Popular Mechanics 1924-07: Vol 42 Iss 1

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a Sai TZ | ey Mi) MS MG POF ULAR | MECHANICS MAGAZINE WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT GREAT BRITAIN. No. 41042 “ 2 3 ee > TA OP! ae, ye & ~*~ od £ f -_ — " = . : / ff 4 . . 4,4 :

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€ Trained Men in Demand we Seen Sain 3150 a Week Here’s one instance of the success McSweeny Training has brought thousands of men: George W. Smith, West Alexandria, O., has earned over $800 a month ever since he finished his training. He now owns his own garage and auto agency. When Smith came to me he knew nothing about autos. In eight weeks my methods made a big-money man ovt of him. And there’s no reason why any boy can’t do just as well. Le ll Pay Railroad Fare to Either School and Board You for My Full 8 Weeks Term I get callsevery day from garages, battery stations, auto factories and so on, for McSweeny-trained men. Albert Boyer, of Alexandria, Ky., is only 19 years old, but has been making a big success in his own business. He says my training made him win out. To fill the calls on me for trained experts, I’m making this wonder‘ul offer for a short time. I'll pay your railroad fare to Cincin nati or Cleveland, and board you for the full eight weeks in $0 Days Youre Ready, fo Command a Big Pay Job 13,000,000 Autos and 1,000,000 Tractors must be kept running. Spend 50 days in my great shops and no job will be too hard for you. Big wages and steady work certain. “* McSweeny training made me Chief Mechanic of a big plant in three months,” writes Fred Pendley ,Blowing Rock, N.C Electrical Course Included Every one of my students receives a complete course in practical electricity. He learns igni- tion, starting, lighting, power plant and generator wiring—all by the same work-shop job- ods which teach him all about carburetors, transmissions, vulcanizing, battery construction and repair. 1s in 50 days to tackle any machine, in any condition, and “‘put it on its feet’’.

e fac Trains Men With Tools ~Not Textbooks ou Learn Under Experts in a Wonderful Shop , i. , Ihave successfully managed more auto and tractor schools than any man ; in the world. I am in complete control of the former Rahe Auto & Tractor School, of Cincinnati, Chio, and alsothe Cleveland Automobile School Co., + ty r

Cleveland, Ohio. Write me and I'll tell you what these splen<id schools “The Great McSweeny School’ Tuition Offer for McSWEENY e Auto, Tractor & Electrical Sth & Walnut 1815 .E. 24th cincinnati GOHOO Cleveland Ohio Successors to Rahe School of Cincinnati and the Cleveland Automobile School

i elite | can mean to YOU, to your pay envelope and to your future. Address school nearest you. Write Today for Free Catalog € Special Reduced e Scholarship. McSweeny Auto, Tractor & Electrical School Dept. 146 (Address School nearest you) Send me your Big Free Book on auto and tractor business, and send meinformation on special reduced tuition offer, in effect for a short time only Name COOH SESSEE SESE EHESESESEEEEHEEESOS EES EEESELEEESEOES ** ot 2 ® MATT ITITT TC Tei erTT rer . GHP OF TONE s oc cccvdccccesecccccovessccce Gees eseccseenel (No facilities for colored students) COHCOSSSESSCEOSSESOSEOSSOSOEHSSSSESESB®E

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— SCHOOSHSCHSHSHEHSSESEHSOHEEEEHO OOOO SESESESE®S = POPULAR MECHANICS ADVERTISING SECTION | | | } | Become an Expert Accountant The profession that pays big incomes There will always be a demand forwell trained accountants—men whose training combines a knowledge of Auditing, Cost Accounting, Business Law, Organization, Management and Finance. Few professions offer better opportunities to men of ambition and intelligence. The tremendous business growth of this country has created a rich field for the expert. Train at Home Under the LaSalle Problem Method The LaSalle Problem Method will train you by mail under the direct supervision of William B. Castenholz, A. M., C.P. A., former Comp- troller and instructor, University of Illinois, member of American Institute of Accountants, and a director of the National Association of Cost Accountants. He is assisted by a staff of 75 instructors—legal staff, organization and management specialists; business efficiency engineers, including 31 C. P. A’s. You will be given whatever training, instruction or review on the subject of bookkeeping you may per- sonally need—and without any extra expense to you. Our big free book on the accountancy profession fully explains how we train you from the ground up, according to your individual needs, from the simplest hocttbeesing princi- ples to the most advanced accounting prob- lems. All text material supplied in the course has been especially prepared in clear, easy-to- understand language, so that you can readily master the principles by home study. Get our free beak. which fully describes our expert training course and tells all about C. P. A. examinations, state regulations, salaries and incomes, and how you can qualify for a high-grade accounting position without inter- 63 ference with your present position. Send the coupon — NOW. —— = JNOUIRY COUPON — — — — Uh ee eee ee eS SD SD SD SS cD Institution in the World Dept. 764-HR service. “Ten Years’ Promotion in One,”’ without obligation to me. 0) Higher Accountancy Training for postion as Auditor, Yertified Public Ac- Comptroller, countant, Cost Accountant, etc. Other LaSalle Training Courses Chicago, Ill. Please send me your book ,** Accountancy, the Profession That Pays,’’ and full in- formation regarding the course and Also a copy of your ea, al [LASALLE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY The Largest Business Training ] LaSalle is the largest business training institution in the world. It offers training or every important business need If more in- terested in any of these courses, check here: O Business Management O Modern Salesmanship OD Railway Station Management 0 Law—Deegree of LL. B. 0 Commercial! Law O Traffic Management O Industrial Management Efficiency O Modern Business Corre spondence and Practice Zz ms 3 > O Banking and Finance O Modern Foremanship Methods and Productior 0 Personne! and Employ ment Management DO Expert Bookkeeping O Business English 0 Commercial Spanish 0D Effective Speak ng OC. P. A. Coaching Present Position .........

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, Sr. MAY 11,1924 Henry Haven Wiindsor NOVEMBER 13, 1859

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lay) cea Le a ear Inu Hlemoriam HENRY HAVEN WINDSOR, founder of Popular Me- chanics Magazine, which stands today as a living tribute to his genius, died Sunday, May 11, at his home in Evanston, Ill., after a short illness. Born in 1859, his early schooling was received at Marshall- town, Iowa. At the age of twelve he assembled his own print- ing press and devoted most of his time after school to its operation. When he left high school, he worked in the village postoffice and contributed articles to the Chicago newspapers until he entered college. Afterwards, he became city editor of the Times Republican, of Marshalltown. In 1883, he came to Chicago and was soon secretary of the Chicago City Railway and founder of the Street Railway Review. This inspired the desire to establish a magazine giving scientific news in simple language. As he himself expressed it: “TI started Popular Mechanics Magazine twenty-three years ago with the idea primarily in mind that it should be a maga- zine of education, and that while up to that time there was practically nothing of a technical nature set forth in plain, simple language, in other words, ‘written so you could under- stand it,’ I hoped to accomplish that very thing.” To this ideal of his magazine he gave his love and his life. He gave his work in a spirit of worship and spent his magnifi- cent strength without stint in its service. From a struggling weekly, he watched it develop into a monthly with a world- wide circulation and saw it occupying its own home which is known as one of the most complete plants of its kind in the world. Drawing upon a seemingly inexhaustible store of energy, vitality and enthusiasm, editorship with him did not consist merely of inspiring or directing the work of others, although he did that surpassingly well. He was a powerful and forceful writer. He thought simply and hated pretense. He wrote simply and loved the truth. His last editorials written just before his illness are printed in this issue on pages forty-six to forty-eight. His ready sympathy, helpful understanding and contagious enthusiasm were an inspiration to all who came in contact with him. The greatness of his mind, the modesty of his heart, the integrity of his spirit lived with him. But they will not die with him. They are preserved as a bright tradition among those who had the honor of working with him and for those who will come after. During later years Mr. Windsor’s responsibilities have been largely shared by H. H. Windsor, Jr., his son and suc- cessor, who through his intimate contact with his father’s work for so many years will continue to carry forward the ideal to which the magazine is dedicated.

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Popular Mechanics Magazine REGISTERED IN U. S. PATENT OFF WRITTEN SO YOU CAN UNDERSTAND IT Vol. 42 JULY, 1924 No. 1 Over $112,600 Offered for Your Ideas Manufacturers, Inventors and Leaders of Public Opinion Unite in Praise of Industrial Award Plan Copyright, 1924, by H. H. Wit W! lH additional offers received since mendable,” writes John J. Harris, of John the first announcement a month ago J. Harris and company. “Today, as al- by Popular Mechanics Magazine of the ways, to bring meritorious effort into full Industrial Award Plan raising the total play, interest must be aroused to achieve to more than $112,600, manufacturers, results and this your P lan, in et for leaders of public opinion, inventors and a share in the reward, fully promises. Nay, editors in all parts of the country have more, it promises results tar atond the united in unqualified endorsement of the ability of the mind to conceive for it will project. “Aiter careful reading of your be the means of concentrating latent plan to foster the spirit of invention by thought and ability in your readers which closer co-oper©r. ition betw een i] idustry and wiil be the base of soly ing many problems, the inventor, I have no hesitance in ex- even beyond the reach of your interna- pressing the belief tl lat itis not only sound’ tional magazine, by adding zest to the and practical in every way, but that it is spirit of accomplishment. something which is very mck needed to “The unselfish, practical, well directed keep our nation abreast of the develop- and laudable nature of your enterprise, at ments which are taking place in other once so apparent, forecasts a success in countries,’ writes James Ashton Greig, your aims at least a “at as was the editor of Electric Traction. motive and ability ich inspired the “We believe that this method of bring- thought and is carrving it into being. You ing manufacturers’ problems before the hav e stimulated the light ot invention and public for their assistance in the from its manifold rays will reap solution is a great step in advance, enjoyment. “Allow us to con- and there is no doubt but that a % late ou on a unique and great deal of rood will be ob- “| idea it is most excellent.” tained through this effort on vour declare DD. Tl. Benoliel. of the In- part, not only to the manufactur- ternational Chemical company ers interested. b ut also to the pub- Ph cle phia “It lool is though lic in ead through better you ( elv g ©” to cre ea products and cl eaper costs,” de- great deal of interest and it 1s clares J. E. Otis, Tr ice presiden . 2 quite in ie cards that some of of the B sick : ' these problems Mar | ( ne can be sol ed c oO oh ry . through che en- ‘The Plan terprise of your evolved by Pop ma ine, ivs ular Mechanics Benjamin J ef- Magazine for ferson, of Lyon bringing te and Healy, Chi- gether world cago Genius wide talent to solve the prob- lems of the day isstrikingly itself may not be so very rare. Practical folks define it as a ‘ -apacitv for bold ind most Forerunner of the Popular a a Model Faithfully Reproduced 7 Apacity ut laudably c Oo m- from Old Drawings for Use in a ‘“‘Movie’’ Production 1ard work. But 1—2 -~"

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Cv Home in le le u d d ’ POPULAR MECHANICS 3 ~ Marking Packing Box with Self- Heating Brand- ing Iron That Burns Vaporized Gasoline It First Superheats Measuring Mandolin Tops on Scale Which Records Thou- sandths of an Inch al Fou Trimming Edges =) _wa- Chamois Bag Used in /\ 2 ae, Gasoline Strainer for iis —__* a le Automobile Engines — “S a Getting Ready to Lift a “Heat” of Mo'ten Brass Mixed in an Oil-Blast | () Furnace }A hy i Oe wa 8 Joining Steel Fan Blades to Circular Frame with Electric Spot Welder That Me'ts the Two Parts Together hey

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4 POPULAR MECHANICS many who have toiled as intensively as Edison or Steinmetz have died in obscurity because their efforts have been directed along non-productive lines. It is to elimi- nate this wasted effort, to point out the broad highway of constructive achieve- ment, that the Industrial Award Plan was conceived. Take the case of Charles Pro- Seeking Chemica! Solutions for Moisture- Proof Paste, and Center, Workman In- specting Banjo, All Metal Parts of Which Are Goldplated teus Steinmetz, whose experi- ments made to ascertain the effect of lightning on electric currents caused millions to doubt if Jove had done anything wonderful. He came to America a penniless emigrant with a giant brain joined to a frail, deformed body. The sug- gestions that later resulted in the amazing development of mechanical power, in countless forms and on a stupendous scale were received by him at a meeting with a Yellow Cab Manufacturing Co. No. 1—$50,000—Traffic Safety The Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company, supply- ing vehicles to 815 yellow cab operating companies m the United States, offers an award of $50,000 for a per- fected plan, including regulations, mec hanical devices, etc., for the promotion of greater street safety in the cities of this count This offer expires May 1, 1925. The plan of traffié and pedestrian correction and regu lation must be of such caliber as to recommend its adop- tion by at least two of the six largest cities of the United States and must have basic qualities suitable for improvement of traffx snnangperans in cities of any size. The successful solutior ist materially supplement any suggestions grouped in such comprehensive traffic plans as have been made public before the first publication of the present offer iy idress Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company, 5801 West Dickens / aml 5 Chicago, Illinois pioneer worker in the field of applied elec- tricity. History records that some of the greatest inventions have come from per- sons having little or no technical knowl- edge or training. Whitney had never seen a bale of cotton before he paid a visit tothe south that resulted in his invention of the cotton gin. Prior to that time he did not Pe Putting Electric Light Sockets Together in Factory Where They Are Made; They Are Then As- sembled into Clusters know that any such problem existed. But when it was outlined to him, the solution was easy. He was not handicapped by the knowledge that “it can’t be done.” So do not hesitate to send in your ideas for the solution of the problems outlined below. The manufacturer can work out the technical details in most cases. What is wanted is ideas. Other problems will be outlined in following issues into the ranks of orchestra or brass band players. To the inventor of an instrument which gains the indorse ment of this organization, the donor offers the following terms: They will enter into a contract to make and sell the instrument and will award the inventor royalties from the sales until such time as the royalties aggre gate the sum of $10,000, when they shall cease and the instrument and all patents covering same shall become the sole property of Lyon and Healy, incorporated No entrants connected in any way with Lyon and Healy will receive any consideration in this offer The instrument must be submitted as a working model, so the committee can judge of its value as an addition to the present family of musical instruments. No ide: iS, plans, sketches or blueprints will receive considera We must have a playable model. This offer ends M. iy 1, 1925. Examining ©ommittee will consist of W. | Kirk and H. H. Windsor, editor of Popular Mechanics Magazine Address W F. Kirk, 4110 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Lyon and Healy, Inc. Everhot Manufacturing Co. No. 2—$10,000—Musical Instrument Lyon and Healy will undertake the manufacture of an entirely new and original design of musical instru ment that can be made im their piano factory, banjo and guitar tactory or their band instrument factory The design may be very simple or it may be an elaborate one. It must be a genuine musical instrument to be considered and must be such that it will be welcomed No. 3—$500—Mechanical Improvement The Everhot Manufacturing Company, making a gaso line-heated blowtorch and soldering and branding iron combined, will pay $500 for the best suggested improve ment on its product that meets the requirements and is adopted by this concern. No. 3A—$200—Best New Use This firm will also pay $200 for the best suggested new use received beiore May 1, 1925, the date these

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e n e e 'Soe n d mn oO mn 1s ~d se ee ne 4 aig, POPULAR MECHANICS expire In addition to the above, cash payments, in proportion to their value to us, will be given for all estions having reference to the production, dis tribution, and use of our products, not already known t ind which we will adopt. Address Everhot Manu- facturing Company, Maywood, L[llinois. wy Problem Number AM-1 No. 4—$500—Preventing Waste of Zinc In operating a brass foundry there is a considerable loss of zine at the furnaces. Zinc oxidizes freely and e being melted, oxidizes and passes off in the form hite cloud in the air. It is obnoxious to workmen ently causes illness. The loss of zinc that es variously estimated at from three to ten cent If any way could be devised whereby this xide could be saved and reduced to the metallic gain, it would mean a great gain. This donor vill pay $500 for a practical solution of the problem, me which they would adopt. This offer will end lay 1, 1925. Address Problem Number AM-1, Popu- Mechanics Magazine, Chicago, Lllinois. No. 4A—$100—Disposal of Leather Waste In the manufacture of leather belting there is con- ble waste left after the leather is trimmed pre } + y } d e { b » } Ss Oonsists ) -, & Ss mw » being made into belt. This consists of piece Thomas A. Edison in His Younger Days with One of xg as a man’s hand and narrow strips cut from His First Designs of the Talki Machine It tormerly was used in manufacturing whips ” ts for horses and in heels of shoes, but other 1 processes have done away, in a great No. 6B—$100—Advertising Plan ith these demands for the material For a I ch this waste product could be disposed of y he See aes ap : : = dealers in stimulate the ess ¢ ert , ses easot le price to the maker of leather belting, arn i . a to 1 . als - vill pay the sum of $100 in casl May 1 ¢] Re "2 e noel . #3 100 the closing date for the offer. Address Prol This » for o workable concrete : hoe é ' Popular Mechanics Magazine, ( A ell attean® euabomere ds i ; aa " : to eectr lamps he t e offers « e May 1, 19 \ddress \dvert t Dept Benjamin Elec Mfg. Co., 847 W. Jackson Bivd., Chicago, Illir | John J. Harris and Company Problem Number LR-2 No. 5—$1,000—Waterproofing and Sales ern makes paste known as “Bull Grip” hav- No. 7—$5,000—What Shall We Make? i | tically universal application as an adhe r It , , , A splet lly eq 1 factor nu es ent r ised as a li iry paste, a glue, a cement and a : I . ' wood rims similar t 1 ge ihe adhe e and cohesive propertie +1 es a spe 1 > exceedingly strong t will ise a t ‘ " , eT ’ n t ihe so strongly t pl > of wood id € so mgly to a r 4 ; “ t t sustain the weight ~— several |} ed a { , 1 will cause like substances to cobs | ; n - : : ] € e ! We desire the best w 1y to market the pr : v ties among manutacturers wi cal ‘ . , . é ting t t We also wish an economical method of : , t ‘ e wat p I es¢ For a i hae t n J }. Harris and Company will pay $5 for a h of these problems ac« t t ! eived r to May 1 \ John J. Ha 1 ¢ Street, Chicago, I [ | Benjamin Electric Mfg. Co. -* No. 6—$250—Making Electric Stand Lamps For the most practical and workable met! ter ned y our engineering department vhich B ta 1 lan p ciusters car be anchored to standard f vases, urns, etc., including covering and finisl! ‘ penings, thus converting them to electric stand lamps, we shall pay $250 No. 6A—$150—Lamps from Old Vases For the most practical and workable method, as de termined by us, of attaching Benjamin stand lamp clus ters to vases, urns, etc., with the aid of ordinary mate rials usually found among stocks of electrical contractors Miniature Reproduction of First Locomotive in England, and lamp dealers, $150 will be paid. Built by William Murdock, Inventor of Coal-Gas Light

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POPULAR M AY “a! Vd ue}

ECHANICS

Des = of

ef 4 h t 4 if Biplane, Built = When Propel- E lers Were y “Pa \ “Worn” at the / aa ey a ae | : Rear ( Z

ce Langley’s Renowned Airplane Set for Trial Sait over the Potomac; It Dropped into the ie Water at the Take-Off; Sketch Above | Shows It Poised for Flight

that will solve our problem and one that we would adopt, we shall pay $5,000 when the idea has proved successful and satisfactory within a re ison able time. Offer expires May 1, 1925. Address Problem Number LR-2, Popular Mechanics Magazine. hi icago, Lllinois

Ilg Electric Ventilating Co.

No. 8—$5,000—Uses for Ventilating Fans We will pay a total of $5,000 .or ideas sue¢gesting novel and practical uses of Ilg motor propeller fans with automatic shutters, Ilg blowers and Ilg unit heaters In paymg for suggestions their value will be deter- mined by novelty, and usefulness; the more widely the suggestion can be used, the more we shall pay for it. The amounts to be paid for suggestions will probably

Old “Pusher” ST A ETI

The Wi

“ aay ts One . x "4 ama | pS ee range fror to $1, All suggest will be looked ove < et y d those that can t erit pay- ment will be returned ; those adopted will be paid for promptly We will be sole judges im det: ning the suggestions that are useful and their value to us Offer ends May 1, 1925 Ac } Company, 2850 North Crawfo

Jahn & Ollier Engraving Co.

No. 9—$500—What Is “Relief” or “Dry Effect”? Frequently on plates developed in pyro-soda, photog- raphers find shadows raised in reiie This o curs more vee

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ea ————) i ee “~~ “ ae | POPULAR MECHANICS with wet plates, than when making a Velox print. A piece of glass ts coatet d with albumen so the film will not wash off the plate, and left to dry. Then it is covered with collodion, which “‘sets,”’ and is put into a silver ni- trate bath to sensitize. E xposure is mé ade while the plate is wet, and after wz ishing, it is “‘fixed”’ in a cyanide of tassium bath to clear away undeveloped silver. After fixing, it is intensified by immersion in a solu- tion of sulphite of copper, washed and placed in a nitrate of ver solution. (Some claim this operation is the cause of dry effect.) Following intensification, the nega- tive is bleached with a solution of iodine made soluble with iodine of potassium and water. It is then cleared 1 weak bath of cyanide of potassium to bring out the tones. Washing, and bleaching with sodium sulphide lows. Some such negatives are treated with a solution of mercury and blackened with ammonia sulphide, washed, and a weak mixture of nitrate acid used to clear stains left by ammonia sulphide. A _ solution of er dissolved in either benzol or gasoline is applied ifter the plate dries. Over this a coating of collodion is iced, which consists of alcohol, ether, gun cotton and istor oil. The film is separated from the glass by im- ersing in water for a few minutes. It is then stripped » a glass plate and printed on sensitized copper. t is e that the dry effect shows. For a process that will eliminate “‘dry effect’’ successfully, we will pay $500. No. 9A—$500—Color Separation A cover of this magazine is reproduced in four-color process from an original water-color drawing. The inks sed in printing are yellow, red, blue and black, requir- four different plates. When photographing the orig- nal drawing, filters are used in front of lenses to sepa- te colors. For the yellow plate, a purple filter is used to eliminate blues, purples and magenta reds and to em- e yellows, orange and yellow green. An orange is used for the blue plate to strain out all red, nge and yellow and to strengthen blue, green and cold rs. Greenish yellow filters are employed to make : plates, eliminating a little of all colors and empha- ks or near bl. acks. Last, for the red plate, a ter 1s U a minating green and near green 1 giving strens .gth to red, pink, deep orange and violet. D plates and emulsions have not proved entirely tisfactory eapecially for the plates and filters for the red. We will pay $500 for a perfect improvement on these processes. No. 9B—$500—Etching Process In making a halftone plate our greatest problem is I to get a true and absolute photographic reproduction of the cop By staging and fine etching, you could turn t more or less mechanical reproduction and lose graphic values. A high negative could be made izing done away with, but you would lose in the Idle tones and light middle tones, and again lose copy If we could turn out a finished plate and a true ction of copy, in a one-depth “bite” (of the etch- ), it would result in a great saving in present Otfers 9, 9A and 9B expire May 1, 1925 For i cess, we will pay $500, Address Jahn & arte —> ing Company, 554 West Adams Street, wo, i nors -2 from Epacte iveraging about 6 by 12 inches square We will pay $100 for a plan, process or method of profit ably disposing of these scraps, adopted by us. Offer ends May 1, 1925 Address Bassick Manufacturing Company, 2650 North Crawford Avenue, Chicago, Ll. Liquid Carbonic Company | The Imperial Brass Mfg. Co. No. 10—$500—Electric Iron Attachment An electric heating element that will operate illy and interchange with the base and cover of rial self-heating gasoline iron For an accepted hall pay the designer $500. The Imperial inutacturing Company will arrange to send en- nts irons at factory cost and refund such deposit, nd when the iron is returned in perfect condition, thin a reasonable time. _ TI May oe ‘ mpany, e closing date of this offer Address Imperial Brass Manufacturing 1200 West Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois. Bassick Manyfacturing Co. No. 11—$100—Chamois Skin Waste In cutting out chamois skin pieces for use in our gaso- line strainer, scraps are left after trimming the center No. 12-$1,000-Additional Uses of Product The Liquid Carbonic Company will pay $1,000 for the discovery of a new use for carbon dioxide gas or for improvements to present uses that will produce for the company additional gas sales of at least 200,000 pounds a year. No. 12A-$1,000-Freeze-Proof Soda Cooler This concern will pay $1,000 for an automatic freeze- proof soda or water cooler for soda fountains, this cooler to have sufficient capacity to’ care for average two-hour peak load of fifteen gallons of water and soda per hour and to be proof against freezing during normal overnight no-load periods. This cooler must be adaptable to either the so called “‘iceless"’ type or mechanically refrigerated soda fountains where the cooling will be derived from liquid medium at average temperature of ten degrees above zero. All designs subject to sole judgment of this company. Both our offers will end May 1, 1925 Ad dress Liquid Carbonic Company, 3100 South Kedzie Avenue, Chicago, Lllinois. National Lumber Mfrs.’ Assn. No. 13—$2,000—Salvaging Waste The united lumber industry through its agency, the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, offers an award of $2,000 in a series of payments for the best, most constructive and most practical suggestions for salvaging the lumber which, for one reason or another, drops out of sight and is lost somewhere between the time the tree is cut and the time the lumber reaches the consumer All entries must be in hand before March 1, 1925, the closing date of the offer. Address National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, Washington, D. C Thearle-Duffield Fireworks Co. No. 14—$1,000—Harmless Skyrocket Stick The Thearle-Duffield Fi rks Company, producers of fireworks displays and ' saad will pay to the designer of a skyrocket equipped with i stick al 1 harmless in its descent after explosion in the air, the sum of $1,000 Models ort rma defined idea acceptable to this company, who will be the sole ige of the article and its value to them. No. 14A—$250—Bombshell with Illumi- nated Flag This concern will pay the sum of $250 for a sat tory night bombshell t t will release it ar Itit 600 to 800 teet, large silk American flag tt i to a parachute together wit! n illuminati ' nd that will functior 1 su ‘ nner i to tely ind satisfactorily illuminate the flag so that it ma be clearly seen as it floats in the aur. No. 14B—$250—Smokeless Colors For a combin ition of chemicals that will produce smokeless, or 1 arly mokeless, slors whet burning, the Thearle-Du field Fireworks Company will pay the sum of $250 lhe colors produced are to be in solid reds, blues, yellows, greens and white The main object is to secure a smokeless combination that will prove act eptable to this organization All of the above offers close May 1, 1925 Address Thearle-Duffield Fireworks Company, 624 South Michigan Avenue, Chi- I cago, Lilinois.

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8 POPULAR Howe, Inventor of the Sewing Machine, and an Early Working Model of His Device "R. L. Barker and Company No. 15—$10,000—Motor-Operated Handsaw With the person who designs a successful and ac- ceptable means of motorizing the ordinary handsaw, R. I Barker and Company will enter into an agree ment to manufacture and market such device and award to the inventor royalties from the sales until such time as the royalties aggregate the sum of $10,000, when the payments shall cease and all rights to and owner- ship of the implement will pass to | L. Barker and Company) rhe must be of the reciprocating type. We have in mit three sizes; one driven by a ™%-hp. motor, with 16-inch blade, 14-inch stroke, to cut 12- inch t ers, a ng about pounds ; ther driven | iM inotor, with 6 or 8-inch blade, with 4 o1 inch stroke, to cut 4-inch timbers; this would be the : t popular size, selling in almost every field where | lsaws are ed The third size should take a small about blade with stroke of 2 or 3 inches, to cut ve iaterials, such as veneer and wallboard, « for shaping showcards and stage scener) The difficulty in properly designing the im- plement, it seems, would be to get uniform pressure on the ‘ ev € is ng draw ck and forth by the moto RK. L. Barker and Company will be the only authority udge of the suitability for their purpose of all desig ubmutted rhis offer will terminate on May ‘i Address R. L. Barker and Company, 642 We \\ t Street, Chica 1 S Keasby and Mattison Co. No, 16—$500—Sales Promotion Plan The Keasby and Mattison Company has a neutral product which is very light and fluff and of use as am absorbent, as a non-heat conducting powder, as a neu- tral powder to be mixed with arsenite of lead or other imsecticides, or for any sort of disinfectant, for air sup- plying, dusting, et We desire a price of about three cents a pound ior this material It is mainly of a very light and fluffy chalk and is exceedingly bulky. A large MECHANICS sugar barrel can be made to hold about 100 pounds of the powder, 95 per cent of which will pass through a 400 mesh screen. For a satisfactory plan that will aid in largely increasing our sales of, and assist us in market- ing, the product, we will pay the person submitting the plan, the sum of $500, Keasby and Mattison Company alone to determine the value of the method. The offer will end on May 1, 1925 Address Keasby and Mat- tison Company, Ambler, Pennsylvania. Aetna Industries, Incorporated No. 17—$15,000—Mechanical Improve- ments The Aetna Industries, Incorporated, manufacturers of mechanical and labor-saving appliances, such as automatic oil burners, camp stoves, rivet heaters, illu- minating lamps, portable shower baths, burglar-proof window locks, lawn sprinklers, 1 ry pumps for air | liquid, and hand drills f m, etc., will unde take the manufacture of an entirely new and o device either in the line of their own products afore mentioned or any other labor-saving devices, mec} cal or electrical, that e practical and will gain the endorsement of this organizatiot o the inventor su mitting such article, this concern offers the following terms hey will into a contract to make and sell the new or improved device and award to the in ventor royalties from the sales until such time as the royalties will aggregate ments shall cease and tl become the sole property o corporated No person con! receive any considerati must be submitted in fort plans or blueprints will mittee will be R. S. Br vice president, o T technical superintende } “ssana f turing Compar The offer closes May 1, 1925 Ad dress Aetna Industries, », rated, 117 North Dear- born Street, Chicas I! Gemco Manufacturing Co. No. 18—$250—Article for Manufacture The Gemco Manufacturing Company will pay the sum of $250 in cash to the person submitting to them a fairly well developed article that can be manufactured m an ordinary gener netal-working pliant equipped with a line of medium:heavy punch presses, screw ma chines, automatic machinery, polishing and plating de- partments, and complete tool and diemaking and exper t imenting departments, « lhis to the one submitting a suggestion that cquire ment of such article by this « search ot some good live access ry to n sell to the automotive trade, or an article that will market readily through the hardware‘trade and which may be applicable to lost any hek to the farmer and any other large’ class of use Value of the article to us will be determined entirely by members of r organi zation, and its merits will be largely measured | its adaptability to our sales organi The aw as offered here, means a payment and e al agreements into which we might with owne oft the rights to such accepted ; for manv facture in case he is the one to submit the idea we adopt Our offer will be closed on May 1, 1925. Address Gemco Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Problem SC-1 No. 19—$25—Leakproofing Cast Iron This donor will pay the sum of $25 in cash for a satisiactory, simple and inexpensive method by which they can make cast-iron vessels, about 4 inches wide, 9 inches deep, and of % to 3-16-inch metal, proof against leakage ot kerosene it seems that the metal is open sufhciently m the grain to ailow seepage, and so far :

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| | POPULAR MECHANICS | 9 their efforts to apply a coating on the imside of the vessel to close the pores and resist the action of the kerosene have been unsuccessful. Their offer expires fay 1, 1925. Address Problem SC-1, Popular Mechan- s Magazine, Chicago, Illinois. The Stieff Company No. 20—$1,000—Untarnishable Silver Che Stieff Company, silversmiths, will pay the sum of $1,000 in cash for a perfected process or method whereby ished silver can be coated by some transparent mate- rial of a permanent and satisfactory character which will not in any way detract from its appearance or use and which will prevent tarnish. Or, the plan may be such that some alloy could be introduced into the composition of the metal which will not be detrimental to its quality, appearance or use, and yet will permit it to retain a fixed and permanent brilliance and luster absolutely mmune to tarnish. The plans, methods, and processes submitted must necessarily be proven by qualified tests and demonstrations on the part of our concern, and the one selected by us must be only of such character as will warrant its adoption. This offer will terminate May 1, 1925. Address The Stieff Company, 17 North Liberty Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Buescher Band Instrument Co. No. 21—$1,000—Saxophone Reed The Buescher Band Instrument Comoany will pay the sum of $1,000 in cash to anyone who will produce for them a reed for a saxophone that will give the same results as the present reed but which must be inde structible in so far as ordinary care is concerned. This idea has received a great deal of attention in the past from many people, but nothing has been developed to satisfactorily replace the present cane reed. All kinds of metal, ivory, wood, rubber, celluloid, and other ma 1. All offers of awards made, and all solu- tions of problems submitted, are subject to these terms and conditions, except where they are in conflict with or modified by the terms of the offer. In that case the offer controls. 2. The one offering the award is hereinafter called the “‘Donor,”’ and the one submitting a solution the “Entrant.” 3. All proposed solutions shall be mailed or delivered as directed in the offer. 4. The donor shall pay the award to the entrant who submits a solution of donor's problem which is conrplete, practical and eco- nomically sound and satisfactory, to, and not already known to, the donor. 5. The donor shall have the period of one year from the receipt of any proposed solu- tion to pass upon it, and, in case it be re- garded as a partial solution, to agree with the entrant as to the amount of the award. Dur- ing that one-year period the entrant shall not offer or submit said solution, or any part thereof, to any one else. 6. If the donor shail not have paid the whole or any part of the offered award mu- tually satisfactory to any entrant within said one-year period, unless entrant agrees to an extension of time, the donor shall return to such entrant by mail the solution submitted by him. If the entrant had the right to sub- To CITY Dear Sirs: NAME ADDRESS HERE IS THE PLAN Entrants may sign and accomvany their solution with the following (Here write name of firm to whom your solution is offered.) Enclosed find my solution of your problem, I hereby submit my solution to you for examination. subject to the terms and conditions pub- lished in said magazine, in connection with your offer. mit such solution, donor shall make no use of such or the information given, provided however, that nothing herein contained shall prevent the donor from using any solution, idea, device or information which donor knew about and had the right to use before the receipt by the donor of such _ entrant’s solution. 7. Any patent on, or any patentable feature of any entrant's solution accepted and paid for as herein provided, shall belong to the donor, and entrant shail assign to the donor any such patent already issued and any invention for such a patent on which appli- cations shall have been made And en- trant, at donor’s request shall execute all such applications, assignments and other documents as may, in donor’s judgment, be necessary or expedient for the purpose of obtaining a patent on entrant's solution, or any feature thereof, such patent to be is- sued im the name of, and to be the sole prop- erty of the donor. 8. Popular Mechanics Magazine shall re- ceive no fees or commissions, directly or im- directly, for publishing any offer made through this department, nor for anything it may do in connection therewith And the publisher is not and shall not be held respon- sible for the performa ance of any obligation either of a donor or an entrant The pub- lisher’s responsibility ceases with the publi- cation of the offer STATE published in Popular Mechanics Magazine.

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POPULAR MECHANICS First Steamboat, the “‘Clermont,”’ and Its Robert Fulton; Above, the Engine Is Shown Geared to the Paddle Wheel America’s Builder, ‘ } t t All entries S 1 tr ) i » will t as 1 wn it y May 1. 19 the date wl t ses Address Bue Band Instrur ( Rese h D rtme El ina Goddard Nurser Company No. 22—$1,000—Closing Device for Rubber Bottle Dr. ( 1) S Cc I unufacture 1 col la u 11 bottl ) babies It has t ma et e time ind has p l 5 Howeve t m is desirous of p rit i nt n Ss p sed t c Whil ir devi $ satis ts | is di It fo ! lad ‘ 4 We y pay the t 4 le ce tha } p ‘ it \ r yy { P iti le t t I t t te é é 1 it M 19 Addre ) ( N ( \ \\ lf t pe, T a wl eT t T ] | ' eT bl iller. It must have a gradual straight line curve a1 have its entire variation through 180 degrees The new device must not be so complicated in design that the cost of manufacture would exceed that of the present forms of rotary plate condenser All submitted designs are sub ject to sole judgment of the Phenix Radio Corporation, who will decide on the ilue of the device to their organization May 1, 1925, is the closing date for this fer. Address the Phenix Radio Corporation, 5 Beek man Street, New Yorl N. ¥ Wodack Electric Tool Corp. Phenix Radio Corporation No. 23—$1,000—New Variable Condenser The Phenix Radio Corporation will pay the sum of $1,000 in cash for the design of variable condenser for departure , the mercury type and decrease of distance between two in increase of capacity. The var no larger than the rotary plate 1 new torm ot radio reception It must be a from the common rotary plate type the type relying on the conducting surtaces for iable condenser must be No. 24—$500—Portable Electric Hammer Motion 1 i hammer art itl ei ( ily if en porta ‘e | atnimer drill other thar liftis m and spring Tue idea is to secure ar ectri lrill strong enough to drill holes, 4 to 1 } | 1 1 f t hes deep, in stone or concrete Such a tool should. weigh less than pounds What we need primarily is a motion that will strike a powerful hammer blow Our present har r delivers 2,000 blows a minute, bur they are not hard enough lo enlarge the spring of the lifting cam ind spring rangement would call for a larger motor than that used Perhaps some combinatior yuld be in tre to ‘ncrease the force without ucl 1 change ‘I irpose of the tool must be to drill a 1-inch hole in concrete at the rate of 1 or 2 inches a minute For a practical, workable plan or model of portable ham mer drill arrangement that we accept and which proves satisfactory, we will pay the sum of 0 The offer will expire May 1, 1925 Address Woda k Electric Tool erson Street, Chicago, L[llinois. Corporation, 23 South Jeff fie A ee ~—, *

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its ce ot ot 1s er 10t am . POPULAR MECHANICS 11 Continental Rubber Works Problem PD-1 No. 25—$2,500—Improved Rubbez Products Continental Rubber Works, manufacturers of a na- tionally known line of automobile accessories, are terested in ideas or suggestions for any new accessories r improvements on existing accessories which are made om rubber, rubber and fabric, or rubberized fabric Articles to be acceptable must preferably be simple in struction and application, of general appeal and sub t to wide use to imsure volume sales, and should ssess sufficient originality to make them patentable. nental Rubber Works is to be the sole judge in etermining what suggestions are acceptable to this con- ern, and in the event of the adoption of any suggestion, vill enter into a contract to make and sell the article and will pay to the inventor royalties of five per cent of the sales until such time as the royalties amount to a im ranging up to $2,500, according to the possibilities of the article; whereupon such payments to the inventor shall cease and the article together with all patent rights thereto shall become the sole property of Continental Rubber Works. Our offer expires May 1, 1925. Ad- dress Continental Rubber Works, Erie, Pennsylvania Expert Tasters Hired to Drink Tea to Test Its Purity and Quality Seated about small revolving tables in e bureau of chemistry of the department of agriculture, several men spend hours seorge F. Mitchell, Supervising Examiner, Comparing amples of Tea with Government Standards of Purity 1 daily sipping tea and inhaling fumes from he leaves. They are government testers ho compare samples of new shipments ith official standards of purity and qual- ty. By their keen sense of taste and smell, hev are able to detect adulterations and ierior grades, and before the tea can be tributed to markets from the bonded arehouses, it must have the official ap- proval of this expert jury of tasters, who are appointed by the secretary of agricul- ture. Laws governing the examination of tea were among the first pure-food regu- lations passed by the government, and the importance of the inspection has grown ith the increasing amount of tea con- 25—$100—Starting Switch for A. C. Motor This donor will pay the sum of $100 for an accepted design of a starting switch for an alternating-current motor. ‘The switch must operate so as to open the start ing winding of split-phase, alternating-current electric motors at a predetermined speed. It must break quickly a current of about fifteen amperes at a speed of approximately 500 r. p. n The diameter cannot exceed 4% inches by about 1% inches in length. Operating speed must be adjustable to some extent. Submit draw ings and descriptive explanation. Closing date for this offer is May 1, 1925 Address Problem Number PD-1, Popular Mechanics Magazine, Chicago llinois Many Additional Offers Will Appear in the AUGUST ISSUE sumed each year in this country, nearly 90,000,000 pounds now being imported an- nually. Bird-Egg Jewelry Rivals Amber Necklaces of wild birds’ eggs have been made by an English naturalist-goldsmith. The eggs are paired for size and after be- ing blown are treated by a chemical proc- ess and the insides filled with a light- weight composition to give them solidity. As the shells all have different markings, novel effects are produced when the string is completed. The price varies from $20 to $5,000 and more. Computer That Fits on Pencil Saves Time in Multiplying Designed so that it can be slipped on an ordinary lead pencil, a handy computer that contains multiplication tables has been devised for the aid of school children and others in figuring By simply giving the pencil a twist multipliers and products are shown through a slot in a revolving collar which is numbered from 1 to 12 The calculator is durably made, cannot get out of order, it is claimed, has an eraser in one end and is quickly slipped on another pencil when the old one is used up.

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12 POPULAR MECHANICS and, Right, Commander MacL 4 Folding Legs on Pocket Flashlight Hold It in Any Position Usefulne »f the pocket flashlight is in- creased by a holder with spring “legs,” to \ | ry keep it trom rolling oft rounded Surtaces 1 and direct the light in any desired position. The attachment is clamped on quickly and can be slipped ilong the barrel to hold the | olt up or dow1 Che springiness ot the legs eases the shock of setting the flash- Flashlight Directed at Desired Angle from Automobile Fender Where It Is Held by ‘“‘Legs”’ fold up with a snap like jackknife blades and do not interfere with carrying the flashlight in the pocket. The attachment is especially convenient in making repairs on automobiles ‘ « I British Amphibian Round-the-World Seanlane Being ‘‘Taxied’’ to Start of Flight; Left, Crew Going Aboard, 1ren and His Family on Inspection Visit to Flying Ship British Plane Flying Eastward in Round-World Race Flying along an eastward course of more than 23,000 miles, the British world-flight crew expects to complete its journey in about Only one ma- chine manned by three men composes the expedition. Supplies are replenished at 1 a of call, wl ninety-five davs. each plac e ere pre\ ious prepa- rations have been made to furnish the air- men with maps and data regarding the irea oO which the must p to the next t p Wh emu of the traveli 1 1g routes flo n beto Y b the iviators ome of the longest di ons oft the flight ire ilmo t entire un! 10 1 tO aerial @xX- plorers | oh Ss oO everal day ich ire nece iry to ove ill the pa 1 re place tne ¢ o1n to evere ta inead \ peculiar danger to airplane passing ovet some of the islands of the Japan group is that of having the fouled by flocks of moving birds which might be met. The flying boat is of the “am phibian” type and carries a ground land- ing gear that can be withdrawn above the keel line when the craft is to be set down in water. 1 propeller slow

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EE eee ————EE rht m- id- he wn POPULAR MECHANICS 13 Mysteries of Ciphers Keep Corps of Government Experts Busy Working out the fascinating mysteries of messages in code or cipher keeps a num- ber of federal employes busy. The de- partment of justice, the army and navy, e diplomatic service, in fact, each branch of the government has one or more sys- tems of secret communication which can a be used in conducting important official orrespondence. In the regular code mes- = re a single word or symbol is chosen to epresent a group to lessen the cost of transmission. The cipher, however, is al- s used where secrecy is desired, and is hased on two systems. In the first, the ters are transposed according to a care- planned formula, and in the other, bols are substituted for every letter in alphabet. Translating war messages code or cipher is no easy task, but is plified somewhat by the fact that they certain to relate to some movement of enemy or some phase of war, so that e range of words is bound to be re- : tricted. Experts declare that there is probably no such thing as a code or cipher em that cannot bé solved. . Fighting Rooster Fish Is Caught off the Mexican Coast Rarely caught, and then only after a ter- tic battle, the rooster fish is described by ortsmen who have encountered it as one of the most beautiful and finest game fish \ to be found anywhere. Because it roams only in the waters off the west coast of Mexico and South America, it is said to be till unknown to most fishermen. Many expert anglers in the resorts of Lower Sportsman Holding Rooster Fish, Claimed to Be Largest Ever Captured with Light Tackle 4 k ‘ | ' California have reported the loss of their tackle after a struggle with this fish, so called because of the grotesque appearance given it by a long fin on the back. Latest Game Brought from Orient to Furnish Outdoor Sport After replacing bridge and chess with Maj Jang, the Orient now comes forward with a new game, this time for out-of- Playing Latest Game, Chin Lou, Brought from the Orient to Add to Outdoor Sports doors. It is called Chin Lou, and is be- lieved to have originated in Burma. It consists in attempting to keep a cane ball in the air by using the feet and knees. As an exercise it is said to have proved very efhicient. Electric Lights in Head of Banjo Keep ‘‘Skin”’ Dry Banjo heads = may be kept dry and therefore, it is claimed, in condition by the heat from two small incandescent bulbs placed be hind the parch ment. They are mounted on the crossbar inside of the instrument and are turned on and off by means of a pull connection on the outside of the rim. Continuous burning will not injure the instrument, it is said. The equipment can be used with 110-volt direct or alternating current good

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Fifty Miles on a Gallon of “Gas”? New Motor-Power Fluid Stops “Knocks” and Increases Power Even with Present Engines JROMISING a new era in the automo- bile industry—a time when cars will run from fifty to a hundred miles on a single gallon of gasoline—a fluid known as ethyl is now being supplied to motorists in many parts of the country. A chemical compound, until recently al- most a curiosity costing nearly $600 a pound, it is today obtainable for a few cents an ounce. This amount is sufficient to treat six gallons of gasoline. The im- mediate result is to change the way the “cas” burns in the cylinders so as to en- tirely eliminate the “knock.” It prevents the gasoline from detonating and the mixture burns slowly. In other words, the product governs the way the fuel burns in the same manner the gov- ernor on a steam engine controls the way the engine runs. ernor. It is a combustion gov- The immediate result to the pres- ent user is increased mileage, elimination of carbon trouble and the power to go over hills in high, because it is not necessary to retard the spark. But the ultimate idea is to make it possible to put on the market a more efficient engine which has # a higher com- ‘ pression and thus obtain more miles per gallon than are possible now with the present type of motors. The new engine must crowd the gas into a smaller space betore it is ignited. The thing that now stands in the way of high compression is the knock. Ordinary gas knocks violently in a high-compression engine—so violently that it cuts down the power and even damages the engine. Ethyl gas ultimately will make it possible to use the high-compression motor. Scientific authorities assert that it is not necessary to add energy to gasoline to get increased mileage. Less than five per cent of its power is now utilized to actu- ally drive a car. The remainder repre- sents effort consumed entirely or wasted through friction. The purpose of ethyl fluid is to conserve part of this waste and put it to work in propelling the car. By reducing the amount of lost power from ninety-five to ninety-two and one-half per cent, mileage may be doubled. Were all the energy ot one gallon of gasoline to be harnessed for the perform ance ot a single purpose, experiments s] that it could be made to provide sufficient heat to raise the temperature of 15,000 gallons of water one degree. Put to work, it could furnish enough force to lift 50,000 tons of coal one foot off the eround or raise the Woolworth building five and a half inches. Applied to a small automo- bile, the power is g enough to elevate a light car 450 miles in the air or to pro- pel it at twenty miles an hour fe, for 450 miles over alevel road Vi rreatl Ethylizer Attachment on Discharge Line of Gasoline-Station Pump, and a Test Car Propelled by ‘“Ethyl- Gassed” Fuel, Taking a Hard Hill in High 14

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e h LS n : e ; e. e 3 ot dicoy D> et ; ed Ethvl gas assists in keeping a larger e- portion of this tremendous power at . ad vork. C. F. Kettering, president of aa r. vl (;seneral Motors Research corpora- ae di tion and one of the world’s leading - engineers, has shown that with a m mple application of the ethyl lead er to the present fuel, it is either pos- ible to derive twice the power from pres- of ent engines through raising the compres- . = on, or to build high-compression engines af * vile of half their size, which could deliver the [Ry nt ime amount of power as produced by or- "oa KW) dinary types in use today. rk. rherein lies what has been called the b lift tremendous significance of the chemical, , nd the greater part of which is composed of P| nd alcohol and lead. It is to be sold already . ‘Oe } mixed with the gasoline by filling stations of the Standard Oil company and similar dispensers of fuel. And to expedite its 4 y combination with the liquid, the gasoline measuring pumps at thesupply stations are , equipped with a contrivance which feeds ¥e } the ethyl fluid directly into the discharge line, permitting it to thoroughly mix with PA 4 the gas passing into the tank of a car. Resembling a water-gauge glass on a steam boiler, the attachment has a small rank, each turn of which determines a ufficient supply for six gallons of gasoline. Within a few moments and at the same time as the motorist gets his supply of iuel, his car is saved from the wearing a 4 process of the damaging knock during its q operation with the prepared fluid. With ethyl gas even the carbon present in en- s eT ee eee 2 “ ? —a Te > Pas Pal imaginary Illustration of the Latent Forces Pent Up in a Single Gallon of Gasoline; Were It Possible to Apply All of This Power to an Armored Automobile, the Car Could Be Sent Rocketing through a Structure of the Type of the Woolworth Building =o

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16 POPULAR MECHANICS Hidden Energies Embodied in a Single Gallon of “‘Gas” Are Suffi cient to Lift the General Motors Building in Detroit Two and a Half Inches from the Ground gines ceases to produce a knock, so that such de posits lose much of their former unpleasant signifi cance, which not only adds to the motoring but works as a great time and labor saver by making it unnecessary to take cars out of service for adjust- ment and cleaning to silence the tions. 10VS oft detona- In addition to these improvements, Fusing Old and New Rubber to Aid in Reducing Tire Costs By fusing new and old rubber under a recently invented process, automobile tires may be repaired quickly and economically without the use of vulcanizing cement and without stripping or buffing them, it is claimed. The method leaves all the old rubber on the tire as well as the cord. In place of cement, non-explosive and non- inflammable compounds are applied to the surface and a strip of new rubber put on. When heat is applied, it is said to fuse reductions in fuel consumption may be made possible owing to the in mileage even pat tial conservation of waste and combina large crea sed energy assures, while the cost of the tion fuel is slightly that of gasoline alone, the ultimate effect is that the materially cut abov e expense ot operation 1S down, it is said the new tread with the old, joining them into one solid piece. To assist the curing the inventor has devised a mold for retreading and repairing which is de- signed to hold balloon tires or three ordi- nary tires of The method is said to prevent blisters, loose treads and side cracking. process, various sizes. @Indians in Venezuela are reported to have discovered a substitute for coffee in the bean of a weed that grows in abun- dance there. It is said to have all the characteristics of coffee except caffein. Heating Compound after Application to Tire, Binding Together Broken Tread and Placing Tire in Mold for Curing, Are Three Important Steps in Repair Process without Vulcanizing

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to in n- he a POPULAR MECHANICS 17 TOY BALLOON’S LIFE PROLONGED BY COATING Inflating Toy Balloons from Hydrogen Tank after Coating Them with Gummy Preparation; Inset of Dipping Process at Right Shows How Can of Mixture Fits Tiny Stove Life of toy balloons is prolonged from few short hours to several days by coat- ng them with a gummy preparation. Just before they are filled, they are dipped into e substance which has been melted to the sistency of sirup in a small portable Inlaid Table Finished by Carver after Twelve Years’ Work Aiter twelve years of work, a_ noted ltalian carver has completed a remarkable table. The top ts four feet square and is inlaid with woods of various colors rep- resenting human figures. With the bridg- ing of mirrors, it is about eight feet high. very piece of wood used in its con- truction was cut and trimmed by hand, he result being a masterpiece of art. by Thousand-Ton Hammer Taking the place of the village smithy, huge hydraulic hammers, equal in weight to one of thousands of tons, now forge the anchor chains that guard the lives of the thousands of passengers on the modern liner. The chains for the Lusitania were nearly 2,000 feet long and weighed 125 tons. Every link has to be carefully welded at the proper temperature and many inspections are required. heater. The liquid dries in a few moments and so effectively seals the pores of the in- flated rubber that the balloon remains buoyant and keeps its original gloss from three to seven days. The preparation con- tains no harmful ingredients. Table Carved of Different-Colored Woods which Are Inlaid to Represent Human Figures

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1s Votes Recorded Directly by Machine without the Use of Ballots Time in counting and casting election votes is said to be saved in an accurate voting machine devised by a Los Angeles Demonstrating Mechanism of Ballot Machine to Two Prospective Voters; Tally Sheet on Back inventor. Votes are registered directly upon a tally sheet within a small cabinet which can be carried like a suitcase. To tals are automatically added and “juggling” figures is said to be impossible. Three-Wheel Roller Skates Fast and Light in Weight With only three wheels instead of the usual four, a roller skate which weighs but fifteen ounces, has been invented in Eng- land. The wheels are in alinement and the center one is slightly larger than the Inventor with His Improved Three-Wheeled Cushion Roller Skates; Note Larger Center Wheel others. Greater speed and comfort are said to be achieved in this style. They are bolted to the shoes like ice skates and are said to be noiseless. POPULAR MECHANICS Spider Webs Serve as Trimming for Women’s Hats Spider webs are reported to have been prepared successfully by a European col- lector for trimmings for women’s hats, handbags, cushions and other articles The webs are first transferred to gummed cards and then treated with chemicals to give them strength and to make them waterproof. They are then placed on the cloth background like silken threads. As a full-grown spider can spin a new web in about an hour, a constant supply of the material is easily obtained. Wireless Auto Cigar Lighter Is Heated by Electricity For the convenience of the autoist, a simple and easily operated electric cigar lighter consisting of two carbon points set in an open holder connected to the lighting system has been patented. Contact is se- cured by pressing the t oO p po int against the one in the base by a push button. Ina few seconds, the points become red hot when the holder is lifted from its socket and used to light the cigar or ciga- rette. There are no wires attached to the removable part, as the carbon retains the heat long enough to ignite the tobacco. Floating Factories for Whalers Like eager prospectors in quest of gold, the whaling fleets flocked to the South Atlantic when the ocean around the Falk jand Islands was reported to be with whales. The fisheries there are now said to be more profitable than all other whaling grounds in the world put together To save the boats trips to port with their catch, floating factories have been estab lished to treat the blubber at sea. Often the rest of the whale is thrown away for lack of facilities to care for it. During one vear, a score of whaling boats operating from South Georgia was reported to have killed 5,000 whales from which 200,000 barrels of oil valued at more than $2,000,- 000 were obtained. “alive”

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POPULAR MECHANICS 19 ing | been col- ; hats, : "i ae | jPainting the med F ES Ss to ‘ rs hem : i “wath Bowder b in i the ‘ S es LV ee a JAINTING monster pictures across the heavens gar . with gunpowder has been developed into an art in set the United States. It was only forty years ago that American inventors began dabbling in fireworks. Previous to that time, and outside of the conventional Fourth of July firecrackers and skyrockets, pyro- technic displays were confined almost exclusively to the birthplace of the industry—China. \ “> Today, one and a half to two tons of gunpowder \ i are set off nightly at thousands of state and county fairs solely for the entertainment of immense crowds / of spectators. This fondness for mammoth fireworks - spectacles has developed more generally since inven- F tors applied mechanics to produce realistic and full- a sized gunpowder pictures in the sky. While the cele- 4 bration of Independence Day was once the sole one- E day-a-year outlet for the products of skilled pyro- 3 technians the country over, so popular have the dis- 4 plays become that thousands of dollars are spent by summer parks and resorts for nightly shows that fill he : the sky with radiant glows and gorgeous streaks of he © color, to amuse their patrons as well as to advertise >0. | themselves. Acres of open spaces are utilized each year by fireworks “stages,” and there is hardly a battle ld, th Oe fink e bag : 1 ; Se : Bea HE PUNE inn el | “4 y + .. b - Tr 1e 1g re 1) -

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20 POPULAR scene or great disaster that the artist can- not imitate. Familiar figures from nursery rhymes and songs are easily adapted to the set pieces by the gunpowder artist. A robust Santa Claus, riding in his sleigh behind a team of galloping reindeer can be clearly drawn in fire outlined against the night. Fairy characters, such as Little Bopeep and her MECHANICS sonal study of the original of the design, a carefully made model is built to a small scale. From this copy the larger set is planned. The spectacular pieces are con- structed on light wood frames, twentv feet square, subdivided into one-foot sections. The sizes of the spectacles are determmed by mounting these skeletons one on an other until the sheep, can be made to loom up suddenly in a vivid glow from a far cor- ner of the field, to surprise the spectators, while well- known cartoon characters can be reproduced easily in sput- tering ropes of fire by pyro- technians, who often present them in weird effects. Spec- tacles of great size, represent- ing éearth- quakes, large desired propor- tions are se cured. Form- ing of figures to show in fire outline, is ac complished by tracing the shapes over the framework in rattan wrapped with a casing of gunpowder. Thicknesses of this inflam- mable tape var) with the inten- sities required. Usually it is made about as thick as an or dinary lead pen cil. Rattan, be as vf conflagrations and naval battles require months of time and hundreds of skilled men to build. But in ten minutes after the first fuse is lighted, the entire structures go up in smoke and flame leaving only blackened framework as evidence of their existence. Most of the fireworks used in America and Canada are made in a few large plants which, in some instances, cover acres of ground and employ several hundreds of craftsmen who design and build the sets during seven months of the year. The remainder of the time, these workmen travel from place to place where the dis- plavs are to be shown and take charge of the performances. Albdisplays, great and small, are built on practically the same principles. sefore the actual.work on a spectacular piece is started, -however; the designer visits the scené’ or subject he wishes to portray. First-hand, knowledge. is always sought, and.it.is not.an uricommon thing for thése men to journey thousands of miles to view some world event or the scene of a great catastrophe. Accuracy, despite the leeway pyrotechny permits, is of prime importance to these artists in fire. Following the per- ‘ irtesy Artists Painting the Setting for a Fireworks Spectacle That Depicts a Burning City Enveloped by Flames and Pillars of Lurid Smoke ing pliable, does not break eas- ily and may be bent over the supports with little effort on the part of the workman. Approximately every four inches along the gunpowder rope, incisions are made and color pieces inserted in the openings. Red, white, blue, green and yellow are the only shades that can be produced in fire- works. Steel filings give the golden-spray effect when the piece is burning, while powdered aluminum takes on a brilliant white light. It is in placing the colors that the artistic touch of the pyrotechnian is displayed. This part of the work seldom can be taught the craftsman, and even after many years of study, some men utterly fail to achieve the results they seek in com bining the hues; Before the applicdtion of mechanics to fireworks, powder fuses were relied on to carry the flame to every part of a design, but now the pyrotechnian weaves the en tire set with fine electric wires. These are broken about every three inches so they will cause a spark when charged with cut rent. Until this method was employed, suc cess of the displays was general] Thearle-Duffield Fireworks Company ly ruined if the parting of the rattan happened to sever ae

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POPULAR MECHANICS Display of Aerial Bombs and Rockets Bursting above Realistic Background While Batteries of Searchlights hrow Beams of Many Colors on Clouds of Vapor and Smoke

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POPULAR MECHANICS

the fuseline. Now, by the use of elec- tric wiring, such accidents do not endanger the com- plete ignition of the piece, for when a switch is thrown in, a hundred or more tiny arcs oc- cur at as many points along the tracing of the spectacle. While the building of the design for a great reproduction is going on, cos- tumes for actors and fireproof scen- ery that may be required to carry out the suggestion of realism, are be- ing worked up. With the larger spectacles, 200 to 500 persons in ap- propriate regalia are often em- ployed to repre- sent populaces or fleeing refugees, and work under the guidance of a director stationed at a loud-speaker apparatus. Steel mortars that cast up the deafening aerial bombs in

Attaching Fireworks to Giant Pinwheel Which Is Then Hoisted into Position with a Block and Tackle, and Two Aerial Shell Charges to Be Shot into the Air from Steel Mortars Shown Below their five to six- hundred -foot flights, range from nine to twenty-four inches in diameter. Shells which carry several charges to explode in the air at intervals have an arrangement of many fuses that control the bursts. As each one per- forms its work, it ignites another un- til they are all con- sumed. <A _ set of scenery for a large production, such as the destruction of a great city, requires about four railway cars for its trans- portation. When in place, it covers an expanse of three acres and, seen in daylight, might re- semble a miniature city. The fireworks are set up about six feet in front of this background. \ replica of Niagara Falls, seventy-five feet long, burns for only one minute and consumes ap- proximately one ton of finely powdered aluminum.

beat Pa Bc oiastil "Biren

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POPULAR MECHANICS Houses in Trees Save Cost of Land for Filipino Dweller Although the Filipino builder of today usually erects his house firmly on the round, many of the natives of the islands till persist in making their homes high in trees. What is said to be the highest house in Guadalupe town is forty-seven feet from the ground. The structure is valued at ibout fifty dollars and can be easily re- placed if destroyed by one of the earth- quakes which periodically shake the islands. Field Mice War on Bees Nesting in straw packed about cases that contain beehives, field mice are re- ported to have caused much damage to honeycombs last winter in Wyoming. For protection from the intense cold, the houses of the insect colonies are placed in large boxes well padded with hay and straw in which the tiny rodents also make their vinter homes. It is proposed to place a small can of poison at the opening of each hive as a protection. Filipino House, the “‘Highest” in Guadalupe Town CRYSTAL HILLS AND VALES REVEALED IN STEEL Crystal formations of steel and practi- cally all other metals are being brought out for study under the microscope by light ist against them at an angle. Until re- ently, such examination has been possible only by direct illumination—that is, the light is thrown down vertically on the pecimen revealing the crystal shapes, hich are much like snow or ice forming from water or vapor, in the same way that depressions or elevations. The latest method of lighting by which the rays are thrown on the specimen obliquely, or at an angle, instead of vertically, is known as conical illumination. This reveals the beauties of the crystal formations, depres- sions and elevations in the surface of the steel which have heretofore been invisible, and even makes possible the detection of the boundaries of crystals or grains. To Under Conical Illumination, Shadows of Tiny Hills and Depressions in Steel Are Revealed by Microscope as Shown at Left and Right; i person would look down vertically on a carpet or landscape, thus seeing the gen- eral lay of the pattern or scenery but no enter: Magnified Photograph by Vertical Light the scientist this is of importance and new knowledge of the structure and constitu- tion of metals is expected to result.

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SNARLING and biting, leaping about in the midst of a pack of healthy-looking wolves that seemed to threaten his life and that of his fallen master, a big Ger- man police dog, staging a fight in deep snowdriits, suddenly withdrew at a criti- cal part of the combat and retired, ears alert and tail wagging in apparent pleas- ure, while his enemies scampered to a safe distance and watched him. It was the end of a scene for the movies in which the dog and his opponents were rated as skilled animal “actors.” Making motion-picture stars of animals is a task that requires not only patience and knowledge of their habits, but in cases of wild beasts, indomitable will and cour- age on the part of the trainers. Once the four-footed pupils get even a hint of fear or weakness in the mind of the master, possibility of developing them into fin- ished actors is remote and maybe impos- Well-Trained Lions Putting on Fero- cious Counte- nance as Part of Their Act How Animals Into Stars sible. It is only by unwavering insistence and constant watchful- ness that the trainer can suppress the brute instinct to strike back in retaliation for the prod or push that sets the untamed animal up for a pose. Then, too, the ani- mals are not to be persecuted or teased by annoying implements of the work. Such treatment causes “orudges” which might end in fatalities. Where dogs, horses and other domestic animals are being taught the fine points of screen acting, the natural fear of man which wild beasts hold, 1 absent and much hard work made un- necessary. Putting them through daily paces of jumping fences, untying ropes with their teeth and carrying objects to designated places gradually aids in edu cating the friendly sort to an understand ing of what is wanted of them. It is not long, then, until they reach a stage of learning where they can take parts to- gether with human actors or carry out difficult duties in performances with other animal players. No matter how ferocious the wild ani- mal might be in its natural haunts, it seems to forget much of its bad humor aftet ER HEE POE —_

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Are Turned For Movies . : } ndergoing a period of prepara- on at the hands of trainers of the 5 Fi lent drama. Occasionally, in a | oment of resentment, one of the 1 ; mal actors, goaded to madness ) the torment of rehearsals, may ‘ rs ip at its “teacher,” but watch- r F ness on the part of the trainers I nd assistants generally avoids serious injuries to them. To -experienced worker with jungle | easts, such as lions, tigers and e e treacherous leopards, moods t the animals quickly warn of I pending danger, giving ample e for withdrawal. However, . lity and alertness quite often y i re unavailing, with the result that many stunts in the corral with no attendants S iners pay with their lives for their ef- about, long after they were put up for the rts to “star” some magnificent specimen night. While cruelty is now almost en f jungle “cat.” tirely abandoned by wild-beast “breakers,” lhe tendency of horses, dogs and other it is necessary at times to resort to painful t of the more familiar animals to seek the punishment in order to teach obedience to 1 ipanionship of man reduces their prep- the will of the man charged with develop - aration for the movies to a matter of ing good animal actors. But seldom is t mere education, through the winning of anything more than the electric whip or a r their affection by the trainers, coupled tough lash used to subdue obstinate or th patient coaxing and small rewards of rebellious “cats.” More often, kind and . dainty morsels of food, or caressing, which gentle treatment produces quicker and S ; re all thoroughly appreciated by the more lasting results. The youngest speci T ' cholars,” who show aptitude and will- mens, unaffected by freedom of action in ness to work well in return. Indeed, the open, are generally selected As they even the ponderous elephants take easily grow older and lose their tendency to be to this sort of treatment, and many in- kittenish. thev bear more watching. for tances are on record where herds of them, age seems to make even those born in cap which circus tricks have been taught, tivity resentful of man’s presence. have rone through an entire schedule of Sometime s the click of the camera as it reels off the of an animal scene will disturb the beasts, and only) silence is permitted while they through their parts. } ywwed in the vicinity action

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POPULAR MECHANICS Rebellious “Cat” Actors Require Courage and Will Power from Trainers Who Force Obedience with Aid of Electric Rods That Sting the Beasts into a State of “Gentleness” i. | #0 aren erate = 7

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of

4 " Learnin one. Eel POPULAR MECHANICS

. the Ways o € Man h i s Chimpanzee Movie Star “Took U p” Smoking and Shares a “Light” with Its Director

| = Dog Actor Taking Its Exercise Which Keeps It in Good rim for Many Difficult Feats That Are Part of a Canine Movie Star’s Work

Bengal Trainer; a Cage | His Escane

Tiger Wrestling with Its } Gate Is Open for Climbing in Emergency F <= Reeosting. a Dog Principal for a | art in a Screen Thriller o That Features the Animal Brushing the oat of a Cheetah, a Daily Task That De- lights the “Cat”; Only the Keeper Can This Service ——E

Render L

y

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POPULAR MECHANICS Ra it

- ie ie 1 agate

, E Dic aaaiaiiall Acrobatic Bengal

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=% ———— S ( a =) Quartet of rd “, ie “§ Dangerous AY se S Young ae = ' Mountain Reo Lions ‘ Vv ; j ; ' a r - : mani a , a Et +) 7 ee = ~~ — SS = ; ; SS. Chimpanzee Comedi- , é oe ‘ ee ee r : _ ~ “Still” and a Dog —— a sz ‘ Clown ae 3 eZ SS eee nn ke F *S. Be. d we

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POPULAR MECHANICS 2 a \ hisper is orbidden, for ar it might in- errupt and ruin —— ees fo the audience witnessing a reproduc- yn of such scenes on the motion-picture reen, move seems to work out oothly and naturally, without any ap- earance of precaution on behalf of the eramen and players. A hunting scene thick tangles of jungle looks as though had been gone through on the usual pe of location. What cannot be seen is e armored protection that surrounds the ichine operator or the invisible iron bars it, hidden by trees and brush, inclose the tire ground over which the action takes ce. Many of the animal movie stars, of eV ery

v

course, are ‘ quite tame and not only submit to being ; e entire per- handled but P| ormance. welcome a ince disturbed, friendly pat or || nly return to a softly spoken {|| q uarters and word from ||| estful solitude those about the ll help the studios. At any ild varieties to time, neverthe- | { rget the inci- less, their hu- | % ent and pre- Wolf “Actors” Seem to Take Willingly to the Training That Fits mors may b e 2 ire them tora the “‘Pack”’ for Villainous Parts in Movie Thrillers of the North such that train- ter triad ers with whom they are hourly associated may have diff- culty in getting a show of response, other than a growl or snarl, though armed with tempting bits of raw meat. And yet, many a valuable captive jungle cat has been said actually to die of a broken heart when sep- arated from its attendants. The apes and monkeys particularly are claimed to show this character of affection and dependence on attention and companionship. To off set such possibilities of lonesomeness and to keep the captives from becoming restive, pups and kittens are frequently placed in the cages with some of the bigger beasts o al

$< ' How Four Small Lion Cubs Were Used to Add a Spectacular Touch to a Dancing Ballet Appearing in an Elaborate Setting for a Motion-Picture Production

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30 POPULAR MECHANICS Garden Rake and Hoe Are Combined to Assist in Weeding For use in small gardens, a tool has been made that is equally well suited for hoeing and raking. A double-edged steel rocker Rake Teeth on One Side and Hoe on Other Double Garden Implement’s Usefulness blade destroys weeds and loosens the soil, while teeth on top of the weeder furnish the rake. A larger implement with teeth of malleable iron is made for weeding rows up to fourteen inches wide. Air Valve on Auto Motor Saves Gas and Reduces Carbon Working on the principle of the Bunsen burner, which uses more air and less gas, a ball-valve device, which is easily at- Automobile Air Valve Which Automatically Checks Flow of Gasoline According to Road Grades tached to any gas engine, has been in- vented to stop waste of gasoline, improve combustion, reduce fuel bills, make start- ing easy, and to increase speed and power. It is entirely automatic in operation, the valve being closed until the suction of the running motor opens it, when air enters and reduces the flow of gas through the carburetor. Thus a “fat’’ mixture is used for starting, which then is automatically made “lean,” thereby checking the forma tion of carbon and saving fuel. The de vice is noiseless in operation, and needs no attention except cleaning. It may also be used to prime the engine in starting, or to introduce carbon remover into the com bustion chambers. Cigar That Won't Break in Pocket Has Stem-Fiber Wrapper After a year of effort, two eastern pro fessors are said to have discovered method of treating cigars so that they wil not break in the pocket. The leaf stems of the tobacco, which have long been re garded as refuse, are utilized in the proc ess. Mixed with a juice pressed fro: whole tobacco leaves, the stems are then rolled flat in a paper pulp machine. Th: result is a tough, paperlike material whic! makes a sturdy binder. The wrapper is treated with chemicals to overcome all ob jection to its odor. Plug Puller Guards Lineman from Shock and Injuries For the protec- tion of linemen in taking out the plugs from trans- former fuse blocks, an in- sulated clamp puller has been devised. It has two prongs, covered with rub- ber and shaped to fit over the knob of the ordinary plug cut-out. A lock lever with a spring, holds them securely against the knob. Addi- tional protection from a flash or an arc is provided in a bell-shaped insulator below the hook and in the stick whic! keeps the lineman’s hand a safe distance from the current. When you want anything and do not know where to get it, write Bureau of In formation, Popular Mechanics, Chicago een a

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et “a en a POPULAR MECHANICS Playing Maj Jang on the Deck of a Samnan in Shanghai's Crowded Docks; These Chinese Coolies Rival in Skill the Best American and European Players Ragged Coolie Maj Jang Players Rival Europeans in Skill Originated nearly 3,000 years ago by a Chinese fisherman, the game, commonly known in the United States as Maj Jang, still popular among the natives at Shanghai and other Chinese ports. One ot the most common sights along the watertronts is that of an earnest group of coolies intently bending over a “wall” of tiles on the prow of a sampan. Almost ny of these ragged natives, it is said, rival skill the best European and American ers ot the frame, Exact Time in All Parts of U. S. Told by House of Clocks l'o aid travelers and motor tourists, five clocks, each indicating’time for a different part of the United States, have been placed by a watchmaker on the front of his estab- ishment in Hannibal, Mo. In addition to erving the passers-by, the arrangement icts as an advertisement for the shop. [very day correct time is received by tele- graph and by radio from Washington so the instruments can be kept properly ad- justed. made by the craftsman from dry goods boxes, and the hands and dials were fash ioned trom metal and The cases for the timepieces were scrapped sheet painted. The works were all assembled by the watch mender from parts of other clocks, and electric lighis were installed to illuminate the faces all through the night House of Clocks where Timepieces Show the Hour for Any Part of United States

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Pastry Chef Molds Sugar Windmill and Candy Rose Jar Molded entirely from sugar and colored candy, a windmill and a rose jar built by a pastry chef of a San Francisco hotel Pastry “Artist” with Realistic Windmill Which He Molded from Sugar and Colored Candy rival the work of skilled artists. The mill, which is a miniature of the old Dutch type, is constructed on a light wire frame in realistic imitation of rustic architecture. The flowers droop lifelike from a vase beautifully designed in confection and are finished in their natural shades. Even the stems were made from green-hued sugar. Clutch-Collar Oiler on Automobile Is Easily Reached Difficulty in lubricating the clutch collar on some automobiles is eliminated by a flexible metal tube connecting the collar to an oil cup with hinged cover placed in a con- venient position under the engine hood. The tube is locked securely to the collar by a special connection. It can be installed without drilling holes. @ Eagles, larks and crows have been known to fly at a height of 6,000 feet. POPULAR MECHANICS Pocket Gopher as Nature’s “‘Plow”’ Enriches Soil for Farming Cursed by farmers for its destruction of grain, alialfa and other crops and for the havoc it plays in irrigated lands, the pocket gopher should not be condemned entirely, according to Dr. Joseph Grinnell, director of the museum of vertebrate zoology at the University of California. This little animal for centuries has been cultivating the ground by its burrowing, bringing up fresh soil, exposing it to air and mois- ture and functioning in much the same way that a plow does in the hands of a skillful plowman. Vegetation carried un- derground by the gophers has also en- riched the soil. Tests made by Dr. Grin- nell and his associates showed that in one year, the gophers in Yosemite national park brought up in their burrows at least 8,000 tons of earth. This process, repeated year after year in lands once uncultivated, is believed to have done much to prepare the soil for fruitful harvests. Automatic Engraving Machine Does Work of Skilled Fingers Engraving, the art of which dates back nearly 4,000 years, is now being done by an automatic machine. With it, a 10- year-old boy is said to be able to place initials, lettering and designs on hard or soft materials in a fraction of the time re- quired by a skilled worker under the old Automatic Engraving Machine Used in Drug Stores and for Lettering Jewelry method. The device was constructed es- pecially for use in jewelry and drug stores for lettering pens, cigarette holders, pock- etknives and such things. Aiter dies have been adjusted properly and the ar- ticle inserted, the machine automatically puts on the letters. It is operated by a spring or electric motor, weighs only sixty pounds, can engrave a pen or pencil in three minutes and cannot make mistakes. ee te

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oi POPULAR MECHANICS Pitchers’ Grips That Baffle Baseball Batters and Used by Big League ‘“‘Twirlers” ; Hand Hook, Fast Curve, Change of Pace and Slow Balls Baseball Pitchers Turn to Science in Effort to Stop Hitting As a result of restrictions on the use f resin and other substances, “big league” pitchers are devoting more time than ever heiore to the study of ways of controlling the speed and direction of the ball. In its ‘light, the sphere is affected by the force with which it is hurled toward the plate, the pull of gravity and the friction of the air through which it passes. A curve is thrown by gripping the ball in such a way that a whirling motion is imparted as it leaves the hand. At first the pellet travels in a straight line because the force with vhich it is hurled is sufficient to overcome the effect of the spinning motion that tends to pull it out of its course. As the velocity lecreases, however, the ball “breaks” into hat is known as a curve. In their effort to puzzle batters and cut down the in- ‘reasing number of safe hits, pitchers are erfecting new deliveriés. One of these is nown as a “slow” or “change of pace” ill. As it does not revolve at all, it seems hang in the air. Another is called the yaw yaw” or fork ball. lanagers, According to the however, freak pitching is on e wane and the thing in demand is the bility to pitch and control curves. the Fork Throw, Left- Motorcycle Driven by Propeller Has Seats for Two Persons Driven along the road by a propeller run by a gas engine, a strange motorcycle has been made by an Illinois man. As it has no muffler, the sound is similar to that of an airplane motor. The propeller blades are at Motorcycle Driven over Roads by a Proneller Similar to That Used on an Airplane » inclosed in a wire cage to prevent accident Besides carrying its owner at a good rate of speed, it also has a seat for a child.

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34 POPULAR MECHANICS Open-Air Roll Couch Adds Comfort to Camping Trips and Picnics Weighing less than two pounds and as easily carried as a roll of music, an open- air couch has been devised for the conven- Couch Rolled Up and Extended; Supports Make a Compact Package Easily Carried ience of campers, tourists and others. It is a strip of waterproof fabric, one end of which is raised as a head support and backrest by easily adjusted props. The entire couch can be rolled up quickly. Ten Thousand Skulls Are Studied to Trace Origin of Indians More than 10,000 human skulls are now in the possession of the National Museum at Washington. These relics are not on exhibition but are kept for special study. Measurements so far taken are said to have strengthened the belief of scientists that the North American aboriginals and peoples of eastern Asia are of the same racial origin. Further examinations are expected to disclose important character- istics common to the Alaskan Indians and the Mongolians. The face of tlre northern Indian has been found to be broader, at- tributed to the greater exercise of the chewing muscles in the men. Among the women there is said to be no such differ- ence. The bulk of the collection repre sents North and South American Indians It was started twenty-two years ago when 2,300 skulls were turned over to the insti- tution by the army medical museum. Statues Cast from Wax Mimic Life under Skill of Sculptors By adding skillful touches of paint and imitation hair to the faces and heads of figures molded from wax, artistic sculp- tors who produce lifelike imitations of prominent people give the “studies” a nat- ural appearance. After posing the forms in characteristic positions, the workers dress them in real clothes of the kind gen- erally worn by the originals of the sub- jects. Plaster molds of wax heads are cast over clay patterns sculptured from photographs or living models. Into these shells, the molten material is then poured and left to cool. When the covering is removed, heads are adorned with hair, eyes are painted on, and other natural col- oring is applied to imitate any peculiar facial features of the persons represented. How Cells in Wood Carry the Sap Is Shown in Drawing To show the cell structure of a minute block of soft wood, a drawing has been made by a scientist at the forest products laboratory. Rep- resenting a cube less than a quar- ter of an _ inch wide, the picture brought out the many tubular fiber units cemented to- gether and having in their walls thin areas to permit the passage of the sap. Some of the inter- esting things shown are the horizontal “rays” that store and distribute the food material of the tree, and the vertical cells that carry the moisture. @ Making Portland cement by a process discovered in Germany is said to result in a concrete which attains in two or three days a hardness surpassing that of the ordinary mixture after a lapse of four weeks. No details have been made public regarding the discovery.

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ite en cts ibe ess in ree the yur lic POPULAR MECHANICS 35 Applying Tints of Paint to a Finished Head to Give the Figure an Ap | pearance of Reality Touching A Up Clay } Model for W ax Statue of Screen Come- dian | Wax Sculptor with Life-Size Likenesses He Made of Abraham ie Lincoln, Walker Whiteside in the : Role of “The Hindu,” and Jackie _ we Coogan, of Movie Fame s 4 Removing Freshly Cast Forms from Their Plaster Molds and i “S)) Trimming Rough Spots from the ed Surfaces; Left, Collection of Wax | Heads Representing Characters , G Selected from Five Races of aif — People ——$_—_ - — Y & Underwou

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36 POPULAR MECHANICS Traffic Policeman Is Protected by Sentry Box in Street To protect him from the weather, a Bos- ton traffic policeman has devised a three- cornered sentry box that can be moved about easily and will not obstruct the streets where it is stationed. Built of gas pipe and canvas, the contrivance aids in attracting attention of vehicle drivers and How Portable Canvas Sentry Box Protects Traffic Policeman in All Sorts of Weather pedestrians, thus helping to assure the ob- servance of signals. The bottom is made of strong wood for protection against snow and water, while the cloth sides ward off the wind. A canopy deflects rain and snow and acts as a sunshade in summer. Sea Snakes ‘‘Capture’’ Ocean Vessel Anchored in Tropic Straits Although sea serpents are now gener- ally conceded to belong only to the world of fables, there are approximately fifty species of snakes that make their home in alt water, some of them attaining a length of several feet. They are poisonous, and although timid under ordinary conditions, have been known to attack savagely when disturbed. When the S. S. “Ikala” dropped anchor in the Straits of Macassar not long ago, it aroused a school of salt-water rep- tiles that swarmed on board, crawling up the chains and hawsers. The ship was re- ported to have been held up several days before the snakes could be driven away. In many respects these reptiles resemble the land varieties, but have broad paddle shaped tails, which enable them to swim rapidly after small fish. Fewer Born While More People Die, According to Census Figures Deaths in the United States for the first nine months of 1923 increased over the same period in 1922, while there was a decrease in births, according to statistics published by the government census bu- reau. All figures are prepared on the basis of each 1,000 population and show that, for the entire country in 1923, there were 12.6 deaths and 22.8 births, as compared with 11.8 deaths and 23.1 births in 1922. Montana had the lowest death and birth rates of all the states, the figures being respectively seven and 17.5. The highest death rate occurred in Vermont, with 15.8, while the highest birth rate was reported from North Carolina, with 30.2 for each 1,000 population. Locks for Asphalt Shingles Hold All of the Corners Flat By holding all corners of asphalt shingles firmly against a roof, locking brackets nailed over the edges of the sheets keep them from being dis- lodged by wind or curling up under the effect of weather. It is claimed the fas teners bind the roofing into a compact layer equal to a_ solid piece, and by pre- venting small openings, guard against the escape d of heat from a building and entrance ot cold. As the patented locks are made of zine, they cannot rust or corrode, thus in- suring a long life. Guide lines drawn on the shingles aid workmen to place them properly, and may be washed off after the root has been covered. se ail. 7 ene ——- a OR, iis anita

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POPULAR MECHANICS ‘Practice Flat’? Teaches Brides Way to Keep House To teach management of a household to prospective brides and students interested in home economy, a “practice flat” has heen installed by a Chicago school. Three papils occupy the apartment at one time, to receive instruction in duties of house- wives and maids in operating a home at Student-Brides Receiving Practical Instructions in the least possible cost. Arrangement of eals, appointment of interior furnishings nd training of servants are some of the lessons the “apprentices” study while be- ng given practical experience in the sub- jects of the domestic “schoolroom.” Bogus Pictures Revealed by Lights French experts are said to have per- iected a method of identifying pictures by examining the canvas under groups of red, blue, green or white lights. Scrapings, re- touchings, changes in signature or other alterations, are said to be brought out clearly. In one recent case of disputed renuineness, the method revealed that the artist whose signature the picture bore could not possibly have painted it, because a physical infirmity prevented him from using the brush as the painting showed. Calendar That Cancels Past Dates Tells Time of Month at Glance Correct dates are read at a glance on a ilendar that cancels past days by broad red lines through the figures on cards for ] ri = | 37 each month, inclosed behind glass in an attractive wooden or leather-covered case for the desk. The lines are operated by two knobs on top of the box, one to move them forward day x». } 4 : F ts . oi 4 7 A kd Household Science from Teacher in “Practice Flat’ by day and the other to return them in readiness for use again when the month is up. Only a new set of cards is needed each year, as the case can be used repeatedly and is claimed to last a long time. The end ot the red line always points to the proper Past Days Ruled Out. Calendar Plainly Shows Corre Date; Note Knobs on Top date and the relative number of pa future days is clearly registered. @ More than 21,000 telephone operator most of them women, are employed New York City.

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eS) io 4) Electric Blower That Hoists Grain Eases Thrashing Labors Thrashing-day labor is lightened and time saved by the use of a patented electric Unloading Grain into Blower Fan at Bottom of Feed Pipe; Motor at Right blower to hoist grain directly from the wagons into the storage bins, thus elimi- nating hand shoveling. Driven by the farm motor, a rapidly rotating fan inclosed in a sheet-metal chamber, sends the grain, POPULAR MECHANICS dumped into a trough, up the feed pipe to the granary. The power of the fan is suffi- cient to raise the kernels twenty or thirty feet in a steady stream. A truck load of grain can be hoisted and stored in little time, without waste and at small expense. Lost Gold Mines of Arizona Prove Lure to Fortune Hunters Of all the legends of buried treasure, the most persistent is the one about the lost gold mines of Arizona. Only the Indians are supposed to possess the secret of this batiling mystery, although the story has been circulated for more than a century. That there once were mines in the region is indicated by references found in early Spanish diaries and by the tales passed down through several generations of na tives who were compelled to dig the ore as slaves of their conquerors. The chief evidence in support of the tradition is the altar of the San Xavier mission, not far from Tucson. It is described as being “in- laid with virgin gold.” Mission records show that the precious metal was brought from Canada del Oro where it was mined by Indians under the direction of Spanish priests. But no trace now exists of the diggings, and the old trail over which the gold is said to have been carried by pack mules disappears abruptly in the sands. SPEED KING DRIVES AUTO ON SIDE OF WALL Speed Rider on Motorcycle Run- ning on Vertical Track ita Driving an automobile or a motorcycle at terrific speed, a stunt rider appears to defy the law of gravity by running his ma- chine on a perpendicular track. Begin- ning the race on a level floor, the car, rap- idlv gaining velocity, is sent upward to the fencelike course, where it whirls along . Automobile Starting Its Climb to the Side of the Wall ~~ the vertical path as steadily as on an ordi- nary highway. The wall track is built of wood to insure a secure grip to the tires of the fleeting machine. Descent from the perilous roadway is made at the same lightning speed as that attained to climb to the height.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 39 SA “TTTETTITITIT trl el eat mee E ' 6 r 3 * © J > . ae: min Fan eT — dita Drilled Twenty-Five Years Ago, This Ocean Oil Field at Summerland, California, Has Produced a Constant Flow, Although the Wells Are Not Over 500 Feet Deep From Flowing Gold to “Dusters” Mile-Deep Oil Wells Replace Shallow Holes of Old Day While Chance Enters “Game” Despite Better Methods * spite of modern rotary drills, steel forth to pour its liquid wealth over the lerricks and scientific exploration of surrounding nd. When this happens, “suspected” fields, chance still seems to crews of lt sod are set to the task of operate as a strong element in the success digging basins in the ground to hold the or failure of a prospective oil “gusher.” flow. Laboring feverishly against the Wells brought in with a production of fluid rush, sometimes many such reser- many thousands of barrels daily often die voirs, called “sump holes,” are hollowed down overnight and deliver but a few gal- out of the ground to care for the prom- lons an hour after a spectacular perform- ised oil, only to find the flow suddenly ance that may decreased to the bring prospectors most ordinary pro- and drilling crews duction. Immense ishing pell - mell a territories have into the surround- a been covered with ing fields. More = great concrete than anything else, . os bowls hastily built drilling for oil often 5 to accommodate fu- proves a costly and - ture volumes of oil hazardous enter- as indicated by ear! prise, resulting in results of entire only a series of fields, and 1 pipe lines have been laid over long and ru igged routes to carrv the liquid away, only to lie idle and wasted as the area petet out to a scant te barrels a day Where wells drilled in the old “dusters,” narrow worthless holes jf thousands of feet deep, into which the time and la- bor of scores of men have been poured in hopes of tapping hidden res- ervoirs of the rich fluid. On the other days seldom ex hand a gusher, al- tended farther than Ways a wonder even | a few hundred feet, to the veteran those put down no Bai First Oil Well, Sixty-Nine and a Half Feet Deep - P. driller, ma y burst Drilled in 1859 in Pennsylvania are sunk trom 5,000

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10 POPULAR MECHANICS the Hole Is Lowered into the (>) Casing for } Benefit of / Visitors Big Bit \ That Digs Ve Keeping Track of Royalties Paid Govern- ment with Mode's of Fields Peg Oil ate ba h Li nee . A - Ax

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POPULAR MECHANICS 41

a ae a eee nt nee a Ne ee ZT - aw

Where Orange Trees Once Blossomed, Lofty Oil Derricks Now Dot the Landscape

i ——————— a Tall Pyramids That Mark the | Ceaseless Quest for Veins of “Black Gold”

—_ Wealth by the Barrel Bursts from the Gusher, Flooding Surrounding Der- 1 iit} To Catch the Flow, Tem- ricks with Torrents of Oil jt ; porary Earth Reservoirs <= = Are Hastily Constructed i |

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POPULAR MECHANICS

Fire, the Great- est Fear of the il Man, Is Ruthless Invader of Wells, Tanks and Refineries a Fire Fighters Attack with Streams of Smothering Liq- uids to Halt the Flames ‘ Keystone View © <=

Gushers, Touched by 4 Spark, Become Roaring Geysers of Flame

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POPULAR MECHANICS 45 Ten Thousand Chicks in One Hatch at Southern Poultry Farm At almost the same instant, 10,000 baby hicks started tapping their way out of their ells and into the world at a large poultry irm in Georgia. The incubators, with an dividual capacity of 150 and arranged in ng rows, are filled every 21 days with They are warmed with hot- ater pipes and great care is taken to \intain an even temperature. When »me of the baby chicks are only a day old, ey are sent by parcel post to chicken ers in neighboring towns, the post of- e department giving this class of ship- ent preference over other matter. Many re kept for breeding purposes or are ised for sale as broilers. More than (00 eggs are gathered daily at this farm d aiter being graded and sorted are sent supply city hotels and other 5.000 eggs. rge markets. In the last few ———————— | irs, the United States depart- ‘ ent of commerce has rendered ay | portant service to the poultry Gathered || : Each Day | stance which gives every promise of be- coming a first-rate building material. The transparency. associated with glass disap- pears under a treatment rendering the substance thick and opaque. At the same One of the Ten Thousand, and Eggs Graded for Sa le nd dairy industries of the country, to large and small farms alike. Last year, the ex- port and import business in these lines mounted to $80,000,000, an increase of 19,000,000 over 1922. to Be Cheap and Germproof Glass houses may be a reality within the ext fifty years if the expectations of scien- sts now working on the problem in urope and America are fulfilled. Recent experiments are said to have resulted in he production of an inexpensive, easily ade and practically indestructible sub- time, it has wonderful decoration possi- bilities in the wav of coloring. One diffi- culty is said to be proper insulation to pre- vent extremes of temperature and another is brittleness, but these obstacles are ex- pected to be overcome. The widespread use of glass for cooking utensils, for shelves, table tops and other purposes 1s taken as an indication of the poss of the material. Glass floors have been in- stalled, and not far from New York there is a stretch of road of natural glass bilities @ Incased in a mass of ice, a deserted three- masted schooner was found by a steamer rounding the Horn not long ago.

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——<—— —— POPULAR MECHANICS

COMMENT AND REVIEW THE earliest colleges in this country were founded on patriotism and religion, the latter being the corner stone. For perhaps a century the two continued hand in hand. Then came a time when new institutions of learning were created, which announced that while they, too, were for re- ligion, they were independent of any sect. Later, in public

Higher schools, state universities and independent colleges, the Education religious feature of educational policy was distinctly dis- and claimed. And yet all these seats of learning were still avow- Patriotism | edly patriotic. The next step was the exchange of professors with other countries. Some of these brought with them, and taught, gods strange to primal American principles. Also came greater liberty of personal views by professors, some of which were merely mild fallacies, but others were extreme. I do not mean to say, of course, that foreign ideas wholly dominate any one prominent college, or that every college has them to a really harmful extent, or perhaps, even at all in some cases. But at least there has been enough to cause fathers grave anxiety, and there has been mighty little public rebuke from college presidents. Religion, as one of the two fundamentals years ago, has practically ceased to function in the modern college except in Roman Catholic institutions and such as professedly train for Protestant ministry or missions. But we have trusted our colleges to at least turn out patriots. Their answer to the call has ever been instant and inspiring. Is patriotism now to follow religion into the discard? Faculties seemed to shrink from either positive action to stop these un- sound ideas or to reprove them. They rather boasted that free speech by unsound men to beardless youth glorified free speech and matured the youth. They seemed to ignore the fact that youth is impetuous and heedless of per- sonal consequences, as well in thought as in athletics. Can it be expected in the majority of students to question or doubt statements made to them under the auspices of a college they worship, and which could do no wrong? Also, these lectures were often altogether one-sided—the professor’s side—and were taught as facts and not offered as debatable questions. The radical professor _ see only his side; how could he be expected to suggest doubt in his pet idea? From earliest history, men, and women too, have fought, bled and died for their country. Thousands have even died in defense of the personal good name of some ruler, or the bones of ancestors. Revolutionary heroes sacrificed everything and went barefooted in winter at Valley Forge. For us. The same spirit was revealed through the long, bitter years of the Civil War, that the flag they inherited should continue to float over an undivided nation. For us. The boys who went across seas did so to preserve the same country. For us. Men have toiled all their lives to pile up millions that colleges and universities might have lands and buildings, teachers and libraries, vastly greater and bet- ter than they ever had, in order to provide the greatest possible opportunities for the young men and women of today. To what end: And now an orgy of heretical independence, imported from a land where peace and justice and mercy have fallen to the lowest ebb of any so-called civilized country, is being preached, excused, defended and declared by some students and recent graduates. Young men and women, abandoning all sense of obligation to those who have made possible the best living conditions in the entire world, are shouting frantically from platforms, “Under no circumstances will I fight for my country.” Not only from secular platforms but from some pulpit plat- forms, abetted by clergy itself, comes the ignoble boast, “Let my country look

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ScS— eV OE aS ——(‘(‘ QW eS _ i . ~~ wa ll eS Re Su «C’ CS POPULAR MECHANICS out for itself. I will not raise a hand or voice to defend it.” I wonder would these same persons refuse to lift a hand in force to defend a sister’s honor or a mother’s gray head? Is country so much less beloved and honored? Has it done so little for these traitors to it? Is it as short-lived, so less deserving that its perpetuation is of less importance to its own, and the whole world, than even a sister or mother? It is discouraging that young men and women students or graduates— because they are of more than average intelligence—can come out of any col- lege filled with or ripe for such bolshevism. If they did not get the basic idea there, at least it was not anticipated and taught out of them in advance. Of course, the great student body of the country is still patriotic, and the very great majority of presidents and professors. All honor to such self-sacrificing and devoted men; but why should there be any? Thus far their numbers are not great, but unchecked they may grow. Turn the traitors out! What is most alarming and raises doubt and anxiety for the future, is that these utterances and rabid boasts appear to pass without any word of reproof or condemnation from the heads and official mouthpieces of the insti- tutions to which these “advanced thinkers” belong. If presidents are indifferent, or fearful, or wobbly, what are the trustees doing ? a” * * * * ONE cannot cross our great western plains by railroad or motor car and fail to note the number of radio aerials. Life on our vast plains is still largely that of the pioneer. Hundreds of little ranch houses, with only a few rooms, stand out as solitary landmarks on the treeless desert stretch- ’ ing to far away foothills or the horizon. One, sometimes a few Voices more acres, where a water well or some irrigation ditch has in the converted the dreary waste into a little oasis, may be miles Wilderness | from the nearest neighbor’s shack. At intervals along the railroad, as though hanging on the edge of the great world of action far away, are three or four small houses, or perhaps half adozen. And again, villages of a hundred or two population. All these people are toiling to produce something useful the world must have. Few schools or churches. No movies, no lectures, no public libraries, no theaters. Absolutely nothing to alleviate the awful monotony of daily work. If in sight of a railroad, the occasional trains are watched wistfully until they disappear from sight. Such was the life of thousands until radio appeared, bringing far-off voices with song; news of what has happened in the last few hours in all parts of the world; the mirth-provoking tale; the price of grain and cattle in the world’s marts; suggestions for a better home life; sermons; lectures; even bed-time stories for the little ones. It was as if the windows of the little adobe hut had opened into the halls of the mighty, with music and dancing and an endless variety of instruction and amusement. Even in the remote hills the solitary sheep herder, many of whom have lost their minds just for want of a single human voice, now has something new each day to think about, and impatiently awaits the setting sun, marking the end of his day’s work, when he, too, can listen in and forget his terrible isolation as he picks up one distant city after another. Newspapers, magazines, technical publications, are educational, but none of them are free. All these—except for school children and public libraries— call for an individual payment each time. But with the radio receiving set within reach of millions, its owner and his family and friends can pick up, several hours each day, talks and lectures on the most practical and useful subjects without cost and without leaving the a = ~~ SE ==

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POPULAR MECHANICS —————— == 7 = d home. How to cook, how to care for the body, the garden, the home, the farm; how to render first aid in accidents. Only the other night I listened to an eminent surgeon who told how to make a splint from a newspaper for even a serious bone fracture. It was so clearly given, I could now do it. So could thousands and thousands of others who also listened in. Examples could be extended into pages, but are unnecessary. We all know. If our congressmen and senators would spend more time listening to the radio than to each other, they would not only be much better informed on the practical questions of everyday things that enter into the actual life of the people, but they would never dare dream of taxing radio at this time. Shame on the man who introduces such a bill. Shame on any committee which reports it out. Shame on every legislator who fails to denounce and vote against it. One of these days the long-suffering people at home will demand and get a broadcasting set in the senate and house. It will come hard, but it will come. And then there will be a great awakening in all the country, when the words and public acts of the men they have chosen to a high office become an open book. The high-minded and sincere men on Capitol Hill will welcome and profit by it. All this, and much more, one sees in a pair of crooked poles connected at the top by a crooked wire, with another crooked wire leading down through a small window below. If Santa Claus came daily to that little hut, he could never bring such gifts as follow that bit of wire. Nor can one fail to feel a surge of gladness that so much of joy, and courage and companionship, is being received daily and far into the night by those whose environments have so long been cheerless, discouraging and isolated. Surely radio is the fairy godmother May 1, 1924 2 ° ° P with something for every need, yet whose gifts are priceless. | H. H. WINDSOR ' Rifle, Rope and Husky Native Crew Assisted Sportsraan in Capturing This Huge Crocodile Crocodile, Once Object of Worship. Now Eagerly Sought by Hunters W orshiped by the ancient Egyptia: who believed that their appearance at tim: when the Nile overflowed its banks wa connected wth the fertility of the so crocodiles are now hunted by sportsme in search of big game and thrills in Afric and other tropical jungles. Like the tige: these reptiles, once they have acquired t! taste for human flesh, are said to becor savage man killers and they are great feared by the natives. Basking in slu; gish streams or on the banks of the river they are sometimes harpooned and cay tured alive with strong ropes or killed wit high-powered rifles. They are disti: guished from alligators by their longer a: narrower snouts and by the fact that the lower teeth fit into notches on the marg of the upper jaw and not into pits as is t case with the American reptile. The skins are used for leather and they are st plentiful, many of them being encounter in the Victoria Nyanza, the huge fres water lake that supplies the headwaters the Nile. Sie Ve

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a = ee —_— ee we « eTews eS OU er lUree eS OT ship, ters ytiat time ay wn tore * Recs: + POPULAR Vlodel of Sunken Liner Aids Divers in Hunt for Treasure o show the exact position of the ship it lies on the bottom of the sea, a model the “Laurentic” .has been made by a itish sculptor. The vessel was sunk by ubmarine in 1917 and several millions cold already have been recovered from e hold. The miniature is expected to 1 | the divers in their search for treasure. q Estimated at eleven and one-half miles ver than the top of the world’s highest ik, Mt. Everest, what is said to be the epest spot in the ocean is 32,088 feet be- the surface, about forty miles north me of the Philippine Islands. MECHANICS 49 Model of Treasure Ship Showing How It Rests on Bottom of the Ocean CAMPING OUTFIT FITS IN REAR OF CAR Cooking utensils, dishes, a galvanized box compartment, storage space tor d and a table, are included in a practical door to the cabinet when it is folded up. Legs fit flat on the outside of the box when it is closed and fastened to the car. It is Complete Cabinet Camping Outfit, Including Ice Box, Fitted in Rear of Automobile binet outfit designed to be attached to rear of the automobile while camping touring. The table part becomes the Electric Snowplow with Steel Claws in Front made in three sizes, and has an additional convenience in the form of a toilet outfit held on a hinged cover to the top shelf Steel Claws on Snowplow Quickly Clear Tracks of Ice With sharp steel claws attached to a revolving bar, an electric snowplow chipped out the packed and frozen ice on 900 miles of track of an eastern electric railway last winter. As the chunks were cut out, they fell upon a belt conveyor, and were dumped along the right of way. The plow weighs approximately 80,000 pounds, can bore through heavy drifts at considerable speed, and saved the hiring of scores of workers to remove the ice between the rails.

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50 Art of Old Incas Lives in Andean Pottery Descendants of Mighty People Spend Hot Seasons at Potter’ Wheel and Baking Kiln Molding Clay Ware for Markets A‘ the time of the Spanish conquest of ing on a Peru, early in the sixteenth pottery making among the Incas had prob- ably reached the point of greatest artistic development and is now the predominating of the population. The workman dig art practiced by the remaining few of that clay in the hills and stores it in a pit once mighty people. Were for the a moist state. Beside the storage pit is fact that A ite pottery prime pray of his believed the Peruvian native ably have given up this Most of them today, fathers, are given to agricultural On the lofty plateaus onlv a few degrees south of the equator the temperature changes but slightly. Torrential rains represent winter nd drouth marks the summer. It is in the dry months when his planted crops are ma turing that the native devotes his time to mak ing pots and bowls, for his economic condition s such that they take the place of all the household utensils of daily lite. Pottery mak- "LAR MECHANICS Pottery Market in Peru Village Where Women Disp: of the Sturdy Wares They Helped to Make century, principally by is one of the large flat rock. existence, it is would prob- it long ago. consistency for Potter Setting Decorated Crockery in Baking Oven for Glazing Bolivia and Peru. the Quichua Indians They are the laboring class and represent about ninety per ce 1 Batches of the Clay aré placed upon this stone and pounded, ro and kneaded until it reaches the proper molding pottery. g their fore The pottery wheel upon which the pursuits. sels are shaped is a strange affair of woo and stone The s!] running through t] counterbalance “kicking” wheel, rest upon a grooved ste lhe top is a knob hardened clay Upo this the potter places | batch of fresh clay, kicl ing the wheel at the rat of about 100 strokes minute to obtain t proper speed 1o1 spi ning the clay into tor } He roughly shapes tl outside of the clay \ his hands, flicking wat upon it from time : . 5 commercial scale is conducted w9

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POPULAR MECHANICS 51 Indian Boy Learn- ing the Art of Pot- tery Making: Many Become Experts SAN slice clliaeO TEE Glazing the Unbaked Jar with a Pasty Mass; a Sharp Bamboo Stick Removes Jagged Particles from the Surface —— “te Woman Clay Worker Placing Handles on Freshly Molded Pots; Using Fingers to Shape Strips kK - Making a Bulge by Working the Soft Crushing Bits of Antimony, Gathered from Clay Gradvally toward the Center | Rain-Washed Hills, into Powder from Which with His Thombs i hy 4 a Hard Tinish Is Mede on the Vessels P= TAQ— eee Pa AJ — Ao

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52 POPULAR time to keep it moist. With his thumbs the spinner puts a bulge near the top of the jar, then works it downward to obtain the cor rect shape. The rapid circular motion of the table enables him to give symmetry to his product. When the rough shaping is completed, he takes a small piece of bamboo and puts on the finishing touch. The stick removes any sharp particles on the surface of the jar and the holes they leave are filled with clay. The final task is to cut off the jar at the bottom with a piece of hard string or a length of wire. As the jars are completed, the artisan’s women folks fashion handles of clay and attach them with deft fingers. The women show marvelous dexterity in this work, for no molds other than the hands are used in working the handles and they are attached “by eye,” with such precision that it would take a delicate instrument to find any vari ation in the balance. After drying in the sun, several hundred vessels are accumu lated for glazing to make them waterproof. From the mountains the natives obtain small bits of antimony left exposed on the rain-washed hillsides. From the creek and river beds other small bits of lime are obtained. Lime and antimony. are crushed with heavy stones and the combined parts mixed with water to the consistency of paste. This paste is smeared upon the in- side of the pottery and burned. The kiln is made of mud with a false 4 MNS, Indian Potter Tying Finished Jars on a Burro with Rawhide Netting for Trans»ortation over Lowland Cities for Shigment to Other Countries Roads to MECHANICS bottom for a floor, beneath which the fire is built. It is then filled with pots and t top covered with earthenware. aki defective or broken Mesquite or sagebrush i used for burning, as the oil in the brus] assures an intense heat. About thre hours’ baking is sufficient to temper the pottery and fuse the glazing compound, after which the fire is drawn and the kiln allowed to cool. When he has ready sey eral thousand of the finished jars, the na tive packs them in rawhide nets, dozens t the package, and transports them over the mountain roads to markets from where they go to all parts of South America. Vitamine Discovery May Show Way to Produce Synthetic Food Much interest has been aroused in medi cal circles by the announcement of Dr. \W H. Eddy, of Columbia university, regard ing the first isolation of any of the five known vitamines. Dr. Eddy’s success in separating vitamine D, or “Bios,” scie1 tists believe, opens up the possibility of producing synthetic foods of high nutri tive value by chemical processes. Further experiments are being made to determine the exact composition of the vitamine Rough Mountain Wei >

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Tis POPULAR MECHANICS 53 ; ; U 4 f Scientists in Laboratory Seeking to Save Forests and Increase Farm Yield by Devising Ways of Combating Insect Pests, and Methods of Stimulating Growth through Fertilization Forest Drain Greater than Growth by Three Hundred Per Cent More timber was cut from the national forests last year than ever before, accord- ng to a government report, the receipts rom sales totaling $2,641,244. Attention as called to the steadily increasing drain on the country’s forests amounting to 25,- 090,000,000 cubic feet with growth replace ent only one-fourth of this amount. iture needs, it was said, must be met 1m timber lands of the United States, substitutes and economies in utiliza on will only partially offset the normal ncrease in demand. As much wood ould be produced permanently as _ is jadad wer. tick wei tated. adding that edd now, the report stated, adding that \merican forests were given adequate rotection against fire, and elementary ractices in forestry introduced, the present nnual growth could be increased to about 14,000,000,000 feet, or a little over half the resent requirements. To provide against | irtage of supply from Canada, it is osed that a pulp and paper industry - established in Alaska. A survey now is ing made of the pulpwood resources of United States. ror Vacuum Cleaner for Fields Stops the Wasting of Seeds Picking up scattered seeds in rough al falia fields after the crop has been cut, is accomplished by a machine that works on the principle of a vacuum cleaner. It is fitted to a tractor, the motor of which op- erates two fans. The suction created picks up the fallen seed as well as the unthrashed pods, thrashes the seed out of the pods and delivers it to a bag at the side Giant Vacuum Cleaner in Action Picking up Scattered Seed from Alfalfa Field

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54 POPULAR MECHANICS Portable Canvas Cot for Campers Folds into Small Space For the convenience of campers and for hospitals, a compact folding cot has been in patented. Its frame is of light steel tubing. * “ o (“F LL (is Inventor with His Cot Packed in Handy Carry- ing Case and Unfolded » Rollers at one end stretch the canvas top tightly. The en- tire cot may be knocked down into a package three feet long and it can be set up in six minutes. lt weighs only thirty pounds. Plane to Fly without Propeller With aviation still in its infancy, in- ventors are busy on different types of machines, one of whicheis designed to be driven by the escape of gases in the rear instead of by a propeller. The idea is not new, but heretofore it has been considered too inefficient. Now, however, a French inventor is reported to have overcome the main difficulties and to have interested the government in his efforts. Knotless Hook Holds Up Line without Need for Tying For use where a put up and lown frequently, a hook has been made which holds a rope without ty- ing. It can be screwed to a wall, and the line is se- cured by simply slipping the rope around the prongs. The harder the pull, the tighter the rope is held. liv ; Hill Is , formation | Toy Balloons as Weather Scouts Guard Lives of Airmen By tracing the paths of winds wit! brightly colored teen government weather-bureau statio1 in various parts of the country, obtain i small balloons, observers in six concerning air currents and weather conditions for the guidance and protection of airplane pilots and othe The balloons are trom two and one-half to three feet in diameter, are generally filled with hydrogen and are released twice dail As they soar observers. with during observation periods. aloit, skilled telescope note their direction, speed and height as long as they can be seen. The findings are compared with reports received fro: other stations, and from all the data ob tained, a wind chart for the entire country is prepared. The balloons drift great dis tances and have been known to reach a height of twenty mile Ten-Gallon Vacuum Bottles to Save Much Ice in Shipping 1 Vacuum bottles in five and ten-gallon sizes for shipping ice cream, cold liquid of all kinds, or hot foods, have been pat ented. They are constructed of two walls of thin steel coated with liquid glass, which is baked at a high temperature until it is Vacuum Bottle Large Enough for Shipping Bulk Ic« Cream or Other Perishable Goods thoroughly fused with the metal surface These large containers are said to provide a practical shipping case for frozen goods without packing them in ice, and for the delivery of oysters, milk, ice cream, and other foods that must be kept at high or low temperatures. They weigh less tl shipment of the same size packed in ice. ana “Cay, Nv

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e rae POPULAR MECHANICS 55 Art of Whittling Revived by Contest to Try Schoolboys’ Skill In a competition conducted among Chi- ago schoolboys for the cleverest and st accurate samples of whittling, many A Z r’ A \£ serums and vaccines. Many of the small organisms cannot be told apart under the microscope, but their appetites, it is said, reveal their true character. Each week, more than a hundred pounds of beefsteak, eggs, potatoes, gelatin and different kinds ~ ee Model of Three-Master Whittled by Schoolboys Who Were Aided by Old Sailor upils sought to disprove the theory that e good old Yankee art is being forgotten. \ wide assortment of articles, from air- anes to rowboats, houses and toys were tfered for the exhibits. Accuracy in de- tail and proportion and ingenuity in mak- ng the most out of a single piece of wood, ere the features displayed by the boys’ ork. In carving the ship shown in the tration, the boys had the assistance of old sailor, but many of the objects were ne entirely without help. The contest tollow ed by one to see w hich bov could ke the best and most melodious whistle om a willow-tree branch. Germs Identified by Way They Eat and Preference for Food By studying the way various germs con- ume different kinds of food, scientists in he laboratories of the United States pub health service are enabled to identify em and test the strength and purity of of sugars are prepared for the millions of little “bugs” constantly under observation. Every particle must be caretully weighed and measured. Cultures of certain kinds ot germs are kept for reference, and when there is doubt as to the character of new Cc t. Keystor View Co., I L. J. Bender, Public Health-Service Expert, Preparing Food for Germs in Government Laboratory 1 arrivals, their appetite is compared wit! that of a known specimen.

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56 Mail Box of Concrete Combines Beauty with Utility Combining utility and attractiveness, a concrete rural mail box designed by the Concrete Mail Box for Rural Routes that Is Proof against Weather and Rust postofice department is said to be proof against the weather and rust. Providing ample space for the postal matter of three persons, the container has an overhanging roof to prevent rain or snow from seeping inside. The supporting pedestal of the same material is molded to the box. Entrance is gained through strong metal doors se- curely fastened in the cement. From Banknotes to Battleships Is Course of Money Plates From banknote plates to battleship cast- ines is the path taken by much of the steel used by Uncle Sam in printing stamps, government notes and paper money of all lenominations. Each year, thousands of plates used for this purpose are scrapped, melted up and molded into yokes for eight inch guns, castings for torpedo tubes and many other things. Before being dis- carded, the plates are watched as carefully as money itself. They are sent to the dif- férent departments each morning and re- turned at night to the custodian of the original dies, which are never destroved. \fter making about 50,000 impressions, the delicately engraved lines become worn so that turther printing with them would be POPULAR MECHANICS unsatisfactory. committee of three officials appointed by the secretary of the treasury, the destruc- tion and transformation of the plates tak« place. Not long ago, more than twenty) tons of metal were taken from the vaults hauled to the foundry of the United States navy yard and there “cremated” under the watchful eyes of the committee. Photos in Darkness Reveal Secrets Concealed in Electric Flash Some of the mystery that surrounds the world of electricity may be dispelled by an invention for taking pictures of electrical disturbances of various kinds. Surges and impulses that last only twenty-billionths of a second, an interval that would give light time enough to travel only twenty feet, have been made to record themselves in beautiful shapes and patterns in absolute darkness on a photographic plate in the apparatus, the invention of an engineer Auto Heater Built in Water Pipe Costs Little to Operate To prevent freezing of the engine of an automobile kept in a cold garage, an electric heater has been patented that is attached permanently to the water mat The connection is made by simpl: ifold. Electrical Heater that Is Permanently Attached to the Water Manifold of an Automobile to Preven’ Freezing lifting the hood and inserting a plug. The warm water automatically circulates through the radiator and motor, keeping them at an even temperature regardles of the weather. As it is not necessary to heat the entire garage, the cost is re duced, and, as the warmth is directly to the place where it is most need ed, easy gis a sured. The expense is estimated at about five cents a night. confined 1 starting in the morning «1s Under the direction of a aie

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the ing POPULAR MECHANICS 57 PYGMY RAILROAD LINE DOES GIANT’S WORK several small towns in Cumber- england, a 15-inch-gauge railroad tem, seven miles long, maintains regu- express and freight sched [In addition, the line has been used to develop a granite quarry. trains have from six to eight ches fitted with windshields for the pro- tion of the occupants. Freight and Se T me é passenger, fitably senger cg ee meee y fo -~wane _ ne trains usually have four cars. Mod of the fast “Atlantic” type locomotives ed on English lines do all the work. ev have a tractive force of 680 pounds, e nine feet six inches long over all and rn coal. The railway was begun thirty ago and one of its engines, the la,’ has been in constant service for 3 enty vears. In the summer months, the extensive tourist S does an business, hauling travelers from the main-line junc- tion into the scenic part of the region. At the granite quarry, two and one-half miles from the main road, a stone crusher and sorter was installed to dump the mate- rial directly into the small cars. Without the tiny railway, the quarry could not be operated successfully because of its remote location. The pygmy line is the only Views on Busy Pygmy Railroad System in England Where Tiny Trains on Regular Schedules Serve Sev- eral Villages means of trat sportation to reside several of the small villag a their coal, food, mails and all supplies @To protect London from attack, a de fense plan has been prepared which ex tends 30,000 feet above the earth. Great areas of the sky will be so “mined,” netted and barraged, that it will be impossible tor aerial raiders to penetrate the are

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POPULAR MECHANICS Peaceful Industries Were Often the Principal Sufferers Where Chance Placed Them in the Path of Destructive Elements of Mexican Revolutionists Who Ruthlessly Destroyed Valuable Public Utilities Mexico—The Treasure House of the World Fabulous Stores of Natural Resources Long Locked in Rock-Bound Vaults of Earth Await Magic Touch of Industry ( NCE said to be the salvation and res- urrection of Old World empires, Mexico, teeming with land-locked wealth, despite thousands of operations opened up in past centuries, remains a gigantic treas- ure house pouring its richness into eager markets in all corners of the globe. During the first seven months of last year the daily production of oil reached volumes never betore equaled in that re- gion, while 1.770 tons of silver were taken from the mines. Upward of 1,000 copper vith a steady untiring p to swell the enormous mineral production to figures undreamed of by the ordinary observer. With the exception of every section of Mexico has mines of some kind \n estimate places the total number of workings at 21,000, giv- ing employment, when in full operation, to over ds00.000 people mines, operating htim. hel tnree states, With all of these efforts to garner the wealth of the country for the lap of civi- lization, it is said that three-fourths of the republic's resources remain untouched. With conditions changing and a steadily growing demand for raw minerals, regis- tration of mining claims is on the in- crease. The average for the past few yeat has been 5,000 records annually, which i clude new stakes in all of the various met fields. During the latter part of tl eighteenth century, Spaniards discovere the site of Real del Oro (Gold City), nov the greatest gold-mining camp in Mexico About 1825, the place grew in prominence when it began to attract the attention o miners all over the world by the unequaled richness of its output. Adventurers, for tune hunters and prospectors flocked toth: little town, all eager to confront most try ing hardships in quest of sudden wealt! Today more than a score of moder equipped and operated workings ere sca tered over the hills that surround tl camp, and the output of precious mineral! is perhaps greater than that of any othe of the rich mines in the country. Many of the ores are found in tiny de posits hardly visible to the eye, buried 11 quartz through which a sulphide of silve winds in ribbonlike streaks. Science, at ing man in his untiring quest, has broug] electricity to feed power to machinet which grinds the glittering vellow speck from the flinty rocks, and the mountainou +

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POPULAR MECHANICS 59 WA Entrance / Rich Silver Working That Extracts Tons ’ of Valuable Ore \\ from Rocky Mountainside \ in Mexico OT a abe | Giant Lift Erected above Main Shaft of | Si'ver Mine from Which Ore Is First Raised and Then Low- ered by Incline Rai!- way to Valley Below id fi a Small Mine \ il Cars That . Carry Ore from 11 Silver Working ; to Separating / 3 Mills, Across t! the Gorge ret O*\ ico ice 1 oO tle: for the tr 1¢] Lal > Til cat pis a i t! 4 Tra 7 , — . the / 7. Mine Build- ings ard Work- men’s Homes Crowning Bar- ren Mountain Top Above a Deep Chasm

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60 POPULAR MECHANICS crossed with a network of trans- lines region Is mission Following the disc very of the first sil- ver mine by Spanish explorers, who traded for it with the Indians, a settlement was established about what is now Mexico’s largest silver-mining operation, Pachuca, in the state of Hidalgo. The neighboring hillsides are honeycombed with tunnels. and terraces of tailings have piled up over a long period of centuries, under the un- ! Bands of Itinerant Soldie: ’ Sometimes Beguiled Need Labor from Fields and Mines, Paralyzir Trade and Leaving Machinery aterial to Ruin tiring labors of thousands of diggers. it claimed that one of these mines, the o! Trinidad working, gave up twenty milliot of dollars’ worth of silver in ten vears. | some of the older plants the “patio” prox ess for reducing the ore, invented in 155 and used for almost four centuries, is gi ing way to a new method more efficie: and less costly. While gold, silver, copper, lead, tin a zine exist in untold quantities througho some parts of Mexico, mountains of alm: solid iron rise up in the ranges to offet more rugged, but equally rich treasure t industry. And beautiful onyx, opal d posits, turquoise, and even mercury, ad an array of precious material in the roc! ribbed vaults and veins that hidden traverse t! land of waitit depths of the

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- teach ie Cee ore ee eS e 1 (i POPULAR MECHANICS 61 1 Ith. Over this realm of treasure lie expanses of fertile soils, affording to crower and breeder the means of ex- cting the richness of agricultural prod- in the shape of grains, sugar, beans, icco and coffee, and green and storage for thousands of herds of cattle, es and sheep. n five large oil fields which rank among orld’s greatest petroleum districts, science and engineering to disclose a world of wealth that centuries ago tempted and lured seekers from overseas And, though they swarmed across the continent glean- ing treasure from the more acc places, it remained for modern skill and enterprise to reveal to the world an un- equaled storehouse of riches lving be- neath rugged hills and rolling plains where barbaric tribes were once content with essipie igh Frequently Surrounded by Battling Forces during Periods of Civil Discord, Many Industria! Towns of ‘ Mexico Refused to Arrest Commercial! Activities or Halt Development of Enterprises eritable forests of needlelike derricks esenting a combined flow that often es 1,500,000 barrels daily. Pipe lines tanks built on the most up-to-date help to hold and carry this liquid h to seaport and railroad, where it is d into waiting carriers for transport seas and into the commercial and fac- centers of North and South America. though internal disorder and unfor- strife have arrested industry and | development for long periods in the the steady trend of outside money en toward the untapped riches of aided in the opening up of On the seaports are co has helds of commerce and trade. coast near the oil fields, crowded with tank ships carrving a im” of liquid gold from the greatest of petroleum ever discovered within tory of man. ies have grown from villages and ets and towns have sprung overnight hat was a short time ago but barren now ripped open by the tools of meager livelihoods wrung with crud plements from roughly cultivated fi Saxophone Key Pad Held by Button Saves Time and Improves Tone To save time in replacit g saxop! yne key pads and to insure uninterrupted tlow of tones, a button that “snaps” the cloth dis] in place and prevents it trom bulging into the air passage, is being manutactured Che tastener is so constructed that it the pad flat at all times and can be remo with a penknife in a moment By eli natit g the necessity ot cement or glue, it is claimed the avoid dental displacement of the kev wad the instrument is being plaved. Since the plaver can renew the arrangement covering other aid, it is said the expense ¢ the piece to a repair shop is « with, and that the method causes the 1 ls to last longer than when the ordinary fastening process is used.

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62 POPULAR MECHANICS Bamboo Reeds Play When Shaken by Java Musician Like many other oriental races, the Jav- anese are highly artistic and find expres- sion in music which is peculiar totheir own Natives with the Anklung, a Bamboo Instrument Which Plays a Gay Melody When Shaken by Hand island. The gamelan is a sort of native or- chestra, composed chiefly of gongs sounded in various cadences so as to produce a very complicated but sweet melody, with an accompaniment of wind and string instru- ments. Simpler music is produced from a bamboo instrument called the anklung. This is shaken by hand and gives forth a gay rhythm of which the natives are very fond. The music is played in the open air and is frequently the accompaniment to entertainments at which the age-old stories of the island are told. The people of Java are well known for their beautiful work in copper and gold, although, having none of their own, they have to import their raw materials. Batik work, now so popular in America, is made by the natives also by simply weaving the cloth in narrow stripes. Sun Worshipers Still Powerful, Cling to Strange Rites Although acting as bankers for much of India and controlling a large portion of the natural resources of the country, and in spite of the fact that they have accepted the teachings of.modern science, the sun worshipers still hold to their ancient form of relig Members of the sect have es- tablished great cotton mills in the city of Bombay and hired American engineers to develop water power and other natural 1ONn. resources. Originally natives of Persia they were driven out by the Arabs in the eighth century. According to recent fig ures, the sun worshipers now number onl 101,778 of India’s 319 millions. Auto Radiator Fan Is Reversible to Keep Motor Warm or Cool To prevent freezing in winter, as well a overheating in summer, a reversible rad ator fan for automobiles has been patente that can be changed in a second to meet weather needs. During low temperature it can be made to keep out cold air and t blow a powerful warm current over tl radiator. In hot months it acts like ordinary fan, sucking the air through the radiator. Heart Tester Helps in Liquor Hunt among Travelers’ Luggage With the aid of a stethoscope, used | physicians to detect disorders of t human heart, the chief of police of a Mi nesota city tests incoming and outgoi! baggage for traces of gurgles that mig reveal the presence of contraband liquo With the receiving tubes adjusted to | ears and the sensitive diaphragm oi instrument placed on the suspicious su Police Official Using a Physician’s Stethoscope in Se for Liquor case or bag, the official, by shaking article, can detect quickly any sounds t might warrant a further investigation.

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Sea POPULAR MECHANICS 63 Sifting “Cure Dust"’ from Truck Hopper, Better Roads, Less Cost, Is Claim for Concrete-Curing Process o save labor and speed up the work, a hod of concrete curing has been in ted. Che chemical preparation used is light dust substance and is applied b ng it from a hopper on the rear of a uck on which a supply of the material is ied. It absorbs moisture from the air nd prevents drving out of the cement. ne man can treat a long stretch of road one day. One or two treatments with naterial each season are said to be fective in laying the dust by binding to the particles that may have accu ilated on gravel or macadamized roads. Sewing Machines Use Sixty Million Feet of Lumber Every Year How large savings in lumber can be ected by careful milling and the use ot tandard parts in manufacturing is shown reports of a company that annually equires 35,000,000 feet of hardwood timber making sewing machine cabinets, an dustry that still requires each vear 60, 00,000 teet of lumber, almost enough to a solid train of cars thirty-two miles t+ . Parts of the cabinets have been so One Man Can Treat Long Stretch of Road well standardized by this company that is able to cut much of its material from edgings, slabs, short pieces and kr: boards not readily marketable in lot lengths a ided lumber Balloon Tire Gauge Tells Pressure in One-Pound Graduations For the proper inflation of so - called balloon tires, an air gauge that register low pressures in one-pound graduati has been placed on the market It insure having the exact amount of air, a requi ment much more important with the tires than with others The gauge Air-Pressure Gauge with Oge-Pound G ations Accurate Tests on Balloon Tires 7 e ° ‘ angle toot which makes its use possible } | 1 ¢} ith disk wheels, and those + } ] t] ick spokes, Oo! large brake drut

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Automatic Teacher Makes Study Easy for Young Pupils To overcome diffidence, develop self- confidence and to make possible the acqui- sition of a tund of knowledge in geog- raphy, history, picture study and civics unreasonable in- automatic, card- nachine has been invented. The printed in large type on a series of cards whicl in the them, one at a time, before the eves of the pupils. This assures the presentation of one tact at a time upon which the children Che nical lh demanding an vocabulary, an crease in Hashing 1 fac ts to be presented are are placed machine. A spring motor ~ drops concentrate. mech: action is a challenge to eac tore the: ( nt repetition den e. he pupil to call the cards be- drop, thus developing alertness. self-confi be used with a he supery ision of a teacher, or ner with a single vard pupil. results in machine may class under t 1 - DACK Artistic Finish Left on Concrete by Liquid Applied to Forms By applying a patented liquid to the in- side of wooden or metal forms used in concrete construction, a rough surface can be given finished cement without added treatment. The substance is put on with an ordinary paint brush before the cement is poured into the form. When the boards are taken off, the outside “skin-coat” of 64 POPULAR MECHANICS cement is left as a fine powder which is brushed away, exposing the rough surface beneath. The material is not affected by rain or snow and, as it hides the form marks and scratches, rough lumber can be used in place of more expensive matched boards and old forms can be used repeat edly, thus effecting a considerable saving f. cette, Pupils Reading Lessons on Cards Flashed by Mechanical Teacher, and Close-Up of Apparatus Ready for Classes in building costs. The liquid is especially valuable in decorative concrete work. Warship Funnel Serves as Garage after Being Scrapped by Navy Forming a convenient garage with spac¢ enough for two funnel from the scrapped battleship “Maine” has been put to practical use by a Philadelphia man. It Cars, a right Ke tone View ¢ Phi'adelphia Man and Garage He Made from Funnel of Batt'eship ‘“‘Mainc’”’ was “salvaged” from the government navy yard and only a few alterations had to be made to fit it for service.

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} POPULAR MECHANICS 65 Million Lamps Are Used in City’s Ten Thousand Electric Signs \lore than 1,000,000 incandescent lamps in the 10,000 electric signs that New rk City merchants have erected in front their stores and shops. Practically ry class of tradesmen is represented, restaurant keepers head the list with (0) signs. Tobacconists are next with ) Theaters and movies use 447, and hteen undertakers employ electric lights ertise their services. Folding Bungalow for Auto Trips Fits on Running Board Many of the comforts of home are pro- ded for automobile tourists by a roomy as bungalow that folds up in a small runk on the running board and has a ble, double bed, benches that can be used children’s beds or seats for six persons, pboard and other conveniences. The is hung over a collapsible steel frame requires no stakes or stay ropes. It be taken down or set up in a few | DOLLS PORTRAY HISTORIC lo portray people prominent among the ly settlers, the Chicago Historical Soci- modeled a group of dolls in imitation leading figures of the pioneer days. It intended to keep the exhibition as a oric reminder of those times. The cos- tumes with which the characters are othed represent the styles then in fash- nm. Each figure of the group can be Family Dining in Folding Bungalow and Auto Tri That Carries It on Journey moments. Eight large windows, nett and fitted with storm flaps, afford ventil tion and protection from the weather a1 can be raised or lowered from the inside Curtains are provided for dividing tl sleeping quarters into private rooms. FIGURES OF PIONEER AGE identified with its original by names ap- pearing witth the display. Most ofthe figures are’ of women in early civic work. Group of Dolls That Represent the Pioneer Women Who Were Prominent in the Early Civic Work Carried On in the Community from Which the City of Chicago Grew

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66 POPULAR MECHANICS

* eo “6 | > & LY { 12 PERFORMERS AND BALL 2 BASKETS 7 a BRIGHT LIGHT CAUSED —_——SS===_=_=_=_= = BY A COMBINATION OF THE RED AND GREEN RAYS e e

VIEWING MASK “<—— GIVEN TO EVERY MEMBER OF THE AUDIENCE

How Red and Green Halos Surround Shad- ows of Figures Seen from Front of Curtain Left, Plan of Stage Set for the Scene and Spectacles Furnished Audiences e BALLS THROWN TOWARDS AUDIE NCE

LEFT EYE RIGHT EVE GREEN RED

44 he)

MIXED LIGHTS FROM LA PERFORMERS THROWING THE BALLS TOWARDS LANTERNS ©

Observers Looking through Colored Lenses Get Impression of Be- ing Bombarded by Objects Which Are Merely Shadows of Things Thrown at Lights

a i ee

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a = aor 4h 18 DSRS Re NT JS — a — POPULAR MECHANICS 63 ‘ rte Illustrated London News Behind the Screen on Which Shadows of Balls Thrown toward Spotlights Are Made to Appear as Solid Objects Flying at the Audience When Seen through Special Spectacles Screen Shadows Given Life and Color Realism Is Lent to Blurred Figures by Viewing Them through Colored Glasses on a Silvered Screen RB LURRED shadows on a silvered screen are given a litelike realism—form, height, length and depth—by spectacles vith a green lens for the left eye and a red one for the right. Viewed with the naked eyes, the figures and objects appear only as indistinct blurs surrounded by reddish-green halos, but they are brought out in startling relief when seen through the lenses. \lthough the exact method has been kept a closely guarded secret, it has been lied to the stage, movies and to print- ng. When used in the theater, every member of the audience is given a “view- ing mask,” or spectacles, equipped with ¢1 tne colored lenses. \ (hen a screen is lowered between the actors and spectators, the figures of the tormer being thrown against it by the rays trom two spotlights equipped with red and green lenses, which direct the beams at such an angle that the solid shadows seem to be surrounded by colored halos. Figures on the stage dancing toward the lights increase rapidly in size on the silver sheet. A hall actually thrown away f: the audience appears to grow larger u it seems to be floating directly toward the spectator. On the other hand, figures ad vancing toward the audience grow smaller on the screen and appear to be moving an opposite direction. Even greater realism is gained by appl) ing the system to the movies, where a mat thrusting out a fist seems about to hit t! spectator in the face and an involuntat gasp of alarm and a ducking of heads are caused by a dog that appears about to le out of the screen into the laps of the aud ence. In printing, pictures appear in thet natural colors and besides the usual dimer sions of length and breadth also appear t have depth usual two. three dimensions against the @ Congress has authorized the minting 5,000,000 fiftv-cent pieces to commemorate the beginning of work on the Contederate memorial on Stone Mountain, Ga coins will be sold at one dollar each at the proceeds used for the undertaking

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68 POPULAR MECHANICS ‘*Totem’’ Carved in Dead Tree Recalls Indian Lore Elaborately carved with weird figures and designs, a “totem tree” is one of the Copyright, Underw 1 & Underwood “Totem” Carved from Dead Tree That Recalls Indian Lore to Tourists in New York oddities to be seen near Auburn, N. Y Carving the tree proved a unique way of prescrving it for further usefulness after it had died. The strange figures attract much attention from automobile tourists. The tops of the branches were cut off and means employed to prevent further decay of the trunk. Map That Inspired Columbus Shows Earth as Island Christopher Columbus’ map, believed to be the one that inspired his epoch-making voyage, was recently found in the National Library in Paris. An illustration accom- panying it gives a view of the port of Genoa and on it, in writing identical to known autographic notes by the explorer, are notations relative to the spherical shape of the earth. The map shows the earth as it was then known, an island sur- rounded by four oceans. It gives in detail the coast lines of Europe and of Africa as far south as the Cape of Good Hope. Braying Birds Are Found in Cruise through Andes in Steamer Birds that bray like a jackass and live in trees in company with parrots, humming birds and woodpeckers were found by mem- bers of an expedition that cruised in a steamer among islands off the Chilean coast, which in reality are submerged peaks of the Andean chain. Usually asso- ciated with the bleak antarctic wastes, the birds—penguins—surprised members of the expedition when they came upon them on an island covered with thick forests in which the trees were overgrown with ferns. A landscape artist equipped with a color camera was with the party and brought back specimens of the landscape pickled in formaldehyde. An interesting case of evolution was found in the steamer duck. One group gets its living without flying and has lost the use of its wings, while an inland branch of the same family is able to fly perfectly. Milk from Kerosene Is Prediction Predictions that milk may be made from kerosene were made before a joint conven- tion of the Illinois Gas, Electric and Rail- way associations. All that is necessary, it was declared, is to eliminate the oil odor and extract the fat. Then, by adding water, which forms eighty-eight per cent of the content of milk, minerals and sugar, a nutritive substitute for the genuine product may be prepared. ‘ an

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POPULAR MECHANICS 69 Movies Make Rain While Sun Shines with Street-Sprinkler Tank Realistic rainstorms are provided for tion-picture companies in Los Angeles whenever the directors need them by mo- One-Sided Ship Is Landing Field for Aircraft at Sea To provide hangars, repair shops and a “landing field” for airplanes when ma- neuvering at sea, the British navy has built an aircraft vessel with an unobstructed deck. Bridge, control compartments and lookout “nests” are confined to one side of the ship to allow space for landing and taking off of seaplanes. Should a plane become disabled while flving and fall into the water, it can be quickly taken aboard the “mother” craft for repatt “Shooting’’ Motion-Picture Storm in Sunshine While Directors Boss the Rain, Pumped from Prosaic Street Sprink!er That Pursues the Actor as He Receives Drenching before Cameras tor-driven street sprinklers owned by the vy. Water is sprayed from an overhead attachment connected to a hose and force pump onthetank. Light and heavy show- ers can be produced and the “storm” is made to follow-the actor by driving the truck alongside as he walks. Several prinklers with various attachments are used for making heavy storms. Mirror Lens on Tail Lamps Guards Auto if Light Is Out With pyramid-shaped prisms on its in- ide surface, a lens tor the automobile tail signal has been invented to give greater brilliancy to the light and to afford protection for the car even if the lamps should go out. The prisms are so designed that light from approaching cars illuminates them a bright red at a distance of 250 The lens is inserted with the flat surface out and fits any standard lamp. et or more. and safety. The deck is constructed with a wide beam to afford as much possible for fliers when preparing to launch. room is Brush with Three Sets of Bristles Cleans All Parts of Typewriter For giving the typewriter a thorough cleaning, a brush with three sets of bristles has been devised. It will reach behind the platen and in other difhcult places. A rotary section is adapted to scouring the type and longer bristles are provided a general dusting. The brush also can be Three Brushes in One for Cleaning All Parts of Type- writer; Grip in Center used for other office appliances, is easil handled by a center grip and is strong! constructed. @ Chinese peaches weighing a pound are raised in Shantung.

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Cooling the Palates of Millions Train Thousand Miles Long Would Be Required to Transport Materials Used in One Year’s Production of Ice Cream TOT so many years ago ice cream, the wation’s most popular frozen confec- tion, was looked upon as only a sort of luxury. Today it is recognized as a whole- some and nutritious food. Last year the factory production of the frigid dainty a 4 reached a total of 300,000,000 gallons— almost three gallons for every person in the United States. And in addition, a volume not as large is annually made in the homes with small hand-turned freezers. The machinery in the plants where ice cream is made is en- tirely automatic, and the product is not touched by human hands at any stage of its manufacture. Ajthough the milk and cream used are pasteurized before leav- ing the creameries, as an extra precaution the materials are treated again when they arrive at the factory. Glass-lined tanks with a capacity of 1,200 gallons an hour each are used for the purpose. While this process is going on, sugar is added to the liquid and the “mix,” as it is known, 1s then pumped into machines called “visco- lizers,” which exert a pressure of from 2,500 to 3,000 pounds a square inch on the 70 Net sweet mass. Their work is to break down the most minute globules of cream fat, assuring a rich, smooth and easily digest ible solution. After flavoring is poured into it, the mix goes toa battery of freez ers, the cylinders of which are of German ‘Se ‘ ¥ silver and spin at great speed. Six gal- lons of mixture will usually make about ten gallons of ice cream. Every twelve minutes, a hundred quarts of the prod- j uct are made in each —— freezer. Formerly ’ oe od : cr aS 7 > : Where Ice-Cream Cone Is Popular Refreshment, and Ireezing wa done in Section of Laboratory in a Freezing Plant ordinary air, but now the carbonating proc- ess is largely emploved, which means that the cream is frozen in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide to keep it free from impur- ities and to avoid the millions of almost in- visible dust particles that float in the air. When freezing is completed, the ice cream is packed in various-sized cans and placed in a large hardening room where a zero temperature is maintained. Special machines used for packing brick ice cream have three-compartment hoppers at the top, so that blocks composed of three. different-flavored layers can be molded. Cartons for these are fed onto i - : ;

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ite ——— a POPULAR MECHANICS specting Ma- terials Before They Go in- te Za Chemist In- aaa Automatic Ma- chine Making artons of Waxed Paper , and Cardboard to Hold Bricks of Cream Cream Mixtures Mechanical Dipper That Coats Biocks of Ice Cream with Choco- late and Incloses Them in Tinfoil without Aid of Human Hands Left, Mixing Fresh Cream and Sugar in Vats for Pasteurizing, and Above, Bricking Machine Where Quart Cubes of Ice Cream Are Molded Directly into The yntainers ————————————————————

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ow a revolving carrier directly below the hop- per, and as it passes the opening, a spring- released valve permits a quantity of each kind of cream to flow into the container. The wrappers are then closed and tied, the parcels are laid in pans and carried to the hardening room, where a_ temperature of about five degrees below zero “sets” the bricks. Each bricking machine has an out- put of approximately 1,400 blocks an hour. Many tempting frozen novelties such as individual sundaes, neatly put up in waxed containers, that hold about a fourth of a pint of ice cream, and centered with choco- late or fruit flavors, are also made with me- chanical mi The machines used for these are similar to the bricking apparatus but smaller, and the cartons are filled at the rate of seventy-two a minute. After lving in the hardening room for three or four hours, the molded ice-cream shapes are “stuffed” with crushed fruits or some other confection. Another popular tidbit manufactured in the plants is the small cube of ice cream coated With chocolate. In making these, slices are cut from regular-size bricks and placed on a dipping rack, which is then immersed for a short period in a tank of milk chocolate that has been first heated to a liquid state. As the frigid cream comes in contact with the fluid chocolate the latter hardens and forms a thin brittle cers. POPULAR MECHANICS shell around the tiny blocks. When re- moved from its supporting pin, the coated bar is wrapped in paper and tinfoil and placed in the hardening room to become more solid. Every large ice-cream factory maintains a complete and modern scientific labora- tory, where each ingredient is subjected to a careful inspection before entering the process of manufacture. In this depart- ment the finished products are all ana- lyzed and tested for quality. Daily tests are also made to determine the amounts of milk fats, sugar, non-fat solids and other materials contained in the frozen dainties, before the supply is permitted to enter shipment. So wide has the use of ice cream become that many states have laws specifying the volume of butter fat the manufactured article must contal Draining Ice- j Cream Freezer of a Partially Frozen 7 Contents for Stor- age and Hardening Making Chemical Tests of Samples of Finished Products; Below, Placing Car- bonic-Gas Tanks on Pipe Line to Freezers — — - ete,

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POPULAR MECHANICS 73 Way to Save Fading Masterpieces from Destruction Is Sought Attempts to discover methods or treat- ents whereby oil paintings may be pre- erved from fading and cracking are being ide at Harvard university. It is esti- ated that paintings of modern artists ill not last more than fifty vears, due to e action of light and air on the oils in e pigments used. Some have shown ens of fading and crumbling after fif- en or twenty years. Experts have suund that air, light and moisture get in eir disastrous work behind the canvas as ell as in front. To avert this, a sheet etal background with many short sharp nts on the surface for holding the can- has been tried with some success, and rnish has long been applied. Expansion contraction under changes in tem- rature often crack the coating, however, ing the pigment exposed. So far, ex- rts declare, no absolutely certain pro- tive process has been discovered. Bowling Alley with Balls on Wire Is Operated by Player Bowling is given a new “twist” in a one- r .lley recently invented. The ball, sus- nded on a spring trolley arrangement, is through the air and aimed to hit the s well up toward the top. Pulling a er puts the pins back in position and re- irns the sphere to the player. Score is pt in the usual way and the ball, similar that used in the ordinary game, is held h three fingers in regular position. Scaling of Fish Becomes Easy Task with Clamp Holder Much of the difficulty of scaling fish is removed by putting them in a wire holder which prevents their slipping out. head is imprisoned The between ’ Big or Little Fish Are Scraped Easily when Held in Strong Spring Clamp two curved pieces of metal and the tail is firmly fixed in a clamp. When one side has been scraped, the fish is turned over easily by means of a swivel joint. There is a wooden base which may be used as a chopping block. The device is light and durable and takes up but little room in the camping equipment. Liquid Covering Dries on Floors Liquid floor covering, said to dispense with the trouble and ex pense of cutting and laying sheet material in awkwardly ss! rooms, is the invention of a European housing expert. The composition consists of cork, seed oil, gum, resin and ocher, 1 1 lapped eparing for “Trolley Shot’’; and Set up Pins th this apparatus, one man can play a tice game and operate the alley, thus ng the expense of pin setters. Levers near Player Return Ball any such coloring as may be de sired. Ina room that is artificiall heated, the flooring will dry about thirty-six hours. The said to fit itself to uneven floors, and out places can be cut out and refilled het SuDsta

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POPULAR Crash of Ships in Fog Prevented by Use of Sound Waves To protect vessels from collisions in heavy togs and grounding in shallow wa- Submarine Detector That Sends Out Sound Distance of Hidden Obstacles Waves ters, a depth finder developed’ by the navy throws out sound waves that reflect back to it when they strike bottom. A record- ing meter shows the distance the sounds travel, thus enabling the craft to avoid hidden shoals and mud banks. By regis- tering the nearness of other ships, the de- tector, it is believed, will greatly aid in reducing collisions as it will give ample warning of the presence of other ships near by. Motor Sled Driven by Propeller over Snow, Land or Water Steered by a fiexible steel rib under its single set of runners, propeller-driven Motor Sled with Inclosed Body That Can Be Used over Snow, Land or Water to Show MECHANICS motor sleigh has been patented. With but slight twist of the wheel, the ribs are moved sufficiently to change the course of the ma chine which can make a complete tur within a 60-foot radius. It 400 pounds, carries two persons it a small tonneau and can be fitte with on water or land. weighs about pontoons or wheels for u Peat Fields Turned into Profit Peat is being prepared for a most instant use at Germany by feeding it into the cylindric molds of a hydrauli press which forms the material i to large dry ready low cost cakes. These al to burn after only a fe hours of drving in the open \s peat contains originally ninet per cent water and loses by meat of the new system not more tha twenty-five per cent of its mo ture, a maximum efficiency is sured at minimum further reduction of the amount of water, it is said, would serv only to increase very considerably the cos of the product without improving t! quality. The quickness in the dryir achieved is one of the most important fea tures of the new system. expense Laws of Mechanics Aid Pole Vaulter in ‘‘Lofting”’ the Bar In a series of remarkable photograp! of Dean Brownell, champion pole vaulter taken during exhibitions of his skill, th: camera shows the application of many o the mechanical principles involved in the law of leverage. To raise the athlet: body to clear the bar, speed in approac! ing the standards and judgment in placi: the pole preparatory to the leap upward give the necessary force to assist in acco! plishing the leverlike movement. Whi the jump occupies but a few seconds, t! lens adapted to register clear pictures wh« confronted by rapid motion, caught tl performer in several different positions « the feat. Heights greater than thirtee feet have been cleared by the athlete b skilliully timing his speed and by the a justment of the vaulting pole to his weig and force of motion. @ Names and addresses of manufacture: of articles described in this magazine wi be furnished free by addressing our Bu reau of Information.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Photos Copyright, Underwood & Underwood Where Mechanics Serves the Athlete; Dean Brownell, University of Illinois Pole Vaulter, Raising Himself over Bar Twelve Feet above Ground, in Performance Involving Several Mechanical Laws

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16 POPULAR Street Car Is Overturned by Auto Which Is Wrecked in Crash Impact from a speeding automobile was o strong that it overturned a street car of much greater weight when the two collided ina midwestern city. The full force of the which was telescoped in the crash, was expended directly upon the end automobile, MECHANICS Warning against Many Sham Furs Issued by London Dealers Sham furs are said to have flooded the market in such quantities that Londo dealers have been forced to issue a State ment giving the “incorrect and approve descriptions of furs” for the protection o the public. According to this report What Happened When a Speeding Automobile and Street Car Collided at Dangerous Crossing of the car, lifting both trucks from the rails and tipping the coach over on its side. Turn of Dial on Pocket Sewing Kit Selects Proper Needle I mergency sewing is simplified by a kit comprising five spools of thread, needles of assorted sizes, an aluminum thimble and athread cutter. It is less than three inches long and about an inch thick, and can be - — Sao, Drawing of Kit Open and Closed; Spools, Needles and Thread Fit in Base a carried in pocket or handbag. By turning a dial indicator on the base to the size re- quired, the proper needle is ejected. women who are priding themselves on the possession of a beautiful blue fox, may be cherishing the fur of half a dozen rabbit Cat skins, sheared and dyed, become seal the statement reads. Rabbit fur is di guised as electric beaver, chinchilla, seal black fox, sable, mink and squirrel; Tibet lamb becomes Iceland fox; dog takes o the appearance of skunk, fox or woli American opossum is turned into fitcl sable, skunk and stone marten; the kai garoo is disguised as fox, skunk, marte: and sable and the hare becomes white fo» sable, seal, beaver and chinchilla. Che dealers demand that fur be given its rea name, and that, if it is prepared to resemble another fur, that fact be stated. Opening of Tunnel Marks Epoch in History of New Zealand Piercing a great range of mountains i! New Zealand, the Otira railway ‘unne said to be the longest in the British empir: has been completed after seventeen yea Uniting two important provinces, it 1 more than five miles long and cost approx imately $16,640,000. coal and gold from Westland to be trans ported to the other provinces by rail, thu eliminating a long and expensive wate voyage. epoch of commercial prosperity. The tube will permit It also will aid farming and cattle raising in the region, ushering in a new aes vr => ells. Pt - a + 5 — i siti ei ele ee eee ane

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POPULAR MECHANICS v7 \nimal Life of Topsy-Turvy Land Links Past to Present Like a vast prehistoric page from na- re’s wonder book, Australia holds great terest for the naturalist and traveler be- use of the peculiar animals found there, iny of them being members of species it have long been extinct in Asia and erica. Some of them afford connect- links by which scholars are able to ice animal life of the present back rough the ages. Mammals that lay eggs, ars about the size of French poodles, ossums that fly, wolves striped like tigers d birds that laugh, are among the queer ecimens found in this topsy-turvy land. ne of the oddest animals in the world kes its home in Australia, the platypus, amphibious creature which has fur, ebbed feet and a bill like a duck. The re bird, a magnificent specimen that

uts about like a golden pheasant or icock and has a tail shaped like the ical instrument from which it is med, is another of the many interesting itures native to the island continent. Dolls for Grown-Ups Impersonate Characters Known to Stage

Miss Vale with Actress Dolls Dressed as Real Player: Appeared on Screen coiffures are reproduced realistically the bodies of the dolls are constructed ot flexible materials so that arms and legs can

Dolls designed to impersonate well- be bent in a variety of postures. Miss il own stage characters have appeared as Margaret Vale, niece of the late Wood el additions to the world of make- row Wilson, is said to have been the orig- al ieve. Facial expressions, costumes and _inator of the idea. = [= Ss — as — CHAIN REEL ON BELT PREVENTS LOSS OF KEYS < ] Hi] tH I | if if L | T 1 | e Nt Hie’ mat yx 4{|Hg) | 1 ju [7] ; 1 4 ar fq a | — =\ Pa } IU | P ¥ IP Pa — ) UW pit a) £ Keys are protected rom loss and theft and i e held in position for 1e eady use by a small re eel holder and chain rs lesigned for attaching i » the belt. When +x anted, the key is mit ulled out on the exten- ns ' on chain which, when iu eleased, is automati- te! ' ‘ly wound up again, tle q us preventing it from ew ecoming entangled or

holder is of special set ice to watchmen, post men and policemen, i quickly put on the strap and cannot get lost as long as the belt tened. The device guards the wearer against forgetting his key ring when changing clothing, and since it does not come in sever: contact with the ap parel, cannot cut the also

lhe ec loose. fabric with sharp edges

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BEAUTY AND UTILITY IN NEW PORCH FURNITURE Double Use of the Sun Porch Is Gained with Folding Wicker Springs and Soft Cushions Add Comfort by Day Wicker Table and Settees with Flat Up- holstered Tops for Mea!'s in Sunshine Dignity and Rich Coloring Are Combined in Set with Floor Lamp for Evening, Prac- tically Moving the Parlor Out to the Sun Porch Cosy Chaise-Longve with Deep Cushions, and Ex- tension That Can Be Used as Settee _—_——_

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poe POPULAR MECHANICS Plane Wing Like Window Shutter May Be Adjusted in Flight With a ladderlike arrangement of small lifting surfaces, an airplane designed by a French engineer gets its ele- vating power from a single “wing” made up of twenty miniature planes. By ad- justing the cross panels at various angles, it is said, the pilot can raise and lower the craft while in flight. The hody of the ship is built through the center of the wing and contains the pilot's 79 this form of energy and operating principle will have practical value, remains to be seen. One of the first things learned about electricity is that there are two kinds, posi- tive and negative, and that two bodies when charged with the same kind of elec- tricity repel or are pushed away from each other, while bodies charged with unlike kinds attract or are drawn toward each other. When a body uncharged Airplane Which Gets Lifting Power from Twenty Small Planes That form Single Ladderlike “Wing” seat and the propelling machinery. The conventional rudders at the tail end assist in balancing the craft. Static Electric Engine Is Shown in the National Museum Ever since Dr. William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth of England, about 1600, used the word “electrics” in describ- ing some of his experiments with amber, electricity has been a fascinating mystery. The presence and accumulation of static electricity is more or less of everyday observation, the most amazing demonstra- tion, probably, being lightning, represent- ing, as it does, an enormous accumulation of electrical energy in the heavens. To tap this source of energy, an inventor built an experimental static engine in 1876. This s now in the collection of the National Museum at Washington. The mechanical power developed is small for the reason that the mechanical force of static elec- tric attraction and repulsion, which is the operating principle of the engine, is small. Whether the time will come when with electricity is brought into proximity) of a body charged with electricity, the un charged body becomes charged. These truths are applied and caused to do work in the static engine illustrated. To op erate the engine the upper balls are con- nected through a brass binding post to one pole of a static generator and the lower pair are linked with the opposite pole. The generator is only moderately excited. Static Evectric Engine Built in 1876 and Shown in National Museum at Washington

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80 POPULAR MECHANICS i an U f Sy Ca Copying Camera That Takes 700 Pictures an Hour Directly onto a Sensitized Paper Reel Which Unroils and Is Cut Up as It Is Exposed Saw Runs Hundred Miles an Hour and Is Nine Feet Wide Designed especially to cut the largest logs of the northwest, a circular saw has been made that is nine feet in diameter and runs at a speed of more than a hundred miles an hour. It was constructed from a steel ingot weighing 1,140 pounds, which was reheated, rolled and trimmed until the weight of the finished product was 795 pounds. The circumference is more than Saw, Twenty-Eight Feet in Circumference, Which Will Be Used to Cut Cedar Logs into Shingles twenty-eight feet. The teeth are inserted in the blade, a total of 190 being required. Camera Photographs on Paper Reel It Cuts Up for Finishing Photographing directly on a sensitized paper reel more than a hundred feet long, a camera that takes 700 pictures an hou has been invented in Germany to copy books and other printed or written matter. It is said the reproductions are absolute copies of the originals and can be made as small as a postage stamp without muc! loss of detail. As the roll is exposed be- hind the lens, the piece is cut off and drops into a case, or can be left intact and re- wound for development. A holder is pro- vided with a suction device that keeps it flat and smooth and eliminates clips and tacks that might mar the copy. Drawings and maps up to five feet square can be ac commodated by the apparatus, and an ele vating table is furnished to handle books ledgers and other heavy subjects. It is claimed the machine can do the work ot fiity people, in addition to insuring greater accuracy in recording the matter which is exposed to it. Steel-Ball Stylus Rolls over Paper without Scratching or Tearing Designed especially for train-order work and for copying, a durable stylus that will not scratch or tear the paper has been placed on the market. It has a double- balled “point” that rolls over the sheet with little friction, and can be used satis- factorily for making a number of copies.

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TERRE "eI POPULAR MECHANICS 81 Balloon to Pull Train up Mountain on One Anchored Rail Balloon power is to be used on a unique railroad in Bavaria to haul cars to the sum- mit of a mountain peak. The big bag, fas- tened to a small passenger car, is sixty-six feet in diameter and has a lifting power of 10,560 pounds. The car will run on a single [-shaped rail which is anchored to the eround. By allowing 3,300 pounds for pas- engers and crew and 4,620 pounds for the halloon, ropes and car, a margin of 2,640 ounds is left in favor of the gas-bag “en- ne” so that it will not be stalled on the pward climb. In descending, gravity is e only force required and water ballast rovides the necessary extra weight to ke the down grade. City Has Free Elevator from Heights to Shopping Center One of the oddest and most efficient sportation lines in the country is a draulic elevator maintained by Orego: Ore., to carry shoppers from thei mes high on a bluff of the Willamette er to the town’s business district on the nks below. The service is free. The iit, snugly inclosed as protection against the weather, is 110 feet high and opens di rectly upon the main street. On top, it is ] only a few steps from the entrance of the Here's How Oregon City, Ore., Has Solved a Traffic Problem-——Shoppers’ Special E!evator lift to the sidewalk so that persons living near the edge of the cliff can “go down town” and back in a few moments. Baby Seat between Bicycles Makes a Family Carryall $v fitting a comfortable seat on a frame between their bicycles, two English parents have provided a safe and easy With this Three-Seated Tandem, the Whoie Family Can Ride Comfortably on Pleasure Trips place for their baby to ride. A strong strap is attached to the back of the chair and passed around the child’s waist to keep it from falling out. The jar of the bicycles is taken up in a hammock-like suspension on which the seat rests. Summer and Winter Stamps Differ in Thickness of Glue To prevent them from sticking together when placed in the pocket, “summer” and “winter” postage stamps are being sup plied by the government. The difference lies in the coating, that used during cold weather being thin and not so hard as the “summer” variety or an “intermediate” grade for fall and spring. Applying these various kinds of glue is one of the most difficult and exacting processes in the manufacture of the stamps. Great care must be taken to spread them evenly. The large sheets are run under rollers upon which the glue drops from small vats. Even temperature must be maintained at all stages of the process to insure uniform spreading.

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82 POPULAR Washable Maps Accurately Record Daily Changes in Records Washable maps with a smooth, water- proof finish are being used to keep up-to- Cleaning Washable Map to Prepare Surface for New ° Series of Marks and Colorings the-minute records of such items as sales- men’s calls, dealer locations, the where- abouts oft current news on which a graphic record is wanted. It is possible to block out and mark off territories with the ink or water color, and then use crayons for the more rapidly changing details. 1 - agents, or any otnet! Tricks of Drug Smugglers Keeping Police of Nation Busy in the heels of shoes and slippers or hidden in vials inserted in tubes . of toothpaste, prohibited drugs were con- fiscated by the police in an Ohio city recently. Thousands of dollars’ worth of such contraband “dope” is gathered an- nually by state and government agents Concealed MECHANICS throughout the country. Most of the material is of such poor quality that it is unfit for medical purposes and is destroyed. At one narcotic station of the government division, about $7,000 worth of various smuggled drugs captured by in- spectors recently into a furnace and burned. large was thrown Frozen Air Is Cause of Blue Sky in Theory of Scientist Frozen nitrogen, enveloping the upper air in a stratum which may be 350° below zero, gives the sky its blue color, according to the theory of Dr. L. Vegard of Paris The gas frost is in a loose state and is be lieved to be electrically charged. The at mosphere is shallower at the poles than it is at the equator and the particles, comit in closer proximity to the earth at those points, are believed to cause the aurora borealis and other sky disturbances visible in polar latitudes. This frozen air is also thought to act as an envelope keeping the earth’s atmosphere from driift- ing off into space. “shell” of Curb Flood of Noise and Live Longer Says Health Expert By eliminating unnecessary noises in the activities of great cities, the average length of life there would be prolonged about seven years, according to Dr. H. N. Bunde sen, health commissioner of Chicago. Iti said that the constant racket of harsh and unpleasant sounds is responsible for nerv- ous disorders which decrease the life spat of many Special again needless “noise makers,” it is thought, will do much toward benefiting health. persons. laws Government Narcotic Agent Feeding $7,000 Collect Detective Dissecting Shoes That Conceal Valuable Parcels of Contraband Dope Copyright, | t 1&1 lerw ion of “Outlaw’’ Drugs into a Refuse Furnace, and a > ©

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a POPULAR MECHANICS 83 mL a= -ASCHLESIEN wameunG RS m * . mad ‘ wee ee eee ery Pi =) _ — — FT oe 2S tae —— 4 74s — _~ i Built of Two Discarded Submarine Boats Riveted Together, This Strange German Craft Has ervice as a Tanker and Is in Dock for Repairs and Cleaning Square-Rigged Ships Passing from Seven Seas Once Familiar Forest of Masts and Spars That Marked Day of “Windjammer” Disappearing from World’s Ports VW! rH the passing of the sailing ship from the trade lanes of the seven as, the type of square-rigged craft that helped to make possible the extension of the outposts of civilization to arctic climes and carried intrep- id adventurers into the heart of the vestern hemisphere, has ceased to be the tamiliar sights they once were in the eaports of the orld. Leaving or entering busy har- bors, they are now ooked upon with awe and admiration vy crews of curious seamen, few of whom know the thrill of flapping canvas wet with wind- flung rain gathered in the staggering troughs ot tropical seas. Gliding as smoothly as a bird on the wing and rolling grace- fully to the swell of the waves, they pass under envious eyes of begrimed coal heav- ers and tenders whose only school has been the stokehold or throbbing deck of a steamer. Once it was said that coal could not depri the sailer of its place on the seas, because canvas- ‘4 freighters represe:.ted such a saving of fuel that they were assured rigge of a lasting market for their service where imperishable cargoes were to | carried. But recent years have proved this untrue. The demand tor goods carried in ships, and keen competition in reaching market have resulted in the development of de

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84 POPULAR MECHANICS ‘Life-Size’ Model of Old Spanish Galleon Used in Motion-Picture Production, Contrasted with Modern Battleship —O=— Forest of Masts and Spars on a Fleet of Sailing Ves- sels, a Rare Sight in This Age of Steam and Electricity 0 a ee

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eee a i lle POPULAR MECHANICS Watercraft of Many Nations That Sailed the Seven Seas Long before the Age of Steam, and, in Center, uxurious Smoking Room of Palatial Ocean Liner of the Present

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POPULAR MECHANICS Indoor Basin Where ax Models of Pro- posed Ships Are Tested to Show Efficiency Purchased by Concern to Aid in Giving Romance and Dealing with SE Seafaring Folk Se os aa At the Helm of Old-Time “Windjam- a Motion-Picture Productions _—" . | | Force Needed to Move Ves- sel’s Rudder Measured on Model Ship pe | | | 4 1 ! jee rrepue 1 Figg BE 2: J ee Huge Replica of Pa'atial Ocean Liner Built for Exhi- bition during a British Na- tional Trade Fair

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a POPULAR MECHANICS l ee Ship Taking on Pilot in the English Channel | | Where Such Canvas-Winged | Craft Are Rapidly Becoming Relics of a Bygone Day; Below, Dramatic Moments during Muti- nous Scenes Staged by Movie Actors aboard Sailing Vessel of Type That Once Carried Sea | Trade of the World ™ —\\ x — 200 __.. 00 S00 Ce 60 C08 9 00 3 OOS ==

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88 POPULAR vices that reduce coal consumption, and the gain in speed over the slow sailer, al- Ways more or less at the mercy of the weather, more than balances any advan- tages cheaper crews and absence of fuel needs might have given the “old-timer.” In the case of coastwise sailing schoon- ers, this is not so true because of exceed- ingly small crews needed, for it is the big square-rigger that requires many hands to “work ship.” However, even the smaller sailer seems doomed before the onward march of speedy motor ships, trim and sturdy affairs of light draft that call for only a few men to attend the humming engines and man the decks. Nowhere is the passing of the square- manifest than along the shores near the great ports of the world. Not so long ago large fleets of canvased rigger more “packets,” now rare, could be seen at cer- tain times of the year fitting out for trips around the Horn or for hasty scampers into tropical and Asiatic seas. With the passing of these types also go the ro- mantic “webfeet,” as the sailors who busied themselves with the yards and strung out along the bowsprits, were called by seafaring folk. Many of these veterans might still be found spinning yarns of ad- venturous pasts with mates in the sailors’ “snug harbors,” where those too old for service or unable to get a berth aboard the steamships of this day find a place of rest and retuge, survivors of a romantic and glorious age of the sea. Gone, too, are many of the rigging con- cerns which dotted the waterfronts fre- quented by the sailing craft. These were mostly composed of skilled sailors who had retired from active sea duty to give MECHANICS their service to fitting out vessels for vovy- ages. There are still places where vessels can refit, but the old days when contracting riggers swarmed over a ship while she lay at her pier are gone, leaving here and there a chandlery where supplies and imple- ments for the “windjammer” may still be purchased. Aside from rare occasions where speed is not of primary importance, few long voyages are given the full-rigger With the coming of more realism in mo tion pictures, a place is frequently found where the services of such ships are re quired to afford colorful “locations” for the staging of sea scenes, and in many it stances large screen-producing concer! have actually bought one or two boats out right in order to keep them among their properties for just such uses. them have been towed from their “grave yards,” hastily painted and fitted up for parts in plays of the sea and then, wher the action of the piece demands it, delib erately sunk or wrecked to carry out the perfection of the production. Few of the great figures who helped to make the era of the sailing vessel one oi note and epic in the history of the sea remain, and those who have taken thei places have gone into the field of steat ships, where comfortable cabins, quick passages and less of the strain and watcl fulness that marked the life of the mat iner of the past, sharply contrast with the rugged calling that led the men of the old trader down to the seas in quest of liveli hood and adventure. But low-priced speed is fast abolishi: the winged masts that once harnesse trade winds to sturdy hulls bearing tl commerce of the seven seas Some of Electric ‘“‘Track’’ Chart of the Liner ‘*Majestic’”’ That Informs Voyagers of the Ship’s Position * eee sage? - a Thee. e ren,

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Behh POPULAR MECHANICS a a ie a ee eas ne Some Copyright, Fotograms Unique Photograph of Latest Army Bomber “Zooming” f-—mwe f So Close to an Old-Fashioned Stage Coach That the Driver Ducked for Fear the Plane Would Touch Monster Bomber Nearly ‘‘Scalps’’ Old-Fashioned Stage Coach Progress achieved in the last half cen- tury was illustrated when a_ gigantic Martin bombing plane “zoomed” within a few feet of an old stage coach at Ormond seach, Fla. With a lifting capacity of 5,000 pounds, the huge plane could have swung mules, coach and driver from the ground and carried them away. The air- cratt has a record of 115 miles an hour. Drama of the Diamond Mines Rivals the Romances of Fiction Romance as strange as any that may be found in the pages of fiction surrounds the finding of famous South African dia- monds \ brilliant flash of light in the eves of an overseer was responsible for the discovery of the Cullinan stone, an event that thrilled the world several years ago He dug out the stone with a pocketknife. lt weighed 3,024 carats and was four inches long and two and a half inches wide. With only an hour left of the contract of a dicate of London merchants, the fa mous Excelsior diamond was found by a Kathir boy who was rewarded by a present ot a hundred pounds and a horse and cart in exchange for a diamond which, in its rough state, was valued at a_ million While war and famine rioted r the Kimberley mine twenty-two vears igo, the Kaffirs placidly continued their quest tor precious stones. One of these natives came upon an irregular pebble pounds, which, even in the “blue earth,”—the dia mond-bearing clay of Kimberley—shone brightly. On the scales the stone touched 221 carats, more than either the historic Regent or the Orloff. Bicycle Thefts Are Balked by Lock Carried on the Frame By means of a patented lock and holder bicycle owners are protected against theft The device consists of a two-pronged, notched shackle which is slipped between the rear spokes and inserted in a lock bolted to the rear frame. Unfastened, the shackle is slipped out of the lock and into two holes in the bracket where it is safe Bicycle Shackle Locked and Fastened in Bracket Car- rier Bolted to Side of Frame igainst being lost or stolen. The holder keeps the lock from scratch and does not jar loose.

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90 POPULAR MECHANICS RUNS FORTY MILES AN HOUR WITHOUT MOVING Railroad locomotives, removed from the _ by water pressure. Thus the “load” can be -_, rails and mounted on rotating drums that revolve as the engine drive wheels turn, are tested accurately for speed, power, and other performances in a special laboratory at the University of Iliinois. The amount varied at will during the experiments Water, coal, and oil consumed in the test are carefully weighed and measured, dials and special instruments show in thousand of “pull” exerted can be regulated by in- creasing the friction between the engine 1 drivers and the drums which are expanded Canary in Forty Mine Disasters Helps to Save Many Lives Mary Jane is one of Uncle Sam’s small- est employes. She is a tawny canary and has a record of having gone with forty mine-rescue parties into shafts where men were entombed by explosions. The bureau of mines employs several canaries, but Mary Jane is the veteran of the service. The canaries are used to give warning of gas poisoning as they are more sensitive than human beings. White a man might breathe gas-poisoned air for two or three hours, a canary will be overcome by it in a few minutes. Every rescue party going into a mine where gases are likely to be 1& Ur Reading Gauges and Meters on Anchored Locomotive as It Speeds over Revolving Drums Copyright, Underwoo lerwood of tons how much the engine is pulling, speed is accurately gauged, and even the cinders are caught in a special conveyor and weighed at the end of a “run” to test the performance of the grates and the burning qualities of the coal. encountered, therefore, takes along a ca nary. When the bird begins to droop, the rescuers know they are running into gas « Miniature Camera in Range Finder Is Aid to Photographers Showing at a glance whether the object to be photographed will appear sharp on the negative, a distance meter has been in vented to aid phatographers. The attach ment is somewhat like a camera itself and consists of a lens which throws a part of the image to be taken upon a mirror and shaded glass. When the object appears sharp on the screen, the exposure can be made with assurance that focus is perfect. ts

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POPULAR Mine-Shaft House Is Dynamited When New One Is Ready By blasting down an old mine-shaft house and rolling a new steel structure in its place, an ore company saved consider- able time and expense through skillful engineering and the judicious use of ex plosives. Hoisting in the shaft was not in- terrupted while the steel house was being erected on skids, fifty feet from the wooden structure, and while piers were being in talled. Then charges of explosive, timed to go off in “rotation,” were placed under the legs of the old house on the side the engineers wanted it to fall and a steel cable as attached on the same side, to help pull it down. When the shots were fired, the old structure fell in the position desired ind without damaging the new house. lhe debris was cleared away quickly, the teel building anchored, and in a few days hoisting was again in progress. Petrified Lightning Found in Sand Is Exhibited by Museum Petrified lightning is frequently found among the sand dunes at the southern end f Lake Michigan and in other places where large areas of sand lie exposed in regions visited by electric storms. The “fossils” are in reality ropes of melted silica which the intense heat generated by the bolt has transformed into glassy, tube- like strands extending several feet down- vard in a sand bank. Under the direction of Dr. D. H. Nichols. of the Field Museum 1& Underwood Dr. D. H. Nichols of the Field Museum of Natural History Holding a Lightning ‘Fossil’’ in Chicago, some of the “fossils” are being l. The length of these lightning xhibited. g “ireaks” is not known, as they break off hetore they can be dug out in their en tirety. They are generally traced down toa damp stratum of sand. MECHANICS Copyright, Underwood & Underw ! Peruvian Indian Family Sailing on Lake Titicac Their “Ba!sa’’ or Straw Boat Straw Boats Carry Ton of Freight but May Be Lifted by One Man Straw boats, so light that one man c carry a large one and so buoyant that small one will support a ton of freight used by the Peruvian Indians. The boat are constructed of large cables of bar! straw, tightly bound and lashed together Chey are reported to be almost unsinkable and will not easily capsize. Respondi: to nearly every motion of the water, tl - re said to have the disadvantage of n ing even a seasoned sailor seasick, but their safety is counted an important poi in their favor, for the waters of Lake 7 caca, where many of them are used, are so cold that even a strong swimmer would likely soon perish in their depths. @ Making of a wire covering tape now on the market. lamp shades is simplified When wound around the frame, a foundation to which the material is easil\ stitched.

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POPULAR MECHANICS Freighting Supplies over New Section of Highway with Caravan of Tractors Reindeer Sleds Hauling Provi- sions to Inland Settlements over Narrow Trail Beaten across Fields of Ice and Snow Dog Team Hauling Mail Sled along Permanent Trail That Leads Out of Nome, Alaska : ee a he

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wor "9 AG pment tir ays F as

POPULAR ve MECHANICS

a <n ae Above, Dog Car on Alaskan Tramway, and Tractor Train with Road Matertals on Richardson Highway; Be.ow, Reindeer Sleds, One of the Chief Means of Transportation in Interior Alaska Breaking Paths across Alaskan Wilds Tractor Trains, Sleds and “Dog-Power” Railways Carry Needed Supplies across Ice Fields and Mountain Barriers B*! DGING raging’ glacial streams swollen by summer thaws and cutting narrow trails over rugged mountainsides, re but few of the tasks that confront the ioneer highway builders of interior Alas- Most of this wild expanse of land can only be reached by river boats during the hort summer season or by dog sled in the nter, making shipment of needed timber nd light steel work for culverts and trestles a difficult matter. But with even hese drawbacks facing them each year, he crews commissioned with the blazing otf roadways between the hidden settle- ments dotting rugged territory, have hrown a network of paths over the area Vv which communication can be main- ained despite extreme winters and drench ing spring thaws. From Valdez, a south coast port open all the year, the Richard son highway, one of. the country’s most important roads, extends to Circle on t! upper Yukon river. In its length of 53! miles the roadway crosses the Coast Range through Thompson pass at an elevation oi 2.750 feet, and passes over the main Rocl Mountain range at a height of 3,300 feet Parts of the highway are suitable for auto mobile travel, while others, beset by la ural barriers, can accommodate only bob sleds in winter and wagons in sum: Farther inland, where patches of the territory appear to be at times a me jumble of gl wind-swept wastes, most of the trails.must be replanned each vear because of the dam aciers, Canyons, swamps age resulting from severe \ I and heavy thaws. Flagged trails, narrow

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POPULAR MECHANICS a 1 aid out across frozen lakes and wide paths I marshes, are marked by tripods of sticks or poles bearing bits ot cloth to prevent travelers from becoming lost in the ab- sence of natural landmarks. Together with about a dozen ferries, tram roads with cars drawn on tracks by dogs, and even overhead-cable trolleys are maintained to transport travelers and sup- plies to the almost inaccessible settlements. Many light cable suspension bridges have also been swung over deep gorges to give passage to pack trains and caravans of sleds pulled by reindeer, which are the Reindeer Racing Team Ready for Starter’s Signal, and an Indian Driver with His Prize “Steed”’; Left, Lifting ~ Live Reindeer Aboard Vessel, and a Choice Specimen of the Beast of Burden of the North chief means of trans port in some sections Work is always nece sary along the dog trails because of the thick brush covering even the treele plains and which grows rapidly during t warm season. In winter, although t frozen rivers might afford an attractive path for sled traffic, there is always danget of disaster on account of swift current and hot springs that undermine the thick est ice. Wider surfacing is provided the wagon roads in the vicinity of principal towns and mining districts, and occasion- ally gravel is added to present a hard coy ering. With the constant improvement of the roads and trails, their condition con tinually becomes better from the repeated thawing and drying out each year. In all, the highway systems range from cableway and cage over glacial torrent to stakes he e across plains or frozen ocean inlets.

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ae ww eww a Sore POPULAR MECHANICS 95 Clothes Hangers Raised to Roof by Chain to Stop Theft When workers in a Holland mine don their overalls for the day’s toil, they hang their street clothing on lock chains and pull them up to the roof of the dressing room out of reach of pickpockets, dust and water. Each man has a key to his own chain. When it is unlocked, hanger and suit descend. The arrangement was devised by one of the miners who sought protection from theft. The system sim- lifes the cleaning of the dressing room nd saves the expense of lockers. Split Leather Is Stronger than Grain According to Automotive Tests Tests which seem to disprove the theory that “splits” are inferior substitutes for grain leather have been conducted by everal members of the Society of Auto- motive Engineers. Samples were placed in pulling machines such as are used in the textile industries. According to reports, the first split turned was several times tronger than the grain leather and the second and third were progressively tronger than the first. *““Bower”’ of Miners’ Clothing Held Securely Overhead by Chains at Sides of Corridor “TWO-IN-ONE” ELECTRIC By simply shifting the gears, the “L-5,” i powertul electric locomotive now in use on the Pennsylvania railroad, can be adapted for hauling an express or pas- enger train at a speed of 46 miles an hour, or, thrown into “low,” where it develops a ENGINE HAS GEAR SHIFT gine weighs 408,000 pounds and can be op- erated with direct or alternating current. It was assembled in a month’s time, said to be a record for the Altoona shops of the railroad, and was exhibited in Philadel phia as the latest development in electric Pennsylvania Railroad’s Electric Locomotive, the ‘“‘L-5," Equipped with Gear Shift to Haul Either Freight or Passenger Trains at a Moment's Notice without Shop Alterations rting tractive effort of 100,000 pounds, | will haul a heavy freight train at a 23- le-an-hour clip. This “two-in-one” en- engines: those commonly used bet reared tor only one type of service, either freight or passenger

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POPULAR MECHANICS Coal Storage Pits where Fuel Is Half Submerged Metal Flag Clamped to Track Rail Protects Yard Workers Danger of accidents in railway yards is lessened by a mechanical flagman now in Che device’ consists of use. a long steel clamp with a metal warning flag on top, and fixed firmly to the rail at the open end of the track on which an inspector is work- ing, as a warning to switch crews shifting At night a lantern is hung on a hookplaced in the center of the flag. Ca&s. Mechanical Flagman, Clamped Firmly to Track, Prevent Accidents in Railway Yards to in Water to Pt Piles of Coal Stored under Water to Stop Fire Danger tr waste bv fires ari ising from spont ( combustion, the Wester 1 > . ] iect ( co ot Chicago stores it : : COal § 1 u € e! Rai road Cal col y the fuel shipments are run int the ds on tracks supported on pie between trenches of water ten feet deep Che Pie€ re formed so thev are neat | 11 1 . 1 submerged at all time As the tops of the heaps are constantly being removed for use, these parts are left exposed, and ait circulation is sufficient to protect the coal during the time it is permitted to lie. The immersed portions are kept as long as tw: vears before the fuel is lifted from the pit ; One-Man Machine for Plastering Does Work of Eight Craftsmen Experiments with a mechanical plas terer, which is said to enable one mat to do the work of eight skilled craftsme: in one day, have been made in Detroit According to reports a wall with severa 222 feet long and nine feet high, wa covered with a three-eighths-inch veneer of ready-mixed mortar in two hours thirtv-five minutes. one man, gables, al In an eight-hour day with the mechanical plasterer applied 773 square yards of wet mortar a against eighty square yards, his normal performance when working with hand tools. Five laborers assisted him in sup plying the materials and experts estimated that the job was equal to that ordinarily done by eight plasterers and six helpers.

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POPULAR MECTANTCS Color of Diamonds Changed by Heat Dogs’ House Has Electric Comforts : pie and Exposure to Radium Rivaling the Modern Home Is it possible to color diamonds success- Rivaling modern bungalows in comfort fully? This is the question to which an able equipment, a dog house built | : answer is being sought by chemists of the \iilwaukee man is electrically warmed and bureau of mines. For some time it has _ lighted The structure cor { i two been known that changes in the hues of the brilliants may be effected by the action of heat or exposure to radium, but the colors obtained have not been entirely uniform. The present experi- ments, it is said, have proved that if straw-colored diamonds are completely covered with aten-per- cent solution of chloride of radi- um, sealed in a glass tube and left for a few months, a deep sage- green color is produced, which seems to penetrate the whole crystal. Prolonged heating re tores the original hue. While the - : og oA ‘ee ina = - rm “y- guy igh value of the diamond ts largely dependent upon its being free from color, tories, the upper one bei tones ot rose, blue or gree tints are quartet ior the canine occuy hight prized as gems ind theretore the ind lights are turned on perfection of any process to change the an animal enters the door hue, it is believed, might have a more or ascends to the top root the less wide effect upon values turned off in the same e ren oved qui kly for rep] ic} Clothespin Bag Hung on Line Tilts | , and Contents Cannot Spill ing. Because it does not need to be 1 | en selecting a pin and can be To save reaching and fumbling for the line. the worker can keep it clothespins when hanging washed tabri to the hands during the entire up to dry, a bag that hooks on the line and container has a capacity of t swings atan angle has been invented rhe pit and the contents car t holder is made of tough cloth which ca atte ~~ Third of World's Railways Built in Quarter of Century if Totaling approximately 7500! according to figure prepared , tional City Bank of New York. t railroads, if placed in a single | mount represents an increa A miles since 1900 Near] ill ott been built in the last sevent vears for, in 1850, the world b te 25,000 miles of lines, le t now by a single great svstem in the state About thirty five per cent ¢ railroads are under government ship, it is estimated Condition ernment control and operation i! ferent countries, and inthe United ; ig " ‘ ( re eri alt ‘ ) Sy ait ' cti Tilted Clothespin Bag That Slides on Line and Is reat Britain and Spain Pp Always Convenient for Worke lines are undet private ownel

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Korean Bridegroom n His Wedding Hat and Robe, with Monks Garbed to Officiate at Cere- mony

as se | } lor to Wed- | ding Costumes | of Americar ~ . <a Fx. tear * — es — A) 5

Norwegian Bridegroom Generally Wears the “Conventional Black,”’ but His Bride Is Resplendent in Gay Dress and Crown of Elaborate Workmanship

. Greek Peasant Brides ba Rich Lace Skirts and Bril- a = liantly Colored Waists, Be- if decked with Network . of : Gold Pieces iC]

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the Rich Robes of Heavily Embroidered Silk Are Both Groom Here Comes the Bulgarian Bride Decked Out in Her Wonderful Hea idress of Roses and Other Flowers World Over as Caught by Camera Friends of the Happy Dutch Couple Don Their Best, and the Men § Pipes at Wedding Dinners

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100 POPULAR MECHANICS i a | — * Ge at di ublill r i wo LWA 7S... | ; ( t, lt lerw 1& | Giving Birds Displayed in Hot Spanish Market Shower Baths to Revive Them Rubber Gutter on Auto Top Shields Car from Dripping Rain Windows and the sides of closed automo- biles are protected from rain running from e top by tacking a rubber trough just be- The gutter is cov- ered with fabric leather or other material match the top and the side is wide enough to fold down over the tacks, con- cealing them from view. The molding is and durable, is not conspicuous, be attached with little difficulty. the roof of the car. Moldirg Attached to Car; Inset Shows Flap that Folds Over and Hides Tacks Shower Baths Help to Revive Birds on Sale in Public Market Exposed to the rays of the sun streaming into their cages while they are on display at a sidewalk market, birds, offered for sale by venders in Spain, frequently droop so that water must be poured over the cages to revive them. Refreshed by streams from a the cover quickly. cooling watercan, birds re- Peat Tried as Plant Food to Cut the High Cost of Fertilizer Large supplies of fertilizer can be ob- tained, according to the North Carolina geological and economic survey, from the peat bogs of that state and from similar deposits in other parts of the country. It is said that these peat deposits are one of the few domestic sources of nitrogen that can be economically applied to reclaiming exhausted farm lands. ¢€ Mounted on bar magnet tor needles has been small hinged support, a picking up phonograph invented.

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POPULAR Dynamite Deepens River Channel over Busy Subway Tubes Blasting solid rock at the botto the Kast river, only thirty-five teet ab e thre subway tubes connecting Manhattat Brooklyn without interrupting the tlow ot trathe, as made possible by the use of dynamite and engineering skil rhe charges were so caretul! timed ind placed that few passengers realized the ork that Holes for the blasts were made trom a drill boat When the shots were touched off, the firer signaled to the shore and trains about to enter the tubes were held up momentaril) Was going on. Fog Alarms Run by Human Hair Few people realize the extent to human life is sateguarded by automat devices \mong the latest of these is a fog-horn valve, controlled by a few strands ot human hair. Che hairs are stretched across a ooden trame and the na ire fastened to a series of sensitive spri When a fog comes up the hairs becor moist and expand ets the 1 1 i operation. After the fog is dissipated, the hairs contract at d si ut off the horn Typewriting Labels Is Made Easy by Roll Paper Holder Lo facilitatethe writing of label iho Le 1 has been made that is quickly ittached or detached trom the carriage Lhe paper 1 carried in arollina wav somewhat similat to the method used with addis Y machines. Ingenious Label Holder for Typewriter that Rides Back and Forth on the Carriage Holder and labels can be left on the chine, if desired, without in other work. terfering wit MECITANICS Hats for Wear in Next Are Displayed in Paris Century tnigemen ( t ( ot leay One of the con t¢ rt i ¢ 1¢ it a | 1 | 1 ’ t t ( id i (| }« | t ler (sui ‘ j ri é 10 ure i ) é ( t ou hye ‘ i OT tive ‘ ( “Oil Wells” in African Butter Tres Feed Lamps of Natives mst ] slyit e r Aft I tree ‘ b i ot the t (; thi ) t 1 said to that made in the pe ( nut of the oil pa tor such liqu but porte to he ) ) | ‘ aft 3 ‘ Ket ire ]

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102 Seven Men Are Lifted by Magnet, One Hanging Head Downward o demonstrate the pulling power of an industrial type of electromagnet used for separating metallic substances from other aterials, seven men, totaling 1,150 pounds were suspended from it and magnet n weight, ited clear of the ground. The Huge Magnet Lifting Six Men on Small Steel Bar and Head Downward, Held by Metal Shoe Plates vas hoisted in a rope sling about eight feet from the floor and a metal bar was placed in contact with it. When a cur- rent of 220 volts was applied, six men grasped the bar and were lifted clear of he ground. A seventh man, into whose shoes had been placed thin metal plates, was hoisted up and held head downward. POPULAR MECHANICS Gold Seekers Are Tempted Again by ‘Last of Galleons”’ what is be- laden “Duke of 77C some 339 Another effort to salvage lieved to be the treasure Florence” that was sunk the coast of made by an English attempts been years Scotland, is to be company. Other l time to ago oft le from time, never with. complete success, but each vielded enough treasure to prove the wealth of the wreck and whet the ardor of succeeding Div- vessel imbed- ty feet of clay and silt. Part of the ship has been cleared vith suction pipes. History re ship sailed into shortly after the Spanish Armada, need of food and water. i Bet re cler rtine the cantain w eTore departing, the captain was have mac renerations of gold seekers. ers have tound the aed in thir cords that the lobermor bay defeat of the sorely in isked by a Scottish clan chieftain to contribute 100 armed men to ward a raid on a neighboring clan \ quarrel arose as to how much the soldiers should receive for their services Phe chief sent one ard the boat to set a fire train to its powder rhe a great hole in 4 ° 1 of his men abe store. explosion tore ] the side of tl e vessel, which sank immediately with all of the 380 men aboard. Considerable doubt has been raised as to the identity of the ship, but contemporary doc uments bearing on the wreck and much of the treasure taken from it, seem to provethat it isin reality the rich and powerful “Duke of Florence” that ranked among the first five ships in importance in the Armada. Spanish records show that the daily expense of the fleet was about $222,000, the funds be- ing carried in the ships. Motor Horn That Imitates Human Voice Operated by electricity, a motor Seventh, torn that can be made to shout ‘Away! Away!” was demon- strated at a recent session of the Im- perial Coliege of Science in London, dur- ing an address on the artificial production of the human voice. By blowing into a contrivance modeled on the human larynx, the speaker also gave an imitation of a man singing “For He's a Jolly Good Fellow,” and a cockney newsboy shouting “Papers.”

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How Uncle Sam Is Savil Millions for Autoists, Home Owners and Industries Touring Car Fitted with Apparatus That Shows’ Resistance of Road and Air ] ANGING from an im- provement in the quality of false teeth to settling disputes be- tween buvers and sellers of blackstrap molasses, the government bureau of stat ards at Washington, “vard of industries,” as it is sometin called, determines the fitness « most everything manufactured used by the American people To do its work, the bureau is equipped witl dl 1 1 1 instrument and machme varving in size from those too small to studied with the unaided eve to ponderou ‘ ( ». A devices requiring an immense building to experiments 1 e bv t » house but a single one of them. Could to learn the b avs a the combined value of the information by whi uiman life cat te annually conveved by this institution to iMpro thet that the industries and home owners of the fhe materials t é country be estimated, it would probably be tru ( ‘ found to amount to manv millions of dol artificial ¢ dition lars. Inthe manufacture and use of auto- eal nd es are mobiles alone, great strides in the improve liberatelvy burned d ment and design of parts that go into them pots, if at that exist have been made solely through the results irom aée fire ilets tand t ) ot researches by men who have made it iron railt l-car whe tre their business to help the buver to get full the plate, and the ! value for his money, and the builder to be — corresponding with that caus assured of the best of material for his put tion against the rails \ brake pre pose Great decreases have been accom is applied suddenly. much like it plished in the vearly toll of life claimed by ervice, and the results of the tr accidents to railway apparatus by vital carefully checked in an effort to changes in process and method of their cracking i uch wheels i t futur making, as recommended by the bureau, Users of ga e now «

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- POPULAR MECHANICS : — ——— Getting Cast-Iron Car Wheel Ready for Test to Show Cause of Cracking Apparatus for Test- ing the Beams of Automobile H ea d- lights in Photo- i metric Section of Peres be : ee . Standards Bureau Miniature Cotton Mill in Operation in Textile Division Where Experiments Reveal Much Valu- able Information That Aids Manufac- | turers and Users of . Fabrics ~ ee —_—— ee ee ee Well Adjusted Beam of Automobile Headlamp: Each Square Represents Twenty-Four Inches at a Distance of 100 Feet from Car; Left, Testing Strength of Brick Walls with Massive Machine That Crushes Sections of Assembled Materials

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POPULAR MECHANICS Contrivance Used by Bureau of Standards to Measure Radio Wave Lengths; Right, Freez- ing and Thawing amples of Stones to Determine Endur- ance; Below, Machine Track That Tests Auto Tires for Du- rability, and a Wind Tunnel to Try Airplane Radiators

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106 POPULAR fifteen million automo hare in supplies by standards designed to Weights 1 the in this country s operation of bile © chneape#®r the benetits fuel means of a pian the bureau ot utilize a less volatile product. and measures have been so standardized by the institution that in hardly a case can the buyer of a commodity be deprived of full quantity of his purchase without de- tection of the discrepancy. New arrange ments in storage and packing, design of warehouses, and a thousand and onethings the man on the street is too busy to con- MECHANICS ‘ ‘. ‘ ‘ ‘ , , ‘ amine the facts in the laboratories of the are pas ed on to the for the proper operation o1 s or the working of mines devised by bureau of standard ‘| he Car4re less lumberm il fore the Codes factories and mill bureau be public. are all safety engineers. who bunks on a cot near an open fire or in close proximity to inflammable mate rials is cautioned and advised of his dan ger in instructions and sug that may tell him how to be comiortable wit! little or no risk. workers in all sorts ot gestions Rules tor protection oO! | industrial plants Flame-Proof Room after Test by Fire; Be'ow, Burn- ing a Building to Learn Temperature and Duration of Blaze; Above at Right, Motor Operating Hinges on “Opening and Shutting’’ Device to Measure Length of Life i template, have been improved or planned ' for his profit, by experts who can tell by a few experiments what the trouble is with a defective flue, and what causes shingles to rot in climates where the conditions are such they should last a life- have been gathered together. Gas safety time. In all, the peculiarities ot place, codes, protection against lightning and weather and the material itself are brought precautions tor guarding limbs and eve out in exhaustive experiments which sel dom leave anything to the imagination. rubber, leather, paints, copper, fire-extinguishing fluids, and even scouring compounds, have all been meas- ured by the “scientific vardstick” and standards prescribed for their manutacture to insure the final possessor of a first-class article that will “stand up” under the service for which it is intended. Prob lems of housing and building and the as sembling and broadcasting to home own- ers of information in the interest of cheaper and better dwellings-are daily receiving increased attention at the hands of technical men, who first weigh and ex- Cement, bronze, of those associated with machinery a1 explosives are laid down in an array ot information made possible by hundreds ot tests that have showed at least seventy per cent of most accidents to be prevent able by changing some detail in an article of manufacture. hive @ Chicken raising is being recommended as a career for voung women in France One municipal councilor suggests that they form themselves into colonies, and on one farm now the girls have charge ot 500 hens or more. Freedom from the strenuous activities of the city and life tt the open air a— given as the advantages.

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POPULAR Britons to Refloat German Fleet Sunk at Scapa Flow For the first time in history, the task of refloating an entire sunken fleet is to be undertaken, according to word from Eng land. The British admiralty has arranged to raise the German fleet that was scuttled in 1919 at Scapa Flow, in the Orkneys. It is claimed that the project will be the largest salvage job ever undertaken. After the vessels have been retloated, they will be scrapped. It is expected that most ot the metal obtained will go to Germany, where it will be turned into cutlery. For tunes are said to have been made and lost in salvaging ships that were sunk during the war. The British government itself is reported to have raised vessels and cargoes valued at $340,000,000 in the past five vears taking $34,000,000 in gold bars from the wreck of one steamship, the “Laurentic.” Folding Metal Roof Bracket Saves Time in Laying Shingles Quickly adjustable to any pitch of roof, a patented folding metal bracket has notches for support nails so that it may | removed simply by unhooking it. 7 apply tight sheath- ing boards, four holes are punched in the body, through which it 1c ‘) 1s possible to se curely anchor the bracket to the rafters. Such a pro, is1on it is pointed out, makes an ideat support for laving Spinish tile. For the convenience of carpenters, an ad justable stop holds planks tightly against the roof and also prevents shingles or tools from falling. Notched strips with side locks permit the bracket to be ad justed to six different angles. Ice Box Carried on Running Board Adds Comfort to Auto Trips Neatly fitting inside the luggage carrier on the automobile running board, a ice box is being manufactured to suppl tourists with cold drinks and to keep foods fresh and cool. ‘The refrigerator has a Capacious compartment for packages and a rack for bottles, jars or cans, is fitted with double walls, well ,»sulated, and i MECHANICS 103 red with gaiva eC er clea \ tight-fitt d Keely

x y t Ik evs S } s I ked 1 Does I che ‘ | ‘ a) \ KT ee ‘ et ( ¢ 1 ‘ t< t ‘ Filter in Cigarette Holder Cools

and Cleans the Smoke cigarette i peen pate t I ce eT \ n n ‘ ‘ l¢ thre moke ( 1 ( \ ( ‘ ab { c¢ ol 1 t t ‘ Cigarette Holder with Spear Point and Shields to |} © omoke

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108 POPULAR MECHANICS Broom with Two Heads in Holder Is thin the car, so that the driver can raise Easily and Quickly Refilled ing e Berinag apace Spreng , Cil\ O1 retween the sections permits cleat When a patented broom now on the © vision of the road or sidewalk to the rig! market become orn, the head’ can be when the visor is dow1 With the shad turned over in its cleverly designed clamp transparent side wings that will not wat holder, thus permit or crack are manutactured They are ting use of both mounted in polished aluminum frames Armored Mail Bags to Protect Contents during Shipment Collapsible mail bags reintorced b ro! p ite On the sides have been designed by the postoftice depart- ment to prevent njuryvy to the col tent | © p ites to Reversing Head of Broom Is Accomplished the eight or bulk by Turning Filler in Its Clamp Holder of the bag. and et ends of the straws. New “fillers” mav be fectively -shield inserted as often as necessary Che broom letters and pacl sweeps easily and thoroughly, saves the “5 lo test expense oft a new stick, and is light a1 dl cneir CmICIENCY, a quickly adjusted. A heavier style is manu ari lored sack filled factured for v arehouse duty. with empty paste board boxes was Auto Sun Visor May Be Adjusted weight of a heavy — from Inside Car by Driver tents were unin Glare of headlights or of the sun is kept Jured. Damage to mail packages amounts from the automobile driver's ev: by an to millions of dollars yearly, it is said alut im shade that may be instantly adjusted from inside the car. It is placed Spider Webs for Surveyor’s Lens over the windshield and has t ingulat : iped inserts of transparent material it Without the assistance of spiders, accu blue, green or amber color. The shade is Tate surveying would be almost impossible suspended on a steel rod which ts attached [very year a certain species, known as the bv brackets and has a handle extending Michigan gray and brown spotted, ts raised tor the manutacture ot the cross-Nall | surve rs telescope field glasses and art cles of like nature Strands ot the delicate ilk” the spider spi not more than five ten - thousandtl of an inch thick, a stretched across the diaphragm of trat telescopes and other instruments to tell t] urveyor when his glass is pointed cor rectly tor accurate readings. \ coarset thread would appear so large under the powerful lens that it would obscure most of the vision. Platinum has been used fort lis purpose, but becomes brittle and t breaks when drawn fine. Spider webs have | een in service in some instruments to Aluminum Visor with Transparent ‘“‘Windows” and pape ; , oS Seetass Side Wings to Shield Auto Driver's Eyes torty years and 4,'¢ still intact,

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POPULAR MECIIANICS _ a & 4 i “Roping” One of the Huge Statues of Stone Age Beasts in Grounds of a London | Images Were Renovated and Retouched by S tors Dragons of Stone Age Lassoed construction, The front P teel and the mecha m and Hauled from Mud ae sa coat ag al © Va Master Ke ill 4 Aiter lying for a long time partly sub- — one loc The inventor spe merged by mud and weeds in the grounds — study and experiment and his lo of the Crystal Palace in London, a collec- been approved by the American Te tion of prehistoric animals carved from and Telegraph company for use stone were renovated and cleaned by a crew of workmen. The weatherbeaten claws and teeth of the big statues were smoothed and sharpened and a coat of paint was applied to the eves to restore the natural “expressions.” Sculptors re newed details that were obliterated by time and weather, and scale-armor “hides” were scrubbed to bring out the original color ' ing of the stone. Since then the realistic appearance of the statues has attracted much attention, Lock with a Million Combinations Guards Money Boxes - 1 - . ° oe nterior “onstruct n and Relative Size f Dir ‘ ¢ Capz > ine : ste asily I Cons , . Capable or being adjusted ea lly to a Lock that Permits Million Combinat million combinations, a lock has been i1 ented which is designed to give positive erating ¢ es fe protection to users. The principle of the — pose e he ct er barrel and tumbler lock is applied in it n similar

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Time and Money-Saving Tools Sy) : ——— fo “x =e: ie : i LF EGN Se wo ail QR 5 was \ pn eee cee ecessneeeeeseeaa= aah Oe x

Getting Quick Breakfast Is Easy with Perco lator and Electric Toaster That Browns Both Sides of Bread at Once; Above, Jardiniere with Water Reservoir and Wicks, Bent like Si- phons, to Keep Soil Moist = os === TS ’ P ‘ | / Handy Spool of Paper and | | At Pencil Holder Combined for Keeping Kitchen Memoranda

ie Ls © Sanitary and Convenient Cabinet for H yiding Soile 1 Clothes; Has End or Top Openings and Occupies Little Space in Bathroom or Kitchen y

- “ Suggestion for ( Making Money from the Washing Machine—an Ele« tric Switch That Supplies Power } Only When Coin AP OHG Ore, OME Hom

, & ; Blossoms, Has Fragran ; : of Flowers and Takes Place of Costly Perfumes

Revolving Electric Dish- 3 * washer That Utilizes ‘ — Principle of Centrifugal _ 1.

Force; Water Driven through Slots in Alumi- e num Bowl in Jacket \ » See eae Sees ee eee ee eee eee eee eee, ™~

ee

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for Woman’s Workshop in Home _Jpessessscasceseasascesssesesese= a(4 J ‘ vad, yp eeeeecocsem,\ = Hollow-Metal Smoking Stand « with Weighted Base Cannot Tip Over and Keeps Ashes from Floor; Cigar and Ciga- rette Stubs Pass into Waste Bow! at Bottom to Be Dumped Out Later =>. - — - ee «ooo > Electric Light with t— , Current Outlet in f* Cord for Attach- ~~ ing Flatirons, = Toasters or © ar Other Appli- Ph ances SS Collapsible Two-Wheeled Baby Carriage Folds To- gether 2s Compactly as a Cane I 4 a F 1 I ag Ar 4 Convenier a’ |, Many Kit het ‘ Ay Heating Cord Is Att o Li ght Socket Wall Bracket for Flatiron Switches | on Current When Iron Is Removed from Shelf, aad Signal Light Warns User to Put It Back ——_—— Pressing a Button Converts Vanity Case with Outside Bulb and Con cealed Batteries into " venient Searchlight —_— Assembled Easily . he ey without Tools. Screws - } or Glue, Strong ef war | 1 a) Kitchen Stool Serves 1 Many Purposes and Is : | yf Easily Taken Anart

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112 POPULAR MECHANICS “Clocks” on Battleships Give Range resent number, and the “Hub ¢ o . , ; ‘ Is considering various measures to solve to Crews at Target Practice R l > ever-increasing trae jams revise High upon the masts of Uncle Sam’s parking regulations, underground cor battleships, what appear to be ordinary truction and a system of traffic signa clocks play an important part in directing hereby crowds would be moved in large: units, are other plans under discussion t Heart of Old Oak Tree Is Witness in Dispute over Boundary Because the stake pl inted in 1838 bv sut C 1g owners, had disap peared, an old oak tree standing near the spot and which was blazed to mark the pin’s positio1 has been opened In searcl of the sca Through records on file tha describe the tree is if is OO vears ago, it identity was figured out by experts. Cut five inches deep were made around th place where the evidence was thought ti be and, when the block was removed, the marks were tound buried deep In t] e wood Grater and Slicer Combined Save Cost of Extra Utensils

Range ‘“‘Clock’’ Mounted in Conspicuous Position on Battleship’s Mast to Guide Gun Fire

the fire of the big guns Chev are range dials on which the distance of the target 1s indicated and signaled to ships ahead and tern The figures run from zero to nine in sending the ranges, the first 10,000 vards areadded in each case Phus,to sho t range of 18,500 vards the small hand is laced at the figure eight and the irge hand at the figure five. ai " Traffic Plan Would Divide Autos “ According to License Numbers 4 One of the ways being considered i1 . -_ - ; . . boston to reheve trathe congestion 1s to allow automobiles with even license num . bers use of the streets in the crowded dis > tricts one day, and those with odd nun P ° 5 = > bers the next Che restriction is intended < to appl . \ only to so called pleasure Cars 1 1 during business hours All auto owners would be allowed to drive down to work

and go home in their cars, regardless of their license numbers, but would have to be governed by the digits of their license tags 1f thev wished to drive into the busy hours By 1930, it is esti articles in one it is light and strong mated that Massachusetts will have 1,000, easily cleaned, has no breakable parts, and

[Two Views of Grater Showing Variety of Surfaces for Preparing Many Kinds of Food areas at odd 000 registered automobiles, about twice saves the cost otf several extra utensils.

it~

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POPULAR MECHANICS BOBBING SPELLS DOOM OF TONS OF HAIRPINS hirtv tons of discarded wire contrap- feet square and in places the ms, mostly hairpins, were found when up in piles over tour teet eputy sheriffs raided squatters occupying dressers advanced the theo acks on a city dump in Chicago Chie ccumulation lue tot irded pin covered a space ome Thity tashion tor bobhe Fae “a Copyright, Underwood & Underwood Hill of Hairpins Found on a City Dum>o Where They Were Piled in a Tangled Mass Fifty Feet Left to Rust Away Amid Heaps of Other Refuse Phone Guide Printed on Paper Reel Folding Luggage Holder for Autos Gives Numbers Quickly Carries Trunk and Bundles Time is saved in finding telephone num- Almost any size trunk or package bers by printing or writing them ona strip be carried on the running board of paper attached to a reel within a cabi itutomobile with an ljustable lu net holder for which a patent is pending holder that is invisible when not \ knob at one side turns the paper and When not wanted, it slides out with an alphabet and red line guide, the desired information is found quickly. New numbers and names may be placed in ruled columns as needed. Films and Money Get Most Silver With the exception of the government mints, the greatest users of silver are said to be the photographic industries, which employ large quantities of the metal in the manufacture of films. Although the out put of motion-picture reels claims an enormous supply of the precious mineral, et ammunition for the amateur’s cameras and 3° . ‘ ; Adjustable Luggage Carrier for Automobile W W Lor protessional photographic work repre Take Almost Any Size of Packag sents a big demand for it. One-third oft the world’s silver is produced in the United By releasing winged nuts, the States, with Mexico closely following in . be pulled out and the sides raise size of production, and Canada third. automatically locked in p

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Toothed Bull Wheel and Giant Knuckle- like Joints of Steel Arms That Lift Bas- cule Bridge as Hid- den Motors Give Them Life POPULAR MECHANICS Swinging Big Trusses of the Counterweight Structure to Lift ; Different owered Block Railed Bridge Partly Open, Showing the. Action the Two Heavy Jointed Arms That Link the Massive Counterweights to Their Burden; Metal Shelves Hold the Paving Blocks mn- Their Overhead Position Left, Span Standing Counterweight Trusses Are at an Planes They Trave' for Bridge Traffic with s Balanced Securely Platform around Trusse Permits Inspection and Oiling of Moving Part r r

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POPULAR MECILANICS Shelves on Drawbridge Hold Paving When Structure Is Raised Several interesting features have been built into a “knife” bridge at Mvstic, ‘ Che structure is so designed that, 1n case the machinery is allowed to run atter the pall is closed, it vill immediate \ he into pen again, thus preventing damage to the otors. Special locking mechanism is pro ided to stop it trom being thrown over by the wind when tully open The bridge is built to carry a large volume of heavy trat fic and supports a single trolley track in the center of a thirty-three toot roadway \ nail through each block Ot the wood paving secures them in place, while the cement walks are laid in large slabs. The total weight of the moving parts is approy imately 650 tons. The counterweight op erates through a considerably smallet : imgie than the span Auto Tool Box on Casters Makes Seat for Garage Worker 1 Moving easily on casters and oO compact that it may be rolled under the running board of an auto mobile, a_ strong box with five drawers of dit ferent sizes for holding screws, nuts and bolts is being manufactured he flat top \ lower compart

can be used for a seat ment may be used for the larger tools. It is well made and finely finished Parrots Live for Thirty Years Of the twenty commonly known vari eties of parrots, the most talkative ones according to George Bruce Chapman, head of a London house that has imported and sold the birds for more than one hundred vears, are the Brazilian Amazon and the African Grey. The former has bright blue and yellow feathers and red tips to the shoulders and flight wings. The African Grey has a red tail. In Brazil, natives watch the nesting places and when the fledglings are a few day s old, the feather ot one of the wings are trimmed Late these birds are easily captured placed o1 1 perches and taken to the nearest village Fanciers say that the birds should be ted twice a day and it given proper care wil live thirty vears.

Violin Combined with Two Horn Is Said to Have Unique Tons

change the qualit tf the lmiiar i ipe toa idio nd a Maile} hot Ca ( ‘ ids in keep Lilie rope t< trument haped so that it can be easily ind occuple but little pace traveling case Toast Is Kept Untainted by Gas with Asbestos-Tin Grid So that toast can be made ona i t¢ untainted by the tume irou ext mat ha

Asbestos Toaster with Metal Grid that Prevents th Slices Being Spoiled by Ga f it wT) t j é Live urtace | n esl ‘ Inte ithout a t¢ en l

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116 POPULAR Ten Dozen Pies from One Pumpkin Are Served at Banquet One plump pumpkin, grown in a Cali fornia field, furnished joy for scores of in mates in an old people’s home not long ago > One-Hundred-and-Twenty-Five-Pie Pumpkin as It Came from California Field when it was presented to them and made nto 125 pies for a dinner. More tl pounds of “meat” were extracted from the pumpkin, which weighed nearly picked SIXT) ninety pounds as from the vine Weather Records as Detectives Help to Clear Up Mystery Weather records are constantly put to many uses, according to J. Cecil Alter, meteorologist at Salt Lake City, Utal daily consulted by millions part of the service rendered by the bureaus. Companies that write weather insurance largely base the amount of the the risk as shown by reports covering a long period Che forecasts, are oO! ly premium charged on consulting the government rainfall, a shrewd umbrella dealer was able to order his stock at the most profitable time and a group of chem ists and capitalists decided on the location of a $25.000 plant of vears. By hgures on ie Che reports also solved alleged shortage in coke it was found that the loss the mvsterv of an shipments whet MECHANICS ot weight was due to moisture caused by hot Fruit ar nut growers y consult t weather records before planting large o1 chards, and in a hotly contested | the rainfall records w ere quoted to she that the varving not a mi tunnel were responsible for the dwindlit supply OT water In an evaporatit winds and sun commonly awsu seasons and Irrigation strean Caisson Drives Way to Coal Vein When Mine Shaft Fails Sunk through 160 feet of water-beari: sand and gravel, a pneumatic caisson designed installed when ordinat methods failed to open up a seam of co in Indiana. Two tubes were sunk, o1 forming a passage for men and materia tor the main shaft. inforced with steel rods fitted with pipes t lubricate the outside surface with. wate: sure an even downy and Both caissons were ri steam or air, to movement. Dirt and rock were blaste out and removed with an orange-p: bucket, compressed air being used to « clude water. lhe tubes were anchors and sealed under air pressure with cor The mine capacity ot 1.000 tons of coal dail crete to make them water-tight. has a Cream Whipper Is Run by Water. Saving Time in Cooking Run by faucet n egg and cream whipper and a mixer f¢ various purposes has been placed on the lt consists of a small turbine ti blades inserted 11 water from the kitchen market turn the which are A short length of rubber hos glass bowl. Af an YY ss w Glass-Bowl Mixer and Whipper Attached to Faucet Outlet Hose at Left provides an outlet for the water Phe parts are easil kept clean, pertorm t operations thoroug and save time

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POPULAR MECIANTICS Movie Faces Are Revealed by Tape Measure BRECAUSE 1eWw pertect “camera : ca ] at random trom among n be selected the thousands of applicants Lor places 1 ised, the subject 1 first tre motion pictures, a mathematical systen tudyv trom the director of measurement has been devised to deter if an assistant mine which aspirants have the proper ta tape measure caretu cial proportions attractively to expre tance each f the human emotions, a requirement that thers, the « 1 equals beauty in its importance to the tion In order to creen actor I e test has been reduced « pl otogt phir to such a practi il basis that the ambitiou ! t ever f 1 linn recruits to the ranks of silent drama « easil ipply r met xd to thems ( s t ith only i! trror to a t the l t r ) n ing the measurements of their face r] ( In the studio where the process is bein; tiful womer

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118 POPU LAR quirements. The lines of the chin, for in- | stance, must form the proper angle wher looked at squarely. The nose must be at the right distance trom the eyebrows, and the mout! hen measured by the line, must one-fifth smile or laugh than at repose. hiner employs calipers, and tests the straightness and length of imaginary lines through the head with the T-square much as a draftsman checks up the perfection of his drawing. Lighting is considered from every point Shadows caused by contour of the must fall in such a way as not to influence the effect of emotional expressions, and where possible, the applicant is even tested for increased value certain light rays might give to the artistic worth of the features With a steady trend toward productions where the principal points of the plots are through suggestion expressed by the actor’s face, rather than by action, it has been shown that the success of a play depends largely upon the ability of the characters to interpret the dramatic situations with the significant tape never be larger in a To register some ot these details, the director center of the ear and over the tTace conveyed “language of facial expression. Airplane Coaster Gives Children Flying Thrills on Ground Designed like a real airplane, a three wheeled coaster that is said to give chil- dren many of the thrills of a genuine flier, has been invented by a former aviation in structor. It is propelled by pedals and guided by a stick control and hand lever modeled exactly after those of aircraft. Just Like an Airplane, Coaster Gives Many Thrills Even if It Doesn’t Fly MECHANICS When the wheels turn, a propeller in fro ttached to the axle bv a belt. whirs ipidity A rudder turns with the stee: ng wheel and the airplane effect 1s creased by V-shaped “landing gear,” re istic monoplane wings and _ rubber-tire wheels. The body, constructed of lig sheet iron, is designed after army training planes. The coaster holds two childre adjustable seat, and a small chil can lit it easily. nas an Keyless Padlock Worked by Figures on Movable Disks Opening and closing through a series « round, flat tumblers that rotate about circular center piece, a padlock has bee: invented to operate without the use of a key. The disks are stamped with sets of figures which can be arranged in combina- to unlock the bolt from its socket. Greater security is said to be insured by the lock, owing tothe difhculty of working out the proper groups ot numbers that control the latch. The device is strongly made and can not be easily damaged. River Is Bombed by Army Planes to Break Up Ice Jams Ice jams that annually have congeste the Platte river, doing much railroads, bridges arid farms were de molished effectively this year by blowin; damage t: them up with bombs dropped from three rmy planes. In previous years, a dyna I ng crew was maintained on an island near Omaha to smash the jams with stick Last winter the U lroad resolved on more drastic exprosive. methods and two army plat es were ob tained from Langlev Field They were joined by a De Haviland bomber from Ft Rilev. Flying seventy-five miles up th river, Lieut. Jo F. Whitley in charg: of the expedition gave orders to start the battle Phe planes opened their attacl on a big jam close to the North Bend bridge. Carefully aimed so-as not to dat age the structure, twelve 300-pound bomb ere dropped into the gorge. Ice cake hundreds of feet into the ai moments the jam were blown and ina few vas broken

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POPULAR MECHANICS ALLIGATORS GROWN ON FARM ARE SOLD BY MAIL Owing to the rapid decrease 11 the nut twent I bers of alligators found in the rivers o | ( Florida, a farm has been devoted to breeding oi the reptile or market ) 11 Ove Specimens up to 20 inches in le t] re meat ent by parcel post to purchase ll othe fas tte parts of the country closed in. strong U1 ( Herd of Tame Alligators on Florida Ranch Wher « Rept A he | M wooden crates. Many of the “herd” have place cuba ere reached an age of several hundred vears Your ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ | fo and some have been tamed so that they heads and ( e used as o can be approached or handled without ments, but those bigger than six feet lo danger. In the wild state, they have been command prices of $100 and | e1 \ known to live for ten or twelve centuries, than 10,000 itors,’ estimated it is said. New teeth grow in the mouths sold every vear by one large f the alligators when the old ones wear supplies many of the out, the average reptile using ibout cuse ind museum Indoor Electric Fountain for Home can be used in thy living 1 Run from Light Socket sade "ot than ie ¢ yor’ : wat is dd kee (Any electric-light socket will supply the operation Phe wate ! current tor a color-changing fountain that electric pump which tor to f spray Color effects are obtained tating screens which, catching the ray give the appearance ot ever-changing rainbow Phe device adapted for use in ponds the wate which are purified by continuous aerat Glass Handle on Envelope Seale: Holds Supply of Water Envelopes are quickly and neat vit! } ll ol] fihe } leat Wh a Mal lias liye olce felt plugin one end. Suflicient Diaiin on through the fiber material t ‘ lue roy hityv to sevent e ¢ ( Tye ( ed t é " : : ae ee rhe holder is protects Electric Color-Changing Fountain for Indoor Use Which : 7 . . > y t wary rate? crv Gets Its Power from Electric-Light Socket coverin it wit Map )

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120 Knife and Fork in One Utensil Aids Single-Handed Persons To aid persons having the use of but one hand, a combination knife and fork has been designed that can perform the work How Combined Knife and Fork Helps Persons to Enjoy Their Meals One-Armed of two separate tools. It relieves the user of the necessity of continually discarding one article to take up the other. Made of ordinary cutlery metal, the utensil has a curved blade and morsels of almost any food can be picked up by its point. Folding Centerboard for Rowboats Adapts Craft for Sails To aid in changing a rowboat into a sail- ing craft, an inventor has marketed a can- vas centerboard that folds up against the keel when not in use. The device can be easily installed and may be opened up in a few moments by the occupant of the boat Portable Canvas Centerboard Attached to Keel of Row- boat and Spread Ready for Duty POPULAR MECHANICS when changing from oars to sail. Made of tough fabric, it resists wear and tear in beaching the craft, while a spring arrange ment prevents injury should it come in contact with obstructions under the water Two screws and a handful of tacks are sufficient to attach the centerboard. Many Small Diamonds Are Welded in One to Form Large Stones Assembled diamonds, large stones com posed of a number of smaller ones so care fully joined together that it is difficult even for an expert to tell where the “welds” hav: been made, are now on the market. The parts are cut in a special way and then put together under a patented process that secures the single-stone effect. The dia mond prepared in this way is, of course cheaper than the natural gem of the same size which it is said to rival in brilliance and symmetry. Carbon Is Prevented by Spark Plug Having a Closed Shell 3y eliminating the chamber between the insulator and the shell, an inventor ha: designed a spark plug to prevent the formation of carbon. A cushion of asbes- tos yard packing has a“ been inserted about the insulator inside the shell to take up expansion and con- traction. Firing points are kept clean by the flame of the explosion. which sweeps off excess oil before it can bake in- to carbon. If leaky foul the cylinders plug, it can be cleaned easily by scrubbing the nose of the insulator with a brush or rag without taking it apart. Potatoes Are Substitute for Soap Grated raw potatoes and soft water are said to have been used successfully i China as a substitute for soap in washing delicate silk garments. The potatoes are prepared two or three days before the washing and in about the ratio of two pounds to a gallon of water. When the sediment has settled, the clear water is drawn off and passed into vats. Dipping the garments into the liquid is said to clean them thoroughly without rubbing.

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DRIVE TRUCK FORWARD OR BACK WITH EQUAL EASE Specially designed for road construction d maintenance work, a new truck may e driven in both directions with equal operator merely throws a lever, located on the right-hand side of the cab, in the direc- tion in which he desires to drive, then lity by the chauf- There are two facing each her, in the driving ompartment. The ange in the opera- s position from one ide to the other does t ea engages tiie transmis sion gears through the shift and clutch in the ordinary manner. The truck has a range of five speeds backward as well as forward, in cluding a very low speed levers ot change his rela- tion to the pedals; hen facing and driv- ¢ backward, the foot pedals are automat- cally reversed, and require no attention, as ie left foot is always on the clutch pedal, nd the right on the brake pedal, regardless direction. When changing over, the Chauffeur Oxyacetylene Cutting Tip Preheats Gas While embodying all the desirable fea- res of the standard tip, a new oxyacety e cutting tip has additional features that irk it as a signal improvement. The ‘tinctive features are a method of mix- g the gases very thoroughly and pre- eating the cutting oxygen, as well as iving added velocity and penetration to he preheating and cutting jets. A urther improvement is that the tip may e provided with a renewable seat at a Facing Backward and Driving to Mixer; Below, Close-Up of Driver’s Cab ¥ for heavy pulling in both directions. This novel arrangement not only eliminates a lot of lost time on the part of the operator, but removes tl cessity for turntables, and prevents breal ing of forms on the road, as the truck need not be turned to be driven away. it ne fraction of the cost ofa complete tip, rei dering it unnecessary to re-n discard the used tips. The ret facilitates the cleaning and mainte- nance of the tip. The mixture of the pre- heating gases takes place in multiple pas- enter an achine 01 ewab e seat 1 aiso : 1 sages in the seat; the gases then annular passage, where they are given swirling motion and an additional mixing. @A carriage-spacing attachment is being manufactured for engine lathes that allo the carriage to be spaced to an accuracy) 0001 inch.

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122 POPULAR Arc-Welding Machine Operates on Any Power Supply ; ; : Wesigned to operate on practically any er sup] 1 universal welding and cut Ll! machine is now on the market i hie

Portable Arc-Welding and Cutting Machine That Operates on Practically Any Voltage easily portable. The variations in voltage are met by vary- ing the combination of the coils of the primary winding, 110, 220, and 440-volt current being taken care of in this way lo make the machine operate on 25 to 40 cycles, taps and adapter windings are used The apparatus will also operate on 110 and 220-volt direct current, using a resistor- reactor combination in the secondary vinding. The blower and automatic vitch operate on all voltages. lhe apparatus can be used for nickel spotting, lead burning, spot-tack welding, etc., as well as for all are welding, and Cal easily be | indled by one man Hand Tool Regrooves Pistons Designed particularly for use in garages where a lathe is not available, a new hand- operated piston regroover makes a valu able addition to the sho p equip- ment. It is said that the tool will save time even where a lathe is ordinarily used, as

e entire job can done with it in ess time than a mechanic can true up one An rt] er advantage is

MECHANICS that al eroove Ot ti in. overwidt is ot a Lvs the lathe Sage nished consist and i! rr fering the low machine ) electrode is locked in pistons, when finished, have 1 7 ime width and that O15 o ire a pertie nt ( true of pisto1 erooved e standard equipment s of tools and guides for roves nd a tool ror <¢ I eT a | rove Ol hole Wedge Locks Electrode Enabling tl le Operator to insert and lease the electrode quickly, a new holdet should prove of value to electric weldi users. j lhe place with a wedge, when it and sary stul the taps ) is to knock neces out the of an electrode operator the merely W edge dow nN and the stub falls out: to lock the new one 1n place, the wedge is tapped in the opposite direction. The wedge 1 cannot drop out and be lost, as it is fort with a hook on the top and is larger at t bottom than tl the ] can be holder used it e opening in the socket Various sizes. of electrode 1 the holder Rubber Pump Bearings Avoid Cutting and Scoring 7 VV \ problems, long the bugbear ot pump manutacturers, have been solved is claimed, by an mner th surtace of rubber. This bearing e use of a bearing having solves the lubrication problem by lubricat ing itself with the

water or other liquid that the pump is han dling; cutting ar scoring are also said to be eliminated lest have shown that the friction on wetted rul ber of the type used i

lower than on an oiled babbitt surtace. B the action of the shaft a constant stream water is circulate through a spit

when a piece of sand or grit gets into t : | i bearing, it cannot find Froove in the bearin 1 odgment in t! highly resilient rubber, but is thrust int the groove, ries it away. WV } nere the flow ot water ¢ Even when operated for

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POPULAR MECHANICS onsiderable period without water, it has eer found that the bearings were not armed in any way. The resiliency of the ubber also nullifies the whip of long afts to a great extent. These bearings ave also found favor for marine work, as tern-tube and outboard-strut bearings on ugs, motorboats and launches. Sludge Remover Cleans Fuel-Oil Tanks All industries that use fuel oil are oubled with sludge collecting in the bot- om of storage tanks and pipe lines. A roduct has been developed which, it is aimed, will clean up this sludge when dded to the fuel, thereby eliminating car- on at the burners. The treatment is mple, and the quantity of sludge remover ecessary is small, about 1 Ib. of remover 400 gal. of oil for each treatment. It is id that the use of this material not only revents the formation of sludge, but that, a consequence, the consumption of fuel reduced, and smoke practically elimi- ated at the furnace or stack. Tool Drills at Any Angle and Has Positive Feed In places where compressed air or elec- ricity are not available or power cannot e used, a universal hand drill now on the market will be found very effective, and much more convenient than the old ratchet drill anand “*el 4 man.” The drill has a clamp formed integral with the base, so that it can be attached to the work without bolts, and the swivel head has three positive ad- tments that enable drilling to be done any angle. The tool can be operated either crank or ratchet, and is made in ree sizes, accommodating q@ills from % 144 in. The spindle may be furnished straight-shank drills. On rk where holes must be drilled in awk- rd positions this drill will prove of value. taper or 123 Revolving Cutter Trims Wood without Crushing Using a revolving knife, a new trimmer cuts perfectly smooth and straight edges on wood without crushing the fibers. The The Wood Fibers Are Not Crushed When This Revolv- ing-Knife Trimmer Is Used total cutting surface of the knife edge is 16% inches, and any angle up to 45° may be cut by setting the guides on the ma- chine. To make setting easy, the 45, 60 and 90° positions are marked on the base Oil Gauged with Steel Tape Made to meet the demand for a reel tape for gauging the heaviest oils, tape will stand severe ribbon is ™“%-in. wide, and is mounted in a strong nickelplated frame. The drum is cored for lightness, and is about 254 in. in diameter, which, with the long winding handle, gives in creased leverage and makes the tape easy and quick to operate The winding handle folds either to right or left, making it possible a new steel usage. to lock the tape at any tolds neat desired length, and the knob against the frame. he plumb bob ts 1 in diameter, 634 in. long and weighs 18 0:

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24 POPULAR Saw Combines Miter, Square, Protractor and Level Combining in one tool a rule quare, mitet and bevel rauge protractor and level, and inclinometer or angle gauge, Above, Below, from Horizontal; Showing Try-Square and Protractor Attachment Saw Tilted to 30° a new handsaw should prove a welcome addition to the tool chest of either the protessional woodworker or the handy man Close to the handle is pivoted an arm which forms a protractor, with a pin at one end fitting into holes drilled in the saw ona graduated arc. Simply by snap- ping the arm from one hole to another, angles of 30, 45, 60, 6714 and 90° may be obtained; intermediate angles are de- termined by means of the graduations, and the arm is locked by tightening the pivot pin. By attaching the arm to the end of the saw, a try-square is formed. The shanks of the pins are tapered so as to take up any wear that may develop, and to retain the accuracy of the tool over a long period of use. he gravity level or inclinometer attach- ment is mounted on the opposite side of the saw, and swings over a circle gradu- ated to full 360 This not only allows the tool to be used as a plumb and level, but indicate any pitch or angle, and is especially useful for roof or stair work. The back of the saw is graduated in inches and sixteenths to serve as a rule, thus further increasing its usefulness. also to MECHANICS Lubricant Saves Saw Blades; Reduces Time and Labor Hacksaw lubrication has long been a problem to users, but a lubricant has re cently been developed that bids fair to solve the problem The lubricant is made at present in paste form, and it is said that one application to a blade is sufficient for a day’s work. Test have shown that the new mixture not only reduces appreciably the cutting time and labor, but also prolongs the lite of the blades to a remarkable extent. Ore indi rect benefit of the use of the lubricant is in the saving made in the quantity of oil usu ally consumed. This, where either hand or power, are used, amounts to a quantity totally unsuspected by the user; as so little of the paste is required it proves to be a decided economy, besides helping to keep the work and shop clean The lubricant is also good for bearing scrapers, drills, milling cutters, etc., and the advantages mentioned when the paste is used with hacksaws apply with equal force when used with other metal-cutting and scraping tools hacksaws Automatic Action Features One-Cable Clamshell Dredging contractors and construction engineers will be interested in a new clam shell that works entirely on one cable opening and closing automatically. The engineer simply winds in the cable until the bucket is at the dump ing height, swings the boom around until it is in the dumping position, then slacks the cable a little, and the bucket dis charges Swinging the boom baci, he then lowers the bucket, which remains open until it touches the material to be lifted, when it automatically sets itself for closing. It is said that this bucket is of especial advantage in under water operations, as the operator cannot close it until it reaches the material to be raised to the surface.

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Broadcasts Chorus of 1,000 Voices from Eastern Station The annual concert of the Albany Com- munity Chorus was recently broadcast by station WGY of Schenectady and was highly appreciated by the radio audience, as was evident from the numerous letters eceived from every part of the country. The transmitting station was connected with the hall in which the concert was given by means of telephone lines, a method which was also used to broadcast President Coolidge’s voice through a Chi- cago station while’ he was speaking in Washington a few months ago. This is the first time that such a large chorus has been heard by means of radio. Baseball Officials Use Radio President Veeck of the Chicago Cubs surprised a number of his players recently when they dropped into his office and found him seated before a radio set. It was not there for amusement purposes, however, as he informed them that radio was going to play an important part in keeping him in touch with the doings of the team in iuture, when they were out of town, either n training or playing -in other cities. Weather reports and play-by-play dis- patches from out-of-town games should make the set a profitable investment for any progressive baseball-team manager. Copyright, Underwood & Underwood President Veeck and Manager Killefer of the Chicago Cubs Check Up on the Team by Radio Theatrical Star Listens In on Brief-Case Set Dorothy Stone, daughter of Fred Stone, and co-star with him in his latest play, has joined the ranks of the vast army of radio Miss Dorothy Stone with Her Radio Set, Which Fits in a Brief Case fans, and fishes for distant stations nightly in her dressing room, between acts. As may be noted from the illustration the set she uses—a one-tube receiver—is an exceptionally compact one; in fact, it fits easily in an ordinary brief case. In spite of its unusual size and design, sta tions as far away as Hastings, Neb., and Davenport, la., have been tuned in with it in the theater in New York @Glass dials and knobs for the radio set are the latest. The graduations and figure on the dials are molded into the glass, thus it is claimed, eliminating all danger of static leakage and insuring that the lines will not be worn off in use course, is an excellent insulator moisture-proof, so that the dials cannot warp in service. Che glass, ol and is

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126 POPU Lz Take Receiving Set Along on Auto Tours does usual Weighing Only Nine Pounds, This Set Adds Much to the Enjoyment of a Long Auto Trip radio concert when on an automobile tour with his wife. He takes his set along The receiver weighs only 9 lb., complete with batteries and head phones, and oper- ates on a7 by 10-in. loop antenna, so that he need not spoil the appearance of his car nging an antenna over thetop. The loop is built right into the cabinet of the set, and the instrument will receive sta- tions within a 5 miles in the by stri radius of 25 city, and about 50 miles in the country. A portable set of this character is ideal for campers and tourists, as it adds little ht and bulk to the luggage to be in the car. weight carried Message Takes Less Power than Flashlight With only one-thousandth of the power required to light an ordinary battery flash light similar to thos home, C used in nearly every D. Maclurcan, an amateur radio experimenter in Sydney, Australia, has suc ceeded in transmitting radio signals 1,400 miles. His signals were picked up readily in New Zealand This is regarded as a mar- MECHANICS velous reco ir surpassing low-power WO t Ai ( imateur operators erin rs in Australia, especially i1 t cities re illowed only 10 itt ol power! ( ( | re ttentio1 ha been five to powe there than other cour trie | Maclurcan made ua special study of this problem and the distance covered by his amateur station, 2CM, ar ld’s record ] regarded as a wort made seve.ral usually wit! present to check him on the re sults obtained At one time he exchanged messages with Frank Bell, operator of sta tion 4AA of Waihemo, Shag Valley, New Zealand, over land and water for half at hour. Mr. Maclurcan gradually reduced his plate voltage to 15, thereby securing a plate current of .25 mil.amp only .004 watt periments, Hie has tests, witnesses Pheinput wa As the result of these ex he believes that low power Cal be used for commercial purposes at a great saving. His set is to be installed soon ona ship, when the commercial advantages of rmined low power will be cdete Radio Set Fits in Thimble What is claimed to be the smallest radio set in the world has been made in Was! ington, D. C Che entire set fits into an ordinary thimble. Considerable ingenuity is manifested by the builders of sets of thi kind, in the winding and fitting of the coil detector, etc., and the results are usually Our the builder interesting, if not especially useful. photo shows Henri Slaughter, Radio Set Built in Thimble Being Used by Maker to Hear President's Speech of this set, listening in on President Cool idge’s speech, which was recently broad cast from New York. @ Don't apply more than the specified volt age to the plates of tubes.

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Movies in Home, Forecast of Inventor The Heart of the New Radio Motion-Picture Receiving Apparatus The Inventor, C. Francis Jenkins, Pad Demonstrating the *. Radio Motion-Pic- +8 ture Camera; with sy This Device, a} Movies May Soon is Be Enjoyed in the ge: f Shey, | "a . \ ~A ~S A Contrast between } = His First Motion-Pic jm j ture Projector Ir *\ = vented by Mr. Jenkins - Ws in 1893, and the Es % “ \ ~ sential Parts of the af aaa Sy SS Radio Movie Machine “er p, ni) \ y wr f Which Is Rapidly Be- / A Va r- Sf ing Perfected by th j Y bs ) | Inventor gE / Zana Zz \ A wa ' x SAS MQ : ———T, .s ~ . ~ DP, Wid) : asl"! re SSESp | 2 Wiss i, Sr > Ls SWS : K - is. i) SS - ~* —EEEE = Oa 127

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POPULAR Radio in Auto Helps Sell Real Estate Chere have peen plenty of radio- equipped automobiles but perhaps none quite so neat, or so unusual in purpose as Realtor Uses Radio Set to Aid in Selling Bungalows that shown in the photo. A _ five-tube neutrodyne set is built to fit behind the dashboard with the dials within conven- ient reach of the driver. The aerial is concealed in the top of the car, and the car battery supplies the current for the tubes. Either a headset or a concealed loud speaker under the hood can be used. This set is owned byan enterprising real- estate salesman in Los Angeles, who uses it to convince prospective purchasers that the house or lot he is endeavoring to sell them is in a good location for radio recep- tion. The owner says that it really does help to sell bungalows. Preventing Aerial from Grounding in Heavy Rains One has often heard the assertion that the set works better in a rainstorm than at any other time. This, of course, is very largely untrue. The reception may be as loud, but there is interference because in a hard rain the aerial is to some extent grounded. The flow of water, or at least the dampness, cafries energy from the aerial over the wet insulator and down the soaked rope or dripping wire to the ground by way of a thoroughly damp- ened tree, pole or house. I minimized this interference in my mind for “INSULATOR 4M TUBE |_| “FLANNEL STRIP own some time, but finally hit upon a scheme to overcome it. I said nothing until I had equipped my aerial and MECHANICS given it a trial \ heavy rain then proved its worth, for aiter enjoving wonderful re sults throughout the storm, I hauled doy my aerial dry, and periectly All that is necessary is to obtain a card board mailing tube, about 2% in. in diam eter, and cut it so there will be about 2 in projecting past each end of the insulator when the tube is slipped over it. Then wrap ordinary bicycle tape around the middle of the insulator until the tube will just fit over it. Before putting the tube in place, tie a strip of flannel in each ring or hole at the ends of the insulator, to drain off any water that may run along the wire. Then cut away about 2% in. from the bottom of each end of the tube, paint the tube with several coats of heavy lead paint and put it in place—C. N. holtzer, New York, N. Y. Compact Variable Grid Leak Has Wide Adjustment \ variable grid leak which has an excep tionally wide range of adjustment and at the same time a very small and com- pact unit has been developed by a Chicago radio laboratory This unit consists of a bakelite shell, or case, within mounted a carriage holding graphite points, which are made to travel up and down by means of an adjusting screw. The graphite point make a broad mark on the in side wall and thereby furnish the leak for the grid circuit One of the binding posts on the outside is connected to this path while the other i connected to the carriage. The adjusting screw, with a thumbnut on the end, make a fine adjustment possible. to find the insulator perfectly therefore functioning Bourg which i Entertain Theater Patrons before Show Seatholders are now being entertained by radio during the period of waiting for the curtain to rise in a London theater Arrangements were made with the broad- casting company to install loud speakers in the auditorium, and then the time-hon ored balcony and gallery queues were abolished, the public being admitted at 6:45 p.m. From 7 to 8 p.m., the concert broadcast by station 2LO whiles away th: long wait There are two loud speakers one on each side of the gallery, and an in side aerial, 50 ft. long, is stretched across the auditorium near the roof.

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POPULAR Miss Pola Negri Listens In on Her Is Frank McIntosh, Assistant Miss Helen Hann, One of WEAF's a Clear Soprano, MECHANICS Receiving Set on the Left. In the Center Operator of WOAW, and at the Right Announcers, Who Also Delights Fans with Singing in the Studio Radio Artists Feel Lack of Applause RB ETTER radio programs by giving more pplause to the performers.~ Let the that you like their singing and laving. Just because vou getting a e program for nothing, don't vive all the rtists know are edit to your excellent radio set, but let broadcasting stations know that you ( tne entertainment, and tell them to t ormation to the persons who d est uggestions are offered to the tly audience of millions who enjoy eram from the broadcasting statior ughout the country by those who e the 11 portance of appl iuse to the t The performer who receives only ence as his reward is not likely to im irk or offer his services again y task to stand before a micro me and sing or talk to a blank wall, nd, contrary to popular opinion, stations re having great difficulty in getting talent { sufficiently high standard tor their pro ams. Those who have studied the situ ion say that there is grave danger that will steadily decline in uality unless the audience its responsibility in the matter, and does what 1 audience 1s supposed to do—and is applauds the perform J Is no @as 1 1d1io programs realizes very ih sually eager to do Silent Audiences Dishearten Performers and Lower Program Standards; How Listeners May Cheer Unseen Entertainers ers Of course, the conventiona hare clapping cannot be heard by the tist he steps from the studio lf it I radio fan’s task ould be « But the ire alwavs postal car ette tele i nd elep! mie mie Lo t ( ( the station l to the . | ¢ | ADD al eS € dl r t] udie ce reg t ‘ unite ( n é ple n r C ¢ I Some de ef t r \ le t tive n ) ‘ Cl mM t1 ¢ bee ce to e tne t trouble to rite | te ot appres t | perienced a I igree ft t tal con erable « e to stand be e t microphone and “perform.” Omir lence fills the studio room Che walls at generally hung with thick and solen drapes to deaden all unnecessary sound In place of bright lights, ant and the friendly artist sees onlv a blank wall and the tanta . } nicropnone, TOWS OT expec 1 faces orchestra, the lizing which someone { described as “a little dishpan with a across it.” The accompanist, and, pet nap one or two favored friends are the only persons allowed in the room, in ad

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POPULA KYW Preparing to Broad- cast Piano Record Shortly | after Fans Heard It Made Complicated Transmitting Set, the First One Used at Schenectady Station WwGyY R MECHANICS Operators Weller and Kimball, Sta- tion WMAQ ; Station Chicago uaees Chief Ope rator J. N at Trnammiaten, Philadelphia

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= As POPULAR MECHANICS Gene Rouse Announcer at WOAW, Develo-ed His Voice While Acting in Stock Meet Miss M. L. Casey Who Edits the Pro- grams Broad- cast trom Wes tin g- house Sta- Carl Jester, Mrs. William J. Cramb, Kolin. Hager, Robert Weidaw, Asa O Coggeshall and Edward H. Smith, Announcers at Station WGY

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POPULAR MECHANICS Behind the Scenes at Sta- tion KYW, Joe Lamie and Hert Mentz Indulge in a Few High Jinks in the Studio | Putting Dramatic Action across the Ether at Station WGY as Players, Assisted by Sound-Producing Prop- erties, Broadcast Scene from “The Great Divide”

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POPULAR MECHANICS Miss Mary Vogt Playing Selection ‘on Wanamaker Organ at Tom Brown and Julian Eltinge at WLW Mary Garden before Microphone at Station WMAQ, Chicago Group of Artists and Staff of Directors | Who Are Responsible for Programs from } Crystal Studio, Station WGN, Chicago ]

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dition to the director, and the performer “steps trom the stage” with no burst of gratifying applause ringing in his ears. Then, if no letters or comments of any kind are received a day or two later, he concludes that he was a failure. Instances of stage fright are common in broadcasting, and sometimes the listen- ers are able to picture the plight of the performer. Maj. John J. Fanning, direc- tor of station WNAC, tells of a protes- sional reader who had started a brisk pro- gram of selections with a recitation of “Gunga Din.” He was a man of wide experience before audiences, but the mi crophone seemed to embarrass him. Sud- denly, he forgot his lines. “I left the switch in, hoping that he would come to,” Maj. Fanning explains. “A minute or two passed, then he began to sweat. The switch was still in and suddenly he blurted out, “Gosh, I’m licked.’ I couldn’t switch him off quick enough. He told it to the whole world and everyone who happened to be listening in heard him.” That response is not difficult to obtain from the radio fan is seen in the success of an experiment performed not long ago by stations KYW, WDAP and WJAZ, all of Chicago, in trying to find out what sort of programs were best enjoyed. For twelve days, these sta- tions sent out the same question, ask- ing for choice of numbers as part of their programs. They received a total of 263,410 pieces of mail SS POPULAR MECHANICS in reply during that period. As it was es- timated that not more than one in fifty listeners replied, the number indicated an audience of at least 13,000,000 persons. The results of the question were illumi- nating. Twenty-nine per cent of those replying expressed a preference for popu lar music; more than twenty-four per cent were anxious to hear classical numbers, and straight “jazz” was favored by only eighteen per cent, while the saxophone received less than one per cent of the votes and band music about three. Artists and stations value unfavorable criticisms also, for many of them are con structive and are based on facts. Again, “roasts” are sometimes received unsigned and these are given scant attention. How- ever, artists declare that they are less an- noying than hisses and the sterner expres sions of disapproval occasionally received on the stage. As most of the performers receive no remuneration, they feel entitled to replies of some sort from their audience for by these alone can they gauge the suc cess of their efforts. Reports from vari ous broadcasting stations, the distribution of applause cards and the increasing in terest of listeners throughout the coun try m good programs indicate that the nightly audience of radio fans, when once the importance of applause to the art ists and to themselves is realized, will not neglect their respon sibility in responding to the distant voices that entertain them ‘ _ Morgan L. Eastman, Director of KYW. Reading a Small Stack of Mail from Radio Fans; Center, L. W. Chansky, Engincer of WOAW, and Right, the Response to WOAW'’s Request for a Ballot on Its Programs ——_

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All Shop Notes published in 1923, in book form—Fifty Cents—from our Book Department Making a Small Electric Hoist By J. V. 4 Draper electric hoist described in this article was designed for a small ice ant, to speed up and lighten the work of ulling the ice cans out of the tanks, but the same type of hoist can be used for any other purposes. [he cross frame of the hoist is made of two channels, with tracks screwed to the ower flanges, as shown in ROMIG sprocket and a length of block chain. The gear and sprocket are keyed to the same shaft, the latter running in brass bushings carried in the carriage side members. The worm is pinned to a shaft at right angles to the gear shaft. On the projecting tops of the carriage side members two angles are bolted, and to these is fastened the 4 hp. motor that drives the the drawing. Through the center of the channels runs the carriage, which is imply built up from flat- teel stock. The hoisting ipparatus consists of a vorm and worm gear, a hoist. The motor is fitted with flanged pulley, which directly over a similar pulley keyed to the a is worm shaft. A pulley ratio Of three to one gives ample power to hit the cans at a good rate of speed. The connection between motor and hoist Simple Electric Hoist Built for an ~ ce Plant, but Which May Be 2 Adapted to Many Other Uses in the es Shop

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POPULAR

is made by a 2-in. belt, which provides a safe and powerful drive, but one that will slip should a can stick in the tank when being pulled While the method of connecting the MOTOR ~ 6X3 IRON < ~ CHANNEL IRON

MECHANICS around it, as this not being perfectly cir- cular would result in inaccuracy, but the circle should be scribed by means of large The circle indicates the cor rect circumference of the inner edge of the band, which is then laid over it and compared with it. In many cases the lower edge of the band will compasses. brake not touch the surface of { Pie J BRASS BEARINGS the board at all points and this i

DOUBLE-

PART -SECTION THROUGH CARRIAGE Details of Motor Mounting and Trolley of Carriage; Right, Section ° Through Worm-Shaft Bearings, Showing Method of Fitting motor to the power line is not applicable in all cases—nor can it be recommended for use in places where some one ts likely to come in contact with the wires—a short description may prove interesting. Three wires are stretched the full length of the track, and a short vertical length of angle iron is fitted to the end of the channels Phi carrie three bru hes, which make co ict 1 i re lhree wires are similarly tretched ilong the channel rame, on the opposite side to the pulley { t] re¢ TO { b { 11 ounted on al bracket bolted to the carriage make co1 tact th them. From the brushes, cot ectio ’ le to the otor, through a t O tc! t Oo indles are att iched he latter, and extend down to within a 1 enient a tal e ot the operator. Truing Brake Bands \ brake band \\ orks ethcientl, only when the total friction area is utilized, which is not the case when the band its slightly out of true. A good method of truing up ex ternal brake bands is to first mark on a large piece of wood having a perfectly flat surface, a circle with a radius equal to the radius of the brake drum plus the thickness of the brake lining. This circle must not be made by running the pencil along the edge of the brake drum with the lining laid / THREAD WORM FLANGED / PULLEY VC. R:STEEL » b: S oo the band hould SECTION THROUGH GEAR the first defect to be corrected \fter the band has been made to lie flush on the board it is laid wit} its inner edge on the circle and the portions where it departs from the true line are carefully noted hese are bent inward or outward until the band is perfectly true to the circle. A small square is then set up against the side of the band \ to see if it is also true across it width; if not, it must be twisted until square. The correctness of be carefully checked by going through the above-described operations again, and the brake lining can then be riveted on, taking care not to throw the band out of true again Internal brake bands are trued i1 a similar manner Storage-Battery Post Cleaner

Those who handle many storage hat teries, either automobile or radio, mu keep some tool at hand to clean the tet minal posts \ simple little tool for th iob, which can be carried in t] pocket the tool box — 4 ~ ' + } Pe = * , : ( = T 4 ~*~ ~~ ly ' cle 7 ae 2 TAL mall cost wt METAL t l EMERY CLOTH piece oft metal t —~ thie ape o in the upper ¢ tal th hot be about l wide, and curve as indicated Nov rivet or cement DICcce of coarse emery cloth to on: side, rough sid-¢ out. Bend the metal in the shape of a cone, slight!) larger than the posts, then bend the end out to form finger grips. The emery, 0! course, should be on the inside. To uss the tool, slip it‘over the post, and grasping it between the fingers, tighten it and turt back and forth until the post is clean

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POPULAR MECHANICS Eliminating Static in Camera In film cameras, particularly motion-pic- ture Cameras, it sometimes happens that tatic sparks occur within the cameras, ruining the film. This is likely to happen especially in cold, dry weather. In taking ome photos in a large electric power louse, an entire roll of films was ruined in this way before the trouble was discovered. As a means to eliminate the static, the metal frame of the camera was grounded. This was done by means of a flexible cop- per wire attached to the camera and to the ground, and the result was as antici- pated—no more trouble. Combined Drawer Pull and Handle A combined drawer pull and handle is a novel feature on workshop drawers which useful was found by a Wisconsin me- chanic. A length of %- in. iron rod was bent to the shape shown and at- tached to the sides of the drawer in the inside at the center, slots being cut in the front of the drawer to receive the rod when the drawer is slid under the bench. Two shallow Y-in. holes are drilled directly under the screws on which the handle pivots, to catch the ends of the rod when it is set up for use. These ends are, of course, rounded to prevent cutting croove in the side of the drawer. Truck for Handling Logs When short logs, telephone poles or even sections of large water mains must be moved short distances and the use of horses is impossible or unprofitable, a serv- iceable truck of the kind shown in the drawing, will prove worth the time re- quired to construct it. It consists of the wheels and axle of a light wagon andan ordinary wagon tongue mounted across the axle to serve asa lever. At the short end of the tongue a pair of steel tongs are suspended to swing freely in any direction. The truck 139 is loaded by pushing it in the position shown with the axle near the center of the log to be carried. The lever is raised so that the tongs grip the log and is then Poles and Sections of Large Water Mains pulled down, raising the end of the log above the ground. A length of chain, at- tached to the tongue as shown, is then passed around the log and one of its links caught over a hook on the side of the tongue. For handling small, straight logs, a hook, made as shown in the detail, can be used instead of the chain.—G. E. Hen- drickson, Argyle, Wis. Simple Iodine Swab The glass rod of a burnt-out electric lamp makes an excellent iodine swab. rhe bulb of the lamp broken off and the until they break If sharp edges still pro ject these should be filed down. Ordinary tape, or better still rubber tape, a piece of which can be obtained at any electrician shop for a few cents, is wrapped around the glass rod near the base to form a stopper. The base is left on to serve as a handle.—F. D. Brooks, Toledo, Ohio wires carefully re ng : moved, those at the ris ib end of the rod being hs ) bent back and fort! BURNT - OUT BULB

Page 140

Repairing Concrete Tank Concrete tanks often crack in the man- ner shown in the illustration, which makes it necessary to replace them with ul new ones However, in one case where the CRACK IN TANK “a FILLET ~ WELD 5, Vg RODS 4 ANGLE |!RON Cracked Concrete Tank Effectively and Permanently Repaired by Clamping Sides Together tank was in constant useand making a new one meant too long a delay, an effective and permanent repair was made by filling the crack with neat cement and then clamping all four sides together as indi- cated. Four corner pieces were made of t-in. angle iron, which were just as long as the tank was deep. To the sides of these angles were welded lugs, consisting of 2-in. pieces ot 1%-in. cold-rolled steel drilled for 5@-in. rods; the rods were threaded at both ends and fitted with nuts, to permit drawing up the corner pieces tightly \. S. Jamieson, Springfield, Mass. Small Boring-Tool Holder With the ordinary boring-tool holdet e tooipost in a positio tTallel t ectlio ot cut ect iry not ) ) | t the tool entt but also LO « » if L pe tion p ralleltothe lathe ped eac time er it is placed in the toolpost tte harpe saa 11 Othe wise the tool 1s able to "ocREw bear on the end of the hole being ECCENTRIC Ree TO’ Cb ored and HOLDER ae? thus push the point of the tool'away from the cut. A boring tool held in the holder illustrated is always parallel, the adjustment being made after the holder is tightened in the toolpost by moving the eccentric around and tighten- POPULAR MECHANICS ing both screws. This holder is made from % by 1'%4-in. stock, drilled and reamed for a l-in. hole, after which the front end is slit and tapped for a tightening screw Next, a piece of l in. cold rolled rod is drilled with an eccentric hole to take the boring tools and a hole is drilled at right angles to this and tapped for W hich holds the tool a tightening Both tighten ing screws should have the same size head Only the rout d tool sharpening, the maining in the toolpost. SCTeEW to tacilitate handling is removed lor holder re- Jack Acts as Arbor Press Having some rush work to do when the regular arbor press Was out ot order we rigged up one of our heavy-duty jacks as shown in the illustra- tion to serve as an emergency arbor press. A U-bolt with a flat Sxth FLAT STEEL crossbar across the ends was hooked un der the base of the jack as indicated. The bolt was made of % in. round stock, with the ends threaded for a length of about 8 in., and the crossbar was a piece of flat steel 3 in. wide and 1% in. thick. A short piece ol flat teel was laid on the foot of the jack and the worl this case a connecting rod that had to be fitted with a bushing—was placed ot By raising the ck so that the ! pressed iinst the ¢ bar the busl was torced 11 » pl ce | ink N. Coakl Buffalo, N. \ Improving Bearing Lubrication c reed tor \ ) ( erably b u e the «¢ f the sha down to a tape! Che taper extended \& it -ALRING inside of the bearing o| la to give the oil free ac j cess to its imner sur | face. When the shaft ae is rotating, the ring wi EPO tends to climb up the i : taper, and upon touch ——— ing the side of the f i feeds it with oil. Before tapering the shaft the bearing ran hot frequently, but since this was done the trouble was entirely eliminated. bearing,

Page 141

Pumping Water with Light Truck

By J. V. ROMIG | URING a drought inthe eastern states a farmer was caught without any water for his stock, his cisterns all being dry. two miles distant, spring, which ran strongly all the time, and he decided to haul his water from this source with his truck. Milk cans were used to carry the Pw water, but he SSNS soon found that filling these by hand was a very arduous task, also that it con- sumed consid- erable time. He therefore looked around for a quicker and easier way. A gear pump, found in a local plumber’s shop, was bolted on the running board of the truck. The hub cap of the left rear wheel was removed, and a small wooden pulley, fitted with a threaded however, was a roadside

Replacing Cylinder Block When overhauling automobile engines it is an easy matter to pull the cylinder block off the pistons, but it is a difficult task to get it back in place again, as the pistons usually tumble over in every direc-

CSO 0. IS cttieteecel ever, by the —)__- FIXTURE use of the _ PISTONS - #4 simple fixture < . ; shown, this ris work becomes 4 ri . CRANKCAS comparatively | aes — easy. The fix- ‘UA WOODEN FRAME t ist = | ure consists wos i = of two lengths S 0.0.8. A, | of wood held ——

SPACING together atthe BOLT BLOCKS | ends by bolts. PISTONS

A number of small spacing blocks are screwed to one of these to hold the pistons properly Some

odie Water from a Spring with the Aid of a Truck oad a Plumber's Gear Pump, During a Drought on flange, screwed onto the extending threads of the axle. When the spring was reached, he would jack up the left rear wheel, and throw on the emergency brake, which only gripped the right wheel as the left side was tempora- rily discon- nected. A Y- in. belt was then placed on the wheel and pump pulleys, and the clutch let in. A length of hose, at- tached to the suction side of the pump, was thrown into the spring, and the discharge hose placed in each of the cans in turn, until all were filled. Up- arriving at home, the suc- tion hose was placed in the cans, and the discharge hose in the open top of his cis- tern pump. WATER CANS alined and spaced. The device is well worth making in a garage where repairing is largely confined to one type of car, and, in larger shops, it might pay to make such fixtures for several different A. Luers, Washington, D. C engines.—G. Serviceable Welding Goggles On small jobs the worker with an acety- lene torch usually dislikes to put on heavy goggles due to the difficulty of seeing the work clearly, but working without them is a severe strain on the eyes. For sucl a special pair of goggles can be made by removing the glasses from another pair, grinding off about a third of the upper part and then reinserting them in the frame. For setting up and adjusting the work, the operator looks over the top of the lens, but when using the flame he looks through the usual.—Harold E. Benson, Cases glass as Boulder, Colo. 141

Page 142

MECHANICAL POWERS Lt ae By CARL W. MITMAN WeUhle oy | e oS Curator Wy => DIVISIONS OF MINERAL AND a! Yes MECHANICAL TECHNOLOGY “SFR UNITED STATES NATIONAL g's 2 . MUSEUM TT Se yS ay a — 4, ne ena ays et SAD ( H. H. Windsor This is the fifth article of a series by Curator Mitman, explaining in simple language what every man who builds or designs a machine must know, and showing in detail just how to build a set of models of the mechanical powers that will exactly duplicate the set in the National Museum at Washington, D.C. The first articles appeared in the March, April, May and June issues, and the next will appear in the August number. Part V—Pulleys and Pulley-Block Systems Wee EK the applied forces and resist- most endless varieties and types of ma ie forces encountered in levers are chines illustrate the ingenuity with which quite easily discerned, and, therefore, applied forces have been regulated, modi easily analyzed, the same cannot be said _ fied and adapted to the varying conditions of a more complicated and requirements of the resisting forces mechanism such as a’ Thus, wherever a small force is required locomotive. Thisdoes to move a great resistance: where a force not alter the fact, how- acting in one direction is required im ever, that the lever part motion in another ora velocity great¢ and locomotive are or less than its ow n: wherea force having basically the same, in reciprocating motion is to produce con that each is an ar tinuous motion; or one having rectilinear rangement of parts in motion is required to produce circular an apparatus by which motion—in all these instances, a machine force 1 transmitted can be obtained or designed which tro. one point to an modify the effect of the ippie | fores I ot] ¢ { the des red i e Wdification ensityv or dire¢ he simplest fo of pulle t t o ri 1 re C P , ice srooved hee c { e rie ( »O u ) ul let i | € eo inl r | { t T T ' the ¢ ( I ttache ieve ( Cire ( ect b r ; ; ' : ‘ ‘ ; é Or ¢ 1! ores h j | h | “ lied 1orTrce ind \ } ‘ tage e Cc ¢ t reat es ting : A , Ye T e t t whic] force, while in the we 24 | | arise from its apilit case O1 the locomo (yp = (py i to change the direc tive a great applied Cn) Fic. | [ \ | a | tion of the pull ot force is used to pu ; — L_t.., the app! lied force move a small resist- \ , _ bl a li Whatever force 1 ing force ’ ‘ ; a. exerted at one end As a matter of : of the rope is trans fact. the use of any Diaetam Mlustrating, How the Mechanical Advantage sited without in machine is to adapt crease or decrease the applied forces to the resisting forces (except from friction and the rigidity ot This adaptation is brought about solely by the rope) to the resisting force at th the construction and arrangement of the other end. This is quite evident from the parts composing the machine and the al- fact that the machine is nothing more than 142

Page 143

POPULAR MECHANICS revolving lever of the first order with the fulcrum midway between the applied and resisting forces, and therefore in equilib- rium or balance. From the foregoing it will be seen that to gain mechanical advantage and there- fore to constitute a mechanical power, nore than one pulley must be used. The implest of such combinations is_ that shown at A, Fig. 1. It will be observed that one pulley is attached or fixed to a upport and the other is movable and has the resisting force or load suspended from its axis. One end of the rope is also at- tached to the support, passes under the movable pulley and over the fixed one. By this arrangement it is ; plain that the load is sup- ported equally by the supporting beam and the applied force. But the fixed pulley does nothing more than permit the ap- plied force to be directed a a? downward so that, ex- if of Single-Pulley Com- 7 : . - mae j j | bination, with a Me- “ » = « age, 4 cept for this advantage F cane Gb a it may be disregarded in Ld Two; Number 2, Single Bes ? . Soon ‘ f Ls | and Double-Pulley Sys- he matter ot work per : tem, Having a Mechan- formed. Now, to raise : ical Advantage of gies ‘ .-s ‘ - Three; Photo 3 Shows ie load 12 in., as shown / Double and Triple Pul- leys, Allowing an Ad- at B, it is plain that each ide of the rope around t . vantage of Six to One; : Number 4, Combination the movable pulley must of Triple and Quadrup'e be moved 12 in. a aa ge (his means that Seven; The Single Pul- the applied force > _ mS Be, on acting at the free , the Base in Number 4 end of the rope pee ae Pa ene must then move p> Do Not Add downward 24 1in., ‘ Advantage that is, the ap- lied? force acts through twice the distance trav- eled by the load r resisting force, as at C. herefore, by e principle of to the

Page 144

POPULAR that the applied force times the dis tance through which it moves must equal the resisting torce times the distance roug! hich it moves, the load in the ca in point is equal to twice the applied rorce [n other words it) ipplied force ot 1 lb ulhcient to t a load of 2 lb ic] the le thing as saving that this pt lle Vy ari cy ( ent 1 11e¢ allie id intage ¢ tw \ producti tia mode pues te! tl ¢ iractel ho 1 photo No l ind ig 2. I No ind Fig. 3 represent com tion ot a single and double-pulley bloel bh the same process otf reasoning is vetore, each of the three ropes that oA le movable pullev must be short ened 1 ft. to yy the principle of w raise the weight 1 ft , so that ork will move 3 ft. aTrTOW BEAM,45 XI X 5 -->f MECHANICS the movable pulley. Another way of arriving at the solution of the relatio; between applied and resisting forces in pulley systems is by considering that the applied torce produces a uniform p throughout the length of the rope. Ea part of the rope engaged with the mo ib] pullev is in tension in an amount equal the applied force so that the total up force supporting the load equal Zo t , ed if or t11 { t { ul ¢ oO! | | ot the rope upporting t ¢ ) d hu } Fig. 5 it is evident at a g ce that thi ire seven parts ot the rope ipporting t load and that therefore 1 lh. of ipplied 1 ‘ force will support a liited, an ap foree at weight, or 50 Ib plied -venth tl sufficient to do the job. The single pulle attached to the base model in Fig to litt the weight 1 tt. Accordingly this combination mechanical tage of three has a advan From these two examples that the ar ARROW (APPLIED FORCE), | 1g LONG ,z THICK 5WIDE ACROSS ee it is evident as } -_ UPRIGHTS » ; W ver Th ; ’ IZSQ.,SIDE 5 ard pulley ly angem r nun BARBS, SHAFTZSQ HIGH used Phev 1 er ot pulleys the purchased it var weight that can be } _ BASE ous ty le uitab raised can be cal Fic.2 s"*x32°x3 for thi ork fre ot the ch 1nge permit a > in the direction of pull of the x 3 7X gx , apple ~} _. SINGLE we Puteys (‘Orce ie In constructir oe these models of pul (RESISTING FORCE) | 3 “| BASE 1ZSQ.,TOP ey systems, stand hay may > a a) , , ulated b obset f = : make O mode ex the re itive d f » itt Ho { Cc ¢€ p ed evel ( | d . ) ed Drawing f Show i ol v the Firs ‘ t { ‘ t the resisting torce inda fittit he 1 ( ¢ 1 \ equal to the I oO the one 1 ‘ é t e numbe r } ? turne r + ‘e ‘ ' é V ( I { 1 e ' le ul nne ted }h the f r , 3 | ] } kor tl the , triple pul ) c r | lle le pulleys B ( 1 tree up the mi ixis and are of the same diameter. From r it | been l ot the 1? ole pulley if Weig t ‘ easilv seen that the force re quired at the Ay ro 1 just the ime ; ould be re . rt quired at any point ot the rope between 45 the movable pulley and the single draw Square and face all wooden parts wil pulley Furthermore the load is equally a finish bevel on the top ot the base a1 divided among the pulleys of the lower beam. Secure the uprights to the ends o block, and, of course, among the parts the beam with glue and brads Cente of the rope passing around them, so that this frame on the base, securing it w by the rule just given, the mechanical ad glue and screws from beneath Attac! i vantage of this arrangement is six, there small screweyes to the underside of tl being six parts of the rope which engage beam, one on each side, 4 in. from the

Page 145

! BARBS, SHAFT ZSQ. |

POPULAR MECHANICS 145 rs. Hook a single pulley to the left- d screweye. Hook the other single pul- to the screweye used as a handle for veight. Fasten an end of a cord, about in. long, to the remaining beam screw- Reeve it under the weight pulley and ‘the hanging pulley, attaching the end the arrow by gluing it in a hole drilled ethwise in the shaft. Secure the arrow d weight in their proper positions by in- ible brads. Finish as desired. For the single and double-pulley model own in Fig. 3, use the following material :

Base, 5 by 3 by % wo uprights, 10 by ; by % in Beam, 4 by 4 by 5 in Sin pulley Double pulley Weight (resisting force), base 134 in. square, top 1'4 in. square, side 1 in. high Arrow (applied force), length, 1% in., % in. thick, in. wide across barbs, shaft ; in. sq j Jecessary cordage Square and face all wooden parts with finish bevel on the top of the base and am Insert a small screweye in the ter of the underside of the beam. Fas the uprights to the base with glue nd screws from beneath. Fasten the eam across the uprights, securing it with rads and glue. Hook the double pulley to the eve on the beam. Hook the lower ley to the weight. Insert an end of the 1 in a hole drilled lengthwise in the row Reeve the cordage over one wheel the large pulley, under the wheel of the ver pulley, over the second wheel of-the

C + - BEAM, 45x 3x 5 | d OUBLE ___ hy LLEY i) ' > Hgts } Fia.4 Construction Details for Model of Double and Triple- Pulley System

Square and face all wooden parts wit! a finish bevel on the top of the base and beam. Secure the two uprights to the end of the beam with glue. Attach this trame to the base, securing it with glue and screws from beneath Attach two screw eves on the center line of the underside of the beam and 1% in. from each pillar Hook the single pulley to one screweye and the double pulley to the other. Hook the triple pulley to the screweye used as a handle for the w eight Attach an end of the cord to the lower hook of the double pulley and reeve through corresponding wheels of the double and triple pulleys, carrying the end from the triple-pulley wheel over the single pulley and gluing it in a hole drilled lengthwise in the a row shaft. Retain the arrow in its prope position with an invisible brad. Finish a desired For the model in Fig. 5, the followin materials are nece ry R Le | \' 1 C ' ] ) hevwse the ¢ th, beat | creweve é ‘

Page 146

16 POPULAR ends of the beam to the uprights with glue and brads. Secure this frame to the center of the base with screws and glue. Attach the four-sheave pulley to the beam eye. Attach the three-sheave pulley to the screweye used as a handle for the weight.

= FOUR-SHEAVE || “BEAM, 55x2xs PULLEY iM | i ¥ ,UPRIGHTS 10 XZ XS THREE - SHEAVE PULLEY ~7+ ARROW WEIGHT RESISTING FORCE) (APPLIED FORCE) “ a / 1z LONG, 2 THICK, BASE 17 SQ., TOP + ' cies os sain al 5 WIDE ACROSS 4S0.,SIDES 13 BARBS, SHAFT }'SQ HIGH ; SINGLE Y PULLEY * convenience (Continued Next Month) inis 1s not Dirtproof Oilstone Box In general practice oilstones are usually kept in a plain box with a piece of leather nailed on the cover. When honing, the cover 1s laid down

‘e z wherever most =z — — convenient—oiten — eer in dirt and grit with the result

that some dirt gets on t! e stone when the co v ¢ 1s

put on ag Phe exposed leather strop is al- . : sO a place where dirt and grit are liable to collect, and the she rp edge of a tool or knife will quickly be ruined when usin dirty strop lhe ion shows an « tone box designed to elit te this trouble. It consists of three parts: a holder: tor the stone, a

MECHANICS holder for the strop and a cover. Phe lower section is recessed to hold the ston, and the center piece is recessed to fit ove: it. A leather strop is mounted neatly o1 piece of wood of the same size, which screwed on the middle section and tl] cover is recessed to fit over this prec loosely. fi Two %-in. about deep, are drilled in each section as showt and \-in. metal pins are provided to fit to these holes. holes,

Auxiliary Finger for Height Gauge In selecting lines on jigs from which locate other line ore ‘ trouble encountered | not being able to o« C3 measure t ) g to the stiffness of tl te } ‘ or] oF ¢ | > ~~ ; | r “a ~ Gig !ca thereto made the “a . — scribet nown in t h ¢ tration PO ys ’ a lu” hich give very be wf) ~~. '\ food resul It . . J is made in tw parts, connected — ed b meat of a ot - . | #4-236 TAP , 1] . | tii ( C { set the scriber, the | oe APPED hia: )} rew " : ' o —— thumbscrew 1 re- . 4 ’ ] } | | leased so that the ¥ pointed end can *=%e~* work freely. The sharp point is inserted into the line ar the head of the gauge raised or lowere until the two zero lines meet; the thun screw is then tightened, leaving the scril parallel and the center of the line locate correctly. The remaining are taken from the graduations’ on height gauge The drawing gives the mensions and shows how the tool is sembled.—Fred A. Dufresne, Rhode Island. measurement Turning Piston on Centers When machining a gasoline-engine { ton in a equipped with a this kind of work, the following met Smal athe, which <s — « Chuck tiarge enoug i was adopted: \ piece OL scrap 1ro 4 irregular shape was placed inside « and lead was poured in the sj between it and the piston wall, to n solid mass. piston,

It was then an easy matte mount the piston in the lathe between ce¢ ters in the usual way, and the worl turning it was easil old N. Sellan, Peterboro, Can. accomplished. H

Page 147

POPULAR Taking Up Play in Crankcase Bearing When the front crankcase bearing on e frame of a Ford car wears and the mo- begins to pound as a result, a quick ethod of making a repair without using ew parts is to cuta piece of thin sheet steel ide enough to fit between the flanges on e bearing spool and long enough to wrap round it one or more times, depending on he amount of wear. The cap is removed ind the front end of the motor with the ta rank is lifted high enough to pass the trip under the bearing spool. The cap is ien replaced and the cap screws tightened lown. If the cap will not come down on he frame, too much metal has been used nd in this case the cap is again removed nd part of the strip unwound and cut off. kk. T. Gunderson, Humboldt, Ia. Novel Drain Installation With the customary method of fitting drain flange in the bottom of a water nk it is necessary to take down the whole installation in case the drain tile becomes ( This objectionable feature is en- tirely eliminated logged. CVERFLOW by the novel con- PIPE . THREADED aa struction shown in the drawing. CAST-IRON RING | ‘BRASS A recessed cast DRAIN /, FLANGE : : : - ' iron ring is riveted to the underside of the tank bot- tom and in this ring studs are provided to hold a brass flange into which the overflow pipe is screwed. A short nipple on the end of this PIT DRAIN TILE TO SEWER pipe projects into the drain tile leading to ‘ ; padded seat, he sewer. One can readily see how easy is to remove the overflow pipe when a orough cleaning is necessary. Further- ore, the cast-iron ring, being below the ink bottom, allows the tank to be com- sletely drained, which is impossible when is attached to the upper side. Low Cart for Stenciling Rolls In a carpet factory,'a low cart with a ball-bearing casters, and a helf on one side, is used by the workman ho stencil or labels the rolls of carpet he cart, built especially for the purpose just high enough for the worker to sit comtortably when applying the stencil, MECHANICS the shelf on the side holding the brush paste, paint, stencils and labels so that they need not be carried from one roll to the next. Obviously, the work can be done Low Cart Facilitates Work of Stenciling and Labeling Rolls of Carpet much faster this wavy than if the worker has to stoop down or get on his knees in front of every roll Support for Portable Lamp The ordinary portable garage lamp is provided with a hook on the end of the wire guard so that it can be hung up con- veniently. How- ever, when work- ~ . . &4£~ ~ ing underneath a car the lamp can not always be hung up so that the light is thrown on the work and therefore it is usu ally laid on the floor, A much better method is to provide a simple support ot the kind shown fort holdi g the lamp under the work It is made from a 6-in. length of 1 in pipe, slotted as shown to receive the lampcord, and screwed into a floor flat hich, in turn, 1 ecurely screwed ti ooden block about 6 in juare \ ft reflector is riveted to the upport to sl] | the ight trom the ‘ ¢

Page 148

POPULAR

for all ordinary repairs on farm machi can be conveniently carried i the small kit shown in the photo, accord ing to agricultural experts of a western of agriculture who it. Besides being easily portable—the complete outht, including all the tools, weig! about 24 lb.—it has the advantage of be ing so arranged that the omission of any i oo! nery college designed is only one tool will be noticed immediately. The kit can easily be made -~— by anyone handy with tool The out- de dimensions of the box are I7 by 15 bv 4% I Its two € : € inged at one le and two ced hasps e provided on the ot er fot A Neat and Compact yl Kit ocking Phi 24 |} s Inc cle lso | 1 vo 7-in. leather handles for carrying, one ( each halt The material 1 2-1 ber except for the bottom, in which is used to provide sufficient thickness for hing rhe t are held in place by spring clips, so that any one of them can be re moved and replaced without disturbing others. This arrangement to loss of tools. the es. OOS the tends prevent The hinges, hasps and spring clips are standard pieces that can be obtained at hardware store. The guards for th iny e

PULLEY SPOKE CAGE B Ts

FELT PACKING STEF

<oller Bearings Fitted to Pulleys Reduce Wear and Friction

MECHANICS Convenient Farm-Tool Kit chisels and screwd: the rule, calipers are easily made of galvanized iro: of the files, iveT the keepers lo! plic S an A compartment measuring 3% by 134 b 17 in. provides space for extras, such a bolts, nuts, washers and cotter keys. TI is closed with a sheet-iron cover, which divided in the center, hinged at each en and fastened in the middle by

a loop an cotter key. This cover is essential. in o1 der that no. i ot the content ma be lo vie the } 1< Cc ] oO é [ ie equi] é ( ba P el ( der r ed é c T f { ‘ file r for the Farmer; It Weighs Only liy A T S 4 ‘ e ( D knife: 7] in. chisel: 8 bv & p 6 by . in. puncl - double ca it. tour-told rule; 6-in, slip-joint plier 6-in. crescent wrench; 8-in. cresce crescent wrench; 14 12-in. monkey wrench; 8 « wrench; 10-in. pipe wrench; oilean: grease can. Both oil and grease cans should ha screw tops. The opening in the grea

can should be large enough to admit t! blade of the putty knife, which can be use conveniently for filling grease cups.—M LL. Coultrap, Fresno, Calif. Roller Bearings for Loose Pulleys that run loose on a shaft an Pulley out their bushings quickly due t or tight belts can be fi bearings to eliminat year } ; i \CAVY tted with rolle o reduce friction. The hul ley out. i bushing, is knoclh of the hub are then tur: bored 1s this roier cages i ese are ast iron, turned and dt then slipped over and bolted i KE tains its own sing the hub. | a packins ] 1719 aril ed ach cage co1 ] ] row ot rotiers, and eroove

ach cage, in which a ring ‘ placed ; this retains tl f tl ] ¢ soft-telt packing 1s l thin grease that is fed to the ca\ n the center of the hub by an oil or grea 1 0

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~

POPULAR ip. The outer faces of the cages are ma- ned to bear against the collars used to revent end motion. The rollers are made low-carbon tool steel, turned, hardened nd drawn to a brown color, then ground size. Six or eight can be turned in one ece and notched so as to be broken apart isily after grinding. The rollers must ive beveled edges as shown in order to un freely in the raceways and should all be f exactly the same diameter and length.— V. Romig, Allentown, Pa A Bevel-Gear Chuck Small bevel gears with cast teeth are easily ruined if they are chucked in a reg- ir lathe chuck for boring, or facing, and e time consumed in chucking makes ome simpler method highly desirable. \Vhere quantities of such gears are to be iachined it will be economy to make the huck shown in the drawing. A chuck- ¢ casting of the form and shape illus- rated is machined and fitted to the lathe faceplate and rACcE- £& CLAMP is then bored a : and tapered to a nice fit for the face of the gears. The beveled face conforms to that of the gears and the internal diam- eter should permit of slid- ing the hubs in easily. The outside of the fixture is then threaded and onto this is screwed the readed clamping ring, the narrow flange 1 which bears against the back of the gear nd holds it firmly in place during the ma hine operations. For use with small gears, e clamping ring can be pulled up tightly nough by knurling the outer face of the mping ring, but a spanner must be used arge work. \ CHUCK “ RING STRAP Lamps Show if Factory Machinery Is Working Ina canning tactor\ having seven tood king machines the manager has ed little device near his desk to indi e whether or not all seven are working perl lhe device consists of a panel ( seven miniature lamps are unted, each of which is connected to MECHANICS 149

one of the machines, so that every time a can passes to the filling machine it causes As long as the lamps keep a lamp to flash.

Flashing Lamps near Manager's Desk Indicate Whether Factory Machinery Is Working Properly Hashing, the manager knows that every- thing is going well, but if any lamps fail to flash it is a signal to him that he is perhaps needed in the factory to untangle some difficulty. A switch is, of course provided so that the current can be turned on or off Preventing Sticking of Starter Pinion Occasionally a Bendix-drive gear will stick in mesh and will not release after the engine has been started. In most cases this trouble can be prevented by providing a small stop on the end of the spring as shown in the illustration out of heavy sheet bolted to the end of the spring, and bent to con- form to the curvature of the flange on the pinion. A small lug must be provided on the head of this stop to fit into the eve of The stop is cut metal, drilled and e spring in

order to pre vent the stop ym turning on the screv it t t is then asehardened to keep eing battered The stop trike the ¢ it < the ] é ) t ‘ t P Ss jammin ( t IX Stewart, Statesville, N. (

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POPULAR Steel Rack for Lumber Trucks Trucks used made much more useful by providing a steel rack in front of the radiator, as shown for carrying lumber can be Jl Steel Rack Attached on Front of Motor Truck Permits Carrying Long Lumber In the ¢ ¢ B meat i ong p! nks al d t € ( he Cat t ut extendi1 be a! e truck farther t normal load e racl lade « quare iron rod d is bolted directly to the truck irame lt the headlights interfere th the rack, they 1 be removed and brazed to the rack itse is shown. This arrangs ment has been found entirel\ itistactory Tool for Adjusting Internal Brakes On many internal brakes there is a small screw inside the drum at the rear of the brake, which cannot be turned with an ordinary screwdriver, as the head of the screw can scarcely be touched with the finger after the small plate the drum has been re- moved. It is therefore usu- ally necessary to remove heel and take apart hole assembly in or ike this single ad and this, course, 1 undesirable Howeve r, the brake adjust on : ot . nm he m ] sole), ments ca be made quick nd wit it the necessiti , tf tak the eel off, b using the imple t shown in the illustratior It is a hinged offset screwdriver and | been found e1 tirelv satisfactory for use on the Cadillac. It is inserted through the small opening in the drum, so that the lip engages one of the slots in the screw h« Turning the wheel down a trifle while iding the end of the tool, causes the spokes to press against the handle, and this will move MECHANICS the screw about one-eighth of a turn hen by striking on the end of the screw driver with hammer the screw can be moved another eighth turn, or one-fourt] turn in all. As the two slots in the screw head are at right the second slot will now be in position to be engaged by the lip, and the above-described operatio 1S repeated until the screw has been tight ened.—]. E. Dekker [1] a angles, ( hicago, Improving Joint of Double-Beam Compasses When two beams are used in beam c¢ passes they have a tendency to slightly due to the constructis oO t joint, and this, of course, causes the « tan between the point to I tr ble can be liminated b | i n the end of one beam turning « the end of the other to fit the hole snug This joint will ec nect the bea ~ ol and prevent the undesire ( a SR a i ri SSE eee HOLE ‘TURNED 0x« WN Bas ; a | ‘COUPLING Improved Joint on Beams of Compasses Prevents Rocking Handy Screwdriver Attachment For driving or removing heavy screw an attachment for an ordinary monke wrench, made as shown in the illustratior has been found to be considerable useful It is forn irom a piece Ot to about ! ne 1e¢ tee!) STeCE€ 16 thick, cut and bent ti the shape shown, vit the edge ground d } ane id tempered. attachment is esp ¢ | j Cc ] handy lor loo i = ening screws that at —_— __ rusted in place The leverage obtained much greater than that of an ordinat screwd! ver, and therefore care must be taken not to twist off the head of the screw when trying to loosen it.

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| YDROFLUORIC acid has the rather unusual property of attacking glass nd silicates in general. It is about the nly chemical that will attack glass, and eyond this its use is very limited. This eature of hydrofluoric acid makes it of irticular value in the decoration and or mentation of glass without recourse to echanical processes, such as sandblasting grinding. The latter processes have the erit of speed and cheapness, but for a | purposes the acid cannot be lisplaced, particularly if there is any shad ng to be done. Another peculiar feature hydrofluoric acid is that both the acid tself and its fumes attack the glass. Direct ntact with the acid leaves the glass clear, * exposure to the fumes leaves a osted effect, which, however, is not par irly bright. Hydrofluoric acid is not ficult to make, but manufacture is inad ble because of the risk of burns, | it cannot be overemphasized that acid is poisonous, and produces bad irns on contact with the skin, where- umber oT! li¢ ire it is recommended that rubber ves be worn when handling it, and at a breathing isk be worn, OFT, least, the work hould be done un- er a laboratory ood that carries the fumes. o — - ‘ SKETCH \ CLEAR GLASS ----------~ . EAD FOIL----, {Q,_ . 9 pr my, Fic.3 the acid cannot be kept in ¢g c ! re containers, but 1 upplied bottles While the acid itsel ; 1, ] +4 . . ely ( ean. , price 1s incre sf | he cost Ot thre é ] ( ¢ Powerful as 1s it acTtiol ) rla ) ric ii cannot cut CASE ' ind tor this reason it possible t LEAD FOIL -- use wooden trays and metal dippers for handling the acid, provided they are thickly coated with beeswax; lead trays, of course, are also unaffected by it. Based upon the above-mentioned prop erties of the acid, several processes have been worked out for its practical chief among them its application to what is generally known 4 principally used in the monogramming ot decoration of glass, either in relief or in upon the effect it is unaffected by use, as “glass embossing, taglio, depending desired to obtain. Being SKETCH - CARBON PAPER, COATED SIDE UP Fic. Method of Transferring Design to the Waxed Sur face of the Lead Foil Fic.2 the fluid and its tumes, beeswax can be used to make an effective “resist , , , \ the aecoration 1s to stand out ipo 1 : the surtace ot tne gia ( \ Cece d j 1 ) to 1 e t] ] 1 I t¢ r € ; 1 ten | ( lesct thie on sandblast pre QO? M235, ISSUE ( Y ist 1 l - P ; ttie beeswax 1 the é 1 T Tl! ) T t ( I ; i ) é cut ru] I i cit , 1 1 t rec to ft ‘ ? 1) € 1 (

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2 POPULAR

n paper, coated side up, as in Fig. 1, going over it with a hard pencil or tylus. The sketch is then laid on the foil, which has also been Wax, and rubbed down \\ other 1 covered with bees- ith the bow! of spoon OF ounded metallic object: I Fig. 2 when the sketch is peeled been transferred the carbon lines will have to the waxed surface of the foil, which c:; then be cut out. as shown in Fig. 3 After cutting the l, it is advisable, stencil, etching by acid, to wipe of off, as in f the design wit od: water, or in the case of fine worl a f/f ¥ a MIC ws FOIL Pr ‘f| oF (2 PAS ~ gy a _ . a | - ~L } Fia.4 Producing a Mottled or Pitted Background by Means of Flake Mica or Shot ith castile soap dissolved in gasoline, to remove wax that does 1 the foil As mentioned previously, use of the straight acid d this any 10t adhere to leaves a clear glass at itn process i working w “flashed red or blue glass, in which the colot ( on the surface. Using the cid to remove the thin skin of color that sides of the T T a trong blue or red background is obtained.

Another particularly good effect is an tique I h” that rives the glas a I ttled ppearance S f r to t it < il 1ered copp cles if r t obtained b g out the parts it red to re unaffected b the acid er with wv I n qd toil and then spri ng the rest round mi oO! the artil la “snow” aon ( I { l trees, n Fig. 4. Phe | f ot mica i Cause the surtace ¢ tive gv to he ed the acid 1 p d, an effect ¢ t pi tic T ple ing’ tor sue pu pose a eaded-gii Clé paneis tor

MECHANICS table | and similar uses This can be varied by u in the same manner, a If shot regular am] sing lead shot or s illustrated in Fig used, the effect is leature 12 ynsideral be 1S ct more can utilize to good ad intage i lor some purpose similar but better effect is obtainabl using gravei Of any desired degree « coarseness in the same mannet Phere one objectio to the e OI grave he ever, and that is its weakening effect the acid Ordinaril the acid can be use epeated 1 t loses its strength. H ras 1 ctically all g1 ¢ CO! j de ant ortion of ( tt ed in the same t N« CO to ( e€ ol | Cif = Cit : 4 t T Tt i] r é t Hy é , f , ; . ‘ tire | 5 ot evres (ié red i t¢ eg ite | f S1c} 1 SHOT the « - WORK gran OTK tie can be ent \ lue : i( d 1S pret ¢ mixing full hydrofluori ic! pt.: carbonate of s« Ib., and iter _ wD Only clear crvysta a ‘ . , VO y the soda oul v LE used and the vw powder residue ( be discarded Fic.5 crysta crushed to hasten t iS may action. The pure acid, while disso the surface, has the effe ct of leaving clear, but when modified or neutralized the action of an alkali, as in the cid, it produc es a dense white frostes ce By Varving the strengt! ot thie acid, that is, by increasing or dimi the amount iter, and bv regu t the time er tor the etcl . al i 1 I idit ca be ob C bs r Pie etching < mo ( OT r desired that « ( ( tials be « ‘ ct from the othe De cle i | et¢ ing’ one et time ind b Ch f out the oO é ork goes is shown in ] ( full streng ol hite acid may be ¢ rosti the first lette1 For the sec etter, the acid is diluted with watet the time allowed for etching reduced so with the third letter. Orname:

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GLASS GLASS - FOIL OR WAX -----. , GLASS EXPOSED EXPOSED ‘ EXPOSED ~~~"~ i , ' i FOIL OR WAX ‘“ — ia ‘ : y NE , IST STAGE 2N°2 STAGE 380 STAGE Fic.6 FOIL GLASS EXPOSED. Prog os — { FORMED TO \. DRAIN ACID BY BENDING FOIL “+ TISSUE : Fie.9 Fis.10 Various Steps in the Production of Monograms and Master Plates: the Latter Are Used in Connection wit! the Sandbiast Process for Quantity Work

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ot POPULAR igns of vines, leaves, ana the like, can be produced in this way, but this, of course, is subject to the artistic ability and pa- tience ot the worker. The etching process may be combined with sandblasting in the production of quantity work such as is necessary when making, say, the glasses used for automo- bile stop signals, where it would be almost impossible to make an individual stencil for each one of an order of several thou- sand pieces. First, a master plate is made by etching on glass. This plate is used only for transferring the design to the work that is to be sandblasted. The glass is covered with lead foil and the stencil is cut in “negutive,” that is, the parts that are not later to be affected by the sand- blast on the work are left unprotected, and so are eaten out by the action ot the acid Also, the design will have to he +r. versed on the master plate. The best way to go about the preparation of a master plate, if one has occasion to use it, is to cover the whole of one surface of a piece otf plate glass with lead foil, turning up the edges in such a manner that they torm a tray into which the acid may be poured, 1 } d cut the design through the foil as be- tore. The corners should be daubed with wax to prevent leaking. In this way, when etching has been carried far enough, a part of one side of the foil can be bent down to form a lip, as in Fig. 7, through which ths acid is run off into a suitably protected vessel It might here be added that action of the acid is stopped by applying water to the work, and furthermore, tha‘ it will eat the enamel off sinks and similar fixtures as well as the glaze from closet bowls and other earthenware plumbing fixtures It is not necessary to carry the etching deeply in making a master or printing plate; “46 in. will be found sufficient for most cases. The action of the acid is uni- form throughout the work and the depth 1 of etching can be found by the “feel” when the point of a knife is slipped over the edge. Master plates of this kind can be made also from metal in exactly the same but substituting nitric acid for the ] lrofluoric. Needless to iv, the surface ( the metal should he eriect smoot! lhe master plate having | prepared, 11 \ nece iry T ) pre ) r 1 re st. whe co ts of a composition of resinous an ubstances eacl oO ich should I aga t the action of acids One ot the oldest recipes gives b 1men, ste n ( turpent e another h be Canada balsam and soap, and a third con l | } MECHANICS are given because it is practically impos sible to do so, since every worker has his own pet formula that he guards religious], just why At any rate, thi resist should be made about the consist ency of rather stiff putty, and as a starting point one might use equal part of beeswax and soap, adding Canada balsam or tut pentine to get the proper consistency. A thorough mixture of the ingredients with the aid of heat is necessary, but the exact nature and proportion of the ingredients can be varied to a considerable extent. It is evident, however, that too great a por t no one know S tion of the harder substances, such as wax or asphaltum, will make a “short” com pound, which will not adhere sufficient! to both glass or paper, while too mucl soap, stearin, etc., will have the opposite effect. More grease will be required in cold weather and more resin or simila substance in hot. While a variation in the quantity of turpentine or Canada balsan will be found useful, experiment is thi only safe guide. Assuming that a satisfactory resist been obt Lined, a scraper hay Ing a perie t! straight and rounded edge is another ne cessity \ portion of the resist is worke into the depression etched into the mastet plate and the excess removed with tl] scraper, as in Figs. 8 and 9 If the scrape! edge is pertectly true, the cavity of the design will be filled with the resist, while the excess will have been removed from the surface of the plate. Next a sheet of tissue paper is laid over the design and brought into contact with the wax by pat ting the back of the paper with a small brush, Fig. 10; a cheap nail brush wil answer for this. The paper is then pulled off, and if the resist has been properl) compounded, the full design will be found on the paper. The paper, with its adhe ing wax, is then laid, with the wax side down, on the plain glass, and patted light]; with the brush as before. When this ha been done until the resist is in contact with the glass throughout the design, th« back of the paper is dampened wit! sponge; then the paper is peeled otf, lea ing the design in resist on the glass i course, a separate piece Of paper Is net Sar\ for each operation rhe proce vhile requiring this lengthy descriptio1 really quite simple. The resist, as it been called throughout, forms a mask stencil that is acted on but slightly bv t dblast and can be removed afte —4

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) —*— POPULAR Centering Work in Lathe A quick method of centering chucked ork, whether it is a rough casting or a achined piece, is as follows: After inting the work approximately on cen- turn the chuck or faceplate by hand d hold a scriber or any convenient tool ose enough to the edge to show where he ork runs out. In the case of a 1 h casting, it is often sufficient to put lock of wood or metal on the carriage of e lathe, moving the work until it clears block about the same distance all the round For a machined piece it is to have a tool with a sharp point to up to the work: a surface gauge the carriage is very convenient scriber held on the toolpost \ ight on the point is necessary. method a careful man can work ccurately as with an indicator. Convenient Trailer Hitch Hitching farm machinery or trailer to rucl vhich is frequently done, is an matter if a simple hitch of the kind > | iown in the illustration is attached to the rear axle. It consists of a length of flat - iron '~ BOLT HOLES ] stock, 2 or 3 a | in. wide and on —— 4 to *% in. Se thick. The — Sal Jt center part 1 ee | if part 1s NI \ bent to form ' 7 \eo-- an eye about 14) 15 in. behind the axie, a rivet being driven = 4 through the strap where it he ends are twisted and bent und the axle just inside of the spring eats and bolted securely. Spectacle Lenses in Camera Hood Aid Photographer Failing eyesight forces more photog- phers to retire than old age. This is pecially true in case of newspaper pho- graphers and others whose work de- inds the use of a reflecting camera. De- ctive eve sight prohibits ope rating such a amera, and the use of ordinary eyeglasses MECHANICS 155 is impracticable. However, a_ western newspaper photographer remedied the dif ficulty by fitting a pair of eyeglasses in the hood of the camera as shown in the draw- HEAVY GOLD-PLATED, / WIRE / , - : 7 CAMERA HOOD SPECTACLE LENSES il Eveglasses Fitted in Hood of Reflecting Camera Aid Photog- rapher Having Poor Eyesight g He made little frame oO} hy old A it e obtained at i ieweler’s hop to hold T r lenses With this arrangement he can get along without glasses, and is always able to use his camera when going around his daily assignments. on Crowding the Typewriter It is usually found difficult to feed any considerable number of sheets and carbons into a typewriter at the same time Phis can be done easily, however, by making several cuts in the edge of a sheet of strong paper, and placing the flaps hus formed alter nately on either side of the bunch of sheets, then feeding them into the ma- ch i ne as shown in the drawing. In this wav the heets are held tightly and in alinement, and even if it is necessary for anv reason to remove them from the machine. and afterward t re insert them, they can be brought to the same position as betore.

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POPULAR Folding Shelf for Ladder Painters, carpenters and others who use ladders frequently and must have some de- vice for holding tools while working, will find the folding shelf shown in the draw-

Usefr . ; — Shelf for Painters and Carpen- ters Is Detachable and Portable 1 Folding Ladder ing of considerable assistance. It con sists of a 10 by 1l-in. board with strips nailed around the sides to prevent tools and articles from rolling off, and two 14 in. lengths of 2 by %-in. wood, which are hinged to the shelf and bear against the underside of the ladder when the shelf is hooked onto a rung. Two iron crosspieces hold the wooden braces securely, and metal braces hinged in the center keep the shelf in a horizontal position when in use and make the device shown. The upper end of the lower member of each metal brace is cut and bent ight angles to catch in a slot cut in the member, as indicated in the detail; prevents the braces from doubling up hen weight is placed on the shelf foldable, as over at Frequency of Tillage Operations The number of times tillage operations e necessary « certain soils depends on e nature of the soil and the kind of ither. Sandy soils must usually be tilled Te frequently than clayey soils Heavy patteri og down on soils tend to ke tl] em more compact, w hich m i] es it y ft loose hem agal Durit . t nost Oo dt Out I pidly ind

MECHANICS become crusty, which also necessitates til] age operatio! The rapid toa great extent how often tillage is neces sary. growth of weeds determine Weeds have been termed “voracious eaters and heavy drinkers,” as they rob the crops of considerable food and water. The best remedy is frequent shallow tillage which should be started before the weed have made their first appearance, and should be repeated as often as they are about to break ground. By keeping the weeds down in this way it ‘s possible to prevent the loss of a great amount of soil water, which would otherwise be taken up by the weeds.—E. R. Haan, Chicago, III Filing Connecting-Rod Caps Connecting-rod caps and caps on bal filed conveniently in the vise when a simple U-shaped holder of the joints can be kind shown in the drawing is used. The holder is a length of steel rod of a diameter - to correspond to the = >= bolt holes of the cap, ; and bent to fit in these holes snugly. The \ handy feature of this holder is that the cap can be removed as desired ightening the often as without loosening and vise Laying Putty Evenly When applying putty to windows on large glazing jobs it is desirable to do the work with speed as well as neatness. It is howevet Con quite difficult nz to make th- | putty lie at ' the same angleand width all ove:

when running over it fast with a putt

knife. 14 OTEet<¢ @ i th difticu it has bee found ve conve ent t cut a notch in the ed e of the knife to1 on tne edge ot the window trame a show! in the illustration The putty is f pressed O1 in the usual way ind the smoothed ott evenly with the knife

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‘ - TI] {| \|| > : be Nyce et py YJ ) | { } Po SY { Veg = “SS % LL ya ey . How to Make a Monorail Water Skipper By L. B. ROBBINS | YR those who love bathing and crave posts, making the et of the butting exciting sport with it, a monorail water members meet over the centers of the ¢ described this article will fill posts Where the rail Fics. eo hes the ( It can be used wherever there is vater's edge it must | rradually levele e¢ decline into a sheet ot smooth ter and will provide plenty of thrills 4 fe, healthy fun ad 1 } re 7 al . bam P : ¥ er betore it takes of onto the ; <¥ . ( he core of the monorail co1 al Se ba ot length 2 by 4-in. stock, turned hh Se a i edge. The upper surface should be in ed and andpapered smooth, but the j 7 naining three sides may be left rough the posts down the incline in a per ‘ ‘ . . a ? ectly straight line to the water, stretch 7a a line between two stakes to get the { yper height for each post. ‘Z = ke the two-by-fours to the

A Simple and Easily Made Amusement Device for the Summer Camp, Provide Endless Amusement for the Bathers Will Sp ked side 1 Phe Whict to the esual t] it ? and end in a slight upward sweep as shown his can be done by mak ng the sections bin about 5 ft. long or even les il | changing t leve of each as they are extended. In any event, ft he veep should be planned al ead SO that the curve | not be t as | 1 yf eT sk | r ll 1 t sil oO rail due fri ll re r eet id et | e-o!t VW ¢ e ged 1 o the t t ist é leq consist ¢ f) é 1 | a t-1n. be ( the | l

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158 POPULAR project up past each side of the timber and parallel with it. Use 1%-in. boards if possible, as they will make a stronger side bearing surface for the h and give greater skipper. At the bends, the top edges may be slightly curved with a drawknife, to smooth out the angle where the sections

MECHANICS shown in the dr Bolt it solidly through the bottom boards and counter iwing sink the heads in the keel so there will be no obstructions. Last, naila strip of heavy tin or galvanized sheet iron along the bot tom each side of the keel, the entire leneth of the hull on Chis presents a smooth

meet. The take-off should be at least 1 ft. surface to the rail. Set the keel of the above the skipper in the water level. even light to a toboggan Ze grease. Old oil Cut out two = CLEATS - aot, and grease sideboards as a P x SF ] | taken from at shown and nail Tn TT jl —+th—_ automobile et three cleats be- eer TIN a si gine will do tween them SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW very well. The and follow ing Details of Construction of the Water Skipper and Rail; the Upper groove should theircurve. Thin matched boards are best for the bot- tom, although plain boards may be used. They should be 5 ft. long and should be strengthened with two more cleats on the flat part, as indicated. Just aft of the ends of the sides fasten a handhold to each side of the skipper for the occupant to grasp. A ring should be provided in the bow cleat to which may be attached a tow rope. Turn the skipper over and bolt a keel. 3 it. and 2 in square, down the centet the bottom in the position long ot Preventing Spotting of Shades ndow shades are often sed by flies and bugs being rolled up and crushed when the cur- Light-colored Wi spoiled by stains cau tain is raised. This usually occurs on cold mornings when the flies are too sluggish to move quickly \ simple method of pre- venting thi trouble 1 to tie a length of heavy cord or twine acro the window and against the curta o that when the curtain raised it 1 rub against the ie hed off. 1 View Shows How the Rail Sweeps Upward at the End be made as slip Sit down on the skipper and grasp the handholds. Then push off and sit steadily in the middle. The skip per will gather momentum rapidly and should leave the take-off at high speed If the run has been made sufficiently stee] and long enough, the skipper will jump from the take-off several feet before touch ing the water and will then skip one or pery as possible. more times before losing headway and going under Phen carry the skipper ashore and up the hill and try it agai twine can be attached to two scre vey driven into the sides of the window casin; Preventing Ropes from Untwisting usually prevent: but Untwisting of ropes is by tying a knot at t he end it is ofter desirable to have a rope: free from knot In such cases the be | e best method of prevent ing the ends from rave s to « ( hog ring around them Large rope or more inches 1 d mete need | ) 7 + three rings but sma ropes o vy one

. + - ‘

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POPULAR MECHANICS Laying Linoleum Canvas Sheet for Carrying Brush When laying linoleum on floors it is usu- Many outdoor workers will appreciate the ly quite difficult to keep it flat and tack kink shown in the drawing, which illus t down without wrinkling even after it has trates how a large piece of canvas may become warm. To overcome this difficulty first wash the floor under the linoleum with hot water and then lay the linoleum and vash it on its pattern side with hot water so. This will soften it so that it will lie perfectly flat, and it should then be tacked down immediately, before it dries again. George Glambeck, Milo, Can Cabinet for Amateur Photographers \ cabinet of the kind shown in the oto will save the amateur a great deal of e, as it permits an orderly arrangement arious materials and equipment. The th ot the cabinet is 2 ft. and three es are p sovided, the bottom compart ent being closed by two doors rhe ensions of the closet are given in the The shelves and sides are made of vood, while the back is made of ter materia! The door can be fas Simple Method of Carrying Twigs and Rubbish i ed DV a Catch, but if et, is chem! Large Canvas Sheet e kept in the cabin it is safer to ce i lock. pe eda 10 Trying | ¢ ot | 1 in use, the large tanks, ferrotype plates ind other rubbish, which is often 1 nd storage bottles are best pa on the and loose that baskets cannot be uss p shelf; printing par lrames at d= conveniently lhe canvas is spread ales on the middle s helf, while the lenses, on the ground and the load wrapped Pe ; ee oe. rolled in it: it is then an easy m ter to carrv it away Mrs. A. K Hinklev, Rowley. Mas Mending Auto Curtains When the celluloid curtains ofa car are cracked OT broket most owners repair them with adhesive tape or friction tape \ mucl neater job may be done, however, with the use of motion-picture film Phe length of the f to he 4 used moistened ntne ¢ a \—= t d nd the pictt I é CABINET IN USE 2 4 a SE \ vet ciot! it t = : be trat t \ ( ( DETAIL OF CONSTRUCTION Y ent is then e | wal - Neat Wooden Cabinet for Storing Material and Equipment Is Aid sh _ : , , to mateur Photographer ng a tittie ether to1 ¢ ( ( Tr} é ite¢ ( | re Sate ( thie plicati ( iS Cé ent ower part lhe best method ot hanging down over the crack or teat ich a cabinet against the wall at anv cor ture film is better for thi pur] enient height is to drill two holes through ordinary heet celluloid becau e back just above the center shelf a1 a tougher and thinne hen drive two heavy wood screw ; throug l ese holes into studdings in the wall @A piece of adhesive tape ici are customarily spaced 16 1 apart ole of a new shoe preve }

Page 160

160 POPULAR Opening the Pantry Door With both hands holding dishes or food it is diffcult to turn a doorknob without dropping or spilling something. An easy C= HARDWOOD

Lever Attached to Kitchen or Pantry Doorknob Permits Door to Be Opened Easily method of overcoming this difficulty is to attach a short lever to the knob so that it can be turned by simply pushing the lever up. The lever may be made either of a strip of metal or of hardwood and should be about 6in. long. If of metal, it is bent around the shank of the knob and a short stovebolt used to clamp it tightly, and if wood is preferred, the lever is made in two parts as shown, a small block and two screws serving to clamp it. The lever can be attached to swing horizontally or ver tically, as desired. As the ordinary knob has a shank only about % in. long, the material used for the lever should not exceed this measurement in width Effective Roach Trap A simple roach trap, which has proved very effective, can be made from a wide- necked bottle, such as a mustard bottle, and a piece of heavy paper Che paper 1S cut and tormed to a MUSTARD BOTTLE WITH OVERHANGING SIDES,

—, < cone, which 1 fitted ? over the mouth of y the bottle as shown, LS ff and allow | J ( and allows the roache to climb to the top, . : where they fall into HONEY the bottle After they BE on. . i the bottl they Ca ip the ert ( ( but a on ittempt to 1 il ¢ Vay or! overhead to

MECHANICS reach the neck, they fall back to the bot tom. A little honey in the bottle serves I a 6-in. thickness of roaches was found in the trap after it had been set overnight. Ordinary fruit jars are not efficient for this purpose because thev do not spread out enough just below the neck and the roaches might fly out because of the large space inside. It is well to wipe the bottle clean each time after it is used; otherwise the sticky sur face will permit the roaches to escape.— J. Hobart, Dunedin, Fla bait. In one case, a Gutter for Small Buildings The drawing shows Ps a simple and inexpen- d sive gutter which has been found practical yn small buildings cov- ered with tar - paper roofing. Before the roofing is laid, a strip, about 1 ft. wide, is laid /

ROOFING -, \ MOLDING 4\} ilong the lower edge WT - ° — STUDDING of the roof and a i length of heavy mold- | ing of the shape shown is nailed along the upper edge of this striy When the rest of the roofing is laid it 1 brought down over the molding and nailed to its lower edge, thus forming a wate! proof gutter—Rufus E. Deering, Clem ents, Kansas Repairing Teapot Lids The hinges on enameled teapots are not very easy to repair when they are onc loose or Besides, the usual method of hinging the broken. because dirt will col lect in the tiny crey ices. A strong and Sanitary repair 1 shown in the drawing A length of No. 7 hat brass wire is form« into a loop in the mid dle to fit snugly around the neck of the knol on the cover and the two branches of the re are brought t: 1 . 1 1 1 gether and curved to conform to the slo i ae 1 , ot the lid, with the ends bent outward te hook into tl e @€ars O} t] e | indle. \ | 1! “44 , 11 , 1 of this kind wi ist as long as the te it elt ] ( Nl b rem ed t 1 tT é covers is objectionable $e er

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POPULAR MECHANICS Stopping Leaks in Exhaust Heater The exhaust heater in my car gave considerable trouble by leaking at the ints, which at times allowed a ce amount of the exhaust moke to enter the car, and this is very disagreeable to the upants especially when the en- e was digesting an excessive ount of oil or gasoline. Upon examination of the heater the eaks were found between the flex- ile tubing that conducts the ex- ust into the body of the heater, and the elbows which were solidly attached to the heater. A small ll of asbestos wicking was thor- ughly soaked in a cement made mixing equal parts of litharge nd glycerin to the consistency of a thick gravy, and the wicking then wound tightly around e junction of the flexible tubing 1 the elbow ontheheater. After etting for 24 hours it formed a id packing around the leaks, ypping them entirely. The heat not affect the cement. How- ever, in other where this method is used, it may be neces- ry to wrap a piece of light sheet iron around the asbestos wicking to hold it, the sleeve being kept in ition by means of a hose clamp each end. Gasoline-exhaust iks of this kind are very dan rous, especially in a closed car, should never under any cir- closed cases imstances be allowed to con nue for any length of time.—Carleton l'. Worfolk, Royal Oak, Mich Shoe Rack for Closet Door A simple and neat - appearing shoe rack can be made from two curtain rods, ar- ranged on the in- side of the closet door as shown in the illustration. The lower one should extend about 2 in. beyond the upper one, and they should be 3 to 4 in. apart. The shoes are hung on the upper rack by the heel. This arrange- ment is especially advantageous in small city apartments, where, in many cases, every inch of space must be utilized. “CURTAIN RODS 161 Wagon Wheels Make Swing Seat Two old wagon wheels are the essential parts ot the novel lawn or porch swing BALANCE - — —— , = a. Attractive Lawn or Porch Swing Made from Two Old Wagon Wheels and Ordinary Lumber shown in the drawing. A section of the rim, including two or three spokes, i sawed out and removed. The support for the swing consists of two 4 by 4-in. posts about 6 fit. high and spaced about 4 ft apart. They are securely braced by means of 2 by 4-in. pieces in the manner indi cated. The mounted or posts so that the rims are about l8in. above the ground. The bolts are drawn up tight! enough to prevent play, yet not so tight as to hinder free revolution. Stout are nailed across the wheels on the inside of the rims for a distance of about 2 ft forming a seat which may be cushioned to add comfort. A balance weight is attached under the seat at the point indicated in the lower right-hand detail. A coat or two of white paint adds to the attractiveness of the swing wheels are the slats @ Varnished and stained woodwork can be cleaned with ordinary tea water

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POPULAR Listening Alone to Phonograph Students and lovers of music can enjoy the phonograph without disturbing others by using the attachment shown in the drawing. It consists of a discarded radio CORK COVERED ___ METAL TUBE ae Sie INSERTED AND SOLDERED IN BACK OF HEAD- PHONE Y-CONNECTION \ METAL _ HOLE IN DOOR TUBE Attachment on Phonograph Enables One to Hear Music without Disturbing Others headset and some rubber tubing which connects the phones to the door of the sound chamber. The magnets in the phones are removed, a 3-in. hole is drilled in the center of the back of each phone and a short metal nipple is soldered in each hole. Two lengths of tubing attached to the nipples are connected to a single tube by means of a Y of hardwood, hard rubber or metal, which is also provided with nip- ples. The single tube leads to a hole in the sound-chamber door in which it is held by a cork-covered nipple to make the connection as nearly soundproof as pos- sible. The door is, of course, closed when the phonograph is set in motion. Protecting Gun from Rust knows how ruinous water is to firearms. No matter how well oiled they may be kept, rain, fog and especially salt water will do much damage by forming rust. The writer does con- siderable hunting in salt-water marshes and found his guns rapidly going to ruin from this cause. After several schemes to protect the guns had been found only partly successful, the following method was tried and found satisfactory: An old Every sportsman 5-in. inner tube of heavy red rubber was MECHANICS obtained at a tire-service station. cut in two and one end It was was vulcanized shut, forming a neat waterproof bag into which the gun could be slipped whenever there was any danger of getting it wet The open end was long enough to fol over the stock, where it was held by rubber band.—J. E. ; California. a Hoag, Los Angeles, Removing Valve “Rosettes” At the bottom of an automobile tire valve stem there is a metal “rosette” whic] centers and holds the spring in positio: Sometimes’ when changing the inner tube this rosette breaks away from the spring and stem and drops to the bottom of the valve, where it is almost impossible to WIRE : J f catch and remove it. — A handy tool for SCREW >! this purpose can be ; made from a slender wood screw soldered to a 6-in. length of stiff wire, as shown in the detail at the right. The screw must fit loosely inside the valve that it can be pushed down and thread into the rosette to hold it securely. Th: rosette can then be lifted out without the slightest difficulty. Shoe Protector for the Youngsters (ee It isa common expe \ rience that boys con stantly using then coaster wagons wea! out the sole of one shor much faster than the other one, owing to the manner in which the wagon is propelled an braked. Three pairs « shoes and sometime more are often wor out in this way in on: season. A good method of preventin; the shoe from suc! quick wear is to pro tect it by means of an extra sole, made of thick leather and strapped on as shown, the straps being riveted to the extra sole. Two straps ar most convenient to use for this purpose one for the heel and the other for the toe A —S IN POSITION

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Vy ==" we moved into our cottage on the beach at Daytona, Fla., and saw the “Atlantic swells” actually promenad- ig in our front yard, I at once was deter- mined to get hold of some kind of a boat hat could be launched through the break- ers, and sailed in the open sea. There is o inlet here at Daytona, and it was neces- to have some kind of outfit that could be brought down onto the beach, and, after ing it, loaded up and hauled away again, the boat could not be left on the beach. lt also was necessary to make it so that man, or at most two, could handle it. \fter some thought, and consultation han experienced boatbuilder, | decided 21 by 5-ft. dory, well decked over at both ends, and with a coaming running around the entire cockpit—what is known ™ as a racing dory. So much for the boat; that was easy, but it was now up to me to devise some kind of trailer to haul it to and from the beach. As I expected to use it for hauling my fishing boat also to and from the sut rounding lakes and streams, I decided that it must have four wheels, and ‘be equipped with some kind of rollers to facilitate loading and unloading, a windlass to en able one man to load the boats if necessary, a universal joint, readily detachable, for disconnecting the forward truck, a quick hitch for attaching it to my automobile and some arrangement for holding the boat securely in position when loaded " With these ideas pretty well established. Above, Arriving at the Beach; Center, Unhitched from the Automobile; Left, Boat Balanced over Rear Wheels, and Forward Truck Detached I went to work onthe job. From a manu- facturing company | obtained two steel axles fitted with ball bearings and Ford rear wheels, carrying front-wheel flanges These permitted the use of 4-in. instead of 3-in. tires, the larger size being better for use in the sand. From the same source | obtained four automobile springs, and

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quick hitch that was exactly what I wanted to attach the trailer to my car. For the side rails, | secured two pieces of clear white-oak wagon stock, 134 by 3% in., 14 ft. These were fastened together by four %-in. steel rods, threaded long. at both ends, and with nuts and washers on both sides of the rails. The outside width of the frame was 30 in. Four 3-in. hardwood rollers, with bronze caps on each end, were then fitted place, the % in. pins running in bronze bearings bolted to the side shown in the detail. Two carrying shown in the of two pieces of oak, rails, as cushions, detail, were made l% by 4% in., 30 in. long. The lower piece is bolted to the upper side of the rails at each end, and the upper hinged to the lower so that it can instantly be turned down out of the boat is be ing loaded or unloaded, way when the or turned up into

f ‘ \ , hi an f * f FF f <=. == a2 — Upper Photo, Dory Ready for ‘aan Left, Down over “the Rollers; Right, “All Set Ready for a Sail the carrying position, cushion tops about 1 in. above the rollers. The their upper sides cotton fire hose, and screwed in place. around the windlass roller, ‘Sliding which brings the the tops of cushions are faced on with two thicknesses of with the ends rolled over, When the cushions

164 POPULAR MECHANICS are turned down, the hose fits between the rails, out of the way. The windlass is attached to the under- side of the rails, at the rear end. It is provided with a ratchet dog, bearing on a ratchet wheel on the windlass shaft, to hold the boat in any position, and also with a ratchet crank handle, so that if the boat is slid back into the balanced position where it is impossible to turn the handle completely around, the ropes can be tight ened by pumping the handle up and down The two lines, after being wound are run throug! cheek halyard blocks attached to the for ward ends of the rails on the inside, the: carried back and made fast to the afte: ends of the rails. Each line has a looy about amidships that can be slipped ove the oarlocks for holding the boat in posi tion. When the attached ] forward oat lock " the bo it is ready for side ines are the road when attache to the after it is 11

the balanced position ready for launching ; in either case the lines are tightened by one or two turns on the ratchet handle, and

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he 1g ; ne ind — CUSHION TURNED DOWN ROLLER CUSHION IN CARRYING POSITION’ Details of Parts of the Trailer, Showing the Construction of the Folding Cushions, Ball-and-Socket Joint, and Ratchet Handle for the Windlass; Also Method of Drawing the Boat from the Water

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held securely by the dog. The device that forms the universal joint between the trailer bed and the forward truck is a ball- and-socket joint, and not finding just what I wanted on the market, I made patterns for it, and had it cast in brass at the local foundry, afterward finishing the parts my- self; similarly with the caps and bearings for the rollers. The ball joint is made in two parts, each with a flange for bolting it on. The cup- shaped lower half is bolted to a crosspiece on top of the forward truck, and _ “receives the ball-shaped upper half, which is at- tachedtoa crosspiece bolted to the underside of the trailer bed at the forward end. A ¥Y-in. bronze bolt, passed through the lower half, holds the ball securely in place, the bolt itself being secured by a spring collar fit- ting into a groove near one end. This joint is instantly separable by withdrawing the bolt, is very strong and has never given a moment’s trouble. Now suppose we have reached the beach for a sail: First loosen the side lines by re- leasing the ratchet dog, hoist up the stern of the boat and drop the cushion, then do the same with the bow cushion. Slip the loops off the forward oarlocks and roll the boat back until the loops will slip over the after ones, take a turn on the windlass handle, and the boat is held almost exact- ly balanced over the rear wheels. Now detach the forward truck by withdrawing the bronze bolt in the ball joint, and lead the boat down to the water. Drop the forward end of the bed in six inches of water, slip the loops from the oarlocks, and the boat will launch itself, stern first, which is the better way, as the wider end picks up and floats better than the bow. In drawing the boat up out of the water and reloading this procedure is simply reversed. My fishing boat is an ordinary flat-bot- tomed cypress boat with a tilting outboard motor attached; we handle it on the trailer in exactly the same manner as the dory, and because of the tilting device on the motor it is bolted to the boat, as it is 166 POPULAR MECHANICS never necessary to remove it. This little 14-ft. boat is equipped with four swivel chairs, which make it very comfortable for an all day’s fishing trip. These chairs are of the regular hardwood kitchen variety, each with its legs sawn off and a short piece of 3%-in. galvanized-iron pipe at- tached to the underside of the seat through a galvanized-iron flange, fastened to a bevel cieat to tilt the chair at a comfortabl angle. By boring holes through the thwarts and fastening hardwood blocks o1 the bottom of the boat to re ceive the lower ends of the pipes, we have comfortabl: swivel chair which can be placed SO as ti balance the boat properl and each one of which can be swung throug! acomplete circle. Anyone Fishing Boat with Swivel Chairs Mounted on the Trailer Ready who has been to Start for a Day’s Sport out on an all day fishing trip sitting on the ordinary flat-board boat thwart seat, and with no “lean back” what ever, will appreciate this device, which is very simple and can be arranged in any fishing boat. We have been using this trailer for eight years now, and it has proved satisfactory in every way. On our fishing excursions we sometimes have to launch our boat down a steep bank, and we always carry a long line for this purpose, easing the boat down into the water by taking a turn around a tree or post, and hauling it back up the bank again by fastening the line to our car, but whether launching or reload ing, or going at thirty miles an hour on the road, this trailer has always been a stancl and faithful friend and almost automati in its performance. Reducing Pressure in Water Piping Remembering that the water pressure at any faucet may be reduced considerably by opening up all the other faucets in the house, may often prove very useful, espe cially when it is impossible to turn off the main supply. In one case a leaky faucet was repaired by opening the othe faucets, and at another time an emergency) patch was held in place on a burst water pipe by reducing the pressure in this wa)

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re IN 1e ff POPULAR MECHANICS 167 Improvised Roofing Paint While laying a new paper roof we found that the tin root of the bay window was badly rusted and full of pinholes. The ne- cessity of replacing it was evident, but we had neither the material == m hand nor the time to obtain 4 : more, as it was late in the season. POULTRY 4, \ small amount of roofing cement NETTING, ae || ad been left in each can, and this AQ DY |] vas all collected together, gasoline A y being used to remove every trace | & y WS that had stuck tothe sidesand bot- | A toms of the various cans. Thece- | Cit} j ment was allowed to stand in the vind and sunlight until most of the gasoline had evaporated, leav- ing the liquid about the consist- ency of thick cream; this was then painted on the leaky roof. No at- tempt was made to remove the rust, as the rust held the paint bet- ter than the bright tin would have done. The first coat was rubbed in well and allowed to dry thor- uughly. The effect was jet black, vhich contrasted too strongly vith the slate-gray color of the main roof and therefore we de- cided to make it match. This was lone by adding a little whiting WIRE STAPLES 8 LONG METHOD OF FASTENING POULTRY NETTING TO GROUND Resodding Washouts On terraces and sloping lawns where frequent washouts occur and the water course cannot be changed, the method of . POULTRY — NETTING mixed in gasoline to the black liquid until the correct shade of gray was obtained, and then ap plying it over the black. The second coat flowed like varnish, gave the desired hade, and, together with the first coat, it covered the roof so well that not a leak has been found since.—Xeno W. Putman, Harmonsburg, Pa. A Neat Window Prop Windows in old houses sometimes are not equipped with counterweights to balance the sashes, which makes it necessary to use a prop to hold them up. | If these props are not at nil hand when needed, which , often happens, a substi- tute must be looked for A handy prop that can not be lost is shown in the drawing. It consists of a short piece of wood, with a notch cut in one end to receive the lower edge of the sash. The other end pivots on a screw driven into the casing, so that the prop instantly can be swung into place. Poultry Netting Laid Down and Stapled over New-Sodded Bank Holds Sod until It Takes Root repair shown in the illustration has been found entirely effective. The damaged portion of the bank is filled, regraded and resodded, and the sod covered with light weight poultry netting. This is held in place by means of 8-in. staples made ot medium weight galvanized-iron wire. This will retain the new sod and prevent the loose earth from being washed away easily The netting is, of course, removed after the sod has taken firm root. If seed is sown on the bare bank, the same method serves as well. Silencing Brake-Rod Rattles Rattling caused by brake- rod connections can be greatly decreased by squeezing the yoke of the clevises together with a pair of ordinary slip-joint pliers so that the eye ends of the rods will fit snugly. After oiling thoroughly the pin is replaced and the con- nection will be found to be free from rat- tles, and less apt to wear quickly

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168 POPULAR Combined Safety Vault and Bathtub for the Summer Cottage Space is usually at a premium in a sum- mer cottage, and many pieces of furniture must serve a double purpose. In cases Combination Bathtub and Safety Vault Arranged under Floor in Small Cottage where no space is available for a bathtub, a novel arrangement of the tub under the floor, as shown in the drawing, will be found very convenient, and the tub will also serve as a vault when the cottage is unoccupied, as it is located under the sur- face of the floor and the cuts in the latter may be completely hidden by a rug. A section of the floor is cut out and the tub then fastened securely under it. This can be done by means of heavy wooden cleats fastened to the joists so that they project under the tub flange, or by block- ing up the tub from beneath. The drain should be connected to a shallow sink hole filled with small stones. A Natural Fly Poison There are many kinds of fly poison on the market but for the last 50 years Mrs. J. T. Davidson, of Shepherd, Tenn., has been growing her own fly poison, which she regards as one of the most dependable exterminators available, and she is never without it but grows it in her garden every summer. The plant from which this fly poison is made is the apple of Peru, which grows wild almost all over the United States. It grows to a height of from 3 to 9 ft. and has a strong rigid stem, which often becomes as large as a human wrist. The flowers are light blue, about MECHANICS an inch long and as wide. To prepare the poison, the leaves and stems are crushed to a juicy mass, to which some sweet milk or cream is added. When first crushed the product gives off an offensive odor but the addition of sweet milk makes it very at- tractive to the flies so that they will not leave it alone. After feeding on it they soon drop dead; its action is certain. On the other hand, it is not poisonous to barn- yard fowls such as chickens, which have often been seen eating it without evil con equences ever being noticed—Robert S. Walker, Chattanooga, Tenn. Drawing Up Sunken Floorboard In cases where old floorboards must be raised and toenailed in place by one man, the simple device shown in the illustratior will be found useful. It con- sists of a short length of l-in. wood which is screwed to the floor- board to be raised and two wooden wedges to be driven under the ends of this piece. After forcing the wedges in far enough to pull up the floor- board so that it is level with the rest of the floor, it is toenailed in place securely. G. A. Luers, Washington, D. C. Repairing Hand Tire Pumps Sometimes the stuffing box at the top of the small cylinder of two-barrel hand pumps breaks or wears out while the re mainder of the pump ts es i Peed, “rh man) _PUMP SOLDERED ROD cases the pump can-be wawee } PACKING repaired by the use ot NUT . 2 ; a Ford gasoline - pipe pack nut and elbow 1 Ee After removing the old stuffing box, the pack ~. nut is soldered, with ' the large opening up, to the top of the pump. ————— The carburetor elbow can either be cut off just below the bend and reamed to fit the pump rod, or the hole simply drilled through and reamed. The whole elbow is used in the latter case for ease in tighten- ing.—E. T. Gunderson, Humboldt, Lowa.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 169 Popping Corn in Kettle A common kettle makes as good a corn popper as can be purchased. It is best to ise an aluminum kettle with a tight-fitting over. The corn is put in the kettle and the smallest burner of the gas or oil stove turned about half open. It is, of course, necessary to keep the kernels in constant notion by shaking the kettle back and forth. The advantage of this method of popping corn is that nearly every kernel vill pop, as the kettle retains all the heat. Furthermore, no dirt can fall into the burner of the stove, as is always the case vith corn poppers made of wire mesh. Cooking Room for the Stove During the summer months the average farm kitchen is a very hot place to work n, especially if a range is used for cooking. \luch of the discomfort can be eliminated by providing a small cooking room adjoin- ing the kitchen but closed off by a door. This room should be just a little larger than the space occupied by the range and a small table and should be well ventilated. [his can be done best by means of a cupola which has lattice-work gables and a brick chimney in the center, as shown in the Towing Small Boats When the stream is flowing so fast or the wind blowing so hard that it is difficult to make headway by rowing, the simple Method of Towing Rowboats and Small Sailboats Up- stream against a Swift Current or Hard Wind stunt shown in the drawing offers an easy way of towing the boat along the bank or shore. Tie the boat line to both bow and stern, as shown. By paying out on the bow part of the line and holding CHIMNEY op ks s ‘ ‘~~ KITCHEN in the stern line, the boat can be kept nearly parallel with the bank, while if only a bow line is used the current or wind will cause the bow to dig into the bank, making tow- ing difficult. Ifa narrow creek is encountered, its mouth can be crossed in the boat as follows: Let out the bow and haul in the stern; this will cause the boat to lie close against the mouth. Fas ten the towline to an oar pushed slantingly (toward the water) in tothe bank. After walking across the creek in the boat, the oar is pulled out, which can readily be done on account of the slant at which it is placed. Small Cooking Room Makes House More Comfortable during Hot Summer Months drawing. The chimney rests on joists level with the kitchen ceiling, as shown, and a pipe connects the stove with it. About 8 It. trom the floor, a ceiling consisting of close-fitting double doors is put in. In summer these doors are kept open. This arrangement permits a constant circula- tion of air, which carries off the excess heat.-- Mrs. S. G. Stice, Cerulean, Ky. Mending Radiator Leaks It occasionally happens that a leak is discovered in the radiator when traveling in the country many miles from a garage, and it is, of course, advisable to make a temporary repair. A piece of chew ing gum forced into the opening will harden quickly due to the heat, and will stop the leak effectively. Gum is much better for this purpose than a_ sharp ened match or toothpick, as it holds better.

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L70 POPULAR Novel Homemade Lawn Sprinkler A homemade lawn sprinkler of novel construction, which will distribute the water in a fine spray over a large area, is shown in the illustration It is made ot short ae —r. (ff ) A Novel Lawn Sprinkler Distributes Water in Fine Spray by Means of Small Fan of gaspipe and fittings, assembled hown, a pointed plug being *n into one end of the vertical piece to ‘rve the double purpose wooden of a support for the sprinkler and of a plug to prevent water from leaking at the bottom Phe upper end of the pipe is provided with a cap having four small holes drilled through 1 it an angie to the center or the pipe. t _] 11T)T rt d f 1? ] ne I e Cap alisSO Ipports a rod, O ih. ong, end of which a _ four-bladed sheet-metal fan is fitted to revolve freely. the sprinkler e wooden plug pushed into and the water turned on. The tour tiny streams Of water shooting out of ston the toy The hose is attached to indicated, th the ground strike the blades of the fan, ling of the latter wil and the scatter the | then iter around in a fine spray Che holes in the cap should be drilled at such an ingle that they will strike the center of the blades, and the fan diameter should not be too large, else it will revolve too slowly.—G. E. Hendrickson, Argyle, Wis @ Large numerals from calendars make excellent labels on closed boxes con cut taining screws and nails, to ferent sizes, indicate dif and numerals of different col- ors can be used to indicate different kinds of nails, as, for instance, and finishing nails. common nails MECHANICS Closet-Tank Repairs A worn-out washer on the discharge water allows the water to run out of the tank into the bowl con tinually. This trouble can be remedied by bending the rod to which the float tached so as to torce the float downward, which will exert greater pressure on the washer, causing the valve to close tightly When the flush ball refuses to seat prop erly and the ball is not pressed out of shape, a repair can be made by loosening the guides through which the wire on the ball runs, centering it perfectly and then retightening the guides it a ball must be installed, the correct size should be obtained Examine the original ball and get the number, or if it has no number see that the new ball fits with the ridge about % in. from the seat.—Chas. Hubertz ) Corry, Pa valve of a closet IS at new Patching Clothes with Rubber Tissue When patches are cemented on gar ments by means of rubber tissue, whicl can usually be obtained at a tailor shop the patched area will be somewhat stiffer than the surrounding cloth. For this rea son this method of patching has not met with much However, by perforat ing the tissue with a number of holes and then using it in the customary patch will be more pliable. The area to be mended and the surface of the patch itself should be cleaned with gasoline betore the cementing is done. The lavor way, the tissue 1s cut to hit the patch, perforated, and the patch is ther pressed down ot it by 7 just hot enough to sizzle; if tl a flatiror is does not means ot Using Rubber Tissue, Perforated to Make It Flexible, to Cement Patches on Clothes melt the rubber so that the patch sticks, heat the iron a little more.—E. W. Cornell, Adrian, Mich.

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oN A 4 gle, cS, Making a Military Box Kite By H. S. RINKER |= kite described in this article re- quires both skill and patience to make iccessfully. For the dyed-in-the-wool ite “bug” this will be an added attraction ather than a drawback, because this par- ticular fan has as much fun making kites ; lying them. rhis kite is a modified form of the very elaborate kites used in military service for hotographing, signaling, and even for ending aloft an observer, if made of ap- ropriate size and strength. he main frame is an ordinary Blue Hill x. Added to this are four wings which reatly increase the sail area, while adding ery slightly to the weight of the frame ork. The appearance of this military kite the air is very striking and unusual. UPPER WING ~ _UPPER “7” WING described above to obtain reliable results in use. The majority of the fibers in each stick must run the full length to assure adequate strength. Failure to observe this precaution may be a cause of failure when the kite is in the air. The sails for the box should be made first. Two strips of cambric, 19 in. wide, are required. Hem both sides on a sewing machine, making them 18 in. wide whe: hemmed. Make them 6 ft. 1 in. long, square one end, put together, and sew across with a 4%-1n. seam. This makes an endless loop, 6 ft. long when finished. The frame of this kite, as previously mentioned, is an ordinary Blue Hill bo» lhe bracing, however, is different, and somewhat simpler. It is braced inside the sails. The side sticks are joined by a piece ol flat wood in the center of the sail at each box. As this is a small box, and braced by the diagonal sticks 4 i ---- LOWER WINGS ~ A Military Box Kite That Will Test the Patience and Skill of the Amateur Kite Enthusiast, But One That Is Well Worth Making The dimensions are as follows: Length 5 ft. 6 in.; width of box, 2 ft.; height of box, 1 ft.; length of the sail on each box, 1 ft.6in.; length of diagonal sticks at rear of front box, 5 ft. 3 in.; length of diagonal sticks at front of rear box, 4 ft. 9 in. The sticks are made of straight-grained white pine, spruce, or fir. The stock should be a %-in. thick board. Split the board, and plane the split edge parallel to the grain. Now scribe and rip off, par- allel to the edge which was split and planed, four pieces 5 in. wide. Lay side by side on the bench, clamped, if possible, and plane down to exactly % in. Set up on the other edge, clamp again, and plane to Yin. Spring each stick in the hands when finished, to ascertain that it bends evenly and has no weak spots. The four diag- onals are also % in. square, but of different length. All kite sticks must be made as a piece of the wood from an egg crate, a peach basket, or any thin veneer will an swer. Make each 1 ft. long by 1% in. wide and tack at ends with three %&-in. brad 171

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172 POPULAR at the same In the center of No. 17 wire gauge, fastening time with prepared glue CROSS BRACE DETAIL

~~ THIN BATTENS,!5 WIDE & _9 ~-BRADDED AND GLUED TO im SIDE STICKS ' ~--+-- - £SQ. STICKS DETAIL OF FRAME Details of the Box Frame; Note How the Cross Braces Fit into the Battens these strips make a %-in. square hole. Cut the %-in. square material. Make them 24% in. long,and fora length of 44 in. at each end cut them down to % in. two braces of

square, Put thetwo lower sticks Use side frames through 4 DIAGONAL STICKS i bridle string about the sails, and fasten 5 ft. long The the cross seams to a a most practical way the top stick of one — > a to fasten the diag frame by gluing eee | * onal sticks is b them. Snapthe = ~ permanently yet, as the single SECTION OF REAR OF FRONT BOX,“ tached to the diag ' stick does not give SECTION AT FRONT OF REAR BOX onal sticks and tied any rigidity. But ee around the bo ignoring this fact piaconaL sticks with a bow for the time being, SAW CUT — lcataaes knot when the kite get the sails trued age hw gh = pimand “sii set up up and glued to the SAIL — Madeas de other sticks dj scribed herein, thi Now take the di- METHOD OF me «kite will knoc! igonals The two Method of Attaching Diagonals to Box, and Sails to down flat, like th tront diagon al Diagonals Blue Hill box It sticks are % in. cannot be rolled square and 5 ft. 3 in. long. Mark 2 ft The dimensions given above may be re from one end. Put this point at the top stick on one side. A point 2 ft. 3 in. from this should touch the bottom stick on the other side, while 1 ft. will project beyond it downward. These two sticks are at the rear of the front-box sail. Two more sticks, 4 ft. 9 in. long, are arranged in a similar manner at the front edge of the rear-box sail. Of these sticks 1 ft. 9 in. should project upward, and 9 in. downward from the box frame. Lash all this in place temporarily with string. You will note that the kite is now braced so it

MECHANICS cannot get out ofsquare. Now we have fou: more sails to these are 5 ft. 6 in. long, 2 ft. wide at the front sticl and 1 ft. 9 in. at the rear stick, tapering to a point at the extreme front and rear. The ) other two are similar but make lwo ot hit smaller, bein: 1 ft. wide at front stick, and 9 in. wide at rear stick, tapering as before. Runa 4% in. hem, turned over twice, along the pro

file edge, and a similar hem, turned onl once, on the long straight edge These sails should be somewhat scant in the transverse dimensions, as they attach to the diagonal sticks with a small wire ring sewed at angle, and they should stretch in snapping the ring in place so ( that the sail will be taut. It is well to run a strand of the finest picture wire around the profile edge of these sails, folding it into the double hem, as it is sewed The long plain edge of these sails ar each fastened to a box stick; the large sails to the upper sticks, the smaller to the lower The kite is bridled in t same manner as the Blue Hill box, that is, at the rear edge of the front sail, on the each ones.

duced or increased in proportion, and, a a matter of fact, may be varied somewhat One of these kites will test a No. 22 piano wire in a 10-pound wind. Its total sail area (lifting) is nearly 32 square feet @ When no regular metal polish is avail able, automobile valve-grinding com pound, of various grades to suit the work, will be found an excellent substitute However, due to the abrasive quality of the compound, it cannot be used for sil verware or similar fine surfaces.

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POPULAR MECHANICS 173 Saving Ink in Fountain Pen When a fountain pen delivers too much ink on first starting to write, it is an indi- cation that the sack is nearly empty and the air contained in the barrel is expanded by the heat of the hand. The surplus ink on the pen is usually shaken off but this is not desirable especially if there is no more ink for refilling at hand. It is much better to hold the pen, point up, and force a bubble of air out with the self-filler, after which the pen will usually work satisfac- torily. When the pen is dry and no ink is andy, a few drops of water in the barrel ill give good results as it dissolves the ttle ink that still remains—Harold E. Benson, Boulder, Colo. Simple Pulverizer for Seed Beds Leveling lawns and pulverizing the soil roperly when preparing it for seeding can- not be done with a rake but requires a special tool. Such a tool can readily be made in a few moments from scrap pieces of wood around the house. It consists of a frame, about 18 by 20 in. in dimensions, made of 1 by 2-in. wood, a long handle of similar material, attached as shown in the photo, and 1-in. wire mesh stapled to the underside of the frame. The front and rear ends of the frame are set at an angle as shown in the detail, to facilitate push- ing it over the ground. By working it Simple Tool Made of Wood and Wire Mesh Aids in Leveling and Pulverizing Seed Beds backward and forward, the lumps are soon reduced to small particles and the surface leveled —E. M. Love; Alhambra, Calif. @li chemicals are used to remove stains on clothing, they should be applied before the clothes are washed, as washing gives the stains a firmer hold. Easily Constructed Floor Sander Floors will be much improved by occa sional sanding and varnishing, but as sand ing is a very tedious task if done by hand SCREWEYE, SCREW _ AND + WASHER Homemade Floor Sander Consisting of 2-in. Block, a Broom Handle, and a Lead Weight with the use of a small block, the tool illus trated will be found much more con venient. It consists of a 2-in. block of wood cut to the size of a standard sheet of sand paper and with the ends beveled off so that the heads of the thumb or carpet tacks used for holding the sandpaper will not touch the floor. An old broom handle or other suitable length of wood is fastened to the block by means of two pieces of strap iron, screwed tightly to the handle and loosely to the block so that the handle can be moved backward and forward freely. One or more flat pieces of lead or other heavy metal are fastened securely to the block by means of a stout cord or twine, threaded through two screweyes that are driven into the top as shown.— Walter X. Brennan, Mt. Clemens, Mich. Bending Celluloid Spectacle Frames Celluloid spectacle frames can easily be bent by first heating the part to be bent just enough to make it pliable. This can be done over an electric toaster or hot plate, or better still, in hot water as there will then be no danger of the celluloid catching fire. The celluloid must be thor oughly warmed before bending, to prevent it from breaking.

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174 POPULAR Combination Camp Table and Bench The combination camp table and bench sown in the drawing is easily made and is (ore useful than the ordinary table, as the Combination Camp Table and Bench Which Has Been Found Useful top consists of two boards which can be swung over to form backs for the benches. In their normal position on the table these two boards rest on pins or cleats fastened to the inside ot the upper crosspieces; they pivot at both ends on long bolts passing through the brace, crosspiece and into the board. Both sides of the boards should be smooth, as one side is used as a back rest and the other as the table top. Neat Lightning Arrester A neat lightning arrester, which is cheap to build and of durable construction, is shown in the illustration. Two straight Dieces of 14-in. BINDING POST square brass rod, FIBER 4 in. long, are WASHER drilled and tapped “SOLDERED at the ends for SQUARE short 6-32 screws. and a strip of “e- in. fiber, about 5 in. long and %-in. wide, is drilled so that the rods can be attached to it as shown in the tues | detail. To one SCREWS ; end of each rod a ih : -S . ~ FIBER } i4-in. machine — STRIP ’ “4 1 screw is soldered, half of the head being cut away to fit over the rods, as shown. The rods are first mounted on the strip loosely, two ww ” uy BINDING POST MECHANICS thicknesses of newspaper being inserted between them, and are held together with the fingers while tightening the screws after which the paper is pulled out \ 5%-in length of 34-in. fiber tubing is cut and slipped over the assembly, and a large fiber washer with a hole punched through it is pushed over the end of each screw. A washer and a nut are run on each screw to keep the parts clamped together tightly, and the whole device is then dipped in melted paraffin. It is attached to the house by means of a clamp made of a brass strip and drilled for two small wood ccrews. It can be mounted conveniently under the window casing or other board protecting it from rain, and the aerial, instrument lead and ground wire are con- nected in the usual wav. Saving Gas All fuel experts know that a fire several feet below the boiler shell will give much better results than a fire close under the shell. This fact induced —A~AARARRROL me to try out - the idea of the ~*~ 7 ; a , sat intenci- STOVE 4 wv h eat intemsi- pipe iR6N |” vary v her On a ZaS_ NOTCHED a Btove, &8 shown in the illustration. It consists of a strip of ordi- nary black stovepipe iron, about 3 in, wide and a couple of inches longer thanthree times the diameter of the hole in the grate, which will be about 20 in. in most cases. The ends are fastened together with rivets or small stove bolts and several notches are cut in one edge. This ring is placed over the gas-burner holes, with the notched side up, and the cooking vessel is placed on top of the ring. A lighted match held near any one of the notches will light the gas when the tap is opened. The use of such a ring concentrates the heat under the vessel and consequently reduces the consumption of gas.—James E. Noble, Toronto, Can. COMPLETED @ An excellent substitute for a sponge may be made of several yards of cheese- cloth, rolled into a bali, wo

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POPULAR MECHANICS Removing Developer Stains The amateur photographer who does his own printing and developing frequently finds his fingers and nails becoming deeply tained, especially if he uses a pyro de- eloper for films and plates. A formula for a hand wash that will remove these tains is as follows: Potassium cyanide, 70 gr.; iodine, 50 gr.; water 16 oz. After ising this solution the hands should be washed thoroughly, as the cyanide is poisonous.—R. Melrose, St. John, N. B. Compact Egg-Hatching Cabinet In the incubator room on a Nebraska poultry farm, storage space for eggs to be hatched was very limited and therefore a compact cabinet consisting of several drawers was built along one side. The drawers were made 32 in. wide, 24 in. long and 3% in. deep, and were subdivided by means of triangular strips of wood, meas- uring 4% in. on each side. These were tacked across the bottom of the drawers, as shown, and spaced just far enough apart to hold the eggs side by side. To prevent the eggs from rolling back and forth when the drawer is opened or closed, a small block of wood was set behind the last egg in each row. This arrangement permitted the eggs to be turned over every day by simply pulling the drawers far enough out so that they dropped downward in front, and placing the first egg in each row be- hind the last one, which caused the others to roll over of themselves. Thus, instead of turning over all the eggs by hand, only Simple and Compact Cabinet of Drawers Stores Many Eggs in Small Space comparatively few had to be handled, sav- ing much time.—Dale R. Van Horn, Wal- ton, Neb. Novel Toy Windmill The drawing shows a novel and attrac- tive toy windmill that can easily be made by any boy who is handy with tools. This PADDLE PiVOT-----. -PADDLES) > £ “ f} —— > yy | 2 Lk. => FRAME ———Pr rt A > - e - ¥Y ~ _ ~ , /% 2 *\ DIRECTION OF WIND TT 2.07 —————— > » PADDLE STOP J Novel Toy Windmill Turns. No Matter in Which Direction the Wind Blows windmill differs from others in that it will revolve no matter in which direction the wind is blowing. It consists of a wooden frame and eight paddles or blades, the whole being pivoted on a post to turn easily. The plan of construction is shown in the upper detail. The frame consists of two eight-sided pieces of wood of the same size, each having eight square wooden spokes screwed to it, equally spaced apart The paddles are square pieces of wood pivoted between the spokes of the upper and lower sections of the frame. The piv ots are located off center in the paddle at directly opposite points in the upper and lower edge, and, of course, alike in all the paddles. Stop pins are also provided to prevent the paddles from swinging around entirely. These points are all indicated in the detail, which should be followed care fully to assure successful operation of the windmill. The paddles must, of course, be free to turn in the slightest wind. @ Turpentine will restore most of the orig- inal whiteness of discolored ivory

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POPULAR MECHANICS FROM THE EDITOR’S MAIL BAG Popular Mechanics” also hits me right I am of Kansas City, Mo., transmission line I am ws in use by Mr storehouse for cable, et ery tarmer in this stone and was figuring or ld some pointers that your article just came In the first place we I used well and the lady ; j hespins Handy ver 4 help dle I also tound good than he does and build the “Keeping Clothe ingular We put in the plank guard for ax han \ » about two inches thick, which Nov., 1922 A simple wire stretcher I used for a water to keep the end from burning out light fence at back of house works nicely Also used is drilled next to the ottom of the vat to on clothesline Loud talkers for radio receiver set Did is little chamber in freezing weather and is not use for radio, but have a very good portable phone 1 with a cork $y building in this manner it is set for patrol work, and when home I have a player put up your stovepipe at the end of the pit piano and I used to stick my transmitter with switch in also brace the pipe against the vat. Next locked inside of player and hook on to line and the p a platform even with the top of the vat to patrols west and east of me listened in. Now I use the z lis is very useful when cleaning plumber’s force cup and an old horn from a gramophone o1 in stand on the ground and work and stand it near with the transmitter inclosed in cup breaking one’s back We take a log chain, and they say they can hear far better The horn gives yurteen feet long, double it and lay Mr. Hog on a larger space to let sound waves enter, so that was due se of the to P. M A self-clos iid the loop ing gate I put up near er the hog so my well and it worked just touches the f . y b y Oo K. until a cow bring the ~ 7 \e knocked it off in a bolt ) the ‘ f) & for freedom, but this >, 1 save in b) r and see that ib ‘ ’ t ) ‘ ate 1 ‘ Shoy Bottle bolt fr tools and ent I would y n . ‘ } r r at rr de A Yakima Farmer’s Method of Scalding Hogs, Using a Log Chain ie Pool to Roll the Hog Into and Out of the Vat / 1 > around is interested ir doing little | know only too well mar passes in thorough enjoyment in going ov ypies I have and one Shop Notes, 192 ending to have the whole sixteen this year sending for six of the very first back nun anxiously await their coming P. M. and can't be beat anywhere for the good news that they contain and the price they II and I for one shall always have my monthly y and yearly Shop Notes like to state th her : t from now on Wishing y | eatest success with comes out that I dor t i h I he most interesting book m mechanics I know of xr do na qui ker and er way It T 1e | ack hards, Lac dau ‘ 1itoba, Can in view before seeing ! M Even this 1924, issue my boy saw tl rr ipper Kink it and found success tl ] ing morning, > Made the oil burner described some time back and going two weeks with the tray | ig sprung and no used it with marked success, both in a cook stove and game Sut from now on he taking small fur animals in a smal! laundry stove of the globe heater style.—G right along Your article or yu 1 grindstone H. Allen, Toronto, Ontario + her IN accordance with the editorial policy of this magazine never to accept compensation in any form for what appears in our reading pages, and also to avoid all appearance of doing so, we are obliged to omit the name of the maker or seller of any article described. This information, however, is kept on file and will be furnished free, by addressing Bureau of Information, Popular Mechanics Magazine, Chicago. [Editor.]