Notes and Queries 1873-04-26: Vol 11 Iss 278

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§, XL. Arat. 26, 73.) NOTES AND QUERIES. 337 LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 2%, 1873. CONTENTS. —N° 278, t—The ‘Cesnola Collection and its Relation to Art History, 387—Actors who have Died on the Stage, 333 — Parentage of the Poet Cowley, 340—Folk Lore—Derivations, —The Duke of Wellington —The Present and Future House of Commons—Piers Plowman’s Hot Pies and Pigs— of French in England in the Fourteenth Century, 342. :—Cardinal Neapoleon: St. Napoleon—The Colon :): when was it first used?—Don Alphonse de Bourbon— Hawley—Droll Play—Authors and Quotations wanted —General Gerunto, 343—Systasis of Crete—Samuel Bailey— jans—Portrait of Carolus Lawson, A.M. — The Dramatists of Holland—Andrew Marvell— Marginal Notes— ‘s Annals—Mrs. Mary Hooke, the wife of the Historian, lohn Abernethy, 345. REPLIES :—“ All the Swine were Sows,” 345—Ascance, 346— Execution of Women by Burning—Tyburn—Porpoise Pigs, 7—Cromwell and Charles I. — Blakiston the Regicide — Sinews of War—The Skylark : Legislation for Song Birds— The Singing Nightingale a Male Bird—The Precedence of Bishops—Origin of the Highland Dress and Language — id Ballad : Arden of Feversham, 348—Fish in the Bea of Galilee—Milton, Sonnet xx11.—Philological Biblio- Unpublished Stanza of Burns—English Phrases and —Aroradiig— “ Embossed” — Open-eyed Sleep, 349—Portuguese Literature—Thoussnd-leaved Grass— “Poor as Crowborough "—George Daniel's Works— Rowland Taylor — Clement Fisher — Lawrence Clarkson, 350—Early Criticisms of Bulwer—‘‘ I mad the Carles Lairds,” &c.—‘‘The Poems on Affairs of State "—The late Judge Maule—“ Carr ” —**Youcan and you can't ”"—Majesty—Ancient Mitrailleuse, %i—Buthanasia—Source of Story Wanted—‘“‘ You can’t get feathers,” Sc.—“The Weakest goes to the Wall,” 352— “Caxton’s Game and Playe of the Chesse "—‘‘ A whistling wife”—“I shine in the light of God”—Sanglier Rouge — Lord Castlereagh, 353—‘‘ Ev’'n in our Ashes,” &c.—John Thelwall—Early Epigram—“Cynoper”—Arms granted in Brror—Hanging in Chains, 354. Notes.on Books, & » &e. Rates. THE CESNOLA COLLECTION AND ITS RELATION TO ART-HISTORY. When the Hellenic account is considered of ape ig being the first to teach his people to build rude huts, and to clothe themselves with skins, &c., it must be accepted as a proof of pro- mind ignorance existing on the subject of the early history of the country ; for the Pelasgian pottery and monuments demonstrate a far higher previous os civilization, which must have been totally wn to the Hellenes, or they would not have Tesorted to the fable of the walls of Tiryns being built by the Cyclops. Therefore great convulsions, @ long period of benighted darkness and trouble, must have passed over the land, and a @% struggle taken place, to cause the entire t of the memory of the builders of and this previous to the advent of the or they would not have been reduced to rs seca on which to base the y ado to account for their emergence barbarism , A long period of time must have intervened between the construction and adornment of My- he and the acquirement of the mastership of He country by the Hellenes, who must have been simply rous tribes on their arrival in Greece, having no knowledge of a previous civilization there, which was so lost that they had to begin afresh. They were largely assisted in starting on their course by the trading propensities of the Pheenicians. The civilization, therefore, which is represented by the ornamentation of Mykenz and its coeval pottery has no connexion with the later civiliza- tion of the Hellenic Greeks ; and although both were derived from the same source, they must not be confused. The portion of the Yavans (the Yavanas of the Hindus, the Javan of Genesis, ch. x.) who became the Greek Pelasgi must have received their earliest germs of art direct from the Egyptians while they were yet in Asia Minor, before their migration to Greece; while the Hel- lenic early notions of art were brought to them at a much later time, partly from the mainland of Asia, through the Islands, and partly through the enterprising spirit of the Phoenicians. The strong Egyptian influence shown in both cases has led to much misconception on the sub- ject; but we may infer from the remains of Pelasgian pottery that have reached us, and the character of the decoration of the entrance to the Mykenz tomb, that it must have been received direct from the Egyptians at a much earlier period than history would warrant the assumption. And again, the element of the diverging scroll in the Ionic capital must have been given to them when the spiral ornament was so largely in vogue with the Egyptians, as this fashion so widely used by them on their scarab seals and amulets, and also ceiling decoration of their tombs, was altogether discontinued by them after the XII. dynasty. The earliest intercourse of the Egyptians and Yavans would probably have taken place when the Egyptian caravans traversed Asia Minor to reach the Caucasus for tin; and these relations would again be renewed, after a considerable interval, in the time of the occupation of the country on the conquest of it by Thothmes III. Thus the features of Egyptian art to be found in the Pelasgic ornament of Mykenz, and the same influence to be met with on early Hellenic pottery and art, are of, and were acquired at, distinct periods. In the case of the Pelasgi it was taken by them directly to Greece from Asia Minor ; whereas, in the case of the Hellenes, although also acquired from Asia Minor, it was indirectly through the Islands. This may be inferred by studying the objects of early art from Camirus (Rhodes), which doubtless ac- quired its first faculty of making pottery from the mainland of Asia, before its spreading to Greece, for the use of the Hellenes when they became dominant there. The Greek elements of ornament, and figures’ even, on the Camirus pottery may be considered as earlier than similar details when found in Greece. The Egyptian features in the Rhodes art may be imitation of that acquired by

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338 NOTES AND QUERIES. (4* 8. XL. Apart 26, 73, the early Yavans and transmitted to the Rhodians, or they may be derived from the Phoenicians, their co-settiers on the island, and no doubt many of the objects are really Egyptian, brought to the island by the Phcenicians. We have spoken only of Egyptian art influence, because it was the only existing one in the time of the Pelasgi, but the same remarks apply also to the Assyrian art influence that was transmitted to Greece through the islands to the Hellenes. Their early art shows the time that elapsed before they could emancipate themselves from these influences, albeit they made such glorious use of the germs of ornament they received from the same sources. Having seen the Cesnola Collection the day it was about to be packed for New York, and re- collecting the features of the vases that were sold on two previous occasions from the same Collection, it was apparent that the decoration of the pottery of Golgos (Cyprus) bore a distinct and different aspect to that found at Camirus. Hence it would appear that each island centre had its characteristics independent of the other; and possibly each city also of the several islands had its own peculiar school features. This being the case, it would seem that the art spread from the islands to Greece, and explains why the pottery of Camirus, Dali, and Golgos seem to be the prototypes from which the Hellenes started, and not that of the early Pelasgic class, which appears to have been as unknown to them as the ornamentation of the Atreus tomb, caused by a relapse to barbarism on the arrival of the Hellenes, or some other reason that eclipsed the former civilization of the Pelasgi which was pro- bably reawakened by the Pheenicians coming to traffic with the Hellenes. The remarks concerning the priority of the ele- ments of Greek early art to be found on the pottery of Rhodes are equally applicable to that of other islands, as Crete, Cyprus, &c.; in each case the art passed to Greece with their separate traits, to be there elaborated into the wonderfully artistic whole which has been the guiding taste of so many other nations since under the name of Greek art. E. G. J. ACTORS WHO HAVE DIED ON THE STAGE.* Allow me to furnish a supplementary note, adding to the names already given of actors who have. died, or been stricken for death, upon the stage, the following : Miss Maria Linley, who expired at Bath, in September, 1784, while singing “ I know that my Redeemer liveth.” Some beautiful lines were written on the occasion by her sister, Elizabeth, who was the wife of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, the “ Miss Linnet” of Foote’s Maid of Bath, the St. Cecilia of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the sister-in-law of Richard * See “N. & Q.” 4" 8, xi. 14, 63, 126. Tickell, author of Anticipation, and a most beau- tiful, amiable, and accomplished woman. She died in the thirty-eighth year of her age, of consumption, at Clifton, in June, 1792, and was interred in the Cathedral at Wells. Samuel Foote, the English Aristophanes, as he has been termed, was seized with ysis, in 1777, while acting in his own comedy, The Devil upon Two Sticks. He rallied, spent the summer at Brighton, and was ordered by his physicians to France. He arrived at Dover on his way, where he strolled into the inn kitchen, and for want of better amusement began to crack jokes with the cook. He chaffed her with being a great traveller, and said that he had heard upstairs that she had been several times “all over Greece” (grease); and upon the honest female repudiating the insinuation, with the assertion that she had never been ten miles from Dover in her born days, the wit re- joined, “ Nay, nay, that must be a fib, for I’ve often seen you myself at spit-head /” But this was his last joke; for the very next morning he was seized with a shivering fit while at breakfast, and breathed his last in the course of the afternoon, October 21st, 1777. There can be little doubt that his fate was, to some extent, retributory. His design to bring the vices and and follies of the notorious Duchess of Kingston upon the stage, in his Trip to Calais, had become known to that clever and unscrupulous lady. Hence the pro- hibitory mandate of the Lord Chamberlain against the piece in question, and the filthy insinuation of the Duchess upon the morals of the satirist. This was followed up by a public prosecution, which, though attended by failure, had an effect upon his health from which he never recovered. Cummins, who fell dead upon the stage, June 20, 1817, while performing the part of Dumont (Shore) in Rowe’s tragedy, Jane Shore, just as he had uttered the benedictory words at the close of the piece :— “ Be witness for me, ye celestial hosts, Such mercy, and such pardon, as my soul Accords to thee, and begs of Heaven to show thee, May such befall me, at my latest hour.” The following anecdote may be taken for what it is worth :— “Un jeune Auteur Dramatique Anglois offrit, ily quelque tems, une Tragédie en cing Actes de sa fagon a un Directeur de Troupe. ‘ Ma tragédie est un chef-d’euvre, disoit modestement I’ Auteur, ‘ et je réponds qu'elle aura le plus brillant succés ; car j'ai cherché a travailler dans le goiit de ma Nation; & ma Piéce est si Tragique, ey tous mes Acteurs meurent au troisieme Acte. —E : uels sont donc les Acteurs des deux derniers Actes! lui Tnnnde le Directeur.—‘ Les ombres de ceux que j'ai tues au troisieme,’ repondit I'Auteur.”—Anecdotes Anglowes, 1775. Deaths, illnesses, and accidents upon the stage are not infrequent in the annals of French theatres. Mondory, the chef of the Marais company, wa attacked by apoplexy, in 1636, while enacting the part

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PRES Fergse sn #8 = oe 20, re) the hat vas ® Fae | 4° 8, XI. Apnrit 26, 73.) NOTES AND QUERIES. 339 of Hérode, in the Mariamne of Tristan l’Hermite. The tale goes that he died of this; but it seems tty certain that, in 1637, he appeared once more, in L’Aveugle de Smyrne, when, breaking down in the second act, he received a pension of 2,000 livres from the Cardinal for this manifestation of his disposition to please. Brécourt, in 1685, broke a blood vessel while playing the part of Timon, in his comedy of that title, and died from the accident. Baron pire was playing Diégue, in the Cid of Corneille, when he wounded himself in the little toe with the point of a sword. Gangrene ensued; the actor would not submit to amputation, because he said a theatrical king could never maintain his dignity on a peg, and he chose death as the alter- native. Madame Champmeslé is said to have died from an illness which was caused by the length and arduousness of the part which she played, either in the Médée of Longepierre, or, which seems more probable, in the fourth representation of the Oreste et Pylade, of La Grange, 1697, when she was taken ill, and obliged to discontinue her exertions. Lekain, who once dislocated his foot while per- forming in the fourth act of the Briseis of Poinsinet de Sivry, is said, perhaps not altogether with truth, to have owed his death to his too great exertions in the Vendéme of Adélaide Duguesclin. He was probably at the time under the influence of the disease which proved fatal. To pass southwards to Italy :— “Les comédiens du théatre Saint-Luc avaient fait l'acquisition d'un excellent acteur appelé Angeleri, qui était de la ville de Milan, et qui avait un frére dans la robe, et des parens trés-estimés dans la classe de la bourgeoisie. . . . Il céde enfin ala violence de son génie. Il s’expose au public ; il joue, il est applaudi; il rentre dans la coulisse, et tombe mort dans l’instant.”— Mémoires de Goldoni, 2° part. In Germany :—Caroline Beck, an actress of con- siderable prowess, while acting in the Emilia Galotti of Lessing, fell heavily from the arms of Odoardo, striking her head against the ground with considerable force. She was carried off the stage, and died, ten days later, of an attack of apoplexy. If to the actors who have died on the stage we add those who have been killed or wounded, the list would be along one. History has not recorded, 80 far as I remember, the name of that unfortunate slave whom Roscius, on the Roman stage, entering too completely into the part of Atreus, slew with a blow of his sceptre ; or of the actor who, playing Ulysses, had his head cloven by the pantomimist who, in acting Ajax furens, became as mad as his | prototype. But many such casualties are presented with more details in the annals of the modern theatre. Such was the wound received by Baletti, who, enacting the part of Lélio, in Camille Magi- cuenne, was shot in the thigh by one of his fellow actors, who took up by mistake a loaded blunder- buss; that inflicted by our own Farquhar, as Guy- omar, in the Indian Emperor of Dryden, on one of his comrades, whom he almost killed by an unlucky blow with a sword ; or the unfortunate poke in the eye with an unguarded foil which George Anne Bellamy gave the actor Lee, who was playing Axala in Rowe’s Tamerlane, and which caused Chitty, better known as “ Mr. Town,” the imperious dictator of the pit, to bid let fall the curtain on the scene of the disaster. But without attempting to swell this latter list, or to make search among the spectators for the incidents of fatalities and casualties similar to those which have been recorded as happening to actors, I would fain claim a few lines more, in which to make mention of another species of disaster. I allude to that of which the frequent victims are those unfortunate half-children of Thespis, whose task it is to minister to an appetence, common, I suppose, to our nature, but which religion and civilization, one would think, should have, by this time, subdued to a greater extent. The exhibition of skill and daring in the abstract ought to be quite sufficient to engage our interest, without its being necessarily associated with the extreme pro- bability of fatal or serious accident to the possessor of these qualities. It requires just the ‘same dexterity to trundle a barrow along a tight-rope one foot above the ground, as one hundred; and with some inanimate burden therein, as with the wife or child of the performer. But the pleasure to the spectators is not the same; and thousands will watch, all a-flutter and breathless, the pro- gression of some tinsel Blondin on his “ bad emi- nence,” whose nineteenth century refinement would not permit them to witness the more apparent, but infinitely less harmful brutality of the prize-ring. It is surely time that something definite was done; and that authority, which will hardly allow an innocent platitude about freedom, or a laugh at some public character, should, once and for all, prevent these degrading and brutalizing exhi- bitions. Another class of accidents arises from defects in, or failures of machinery, and this in spite of every reasonable precaution to prevent them. Suetonius, (Nero, cap. xii.) relates how, in the amphitheatre, the luckless wight who was simulating the flight of Icarus, fell to the ground, and besprinkled with his blood the imperial tyrant reclining in his cubiculwm. In more modern times, Mdlle. Aubry, playing before the Empress Josephine at the Opera, fell from a gloire, and broke her arm. Her accident gained her a pension; but it is not recorded that a similar compensation was awarded to a ballet dancer, named Mdlle. Lebrun, who, in the samescene, fell from the chariot that was carrying her to Olympus, and broke her leg by the fall. It may be remembered, also, that Valmore, at a later period, had a terrible fall, in the part of Jupiter, in Am-

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340 NOTES AND QUERIES. (4 8. XI. Apnrt'26,°7%, phitryon, but fortunately unattended with serious consequences. Of the hundreds of such misadventures which have occurred on our native stage, a few have been recorded in a curious and interesting, if not alto- gether trustworthy, theatrical history. In his account of Ralph Elrington, the author says :— “ He was admired some years ago as a good executing Harlequin, Agility and Strength being two main Ingre- dients in the Composition of that motley Gentleman, where Heels are of more Use than the Head. In one of his Feats of Activity he was much hurt, and was in some Danger of breaking his Neck to please the Spectators, the Ears having little to do in such Entertainments ; yet this unlucky Spring met with universal Applause “T remember a Tumbler in the Hay-market Theatre in Lendon by such an Accident beat the Breath out of his Body, which raised such vociferous Applause, that lasted longer than the vent’rous Man’s life, for he never breathed more. Indeed his Wife had this Comfort when the Truth was known, Pity succeeded to the Roar of Applause. “ Another Accident like this fell outin Dr. Faustus, a Pan- tomime Entertainment in Lincolns-Inn-Fields Theatre, where a machine in the working broke, threw the mock Pierrot down headlong with such Force, that the poor Man broke a Plank on the Stage with his Fall and ex- pired: Another was so sorely maimed, that he did not survive many Days; and a third, one of the softer Sex, broke her Thigh. But to prevent such Accidents for the future, those Persons are represen by inanimate Figures, so that if they break a Neck, a Leg, or an Arm, there needs no Surgeon. “Another Accident of the same kind happened in Smock-Alley, which gave me much Concern, as having a Hand in the Contrivance. The late Mr. Morgan being to fly on the Back of a Witch, in the Lancashire Witches, thro’ the Ignorance of the Workers in the Machinery, the Fly broke, and they both fell together, but thro’ Providence they neither of them was much hurt; and such Care was taken afterwards, that no Accident of that kind could happen.”"—A General History of the Stage, &c. Collected and Digested by W. R. Chetwood, Twenty Years Prompter to his Majesty's Company of Comedians at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane, London, 1749, 8vo., p. 188. “Providence” was presumably not so alert or kind in the unfortunate cases of Scott, the diver, the Female Blondin, and the Lion Queen; but I must now leave to some other pen the task of chronicling these and similar disasters in more modern times. Wri Bares. Birmingham. PARENTAGE OF THE POET COWLEY. It is singular that so.little is known, or ever was known, of the family of Abraham Cowley. All that is said, or ever was said, so far as I can as- certain, of his origin, even by his immediate biographers, is that he was “the posthumous son of a grocer,” and born in 1618, in Fleet Street, near, or on the corner of Chancery Lane. Some modern writers have even fixed upon the site of the present No. 192 in that street as the spot where his father sold tea and sugar, and where he himself first saw the light. It is but fair to however, that they usually qualify this statement with the saving clause, “it is said.” In one in. stance, at least, the writer expresses his astonish- ment that the parish registers of St. Dunstan in the West, where he ought to have been baptized, do not contain the record of his baptism. to this I may add that they do not contain the record of his father’s burial, although he should have been buried in that parish if the above statements were correct, nor any records whatever of the family at or about that period. Nowhere, that I can is the name of his father mentioned, or that of his mother, or, indeed, of any of his relations. His origin could scarcely be more mysterious if he had been a nameless foundling. Distinguished as he became, he was only “ the son of a grocer and born in Fleet Street.” Let us see if, after the lapse of more than 200 years, any light can be thrown upon his history. Two facts appear to be established by various independent testimony, viz., that he was a post- humous son, and that he was born in 1618. On his monument, erected by the Duke of Buckingham, it is stated that he died in his forty-ninth year, He died at Chertsey, 28th July, 1667, and conse- — his birth must have occurred after 28th uly, 1618. ow, there will be found among the wills inthe Prerogative Court of Canterbury, one of Thomas Cowley, who described himself as a “ Citizen and Stationer of London,” and of the parish of St. Michael-le-Querne. It was dated 24th July, 1618, and was proved 11th August following, by the relict Thomasine. In it occurs this passage :— “Whereas God hath blessed me with six children, besides the child or children which my wife Thomasine now goeth withal, viz., Peter, Audrey, John, William, Katherine, and Thomas, I give to each, and to the child or children my wife now goeth withal, 140/. at the age of 21, or marriage,” &c. The date of this will, and the fact that the poet was born after that date in the same year—ad- mitting the improbability of similar circumstances occurring in another family of this somewhat un- common name, at this precise period—seem to int conclusively to the testator as his father. But there is other evidence. This Thomas Cowley appointed us one of the overseers of his will, his bro- ther-in-law Humphrey Clarke. Abraham me the poet, in his will, dated 18th Sept., 1665, roved 3lst Aug., 1667, made his brother Thomas nis sole heir and executor, and, in the will of this Thomas Cowley, also of Chertsey, dated 20th May, and proved Ist Sept. 1669, the first direction is that the legacies given by his late dear brother Abra- ham Cowley in his last will, and not yet paid, be at once discharged. It is certain, therefore, that the poetand this last Thomas Cowley were brothers ; and that the latter was a son of the first named

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TAPER RISS APRs eee | y 3 SPrRESSe = S , 4° 8. XL Apnit 26, ’73.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 341 Thomas Cowley, who died in 1618, the fact that he bequeathed 200/. to the children of his cousin Humphrey Clarke affords, at least, probable evi- dence, which is strengthened by the fact that he also left 1001. to the Stationers’ Company. These facts will account for the absence of any notice of the family in the registers of St. Dunstan in the West. Thomas Cowley, the father, was pro- bably buried at St. Michael-le-Querne, in which ish he lived and evidently died, and there also the posthumous son, Abraham, and the other children, were probably baptized. Unfortunately, the early registers of that parish are not in existence, so that no data can be derived from that source. It is, of course, possible that the widow Cowley may have subsequently removed to Fleet Street, and engaged in trade as a grocer, but I can discover no evidence that either of the poet’s parents was ever in that trade, at least, evidence that can or ought to outweigh the simple declara- tions in the will I have quoted. The apprenticeship of Thomas Cowley, senior, does not appear in the Binding Books of the Stationers’ Company, but he appears to be identical with a certain Thomas Coley, who was sworn and admittteda freeman of the company, 3rd September, 1599, and whose name subsequently occurs as that of a master whose apprentices became freemen I have not ascertained the fate of the rest of the family, but the two brothers, Thomas and Abraham, appear to have been the last survivors. f the conclusions to which I have come be correct, it is something to be able to give the poet for the first time a tangible father, and one = eee social rank, to say the least, was more positive than that of the mythical “ grocer ” of Fleet Street. Joserm LEMUEL CHESTER. FOLK LORE. East Anouian Foix-Lore.—Doas.—If a dog turns round three times, it is a sign a stranger will call that day. H. C. Greex Fo.x-Lore.—Movryinc.—At Smyrna, Greek and Armenian girls have their hair cut off short if father or near relative dies. It is pos- sible this, like many other customs of Asia Minor, may descend from inhabitants long before the ks. Hype CLARKE. A Dorsetshire clergyman told me a short time ago of a very singular case of superstition which pened in his parish. An under-gardener in a as service did not appear one morning at is usual time ; it turned out that he had been sitting up with a dying man, who, he believed, had bewitched him, in order that the moment the man died he might set his foot on his neck, and so break the spell. A friend, a native of the south of Hampshire, tells me that it is the belief of the peasantry in his part of the country, that it is very unlucky to give parsley. Last year his grandfather gave my friend’s mother some, which she planted. The latter was telling her washerwoman of this, when the woman exclaimed, “ Oh, ma’am, you have not taken the parsley? Then your father will die within the year.” Unfortunately this prediction was verified, so, doubtless, the woman is more than ever con- vinced of the truth of her absurd superstition. JONATHAN BovcuieEr. BapTisMAL SupPERsTITION.— What is the origin of the following superstition in Greece? While the father is alive, none of his sons is baptized with his name; thus a father and son never have at the same time the same christian name. But on the death of the father, it is customary for one of his sons (and this touches on the question of change of baptismal name, recently discussed in “ N. & Q.”) to adopt his name. The eldest son always bears the name of his paternal grandfather (a common custom in Scotland), even though the latter be alive. On the other hand, for the obvious reason of identification, an illegitimate son always takes the baptismal name of his father. I have heard that this practice arises from a belief that the father at die on giving to a son precisely his own name, and that the Greek church does not allow the variation by introduction of a second christian name. A rigid observance of such a rule, apart from the superstitious idea, would be of ser- vice to genealogists. 8. Harvest Home.—I have heard the song “ Then drink, boys, drink,” at a harvest supper at Sawston, near Cambridge. Any one spilling the ale was liable to the penalty referred to in the song. Jouy C. Francis. Por, or Pore Lapres.—In St. Albans, and, I believe, in other towns in Hertfordshire, certain buns are made and sold under this name on the first day of each year. They have the rude outline of a female figure, and two currants serve for eyes. There is a tradition that they have some relation to the myth of Pope Joan, but nothing certain is known of their origin. Can any of your corre- spondents enlighten me on the subject ? Ripeway Luoyp. St. Albans. Superstition or CuurcHinG in SomMERSET.— My grandmother used to say, that if a woman after childbirth crossed a cart or wheel rut before she was churched, a man might shoot her, and he could not be punished for it. Is there any canon or rule for this, or is it peculiar to the county of Somerset? ELIQUARY. Derivations.—Pedlar.— From pedem, foot, came pedules, socks, a word which occurs in the Rule of

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342 NOTES AND QUERIES.

[4 8. XL Apart 26, 73,

S. Benedictus ; and thence pedularius, a socksman. In the Canons of 1571 (Sparrow’s Collection, i. 236) it is laid down thus :— “Non patientur ut quisquam ex circumforaneis istis tenuibus et sordidis mercatoribus, qui aciculas (pins) et ligulas (laces) et crepundia et res viles et minutas circum- ferunt ac distrahunt, quos pedarios aut pedularios appellant, proponant merces suas vel in ccemiteriis (church 8) vel in porticibus ecclesiarum.”” Handsome, or rather, if the Muse of English spelling had not become lunatic, handsum.—The glossary on Aldhelm de Virginitate, which was first printed by Mone, has been re-edited from the MS. by Bouterwek. The execution is, for a Ger- man, meritorious; everything is corrected which was not down in the Saxon grammar which Bouterwek had committed to memory, and Mr. Thorpe is looked upon as an authority superior to the Saxon glossator himself. A full trust in mamma’s infallibility is a delicious feature in a child, and in Bouterwek there must live some of that infantile simplicity. Among other matters (p. 444) occurs integritatis andsumnysse, which appears to be our handsumnes, if I may dare to follow old patterns instead of tyrannous fashion. Bouterwek, who is a philolog and a kritiker, would alter to andsundnes; but ansundnes, from dn, “oon,” one, is the usual word for integritas, and andsumnes is probably only an easy careless pro- nunciation of that word. O. CocKaYNeE. Tue Duke or WELLINGTON.-—- “ A tower That stood foursquare to all the winds that blew.” I do not doubt that this remarkable expression of the Poet-Laureate, to stamp the unyielding firmness of the man under every blast of heaven, is the suggestion of his own thoughtful nature; but we have to go away back upwards of two thousand years to reach the poet who first used the idea. It is in the fragments (Fr. 4 Schneidewin) of Simonides, who flourished probably about B.c. 690, that we first find the expression :— "Avép' dyabiv piv dAdOews yever Oat yaXerdv, Xepoiv te Kai root Kal véow Tetpdywvov, avev Yoyou Tervypéevoy. “To become a truly good man is difficult, square as to his hands and feet and mind, fashioned with- out fault.” Whether this idea appears in any other of the Greek poets I have not observed, but Plato embalms the thought in his De Republ. (vi. 12): dvépa be _aperi) Trapirwpévov Kal (Louw pe VOV expe TOV duvatrov TéAEws épyy TE Kai Aoyw—“ As to the man who is, as thoroughly as can be, made square and consistent with virtue both in word and deed.” The firmness which the English poet so graphically describes is the same as we find in the Meditations of the Emperor Antoninus (iii. 5): épOdv odv elvae xpi) ovyi ép0otpevov—“ A man must stand erect by him- self, not be kept erect by others.” There seems an

echo of the idea in an expression of Seneca (Ep. 98): Fragilibus innititur, qui adventitio letus est—“ He leans on a feeble reed, who takes plea- sure on what is external to himself.” C. T. Ramaer. Tue Present AND Future Hovse or Coy- mons.—As there are many who believe that the Ballot will considerably alter the social status of the Members of the House of Commons, the fol- lowing particulars of the composition of the House before the Ballot came into operation may be of interest to the readers of “N. & Q.,” for the sake of comparison with the House returned at the next general election. The composition was as follows :— Lawyers 129 | Brewers 8 Sons of Peers 109 | Engineers... aco a Squires 109 | Diplomatists nee Army... 106 | Newspaper Proprietors 7 Merchants 98 | Medical Men 6 Baronets “a 68 Peers ... vee con (an Sons of M.P.s 58 | University Professors 5 Sons of Baronets 29 Farmers mn — Bankers ie 18 | Dissenting Ministers 2 Knights _ 13 | Architect <n Sons of Knights 12 Accountant ... 1 Navy ... ten 9 Amongst squires are included country gentle- men, and others not falling in any of the above designations. Many Members have, of course, several separate employments. R. PAssincHaM. Piers Prowman’s Hor Pies anp Pies.—In the Prologue to William’s famous Vision, are the well-known lines :— “ Cokes and hire knaves—cryden ‘ Hote pies, hote ! Goode geese and grysj Gowe, dyne, gowe!’’ By 1641 the geese seem to have disappeared as cheap articles of food, for in Bartholomew Fair (p. 6, readable reprint) we read— “ Yet better may a man fare (but at a dearer rate) in the pig-market, alias Pasty-nook, or Pye-corner, where pigs are all hours of the day on the stalls piping hot, and vee would cry (if they could speak), ‘Come, eat me! Srupy or Frencn 1n Eneianp iv THE Four TEENTH Century.—Readers of “N. & Q.” who are interested either in the history of education of manners in England and France, should get, through some seller of foreign books here, a most interesting and quaint little tract, La Manvere de Langage qui enseigne —— et a écrire le Fran- cais, just edited by M. Paul Meyer, and published in a cheap form by F. Vieweg, Librairie A. Franck, Paris. This treatise, containing specimens of conversation in French, was written by an Eng- lishman at Bury St. Edmonds, on May 29, 1396, and has been capitally edited by M. Meyer from the Harleian MS. 3988. The name of the scribe or author is Kirnyngton, and the tract is an e&

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er DODO AI aoe . -In the | as aur ) in here UR- 1 Or 4° §, XI. Aprit 26, '73.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 343 cellent companion to the well-known as Walter F. de Biblesworth, edited by Mr. Thomas Wri . Queries. We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest, to affix their pames and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct. ] CarpivaL Neapotxon;: St. Napoiroy. — I should be glad to learn further particulars of the Cardinal Neapoleon mentioned in the four accom- panying extracts from Hardy’s Syllabus of Rymer’s Federa, vol. i.:— a. “1288, May 1. The K. (Edw. I.) to Edmund, Earl of Cornwall, forwarding the petition of Matthew, Cardinal of St. Mary, for Neapoleon, canon of Lincoln.—‘ Burgum ne. b. “1307, Sept. 28. The K. (Edw. II.) asks the Trea- surer of the Exchequer to pay the arrears of the pension of 50 marks due to Cardinal Neapoleon.—Lincoln.” c. “1309, Sept. 3. The K. (Edw. II.) regrets that he cannot consent to the appointment of Cardinal Neapoleon to a prebend in the Church of York.—Langley.” d. “1324, Oct. 22. The K. (Edw. II.) orders that no annoyance be offered to Neapolion, Cardinal of 8. Adrian, in regard to his prebend of Kynge’s Sutton, in the church of Lincoln.—Tower of London.” Also some authoritative information of the life and labours of St. Napoleon, the patron saint of the Bonapartes. SoUTHERNWOOD. Tue Coton (:): WHEN WAS IT FIRST USED /— Timperly (Dict., p.310) and Power (Handy-Book, p. 196} both state it was first used in 1550, in Bale’s Actes of English Notzries (p..). This is incorrect. { find it frequently used in The Offyce of Shyreffes, &c., printed by William Middleton, in 1545. And since reading this work, I observe that Cotton, in his Editions of the Bible (2nd edit.), describing “ Tsaiah, by George Joye, 1531,” states (pp. 307-8), “the stops are, the sloping line, colon, period, and note of interrogation.” Possibly some of your erudite correspondents may be able to trace it still further back. This is a small matter, but it is well to be accurate even in small matters. MEDWEIG. Dox AtrHonse pE Boursoy.—I see by the papers that this brother of Don Carlos, now in command of the royal army in Spain, is accom- a by his wife. Will some of your readers indly inform me whom he married, and when, and whether he has children ? Cuaries F, Smyrue. Lorp Hawitey.—Who and what was Francis Lord Hawley, of the time of Charles II. : was he an English, Scotch, or Irish peer ? C, Droit. Piay.—Can any one inform me of « play before or during the reign of Charles II., wherein Moses and Julius Cesar are speakers in a dialogue as contemporaries ? A. B. G. AvuTHors AND Qvorations Wantep.— To whom does Balzac refer in the following extract from Meditation xxii. of his Physiologie du Ma- riage ?— “Les hommes des hautes sphéres sociales, a dit un jeune auteur anglais, ne resemblent jamais A ces petites gens qui ne sauraient perdre une fourchette sans sonner lalarme dans tout le quartier.” From whom are the ensuing?— 1. “ Death is a severe affliction on him who dies well- known to others, and unknown to himself.” 2. “ They eat, they drink, they sleep, they spend, They go to church on Sunday; And many are afraid of God, But more of Mrs. Grundy.” 3. “So tender Dost but mind me of the sender.” 4. “Good verse most good, and bad verse then runs better, Received from absent friend by way of letter : But what so sweet can labouring Inys impart, As one rude rhyme, warm from a friendly heart.” This last is the motto of a poetical letter of 8. T. Coleridge. NoreMAC. Many thanks to the Editor, and to various cor- respondents, for their prompt and definite replies to some of my queries. Let me add to the list,— Plautus :—‘ Homo homini lupus est.” What is the passage referred to by Cowper, in The Task, iv. 190 1— “ O evenings worthy of the Gods! exclaim’d The Sabine Bard.” Cowper writes to 8. Rose, “ When I wrote the line, ‘ God made the country, and man made the town.’ I had not the least recollection of that very similar one which you quote from Hawkins Browne.” What is the line, and where to be found? AcHE. Who was the author of some lines of which the following are part ?— ** He died of no distemper, But fell like autumn fruit, that mellowed long, E’en wondered at because it fell no sooner.” 8. 8. 8. Where does the following occur?— “ That great asset of woe.” H. Lyon ANDERTON. GENERAL Gerunto.—In a note to the Centenary Edition of the “ Waverley Novels” (Guy Manner- ing ), relating to the game of High Jinks, the author says that another species of the same revel “ was called Gerunto, from the name of the luckless general.” Is this general a fictitious or an historical character? His name does not appear in any of the biographical dictionaries I have consulted. ALPHA.

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344 NOTES AND QUERIES. [4* 8. XI. Arnis 26, "73, Sysrasts or Crete.—Burke speaks in his Reflections of “ the well-known systasis of Crete.” Bp. Watson says he tried in vain to discover to whet Burke referred. What was it? Mr. Samvuset Barvey, or SHEFFIELD, THE Merarnysiciay.—Where can I find the best account of his life ? Crrin. Mvuactetonrans.—The followers of Muggleton held their religious service at a public-house called the “ Bull’s Head,” in Jewin Crescent, about the year 1820. Can any of your readers give me any information respecting this sect, more particularly upon the points as to whether they performed the marriage ceremony, and whether any registers of marriages or births were kept, if so, where are they to be found? R. H [References to works containing some particulars of Muggleton are given in “‘N. & Q.,” 1" 8. v. 80, 236, 283; 3" 8. iii. 308, 400.) Portrait oF Carotus Lawson, A.M.—I have a very fine line engraving, by Heath (W. M. Craig delineavit), of Carolus Lawson, A.M. :— “Scholae Mancuniensis Archididascalus, 1897, Pietas Alumnorum.” On the back of the frame is written : “ Cari propinqui, cari liberi, cari parentes, sed omnes omnium caritates Archidascalus noster comprehendit.”— Cicero (Verbis quibusdam mutatis). Who was this excellent gentleman, and in what way was he distinguished beyond the affectionate description above given ? Tuomas WARNER. Cirencester. [See “ N. & Q.,” 1" S. iii. $31] Tue Dramatists or Hottanp.—Can any of your readers give me the title of a work on the history of the Dutch Theatre, which would afford information regarding the dramatists of Holland, and those of their dramas which have been per- formed on the stage? R. Ines. Anprew MaArveti.—What is the meaning of those lines, in a satire of Marvell’s on the cutting of Sir John Coventry’s nose ?— “But was it not ungrateful In Monmouth and in Carlo To contrive a thing so hateful, The sons of Mary and Barlo; And since the kind world dispensed with their mothers, Might they not well have spared the noses of others ?” Who is Carlo, and who is Mary? Barlow, of course, is the mother of Monmouth, and Carlo might have been a bastard of Charles named Charles, but that he had no mistress named Mary, except Mary Davis, by whom he had no child before 1673, and that was a daughter. Charles, Duke of Richmond, the king’s son by the Duchess of Portsmouth, was called Don Carlos when a child: _ he was born in 1672. The cutting of Sir John Coventry's nose at Monmouth’s instigation was in 1670. C. Marana Nores.—In Langhorne’s Life Plutarch, prefixed to his translation of The Lives, is the following :— “ Notes in the time of Plutarch were not in use. Mar. ginal writing was a thing unknown.” I find there is no mention of the earliest use of marginal writing in Curiosities of Literature. Can any of the readers of “ N. & Q.” supply some hints on this subject? It would be interesting and useful to all, and especially to G. Laurence Gomme, Mayland Road, Shepherds Bush. Srrrpe’s “ Annats.”—In Strype’s Annals, vol, iii, part 1, 1586, is an extract from the Diary of Serjeant Fleetwood, Recorder of London, forwarded to the Lord Treasurer :— “Your good lordship peradventure may marvail, why we have had so few dealings in criminal causes at this our late sessions. The reason is this. We have in prison herein Newgate the most principal thieves of this realm. We lack none but Mannering; who doth daily gather into his society lewd persons, who commit in all parts of the realm most dangerous robberies. I hear that the genn, or ingen is in your lordshipscustody. The want whereof is a great stay to many robberies.” Can any of your readers give any information as to this Mannering, and the kind of “ ingen” here alluded to? GrorcE MENNELL. Penzance. Mrs. Mary Hooke, tHe Wire or THe His- ToRIAN.—Can any one give me this lady’s maiden name, and tell me where she was buried? I sus- pect she was sister to the second or third wife of Dr. Conyers Middleton, as the lady who survived him left a legacy, in 1760, to her sister, Mrs. Mary Hooke, and made her and her nephew, John Powell, her residuary legatees. Mrs. Hooke was not buried with her husband at Hedsor, and was probably separated from him, as he left his favourite daughter all he possessed, excepting few small legacies,—one to his “ wife Mary Hooke.” They were probably married in Dublin, as two of their sons, Thomas and Lucius Joseph, were born there in 1712and 1715. Sir Walter Scott referred to her when relating the following curious ghost story to Moore, which is recorded in the latter's Diary—“ it being as well,” as Sir Walter said, “to have some real person to fix one’s story on.” It was to the following effect. Mrs. Hooke, the wife of the historian, had been acquainted with ® foreign lady at Bath, and the two resolved to live together when — returned to London. But one day, when Mrs. Hooke was paying a visit to her friend, she met a foreign officer on the stairs, and remarked to her friend the next day that she had had a visitor. To her surprise, however, the lady denied it. On a subsequent visit, Mrs. Hooke, having entered her friend’s dressing-room by mis- take, saw this same officer stretched on a sofa, then thought it high time to remonstrate with the lady, who, on hearing a description of the gentle

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vife 1a live 4, XI. Apnit 26, '73.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 345 man, fainted. These suspicious circumstances de- termined Mrs. Hooke to give up the lady’s ac- quaintance gradually, who soon afterwards prepared to return to London. Mrs. Hooke, seeing a miniature fall from a portmanteau, which the maid-servant was packing up during her mistress’s absence, picked it up, and, on opening it, saw it was a portrait of the very person she had seen on these two occasions; and, on asking the servant if she knew who the gentleman was, she at once said that it was the picture of her mistress’s late hus- band, who had died a short time before they left Germany. A few weeks after her lady friend left Bath, Mrs. Hooke heard that she had been arrested for the murder of her husband. Nort Hooxe Rosrnson. 6, Great Queen Street, Westminster. Joun AperneTHY, F.R.S.— Where was this dis- tinguished surgeon born? I notice in one or two biographical dictionaries, it is stated that he was a native of Scotland or Ireland ; surely, with a little diligent research, his birthplace may be traced out. The origin of the biscuit bearing his name is as follows. On taking his rounds westward, it was hiscustom to take luncheon at a baker’s, opposite Coutts’s bank in the Strand, kept by John Cald- well. One day, after partaking of the ordinary “Captains” biscuits, he suggested to the shop- keeper that it would be a great improvement if in making them he added a little sugar and some caraway seeds. The baker took the hint, and from that day “Abernethy Biscuits” got their name and their fame. W. Wricar. {Both Abernethy in Scotland, and Derryin Ireland, claim the honour of having been the place of Abernethy’s birth. Consult Gent. Mag., vol. ci. (i.), p. 644, and Atheneum, 1853, 1183.] Replies. TENNYSON: “ALL THE SWINE WERE SOWS.” (4% S. xi. 238, 290.) The sex of the pigs and the nightingales seems to be brought forward as a test of our Laureate’s carefulness and accuracy in the observation of nature. CCC.X.I. makes merry with the passage— * All the swine were sows,” as equivalent to saying “ All the sows were sows ;” swine being, according to him, though used gene- nically for pigs, the plural of sow, as kine is of cow.” This point may be worth a little inquiry, as throwing some light on the early forms of our lan- guage. CCC.X.I. appears to have consulted Dr. Richard- son’s Dictionary, in which the same statement is made as follows :— —_ 8. kine is the plural we have adopted for cowen ; analogy seems to point to sowen as the origin of swine by All that this proves is that a very painstaking lexicographer may be but an indifferent philologist. The fact is, there is in Anglo-Saxon no such a word as kine. Cow in A. §. is evi, plural cy, both which forms the Scotch vernacular has preserved to the present day in coo and kye. The yrord kine does not appear in English until the time of Chaucer, who introduces the » apparently for the sake of euphony :— “ Three large sowes had she, and no mo, Three kine, and eke a sheep that highte malle.” Nonnes Preestes Tale. In the works of Robert de Brunne (1327-1338), and of the earlier writers the plural of cow is kie, Johnson supposed swine to be the plural of some old word, but he did not venture to connect it with sow. Richardson’s notion is countenanced by Liddell and Scott (Gr. Eng. Lex. sub voc. ots, 5s) ; in the remark appended, “ Lat. sus, Germ. sau, our sow, of which swine is strictly the plural”; Liddell and Scott are excellent authorities within their own domain, but in dealing with Teutonic inflexions they are out of their element. Now there is not the slightest authority for the assertion that swine is the plural of sow. There is undoubtedly a connexion between the two words, but it is of quite a different nature; as I will now endeavour to show. The original Aryan root is found in the Sanskrit sti, to bear, to produce ; stikara, the fruitful animal, from the large number of the sow’s litter. Hence it is found in all the Aryan tongues: Gr. wis, és, Lat. sus, which are primarily masculine. In the early Teutonic dialects it is found in the form swu and sau, which signified both male and female. In forming generic terms the early Teutonic dialects adopted the termination -ein, which gave to the original noun a more general signification. Thus from guma, a man, was formed gumein, man- kind, Ger., gemein, public or general; from quen, a woman, quinein, womanly; from fadar, father, fadrein, fatherhood. So from swu was formed swein or swyn, A. 8.; Ger., schwein; Norse, svin; Goth, svein; which first signified the porcine race in general, but was also applied to a male pig, as the original term su or sow became restricted to the female.* The miracle of the casting out of the devils, in the New Testament, reads in part thus:— “There was there nye yvnto the mountayns a greate heerd of swyne fedinge.”— Tyndale, S. Mark, v. 11. “ Wasuh than yainar hairda sweine haldana at thamma fairgunya.”—Gothic Version. “Thar wees embe thone mint mycel swy'na heord leeswigende.”—A. S. Version. Does CCC.X.I. imagine that the translators wished to convey the notion that the pigs were all sows ? * See Graff, Althochdeutsches Sprachschatz, vol. vi. 880. ping the o in pronunciation.” Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik, iii. 338, note,

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346 NOTES AND QUERIES. [4 8. XI. Apart 26, 73, A. 8. swyn or swin is not a plural form, It is a singular noun, making its genetive in es, and its plural in the regular inflexions. In the A. S. version of the Gospels we have, St. Luke viii. 32, the genitive plural, “ mycel heorde swyna”; in St. Matt. vii. 8, the dative plural, “toféran eowrum swynon.” That swine cannot be the plural of sow will appear from another reason. The A. 8. of sow is sug or sugu, which in both forms belongs to the first declension, making the plural of the former sugas, and of the latter sugu. It must not be for- gotten that our own tongue was originally a highly inflexional language. The inflexions have un- doubtedly worn away to a great extent, but it is mot left to chance or arbitrary whim to manu- facture imaginary terminations. By no process can swine by any Anglo-Saxon scholar be adopted as the plural of sow. Our Poet Laureate was therefore strictly en régle in explaining that the princess’s herd of swine were sows, otherwise it would have "been a reasonable inference that they were of both sexes, J. A. Picton. Sandyknowe, Wavertree. CCC.X.I. has trusted to erroneous information. Sow, in Atlfred’s English, was written sugu and glosses scrofa, which is, a sow in farrow. Sigu is feminine, as appears by the Pastorall, cap. liv., “Sio sugu.” But swine, swin = Germ. Schwein = Low G. Swijn, is neuter, and is good for any member of the pig breed. Sigu, Hollandish Zeug, fem., has been misread neuter in some books, for want of the original authorities. Cow, more truly coo, ci, makes its plural cy (ky) of which several examples occur in the Codex Diplomaticus, and its declension is analogous to that of mis, mys, mouse, mice; lis, lys, louse, lice. In all these cases we sound u as ow, in obedience to fashion. M. P. L. It seems hard that Tennyson should be accused of an error, on the ground that “ swine is the plural of sow”; an assertion of which no proof is offered. In English it is certainly not the case; the A. 8. swin was « collective neuter noun, commonly used as a plural; but it could also be used as a singular. See the example in Bosworth’s Dictionary, in which swines is used as the genitive singular, meaning of a pig; the gen. pl. was swina, as in swina heord, a herd of swine. Another example of the singular is in Swines-hafed, now Swineshead, in Huntingdonshire ; whilst the adjective swinen, like the modern swinish, is derived from swine as distinct from sow. In German, the sing. is Schwein, and the pl. Schweine; cf. also the Dutch zwijn, Teel. svin, &c. But sow is the A. 8S. sugu, which is not even of the same gender with swine, being a feminine noun, like the G. sau, and Icel. sy’r. The pural of sugu would be suga; in German the plural has two forms, sdue and sauen. I may here also correct the singular error in a new grammar edited by Dr. Smith, viz., that kine is contracted from cowen, for which eccentric form no authority is cited. The A. S. ci, a cow, made its plural ig the form cy’, by vowel-change ; the Old Eng. kin was formed from cy by adding the plural ending -en, whence ky-en or kin ; the final -e is a modern addition. Water W. Sxzar. Cintra Terrace, Cambridge. Ascance (4% §. xi. 251)—It may be doubted whether ascauns, or ascaunces, in the passages quoted by Mr. Furntva .t, is identical with the ordinary ascance, askew. It seems to me that in all these passages the word is used so exactly in the same sense as to identify it with the Swedish quanswis, Dutch quansis, quansuys, German quants- weise, gewandsurs (Henneberg), translated in the dictionaries per speciem, lusorie, simulate, quasi vero, quasi, pour faire semblant, comme si. “ Dat deit he alle man quantswies”: he does that only for a pretence. Compare this with the passage from the Swmmoner’s Tale, where the Limitour writes the names of those who gave him money in his tablets :— “ Ascaunce that he wolde for them preye”; i.e., on the pretence that he would do so. So in the Pardoner and Tapster, 1. 361 :-— “ And al ascaunce ‘iy =» astaunce] she lovid hym wele, she toke hym by the swere, As though she had lerned cury Favel of some old frere.” She made show of loving him. The origin of this quanswis, or quantsweise, has been much discussed with little result. Quant, in Dutch, is used in the sense of a wag, a rogue. Vor quant (Hanover), for fun, for appearance. Verquanten, to make pretence, to conceal—Frisch. Quanteln, quantern Sieuaned to make pretence, to trifle H. Wepewoop. Though Mr. Wepewoon’s derivation from Palsgrave’s “a scanche, de travers, en lorgnant,” seems right, yet the English meaning of ascance 1s, I think, mostly Boccaccio’s “ quasi dicesse.” bably this is a secondary meaning; but perhaps something may still be said for Tyrwhitt’s deriva- tion. In the following passages ascance has not the sense of “ aslant” at all :— “ And al a staunce she lovid hym wele, she toke hym by the swere.” (a staunce for ascance). (Tale of Beryn, \. 361, Percy Soc.) “ Zelmane (keeping a countenance ascances she under- stood him not) told him,” &c. , (Arcadia, b. ii. ed. 1629, p. 162.) This meaning of “as if,” “as if to say,” suits all the passages quoted by Mr. Furnivact. On the other hand, the line in the quartos of Hamlet (Cambridge Shakspeare, Act iv. scene 4, 1. 168)— “ There is a willow grows ascaunt the brook,” gives us the meaning of “aslant”; to which word 242 C4 eh is ms an ver

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gS, XL. Apzit 26, '73.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 347 ascaunt is changed in the folios. So too in Euphues’s Golden Legacie (Collier's Shakspeare’s Lib. p. 15):— “ At this question Rosader, turning his head ascance, and bending his brows,” &c. Another word used curiously by Chaucer may he fitly noticed here. In the contradictory descrip- tion of Fortune (Boke of Duchesse, 1. 622), he says of her:— “ That baggeth foule, and loketh faire.” In The Romaunt of the Rose (1. 292) the adverb baggyngly is used :— “T saugh Envie in that peyntyng, Hadde a wondirful lokyng ; For she ne lokide but a-wrie, Ur overthart, alle baggyngly.” This adverb, says Tyrwhitt, “seems to be the translation of en lorgnoyant.” Cotgrave translates lorgnant “ leering, looking askaunce, or askew, at.” Baggen means of course “to swell,” then “to swell with disdain,” and so, I suppose, “to look askew at.” Joun Appis. Execution or WomEN, sy BurNING, For Petry Treason (4 §. xi. 174, 222.)—The last execution of this kind took place before the debtors’ door at Newgate on March 18th, 1789. Nine persons were executed on that day, and among them a woman named Christian Murphy, alias Bowman, who, with Hugh Murphy, had been convicted of coining :— “The woman for coining was brought out after the rest were turned off, and fixed to a stake and burnt, being first strangled by the stool being taken from under her.” —Annual Register for 1789. Chron., p. 203. This execution is described by an eye-witness in “N. & Q.” 1* §. ii, 260, ; : It will be observed that the strangling was public, not private. Hanging was substituted for burning by 30 Geo. III. c. 48. Blackstone says in reference to executions of this kind :-— “But the humanity of the English nation has autho- rized, by a tacit consent, an almost general mitigation of such part of these judgements as savour of torture or cruelty : a sledge or hurdle being usually allowed to such traitors as are condemned to be drawn ; and there being very few instances (and those accidental or by negligence) of any person's being embowelled or burned till previously deprived of sensation by strangling.”—Blackstone’s Comm. iv. 29. _ Blackstone is, perhaps, referring to his own time. There is abundant proof that persons were taken down from the gibbet to be disembowelled before they were dead ; and, indeed, one of my own ancestors is recorded to have quoted a verse from Scripture while undergoing this frightful torment. The same may be said as regards burning alive. Yet Blackstone was a careful writer, and does not verbally limit the “ mitigation” to recent times. J. H. B. The mode of execution in England of women for coming and husband murder in the last century is a hideous subject, but seems to have attraction for lovers of horror, judging from the numerous, and in- consistent, notices of it which I have read in your columns. I believe the truth to be that they were not deliberately “ burnt alive,” although this was the tenor of the sentence, adhered to by the lawyers with the same rigour with which they retained those shadowy entities, John Doe and Richard Roe. They were despatched first generally by strangling with a collar at the stake, unless this mercy was purposely withheld by the executioner, as reported in the case of Katherine Hayes, the murderess. I find an instance, which makes one shudder, in the London Magazine for 1733 :— “ Eliz. Wright,” coiner, “ was put up in the cart with the other prisoners, and joined in the prayers, and, when the prayers were over, begged hard to be hanged with them. She was afterwards fastened to a stake set up on purpose, and burnt to ashes, but was dead before the flames touched her, the executioner having first thrown down the stool on which she stood from under her feet, and given her several blows on the breast.” JEAN LE TROUVEUR. [Very much on this subject will be found in the pre- vious volumes of ““N.& Q.” We suggest reference to our Indexes. ] Trsurn (4% S. xi. 98, 140, 164, 206.)—Those who are interested in the literature and archzeology of the gallows, especially that one which was erected at Tyburn, will find much curious matter on this subject in Catalogue of Satirical Prints in the British Museum, vol. i. 1870, printed by order of the Trustees. See “ Rome’s A B C,” No. 179; “Lambeth Faire,” No. 219; “A Discovery of Jesuits Trumpery,” No. 230 ; “The last Will and Testament of Richard Brandon, Esquire,” No. 760; “The Confession of Richard Brandon,” No. 761; “A Dialogue,” &c., No. 762; and others. In these entries are a large number of references to books, tracts, and prints in the British Museum, which still further illustrate the subject. That the gallows at Tyburn stood on a little hill, “a small eminence,” according to Dr. Rrmpavut’s quotation from Smith’s History of Marylebone, may be illus- trated, if not needing to be confirmed, by means of a sketch of this gallows on the frontispiece of a Dutch tract, one of the series for which Romeyn de Hooghe drew etchings, entitled Msopus in Europa, 1701-2. This etching, although it com- prises many structures and other things huddled together, after the fashion of Romeyn de Hooghe, may be taken to represent the gallows with sufficient fidelity for this purpose. F. G, STerHEns. PorpolsE-Pies (4 §. xi. 138, 199.)—A Dutch gentleman informs me that in Holland a troop of porpoises is popularly called the farmer and his pigs; and a lady born at Swansea, and long resident there, states that that town is commonly believed to take its name from the adjacent bay

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948 NOTES AND QUERIES. "8. Xt Annayig which, from the frequent visits of porpoises, was termed Swine-sea = Swansea. It cannot be neces- sary to add that, whether correct or not, this derivation recognizes the swine-like character of the porpoise. Johnson (see eighth edition of his Dictionary, Dublin, 1798) defines each of the words Porpoise and Porpus as “the sea-hog,” and derives them from pore poisson Fr.; and, after citing a passage from Drayton to show that porpice was used by him as the plural, quotes the following from Locke: “ Amphibious animals link the terrestrial and aquatick together; seals live at land and at sea, and porpoises have the warm blood and entrails of a hog.”’ This is, perhaps, the passage referred to by Quivis. Wa. PEncELLy. Torquay. CROMWELL AND Cuar.es I, (4 §, xi. 238, 291.) —It is very probable that Paul Delaroche took the idea of his well-known picture of Cromwell viewing the body of Charles I. from a passage in an author of his own country, the Pére d’Orléans, who says :— “On dit que Cromvel youlut voir son corps, & que s’étant fait ouvrirla biere dans laquelle on |'avoit porté de dessus |’échaffaud dans Withal, i) leva la téte & la regarda, sans étre effrayé d'un spectacle qui lui reprochoit tant de crimes.” — P. 452, tome iii., Histoire des Revolutions @ Angleerre, 8vo., Paris, 1724. This statement, however, seems to rest upon very little contemporary authority ; but Dr. George Bates, the physician to Charles L., states that— “ Cromwel, that he might to the full glut his traiterous eyes with that Spectacle, having opened the Coffin wherein e Body was carried from the Scaffold into the Palace, curiously viewed it, and with his fingers severed the head from the shoulders, as we have been informed by Eye- witnesses.’’—P. 158, Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum in Anglia, 8vo., London, 1685. Heyry W. Henrrey, F.R.HLS. 75, Victoria Street, 8.W. BLAKIsToN THE Reeicipe (4" §,. xi. 290.)— There can be no dispute as to the christian name of Blakiston the regicide. I have looked again at the original warrant, and if Blakiston had been endowed with the gift of prophecy, and in antici- pation of this inquiry had taken extra pains to revent any mistake as to who he was, he could not ve written his name JoHN more distinctly. Wituiam J. Troms. Srvews or War (4 §. xi. 324.)—In a remark- able book, entitled An Advertisement to the Sub- jects of Scotland, Aberdeen, Ruban, 1627, the llicose author, Peter Hay, is severe upon the Protestant states and monarchies for not holding in check the ambition of Spain, which he attributes to their poverty, remarking that— “Bion the Philosopher sayde that Money was the Nerue of Action, and of all the Effayres of Men.” Drawing attention thereto by the marginal note, “ Money the Nerue of Warre.” A. G. This term for money was used in Beaumont and Fletcher's Fair Maid, Act i. scene 2. Curupert Bepe [See “N. & Q,,” 2™' 8. ix, 108, 228, 374; x. 317; *g, ili. 144, 438.] Tue SxkyLarK: LEGISLATION For Sone Brans (4% S. xi. 323.)—Mr. Jesse asks, Did Burns ever write on the skylark? I answer, in one of the most exquisite bits of an altogether exquisite poem, vig, “To a Mountain Daisy on turning one down with the plough, in April, 1786,” is this stanza;— “ Alas! it’s no thy neebor sweet, The bonnie Lark, companion meet ! Bending thee ’mang the dewy weet ! - oa a : A nen upw “springing, e to ee The paling Bast.” ” His songs have various incidental allusions also, Tue Srverne Nientincate A Mate Bin (* S. xi. 238, 326.)—Richard Crashaw, in his glorious and, for word- painting, marvellous transfusion rather than translation of Strada, entitled Musicks Duell, designates the singing nightingale as a female, ¢. g.— “ The sweet inhabitant of each glad tree ° Their Muse, their Syren—harmelesse Syren she/ There stood she listning, and did entertaine The musick’s soft report, and mold the same In her owne murmures.”’ And so throughout. ALEXANDER B. Grosart. Blackburn. Tue PRECEDENCE oF BisHops (4 §, xi. 324.) —See the Statute, 31 H. VIIL, c. 10. A. P. 8 OricGIN oF THE Hicutanp Dress anp Lae euace (4% S, xi. 276.)—If the North American Indians discovered “a surprising resemblance in the manner of their dress and the great similitude of their language” to Lord John Murray’s Regiment of Highlanders in 1756, it is not surprising that it was found difficult to persuade the inhabitants of Bordeaux, when the British army entered that city in 1814, that the Highlanders were not “les sauvages Américaines.” D. W. Chichester. Lurner (4 §, xi. 238, 287.)—Your come spondents will find the couplet quoted, the “Catechistical Cup” mentioned, and authorities on the subject of Luther's social habits referred to in the 40th chapter of Moore’s Travels of an Gentleman in search of a Religion. H. D. ©. O.p Battap: ARDEN oF FEVERSHAM (4% 8. xi. 304.)—A copy will be found in the Roxburghe Collection of Ballads, Brit. Mus. vol. iii. p. 156. Evans created a difficulty for others as to identify- ing the source from which he derived it, by changing the first word, so that the index to the ballads will not serve. Instead of “Ah! me, # i i ah tt a i i

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e see ‘Faas with 0. ) (4ea rious 1sion sick’s as & e,” a but the number of members of the Institute avail- 4” 8, XI, Aran 26, 73.) NOTES AND QUERIES. 349 in Ev: it begins “ Ay me, vile wretch! that ay po born.” C. 5. F. asks also the date of the publication. As it was printed for a stationer, “C, W.” (Cuthbert Wright), the date of the copy ranges from about 1613 to 1633. Ww. CHAPPELL. Fish iv THE Sea or Gaiters (4 §. xi. 216, 286.)—The most abundant are Chromis Nilotice and Clarias macracanthus, the bream and sheat- fish, identical with the common species of the Nile, a fact remarked on by Josephus (Bell. Jud. III. x. 8), See Tristram’s Natural History of the Bible, a book that should be in the hands of all interested in the subject. * Me AB Hatfield Hall, Durham. The quaint letter on this subject by Sir Thomas Browne (not Brain), is among the Miscellany Tracts in Works by Wilkin, vol. iv. pp. 179-181. (4 vols. 8vo. 1831.) A. B. Grosarr. Mitton, Sonnet XXII. (4 S. ix. 445; x. 76, 153.)—In Chettle’s Kind-Hart’s Dreame is another instance of the questioned phrase, and from it, as from the Shakspeare quotation, it is clear that it merely means about so many years past :— “What say you toa merrie knave that for this two years day hath not been talkt of.” So speaks Tarleton’s Ghost in 1592, as near as may be gathered, and the allusion is, in all proba- bility, to the now unknown first edition of his jests. B. Nicwotson. PuitotocicaL BrstiocRapuy (4"" §, xi. 249.) —The promotion of comparative philology by a Philological Bibliography, as suggested by Mr. Axon, is a useful project. I fear, however, that comparative philology, except in a very limited sense, and linguistics are not sufficiently favoured by the societies referred to, and that their funds, exhausted by rents and establishment expenses, tan afford little aid. In the enumeration of linguistic encyclopedists I miss the name of Dr. Iatham, who is now far advanced with a Dictionary of Languages, which will go some way to meet the want pointed out, and to which some of us have furnished contributions, and to which all are invited. The best means of promoting the cause would be the constitution of a Society for Comparative Philology and Linguistics, as. pro- posed by myself and the late G. Tradescant ay in 1846, in the prospectus of a Philological Society. ere is a proposition for a section of Compara- tive Philology in the Anthropological Institute, such as was decreed by the late Ethnological Society, able is few. 82, St. George's Square, 8. W. Unpvsuisnep Sranza or Burwys (4% §. iii, 281, 396 ; xi. 226, 263.)—Mr. Cook inquires what Hype CLARKE. “N. & Q.” (p. 25). Mr. Cook refers was written, he will find that I had continued to examine the question as to the publication of the stanza. “N. & satisfied that the stanza had already appeared in print. The question now arises, when did it first appear, and as to that point I can give no infor- mation. Dan. ii. 19, 1 Sam. iii. 7, 21. authority I have for placing the verse beginning— “For O she was a canty quean,” last instead of second, as it usually appears. I found from Mrs. Ewart that it was always sung in that arrangement by her sister, Mrs. Lawson ; but how far she is correct in this must be decided by a reference, if it can be discovered, to the original of Mrs. Grant, of Carron, if she be the authoress. In regard to the author of Roy's Wife of Aldivalloch, Mr. Coox will find the question mooted in Since my note to which If he will refer to Q.” (4S. v. 547) he will see that I am C. T. Ramace. Eneiish Purases AND Erymouocies (4" §, xi. 109.)—In Cheshire, tor is in common use as a defective verb. Thus we say, “he is toring on at it,” meaning “he is persevering” at any difficult task. The prefix mts is found in the Cheshire dialect in the word mislest for molest. Rosert HoLuanp. ’"AmoxdAvyis (4° 8. xi. 136.)—According to Liddell and Scott, the noun is to be found in Plutarch, and the verb in Plato (Poet., 352 A), Xenophon, Diodorus (17, 62), and the Vita Homert. The verb is frequently used in the LXX., ¢.g., C. Davis. “ Empossep” (4 S. xi. 210.) —Where this word is used in connexion with hunting is it not always derived from boscwm? Generally, it would then denote an animal occupying a woodland covert, and so Milton employs it :— “ Like that self-begotten bird In the Arabian woods imbost.” But in a hunter’s mouth it would naturally come to mean the position of a quarry which had taken to covert, and so enabled the chase to come up with him, and if not to surround him, at all events to make pretty sure of their game. Hence it would be metaphorically applied to a man who is driven into a corner, as we should say, like Parolles and Falstaff in the passages quoted by F. J. V. C. G. Prowert. Temple. OpEN-EYED Steep (4 S. xi. 235.)—The lines in Prologue to Canterbury Tales (1. 10)— ** And smale fowles maken melodie, That slepen al the night with open yhe,” are explained by the next line :— ‘So priketh hem nature in here corages.” Compare description of the Squyer (1. 98) — “ So hote he lovede, that by nightertale He sleep no more thon doth a nightyngale.” Joun AppIs,

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350 NOTES AND QUERIES. Portucvese Literature (4™ §S. xi. 236.)—Is there any English translation of Naufrageo di Sepulveda, by Cortereal? I suppose the large number of translations of Portuguese works at the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century was from an interest caused by the Queen of Charles IT. Is there any recent Portuguese and English Dictionary? 1 often cannot find words used by Branco and other modern authors in the old lexi- cons of Vieyra, Fonseca, &c.? W. M. M. THOUSAND-LEAVED Grass (4 §, xi. 275.)—I have little doubt that this is the Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), which is called milfoile by Gerarde, Thousand-leaf by Culpeper, and at the present day in Cheshire; and is known in the Eastern Border district as Hundred-leaved grass, and Thousand- leaved clover. It was formerly in great repute as a vulnerary, and a decoction was used in ague and other diseases. See Parkinson, Theatrum Botani- cum, p. 696; and, for its use at the present day, Pratt's Flowering Plants of Great Britain, ii. 151- 2 (the 3 vol. edition), also “N. & Q.” 4" 8. x. 24. JAMES BRITTEN. Brit. Museum. “Poor as Crowsoroven” (4 §. xi. 238.)— My grandfather, born 1786, was an East Sussex yeoman, and, in speaking of land, would often use the proverb, “as poor as Crowborough Common.” The soil is of the iron sand formation, hence its sterility. See Dr. Mantell’s Illustrations of the Geology of Sussex, 1822, p. 25; Lower’s History of Sussex, 1870, vol. i. p. 125. Jno. A. Fowxer. Brighton. Georce Danret’s Works (4 §, xi. 280.)— Love's Last Labour not Lost. B. M. Pickering, 1863. My copy has MS. notes inside—-“ scarce, only 250 copies printed.” E. High Holborn, W.C. Rowtanp Tayrtor (4 §. xi. 281.)}—Consult Foxe’s Acts and Monuments, ed. Townsend, vol. vi. p. 676 et seq. HERMENTRUDE. Where can any account of the descendants of Rowland Taylor be found? The account of them in Heber’s Life of Jeremy Taylor is very short and unsatisfactory. M. P. CLement Fisner (4% §S. xi. 281.)—Probably the eldest son of Sir Robert Fisher, Bart., of Packington, co. Warwick. Clement Fisher suc- ceeded his father to the baronetcy, and died in 1689. See “ Pedigree of the Families of Biddulph, Byrche and Fisher,” in Wilmot’s Life of Bishop ough, 4to. 1812, p. 142. J. R. B. Lawrence CiarKson (4 §. xi. 278).—The British Museum contains some publications by Lawrence Clarkson. From one of them, Truth released from Prison to its former Libertie, 12mo, 1646, 26 pp. (unpaged), we learn that he was a Preston man. e publication in question is in reality a sermon upon 1 Kings xviii. 17. The Epistle Dedicatory is addressed to the “Mayor, Aldermen and Inhabitants of Preston,” and the writer speaks of himself as their “ townesman.” Thomas Edwards, in the Gangrena, 1646, men- tions (p. 72, of the second paging) that Law, Clarckson “ lived about Suffolk and Norfolk.” He was an Anabaptist, and baptizedas such, “acco: to his own relation in print [Margin, Pilgrim. of Saints], on the 6th of November, 1644; and from that day to the 24th of January did labour in season and out of season,” &c. He was appre. hended and imprisoned at Berry (Bury S& Edmunds). He recanted on the 10th July, and was discharged on the 15th July (1645). He be came a Seeker, in proof of which Edwards quotes his pamphlet put out “about six weeks ago,” called The Pilgrimage of Saints, by Church cast out, in Christ found, seeking Truth. At p. 18 (first paging) of the Gangrena Edwards quotes this pamphlet as containing examples of “errours vented, even of the grossest sort in print.” The “Blasphemous Book” called The Single Ey, mentioned by Mr. Peacock, was ordered, on the 27th September, 1650, to be burned by the hang- man, and its author was imprisoned in the House of Correction for a month. There are two other fanatical writers who bear names similar to the preceding. One of these is Bessie Clarksone. Lowndes mentions the Conflict in Conscience of a deare Christian, named Bessie Clarksone, in the Parish of Lanerk, which she lay wnder three Yeare and an half. Edinb. 12mo. 1631. This I have not seen. Will any one tell me what her tenets were? They seem to have en- listed in her favour a party of adherents which endured for nearly a century, since Allan Ramsay, in his Epistle to Mr. James Arbuckle of Belfast, dated Edinburgh, January, 1719, in giving “a short swatch” of his creed, among other strange sects which he repudiates, “to follow method ne- gatively,” enumerates “ Bess Clarksonian.” The note to the Glasgow Edition of Ramsay’s Poems, 1770, simply says “ Bessy Clarkson a Lanerkshire woman.” Vide the history of her life and prin ciples. " The other is Laurence Claxton (b. about 1617, d. 1667). He held a small benefice in the Church of England, but he became embued with Ranter sentiments, and in 1658 he resigned his living, having been converted from his Ranter principles by Reeve and Muggleton, of whose community he became a distinguished though somewhat over bearing member. I once thought that Lawrence Clarkson and Laurence Claxton were one and same person, but fuller information has shown that though the men were contemporaries, the period of (4° 8, XL Arimis

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les of ort in 4° 8 XI. Apait 26, '73.) NOTES AND QUERIES. 351 Clarkson’s fanaticism was anterior to that of Clax- ton’s. The latter was never prosecuted or im- risoned for his tenets. Will any one add to my fnowled of Claxton, by telling me where he was born, and what living he held? His friends were chiefly in Cambridgeshire. J Earty Criticisms or Butwer (4" §. xi. 73, 282.)—The severity of criticism with which the earlier works of Bulwer were visited did not always proceed from a feeling of “rancour”; and readers of by no means squeamish tastes concurred to a greater or less extent in the conscientious judgment of Mr. Wilberforce as recorded in his “ Looked at Pelham—most flippant, wicked, unfeeling delineations of life—to read ooh scenes without being shocked must be injurious. I am sorry—readit. For very shame I would not have it read to me.”—Life of Wuberforce, by his Sons, vol. v. 291. H. D. C. “T map tHe Caries Larrps,” &c. (4% §, xi. 156, 201.)-—-I have always understood that it was Queen Elizabeth who refused the title of “ladies” to bishops’ wives. I recollect an anecdote, which I _— from memory, never having seen it in print, illustrative of this opinion:—The Queen dined with the Archbishop of the day (Parker, I pre- sume), and was hospitably received. When Her Majesty was taking her leave, it became a matter of interest with certain parties to know what title she would give to her hostess. She spoke thus: “* Lady ’Icannot call you, ‘ mistress’ I will not call you, but, by whatever name I may call you, I thank you for my good cheer.” Freperick W. Mant. Egham Vicarage. “Tue Poems on Arrairs or State” (4S, xi. 1, 244,)—I have one part, the third, of the edition of 1689; it is a thin quarto of four sheets, and is entitled :— “The third part of the Collection of Poems on Affairs of State ; containing Esquire Marvel's further instructions toa painter, and the late Lord Rochester's farewell. m, printed in the year 1689.” Title and thirty It contains, besides the two poems mentioned on the title, “ Lines to the King,” and in Marvel’s Instructions” are included forty-eight lines, which in later editions formed part of the poem on the death of Douglas. On comparing Marvel’s poem with the copy of the same in the New Collection of 1705, I observe that it has been corrected in so careless a manner that in many instances Marvel's meaning is wholly destroyed. Let me give one illustration. Speak- ing of Sergeant Charlton, who was first Judge of the Council of Wales, and Chief Justice of ( ‘hester, whom Wood mentions (i. 872) as a great friend to the Church of England, Marvel says, edit. 1689 line 181 ;— ? “ C—n advances next, whose coife dos awe The miter troop, and with his looks gives law.” Now, in the “ corrected” New Collection of 1705 these lines are printed :— ** Charlton advances next (whose wife does awe The mitred troop) and with his looks gives law.” The conversion of coife into wife is one of those strange blunders which often give a good deal of trouble, for the reader might well be led to inquire what had Sir Job Charlton’s wife to do with the bishops ? Epwarp So.ty. THE LATE JupcE Maute (4 §. xi. 32, 82, 205, 258.)—If, as I suppose, Mr. Justice Maule was a serjeant-at-law, there would be no anomaly in the open helmet which appears above his arms in the hall of Lincoln’s Inn, although he were not knighted. Serjeants-at-law have long claimed to be of knightly rank, and entitled to the knightly helmet. J. Woopwarp. “Carr” (4% §. xi. 110, 259.)—Is it possible that “ Carex” = Sedge, a swamp-loving plant, can have anything to do with this word as used in the sense of “a moist or boggy place”? W. J. Bernwarp Samira. “You CAN, AND you cAN’tT”: CALVINISM DE- FINED (4* §, xi. 14, 260.)—Your correspondent, in his remarks on “Crazy Dow,” says :— “It is in Dow's Chain that the four lines defining Cal- vinism appear. The four lines compose the whole of the definition.” In L. D.’s Reflections on the Love of God, &c., Eng. Edition, he states it thus, in five lines (p. 30): “You can and you can’t—You shall and you shan’t— You will and you won’t—And you will be damned if you do—And you will be damned if you don’t.” NECNE. Masesty (4 §. xi. 133, 200, 261.)—Cardinal Ottobonus addresses Pope Alexander III. as “ Your Majesty” in a letter written to him between 1160 and 1170. W. D. Macray. Was not the title of His Most Christian Ma- jesty conferred upon Henry VIII. by Pope Julius IT. in 1513? Though he does not appear to have ever used it in his own style, is it not true that he was often so addressed by foreign potentates and by his own subjects? See the Chronology of History, by Sir Harris Nicolas, K.C.M.G. London, 1838 (p. 376). H. L. L. G. Ancient MITRAILLEUSE (4 §S. xi. 150, 173, 225, 262.)—In Clarendon’s History of the Great Rebellion, p. 522, it is stated that at the Battle of Copredy Bridge, 1644, the Cavaliers captured “ two barricadoes of wood, which were drawn upon wheels, and in each seven small brass and leather cannons, charged with case.” In India I have fre- quently seen guns of small calibre linked together in the way mentioned by V. E. R. H. W. L. Hive, Capt. R.A.

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352 NOTES AND QUERIES. (4* 8. XL Apary 26, 73, “ FortunaBie” (4% §. xi. 271, note.)—I do not clearly understand the meaning of “ fortunable” in the Annary. Cotgrave (1673) has Fr. “ fortunable= disastrous, unfortunate.” I append some rather unusual forms of the word. Halliwell gives from Hardyng’s Chronicle, f. 12:— “ He wanne the felde in batell fortunous.” Ogilvie’s Imperial Dictionary says it is a Chau- cerian word, but I fail to remember an instance of it. Chaucer has (Troyl. and Crys. iv. 1. 716):— **T, woful wrech and infortuned wight.” Spenser (F. Q. VI. ix. stanza 30) has:— “Sith each unto himselfe his life may fortwnize.” Joun AppIs. Evrnanasia (4 8. xi. 276.)—It is only fair to say that the author of the pamphlet upon Eutha- nasia never claimed novelty for the idea which he was the first to put into its present form. He expressly refers to the passage of More, quoted by J. 5. P. But the idea, of course, is Plato’s, and was very frequently put into practice by the Romans of the Empire. In Pliny’s Letters he has recorded several instances which occurred among his own friends, and in his remarks has anticipated most of the arguments of the late discussion. To my thinking, the most painful and repulsive part of the agitation upon the subject is the singular favour which the proposition appears to find in the eyes of the ladies. But probably they mean only to imitate the example of the lady of Como who has been immortalized by Pliny. This admirable woman, married to a man afflicted with a painful and incurable disease, earnestly counselled him to die. She did not send for the family doctor and a jury of the neighbours, and decorously shut her- self up in the drawing-room, but, to use Pliny’s words, in the excell-at translation of Messrs. Church and Brodribb, was “his companion in death, nay, more, his guide, his example, and the constraining cause of the deed.” She lashed her- self to her husband with strong cords, and together they jumped into the Lake of Como, and so perished. C. Extiot Browne. Source or Story Wantep (4% §. xi. 282.)-— “ Avant l’affaire Le Roi, I'Ane, ou moy nous mourrons.” La Fontaine’s Fable of Ze Charlatan. H. J I know not if I can refer T. W. C. to the “ original source of this story,” but I can refer him back so far as Henry VIL, if the State Papers bear me out in the quotation which follows,—I know not whence transcribed. In a letter from Paget to Petre, urging the Government to accept the “Terms of Peace” offered by France in 1546, he writes :— “TI remember President Scory’s tale to me at my last being with the Emperor ; of one, that being condemned to die by a certain King, which had an Ass wherein he had great felicity, the man offered (to save his life) that within twelve months he could make the King’s Ass» speak. Whereunto the King accorded. And unto the man bya friend of his—‘What! It is impos sible!’ ‘Hold thy peace,’ said he : ‘ Carle Roi mourers; on l’Asne mourera ; ou l’Asne parlera ; ou je mourera’ (sic); signifying that in Time many Things are altered. And so, ere the time of Payment come, either we shall make so (?) new Bargain to keep Boulogne; or the French King for want of keeping his Covenant, shall forfeit it; or the King should die, and his Son not so much desire the Recovery of it: or some other thing will chance in the mean time.”—State Papers, vol. x. p. 139. Quivis. “You CAN'T GET FEATHERS OFF A FROG” (4@ S. x. 521; xi. 63.)—Another French proverb is “Tl en estoit chargé comme un crapaud de plumes,” He was little burthened ; nothing troubled withal, —Cotgrave, s. v. “ crapaud.” 7 NIcHOLsoy. “THe WEAKEST GOES TO THE WALL” (4%§, xi. 109, 184, 263, 334.)\—Mr. Hate says that “tenir le haut du pavé” is exactly translated the Seottish “to keep the cantle o’ the causey, or “the crown o’ the causey,” and no doubt there is a very exact verbal correspondence. But the explanation which he gives of the Scottish ex- — is exactly the reverse of that given by ittré, s. v. pavé. Littré says :— “Le haut du pavé, la partie du pavé qui est du cbté des murailles, parcequ’ autrefois les rues étaient pavées en chaussée fendue, c’est-A-dire, avec le ruisscau a milieu.” From this we see that in France, at any rate, the street was sunk in the middle and raised at the sides;* whilst Mr. Hare tells us that in Scotland the street was raised in the middle and sunk at the sides, where the gutters were, there being one central gutter in France, and two lateral ones in Scotland. In England, the streets I expect, made upon the same plan as in France, “to take the wall of one” would have been of no advantage if the one who took the wall was at the lowest part of the street and exposed to the chance of falling into the gutter. But surely, even Scotland, the gutters cannot have run close the walls,t doors, and shop windows; there must have been some interval, and this interval must have sloped upwards to the walls and have formed & kind of foot pavement, of which the part next the wall would be the haut du pavé, and the best.t * I certainly have seen such streets abroad, and, if I mistake not, in Paris, many years ago. + Mr. Hata seems to imply this when he says that the weakest would ‘‘be thrust to the wall and into the itter too.” o And the English streets may very well have bem made in this way. In Trumpington Street, there are two lateral gutters remarkable for their and the clearness of the stream of water which runs down them ; and as they are connected with 2 QSgss7 geyweee; Se @ & oc Been = «

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Bat easaTsetaecseeam™ tf es es fe SERS k eek Bees ee Pues & sl eed te ib g* 8, XI. Arnit 26, '73.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 353 As the French word chaussée* (from calx, heel or limet) is never used in France or Germany ex- of country roads, it is probable that in Scotland also causey (which is the same word) was used of a country road before it came to signif: a street, and if so, I would ask whether the Scote expressions quoted by Mr. Hata may not have come into use when causey was used of country roads only? F. CHANcE. Sydenham Hill. “Caxton’s GAME AND PLAYE OF THE CHESSE” (4 §. xi. 235.)—According to Mr. Blades, The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy was probably inted at Bruges by Colard Mansion, Caxton ding the money and helping, as a learner, in the printing (Blades’s Caxton, i. 60). In the Epilogue to Book III. Caxton himself states— “Therefore I haue practysed & lerned at my grete charge and dispense to ordeyn this said book in prynte after the maner & forme as ye may here see,” Xc. (Jbid., p. 134.) This, though not printed in England, was the first book printed in English. Mr. Blades dates its issue in 1474, The issue of the Chess-book he dates in 1475, and holds it also to have been printed at Bruges (p. 60). . The Exposicio Sanctt Jeronimi, &c., “ printed at Oxford in the year 1468,” is noted in Harts- horne’s Book Rarities in Cambridge (p. 47). He says of it— “ A book of extreme rarity: only five other copies are known to exist ; those in the eian, the King’s, the Earl of Pembroke’s, All Souls’, and Earl Spencer's libraries. Of this book Mr. Singer has written a very able account, which fully establishes the fact of its having been printed in the sister university.” Joun Appis. “A Wuistiine Wire” (4% §. xi. 282.)—Only & year ago a sailor friend of mine, and humane as sailors used to be, killed a very goodly hen I had given him, because she had suddenly “ crowed three times right on end,” and he was told that such a hen would bring all the roost to trouble. As to the “Whistling Wife,” whistling is a masculine accomplishment; very few women can whistle, any more than they can fling a stone; and the — of either quality would augur a troubled hold, and a hen-pecked husband. Qurvis. conduit, and are evidently of no recent date (I never saw any like them anywhere else), it is probable that y date from the construction of the conduit in 1614. Kn are now separated from the houses by the width of foot pavement, and I apprehend that they never did run close under the walls of the houses. chaussée is, properly speaking, a raised road which Tans across low or marshy ground ; and I see that John- = defines causeway (which is the same word, and ought be written as the Scotch write it, causey) as “a way and paved, a way raised above the rest of the + Diez derives it from the meaning lime or chalk, and ré from the meaning heel, th calciare — the Fr. fu, vam the low Lat. verb Is it not “Poule qui chante et femme qui siffle, portent malheur dans une maison ”? HERMENTRUDE. See Hazlitt’s Proverbs, p. 37. It seems to come from the French, “ Une poule qui chante le coq, et une fille qui siffle, portent malheur dans la maison.” The readings are various, the second line some- times running— “ Will call the old gentleman out of his den,” and sometimes — “ Are neither fit for God nor men.” Howell (1625-6) quotes— “ La maison est misérable et méchante Ou la poule plus haut que le Cocq chant.” Translating — “ That house doth every day more wretched grow Where the hen louder than the cock doth crow.”’ Another French proverb runs— * La poule ne doit pas chanter devant le coq.” And Cotgrave gives another, which couples women and hens in a rather different sense — “Par trop trotter la poule et la femme se perdent facile- ment.” Joun Anpis. “T SHINE IN THE LiGuT or Gop” (4 §, x. 294, 363, 380.)—This hymn was written by Rev. Lu- zerne M. Rae, Professor in the American Asylum for Deaf Mutes, at Hartford, Conn., on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Mary E. Van Lennep, wife of Rev. Henry J. Van Lennep, American missionary in Turkey. She was daughter of Rev. Dr. Hawes of Hartford, who preached a sermon on her death in Hartford, December 9, 1844, one of his texts being “I shall be satisfied when I awake with thy likeness,” Psalm xvii. 15. Mr. Rae, then editor of the Religious Herald, a newspaper pub- lished at Hartford, inserted the poem in the issue of that paper of December 18, 1844, stating that it was suggested by the sermon of Dr. Hawes. It was afterward published in a Memoir of Mrs. Mary E. Van Lennep, by her Mother (Hartford, 1847, 12mo.), and subsequently republished by Mr. Rae, in a small collection of his poems. i. is Be New York. Sanoiier Rovesr (4% §. xi. 215, 287.)— **T am Rouge Sanglier, the officer at arms of William de la Marck, by the Grace of God, and the election of the —— Prince Bishop of Liege.”—Quentin Dur- ward, c. W. G. Lorp CastiereacH (4 §. xi. 277.)}—In Lady Brownlow’s Reminiscences of a Septuagenarian, the anecdote alluded to by Mr. Ranpoupn is thus told:— . “When at Paris Lord Castlereagh was almost the only rson of mark non décoré, the generality being covered both on the right and left with stars. Some one this, when another foreigner said, Ma foi, c'est bien dis- tingué.”

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354 NOTES AND QUERIES. [4 8. XI. Apri 26, 73, This is under date 1814, during the assemblage of the “allied powers” at Paris, where Lady Brownlow was herself the guest of her uncle, Lord Castlereagh. This agrees with the story as Mr. Ranpoipm has heard it, and differs materially —— with slight verbal alterations) from Lord raniville’s version, which seems to be a good story spoiled. G. R. “Ev’n IN our AsHEs,” &. (4% S. x. 343, 418, 505.)—D’Israeli, in his Curiosities of Literature (Routledge’s ed. 1866, p. 212), traces the idea to the following line of Chaucer :— “Yet in our Ashen cold is Fire yreken.” The Reve's Prologue, 1. 28. J. H. T. OaKiey. 2, Gothic Cottage, Ventnor. Joun THELWALL (4 §. xi.-76, 145, 187.}—A year or two before his death (which occurred at Bath in 1834), I heard Mr. Thelwall lecture in the Town Hall at Uxbridge. The lecture was on elocutionary matters in general, but specially on Parliamentary orators. His recollections of his contemporaries were lively and interesting. He gave imitations of the manner of Fox, Pitt, and others, and quotations from their speeches, with great spirit, and, it is said, with wonderful veri- similitude. He was then nearly seventy years old, and, though attenuated, was vigorous and ani- mated ; and those who listened to him delightedly, little dreamed how near he was to the close of his eventful life. J. W. Darsy. Richmond, 8.W. Earty Erigram (4 §. xi. 277..—Mr. Rute does not give his authority for the statement that the epigram was written by Sir Thomas Wyat. In Bell’s edition of the Poems of Surrey and Others, 1854, it is placed amongst the productions of “ Uncertain Authors,” but a note states :— “Warton thinks it probable that Sir Thomas More, ‘one of the best jokers of-that age,’ may have written these lines, which he considers the first printed epigram in our language.” H. P. D. “Cynoper” (4% §. xi. 56, 160.)—This term, expressive of colour, it appears, is found in Drum- mond of Hawthornden, Ben Jonson’s Alchemist, and (spelt sinaper) in the Fabric Rolls of York Minster. You have given your opinion that it is the equivalent of mineral cinnabar. Last year, in a leading article in the Architect, it was stated that all red pigments, such as red lead, cinnabar, dra- gon’s-blood, and vermilion, turn black on exposure to light. But one pigment, called sinopia, a brown oxide of iron, was alone not obnoxious to such failure. The cinnabar, dragon’s-blood, and vermilion of commerce are, I believe, various compounds of mercury, and, if so, not identical with sinopia, which is described as an oxide of iron. I to the Architect and to many dealers in peiata and failed to discover ae further. Now, as on a wet day I do a little in wall-decorations, I should be glad to learn if sinopia is a pigment or a figment. B. R.C. ARMS GRANTED IN Error (4* §. xi. 175, 244) —I am inclined to believe that a man could not officially dispense with a quartering, although given in error, until a reduction of the same were obtained from the College of Arms.* The for- mality seems to be necessary, on the same principle as the reversal of a sentence in a crimina) case, The grantee has, of himself, no authority; and to set up his own judgment, proprio motu, in sucha case, would be an offence against the authorities, who alone can relieve him of his incubus. There are many analogous cases, not only in Law, but in Genealogy, where, after the most convincing proofs of error, that error is perpetuated. To go farther, we find the same in history. Certain standard un- truths will never be discarded. 8. Hanorne in Carns (4% §. x. 382, 459, 525; xi. 83, 124.}—Mr. J. oe Stephen, in his General View of the Criminal Law of England, 1863, quotes the following passage from Hollinshed’s Descriphion of England, pp. 184-5 :— “ In wilful murder done upon pretended (premeditated) malice, or in anie notable robbery” the criminal “is either hanged alive in chains near the place where the fact was committed, or else, upon compassion taken, first strangled with a rope, and so continueth till his bones come to nothing. Where wilful manslaughter is per- trated, besides hanging, the offender hath bis right and commonly stricken off.” Wituiam WIcKHAM. Miscellanecus. NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC. A Lecture on the Character and Writings of Willian Paley, D.D. Delivered to the Young Men's Christian Association. By Lord Neaves, LL.D. (Blackwood & Sons.) ’ Lorp Neavis’s lecture, simple in language and clear ia detail, leaves Paley pretty well where he has ever been found. The lecturer thinks Paley a good rather than s great man, and a good divine, who might have been better. In parts of + 5 works relating to morals - questions of casuistry, Lord Neaves speaks of Paley views as lax and questionable. He is, naturally, sorry that Paley stole the illustration of the ores design from the supposed finding of a watch, which finder must infer had a maker, from Nieuwentyt, without acknowledgment ; but Lord Neaves thinks, charity, there was some inadvertency in it! On the strang that no German writer has noticed Paley, Lord } — says, epigrammatically, ‘‘ The fact is, that Paley was intelligible for any German to understand him. * There is the curious instance of the O’Shce family using, in error, a quartering instead of their prope paternal coat. Pee eee 2b oe o4em Mm oo whe oe um gape ce

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Area es | ara a p ste ed's ated} | is frat pones ght g* 8. XI. Apart 26,'73.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 355 Plautus and Terence. By the Rev. W. Lucas Collins, M.A. (Blackwood & Sons.) : } Tur Series of Ancient Classics for English Readers has now reached its sixteenth quarterly volume. Nine of these have illustrated Greek authors, for the benefit of readers unacquainted with the originals ; seven have done the same with Latin writers, and Tacitus and Lucian are to follow.. Mr. Collins has written a lively article, divided into chapters, on the two great writers of Latin comedy. His work of illustration and explanation, of criticism and of narrative, is ably and pop arly carried out. Mr. Collins acknowledges the aid he has derived from M. Guizot’s Menandre and Dunlop's History of Roman Literature. In referring to the unintelligible passage in the Peaulus, which has been supposed to be Carthaginian, or variations of Hebrew, Chinese, Persian, or Coptic, Mr. Collins says :—‘‘ The vocalization of some of the words bears no slight resemblance to Welsh.” Modern philolo- gers, however, are perbaps nearer the mark, in consider- ing the passage “a mere unmeaning jargon, invented by Plautus for the oceasion ;” with which opinion Mr. Collins is inclined to agree. A School Manual of English Grammar. With Copious Exercises. By William Smith, D.C.L., &c., and Theo- philus D. Hall, M.A. (Murray.) A Primary English Grammar for Elementary Schools. With Exercises and Questions. By Theophilus D. Hall, M.A. (Murray.) Iv any one will take the trouble to compare an old Lindley Murray of his boyhood with the first of the above two mwmars, he will at once see the immense progress made in the method of teaching English to the uninitiated. The School Manual is admirable for its simplicity and clearness, two qualities conspicuous for their absence from the old Quaker’s hand-book of English. The ex- amples form in themselves a book of beautiful quotations ; and the “ Prosody ” will give delight even to the general reader. The Primary Knglish Grammar isas the first sound rung of a ladder by which to reach the loftiest ae of the English language illustrated in the anual. Deatu or Siz Wit1i1am Tits, C.B.; M.P.; F.R.S., &e.— Art and Literature have lost aliberal patron, and those who enjoyed his intimacy a warm and earnest friend, in Sir William Tite, who died on Sunday last, at Torquay, where he had been residing for some time for the benefit of his health. His long life had been an active and useful one. The Royal Exchange will long remain a monument of his professional eminence as an architect; and his liber- ality to St. Thomas’s Hospital, the City of London School, and many similar institutions, is, in like manner, a wit- ness to the good use he made of his ample fortune. Sir William Tite was for many years President of the Insti- tute of British Architects; was on several occasions ffominated a Vice-President of the Society of Anti- al and, on the death of the Marquess Camden, in 866, was elected President of the Camden Society. He signalized his accession to this last office by presenting to the members the interesting Diary of John Manningham, admirably edited for him by his friend, the late Mr. John Bruce, ¥.8.4. His lamented death occasions another ine in our roll of contributors, and in many circles, be fale” social, and commercial,—a void that will long Ma. Jouy E. Battey, of Stretford, Manchester, has in course of preparation a biography of Dr. Thomas Fuller, the author of the Worthies of England. It is stated that great additions will be made to former biographies, and mistakes corrected, whilst a complete list of Fuller's works will for the first time be given, BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. Particulars of Price, &c., of the following books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, whose names and addresses are given for that purpose :— Mémornes Authentiques et Véritables de Madame la Comtesse de Lamotte, née de Luz de Saint-Remy de Valois, écrit par Elleméme. Recoulet, 1846, 2 vols. in-8. Wanted by Capt. Daubeney, Junior U.S. Club, Charles Street, 5. W. Dispry’s Decameron. 3 vols. Hunter's Doxcaster. 2 vols. folio. Tuoxoton’s History or Norriscnamsnire. Folio. Wanted by Mr. 7. Beet, 15, Conduit Street, Bund Street, W. Secazt Hisrony or tue Reions or Kiso Cuanies Il. axp Kixo James Il. Folio, 1690, Wanted by W. D. Christie, 32, Dorset Square, N.W. RMotices ta Correspondents. NorEmac:— “Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem Testa diu.” Horace, Epist., i. 2, 69. “ Black as the bird,” &c. Marlowe's Jew of Malta, act ii. sc. 1. J. F.— We believe there is not the slightest foundation Sor the rumour. R. H. Srocompe.—All we can say is that, so long ago as the time of the Saxons, there was a church at Stepney dedicated to All Saints. It does not appear when the church changed its name by being dedicated to St. Dunstan. E. KrysEtL.—Among the Ancients, The Seven Wonders of the World were the Egyptian Pyramids, the Mausoleum erected by Artemisia, the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Walls and Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Colossus at Rhodes, the Statue of Jupiter Olympus, and the Pharos or Watch-Tower at Alexandria. A. (Hull).—Jn Butler’s Lives of the Saints, St. Valentine is merely styled “Priest and Martyr.” W. Anprews.—The following is the epitaph on the tombstone of the well-known Daniel Lambert :—‘‘In re- memberance of that prodigy in nature, Daniel Lambert, a native of Leicester, who was possessed of an excellent and convivial mind, and in personal greatness he had no com- petitor. He measured three feet one inch round the leg ; nine feet four inches round the body; and weighed 52 stone 11lb. (14lb. to the stone). He departed this life on the 21st of June, 1809, aged 39 years. As a@ testimony of respect, this stoneis erected by his friends in Leicester.” Namrec.— We know of no such work as that required. You had better apply to the authorities at Scotland Yard. W. M. (Edinburgh).— We shall be glad to insert the quotations in “‘ N. & Q.,” if you do not object. Harpric Morpuyy.—Mr. C. Elphinstone Dalrymple, Kinellar Lodge, Blackburn, Aberdeen, will feel greatly obliged if you will let him see “ the genealogy of the Mait- lands.” MortuHer Surpton’s Propuecres (4 8. x. 450, 502; xi. 60).—Mr. Charles Hindley, of Brighton, in a letter to us, has made a clean breast of having fabricated the Pro- phecy quoted at page 450 of our last volume, with some ten others included in his reprint of a chap-book version, pub- lished in 1862. W. Craic.—An account of Beeston Castle, built by Ranulph, Earl of Chester, will be fownd in Ormerod’s Cheshire, ii. p. 8. CiEricus.— We can add nothing more to what has already appeared in our columns. W. A. Crarxke and G. J. Anrmytace.— Next week. Enquirer.— No. T. W. C. (Danesfort).—Please repeat. C,. Newmayn.—A cross was erected at Newark, as at Northampton, Waltham, Charing Cross, d&c., to mark one

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356 NOTES AND QUERIES. (°SxXLamag at Newark bears the —_—s and orna- mented 1778, at the expense of Charles Mellisk, Esq., Recorder.” of the sean onan a of the corpse of eee Eleanor, That inscription NOTICE. We beg leave to state that we decline to return com- munications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. To all communications should be affixed the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. Editorial Communications should be addressed to “ The Editor ’’—Advertisements and Business Letters to “ The Publisher”’—at the Office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. H £E ART-JOURBRNAL for MAY (price 2a. 6d.), contains the following Line Engravings. I, IL PENSEROS0O, after A. Johnston. II. The LETTER-BAG, after C. Green. IIL. SCARBOROUGH, after J. M. W. Turner, R.A. lh Contributions :—The Dee : its Aspect and its History. Part IV. By J. 8. Howsom, D.D., Dean of Chester, illustrated—Chapters towards - History of Vrnamental Art. No. V. By P. Edward Hulme, F.L.8., F.8.A., illustrated—Exhibitions: The French Gallery, Society of British Artists, Birmingham Society of — Vienna Ex- hibition, illustrated— Pictures = J Fale, mA a T. Creswick, R.A., at South Kensington— Art in the Belfr _v be Liewellynn Jewitt, F.S.A., illustrated- Life in the 2, “Thames, by H. R. Robertson, illustrated—Schools of Art— Marine Contributions to Art. No. 111. Pearls and the Pearl Fisheries. By P. L. Simmonds— Famous Jewels, by John Piggot. jun.—New Pictures by G. Doré, &c. *,* The Volume for 1872 is now ready, price 31s. 6d., bound in cloth. London: VIRTUE & CO. Ivy Lane, and all Booksellers. PHOTOGRAPHS OF NGLAND, Scotland, Ireland, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, India, Canada, the East, and many other aces ’ PORTRAITS of CELEBRITIES, PHOTOGRAPHS from CELEBRATED PICTURES, May be seen and selected from at MARION & © 4 22 and 23, SOHO SQUARE. Collections of Phot &e., pleted, arranged, mounted, re-mounted. titled, and + Catal on applicat On Indian Paper, fine Impressions, size 17 by 134, M. W. TURNER’S, R.A., Illustrations (on e sheets) to Milton’s Poems. Paradise Lost,3. Paradise Regained, & Comus,l. Lycidas,1. The set of Seven sent free for dis, 64. London: WILLIAM TEGG, Pancras Lane, Cheapside. UMBERLAND and DURHAM GLEAN. INGS, Historical, Antiemeatan, and jeal, from Early Manuscripts, Parish Registers, Rare Books, ON &e., just published. > penton 0m Sense paper, My aS ye by book pt of thi —Addrese JAM WELL Nos No. 2, Miilamay Bineets Ball's sits Pon i London, N N. - NOTICE.— BIBLICAL LITERATURE. \ ESSRS. BAGSTER’'S CATALOGUE. Illustrated with Speci Pages. By post, free. SAMUEL BAGSTER & SONS, 15, Paternoster Row. ‘0 BOOK BUYERS.—Rare County Histories, Dr. Dibdin's Bibi: ieal Works, Belles Lettres, Curious Jest, 7 ~ Fren Ce ® omances, oe Li ryt KY 202. a PEBT, 15, Conduit Street, Bond Strect, W. Libtaries parehased. Miscellaneous Books, including the — Library of W. THOROLD, Esq, Mots HODGSON will SELL by AUCTION, at their Rooms, 1/5, Gees Lane, W.C. (Fleet Street end), mg the MONTH of MAY lection of MISCELLANEOUS ia includivug the Library Fa, oa THUR OED, Esq., 0. B,, com- prising works on deiiclture,, Arebs meng A Mechanics, apd ‘Engineering, Rail and Road i Making, avigation, the Fine Arts, &c. | Catalogues are preparing, Valuable Bapks, portion EDWARD RYE, fog aoe, (remocion (removing). ve ESSRS. HODGSON will SELL AU CT Pisderoyst Pesidence : om oft. in’ V vols, Famil —Seott’ s Novels, &c. vols, — —W mig a 70 EY ong sets of Magazines and eri —Interesting Tracts and Trials relating to the Popish Works in General Literature, &c. ‘atalogues are preparing. PARTRIDGE AND COOPER, MANUFACTURING STATIONERS, 192, Fleet Street (Corner of Chancery Lane), CARRIAGE PAID TO THE COUNTRY ON ORDERS EXCEEDING 20s. NOTE PAPER, Cream or Blue, 3s., 44., 5é., and 64. per ream, ENVELOPES, Cream or Blue, 4s. 6d., 5¢. 6d., and 6s. 6d. per 100) THE TEMPLE ENVELOPE, with High Inner Flap, ls. per, STRAW PAPER—Improved quality, 2s 6d. per ream. POOLSCAP, Hand-made Outsides, 8s. 6d. per ream. BLACK-BORDERED NOTE, 4s. and 6s. 6d. per ream. BLACK-BORDERED ENVELOPES, ls. per 100—Super thick qualiiy, TINTED LINED were. for Home or Foreign Correspondence (ie colours), 5 quires for ls. 6d. COLOURED STAMPING (Relief), reduced to 4s. 6d. per ¥ 6d. per 1000. Polished Steel Crest Dies engraved Bones mere ‘two J mane) from 5a. ; aon letters, from from 7a, smaMon PAPER, ~— 4s. per ream ; Ruled ditto, 4. 6d. SCHOOL STATIONERY supplied on the most liberal terma Illustrated Price List of Inkstands, Despatch Boxes, Stat, Postage Seales, Writing Cases, Portrait Albums, (EsTap.isaep 1841.) 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COLLINSON & LOCK (late Herring), DECORATORS, 109, FLEET STREET, LONDON. Established 1782 € Vie ‘

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