of the axle to rother ; quare on the patter! \fter mal by putting a drop ot older in the patter putline transterred The connecting rod Fic | erve connect. the crank on t = e to the rear leg ) ] & er +3 ee Bt wn does vell To! T vs — pe Tne 2",| ns et" bodv. with the whee 20-GAUGE. SHEET 4 é 4 : . METAL " j trast Yy colot \ ho CONNECTING ROD AXLE 1 1 Fic.4 Fic.5 yece ot co in pe vg 1 . il ys 4 , ' , ) the reat ) eae bod Details Construction of the Kicking Mule Including a Layout of the Body ’ , fas to Ma [It Easy f the Amate Draftsma to serve as ata Pu the mule acro the flo t eet r sen ir the bod \ ‘ t to kick in a lifelike nanne } St 1mpo e to 10 lo T é i ) ) é evolutio ot r heel 1 ' , ft the ) the ‘T tin 1 e body uld be trin ed to ¢ 7 : rs ; — Two Conveniences for the Car ] ( is Te) rie Vit ( 1 Lidl C ed to the t 1 halt ound A SI t irticl Sud i i in lkere é hile rectangie ) eta ett ) thre pad ot papet notebook o thie | i ( ort the m e 1 used to taste ost whet t laid o the . : r 1 0 the ba r rectangle 1 sutomohbile, is t riit t en hye ) ) / » to the bott ] ) { | ) th the i iv OT drop to the tloor unt yticed i 1 the t » @a ) ed be srevent this. se ib 7 lot 1, f 1 ) ite cdirecti ) il le . to l cle il «| emni | mn b ft ed n 0 the ec He i\ tacks ul ed to taste we arotl na tl e eat cu 10O t ( t icket to the bas« ter. or. in case a cover is used, s¢ é The base, Fig. 2, requires little explana band directly to thi The end ire tio it made of 1-in. wood, sawed out stitched down, so that the articles can be is indi ited As the axle 1s bent betore it slipped under the band and eld thet - 1 titted In the base, the a e holes in the Another convenience tot the torist base are slotted out to the rear end: allow a small pocket sewed to the front ot t ing the ixle to be inserted trom t| e reat seat cover It 1s kept closed bh ean ot A cottet pin 1s used on each side to hold a fl ip, fastened with two ordinary snaps the axie in place. Ordinary %4-1n round This pocket may be used for carrying an mild steel is used for the axle, Fig. 5. The extra license plate or a notebook }

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POPULAR Cleaning Rust from Gun t is usually quite difficult to keep the rel of a gun free from rust and it is even e dificult to remove the rust after it once formed. An easy method of do- this is to plug one end of the barrel th a cork and pour some quicksilver in- it The other end is then tightly rked also, and the barrel is tilted alter- tely on-each end, causing the quicksilver flow back and forth inside. The result | be an absolutely clean barrel.—Sixten Swenson, Harris, Minn. An Umbrella-Rib Bow e “stout yew bow” of Robin Hood's hard to find nowadays, but a bow le of umbrella ribs will give as much ight to the heart of the small boy. Separate the ribs from the umbrella by tting the wire that holds them, and re- e the short ribs with a file or pliers. nd five long ribs together at their nters with twine. Then bind three s on each end with their inner ends itting at the center of the bundle of ¢ Next, bind a single rib, eve outward, each end, with the inner ends at the ters of the bundles of three. The small at the ends of the outer ribs can be el for attaching the bowstring. The ddle of the bow should be neatly served e RIB --+ RIBS RIBS ~- 3-RIBS ~ RIB --+ A Good Substitute for the Yew Bow of Tradition Is Made from Umbrella Ribs or bound with twine, to prevent the ribs irom scratching small hands Any ribs eit over make good arrows if nicks for the bowstring are filed‘in the ends. @ Carry a small covered can in the auto- mobile for catching gasoline, for use when making patches and priming the engine. MECHANICS 333 Ornamental Cover Hides Curtain Top Ornamental as well as novel in construc- tion and design, a window-curtain cover- ing of the kind shown in the drawing adds a pleasing touch to a Chicago parlor. The Attractively Painted “Curtain Box’’ Enhances the Ap- pearance of a Room and Hides Curtain Rods cover, or “curtain box” as it is called, is made of thin poplar; it is long and ice enough to cover the top of the \ frame, curtain and curtain rods, thus ing this conventional but more or less ugly arrangement. After the cover is finished it is painted and decorated to match the wall paper; in this case it was given two coats of white paint, rubbed down, and then finished with a coat of white enamel On this scrollwork and flowers were painted, giving a very attractive effect. Repairing Cracked Aluminum Oil Pans Cracked water jackets and aluminum oil pans can often be repaired satisfactoril with sulphur. Proceed as follows: First clean all the grease and dirt from the sut face, using a solution of hot water and sal soda. Permit the surface to dry thorough- lv before applying the sulphur. Warm the suriaces with a blowtorch and melt some of the sulphur in a container, taking care that it does not catch fire. Pour the melted sulphur into the crack and allow it to harden. Small cracks in aluminum are easily mended in this way. The re pair will be water and oil-proof, provided fire is not allowed to come in direct con- tact with the sulphur. \

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POPULAR Combining Mail Box and Gatepost made by road builders to beautity the highw much has been done to eliminate the ugly rows ot mail boxes mounted on posts How ever, a pro gressive Indi farmet combined his box with a concrete gate post as shown in the photo It is out of the way of small children who are usually curious to know the contents; it can not be shot full of holes by a disappointed hunter or ambi tious marksman, and does not detract from the appearance of the road.—A. S. Bowes, ( hicago. 11] alla Safety First for the Tripod (amera tripods are easily upset by an accidental touch of the foot against the in with the result that in expensive 1 side of one of the legs, camera may be badly dam aged and pel ips, the len yroken. Che ime tend ency to. slip- ping is expe when setting up the tripod on sur rienced here it laces Ww 1s impossible to make the spu old \ simple method of prevent trouble is shown in the illustra tion Three 10-in lengths ot turnace chain, a keyring and four snaps are re quired. Three of the snaps are attached to the ends of the chains and the fourth to the keyring, to make the safety device ad justable. Small for attaching the snaps, are driven into the legs of the tripod at the points indicated.—C. E. Weibezahl, Syracuse, N. Y. screweves, MECHANICS Emergency Battery Clips Galvanized-iron couplings of t been iound to be pipe in. size have excell connectors tor storage-battery posts int absence of the regular clips used for tl purpose. The couplings are screwed the post, the tapered thread cutting i he lead and thus giving a firm contact. Che bared ends of the wire can readily be soldered pling. A little vaseline smeared on t will prevent and facilitat the removal of the couplings. This co will heavy currents, will almost any battery post and will not dat + | { eiectri cable to the CO post corrosion nector stand ave the posts In any way Heating Shoe Patches Cement-fastened patches are often use to mend shoes The patch is scarfed to it and the shoe are vive twocoats of leather cement the first being al lowed to harden betore the second Is applied. To tas ten the patch on the shoe, the ce ment must be softened again by heat, and to warm both the patch and shoe at the feather edge; CEMENT HOLE CEMENT saine time 1s COVERED PATCH ally an awkward task. By blocking up an evel with the hole in the shoe. and placing the patch on the block on usu electri la howeve other side, the cement can be equa , oitened on both with the assurance tha the patch will stick solidly to the sho when it is applied \ small block of woo } is placed inside of the plving the patch. j snoe betore ap and the latter is careful hammered down, especially at the edge i‘ Preventing Draft in Touring Car A good method of preventing ihe e trance of draits at the vertical joints be tween motor-car side curtains 's to sew a strip ot curtain cloth, about 4 in. wide, to the rear edge of the front curtain. so a " to overlap the rear curtain on the outside When running at a moderate speed or whet headed against the wind. this flap i pressed firmly against the rear curtai: closing the gaps effectively —E. T. Gun derson, Humboldt. Ia.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 335 New Sport with “Walking Stick” ts and the “pogo” stick are combined e device shown in the drawing to pro- a new sport for the children. The mounts the footboard and tips the toward the left and right alternate- ith body movements, turning the le at the same time so that the action he device closely resembles walking. steps are of good length and the oper- is not tiresome. e construction of the device is shown he insert. The legs are made from a “th of 4-in. flat iron about 1% in. wide, t to the shape indicated. A cross brace e same material is riveted to the legs it halfway between the bottom and lo this brace a 4-ft. length of 34-in. pe is riveted, the end of the pipe be- it with a hacksaw and bent, the ears formed being bent outward, flattened drilled for the rivets. A footboard, a hole drilled to fit on the pipe loose- slipped over the pipe and rests on a e metal washer placed over the top of eg \ 3-in. rod is driven through a e drilled near the top of the pipe to rve asa handle. The footboard is loose that the user can operate the device FOOTBOARD | “3x8 The “Walking Stick’-—a Combination of Stilts and the “Pogo” Stick thout moving his feet but by giving the ndle a twisting motion and swaying the ody from side to side. @ Ebonite and hard-rubber trays can be epaired with a cement made by barely loistening chloride of zinc with water. \prinkle immediately with oxide of zinc nd press the broken parts together. Portable Barnyard Lantern Stand On farms not equipped with electric light the use of a lantern is a necessity. In many cases the lantern is hung on a nail LOCK N + HARROW DISK ITS Portable Lantern ve Stand Proves of Considerable C nce on the Farm driven into the wall or a near-by this is not handy because the lantern is not always in a convenient location. A port able lantern stand kind the drawing has been found very usetul as post, but of the shown in it can be set just where the light is needed It consists of a 5-ft. length of 1l-in. pipe piece of %4-in. iron rod and a harrow disk. The pipe is securely ta tened to the disk by means of two nuts as indicated in the detail. The iron rod bent, as shown, to form an eye at the top for holding the lantern, a wire hook bei slipped through the eve for this purpose and the ends of the rod are then pushed into the open end of the pipe. The whole outfit is light in weight and can be carried around readily. dis« arde d Storing Table Leaves It is often a problem, especially in small houses where space is usually very limited to dispose of extra table leaves when they are not in use. A handy closet can readily be made for them by removing the plas ter between two studdings so that the leaves will fit in. This opening 1s the: embellished by providing a casing and door, made from 1-in. material. A “e-1 iron rod slipped through two screweyes serves to keep the leaves in place.—T. fF Wait. Santa Ana, Calif.

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POPULAR Novel Use for Old Book Covers Covers ot discarded books and catalogs 1 1 } cal ve made into excellent letter-filing Aitter removing all the leaves, a VOXCs, -- LUNEN STRIP UPPER COVER ~. 00c LOWER COVER - FRAME. FRAME Letter-Filing Boxes Made from Covers of Discarded Books; the Frame Is of Thin Wood frame is made of thin wood to fit inside the covers Its dimensions should be such that the front and back covers will lie level when the frame is inserted between them, and overlap the trame !4 in. at the top, front and bottom. The back cover is glued and tacked to the frame, and the back is also glued to the side. lo strengthen the joint between the top of the frame and the back, a linen strip, about 4% in. wide, is glued over the joint \ small catch is fas- tened to the tront cover and a pin tor this catch is fitted on the side as shown. Preventing Loss of Gasoline-Tank Cap The caps on gaso- line tanks and _ radia- tors are otten lost, es- pecially when filling ts done in a hurry and = the caps are screwed on BOLT» quickly but not tight * ly. kX ven. vibration sometimes causes them to loosen and gradu ally unscrew \ imple method of pre- venting loss of the cap : is shown in the draw- ‘CORK ing \ ‘ hole is WIRE drilled through the cap for a small stove bolt. and a lug and lock washer are then stoped under the nut, as indicated. A r CHAIN~ MECHANICS short length of ordinary furnace chai: attached to the lug and to the center a heavv-wire cros piece, to which a is attached at each end Chis cross] le } is retained inside of the tank or radi and holds the cap if it falls off.—( Champion, Detroit, Mich Flexible Filler Cement An excellent filler cement or putty be made from 1 Ib. dry glue, 1 Ib. po dered cement and 8 oz. glycerine. 1 glue is melted in % pt. water and ¢t cement added; after the ingredients well mixed by stirring, the glycerine poured in. The mixture should be applie hot. It will harden with a surface sembling old leather and willtbe very fles ible. If it is to be used where water o dampness can attack it, it should be pri tected by one or two applications of she lac and a coating of paint or varnish Bracket for Wagon Lantern Practically every state has laws whi require horse-drawn vehicles to carry lighted lantern, or some kind of light, the left side of the vehicle, during nig use. It is, of course, best to provide permanent bracket to which the lan- tern can be conveniently attac whenever Recess sary. The construc- tion of such a LATCH, bracket is shown in the illustration. It holds the lantern securely, yet permits instant imeou removal \ BRACKET ON WAGON The part attached to the wago ‘onsists of a piece of '%-in. flat iron, about 1% in. wide, bent and drilled at the ends a shown, so that it can be attached to th wagon with wood screws. lwo pins are and a smali swit latch is provided at the top which is p riveted or welded to it, oted eccentrically so that jolting of the wagon will not cause it to lose its grip o1 the lantern part. The latter piece is simi larly made and is attached to the lanter handle. Two holes are drilled in it to fit over the heads of the pins, and slots are cut upward from the holes to slip it down on the pin shanks, r

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le Tove who design dress goods, table I inen, wall paper, magazine covers, in designers in almost every branch of aad rative art, have used the butterfly mo re vith splendid effect. It is only within e e last few years, however, that an art has ung up that utilizes the brilliant color the real butterfly, assisted by the grasses and flowers that form its round in nature, to decorate articles "mT i ie home. This is an art at which any- may become an adept. The tech- ue is not at all difficult, and once icquired, progress is limited only by the tural talent Petr biden

purse, you tightly to pre it catch vent escape or ur butterfly fluttering In this pur- sert it in the e butterfly jar and close ch as can the cover as fat ised at as possible be ' sporting fore letting the tore, 1s butterfly go. It ecessary A thega r jar is al- stro it ential cease to flutte be a } t once by fitting but a oO: oe 4 Art Work Not Only Is an Interesting and Remunerative ' . na pa Hob! but Provides Healthy Sport in Collecting Specimens in t ‘ partition, le 20 hich some crystal Of potassium t¢ 0 t mav revive upon bei ire held in damp sand or sawdust >] eC alt When dead, ret t tition is made by cutting a disk ect rm the { ez tout paper, about 1 in irger in ind at one lace it er than the jar, and marking on this the drawi { circle the diameter of the inside together the ! , jal lhe outer edge ot t disk 1s l It can ( indied itted radially as shown in the illus risk ¢ la é do the cuts being carried to the inne pace | ¢ nl < r lore then fe ded up aft 1 runted ) rle \tter the potassium-cvanide hown in the dt 1 | ive been placed in the jar, coat mut tor ur p Cula ¢ pturned edge of the disk with glue essential Chose who

x

‘ By Ray B. Smith

Laying the Milkweed Floss on a Coaster in Overlapping Rows by Means of a Pair of Tweezers; This Is Called Shingling

and slip it down into the jar. \ few holes are punched in the paper tor the gas to come through, and the cover of the jar made tight-fitting, and the potassium cyanide Is very poisonous, great care should be exercised in handling it The hands should be washed thoroughly after placing the crystals in the jar—in fact, it is better to place the means of tweezers, and avoid ha should be job is done. As crvstals by ndling take the gas — off in the jar butterfly has been enmeshed take hold of its body, from the out side | them at all Also, care not to inhale When a the net of the net, and from be low, holding it

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POPULAR MECHANICS Upper Left, Placing the Glass on the Floss: Above. Gluing Wings to Artificial Body: Left, Dropping Floss into Well: Be- low, Drawings Showing How to Make a Killing Jar and Stretching Frame. Also How the Butterflies Should Be Packed for Safe-Keeving and storage SLOTTED BLOCK y aca rh, r >» \ ° \ ——e oO oO a pie Me: . Yi . A a i — DAMP SAWDUST ___ CRYSTALS OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE y , Z A STRETCHER FRAME | NARROW STRIPS } OF TAPE | Y5 Y oe ™Y y KZ lp a A. ie 4 METHOD OF PACKING ®)). 5G. 2 = =

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are4.., eel .\* Designing the Tray; the Designer Lays the Butter- flies and Grasses on the Milkweed Floss by Means of a Pair of Tweezers POPULAR Trimming MECHANICS Off the Projecting F loss a Grass the nd Stems; Here the Glass Is Clipped Back to — «= sr

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340 a frame, however, will find sutheient detail in the drawing. Of course, it is not essential catch your own butterflies. Indeed, if you vish to use some of the most beautiful specimens it would not be possible to catch them, as they are not natives of the Nortl American continent. For those who pre- fer to allow others to do their hunting for them, there are several dealers that make a specialty of buying butterflies from the feur corners of the earth and preparing them for this kind of work. will keep in- definitely if stowed away that you The insects with moth balls in a cigar box, but they are all ready to mount with in a week or two aiter capture. The space allow- ince for but- terfly art work is too small in most articles to allow the real body to be used, and it is doubtful if this ts de- sirable prac- tice under iny conditions. It is advised, therefore, that the wings be detached from it and an artificial body cut from celluloid, card- board or heavy paper, to which the wings may be glued. The artificial body is fitted with antennae made of hairs taken from a black bristle brush, and if properly painted and shaded, looks so natural that one has to look twice before it can be no- ticed that any part of the insect is missing. So prepared, the butterfly lies flat, and may be kept in a book until ready for use. It will go splendidly under glass, in a tray, plaque or locket, and lies flat against the transparent cover, showing its greatest wing expanse and beauty unimpaired by distortion. Butterflies may be effectively used as part of a picture made by brush, pastel or air brush, with a background of ground glass, frosted celluloid, canvas, parchment or.silk, and for those skilled in these me- diums many lovely effects are possible. For most of us, however, nothing will exceed the charm of the pieces made by the use Lockets and Trays; Some Samples of the Completed Work, Including Cand'e Shades, Candy-Jar Tops, Insert, Photo of Lamo Shade Decorated with Butterflies and Grasses POPULAR MECHANICS of nature’s material all the way throu Backgrounds made with cr} milkweed flos from the pods of the lowly roadside wee: pressed summer grasses carefully selecte: and such dried flowers as the African ever lasting, which have been found permane: in color, are the most effective. Whe: these are combined by an arti * in a pictur: with a perfect and lovely butterfly, th: result is well worth while. To make a tray, cut a piece of cardboar: to the size of the glass to be used and cove it with a sheet of cotton wadding of th: S1z¢ same Build “well” o cardboard or celluloi-: around it then take milk wee pod and opt 1 it by cuttin the “thread that bind together an breakin: away the bottom « the pod. Pul out a pin of the fluff with the adhering black seed flick off the — 4 seeds into a waste box and then drop the floss into the well. Kee; on im this manner until you have used dozen or more pods, or until the fluffy pile on the wadding has reached a depth ot about 8in. Then lay ona glass disk, whic! has previously been cleaned, and allow it to stand overnight. When ready to go ahead again, have the grasses laid out, with the butterfly and an flowers that you wish to use, together wit! a pair of tweezers for adjusting the back ground and handling the butterfly Re move the giass slowly and carefully, and the floss will fluff up but an inch or two You can now lay on the grasses as artisti cally as possible, then the flowers, and last of all the butterfly. The eye has a tend ency to follow the direction of flight, so it is well not to place the insect so that it appears as if it were fiying out of the pic ture. Carefully put on the glass again, and clip the- underlying cardboard to it with strong paper clips. Cut off all the pro jecting floss, grass stems, etc., and bind the glass and cardboard all around the

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POPULAR MECHANICS 341 e with surgeons’ 4%4-in. tape. This com tes the insert, and it is now ready to be to the frame maker's, or you may put n that old mahogany tray to cover up unsightly marred frame. other kinds of work, such as the tops small designs for cand) calendars and Christmas it is better to lay the milkweed in ad of dropping it. In laying it you must it off the bottom part of the floss fiber so it it will lie down and not fluff up. La ross the center of the picture a line ot ss, using the tweezers to handle it and rranging the fibers vertically. Do not ike the line too formal. Give it a poke ip here and a pull down there to take the tiffness out of it. Now lay another row erlapping or “shingling” the first, and until the lower part of the back round is filled with a solid iridescent ating of gleaming white floss. On this lay carefully the grass and butterfly de- ign, and bind the glass or celluloid covet to the cardboard back with gummed-paper tape. For the top or sky part of the pic- ture most people prefer a sort of sky blue paper imported from Japan, but very pretty effects may be secured with satin or hand- tinted backgrounds on ordinary water color paper. Whatever is used must be clipped to the cardboard back before the work is started, and the milkweed laid well up on it to conceal the lower edge When making coasters, plaques, hades or candle shields, cket mirrors, e lockets, ds oO on, lamp frosted celluloid is used as the base, on which the oss ts laid directly, in the manner just described. The butterfly may be secured to the background by a dab of glue. “Star- ng —the name given to the process of picking out individual “parachutes” of loss and so spreading them on the top part ti glass or e background as to produce a raylike effect—may be used here. It is beautiful n properly done, but requires a pet tectly still room and much patience \t the holiday seasons and in wedding here is an active demand for artis ivs, mirrors, lamp shade articles, and those who have be roticient in the technique and | e ~—_~——Y- ied the principles of design, shoul e 1 difficulty in obtaining orders unerat e prices, fo! i ot thi rt before inserting it in the enlat imera by coating the film with vaseline A Simple Camp Grate A simple and convenient camp that does not take up much room and can easily be made by anyone, is shown in the grate drawing It is made from a number ot 18-in. lengths of «-in. flat iron, about 1 in wide These lengths are pivoted togethet at the ends as shown in the upper detail, Campers’ Fire Grate, Which Can Be Folded | Com pactly When Not in Use which arrangement permits them to be folded compactly or drawn out for use Che fire is made between two rows ot rocks, as flat as can be found and of fairl equal height as shown, a1 d the grate placed on top ot them the grate is folded up and put in a canva vocket made to hold t Lincoln \iter repairing a 1) eal ind tat y 11 tiie ) ‘1 lj ossible to ¢ nk the « i 1¢ p! ted t Ho ( tire LO ) © é ttect ( Another aut le it >that the twe I botl ere ished tovet T ha ( oth « il ere 0 ( keep the heel 1 | ( the cars from mo g then started and bot GO rear \ ith r ¢ ul ! t i pick! tarted

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Handy Orchard Ladder Pruning and fruit picking can be accom- plished in a shorter time and with less damage to the trees with the specially de- vised ladder shown in the illustration, than Novel Ladder with a Movable Extension Facilitates Pruning and Fruit Picking is possible with the use of an old-style lad- der. Upon the upper end of a common ladder a forked extension, made from a length of 2 by 2-in. oak and two lengths of tire iron, is hinged to swing up and down. It is controlled from below by a lever and ratchet fastened to the side of the ladder, about 4 ft. from the lower end, a discarded cultivator lever being used for the purpose. The lever is connected to the extension by means of a '4-in. steel rod, so that the movement of the lever causes a corresponding movement of the extension. The object of the extension is to hold the ladder at convenient distances from the trunk so that any part of the branches can he reached. The extension, being inserted in a crotch, will form a safe support and prevent such damage to the tree and fruit as might result from forcing an ordinary ladder between the branches. Carbon- Monoxide Poisoning Although the danger of carbon-mon- oxide poisoning in closed garages has been emphasized repeatedly, warnings concern- ing the harmful effects of this gas produced by the combustion of fuel in houses are comparatively rare, and it happens fre- quently that people die from poisoning by exposure to this gas in unventilated rooms during the winter season. Many house POPULAR MECHANICS heaters have no flues for carrying off th. combustion gases and this means that the stay in the room. If all the windows an doors are closed for any length of time, a is often the case during winter months, t] effect of the undesirable gas and the lack « oxygen becomes apparent by causing t!] occupants to become dull and sleepy, mar cases being on record which have end: fatally. As a precaution the windo should always be partly open when a ga heater without a flue is used. It has bee: determined by the U. S. bureau of mine that the atmosphere in a room should hy changed at least once every hour, and thi is best accomplished by keeping the wit dow open about an inch at the bottom an also at the top. In no case should the heater be left burning with the window closed, when retiring. The danger also exists wherever an in ternal-combustion engine is used, if the ex haust pipe leaks and does not carry awa all the gas. And in automobile where exhaust heaters are often used proper circulation of fresh air is impera tive, as the heater may leak or the exhaust gases may get into the car from below closed Self-Adjusting Window Ventilator Adjustable window screens of the slid ing or telescoping kind are not very dut able due to their light construction, and a the two screens do not always fit against each other tightly there is apt to be a: opening for flies to a= f=" creep through. A much better and | ‘4t| stronger adjust iy H able window Sa screen, which eliminates this un —~ desirable feature and is much easiet to put in place, is shown in the illus tration. It con sists of a screen tacked to a sturdy frame of 1 by 2-in wood, and with a movable endpiece springs against the that window casing as soon as it is released The construction of this end is as follows The end of the frame is grooved for it entire length and about two-thirds of its automatically depth. An equal length of 1 by 2-in. wood is rabbeted on both sides to form a tongue, to fit loosely in the groove. A length ot corset steel, bent to a semi-circular shape with the ends turned up slightly, is in

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POPULAR thi rted in the center of the groove as he own, and two 3-in. round-head screws in used to hold the two pieces of wood -" vether. Holes are drilled in the grooved th. ece for the screws to fit in loosely, but 7 e threaded ends of the screws are driven t} ly into the tongue. This arrangement t ows the endpiece to be pressed inward, r d the spring pushes it back again. A D nger groove is provided in the endpiece re to facilitate removal of the screen.—M. ¢ e1 verett, Chicago, Ill ¥ aa be Drain Pipe for Washing Machine . Removing used water from a washing d achine by the pailful is a slow and labori a task and the drain pipe shown in the ; lustration will therefore be appreciated consists of a 1! $-in. pipe, bent and flared shown, and fitted on the vent pipe. A heck valve of the horizontal-swing type is | ed to prevent sewer gas from backing : tothe room. This is better than a goose- neck trap, which would allow the dirty : nd soapy water to remain in the trap vetween wash days and possibly give off undesirable odor. The flared end of the drain pipe may be a funnel of sheet iron oldered to its end. The washing machine s placed so that its drain cock is over the funnel, discharging the dirty water directly

f } “? a ] y j ALA ) ta 4 VA AL | | . | : | CHECK VALVE~ | TY | TANK --4--} } | 7 } a ‘ TO SEWER Connecting the Washing Machine to the Drain Pipe through a Check Valve ' t the ¢ é | e connec ma » pro » ( el é t me od tT 1 yr tiie + I t 4 i i}? ( I tv ¢ ¢ ONE mses tm pe used [oO ome t running liquid glue into the space be > oa nd the | thea oleeo e DpUID and tire vase I the giue thick to run between the parts ea t can be thinned by heating MECHANICS 343 Half-Round Tables Conserve Space in Kitchen T here is little space to spare in the mod ern apartment kitchen, or rather kitchen ette ; the table shown in the drawing,

TABLES IN | USE SEPARATELY

e COMBINED TABLES Where Space Is at a Premium This Sectional Table Will Prove of Value therefore, will appeal to dwellers in such buildings. It is made in two half-round sections, the diameter being 42 in. and the height 29 in. As may be seen from the drawing, the construction is simple and well within the ability of the amateur cab inetmaker Practically any wood may be used, and the table finished in ename When the two halves are used separatel\ the flat side is set against the kitchen wa and as each is provided with three leg they are quite steady Placed together they make a dining table large enoug for four person Waterproofing Ignition Leads Most owners and drivers ot For mobiles have experienced tlic letrim effect of water on the high-tensio ¢ on leads, as the vy ter < rt-circuited. It is been | r¢ l ip cation oO r c Ove iterproot them ettect Atte oming n thev ca ) | there \ then be ) ( circu 1 tie ove ot ¢ ( the rubl i r

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344 POPULAR MECHANICS Reversing Switch for Toy Locomotive A toy electric locomotive is more inter- esting to the boy owner if it is reversible, but engines equipped with a_ reversing NEW LEADS FORMER LEADS TO 3 BRUSHES TO 4 BRUSHES Direction of Toy Locomotive Reversed by Smal! Switch Which a Boy Can Make Safety Container for Cleaning Fluid It is common practice in tailor shops and pressing establishments to have an open pan of gasoline or other cleaning fluid on the work- bench for dipping the men Ccileaniag brush; but be- sides being STOPPER | = wasteful, this method is dangerous, and therefore a Wisconsin tailor devised the safety con- tainer shown in the draw- ing. It con- sists of a fruit jar with a small pan soldered to the cover. Three holes are punched or drilled through the pan and cover; one to receive a bent copper tube, one a stopper with a wire handle, and the third a valve of an old inner tube. The copper tube and valve stem are soldered in the positions shown, the lower end of the tube being about % in. above the bottom of the jar. A rubber bulb is attached to the valve by means of a length of rubber tubing. In use, the jar is filled, the cover screwed on WIRE HAN DLE COPPER TUBE _VALVE- switch cost much more than others. How- ever, a simple reversing switch can readily be made by any boy from a small woode: spool, and two fiber disks of the same di ameter. A center hole is first drilled through all three for a bolt with which the switch is attached to the engine. Two small round-head screws are driven into the spool near the edge and directly oppo site each other. Two corresponding holes are drilled through each of the disks: those in the upper disk being equal to the diameter of the stem of two small bolts which are later pushed through as shown and the holes in the lower disk a trifle larger than the heads. The wires leading to the brushes are then detached and fas tened under the heads of the small screws driven into the spool, and two other leads are run from the small bolts in the upper nber disk back to the brushes. The heads of the bolts touch the heads of the screws and thus permit a constant current to flow. Turning the disks halfway around by means of the head of the central bolt re verses the direction of the current and consequently reverses the direction in which the locomotive is moving: and the bulb is used to force air into the jar, causing the fluid to rise through the copper tube into the pan, When the cleaning work, or spotting, is finished, the stopper is removed, allowing the liquid remaining in the pan to flow back into the jar. The replacement of the cork prevents evaporation and accidental ignition.—G. E. Hendrickson, Argyle, Wis. Wind-Proof Hanger for Signs The drawing shows a pair of wind-proof hangers for a sign that has to be changed frequently, such as are used on trains and street cars and in other sim- ilar cases. The hangers are made of round bar stock, bent to the shape indicated . and screwed in position. The signs are pro vided with eyes large enough to slip over the hangers. When once in position the sign will not come off unless a vertical force is applied and this can only be done manually.—A. C. Cole Chicago, Ill.

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Boathouse for Small Canoe Club By WALTER { Becwe boathouse described in this article was built by a small canoe club in a ttle Michigan town, and, in addition to toring the craft, it afforded the members a meeting place for the winter months, ind kept the spirit and enthusiasm of the members alive during the periods when they could not indulge in their favorite sport. The total cost of the building was $400, and it can be duplicated for approxi mately this amount in any part of the country—probably ot much less if any great An Interesting and Practical Canoe-Club House, Which Embodies Several Novel Ideas; the Hoist Enables the Canoes to Be Stored and Launched Easily amount of the work can be undertaken by the users themselves. The building will house twelve canoes, and, by sacrificing the clubroom, four more can be accom modated. The cost of the building, di- vided among the owners of the craft, is small in comparison with the benefits de- rived from it. The building measures 20 ft. deep by 32 tt. wide, which allows placing six canoes on either side of the clubroom, the cen- X. BRENNAN ters of the compartment partitions being 4 ft. apart. If the clubroom space is not desired, eight canoes can be placed on the ground level, and eight on the upper tier rhe framing is made of 2 by 4-in. stock, the vertical members being 4 ft. apart. The siding is of 6-in. matched lumber, ap- plied vertically, and the roofing boards are 12-in. second or third-grade material, cov ered with composition roofing. It is the usual practice to store canoes on brackets or shelves in one large room, but this usually requires two men to put the upper ones in place. It is also neces sary, with this practice, to remove all equipment when the canoe is stored, and place it in a separate locker for safe-keep ing—and such lockers are invariably too small for the users’ requirements. In this boathouse, however, all canoes are slid into

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from the tront of the house, each laving its Own separate compartment with a door at the end, which may be locked by the owner of the canoe. All miay thus be left in the place l equipment boat and be per- In addition to this, one can easily raise one end of the Man canoe to end and slide the crait into its compartment. Che the door sill,

CLUB ROOM o.oo” te 4 ak XS-9O ] ‘ i ROLLERS} ~< i , ss l« HK — wi ~ 4 H Ve aK aK ” H ~ a - 48 -#-48 #48 —+* S iL tk t4 a M 32-0’ Floor Plan of Boathouse, Showing How the Canoes Are Stored ing unde compartments are partitioned wire, which vith chicken allows’ the air to circulate throughout the building, to keep the craft dri The doors for the compartments are siding, the lower made ot ones heine

Laying Linoleum When laving linoleum never butt the eams and tack to the floor along this line o that the cutting must be done at the but tack only the latter first allowing approximately Overiap at the seams has been outside edges, linoleum a few days, a straight cut is mad through both layers, a very irp knife being, of course, used to do tl Che re sulting joint will be a tight ind the ] edges are then tac] dto the floor b mean oO! headless tacl Va \ thinl that it necessary to give oleum a coat ot it 1! h to preserve it irtace, but Hoor wax

POPULAR MECHANICS

Construction; Note the Compartment Framing so a semi-floating dock ts used. rels, end, permanent rubbet in ladie neel two or!

hinged at the bottom so that a roller may be mounted on each ease in door for additional handling the canoes; the upper doors are hinged at the top so as notton terfere with the lower openings lr} “floor” of each compartment consists o rollers, the pivots of which run in hole in the framing thought hese may be spaced necessary. The clubroom is partitioned from th: remainder of the house with wallboard and floored with the material used for the siding. A floored space 1s made at the back end of one of the canoe compart ments next to the clubroom, in which stove may be set up in pe winter. A full-size door FOR STOVE with glass upper pane ma is used at one end of the H room and a window a H the other. As this house 14 is on a bank 8 ft. abov the water, a mast an 4 boom are mounted hal H:| way down the bank so a H-g to enable the canoes t: 1 ™ be lifted from the wate H and swung around it H front of their bert! 4 lwo single pulleys al i] the necessary rope pet mit the average canoe t lj be raised easily; the end +i of the rope is fastened t a cleat on the mast. The butt of the mast rests i: Insert, Build- a concrete socket in tl] eround. The water leve! at this place is variable Four bat lashed together, support the while the shore end is hinged to sill, so that the dock may ri ind tall with tl eS eV tet level oute

‘will serve the same purpose, is cheaper a1 can be applied with much less trouble. It well rubbed in and poli ed it will produce finish wl ; in W Tlie Is «it ind vwear-resist Non-Skid Rubbers Those who have een annoyed ) heels skiddiu ry ith rainy ( ill appreciate the imple method ( preventing this D cutting slots in the eel to grip the wet pavement matter how slippery it 1s In men’s hee iree or tour cuts are m de each way, but three oblique cut re suthicient.

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Hints on Varnishing Many amateurs fail in their attempts to o a good job in rubbed-varnish work ecause they do not take the important ictor of temperature into consideration. he best temperature for interior varnish- ng is from 80 to 85° F., as the varnish will then flow evenly. All doors and windows iould be closed tightly so that drafts will ot vary the temperature, and also to pre ent dust from being deposited on the var- sh, which is another cause of poor work. fhe varnish should be applied sparingly, s too thick a coat will wrinkle upon dry- ge. Vibration of the floor above must be uarded against as it loosens dust particles n the walls and ceilings which will settle n the varnished surface. After one or two coats of varnish are applied and these ubbed down with pumicestone powder nd water, a thicker coat is applied and his rubbed down with rottenstone powder nd crude oil. The varnish will set quickly vhen the room is allowed to cool gradually hy opening the doors only.—L. H. Georger, Buffalo, N. Y. Making an Ax Cut Easily When a series of grooves is ground in the fies, a8 shown in the illustration,an ax will sink up to the eye in wood with very little ef- fort. This is a simple kink, long kept se- cret by woods- men and lum- berjacks, who seem to make saws and axes do most surprising things. The cause of the greater efficiency of the ax is that the surface of the blade is lessened, and con- sequently the friction reduced correspond- Garver, Huntingdon, Tenn. ingly.—J. T. Chicken-Proof Bird Feeder Many people feed birds by putting grain or bread crumbs on a post. However, it there are any light chickens around, such they can fly up on the post is leghorns, A simple and effec- and devour the food POPULAR MECHANICS tive method of preventing this is to provide a movable perch, pivoted on the post as shown in the drawing. As soon as a Movable Perch Used to Make Bird-Feeding Post Inac- cessible to Chickens chicken alights on the crosspiece the perch becomes topheavy and turns upside down, the other end, which is suitably weighted, swinging around and striking the chicken “in the neck,” which will effect a cure without fatal results. On the other hand, the perch will not be upset in this way by the weight of smaller birds. The general method of making such a perch is clearly shown in the drawing, and the point to pivot it varies with the size of the perch and the weight of the wood.—J. F. Hobart, Dunedin, Fla. soon Using Broken Chain-Pull Sockets Electric chain-pull sockets are usually thrown away as soon as the mechanism is sprung or broken, which puts the switch out of order. If the sockets are otherwise in good condition, they can be used with- out the switch mechanism as plain keyless sockets. In pull sockets one of the lamp cords is connected to the threaded shell into which the lamp screws and need not be changed; the other is connected to the flat spring which contacts with the center of the lamp by means of the moving parts The latter are removed and a short insu lated wire is soldered to the spring and to the center of the socket.

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POPULAR Detachable Running-Board Ice Box achable poarad 1¢ \ ] \ det running e box of the kind shown in the illustration has been found to be of great value on camping trips. It is made of heavy galvanized iron, \ > _._. SOF T-DRINK AND FRUIT COMPARTMENT FOOD COMPARTMENT BOTTLES” \ } ae } GRATING ~~~ ————F neg iy CLL ") Gauvanizeo: 4 *-pRAIN = IRON - RUNNING BOARD’ Detachable Ice Box on Running Board Is Useful on Camping Trip has a compartment for the ice, upon which fruit and sott-drink bottles can be piled, and another compartment for bread, cakes and food that must be kept dry lwo hinged covers are fitted to the top, as in- dicated, and a slat grating is provided in the bottom to allow easy drainage. The whole arrangement is fastened to the run- ning board by means of four bolts passing 1 through two angle-iron brackets, which ire riveted to the ends ot the box. and through holes drilled through the running d and bushed ferrule The tet iles are turned up out of brass stockandare Small Scale Made from Test Tube \ simple and accurate scale tor weigh in small quantities of chemicals can be | rom a glass tube such as develop MECHANICS sold The bottom is weighted 1 are in, or ordinat ing powders test tube. dow with fine shot, fixed in place with seal W and a cardboard disk, cut to ly, is fastened over the top witl wax also. By immersing the tube water and weighting it down with sn druggists’ weights, the proper graduati marks can the tube with the aid ot a George Parke, Winter: Park, Fla any ax, uc nt st sea made on harp file be Preventing Columns from Rotting Porch columns and posts cannot bi painted on the underside where they re on the floor, and as a consequence thi end is the first to de cay, as water running down the post seeps under it and cannot dry out quickly. This trouble can be over come and the end pro- tected against by drillin diagonal hole at the base of the column as shown. A half-and-half mixture of linseed oil and tur- pentine is poured into the hole, and a wooden plug is then driven in to prevent evaporation of the mixture The result is that the oil penetrates the wood and makes it impervious to moisture deca \ fa COLUMN BASE Catching the “Bugs” Continually annoyed by insects flying around his electric lights at night, and finding that he could not entirely exclude them from his sho ) b CC £.¢€ i 1 ORD *-FLY PAPER ROPLIGHT 1 ised to ho | the papet one it the bottom to prevent the pa er trom being blown against the lamp | H > , Rouge, La Unglesbv, Baton

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“Killing” Knots A coating of shellac applied to knots is well-known measure which is employed iniversally for preventing knots from show- ng through painted surfaces. But some nots are so resinous that this common method is not effective, even if several coats of shellac are applied. In such cases t will be found that a small quantity of red lead mixed with the shellac will “kill” the knot and effectively prevent its appear- ance through the paint. Avoiding Locking of Steering Gear In many automobile accidents the cause has been traced to the locking of the steer- ing gear, which may sometimes occur when turning sharp corners and is largely due to wear in the lever arm, drag link nd other connecting parts. The danger of having the lever arm lock may be elimi- nated by either of the two attachments hown in the illustration. For a worm-and-sector type of steering gear it is usually possible to provide two tuds to project from the frame of the car, is shown, to serve as limit stops. In the case of light cars that have the straight- arm type of steering gear, which has the lever arm keyed directly to the steering- post rod, stops are made of “%e¢-in. steel plate. They are cut in a triangular shape WORM-AND-SECTOR TYPE pes Wraaeie ip gS: ne + Ses teerttet ue LEVER ARM... LIMIT STOP DRAG LINK Fs WE gis tess ts ~e STEERING- GEAR BRACKET Ps CRANKCASE LIGHT-CAR TYPE Stops Prevest Steering Gear from Locking by Limiting Its Swing and are bolted to the underside of the crankcase and the steering-gear bracket, as shown in the lower detail, the ends be ing bent down a trifle as indicated. It is advisable to bolt up the brackets and meas ure the throw of the lever before cutting off the ends. POPULAR MECHANICS Ball Retriever for Lone Pitcher The aspiring baseball pitcher is handi capped considerably if forced to practice alone. Bouncing the ball back from the + 1 LUMBER a 2x4 POST PADDED BACKSTOP CONDUCTOR PIPE _ SLOPING BOTTOM Device for Returning Baseballs to Lone Pitcher and Thus Aiding Him Considerably side of a building is not satisfactory, and unless an area to show the range of all balls thrown is marked, little 1s done to ward improvement. The device shown in the drawing was made by a young chap who had no brothers, and no chums near at hand, and was compelled to devise some sort of re- trieving apparatus, or walk after the balls after having thrown them. The device consists of a vertical “wall” supported on two posts, with a rectangular opening cut in it. Behind this and slightly larger than the opening is a panel, heavily padded. The panel and wall are joined just below the opening to form a trough, which slopes toward one side. Here a conductor pipe is attached, which runs through the wall and terminates about 30 ft. in front of it at the place where the pitcher stands. Balls thrown through the opening roll through the conductor pipe back to the pitcher. By using two balls he can keep himself busy continually. If the ball fails to enter the opening it will bounce back. But frequent impact against the wood shortens the life of the ball, and if one desires to avoid this, the whole surface of the larger panel may be padded and another collecting trough extended about 1 ft. in front of it, so that all balls will be returned to the point where the pitcher stands.—Dale R Van Horn, Walton, Neb.

Page 180

POPULAR MECHANICS

Easy Method of Storing Hose which can be done by careful hammering

before the latter is soldered in. As an Much unnecessary wear on the garden easier alternative, the part of the botto: hose is avoided by having the hose con- surrounding the leader pipe opening mig! nection in the basement, as indicated inthe — be slightly recessed to form a funnellik« —_ cup, and in either case the leg should b = slightly higher than the floor-drain pipe, t: 2 PULLEY So give the pan a backward slant.—L ‘H C,eorger, Buft ilo, N \

Loosening Corroded Battery Terminals

el Corroded battery terminals are often dit tee ~ ficult to loosen. A little heat applied t Garden Hose Arranged So ac Nee’ : . , PP I Hf That No Part Is Exposed a blowtorch or alcohol lamp will do the

I] When Not in Use work, but if neither of these is handy, one 1/8 drawing, instead of of the little wafers that are used for quick HOSE s { ane vulcanizing can be used. It is placed on ~~ oe | utside, as it usually 5 | - f=. he terminal and lighted. As it burn a is In addition. the terminal an ighted. d it burn SSE there is then no ®@Way it will heat up the terminal sufh Se part of the pipe ex- ciently to loosen it. Care must be taken posed and likely to ©! Course, not to melt the terminal.—Chas —— freeze in winter. Olsen, Fond du Lac, Wis he hose is left coupled to the faucet in the peneadia. and kept coiled in a box is a close to the wall. From the box the hose Adjusting Auto Brakes

runs over a pulley fastened to a floor joist above, and passes outside through a pipe set in a hole cut through the wall lhe upper edge of the pulley, of course, ts in line with the pipe, and the edges of the latter are rounded off, and the inside made smooth with a file and emery, s

Of the parts on an automobile those that wear most rapidly and need most frequent adjustment are the brakes. Keeping these in good condition is essential to safety, es pecially in congested cities where sudden stops are often necessary to avoid col » that the lisions. Brakes are usually adjusted by hose will not be damaged in passing two persons, one seated in the car pushing through it. A guard, made of heavy tin, the brake pedal down and the other mak may be clamped on the end of the hose ing the adjustments and testing the brake just behind the nozzle, if it is desired to by turning the rear wheels, which are prevent it from slipping into the basement jacked up. This method, however, is very inaccurate, as the exact terision ot both brakes can not he equalized in this way, be cause the pressure applied to the brake by the pe:

A Practical Drip Pan

sually the position of an icebox has to be exact as its drain pipe must be located ght above the drain in the floor How-

evel it position

be so ac

“++ +? - curate I 1 pret

oth eth Hoot

rainage it the brake down. In maki yr {

ould be well to slope the bottom of the ment, the stick is put in rom all sides toward the leader pipe there 1s a slight pressure on the peda

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th the rear wheels jacked up, each one them is turned around by hand. If th wheels turn with the same effort, no ustment need be made so far. But if e wheel turns much more easily than e other, the brake on that wheel must tightened until it turns just as hard. e stick on the pedal is then shifted to ition B, where it will exert more pres- re on the brakes. The wheels are again ned to see if the brakes are equally set careful adjustment of either brake may ll be necessary. After this is done, the ck moved to position C, where it resses the pedal down almost entirely oth wheels should now be absolutely movable, and if this is the case, they are periect condition. The stick should be enough so that it will not be quite right angles to the seat even in the last J. E. Dekker, Chicago, II. iS ng $1T10N.- Convenient Garage Doorway When driving an automobile into or out a garage on the alley, it is difficult to jake the short turn required by the lim ted width of the alley, especially with irs. In building two adjoining garages lis trouble was taken into consideration nd eliminated by the three-door arrange shown in the photo. The center large ent all is shorter than the outer walls so that the doors next to it close at an angle to the In this way, when all three doors others. j , 7 P ‘ / 4 3 DOORS | Nove! Three-Door ; , HY ’ Arrangement for : ; i : ’ Alley Garage. Which Makes It Easy to Drive In or Out are open, a wider exit than the ordi- nary is provided, and one can drive in or out mm a larger arc, as indicated by the dovted lines in the insert. POPULAR MECHANICS 351 Rigid Holder for Portable Typewriter Many people prefer a small portable typewriter to a large one for home use, but find that the movement of the carriage, which is large and heavy im proportion to — “aren Tai © 104 @ € ; : . y = 104" | TOP Y i ; | 24 ° ° _- . FRONT ‘ ij a A 4 CLAMP BASE LEATHER STRIP >. —_ 6” Light Portable Typewriter Wooden Holder for Is Clamped to Table Toy the rest of the machine, causes the ma chine to travel toward the left continually making it necessary to move it back to its original position frequently. This trouble is readily overcome by means of a holder of the kind shown in the photograph. It consists of a board of %4-1n. material, hav ing holes, counterboreu in the top, to re ceive the legs of the typewriter; a front piece of the same material, screwed to the top piece as indicated, and a clamp by which the holder fastened securely to the table. The details of construction are given in the drawing. The size of the clamp depends on the thickness of the table top, and if different tables are to be used, the clamp should be suited to the thicker one, small wooden wedges being used to clamp the holder to the thinner A hardwood piece, about 4% in. wide and 1% in. thick, as a brace for the thin wood, is mortised into the underside of the holder and held with glue and three screws. The appearance of the holder may be improved by the application of a coat of black paint. Harold R. Harvey, Buhl, Idaho. is @ It often happens aiter stuffing and sew ing up a fowl for roasting, that some of the dressing out between the stitches, making it rather difficult and dis agreeable to handle. This trouble can be prevented by putting the end crust of a loaf bread inside of the opening. comes ot

Page 182

OVA From

‘ t \l t I i A 1 t ‘ yake If ‘ | t r ind 1 \ + K ex I { r I ‘ ( t ve vears e Bols s t t « t { tant { busine 1 the t ‘ € | Aug e cata $ I t lars U t te I not wait l t the su é cata } \sia M ) | t I vhat lit et ‘ t l itr es ww well Nea East Relief here i well $ the \mer Red ( s S$ ety who ene S ha ent mill s of dollars to » the po : ‘ | ( n example the 1 est ‘ r ( su " | t t pit unt ind h 1 not the ddress ot 1 America, I take the libert | S self t i ral assistat \ Ru Gre ‘ POPULAR MECHANICS the Bureau’s Mail Bag

trat ‘ t t ‘ ¥ t , t t eng ym t i r ] tea Cridland, Re t R H } ' ¢ 1 Rrit \\ t Ind p M te \ | . , 1 +} . ¢ 1D stion , jliged if you would pa [t is the editorial policy of this mag ldre t izine never to accept compensation ling |i parachutes ‘ MeGrat! P W or | In any shape or torm for what ap gineer, SI New Ze pears in our reading pages, and in . . order to avoid even the appearance I am a constant le P lar Mechar und =f we are obliged to omit ot doit ” So, | ‘ P . , ver interesti f I a the name of the maker or seller ot most val t & " ' : iny article described This infor 5 my — : oa ’ “ : earning t t ng mation is kept on file, however, and = guage.-J. O. Darcl S a will be turnished, free, by address brooke, Que., Car ( ng the Bureau of Information, Pop sce ™ lar Mechanics Magazine, 200 East As y mu at M ; loubt, this 1 gre Ontario St., Chicago, [linois producing ' ter of fact i Brazil’s staple 4 2 e of the rest su mills of the cout >> t ¢ P r " ited in the stat R not 1 et | | t t mm the Capi the | eral strict [f p P.. t | greatl ppre ite isl 1 wW t letatl r ar the art 1 I i. fuel and potas! I don’t n t ‘ ' a possihilit tl t er ‘ ane ( Dale, R j | x ' p as \ i I i ra ‘ . - ( " i { { >. ‘ { ) | ¢ = 1) H )