The Outlook 1915-12-01

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The Outlook DECEMBER 1, 1915 Offices, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York THE STORY OF THE WAR: AMERICA AND GERMANY We commend to the attention of those who say that America has no need to fear a victo- rious Germany this utterance of the “ Frank- furter Zeitung,” an influential German paper : Few events of the war have caused such wide- spread or deep bitterness in Germany as the attitude of the United States after war was declared. A certain time will be required for Germany to recuperate. It would be a pity if this recuperation should be disturbed by com- mercial conflicts resulting from the present atti- tude of the United States. When Germany has recovered from the war, she will undertake a widespread, well-engineered work of education in America as to the relative merits of Germans and Britons. If necessary, the mailed fist will also be applied to American aberrations. Meanwhile Germany will show patience and consideration for certain weak sides of the American national character. No action or even remonstrance has, as we write (November 24), come from our Government about the Ancona atrocity, nor has anything whatever been done about the Lusitania slaughter. ‘The Administration is mistaken if it thinks that the American peo- ple will forget or forgive inaction in these matters. We have not seen the difference between our claims upon Great Britain and our wrongs suffered from Germany better stated than in the following sentences from the New York ‘Evening Post:” “Great Britain’s offenses, however serious, lie in a domain in which definjtion is difficult, in which the stretching of precedents, the remaking of rules, has always been going on ; while the German pretension of a right to- kill non-combatants on merchant ships is in flat violation of a principle of international right which has been held inviolable for gen- erations, and the abandonment of which would be a betrayal of the cause of humanity itself.”’ On another page we print a portrait of Dr. Cecile Greil, the American woman whose story of the sinking of the Ancona (now before our Government in the form of an affidavit) shows her to be clear-headed anda competent and careful observer. Whatever may be the fact as regards an attempt on the part of the Ancona to escape—and what vessel would not attempt to escape when the alternative, at the best, is the placing of crew and passengers in small boats on the open sea ?—that matter is of infinitely inferior consequence to the fact, testified to by Dr. Greil and others, that the Austrian submarine continued to shell the Ancona long after it came to a stop, and then torpedoed and sank it while innocent non-combatants, including women and children, were still on board or were close to it in open boats. The great loss of life on the Ancona has perhaps drawn atten- tion away from the fact that this is only one of niany vessels sunk in the Mediterranean by Austrian and German submarines. Our Consul, Mr. Mason, who was sent to Bizerta to examine the Ancona’s survivors, declares that between the 3d and 7th of November thirteen vessels were sunk by submarines in that vicinity. Mr. Mason, by the way, con- firms the general opinion of Dr. Greil as “ an intelligent and impartial witness.” GERMAN PLOTS IN AMERICA The trial in New York City of Karl Buenz, the managing director in this country of the Hamburg-American Line, and of other offi- cials of the company, began last week before a Federal court. ‘The facts alleged by our Government are openly admitted by these conspirators. Very briefly stated, it is admitted that they sent out under false clearances and manifests vessels _ secretly chartered by the Hamburg Company, loaded with food, coal, and other supplies intended for, and in most cases actually delivered to, German war-vessels on the high seas or in foreign ports. The prosecution holds that this is a violation of our customs law, and also in effect a violation of the neu- trality of our Government. So far as the defense has been outlined, it is that the purpose was not to deceive the Ameri- can Government (although most positively that was done), but to deceive and injure 765

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766 the enemies of Germany. address Mr. In his opening Wood, the Assistant United States District Attorney who is prosecuting the case, described this as an attempt “to ride roughshod over the laws of the United States.” The offenses were not confined to New York, and it is charged that the conspiracy to aid Germany by violating our laws was widespread and involved a very large number of vessels—seventeen, we think, is the number. Moreover, witnesses have already testified to the existence of one fund of $750,000 used for these and similar purposes on the order of Captain Boy-Ed, the Naval Attaché of the German Embassy. Captain Boy-Ed is, of course, exempt from prosecution as a diplomatic representative, but after the conclusion of this case it is incredible that he should be still regarded as persona grata. And how about Captain Franz von Papen, who called Americans idiots (4/édsinnige), and who is also said to be involved in anti-American German activity ? The Buenz trial brings to public view only one of the many activities which have been carried on in this country contrary to law. Patience, of course, must be exercised toward our Government in its efforts to bring to a satisfactory conclusion the prosecutions and investigations under way relating to the plot- ting of fires and explosions in munition plants and ships. ‘That these piots should be ex- posed and punished is one of the most important National matters now pending. Making all allowance for sensationalism and falsehood, there is absolutely no question that there has been a vast conspiracy, financed with immense sums of money. One indication of this is the recent statement by the Fire Marshal of Pennsylvania, Mr. Joseph L. Baldwin, after an official inquiry into the Bethlehem Steel, Roebling, and other fires. Mr. Baldwin says: ‘“ Every one of the fires in plants making munitions and other sup- plies for the Allies was of incendiary nature, started by persons who have not as yet been discovered.” THE SITUATION IN GREECE The relation of Greece to the Allies appears at this writing to be somewhat better than has lately been supposed. Last week appeared a detailed and apparently authentic statement that an embargo or blockade, or both, had been placed upon Greek commerce and Greek trading vessels held up in the ports of France and Great Britain. This THE OUTLOOK 1 December statement, whicli was cabled from Athens as being that of the British Legation, attributed the action to the attitude adopted by the Greek Government “ as regards certain ques- tions concerning the security of the allied troops and the liberty of action to which they are entitled in connection with the disem- barkation of allied troops on Greek terri- tory.” Later, however, it was announced that the embargo and blockade had not actually been put in operation, and the infer- ence seems to be that the interview of the King with Lord Kitchener, which took place last week, and the influence in Athens of a French Cabinet Minister, M. Cochin, had resulted in assurances that the demands of the Allies would be complied with. These demands do not include entrance by Greece into the war, but assurances that French, 3ritish, and also Servian troops, which may have to retreat over the borders of Servia and Bulgaria back into Greece, will not be disarmed or opposed by the Greek army. This is absolutely essential to the safety and security of the forces of the Allies in the Balkans, and it is also right that the assur- ance should be given, because the forces of the Allies which landed at Salonika did so on the tacit, if not actual, invitation of Greece. The internal situation of Greece is dis- turbed, and almost anything may happen. The resignation of the present Premier, Stephanos Skouloudis, is predicted as im- minent. If the Allies are to oppose the great drive of the combined Teutonic and Bulgarian forces, they must assemble and support a formidable army whose only road toward the field of war is through Greece. The blockade proposed by the Allies, but now apparently abandoned, is described from the point of view of international law as one of those steps known as ‘“ measures of con- straint short of war.”’ Mr. Rhallis, the Greek Minister of Justice, has published a long statement in which he declares that his Gov- ernment is now taking an attitude “ more in conformity with the desires of the Allies,”’ and that any idea that an attempt would be made by Greece to disarm the Allies “is senseless,”’ but that ‘“‘ we do not wish to be another Belgium or Servia.” THE PROGRESS OF THE WAR The subjugation of Servia has proceeded with ruthless steadiness and against heroic and really marvelous resistance. It seems now improbable that the Servians who have

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been fighting the German and Bulgarian ad- vance from the north and east can make their way to join their comrades who have been fighting the Bulgarians in the south. Novibazar, Mitrovica, Pristina, and Prilep are important points occupied by their ene- mies, and Monastir is either captured or in imminent danger. Servian forces have been forced westward into Montenegro and are fighting with the Montenegrins against the Austrians. The official despatches from both of the combatants allege atrocities, mutilation of the wounded, and ill treatment of prisoners. In southern Servia the Allies and the Servians have won some successes ; obviously, however, they are waiting for rein- forcements. It is asserted that General Joffre has persuaded England to abandon the Dar- danelles and send the forces now there to Salonika. Nowhere has the fighting been more severe during the week than in the Italian opera- tions aimed ultimately against Trieste. For five months the most important part of the campaign along the Isonzo has been directed against Gorizia, which guards the line of at- tack against Trieste, and is itself guarded by natural defenses which make it almost im- pregnable. In order to gain possession of the approach to Gorizia and bombard that city, the Italians must take height after height. Last week it was reported that they had gained possession of the Podgora Heights, which are regarded as the key to Gorizia, as in turn Gorizia is often regarded as the key to Trieste. It is predicted that the fall of Gorizia will follow, yet it is admitted that there are three or four other heights which must be gained to open the road entirely. Deep gorges, narrow valleys, high cliffs, make all this country almost ideal for defense. It is at least certain that the Italians have been fighting with the utmost fierceness, and have attacked again and again positions from which a terrible fire was poured upon them. THE UNIVERSITY AND NATIONAL PREPAREDNESS It is beginning to be clearly seen that any great and effective policy of National defense includes, not merely a scheme of military pre- paredness, but co-ordinated schemes of devel- oping and organizing the individual and mate- rial resources of the country. Two weeks ago The Outlook published an article by Mr. Franklin T. Miller outlining a way in which the manufacturing industries of the country 1915 THE WEEK 767 can be mobilized for the promotion of Amer- ican efficiency and defense. The advocates of good roads, of well-managed railways, and of properly worked mines are coming into the movement. ‘The question has now been raised whether the colleges and the universi- ties of the country have not a very real part to play in the development of National pre- paredness. Dr. Stewart Paton, of Princeton, New Jersey, has published in the issue of ** Science” for November 5 a letter which seems to us a striking contribution to the discussion of what he calls “the National malady of general unpreparedness for either war or peace.” Dr. Paton rightly believes that no move- ment for military or industrial preparedness will avail much unless there is a dynamic intellectual power in American civilization to direct it. In presenting the following four definite questions he asks: ‘What active preparations are our universities making to assume their share in this great movement ?” 1. Can you suggest a method by which a freer interchange of opinion and criticism be- tween universities might be effected ? 2. How can we combat the obsessions and over-valued ideas that are the common accom- paniments of emotional reactions associated with athletic contests and which make it ex- tremely difficult to substitute the National for the provincial idealin university administration? 3. Do you believe that a broader and more intelligent spirit would be introduced into the administration of affairs if the principle was carried into practice of adding faculty repre- sentatives, including those from other universi- ties, to each board of trustees or overseers ? 4, Have you any suggestion to offer in regard to the changes in the present form of organiza- tion so that the administration of the finances and the formulation of the educational policy should not be under the control of a single board of trustees ? Would it not be useful if some of our uni- versity leaders arranged a conference under university and college auspices for a public discussion of the function of the university and the college in the development of National efficiency ? A CALL TO ARMS FOR PEACE At the recent dinner of the New York Chamber of Commerce Darwin P. Kingsley, President of the New York Life Insurance Company, made an address which has deserv- edly attracted wide attention. Although the address was permeated with the spirit of a fine

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idealism, it cannot be waved aside as the expression of a visionary, for Mr. Kingsley is known as a practical and successful man of affairs. He points out, what The Outlook has often iterated and reiterated, that the struggle in Europe is fundamentally a strug- gle between free democracy and autocratic sovereignty : A striking feature of this war is that its divisions do not follow the usual lines of cleav- age. Neither race nor color nor religion is primarily responsible for the conditions in Eu- rope nor for the cataclysm which has occurred. Christians are fighting Christians, Jews are killing Jews, Moslems are against Moslems, whites are murdering whites, men of color are fighting their own kind, Saxons are fighting their own breed, Slavs are against Slavs. The system of Europe has been that of national sovereignty, and “no sovereignty,” says Mr. Kingsley, “‘ except that of Germany saw fully what this meant. Germany saw it long ago. Sovereignty from the beginning meant ultimate world dominion by some na- tion. It could mean nothing else.” Mr. Kingsley then proceeds to show that the American system embodies the idea of yielding some portion of sovereign rights for the welfare of all. The thirteen colonies were originally sovereignties, and in 1787 it was perhaps more radical and difficult to weld those thirteen sovereignties into a feder- ation for the common good than it would be to-day to weld the civilized nations of the world into a federation for the common good. Mr. Kingsley believes in arming the United States in the most efficient way possible, not for the purpose of maintaining its national sovereignty against any or all other national sovereignties, but in order that it may be prepared to enter a world conference for the purpose of establishing an international feder- ation along the lines laid down in the Phila- delphia platform of the League to Enforce Peace. With this programme we are in hearty sympathy, and we think that Mr. Kingsley has done a public service in calling attention to the fact that military prepared- ness does not mean preparedness for war, but really preparedness against war for peace. The League to Enforce Peace, organized at Philadelphia not many weeks ago, of which ex-President Taft is the Chairman, proposes that the civilized nations of the world shall enter such a league, and shall agree to submit all justiciable questions to an 768 THE OUTLOOK 1 December international tribunal. If any single signatory nation attacks any other without such a sub- mission of the controversy, all signatories to the league shall come to the armed defense of the unjustly attacked nation. We agree with ex-President Eliot of Harvard that the League should go a step further and agree to use the combined military forces of the signatory nations to enforce the decrees of the major- ity. But, in any event, we think that Mr. Kingsley is right in his belief that the ideal to work towards is an international federation in which the armies and navies of the na- tional members shall be used as an interna- tional police force. If the United States is to enter such a league, it must have an army and navy with which it can do its share in this pacific work. CONGRESS The Sixty-fourth Congress will convene at Washington on Monday, December 6. It may, perhaps, turn out to be the most impor- tant session of the National Legislature since the Civil War, for it will have to deal with some of the most complicated and passion- breeding foreign questions that have ever perplexed a Washington Administration. There are domestic policies to be debated which in ordinary times would be important enough, such as the building up of a merchant marine, the administration of the Philippines, the establishment of a correct budget system of Government finance, the modification of anti-trust laws so as to permit efficient indus- trial combinations under Government regula- tion, and the creation of a tariff commission to deal with the complicated details of com- mercial protection. But these questions are vvershadowed by the problems connected with the relations of the United States to Europe and to Mexico. What will Congress have to say about the murderous sinking of the Lusitania and the inhumane destruction of the Ancona? What will it say about the shipment of munitions and the alleged destruction by Teutonic agencies of munition plants in the United States ? Will it approve of the recognition of Carranza and the efforts of the Administra- tion to protect American interests in Mexico by a policy of watchful waiting ? What atti- tude will the followers of Mr. Bryan in Con- gress take towards the Administration ? Congress is generally a law unto itself, and it is both out of place and useless to prophesy what is going to happen at the

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1915 THE Capitol during the coming winter. It is, however, beyond question that the session will be one of great debates, serious difference of opinion, and perhaps radical action. We wish there were ground for hoping that the first act after organization would be the pas- sage of a joint resolution reading something like this: ‘* The Senate and House in joint session assembled respectfully ask the Presi- dent to lay before Congress a statement of what he has done about the sinking of the Lusitania and the death thereon of innocent American men, women, and children. The President is also respectfully requested to inform Congress what promises of reparation the German Government has made and what grounds of hope he has for expecting a rep- aration that will be satisfactory to the self- respect of the American people.” If Con- gress passed such a resolution and then adjourned for three days to give the President and the State Department ample time for reply, it would, we believe, have behind it the loyal support of ninety-nine one hun- dredths of the people of the United States. A GOVERNOR UNDER FIRE Last week we reported an act of lawless- ness by a city against an agitator in the story of the exclusion, by an ununiformed police captain and without any kind of legal pro- cedure, of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn from a public meeting which she had every legal right to enter. This week we report a law- less persecution of a Governor by agitators. As strongly in the one case as in the other is the lesson of respect for law involved. Governor Spry, of Utah, refused to par- don a convicted murderer, a man named Hillstrom, also known as “ Joe Hill, the Hobo Poet,’’ and, in accordance with the law of Utah, which gave him the choice between hanging and shooting, Hillstrom was shot to death. Of his guilt there can be little, if any, doubt; the jury found sufficient evidence that he and another man, both masked, das- tardly attacked and killed J. G. Morrison, a grocer, and Morrison’s young son. Hill- strom’s only defense was the unsupported assertion that he spent the night in company with a woman whose name he was bound by honor to conceal. He said that in a quar- rel which ensued he received the wound vhich led to his arrest asthe assassin of Morrison. ‘The motive for the crime alleged was the hatred of Hillstrom for Morrison WEEK 769 because the latter had previously, as a po- liceman, acted brutally in his treatment of members of the Industrial Workers of the World, to which Hillstrom belonged. In a measure the murder was a class-hatred crime, but none the less a crime. The pressure brought to bear upon Gov- ernor Spry was extraordinary. Because Hillstrom was a Swede the many Swedes in Utah were stirred. Because he was a mem- ber of the International Workers of the World that association was all but wild with rage. Because Hillstrom was not a Mormon, it was charged that the Mormon Church was perse- cuting him. Because of influence brought by the Swedish Minister, President Wilson twice, at a considerable interval, telegraphed an expression of his hope of clemency—the second time most unadvisedly, we think, be- cause he alleged no real reason for his action, and Governor Spry’s reply was crushingly convincing. ‘The Governor and the Board of Pardons stood firm, even although at the very last moment Hillstrom’s counsel de- clared they had found a new and vital witness whose name, it turned out, was unknown to Hillstrom, and whose very existence is doubt- ful. Letters and offers to testify poured in, but, although the Governor offered large re- wards for genuine evidence to clear Hillstrom, none appeared. So the convicted murderer was executed ; and before and after the execution the honest, conscientious Governor of Utah, William Spry, who did his plain duty, has been abused, threat- ened, and openly told that he must leave the State. A correspondent of The Outlook in Utah thus describes what he saw when he visited Governor Spry on November 12, just a week before Hillstrom was executed : ‘On the table beside us lay a pile of letters demanding, under penalty of death for himself and his family and the destruction of the city, that, regardless of facts or evidence, he should pardon a convicted murderer, sentenced to pay the fixed and proper penalty of the law; letters so vile, so pernicious, that one or two alone would stir one’s blood; but there are not ‘ one or two,’ but fifteen thousand. Three extracts are enough to show their character : ‘After Joe is executed, all the people of means will suffer;’ ‘ You may consider that on November 18 at midnight, if you have not commuted the sentence of J. H., you will be executed ;’ and one terse one—‘ BIG.BILL. SPRY. KEEP. YOUR. EYE. ON. THE.THREE.STORY. WINDOWS. THAT IS WHERE SHOT WILL COME

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cpmgereny rae a eT FROM THAT WILL SEND YOU TO HELL.’ Let- ters were there from higher sources, yet all severely critical; as one from one of the biggest newspapers of the East, saying: ‘You, sir, would serve your State best at this time by assuring the country that it is safe for any man to enter its borders. Public opinion is growing fast against you and your courts.’ Piled beside these were petitions from churches, Socialist locals, labor organi- zations, women, all demanding clemency. On the trains winding their way into the city over the rails we could see from the Capitol windows that grim, determined men were coming into town.” But William Spry-stood firm, and the coun- try honors him for his courage under fire. MR. OSBORNE AND SING SING PRISON From the tangled web of testimony con- cerning the management of Sing Sing Prison it is difficult for the public to form a clear idea of the real issues at stake. One reads, for instance, that in a wholly unprece- dented fashion a_ prisoner was_ spirited away from Sing Sing at the instigation of acounty district attorney; an act later declared by the courts to be without any sanction of the law. _ Again, readers of the newspapers are told that other prisoners, temporarily released from prison to serve as witnesses for the county authorities who have taken it upon themselves to investigate the affairs of the prison, added something to the general knowledge that the walls of Sing Sing do not harbor a regiment of plaster saints. Of the relation of such stories to the funda- mental problem, to the fight between the newer and older penology, to the reformation Warden Osborne has worked out in the management of prison industries, or to the constant hostility against which he has had to contend (a hostility deep-seated in the political, bureaucratic, and financial self- ishness of his opponents), little, however, reaches public attention. To defend Warden Osborne is by no means to claim that he has completed a reorganiza- tion of prison affairs without blundering in any particular ; nor is it to claim that in the brief months which he has had at Sing Sing he has done more than make a beginning of the journey towards the goal of a just and humane prison administration. Any visitor, however, who has had the privilege of even a day in the prison under Warden Osborne’s 770 THE OUTLOOK control can find convincing testimony as to the tremendous moral advance which has already been made over the conditions that existed under previous administrations. In preference to giving a’ more detailed discussion of the problems that confront War- den Osborne and the advance which he has made, we publish here part of a letter from a convict who knows both the new and ‘the old régime : When I came here, I was crushed in spirit, broken in body, and full of bitterness against everybody, same as mostof the men who came here. The rules of this Prison were very strictly and unhuman. In the shoe shop where I worked were three keepers, but the days could not be passed without fighting with knives or other instrument and some- times the fights were very bloody. We worked very little and we did not work well and some- time we wasted raw material and damaged the state property, because the rage and the bit- terness was so great in the man’s heart against the prison officials and against the society who sent us here with long sentences, that we could not fight against our own feelings. Every day at four o’clock we were locked up and we have only a few slices of bread and tea for supper. The cells were damp and musty without air and so in the summer it was hot, in winter it was too cold and suffered much. Holi- days and Sundays were the worst, locked up twenty-four to forty-eight hours, when we came out the next morning every one of us were nearly crazy, unsound in mind by the different kind of drugs that we used on them days. In these days happened the biggest trouble in the shops and all over the prison. ... We were punished sometime without examination on the untruthful reports of the keepers. The punish- ment consisted being put into the dark or light cell without bed, two slices of bread and water daily. We slept on the stone floor. When we came out again, we was not a bit better but good deal worst, sick, disordered in mind, full with vindictiveness and we longed for revenge. There were very few men who was not punished under the old system UNDER_THE NEW REGIME This is what this convict writer has to say of the change that came over the prison with the advent of Mr. Osborne and the estab- lishment of the Mutual Welfare League : About a year ago came Mr. Osborne and with him his new system and the league. Mr. Osborne understood our condition, our situation in the prison and outside the institution. He trusted and treated like a father would treat his sick children and we wondered from his goodness.

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CARTOONS OF THE WEEK King in the Harrisburgh Patriot Harding in the Brooklyn Eagle ft Cc *ece THE BALKAN QUESTION A QUESTION AND ITS ANSWER WAR MAP OF SERVIA From Punch (London) HRA iH! 1 } Adi Ut i Dear Old Lady (with strict ideas of war economy, to her nephew, who has just been promoted from the ranks d has donned officer’s uniform for the first time) ; “‘ Well, you do look nice, Reggie, dear; but don’t you think you 23 ght wear out your old uniform first and keep this one for Sundays ?” A WOMAN’S IDEA OF MILITARY ECONOMY

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CARTOONS OF THE WEEK Chamberlain in the New York Sun = U.S. to Alma Mater: “ Why not train them to fight for me as well as they do for you?” A LESSON FROM THE FOOTBALL FIELD De Mar in the Philadelphia Record Burwell in the Washington Herald LOOKS AS IF THE WAR HAD MOVED TEAM WORK (NEW STYLE) “NO NEWS ON THE WESTERN FRONT’— WORKING AT CROSS-PURPOSES AS TO BUT OUR FACTORIES ARE BURNED _ NATIONAL DEFENSE

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> NUTS (na VW YN THE WEEK 773 He presented us with his confidence and founded our faithful friend the M. W. L. a new epoch is started with the league. It is a body of prison self-government. The shops are repre- sented by delegates according to the number of inmates working in each shops. The league has his own constitution and governed by nine members of the executive boards, elected among the delegates. They made the rules and consult in every thing with the warden. The rules are carried out by the seargant at arms and his deputies. The executive board make the necessary rules and improvements, what the members of the league need, recom- mend it to the warden and with his consent be- come the rules of the league. The new system of the League made a great change all over the prison. We do not use drugs any more. Our excited temper became calme and so in the shoe shop in this year not was a single fight and only a very few happened in the other shops. Now every body willing to work and we do our work with care and win- ningly. Everybody is content with the situa- tion, work with pleasure and this way we pro- duced fifty per cent more shoes than the other year. The discipline, the order in the shops and among the inmates are wonderful, and so we do notneed three guards in the shoe shop any more. We march under the care of our delegates and seargant at arms and we have no keeper in the mess-hall. In the different kind of schools we make up our defective study, and every evening we have very interesting and sometime joyfully time, when we forget our past and we think only for the better future. We donot plan any more sin that we intended to commite when we left this place. But our ambition now to learn what we have neglected. The league set our mind in the right direction and not only showed the way to the honest life but gave us a helpful hand in everytime. We do not dream revenges, but we work steady, and teach ourselves to do good and so we are going to show the people our real character. Our self-feeling became again under the league treatment. It seems to us that this convict has stated more clearly than any investigating commit- tee could have done the real issu¢ at Sing Sing. THE LIQUOR QUESTION IN NEW YORK New York is frequently regarded as one of the most backward States in its handling of the liquor problem. Its liquor law, de- signed chiefly as a revenue measure, pro- vides small opportunity for the citizens of the State to vote whether or not they desire to permit the sale of intoxicating bev erages. Under the Raines Law only the citizens of townships are permitted to vote on the question at all. The citizens of munici- palities are wholly disfranchised in this regard. It is somewhat of a surprise, therefore, to hear that the Anti-Saloon League claims that the greatest proportionate gain made by the temperance movement in any State in tue country during the past year was made in New York. Facts, however, furnish excel- lent grounds for the acceptance of this state- ment as true. The gain made was threefold in charac- ter: in no-license territory and increased temperance representation both in the State Legislature and in the National Congress. Last year the Anti-Saloon League reported the election of thirty Assemblymen pledged to the passage of its Optional Prohibition Ref- erendum Bill, a measure commended at the time of its introduction in the Assembly by The Outlook. Last year this bill received fifty- three votes. This year the Anti-Saloon League reports the election of forty-four members of the Assembly pledged to the support of this bill. It is expected that the vote in the Assembly will again show a marked increase over the number pledged to its support in advance. There were five Congressional vacancies to be filled in the entire country at the last election. Three of these were in New York. The retiring Congressmen holding these posi- tions were all regarded as “wet.” Their places have been filled by three men who will support the submission of the National Prohibition Amendment to the States. An- other notable victory for the Anti-Saloon League was the defeat of Mr. Charles H. Betts for & Republican nomination for Con- gress in the pre-election campaign. Coming back to the question of voting in townships which are permitted to have a voice on the liquor question, a still greater advance is recorded. The latest reports which are furnished by the Excise Depart- ment and the Anti-Saloon League show that during the past year there has been a net gain of 78 totally dry towns. Including those which provide for liquor sold only on a physician’s prescription, the total is 91. Only six towns previously dry voted during the past year to return to the open sale of liquor. More than half the townships of New York State are now legally dry, in- cluding 26 which permit the sale of liquor at drug-stores on a physician’s prescription.

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SO 8 ER me = 2 7 OE SS SS RES LTT ae Sar oman VSSIZ See The drys have control of 511 townships out of a total of 932. The Anti-Saloon League is, however, not satisfied with this excellent showing, a show- ing which in a large measure has been due to the organized efficiency of its campaign. The League again reiterated its hostility towards Mr. William Barnes, and its inten- tion of forcing him out of the political lime- light of New York. This is a large order, but even larger orders have been filled when sufficient effort has been applied to the task. Ina recent public statement Mr. Anderson, the Superintendent of the League in New York State, voiced the determination of his organi- zation as follows : The New York Republican organization has a chance to save the party Nationally from em- barrassment and to prove its good faith at home by hanging up a sign, “ This Place Has Changed Hands.” If New York Republicanism lacks the intelligence and character to do this, then the party Nationally must protect itself by suppressing Mr. Barnes unless it wants to antag- onize that great body of decent party members who feel that it is past time to divorce party management from liquor traffic. Mr. Anderson had a remarkable record as a leader of the Anti-Saloon League forces in Maryland and Illinois before he came to New York. His political opponents are the first to admit that he has the courage of his convictions. LESCHETIZKY It is as the man who taught Paderewski that Theodore Leschetizky (or, as spelled in the Polish fashion, Leszetycki) can perhaps be best identified. He died, at the age of eighty-five, a few days ago. Not since the day of Czerny, whose pupil he was, has there been any name to compare with that of this son of Poland as a teacher of the piano. Among his pupils, besides Paderewski, are to be counted, not only such pianists as Sieveking, Hopekirke, and Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler, whose reputation has been long estab- lished, but such younger artists as Mark Hambourg and Ossip Gabrilowitsch. Of him Paderewski has said in a recent interview printed in the New York ‘“ Times ” that, while ‘“‘ Liszt and Rubinstein represented the summit of achievement at the time” as virtuosos, ‘and while their influence on the public was unlimited, their influence in form- ing a tradition to be carried on by pupils could not be compared to that of Lesche- 774 THE OUTLOOK tizky,’’ and that “ the essence of Leschetizky’s instruction was that every one of his pupils had to play musically,” so that he was not merely a teacher of skill and amazing tech- nique, but that he was a teacher who most wished “to have the lyric side of the art in the place of most emphasis.” Countess Potocka, Leschetizky’s sister-in-law, and his biographer, says in her book about him: ‘* He once remarked to me that the pianist’s art is akin to the actor's: the piano should be used declamatorily; the pianist must speak.’’ These two bits of testimony agree at least in this one respect, that Leschetizky laid stress on the musical substance rather than the technical form. Like many other artists, Leschetizky was aman of moods. His sister-in-law says that one of the duties of her sister, his wife, was to stand between him and his pupils; for those who fell out of favor had recourse to her for protection and for the renewing of their hopes. Perhaps Leschetizky’s uncer- tainty of temper may be accounted for by the treatment he received from his father. In Countess Potocka’s gossipy book it is recorded that Josef Leschetizky would punish the small boy Theodore for the most trifling offenses, and then, if a visitor happened to call, would, in his pride at his son’s talents, go in search of him, and, finding him vindic- tively retrospective, drag him from his hiding- place and cajole him into better humor. When the boy was in the mood for composi- tion, the father would decry his efforts, sug- gesting that he had better use his energy where there was more hope for return ; and if the boy was especially diligent in practicing, his ‘father would exclaim: ‘That’s what one comes to when there are no brains! You play and play, and forget that without com- position you will never be an artist.” Theodore Leschetizky was born and brought up in a region that has become one of the great battlefields of the present war. There, at his birthplace, near Lemberg, he heard the legends and folk-songs of the Polish people, with their. romance, their tales of valor, their gruesome tragedies. He was a boy prodigy. His first public appearance as a pianist was at the age of nine. His career brought him into contact with many musicians of note—Liszt, of course, and Czerny, and Donizetti, Gounod, Rubinstein, and Carl Goldmark, among others—and took him into the courts of grand dukes and em- perors. His first appearance at the Russian 1 December Bil Th to | pla ing Scl con onl fra; imp

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1915 THE Court afforded an illustration of his independ- ence, for when he found that the piano was a bad one, he told the harbinger of the royal household that he simply wouldn’t use it, and left Peterhof for St. Petersburg, and the royal household had to get along with- out him. The next time he was invited he was given the privilege of choosing his own pianoforte before he came. His sister-in-law’s book is full of anecdotes of his rather varied career, which included two divorces for incompatibility. As an illustration of his prodigious memory, she tells of his playing a Rubinstein trio with a violinist and a cellist at St. Petersburg ; then, without restudying it; fifteen years later per- forming it with another violinist and cellist at Vienna; and again, without even looking over the notes, twenty years later, with a still different pair of companions. Leschetizky was incidentally an opera com- poser. Hewill be remembered, not for any music that he has written, but for the great pianists he has taught and for his great con- tribution to the development of piano-playing. SOLOMON SCHECHTER A great Jewish scholar has died—Solomon Schechter. He was a Rumanian. When he had outstripped the intellectual requirements of his native village, he went to the Uni- versities of Vienna and Berlin, and in 1883 to England, where he remained twenty years. He became Reader of Rabbinics in the Uni- versity of Cambridge. In 1902 he became President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. He died in his sixty-ninth year. While he was at the University of Cam- bridge Dr. Schechter made a notable discov- ery. Some mutilated manuscripts had been offered for sale, and he was asked to identify them. He identified one of the pieces of parchment as a page from the long-lost Hebrew original of “‘ The Wisdom of Jesus, Son of Sirach” (the Ecclesiasticus of the Bible Apocrypha). The author calls himself ‘Jesus the Son of Sirach the Jerusalemite.’’ The leakage of these manuscripts was traced to the geniza, the “ lumber-room ” or hiding- place for old books and manuscripts adjoin- ing the Synagogue at Caird? This led to Dr. Schechter’s recovery of the immensely rich contents of the geniza, where were found, not only a large part of Sirach, but many other fragments of manuscripts of great interest and importance, to the identification and study of 775 which he made large contribution. Perhaps the most noteworthy of these were the ** Documents of Jewish Sectaries,”’ revealing, as they did, the teachings of a little-known Jewish sect in the region of Damascus about the beginning of the Christian era. | Besides these more distinctly learned labors, interest in which is naturally confined to a small circle of scholars, Dr. Schechter pub- lished many articles of a more general or popular character, which are collected in the two series on “ Studies in Judaism,” and his “ Aspects of Rabbinic Theology.” In a let- ter to The Outlook, one of the most dis- tinguished of Christian Biblical scholars, Professor George Foot Moore, of Harvard University, says of these writings and their author : They display not only a rare wealth of learn ing, but a sympathetic insight into widely di- verse minds and modes of thought. “ The Aspects of Rabbinic Theology,” in particular, is a work for which all students of ihe. New Testament in relation to the Jewish environ- ment of early Christianity owe a large debt of gratitude. Dr. Schechter was a scholar of a kind that is, I fear, rapidly becoming obsolete. His was not the modern art of research, which consists in pursuing a subject from catalogue to catalogue and from index to index. He read voluminously and attentively and thoughtfully, and he had his knowledge at his command. Many of his friends have regretted that he did not publish more, and had hoped that some day we should have from him a larger and more comprehensive work on Judaism, such as he was better quali- fied than any of his contemporaries to give us. He would have published more if he had been less thorough and less conscientious in his work. His knowledge and judgment were always at the service of those who turned to him for information and advice, which were given with the unfailing kindness that was in the char- acter of the man. His death is therefore not only a great loss to learning; it will be felt by many as a personal loss. WEEK THE FOOTBALL SEASON With the exception of the games between Cornell and Pennsylvania and between the Army and the Navy, the football season came to a practical conclusion on November 20. In the Middle West the Collegiate Con- ference football terminated with a tie in cham- pionship honors between Illinois and Minne- sota; neither team was defeated during the season’s progress, though Illinois was tied by

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Ohio State and Minnesota was tied by Urbana. Confronting each other, Illinois and Minnesota waged a drawn battle result- ing in a score of 6 to 6. Nebraska has also an equal claim to high rank in the West. In the Far West the Oregon Agricultural College broke the record of an all-but-triumphant sea- son, with but one defeat at the hands of the State University. In the course of their schedule the Oregon “ aggies” registered a defeat of the powerful team representing the Michigan Agricultural College. It was in the East, perhaps, that the most interesting developments in the football world occurred. Not a single team of the old-time “ Big Three”’ survived with a.clean record throughout the season. Indeed, under new football and the growth of modern sys- tems of coaching such a result is hardly to be expected except under the most unusual circumstances. Yale, undergoing her sec- ond year of training at the hands of Coach Hinkey, with the exception of the victory over Princeton, experienced the bitterest season in her history. Beaten by Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Colgate, Brown, and Harvard, she lost five out of the nine games on her schedule. More points were scored against Yale than she made herself. Princeton, with a new coach, succeeded in winning every game except the two upon which she most strongly set her heart. The defeat by Harvard in a close game hurt less, perhaps, than the defeat by Yale in a game which Princeton had every expectation of winning. Yale, apparently galvanized into life by the stimulus received from the addition of Shevlin to her coaching staff a short while before the game with Princeton, succeeded in beating her ancient rival from New Jersey by the score of 13 to7. However, the berserker fury which was injected into the Yale eleven for the Princeton game cooled rapidly a week later under the mechanical and mental perfection of the finished product of Haughton’s coaching. Harvard, slow to develop, reached her climax in the games with Princeton and Yale. The ease with which the Cambridge eleven out- played the New Haven team at every point really served to detract from rather than enhance the fame of Harvard football this pres- ent year. The combination of an offense so deceptive that again and again the Yale eleven failed absolutely in following the ball, and a defense which, except on two occasions, never permitted the Yale team within scoring dis- tance of the goal line, made the score of 41 776 THE OUTLOOK 1 December to 0 (the greatest ever registered against Yale), look almost like a simple and easy achievement. The rout of the New Haven forces in the Cambridge stadium makes inev- itable another drastic revision of the Yale coaching system. In the days since football rivalry between Harvard and Yale began Yale has won twenty-three games and Har- vard nine. Harvard therefore has a long way to go before the account is balanced. But if her scores continue to mount as they have in the past three years, she will soon be well on her way towards evening up past history. In the East, on comparative scores, the palm is by general consent awarded to Cornell, a statement which will stand un- less by the time this reaches our readers the Cornell team has suffered a defeat at the hands of Pennsylvania. Pennsyl- vania has, however, suffered defeats at the hands of Penn State, Pittsburgh, Lafayette, and Dartmouth. She has been tied by Michigan and the Navy. Cornell, like Har- vard, also seems on the high road to wipe out a record of long-continued defeat at the hands and feet of her dearest rival. Pittsburgh, like Cornell, came through an easier schedule without loss of a game. In point of victories records of Rutgers, Syra- cuse, Penn State, and Washington and Jeffer- son were also distinctly creditable. A DISTINGUISHED JAPANESE WRITER Baron Ei-Ichi Shibusawa, who is now visit- ing this country, is one of the foremost men of affairs in Japan. The Japanese ‘“‘ Who’s Who,” after printing his name, prints as the first word of characterization, ‘ Millionaire.” But being a millionaire is not a profession with Baron Shibusawa; it is one of the inci- dents of his varied and adventurous career. He is in his seventy-sixth year. He early entered the service of the last Shogun ; he visited Europe in 1867 as the companion of one of the princes of the Shogun’s family, and he gives a very entertaining account of his appearance in Paris in the dress of a Japanese Samurai, with its elaborate hair arrangement and with two swords. He took a position in the Treasury De- partment on the restoration of the Emperor and the organization of the Imperial Govern- ment in 1869, but resigned four years later because he differed with the Ministry on the question of fixing the expenditure of the Government departments. Since that day

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1915 THE Baron Shibusawa has held no public office ; but for many years he has been one of the foremost men of modern Japan in breadth of interest, largeness of vision, devotion to the State, and generosity. He has_ several times declined the position of Minister of Finance. He founded the first Na- tional Bank of Japan, organized the first commercial training institution, inaugurated the Tokyo Chamber of Commerce, and was for many years its chairman, In the business world of Japan he is the dominant figure ; but his interpretation of the word “business” includes every form of activity for the benefit of the public. He has been associated with almost numberless chari- table and altruistic enterprises ; and, above all, in season and out of season, he has been urging upon the Japanese people the neces- sity of keeping friends with the United States. ‘We can never forget,” he has said, “ that it was the United States that awoke us toourcon- dition, enabling us to enter into commerce and communication with the world.” His present visit is the third he has made, and he has been received at all points with the cordiality and respect to which his eminently honorable and useful life entitle him. Baron Shibusawa is greatly interested in religious and ethical questions, and is very familiar with the teach- ings of Confucius and of the Bible. It is said that he always carries with him on his jour- neys a copy of the Bible and of the Rongo, one of the most important of the Confucian texts. He is President of the Concordia Association, which aims to secure a better understanding between men of different re- ligious faiths, and of which a number of distinguished Americans are members. STRICKEN MEXICO An interesting and significant, although not in itseif an important, side-light on Mexico’s wretched condition was furnished the other day by the receipt in The Outlook’s office of a sonnet from Mexico, which we print below. The author is an American living in Mexico, who sent the poem to a friend living in Colorado, and the latter, in sending the poem to The Outlook, writes: ‘‘ On account of his personal safety and business interests I am obliged to withhold his name and my own, as his identity could be traced by letters addressed to me.”” To such a pass has the safety of Americans in Mexico come! ‘The writer of the sonnet, our correspondent adds, ‘has put into verse what your editorials WEEK 777 have so frequently emphasized,” and a word of special approval for the recent articles by Mr. Edward I. Bell in The Outlook is in- cluded. Here follows the sonnet; a sprig of the flower called “ Corazén de Maria ’”’ (Heart of Mary) was fastened to the poem: CORAZON DE MARIA Go, little flower, I bid thee now farewell! Go buffet wintry wave and drifting snow; Climb Colorado’s icy heights and tell The moving tale of mangled Mexico. Crushed are thy coral petals as they go, Forsaking scenes of loot and earthly hell, Where murder stalks abroad to lay us low, And seething hate and lust and pillage fell Lay waste the countryside from shore to shore. Crushed are thy petals, crushed thy waxen leaves; Fit emblem of the ruin which bereaves This stricken country, doomed to rise no more Till other peoples take her case in hand And foreign soldiers come to cleanse the land. Mexico, November 6, 1915. GERMANY’S LESSON TO AMERICA The ‘“ Engineering Magazine ” has been publishing an interesting series of articles by a Belgian engineer on the problems of secur- ing foreign trade for this country. The author is Mr. Frédéric Screibman, a graduate of the University of Liége. In his discus- sion of the subject he describes some of the methods by which Germany has captured the world’s export field. Chief among these is the question of lan- guage. Germans spare no pains in learning the language of the country with which they expect to carry on business. It facilitates the introduction of products as does nothing else. They will not, then, have to rely upon strangers’ faithfulness for a knowledge of laws and customs; the markets and the needs of the country can be more easily and reliably studied, and the conditions arising between seller and purchaser more easily understood. Secondly, German manufacturers pay more attention than do other manufacturers to making up their catalogues. These are prinied in several different languages even if they are to be used in one country only ; for ofven in the same plant are men of different nationalities ; furthermore, the same cata- logues are applicable to several countries, and their utility is thus enhanced. ‘The cata- logues are as attractively printed as possible and are conveniently sized so as to fit the pocket for ready reference. They also con- tain suggestions of permanent value in the

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trade which they foster. Thus the cata- logue becomes in a way an indispensable handbook. It is not astonishing, therefore, that any firm having such a catalogue gives pref- erence to the manufacturer who produces it. Again, German banks are so managed as to give information and pecuniary assistance to any firm capable of carrying on any foreign industry, as well as to aid German exporters in giving long credit to purchasers. Finally, by commercial treaties, Germany has obtained marked preferences and rights in both importation and exportation. These are some of the methods which have made German success. Have Americans the ability and determination similarly to obtain foreign trade ? NOT A PARTY ISSUE For over two years this Nation has fla- grantly failed in the primary duty of govern- ment—the protection of persons and property. The property of American. citizens has been destroyed, American men have been killed and American women violated by Mexican bandits, and the only protection afforded by this Government has been an offer to furnish our helpless citizens transportation if they wished to abandon their homes, their prop- erty, and their employees, and flee the coun- try. American men, women, and children have been piratically murdered on the high seas by Germany and by Austria, and the only protection afforded by our Government has been verbal protests, and a suggestion that they keep off the high seas or travel in American ships if they can find such to travel in. American property has been destroyed in Turkey, Armenian girls have been taken from’ American schools and sold into white slavery, and Armenian men, in some cases professors in those schools, have been assassinated or driven into exile, and not even the poor protection of a protest has been afforded them. The treaty between Ger- many and America (to which others were also signatory) protecting Belgium’s neutrality has been treated as a scrap of paper, and America has acquiesced without a murmur. The only defense possible for this neglect of our National duty has been our National weakness. We were great in territory, popu- lation, and wealth, but not in strength. We had adipose tissue, but no muscle. Our Executive used nothing but words, because 778 THE OUTLOOK the Nation had given him nothing which he could use. The tragedy of the past two years has con- vinced many Americans of our neglected duty—the President among others. Follow- ing the counsel of his wise and courageous Secretary of War, he has now called on the Nation to use a part of its superfluous wealth in equipping itself to perform its self-evident duty. His call is not that of a party leader to his party, but that of the President of the Nation to the Nation, and the Nation should respond. We clip from the letter of a Washington correspondent in a New York daily the fol- lowing paragraph, attributed to the Hon. James R. Mann, the Republican leader in the House, adding that Mr. Mann had been invited by the President to attend a confer- ence at the White House on the subject of preparedness against war: I am willing to consult with the President on’ preparedness, but I will not go to the White House to be informed of the programme which I am expected to support. .. . I have my own ideas on this subject, and I do not propose to take orders from the President. Perhaps Mr. Mann did not say this. Per- haps he said it, but not for publication. Perhaps it was the mere impatient expression of a Congressman who thought that the President had been giving too many orders to Congressmen. We quote the paragraph not to call Mr. Mann to account, but to iilus- trate in a concrete way what not to do. Preparedness against war should not be made a party issue. ‘True, it may become such an issue. There are men who desire to see this Government continue to neglect its primary duty, and who think, or at least assert, that those who differ with them are either temperamentally jingoes or else the paid or unpaid agents of the manufacturers of munitions. If these bellicose pacifists are not the mere insignificant minority which we think them to be, if they are numerous enough to organize a party for the purpose of keeping this Nation recreant, they will raise an -issue which must be met. If those who believe in preparedness against war cannot agree on the question whether we can and ought to depend on volunteers or ought to have compulsory military service, as in the democracies of Switzerland, Argentina, and Australia, this issue may have to be left to the determination of. the . people -at. the next election. But it should not be so left 1 December — = Ge ae os ok ele eet

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1915 until an attempt has been made by those who believe in preparedness to come to an agree- ment upon the method of preparedness to be pursued. It is true that the President has not taken the best course to secure such non-partisan action. To define the Democratic policy and then expect the Republican party to come to its support is not the course which should have commended itself to so shrewd a poli- tician as President Wilson. But it is not too late for the President now to urge Congress to appoint a National Defense Commission containing some representatives of the army and navy, some representatives of each of the great parties, and some civilians who are not politicians, to take up this question and submit to Congress a truly National pro- gramme. It is not too late for some mem- ber of Congress, Democrat or Republican, to propose this plan in the House or the Senate. By this method all who believe that a great and rich nation should also be a strong nation, and should protect the weak from the aggressions of the powerful who are also unscrupulous, and the innocent from the violence of criminals whether individual or national, would be able to unite in-an endeavor to atone for our neglect of duty in the past by the performance of our duty in the future. For this purpose the political leaders of the Nation should seek to unite all the citizens of the Nation, not merely the members of a party. This accomplished, and a policy of preparedness defined and determined on, the appeal may very well be made to the people next fall to decide to what party it will intrust the duty of effi- ciently carrying into execution this high National resolve. EMPEROR AND PEOPLE After an interval of forty-seven years the elaborate and picturesque ceremonials attend- ing the recent enthronement of the Emperor of Japan were almost as novel to the Japanese as to the foreigners who were fortunate enough to see them. They recalled in a minute and pictorial way the long history of the Imperial power and the significance of the Emperor not only as a person but as an institution. lor in Japan the Emperor stands for some- thing more ancient than any dynasty in the Western world ; more deeply inwrought into the national life and thought. When Okubo EMPEROR AND PEOPLE 779 urged the late Emperor, who died in July three years ago, to acquaint himself person- ally with the affairs of the Government, to rule as well as to reign, and to emerge from his seclusion, he was a revolutionist. For nearly eight hundred years the Japa- nese people had never seen their Emperor. He had become almost a sentiment. By a series of skillful political devices, by a scru- pulous observance of the forms of obedience and reverence, the Shoguns had made them- selves the actual rulers of Japan; and the Japa- nese thought of the Shogun at Tokyo, or Yedo, as it was formerly called, as the potential and effective head of the nation ; they thought of the Emperor, hidden in his magnificent seclu- sion in Kyoto, as a semi-divine person de- scended from a goddess, the head of a family which had always ruled and must always rule, invested with a divinity which lifted him above contact with actual affairs. The opening of the doors of Japan by Commodore Perry did not, as many Amefi- cans appear to suppose, bring about the revolution. It did not dethrone the Shogun and enthrone the Emperor. For more than a century a growing intimacy with the tradi- tions of their past history, and especially of the ancient power of the Emperor, had made Japanese scholars aware of the usurpation which had driven the Emperor into retire- ment.’ Sooner or later the Emperor would have come to his own; but the opening of the country and the dramatic events which followed hastened a change which would otherwise have come by evolution. It is said that when the late Emperor, Mutsuhito, first appeared in public he passed through streets thronged with people who. did not look at him, and at whom he did not look. He rode with his head bent for- ward; they stood in silence with their faces downward, aware of his presence but still under the spell of centuries of training. To-day the young Emperor rides about the streets and his subjects look upon him, not without awe, but without fear. The Emperor who preceded him was a greatstatesman. A Japanese of the old order in his personal tastes, he had both the insight and the cour- age to recognize the new order of things, and, instead of resisting, not only to accept but to lead; and so it has happened that in half a century the Japanese have gone to school in every country in the world which had anything to teach them. ‘They have utilized modern industrial and _ scientific

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one mattis seep eenit methods ; they have reorganized in important ways their government, their educational sys- tems, their army and navy ; they have created a financial system and have brought their country into working relations with the West. This great ruler did not wait to have a Constitution exacted from him; he volun- tarily promised to give his people a Consti- tution; and after ten years’ study of foreign institutions and Japanese needs and condi- tions, Prince Ito drafted the Constitution which the Emperor formally proclaimed of his own accord, and which he pledged him- self and his descendants to maintain ‘and support. Under that Constitution the people of Japan were recognized as having a share in the government; and at the coronation, three weeks ago, for the first time in the history of the nation, not only foreigners but the representatives of the people were present ; and when the Emperor had taken the three sacred symbols—the sword, the mirror, and the jewel—and proclaimed him- self Emperor, the whole people were repre- sented in the sudden and tremendous storm of ‘ Banzais”’ which burst from the specta- tors. ‘The address to the throne was made by a Premier who has long been the most popular man in Japan and the leader of the democratic movement in that country. Four of the group of Elder Statesmen are still living ; they are all old men, and they may not have successors, for their work is largely done. The Premier is still technically re- sponsible to the Emperor, but he is actually responsible to the Diet; and it was a revo- lutionary movernent in the history of Japan when about three years ago Prince Katsura resigned the Premiership in response, not to the request of his Imperial master, but to the sentiment of the people of the nation. The young Emperor, Yoshihito, is thirty- six years old. He was a delicate youth and has spent a great deal of his time in the country. His education has been modern ; he is said to be greatly interested in foreign methods, life, and arts, and it is believed that he was very eager to visit Europe and America. He became the ruler of Japan on the 30th day of July, three years ago. It is too soon to estimate his ability, but reports indicate that he has rapidly familiarized himself with the affairs of the state. It is known that his life is most exemplary, that he is a man of high prin- ciple and generous aims, and is in sympathy with the modern development of the country. The fact that he is the one hundred and 780 THE OUTLOOK twenty-second Emperor of the same dynasty impresses the imagination. Compared with that dynasty all the imperial and royal families of Europe are parvenus. ‘Two things have made this long succession possible—the Japa- nese habit of adoption when a son or direct heir fails, and the profound reverence in which the Japanese have held a position in which is the real headship of the unbroken Japanese family. The probabilities are that Japan will develop along the lines of a constitutional monarchy ; that the popular voice will have expression through the Diet and will have increasing authority in shaping the policies of the na- tion; that the Emperor, like the King of England, will hold his station and authority above the struggle of politics, and will repre- sent the antiquity and unity of the Japanese state. With the Emperor’s Government the Gov- ernment of the United States has been on terms of unbroken friendship. Commodore Perry was fortunately not only a man of firm- ness but of great good sense and courtesy ; Townsend Harris, the first American diplo- matic representative in Japan, understood the people to whom he was sent, rose above race prejudices, and drew the first treaty which the Japanese made with a foreign Power with such fairness that all Japan holds him in profound respect and regard. ‘ From that day until this,” Prince Katsura, the Premier who died two years ago, said to an American, “there has always been sunshine between Washington and Tokyo, though you have had some local thunderstorms in your coun- try.” Japan has never violated a single pro- vision of any treaty with this country ; it has never been guilty of any act of discourtesy ; there is no question at issue between Tokyo and Washington that cannot be settled with perfect regard for the rights of both coun- tries without any departure from the friendli- ness which has marked their international relations. All these matters belong to Wash- ington, not to State capitals; they must be adjusted by diplomacy. Between the Presi- dent of the United States and the new Emperor, as between the older Presidents, beginning with Fillmore, and the older Em- peror, there ought to be perfect accord ; and there will be unless yellow newspapers and yellow agitators waste the capital of friend- ship laid up in Japan and create discord by lack of imagination, lack of manners, and lack of the sense of justice.

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BOOKER WASHINGTON—THE NEIGHBORS’ VIEW LMOST with the announcement of Booker Washington’s death on Suns day, November 14, the colored folk began gathering for the funeral. When the day of the funeral arrived, Wednesday, this steady stream was augmented by other cur- rents: hundreds of sorrowing colored peo- ple in all sorts of conveyances—automobiles, trim buggies and surreys, mule carts, and two-horse wagons—and still others walking, all going up to do homage to their leader. And with these streams of colored folk there was an outpouring of white people: friends from New England, New York, and the Central West; neighbors from every- where in Alabama—educators, editors, law- yers, judges, ministers of the Gospel, farm- ers of the countryside, and citizens of ‘Tuskegee, Birmingham, and Montgomery. So before the statuesque guard of honor composed of youthful students in the regu: lation uniform of the school the people passed—a judge of the Court; an old mammy with turbaned head, walking with unsteady gait ; a bishop of acolored Church ; awkward colored youth carrying their horse- whips ; elegant ladies from Montgomery or Tuskegee. White and black, they came to Tuskegee to pay their tribute of honor to 300ker Washington. Was there ever, asks the correspondent who sends us this description, such an occa- sion before in the State of Alabama? Im- pressive and significant as was the fact that the death of this man brought people of emi- nence from many distant places to ‘Tuskegee ; impressive as were the number and character of the messages of praise, respect, and affec- tion which were sent; impressive as was the honor paid him by the piain colored folk— most impressive of all was the response evoked by his death from Booker Washing- ton’s Southern white neighbors. A friend of ‘The Outlook’s who lives near both Tuskegee and Montgomery, Alabama, has sent us cuttings from the Montgomery papers which show in what high regard this Negro leader was held by his white neigh- bors. No communities knew Booker Wash- ington so well as Tuskegee and the neigh- boring towns and Montgomery, the nearest of the large cities of the State. On its front page the Montgomery “ Ad- vertiser’’ for November 15 gives to its readers a sympathetic and moving account of the great Negro’s last hours and of the effect of his death on the Tuskegee Institute. In this despatch from Tuskegee Institute it is recorded : Through the years it has been the ideal of organization and efficiency here that nothing shall disturb the orderiy working of all parts of the institution. . . . Mechanically bells calling the school to its duties have been rung and routine work taken up, but the heart is out of things. From the humblest pupil up through the Faculty and the bereaved family at the In- stitute to the white and colored citizens of the town of Tuskegee there is the feeling of per- sonal loss. Nobody is hiding his tears. Nobody is free from gloom. Nobody can talk about the great loss which the school, the race, and the country have sustained... . The Sunday morning sermon by Chaplain Whittaker was in behalf of “ Bleeding Armenia,” because it was what the late Dr. Washington had wanted done. And in the following despatch in its news columns the Montgomery “ Advertiser ’’ pays Booker Washington this tribute : In season and out, he carried the message of economic fitness for the Negro and of peace between the races. In particular, he hoped, he believed, that in the South the Negro would, at last, find his greatest opportunity; and he was to the end a friend of the South. With his passing this section and the whole country have lost a great friend. The Tuskegee educator’s life was replete with many unselfish activities in behalf of his race. Possessing rare executive and constructive ability, he devoted himself with much of self- sacrifice to the upbuilding and regeneration of his race along moral, material, and educational lines. The National Negro Business League, composed of Negro business men and women, is the product of his creative genius and has come to a place of commanding influence in the life of the Negro people. ... Washington won the sympathy and support of leading Southerners by a speech in behalf of his race at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta in 1895. Of undoubted ability and breadth of vision, his sane leadership enabled him to accomplish more for and among the Negroes of the United States than any Negro of his time. Concerning the funeral both the Mont- gomery ‘ Advertiser”? and the Montgomery 781

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a ee ee ‘‘ Journal” note in particular the simplicity of the-services. The reading of the Episcopal service, according to the “Journal,” was broken only by the reading of some messages of condolence, and by “the singing of old plantation songs, which Dr. Washington loved so well;”? and in the fuller account on the following day this paper says that “ not until Dr. Hollis B. Frissell, of Hampton Institute, a former teacher of Dr. Washington’s and now the principal of the institution from which he came to Tuskegee, had offered prayer and the choir sang that plaintive Negro melody, ‘Tell All My Father’s Children Not to Grieve For Me,’ Tuskegee broke down and wept.” This paper reports eulogies from many men all over the Nation, among them perhaps the most significant messages being those from public school authorities of three Southern States—the State Superintendent of North Carolina, the State Rural School Superintendent of Tennessee, and the State Superintendent and the State Agent of Negro Rural Schools of Arkansas. Among those who sent flowers were the Tuskegee Railroad, the Atlanta and West Point Railroad, and local organizations in Tuskegee. ‘The Mayor of Tuskegee,” re- ports the Montgomery “ Journal,”’ “ personally circulated a petition to the business houses to close during the hours of the funeral—and not one refused. The Mayor and the mem- bers of the City Council attended the funeral in a body.” In the concluding sentence of its account of the Negro leader’s funeral this Southern paper speaks of the tribute which “the South, like the rest of the Nation,” paid to “ this great man.” Thus Booker Washington’s faith in the white people of the South has been vindi- cated by his nearest neighbors. But not merely by them. From many parts of the South have come words of honor and respect for the Negro leader of leaders. The words which his death has evoked from newspapers that are of the South Southern should end forever the slander that the only Negro the South cares to praise is the servile Negro who is the complaisant hewer of wood and drawer of water. Here was a Negro who could, and did, preserve his unconscious dig- nity when he moved among the titled nobility of Europe ; who could, and did, tell a wealthy patron who promised him a few thousands of dollars for his institution that Tuskegee In- stitute could not afford to have it known that 782 THE OUTLOOK 1 December it was the recipient of so small a gift from so rich a man; who was given an honorary de- gree by Harvard, and another—a doctorate— by Dartmouth ; who made himself felt wher- ever he moved as a man of quiet power. This is the Negro whom representative news- papers of the South agree in honoring. As the Montgomery “ Journal” says, in quoting some of them, the press of the South has eulogized Booker Washington “as no Negro in the history of the South or of the country has been eulogized.” Colonel Watterson, of the Louisville, Ken- tucky, ‘‘ Courier-Journal,” calls Booker Wash- ington’s death a “ National misfortune,”’ be- cause * his life was a National benefaction.”’ From Tennessee comes the opinion of the Knoxville “‘ Sentinel ” that in Booker Wash- ington’s untimely death “ the South has lost one of its foremost and greatest individual forces for the constructive readjustment of our social and racial system.”’ From Georgia comes the statement of the Atlanta “ Jour- nal ” that Booker Washington’s mission “ was a mission in behalf of the South as well as in behalf of his own race,’’ and that “ he uader- stood the white people as well as the Negro people.” But it is from his own State of Alabama that the most significant tributes come. The three largest cities of Alabama are Birmingham, Mobile, and Montgomery. The “ Ledger,” of Birmingham, finds in the record of Booker Washington an occasion to claim credit for the State of Alabama. The ‘‘Ttem,”’ of Mobile, assures its readers that the good work which Tuskegee Institute has accomplished ‘ will not be permitted to halt,” and that it ‘ will stand as a monument to the ex-slave who loved the land in which he was born and the people among whom he re- sided.” The “ Journal,” of Montgomery, in the editorial to which we have referred, says that Booker Washington ‘ knew the white race. He knew it better than the white race knew him in the beginning of his remarkable career, but they learned to know him before he died, as the tributes of the Southern press clearly show.” And in another editorial the Montgomery “Journal” says that “in his death the South sustains a great loss,” that Booker Washington “ had become one of the most remarkable figures in this country ;” that ‘he recognized the existence of racial prejudice ;” that when he and his methods and purposes were “ wholly misunderstood ” he never turned aside to answer his critics, but simply tried to show them that he was tet OF Ge oe ah am «st 2 rr

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1915 trying not to drag down the whites but to benefit the Negro race ; and that to him are due ‘‘the present happy relations between the white and Negro races in the South.” The Montgomery “ Advertiser” calls Booker Washington “the greatest Negro that ever lived” and “the most wholesome influence that ever fell upon the Negro race from within.” And this paper continues : By his integrity of purpose and the rectitude of his conduct Washington early won the re- spect of the white people of Alabama... . Washington was never personally responsible for any of the criticism which on avery few occasions was aimed at him. Washington was always a Negro, but a Negro of dignity and humility. Washington had more influence among white people than any other Negro that ever lived. This is proved in the personal and financial aid which was annually bestowed upon Tuskegee Institute by wealthy white men from the East as well as aid given by the State of Alabama. And in another editorial this same news- paper, discussing the future of Tuskegee ARTS AND LETTERS IN COUNCIL 783 Institute, declares: ‘‘ The work will go on— of that much we may be sure.’”’ And this Southern paper, which does not hesitate to speak of restoring the Negroes’ understand- ing of their “ true relation to the dominant race,” finds several reasons for calling this Negro, Booker Washington, “ great.” After all, however, this newspaper opinion is but the pale reflection of the feelings of the people toward Dr. Washington. The newspaper opinion is, in part, mingled with some of the old habit of mind that makes it hard to avoid patronizing a Negro in praising him ; but in the feelings of those who came for miles to honor Dr. Washington with their presence there was no place for such alloy. More significant than many editorials, more significant than any mere words could be, was the presence of those eight thousand that thronged the grounds of Tuskegee Institute and, while all business was stopped, showed their grief at Booker Washington’s death, their reverence for his great soul, and their faith in that for which he devoted his life to the uttermost. ARTS AND LETTERS IN COUNCIL EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE ence Association, which for many years included the most important group of men interested in public affairs in this coun- try, selected the names of one hundred men in literature and the arts to organize an In- stitute of Arts and Letters. The men chosen organized the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Eight years ago its members de- cided to organize a smaller body of fifty men to constitute an American Academy of Arts and Letters. It chose seven men—wWill- iam Dean Howells, Edmund Clarence Sted- man, John Hay, “ Mark Twain,” Edward MacDowell, John La Farge, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens—to organize the Academy by the election of seven others. ‘The fourteen elected additional members, and eventually the number of the Academy was filled up. This history is worth repeating, because the Statement is often made that these organiza- tions were self-constituted. Both societies have steadily grown in inter- est and importance. Last year a block of G ence Assos years ago the Social Sci- ground on the Hudson River front was pre- sented to the Academy with a fund of $100,000 as the beginning of a building and endowment fund; a very beautiful design for such a building has been made by eminent architects, and the building will eventually house both bodies. The annual meetings of the two organiza- tions have been held in Washington, Phila- delphia, Chicago, Boston, and New York. The seventh annual meeting recently brought together a large representation of men of distinction in letters and the arts in Boston ; and the sessions were made notable by ad- dresses of marked interest and variety. There are people in this country who have heard so much about Boston as a state of mind that they have come to regard it asa ‘highbrow ” city, the atmosphere of which is somewhat polar. As a matter of fact, there is no more hospitable town in America nor one in which more cordial and interesting people are to be found. And Boston over- flowed with hospitality to its visitors. Begin-

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ning with a delightful reception at President Lowell’s, the artists and writers from differ- ent parts of the country found themselves at once at home. The real difficulty was the number and attractiveness of the invitations extended to them. There were many din- ner-tables at which the talk had the old-time flavor, and the men who sat at them went home with the opinion that, if there are not as many outstanding figures in Boston as there were a generation ago, the old town has not lost its quick wit and keen humor. One of the functions of the Academy and Institute is to emphasize the best standards of English and of workmanship in the arts, and part of its expression is therefore inevi- tably critical Three papers were read in which this note was struck with great dis- tinctness. Mr. Brooks Adams, great-grand- son of President John Adams, is as free from flattery as have been the other members of his family; and his discussion of ‘ The Revolt of Modern Democracy against Stand- ards of Duty” had a force and pungency that impressed his audience with the fact that in the fourth generation the outspoken frank- ness of the first Adams still persists. The central thought of Mr. Adams’s address was the necessity in a democracy of complete recognition of the obligation of the individual man and woman to sacrifice themselves for the whole community in time of need. He said: ‘‘I have never admired Germany as a whole. In later years I have distrusted her ambitions, I have detested her manners, I have abhorred her language and her art, I have feared her competitions, and have been jealous of her navy; but I have never ques- tioned in my heart that her military system of universal service was truly democratic. And I have wished that it might be adopted here.” It was his conviction, he said, that his coun- trymen hated the German universal military service because it rigorously demands a sacri- fice from every man. Mr. Paul Bartlett, the sculptor, delighted his hearers with an imaginary conversation with a foreign art commissioner. The method of the paper permitted a very free and candid play of humor upon and about the many dreadful public statues and monu- ments in this country. Mr. Arnold Brunner, the architect, approached the subject of archi- tecture in the same critical spirit, taking the point of view that architecture is the back- ground against which we live. He described American cities with a vigor of humor and 784 THE OUTLOOK 1 December a keenness of observation that revealed him, not as a pessimist, but as an artist who grasped firmly the fundamental idea of the influence of art on life. His picture of Broadway was drawn with the clearness of an etcher and the ease and facility of a humorist, and was received with more than sympathetic attention by the Boston audience. Mr. William Allen White brought the cheerfulness of Kansas with him. He made the ‘‘ Country Newspaper ” more interesting than the great cosmopolitan daily. Mr. White in a very familiar and easy way made the platform vivacious with the breeziness and the veracity of the West. In a few telling phrases he sketched the change in the country news- paper as reflecting changes in social condi- tions in the communities in which they are published : “ With the progress of time and of invention,” began Mr. White, “our country people are relaxing into their Ford cars, talking by tele- phone and reading by electric light, and with these changes the country newspaper also, that companion of the fireside, has taken a step for- ward. We are getting education through the moving pictures and the phonograph, and State universities are multiplying like the sands of the sea. In these surroundings the country newspaper has naturally changed its face. The number of small and insignificant sheets has become fewer. The paper of the old days was supported through charity or by blackmail. The old editor used a more trenchant pen, but the good old times of homicide have passed away, and the old editors have gone to glory, some of them carrying more buckshot for ballast than they needed. “Now the smallest office has its linotype operator—a young, jaunty, and dashing youth, who takes his ease out of hours, and is always garbed in a way to denote ‘class.’ He is an exotic: The old foreman, alas! is gone. Un- shaven, pipe-smoking, and _ hard-toiling, he clipped the exchanges, wrote the telegraph heads, had power of life and death over every- body but the advertising man, and spent most of his princely fifteen dollars a week helping out old friends of the case who dropped in. In his place we now have a superintendent—a man of efficiency—who if anybody approaches him for a ‘touch’ will promptly hand the appli- cant a ticket to the Associated Charities.” Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia, effectively emphasized the neces- sity of ‘ Discipline and the Social Aim in Education.” ‘The problem of discipline,” he said, “in the educational system of a democracy is the world-old problem of recon- ciling liberty with order. Not until mankind

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.,* wwe = — 1915 ARTS AND LETTERS IN COUNCIL is itself perfect will this problem be finally solved. The pressing question now is how to secure increased National effectiveness without the sacrifice of liberty. Each indi- vidual’s share in collective action must be something which he imposes upon himself.” Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American Minis- ter to Belgium, was within a few days of the coast, but unable to reach Boston in time to read his paper on ‘‘ The American Quality in American Literature,” which was read by Mr. Hamlin Garland. Beginning with a quota- tion from Whitman’s “ Democratic Vistas,” Mr. Whitlock described the attitude of the author of ‘“ Leaves of Grass’’ towards the older New England writers, and then ex- pressed his conviction that the first clear note of the American motive in our fiction was heard in Mr. Howells’s ‘“‘ A Modern In- stance ” and “ The Rise of Silas Lapham,” laying the foundations of a new literature the prime motive of which is the “ intention of truth, honesty, and sincerity.”” The tendency revealed by these stories and those that fol- lowed in the same vein was criticised because the innate conservatism of the people was opposed to innovation, and with people of our race the artist ‘“‘ encounters the chilling influence of the Puritan spirit, always suspi- cious of beauty. In keeping art clean Puritanism risks making it sterile; it never can learn that there is something antiseptic in liberty, so that it purifies itself and heals its own wounds.” Among the novels of the new order Mr. Whitlock added to those of Howells the stories of Mark Twain and of Frank Norris ; and he expressed his opinion that the best of our novels will continue to be more and more of the human spirit. In the absence of Mr. Howells, Dr. Will- iam M. Sloane presided as Chancellor of the Academy, and Mr. Blashfield, the mural artist, as President of the Institute. The poetry of the occasion was furnished by Mr. Percy MacKaye, who read, with characteristic effec- tiveness, a striking poem on “ Federation,” and by Dr. Henry van Dyke, ous Minister to Holland, whose two short poems, sent from The Hague, The Outlook reprints with the assurance that they will be as much enjoyed by its readers as they were by the men and women who heard them read : LIGHTS OUT (1915) “ Lights out” along the land, “ Lights out” upon the sea. The night must put her hiding hand 785 O’er peaceful towns where children sieep, And peaceful ships that darkly creep Across the waves, as if they were not free. The dragons of the air, The hell-hounds of the deep, Lurking and prowling everywhere, Go forth to seek their helpless prey, Not knowing who they maim or slay— Mad harvesters, who care not what they reap. Out with the tranquil lights, Out with the lights that burn For love and law and human rights! Set back the clock a thousand years: All they have gained now disappears, And the dark ages suddenly return. You that let loose wild death, And terror in the night— God grant you draw no quiet breath, Until the madness you began Is ended, and long-suffering man, Set free from war lords, cries, “ Let there be Light.” REMARKS ABOUT KINGS (God said, “I am tired of kings.”—Zmerson.) God said, “I am tired of kings,” But that was a long while ago; And meantime man said, “ No-- I like their looks in their robes and rings.” So he crowned a few more, And they went on playing the game as before, Fighting and spoiling things. Man said, “I am tired of kings, Sons of the robber chiefs of yore; They make ime pay for theirlust and their war ; I am the puppet, they pull the strings; The blood of my heart is the wine they drink. I will govern myself for a while, I think, And see what that brings.” Then God, who made the first remark, smiled in the dark. The gold medal of the Institute was con- ferred upon Mr. William Dean Howells, with every demonstration of heartfelt approval on the part of the members of the Academy and the Institute and of the audience. His ae lightful letter of acceptance was read by Mr. Hitchcock, the Secretary of the Institute. Its opening paragraph ran: A rumor of one of those good things which seem too good to be true has come to me with such insistence that I must take it for fact, and I am asking the Secretary of the Institute to ac- knowledge it for me. I know he will fitly account for my not doing this in person, and I will not hamper him with any expression of my prefer- ence as to how he shall convey to you my sense of the supreme honor which your award of the

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ese oS eae medal for fiction has done me. In the last analysis I find this sense a sort of dismay which it would be difficult to render. Yet I will,not pretend that it is altogether the unexpected which has happened, or that, with whatever consciousness of demerit, I did not hope it might happen. I felt that if by no other right the medal of fiction might be mine by the right of seniority, for I have been writing novels now for nearly fifty years, and I have outlived nearly every contem- porary who might have outrivaled me in the competition. If this triumph of longevity had 786 THE OUTLOOK

1 December its inevitable sadness, I hoped that there might be some touch of the kindness which sweetens the acclaim of his arrival to the man who is out of the running. The address made on presentation of the medal in behalf of the Institute follows in full. The first gold medal of the Academy will be presented in January to Dr. Charles W. Eliot as the foremost living representative of Amer- ican intellectual life, and especially as a master of English prose. H. W. M. WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS THE PRESENTATION ADDRESS BY HAMILTON W. MABIE AT THE BOSTON MEETING OF THE ACADEMY AND r \HE Gold Medalof the National Insti- tute of Arts and Letters, designed and executed by one of its members, Mr. A. A. Weinman, has been given to Augustus Saint-Gaudens for sculpture, to James Ford Rhodes for history, to James Whitcomb Riley for poetry, to William Rutherford Mead for architecture, to Au- gustus Thomas for dramatic composition, to John Singer Sargent for painting. | It is given to-day to William Dean Howells for fiction. No selection of a man of letters to receive a distinction conferred by a jury, not of his peers, but of his fellow-craftsmen, could more happily combine recognition of achievement and the fitting moment. Mr. Howells was the first man chosen by the Institute to con- stitute the American Academy of Arts and Letters ; he was elected its first President, and his succession to himself has not been interrupted. He is not only the official head of the Academy, but in his work and charac- ter he interprets its spirit and purpose. So long as he remains where he is the Academy needs no gloss. And this distinction is conferred in the city of Mr. Howells’s earliest literary friendships and reputation. In the closing hours of the first day of creative work in American litera- ture he became the associate of the men who gave the beginnings of that literature eleva- tion of thought and dignity of form; here his verse was first published; and here he came into the view of the country as the editor of the magazine which at the begin- INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND LETTERS ning allied itself with the American writing that was to endure. Standing at the compositor’s frame in the friendly, human atmosphere of an Ohio town, he shared the characteristic life of his country when the insights are deepest because they are unconscious. It was a long way from Mar- tin’s Ferry to Venice, but to youth the Old World is always new; as to the man who studies men the New World is always old. Ardent and eager in heart and poetic in spirit, Mr. Howells went from the frontier of a young and practical country to the elusive frontier city—half palace, half mirage—of the ancient realm of art and romance. Four years in Venice was a university course in the humanities with- out the distractions of college life. If you add knowledge of the modern languages and of the vital books of the day in poetry and fiction, you have an education shaped by impulses passionate in their appeal, but tem- pered and modulated by the traditions of beauty and skill. Under such influences the realist who had the Tolstoyan passion for his kind became the sensitive artist whose tools have the delicate precision of a Ben- venuto Cellini. A man of the modern temper, undismayed by the newest method and the latest radical- ism, Mr. Howells is always the artist. How- ever advanced his doctrine, his speech never misses the charm which has made art the universal language. In Altruria, as in Venice, one hears the accent which ‘survives all changes of time and place and taste. A

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1915 journalist at times, Mr. Howells never ceased to be a man of letters ; a patient and courteous editor, he never lost the artist’s sense of responsibility for the casual line as for the carefully executed work. It is his distinction that he has made com- monplace people significant and the unsalted average man and woman interesting. Fic- tion, reminiscence, poetry, impressions of places and people, essays, comedies, criti- cisms—what variety of substance, what uni- formity of skill, of that fineness of taste which is born of right feeling as well as of sound training ! To call him an American in any divisive sense is to belittle Mr. Howells, since it is the quality of art that it uses the vernacular to speak of universal things; but in a very real sense Mr. Howells is not only a man of his time and country, but of his section. Neither the old nor the new West has given us a novel reading of the mystery of life; but fifty years ago in the Ohio Valley and to-day on either slope of the Rocky Moun- tains men and women are impatient of tradi- tions and keep open house to ideas. It is true that they as often entertain cranks as angels, but they have made all human kind welcome and at home. Life as a work of art has interested them less than life as an experi- ment. Hawthorne invested the austere romance of the Puritan spirit with dusky splendor, and Cooper gave his generation the romance of primitive feeling and action on land and sea. Mr. Howells, divesting the novel of the dramatic aids of station, passion, and adven- ture, has brought into view those elements of character and of circumstance which, in the newest as in the oldest world, give life per- ennial interest. In “ The Rise of Silas Lap- ham” and “ A Hazard of New Fortunes ” he dramatized opportunity, the romance of American life. A realist, but never a liter- WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS 787 alist, whose faith in democracy is saved from superstition by that breadth of view and play of imagination which we call humor, Mr. Howells has made Americanism synonymous with sanity, hope, the idealism of the clean hearth, and seriousness of mood tempered by optimism, humor, and good fellowship. Last year a slender book of fantasy came from Mr. Howells’s hand. It had to do with Shakespeare and Bacon revisiting ‘‘ the pale glimpses of the moon ” at Stratford-on-Avon. It has the air of a digression, of a romancer giving himself a half-holiday. It is the story of a skylark ; a poet of an ease of wing and magic of song akin with the skylarks that rise out of the meadows at Hampton Lucy and pour out a flood of unpremeditated music as they ascend the invisible stairways of the sky. There is no sign of toil in this slender book, but there is more of Shake- speare in it than in many of those ponderous octavos that recall the old-time description of the German scholar: he goes down deeper and stays down longer and comes up muddier than any other scholar in the world. The facts drift into the current so casually that only the experienced reader knows that he holds in his hand one of the most intelligent biographies of Shakespeare that has ap- peared. ‘The owls have often given us their account of the skylark; this is a poet’s report. A serious thing fashioned without a trace of toil—the wings liberated from the stone and every sign of tool and dust vanished. Is not this the sign and witness of art ? So to-day, at the summit of his years, the National Institute of Arts and Letters does not presume to honor William Dean How- ells; it is content to recognize the beauty and value of a contribution to American literature made by one who has not only the suffrages but the hearts of his fellow- craftsmen.

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THE NATIONS AT WAR I—THE PLIGHT OF MONTENEGRO the Bulgars the people of Servia are fleeing. Like a hydraulic press those armies are pushing the people to the south and west—compressing them into the narrow confines of uninvaded Servia, and especially into little mountainous Montenegro. Madame Grouitch, who was in America a little while ago, was in Belgrade on October 6 when the first bombardment began. She has written a letter in which she describes her experiences. “In spite of the fact that the bombs were whizzing about the streets,” she says, ‘ de- stroying a great many houses and killing a few people, it was not until noon that one realized that the town itself was being bom- barded, preliminary to an attempt to land troops. ** At three o’clock Dr. Ryan came to my house and advised mé to leave Belgrade that night, offering to motor me to the station, which is some ten miles toward the interior. On our way we had a sad experience of the frightful reality of death and destruction caused by the bombardment ; the motor was brought to a standstill by the sight of a mass of mangled human beings and horses lying in the road in front of us. Dr. Ryan sprang out at the cry of his name from a man who, all covered with blood, was bending over two stricken women, by whose side lay a dead child, a beautiful boy of twelve. One was the mother, the other the wife, of the man. A few feet away lay his little daughter, with both legs broken. A maid-servant, gravely injured, was moaning and calling for water ; the driver and the horses of the cart in which they had been escaping lay dead. Just be- hind them in another cart lay a dead soldier, calm and still in his young strength, looking as though he were asleep, so instantaneous had been his death. “ Dr. Ryan immediately took the man, the two women, and the little child in his own motor, and carried them back to the hospi- tal, returning with Dr. Morton Lane and three orderlies and two stretchers, with which he transported the other wounded who were lying beside the road. While we were waiting for his return another shell struck a small park near by, killing and 788 Bites the armies of the Teutons and wounding many people who had taken ref- uge there, believing it safer to be in the open than in the town where the houses were falling in every street. ‘** The bombardment, which lasted all night and all the following day, was the most ter- rible that has ever been sustained on this front. ... ** All day on Thursday, the 7th, the fright- ened population poured from the town, hundreds of people being killed. . . . “‘T wish to state that the road over which this population fled was not in line with the military defenses, and that the saude from above directed the German fire on the de- fenseless fugitives with the barbarous inten- tion of terrorizing the rest of the inhabitants so that they should remain in the town and be taken prisoners. On that awful day women, carrying babies and dragging small children by the hand, tramped the whole dis- tance from the town to the train.” It is such refugees as these that Madame Grouitch describes who are pouring into Mon- tenegro. Captain Seferovitch, Montenegrin Consul- General in New York, has, at our request, made the following statement about his country : * According to the latest news which we get from London through the American papers and the official communications received at the Montenegrin Consulate, the situation in my country, Montenegro, as well as in Ser- via, is very, very critical. As long as we cannot save Servia from the enemies’ advance and devastation, we must try to save at least Montenegro and its mountains, which will serve as a place of refuge for the poor, heroic Servian people. **Servians and Montenegrins are of the same race; they have the same language, the same religion. ‘The Montenegrin people are less susceptible to emotions, less viva- cious, than the Servians. They are rather thinkers. Neither are they musical, like the Servians. This is perhaps because they live in a mountainous country, where life is hard and stern. They are the moun- taineers of the Servian race. The King of Montenegro, Nicholas, is very demo- cratic. The people call him Gospodar— The

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we fw THE NATIONS AT WAR 789 Master.’ The democratic ideas of the Mon- tenegrins are similar to those of the Servians. They say ‘Thou’ when speaking to their King, their Master. He receives every one kindly, especially those who come back from America. ‘The humblest of them is received by the King at his palace ; or he meets them in the streets and talks with them. He is seventy-four years old. * Montenegrins owe a great deal to the United States. Every one who has come here is indebted to this country for much of the civilization and education he receives, which is of great service to those who go back to their own land. In times of peace they have come in large numbers to America. They do not emigrate to any other country. Before the war there were thirty thousand of them here; but about one-third have now returned to their homes, and many others would have done so if they had had the means, and an open road to go. They are principally miners, working in the mines of Arizona, Pennsylvania, and other mining re- gions of the United States. They are indus- trious, but are kept poor by the interruptions to their work due to strikes and other causes to which Montenegrins are not used. “The people of Montenegro are not a drinking people. ‘They smoke a good deal, and they raise considerable tobacco. When they smoke they also do their thinking. Drinking is a shame ; even during Christmas, etc., one would never see a drunken man. The debauchee . . . isnot knowneither. The Montenegrin, like the Servian, is ashamed to be imprisoned for stealing ; he is not ashamed to be imprisoned for self-defense. The only crime they have is in defending the honor of their families. There are no highwaymen in Montenegro. Nowhere in Europe is it safer for a stranger to travel; one can go every- where and be safe. The people as a rule are healthy, because of living so much in the open air. In times of peace there was only one hospital in the country, with forty beds, and only four real doctors in all Montenegro. But now doctors, nurses, and medicines are urgently and badly needed, and the situation is awful. There are many villages where they cannot get a doctor. “Montenegro has never been conquered, but, even when there was peace in Europe, before this dreadful war, there was no peace in Montenegro, because of the incursions of the Albanians and the Turks. The country has been at war for four years, and i$ now under siege and surrounded by enemies—Albania on one side, the Austrians on another, and the Teutons and Bulgarians on still another side, who are pressing the Servians back into the Montenegrin mountains. ‘* This means that the people of Montene- gro are not only cut off from their normal sources of food supply, but that they will be overwhelmed by refugees from Servia, so that their own supplies, which in ordinary times would not be sufficient for themselves, will now be as nothing. The Servian people who are being driven back by the advancing armies of the invaders—the non-combatants, the women and children, the aged and _ in- firm—could not find a better refuge than Montenegro, so far as its strategical posi- tion is concerned. But, although they will find a refuge in the mountains of Montene- gro, they will find little else. They will have to go without food and clothing, without shoes, without shelter from the snows of winter. There are. no factories of any kind in all the country, no industries. Even in normal times the country had to depend on supplies from outside. It is a barren coun- try to a great extent, with woods and rocky soil. Very little can grow there. The people cultivate little garden patches on the sides of the mountains, from which they get simple food for their families. In times of peace they grow corn and wheat in these little patches of fields, but have had to de- pend principally on Russia for their wheat. The Montenegrin peasant eats principally potatoes, cabbages, goat’s meat—which is smoked like ham—and fish from the Lake of Scutari. During the war with Turkey the reason why Montenegro asked for Scutari was because around the lakes the ground is fertile, and they wanted to have a place where they could grow a little bread to eat. There are many goats and some sheep; so that we have milk and cheese—small cheeses like those in Italy—and there is plenty of hunting. ** Now comes the question of how to take care of the refugees, as well as our own peo- ple, who number five hundred thousand. The Servians are fleeing in great numbers back into the mountains, so that already there are now over a million refugees in a country having a population of half a million! Even last summer, after the beginning of hostili- ties, a quarter of a million refugees had come from Bosnia, Herzegovina, Dalmatia, and the Servian provinces of Austria. The Aus- trians did not wish to feed this non-combat-

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790 ant population at their own expense, so drove them over the border, and they took refuge in our country. If the Germans continue to advance, the situation will be more and more serious. How can a country which has no trade, no factories, no industries, very little food of its own, feed all these people? We have beautiful scenery, yes—but they can- not live on poetry, on dreams, on air, on mountain scenery! Many of them are sick. From the report of Dr. Goutcha, a doctor of the mission sent out by Mr. John W. Froth- ingham, of New York, there is scarcely a person without rheumatism. They have no medicines, almost no doctors. The people heat stones, wrap them in pieces of cloth, and put them between their knees. ** Itis almost impossible to get the paper even on which to write reports, and of course there is not enough paper on which to print news- papers, and the condition is similar in Servia. ** We must have help from outside—from America—and it must come quickly and generously, if these people are to be saved. Both the Servians and the Montenegrins are in the worst possible condition as regards food and medical supplies. Clothing is needed, too, especially shoes, stockings, blankets. How can they buy shoes? They have no money, and shoes which would ‘sell here for $3 a pair are already $12 a pair in Salonika! The people take pieces of skins, run a drawing-string through them, and wrap THE OUTLOOK them around their feet. This kind of foot- wear is called opanke. ** Very little help has as yet gone to Monte- negro. Some has been sent through our Con- sulate. Every day I receive money from Slavs in this country, and the Servians have given all the help they could. The Sanitary Com- mission of the American Red Cross and the Rockefeller Foundation has given sanitary relief in Montenegro as well as in Servia. But that was before the renewal of hostilities and the present onrush of refugees from Servia. ‘** Supplies can go from America by way of Naples and Brindisi, by steamer to Albania, and through Albania to the Montenegrin border. Certainly the Italians will do all they can to get supplies from America into Monte- negro. The Queen of Italy would not let her father, our King, die of hunger! If the German and Bulgarian armies continue to defeat the Servians, and if Italy should not be able to hold the Adriatic, all the people in Montenegro will starve.” Under the present arrangement checks for Montenegrin relief should be made out to J. P. Morgan & Co. for the Montenegro Relief Committee, and, if so addressed, will be recorded and acknowledged by Murray H. Coggeshall, 128 Broadway , New York City ; whereas goods of any kind, shoes, etc., should be sent to Mrs. Kinnicutt Draper, Bush Ter- minal, Brooklyn, New York, the Red Cross Division, marked for Montenegro. IIA RED CROSS FLAG THAT SAVED FOUR THOUSAND ' A NARRATIVE BY DIKRAN ANDREASIAN, TRANSLATED BY STEPHEN TROWBRIDGE war there had been much anxiety among the people of Zeitoun as to whether the Turks would treat the Arme- nians of those mountain districts with some new form of cruelty and oppression. Zeitoun is—we must now say was—a city of seven thousand inhabitants, entirely Armenian, and surrounded by many villages, also Christian, in the heart of the Taurus Mountains. I had been serving for one year as the pastor of the Armenian Protestant Church 1 This narrative is published with the authority of the American Relief Committee in Cairo, Egypt: Dr. Frank NROM the day that Turkey entered the H. Henry. Chairman; Dr. John Giffen, Treasurer. Amer- - ican Mission, Ezbekiye, Cairo: Stephen Trowbridge, Sec- retary, 5 Sharia Imad-id-Din, Cairo. It may be reprinted in whole or in part by any one interested.—THE EDITORS. in Zeitoun, and the narrative which follows is one of personal experience. Early in the spring of this year the Gov- ernment began to assume a threatening atti- tude toward Zeitoun, summoning the elders and notables of the city and commencing an inquisition with the punishment of the bas- tinado. Absurd and impossible charges were made against the Armenians for the purpose of extorting money. Meanwhile some six thousand regular troops were quartered in the barracks above the city. An attempt to take the Armenian monastery by storm cost the Turks some casualties and failed of its object. The young men who were within stoutly (Continted on page following illustrations)

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Current Events Pictorially Treated PHOTOGRAPH FROM MEDEM NEWS SERVICE DR. CECILE GREIL, SURVIVOR OF THE ANCONA DISASTER Dr. Greil, an American physician who was a passenger on the Ancona when it was attacked by an Austrian submarine, states that the Ancona was sunk without warning. Her testimony is regarded as of great importance. See editorial pages for comment

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COPYRIGHT BY PAUL THOMPSON WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS The National Institute of Arts and Letters last week awarded to William Dean Howells its gold medal An account of this award and of the joint annually bestowed for achievement in some field of literature. meeting of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and of the American Academy of Arts and Letters appears elsewhere in this issue of The Outlook

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defended themselves, and not until attacked by field artillery was the monastery taken. Fifty of the leading men in Zeitoun were summoned to the barracks “for a confer- ence with the commander.” ‘They were at once imprisoned and their families were sent for. Every one waited anxiously for these people to return, but after a while it was learned that they had been sent away to an unknown destination. A few days later another and larger group of families were ordered to the barracks, and were forthwith driven off with threats and curses to a distant banishment. In this way three or four hun- dred families at a time were sent off on foot, with no proper supply of food, by devious routes through the mountains, some north- west toward Konia, some southeast toward the hot and unhealthy plains of Mesopotamia. Day by day we saw the various quarters of the city stripped of. inhabitants, until at last a single neighborhood remained. In addition to my duties as pastor I happened to be in charge of the Mission orphanage. The commanding officer sent for me one morning and told me to make ready at once for departure. ‘“ Your wife is also to go,” he said, “‘ and the children in the orphanage.” We made our preparations hurriedly, for we were allowed to take but little with us. As we were leaving I looked back with an aching heart and saw our beloved church empty and lonely. The last company of our seven thousand people was streaming down the valley into banishment! We had seen mas- sacres, but we had never seen this before! A massacre at least ends quickly, but this prolonged anguish of soul is almost beyond human endurance, The first day’s march exhausted all of us. In the dark, as we lay down upon the open ground, Turkish muleteers came and robbed us of the few donkeys and mules that we had. Next day, in forlorn condition, the children with swollen and blistered feet, we reached Marash. ‘Through the éarnest re- quest of the American missionaries, an order was secured from the Governor for my wife and myself to return to my home town, Yoghonolook, near the sea, twelve miles west of Antioch. The Governor granted this permit on the ground that my wife and I were not natives of Zeitoun. My heart was torn between the desire to share banishment with some fragment of my congregation and the desire to take my wife to a place of com- parative safety in my father’s home. But. THE NATIONS AT WAR the order having once been issued, I had no alternative but to obey. At Aintab we found the large Armenian community in the utmost anxiety, but at that time the order to leave had not arrived. Rumors reached us that the villages by the sea were being threatened, but we thought best to continue southward, difficult though the journey was at such a time. The last part of our way lay through a historic valley—the fertile plain of Antioch. It was here that Chrysostom preached in the fervor of his early ministry before he was called to Byzantium. And it was to a se- cluded chapel on our own mountain-side that he used to withdraw for prayer and commu- nion with God. As a boy I had often looked with wonder and reverence at the massive stones of the ruins of St. Chrysostom’s Chapel. It was in this very Antioch that Barnabas and Paul labored with such spiritual energy, and here they set forth upon their momentous task of spreading the Christian faith, The Roman road by which they walked from Antioch to Seleucia can still be traced in the valley below my native town, and the stone piers from which Roman ships set sail at Seleucia are not entirely demolished by the storms and earthquakes of the centuries. The city of Antioch, once so gallantly de- fended by the Crusaders, has long been under the rule of the Turks, and the minarets of Islam are ten times more numerous than the church belfries. In April, 1909, the Prot- estant and Gregorian congregations suffered one of the most cruel persecutions in history. The people of my own home town, Yogho- nolook, are simple, industrious folk. For years past their chief occupation has been the sawing and polishing by hand of combs from hard wood and bone. Many of our men are also expert wood-carvers. In the neighboring villages the chief occupations are the culture of silkworms for producing raw silk and the weaving of silk by hand looms into handkerchiefs and scarfs. Our people are very fond of their churches, and since the opening of schools by the American mission- aries most of our children have learned to read. Every home is surrounded by mul- berry trees, and many beautiful orchards cover the terraced slopes toward the south and» west. ‘Travelers who have been to southern Italy tell us that the villages near Naples very much resemble ours. The broad, rough back of Mousa Dagh (¢. ¢, Mount Moses), known in Arabic as Jebel-el-Ahmar,

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800 rises up eastward back of us. Every gorge and crag of our beloved mountain is known to our boys and men. I mention these facts about my village home so that you may feel something of the quiet, happy life which was so rudely and so completely broken up by this last attempt of the Turks to exterminate our race. Twelve days after I had reached home an official order from the Turkish Government at Antioch was served upon the six villages of Mousa Dagh to prepare for banishment within eight days. You can scarcely imagine the consternation and the indignation which this order caused. We sat up all night debating what it would be best todo. To resist the forces of the Turkish Government seemed almost hopeless, and yet the scatter- ing of families into a distant wilderness raided by fanatical and lawless Arab tribes seemed such an appalling prospect that the inclina- tion of both men and women was to refuse the summons and withstand the anger of the Government. All, however, were not of this mind. The Rev. Haroutune Nokhoudian, the pastor of the Protestant Church in Bey- tias, for example, came to the conviction that it would be folly to resist, and that the severity of banishment might possibly be modified in some way. He was in favor of yielding. Sixty families from his own village and a considerable number from the next village, agreeing with him, separated them- selves from us and went down to Antioch under Turkish guards. ‘They were shortly expelled in the direction of the lower Eu- phrates. (We have lost all track of them now and may never hear of them again.) Our firm friends, the American mission- aries, were cut off from us 120 miles to the north at Aintab. Communications with the outside world being practically severed, we Were thrown upon our own resources, and we realized that.our one hope was in the mercy of God. Fervently we prayed that he would strengthen us to do our duty. Knowing that it would be impossible to defend our villages in the foothills, it was resolved to withdraw to the heights of Mousa Dagh, taking with us as large a supply of food and implements as it was possible to carry. All the flocks of sheep and goats were also driven up the mountain-side, and every available weapon of defense was brought out and furbished up. We found that we had a hundred and twenty modern rifles and shotguns, with perhaps three times THE OUTLOOK 1 December that number of old flintlocks and _horse- pistols. That still left more than half our men without weapons. It was very hard to leave our homes. My mother wept as if her heart would break. But we had hopes that possibly while we were fighting off the Turks the Dardanelles might be forced and deliverance come to the country. By nightfall the first day we had reached the upper crags of the mountain. As we were preparing to camp and to cook the evening meal a pouring rain set in and con- tinued all night. For this we were ill pre- pared. There had not been time to make huts of branches, nor had we any tents or waterproof clothing. Men, women, and chil- dren, somewhat over five thousand in_all, were soaked to the skin, and much of the bread we had brought with us was turned into a pulpy mass. We were especially solici- tous to keep our powder and rifles dry. This the men managed to do very well. At dawn next morning all hands went to work digging trenches at the most strategic points in the ascent of the mountain. Where there was no earth for trench-digging rocks were rolled together, making strong. barri- cades behind which groups of our sharp- shooters were stationed. The sun came out gloriously, and we were hard at it all day strengthening our position against the attack which we knew was certain to come. Toward evening we held a mass-meeting for the election of a committee of defense which should have supreme authority for our six communities. Some favored an election by show of hands, but others argued that, as this was a matter of such vital importance, the regular congregational method of choice by secret ballot should be followed. And they offered to get together enough bits of paper to carry out the ballot! Our people have be- come very much attached to these democratic methods taught by the missionaries. With- out much delay scraps of paper, more or less torn and wet, were gathered and the ballot was cast. A governing council thus being established, plans were at once made for de- fending each pass in the mountain and each approach to the camp. Scouts, messengers, and a central reserve group of sharpshooters were chosen and were assigned their duties. The summons from the Government had been served July 13. The eight days’ grace had now almost elapsed, and we were aware that the Turks must have discovered our

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1915 movements. The whole Antioch plain is peopled with Turks and Arabs, and there is always a strong military garrison in the Antioch barracks. On July 21 the attack began. The ad- vance guard was two hundred regulars, and their captain insolently boasted that he would clear the mountain in one day. But the Turks suffered several casualties and were driven back to the base. When they ad- vanced for a more generalattack, they dragged up a field-gun, which, after some experimen- tation, secured the range and wrought havoc in our camp. One of our sharpshooters, a lion-hearted young fellow, crept down through the brushwood and among the rocks until he was in very close range of the field-gun, which was mounted on a flat rock. Having made himself an ambush of branches, he watched for a good opportunity. He wasso near that he could hear the Turks talking to one another as they loaded the gun. Then, as one gunner stepped out into view, the young man picked him off with the first shot. With five bullets he killed four gunners ! The captain thereupon threw up his hands in dis- may, and, not being able to discern our sharp- shooter, ordered the gun to be dragged to a place of shelter. ‘Thus were we saved from a disastrous gun-fire on that day and several days to come. But the Turks were gathering forces for a massed attack. ‘They had sent word through many Moslem villages calling the people to arms. Army rifles and plentiful ammunition were handed out from the An- tioch arsenal, until the mob of four thousand Moslems thirsting for massacre became a formidable foe. But the chief strength of the Turks was in the three thousand regular troops accustomed to discipline and inured to hardship. Suddenly one morning our scouts brought word to headquarters that the enemy was appearing at every pass in the mountain. Here and there the Turks had already gained the cliffs and shoulders of the crest. Our reserve body of defenders was—very un- wisely, as we afterwards realized—sent in small groups to these various points. No sooner had our forces been thus divided than a massed attack in great force commenced through one ravine. All the other advances had been feints, and were not followed up. By the time our men discovered the situation and rallied from distant points the Turks had shot down our scouts and had poured THE NATIONS AT WAR 801 through an important pass. To our dismay, we saw them already in full occupation of high ground, threatening our camp. Rein- forcements kept pushing up the mountain, and as the afternoon drew on we saw that we were completely outnumbered. We saw also that the range of the Turks’ rifles was far superior to that of our old-fashioned firearms. By sundown the enemy had advanced three companies through the dense underbrush and forest to within four hundred yards of our huts. A deep, damp ravine lay between, and the Turks decided to bivouac rather than to push on in the darkness. Our leaders hurriedly took counsel to- gether, whispering very quietly and not allowing any light incamp. Every one knew that a crisis had been reached. Finally a venturesome plan was adopted: to creep around the Turkish positions in the dead of night and thus carry out an enveloping move- ment, closing in very suddenly with a fusillade and ending with a hand-to-hand encounter. If this plan should fail, we knew that every- thing was lost. Through the dark, wet woods our men crept with extraordinary skill. It was here that .our familiarity with those crags and thickets made it possible to do what invaders could not attempt. The circle was practically completed when, with a flash and a crash on all sides, our men delivered their attack, rushing forward with desperate courage. In avery few moments it was evi- dent that bewiderment and alarm had thrown the Turkish camp into the utmost confusion. Troops were rushing hither and thither in the black night, stumbling over rocks and logs, officers shouting contradictory commands and struggling vainly to rally their men. Evi- dently the impression was given of a very substantial Armenian attack, because in less than half an hour the Turkish colonel gave the order to retreat, and before dawn the woods were practically clear of the troops. More than two hundred Turks had been killed and some booty taken: seven Mauser rifles, 2,500 rounds of ammunition, and one mule. There was no sign of any renewal of fighting. But we knew that our foes were not defeated ; they were only driven off. During the next few days they roused the whole Mohammedan population for many miles around—a horde of perhaps fifteen thousand. With this larger number they were able to surround and lay siege to Mousa Dagh on the landward side. Their plan was now to starve us out. On the seaward side

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802 there was no harbor nor any communication with a seaport. The mountain sloped directly into the sea. We were fully occupied in the care of our wounded and the reparation of the damage done in camp. Special meetings were held to thank God for deliverance thus far, and to intercede with him for our families and little ones. Grego- rians and Protestants were fused into one faith and fellowship by this baptism of suffer- ing. It was at this time that my wife was confined and gave birth to her first child, a son. She suffered much in the flight down the seaward trail some days later, but I car- ried her and helped her as much as possible. Thank God, she is in good health now, and so is our little son. When we discovered that our mountain was in a state of siege, we began to estimate our food resources. During the first week on the heights we had exhausted the bread, olives, and cheese that we had brought from home. Very few had been able to bring flour or other cereals, so for a month past we had been living on our flocks, using the goats’ milk for the little children and the sick, and slaughtering a number of sheep and goats every day. ‘This constant meat diet was not good for us, but, on the other hand, we were profoundly thankful that we were spared the suffering of starvation. We made a careful count of the flocks, and found that even with a reduced ration of meat our supply would last not more than two weeks longer. Under the pressure of this anxiety we began to think of plans for escape by sea. Before the siege had entirely closed in we had sent a runner to make the dangerous trip, eighty-five miles through Turkish villages, to Aleppo, the capital of the province, with an appeal to the American Consul, Mr. Jack- son, to send us help by sea, if possible. But it is not at all likely that our messenger ever reached Aleppo. It occurred to us that pos- sibly a battle-ship of the Allies might be in Alexandretta Harbor, thirty-five miles to the north. So one of our young men, who was a strong swimmer, volunteered to creep through the Turkish lines and take a message in English strapped inside his belt. He suc- ceeded in reaching the hills overlooking the harbor, but saw that there was no battle-ship, and returned. His plan had been to swim out to sea, circling around to reach the battle- ship, thus avoiding the Turkish sentries on the roads leading into Alexandretta. We then prepared triplicate copies of the THE OUTLOOK 1 December following appeal, and appointed three swim- mers to be constantly on the watch for any passing ship to strike through the surf andswim out at such an angle as to meet the vessel : To any English, American, French, Italian, or Russian admiral, captain, or authority whom this petition may find, we appeal in the name of God and human brotherhood: We, the people of six Armenian villages, about 5,000 souls in all, have withdrawn to that part of Mousa Dagh called Damlajik, which is three hours’ journey northwest from Suedije along the seacoast. We have taken refuge here from Turkish barbarism and torture, and most of all from the outraging of the honor of our women. Sir, you must have heard about the policy of annihilation which the Turks are applying to our nation. Under cover of dispersing the Armenians, as if to avoid rebellion, our people are expelled from their houses, deprived of their gardens, their vineyards, and all their posses- sions. This brutal programme has already been applied to the city of Zeitoun and its thirty-two villages, to Albustan, Geoksun, Yarpouz, Gurin, Diarbekir, Adana, Tarsus, Mersin, Deort Yol, Hadjin, etc. And the same policy is being ex- tended to all the one and a half million Arme- nians in different parts of Turkey. The present writer was the Protestant pastor in Zeitoun a few months ago and was an eye- witness of many unspeakable cruelties. I saw families of eight or ten members driven along the highway, barefooted children six or seven years old by the side of aged grandparents, hungry and thirsty, their feet swollen from the toilsome journey. Along the road one heard sobs and curses and prayers. Under the press- ure of great fear, some mothers gave birth to children in the bushes by the side of the road. Immediately afterward they were compelled by the Turkish guards to continue their journey till kind death arrived to give an end to their tor- ture. The remainder of the people who were strong enough to bear the hardships of the march were driven on under the whips of the gen- darmes to the plains of the south. Some died of hunger. Others were robbed along the way. Others were stricken with malaria and had to be left by the roadside; and, as a last act of this dark and foul tragedy, the Arabs and Kurds massacred all the males and distributed the widows and girls among their tribes! The Government some forty days ago in- formed us that our six villages must go into exile. Rather than submit to this we withdrew to this mountain. We now have little food left, and the troops are besieging us. We have had five fierce battles. God has given us the vic-

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1915 tory; but the next time we will have to with- stand a much larger force. Sir, we appeal to you in the name of Christ! Transport us, we pray you, to Cyprus or any other free land. Our people are not indolent. We will earn our own bread if weare employed. If this is too much to grant, transport at least our women, old people, and children, equip us with sufficient arms, ammunition, and food, and we will work with you with all our might against the Turkish forces. Please, sir, do not wait until it is too late! Respectfully your servant, for all the Chris- tians here, DIKRAN ANDREASIAN. September 2. But days passed and not even a sail was seen. ‘The war had reduced the coastwise shipping toa minimum. Meanwhile, at my suggestion, our women had been making two immense flags, on one of which I printed in large, clear English : CHRISTIANS IN This was a white flag with black lettering. The other was also white with a large red cross at the center. We fastened these flags to tall saplings and set a watch at the foot to scan the horizon from dawn to dark. Some days we had rain, and on others heavy mists and fogs, which are rather prevalent along our bit of coast. The Turks again attacked us by several approaches, and we had some severe fighting, but never at such close quarters as during the first general engagement. From one point of vantage we were able to roll boulders down the precipitous mountain-side with disastrous effects to the enemy. Our pow- der and cartridges were running low, and the Turks evidently had some idea of the straits we were in, for they began shouting insolent summons to surrender. ‘Those were anxious days and long nights. One Sunday morning, the fifty-third day of our defense, while I was occupied in pre- paring a brief sermon to encourage and strengthen our people, I was startled by hearing a man shouting at the top of his voice. He came racing through our encamp- ment straight for my hut. ‘ Pastor! pastor !”’ he exclaimed; ‘a battle-ship is coming and has answered our waving. Praise God! Thank God! Our prayers are heard! When we wave the Red Cross flag, the bat- tle-ship answers by waving signal flags. They see us and are coming in nearer shore!” This proved to be the French cruiser Guichen, a four-funnel ship. While one of its boats was being lowered some of our DISTRESS—RESCUE THE NATIONS AT WAR 803 young men raced down to the shore and were soon swimming out to the stately vessel, which seemed to have been sent to us from God. With beating hearts we hurried down to the beach, and soon an invitation came to the captain for a delegation to come on board and narrate the situation. He sent a wireless to the Admiral of the fleet, and before a great while the flagship St. Jean d’Are appeared on the horizon, followed by other French battle-ships. The Admiral spoke words of comfort and cheer to us, and gave an order that every soul of our com- munity should be taken on board the ships. The embarkation took some time, of course, and an English cruiser was invited to take part in the transportation to Port Said, Egypt. We were taken on board four French cruis- ers and one English, and were very kindly cared for. In two days we arrived at Port Said, and are now settled in a permanent camp which has been provided for us by the British authorities. We are especially grateful to Mr. William C. Hornblower for the excellent organization of this camp and to Colonel and Mrs. P. G. Elgood and Miss Russell for their untiring efforts on our behalf. The Armenian Red Cross Society of Cairo, recently organized, of which the Gregorian Bishop is Honorary Chairman, Mr. Ferma- nian, of the Kodak Company, Director, and Professor Kayayan, Secretary, has sent us a staff of three doctors and three nurses. An accurate census has been taken, which shows that the survivors number : Babies and children under four years EME ic dass cease nthe parquet bnmsiosee 413 Girls from four to fourteen............ 505 Boys from four to fourteen............ 606 Women above fourteen years of age.... 1,449 DEER ADOVE TOULICEI «6.0.6.5 50:6.6:80:6:0:0:0:0:00 1,076 Total number of souls rescued... .... 4,049 After the Turks’ first challenge, July 13, we had eight days’ parley and preparation. For fifty-three days we defended ourselves on Mousa Dagh; and a two days’ voyage brought us to Port Said on September 14. We do not forget that our Saviour was brought in his infancy to Egypt for safety and shelter. And the brethren of Joseph could not have been more grateful than we are for the corn and wheat provided. With greetings to American, British, French, and Armenian friends, in the name of Christ under the shadow of whose Red Cross we are indeed one people.

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A GLANCE BREATH Man is the shaken slave of breath: For logic leaves the race unstirred ; ’Tis cadence, and the vibrant word, Are lords of life, are lords of death. Nor facts nor reasons absolute May touch the crowd’s composite soul, But rhythm, and the drum’s long roll, The orator, the arrowy flute. The gods breathed music in our clay. Rune-giving Odin, Krishna, Pan, Move in the running blood of man, His tidal moods they mete and sway. Breath is more mighty stuff than stone. Sandaled with magic syllables, Shadows, we glide, through shadowy hells... Or soar to heaven on a tone. * * . . * A maxim is what every man feels, felt into form by some one man. * * * The nation that is licked in this war will be the one that believes its own pessimists first. * * +. Mr. Richard Harding Davis has been inter- viewing President Poincaré, of France, for the New York “‘ Times.’”’ The President, no doubt, picked up a great many good ideas as to the way to run the war from Mr. Davis. But there was aslight impediment to the perfect freedom of communication. Says Mr. Davis: “It was my good fortune to be presented by Paul Benazet. M. Benazet is an accom- plished linguist, and, as President Poincaré does not express himself readilyin English and as my French is better suited to restaurants than palaces, he acted as our interpreter.” If Mr. Davis had only trusted completely in his own star, I feel confident that his res- taurant French would have carried him through all right. Either that or the per- sonality which I have manufactured for my- self as representing Mr. Davis, after many years of perusal of his writings, is all wrong. The Richard Davis of my visions, the commanding figure of my dreams, would have dropped in to lunch, would have made a virtue of his restaurant French, and would have conducted the interview something like this : ‘«¢ T have a great admiration,’ said the Presi- dent, ‘ for America and her intrepid writers.’ ««« Thank you,’ I replied; ‘some oysters, President.’ 804 IN PASSING “The President brought me the oysters. After I had sent him back to the kitchen for the tabasco, which he had forgotten, he continued: ‘There is a_ traditional amity between the two republics, Mr. Davis—yours and mine.’ “« There is,’ I answered, encouragingly. ‘ No—no soup. But you can bring me a bit of celery along with that chicken, President.’ M. Poincaré informed me, apologetically, that there was not a stick of celery in the palace. I might have been annoyed, but I reflected that France is at war. And yet the demeanor of this charming man was not at all military. Making allowances for the times, I have never been more competently waited on by the ruler of a great nation in all my experience. ““* What would you advise France to do, Mr. Davis ?’ said the President, after we had got to the cheese and coffee, and he had held a match to my cigarette with his long, slender, aristocratic fingers. * « Sit down,’ I said, affably. He complied. I told him. I was compelled, more or less, to use the direct, simple French one uses when giving orders to a gargon in a café. But he understood, and he thanked me. He thanked me again as he held the door open for me to pass out, with the unconsciousness of real courtesy.” That last line is going too far? Oh, no. The actual interview in the ‘‘ Times ”’ is like that. I quote: “Then he gave me a mes- sage to Colonel Roosevelt, and with the un- consciousness of real courtesy himself opened the door for us.” There is something about Mr. Davis—at least the Mr. Davis I have manufactured for myself after a perusal of his writings—that compels that sort of thing from kings and presidents. * * ~ There is a little shop in New York where you can buy cages for grasshoppers. People who have loved grasshoppers all their lives and have yearned to have them about their homes, but who have not known how to keep them from eating unwisely in the conserva- tory or from being unwisely eaten in the dining-room, may now fashionably imprison them in the drawing-room and listen to their music all day long. The idea of the caged grasshopper sing- ing and swinging on his perch originated, I

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‘yo we believe, with the Chinese. It indicates an engaging refinement, of ‘a character more Chinese than American. A dog is a friendly pet, but some people think dogs a little coarse ; parrots are beautiful, but all parrots were demons before they were parrots, and their aspiration is to conduct themselves so that they will be demons again ; canaries are insipid, and cats are ungrateful, and the brilliance of the goldfish is rather physical than mental. Cockroaches, while gregarious in disposition and fond of the neighborhood of humanity, have never succeeded in inspir- ing man with a reciprocal affection. For the zesthete, what pet more ideal than the grass- hopper? It is bright, it is cleanly, it is beau- tiful in color and quaint in shape. We have no way of knowing whether it is intelligent or not, and that in itself is fascinating. Doesa grasshopper think ? What does a grass- hopper think? What does he think of men ? What does he think, specifically, of the men who buy ornate cages for him? He says nothing, but his reticence may have a fine quality of irony in it, for all I know ; there is such a thing as a witty silence. Esthetic though it be, the fad is one which I feel certain will never find much favor in Kansas. I can imagine some Kansan of wealth—wealth garnered in spite of a billion grasshoppers—who has _ been spending some time in New York for the purpose of picking up, and especially allow- ing his wife and daughters to pick up, little metropolitan trifles (some of them mental) just a bit different from the things to be had at home—I can imagine this Kansan, flanked by his feminine relations, peering through the windows of that little shop at the grass- hoppers’ cages displayed within. And his daughter Aurelia says it is a lovely thing and has visions of the social sensation it will create in her own set. But father only snorts. He has let the girls buy everything else, but he is firm on grasshopper cages ; he cannot see himself introducing that par- ticular fashion into Atchison or Emporia; he thinks of what Ed Howe or William Allen’ White would say to this exalted and aristo- cratic grasshopper flittering about his lac- quered house of gold and black and green. And he gargles a word that I refuse to write for a family journal. ‘“ Father!” says Au- relia, and ‘ Pa!” says his wife. But they pass on without that grasshopper cage. He does not refuse them much, but they know when Pa’s foot is ‘“ sot.” A GLANCE IN PASSING QUEER ANIMALS The Skaggle’s fondest earthly hope Is that you’ll think him harmful, But if you feed him laundry soap He can’t help smiling charmful. Instead of feet, the Durg has wheels ; He sings through his proboscis ; He walks upon his hands, and squeals, Each slippery place he crosses. The Glicker’s built in such a way He has no clever tricks ; While other creatures romp and play He merely stands and glicks. * * * The things people get proud over are always a source of wonder to the philosophic mind. A Middle Western friend tells me that there is a farmer in Indiana who has lorded it over all his neighbors for years because the center of population—that im- aginary, arithmetical thing computed every ten years by the Federal Census Bureau— falls on his farm. He himself, my informant tells me, conceives that he is, in his own per- son, the center of population—the human pivot, as it were, upon which the Nation revolves. If the Census of 1920. takes the center of population off of his farm, as it probably will, it will be a sad blow for the old man. His glory will be gone. I can imagine him slyly moving a few miles west, craftily buying up the land upon which the center of population falls next before its present owner knows about it, and so retain- ing his importance. ‘The vainest person I ever knew based his extraordinary vanity upon the fact that he could suddenly thrust out two false teeth upon the end of his tongue and then draw them back into place with a perceptible click. He was the janitor of a village school and awakened in scores of infants the desire to grow up and be able to do just that trick. We all have our little vani- ties; I have known otherwise intelligent men who would spend hours, if they could get the audience, telling just how various kinds of food, drink, and tobacco affected them to the minutest detail. And one of my ac- quaintances is more proud of the fact that he was born with a caul than that, after a hard fight against poverty and many early obsta- cles, he now occupies an enviable position at the bar. These little chance gifts of the fates seem to mean more to us than the things we have fought for and achieved. Don Margulis.

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aseare KNOLL PAPERS BY LYMAN ABBOTT MEN OF THE KNOTTED HEART OT long since I received a letter N from an Unknown Friend—husband and wife—living in Birkenhead, Eng- land, from which I make the following extract : A book has recently been published’ here entitled “ Men of the Knotted Heart.” It is a very striking book, and the reading of it has been to us a source of inspiration and joy... . As we read this book, Mrs. said: “ This is a book that Dr. Abbott would enjoy ; let us send it as a little token of our obligations to him.” We all agreed, and I now send it in the hope that it may be to you as great a pleasure as it has been to us. The book entitled ‘“* Men of the Knotted Heart ” accompanied this letter. I wonder how Mrs. could have guessed so accu- rately what kind of a book I would enjoy, since her only acquaintance with me is through my writings. But she was quite right. As I have already said in these papers, I do not often read a book through. I read zm books. But the “Men of the Knotted Heart” I have read from cover to cover. Why? That question I can hardly answer to myself. It is not a biography. It contains no dates, no chronology. It por- trays incidents, but no adventures ; religion, but no theology ; character, but no drama; courage, but no perils. It has seriousness without solemnity, and humor without fun. It is a portrait of sitters who have never posed, and yet is more than a snapshot. I wish some enterprising American publisher would give it to the American public. I should like to see it in the hands of students for the ministry, not for the lessons it teaches, but for the inspiration it gives, and in the hands of ministers who are not so well edu- cated that they can learn nothing more. J. P. Struthers and A. D. Grant were two Scottish ministers who spent their lives in two comparatively small parishes of the com- paratively unknown town of Greenock, on the western coast of Scotland. Mr. Struthers was in the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Mr. Grant in the Free Church. The Re- formed Church is so conservative that it will sing nothing save the versified Psalms of David. Apparently it has never discovered, certainly it has never responded to, the invi- 806 tation given in the Psalms: “O sing unto the Lord a mew song.”” From several illus- trations of its versification I select at chance one: “ By thee through troops of men I break, And them discomfit all; And by my God assisting me, I overleap a wall.” To this refusal to use modern hymns Mr. Struthers was always loyal. ‘‘ Shall we not take a4 hymn to-night ?’ asked the choirmaster in another church. ‘ Certainly,’ said Struthers, ‘if we can’t get a Psalm to suit.’ ” Mr. Grant was in the Free Church—a church which, to the average American, would not seem dangerously free. After all, free- dom is comparative. But the difference in the theology of these two men made no dif- ference in, I should be inclined to say, their real thinking. They were “ Men of the Knotted Heart,’”? bound together by the bands of an indissoluble friendship. Their differences of temperament made their com- panionship closer. Their friends knew them as David and Jonathan, and they knew each other so. When of a morning Grant would spy from his window Struthers’s massive head appearing above the shrubbery, ‘“ Here’s David,” he would say. The Scotch character is an enigma—but, then, is not all character anenigma? Every nation is a riddle to every other nation ; every individual a riddle to every other individual ; and most of us are unsolved riddles to our- selves. We spend our lives in guessing at the conundrum and die without solving it. The Scotch theologian is popularly thought of as hidebound, reactionary, severe, literal. And yet Robertson Smith and George Adam Smith have been among the leaders of the English-speaking world in Biblical criticism, and Henry Drummond’s “ Natural Law in the Spiritual Realm” is the best antidote I know to a spurious supernaturalism, and his * Ascent of Man” the most convincing inter- pretation of the doctrine of evolution applied in explaining the development of the whole man, both animal and spiritual—far more con- vincing to the religious thinker than Darwin’s “* Emotions in Animal and Man.” The Scotch preacher is popularly dubbed Dr. Dryasdust, and yet it would be difficult to find in the

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KNOLL pulpit of any nation superiors in pulpit elo- quence to Chalmers, Guthrie, and Matheson. I willventure in this quite informal table talk a different guess at the Scotch character. The Scotchman is temperamentally a legalist. He believes in the sanctity of law and in sttrict- ness in its observance. The definition of sin in the Westminster Confession of Faith might have come from a Scotchman: “Sin is any violation of or want of conformity to the law of God.” To his thinking disobedience is the capital sin, obedience is the supreme virtue. But strictness is not identical with severity, nor inconsistent with great tender- ness. One may be strict with himself, strict with his subjects, strict with his children, and yet full of overflowing tenderness for the unintentional and even for the flagrantly dis- obedient ; witness the following incident : Some time or other in his student days, he (Struthers) had become the possessor of a vol- ume of the works of Swedenborg—whose mys- ticism was poles asunder from the stern Calvin- ism of the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Then, as now, such books could be had for the asking. Struthers, not having leisure to read it, laid it aside fora while. But, his exams over and his mind at ease, he bethought him of the volume of Swedenborg, which it seems had piqued his intellectual curiosity. “Where is that book, mother ?” he asked ; “ I want to read it.” “In the fire,” she answered ; “I read it.” Yet, ere I leave speaking of her, I would like to repeat what Struthers told to one of my own elders, that on her death-bed she said to him, “John, it’s mebbe no richt, but I canna help prayin’ for the enemy—for Satan himsel’.” And so she passed, with a petition on her lips for the Black Heart of the Accuser of the Brethren, against whom throughout her life she had waged war without quarter. If pious wishes are prayers, her prayers were not only for Satan. At another time she told her son ‘“ that she had remembered with great pity the souls that are outcast for- ever. ‘ But the All-Merciful may save them yet,’ she said. ‘It repented Him once, it may repent Him again.’ ” This volume is full of these apparent con- tradictions. Perhaps that is what makes it interesting. Self-consistent character wins our admiration more easily than our affec- tions. We may admire the always consistent character, but we do not find him interesting. Perhaps it was because my unknown friend rightly guessed that I am no great admirer of mere consistencies that she thought I would enjoy this book. All great men seem to me PAPERS 807 to possess, if not inconsistencies, at least antitheses in character which more common- place men find it difficult to reconcile. It is because the greatest man in human history abounds with these apparent self-contradic- tions that after nineteen centuries he is still an object of study by an increasing number of disciples, and is still so grossly misunder- stood by men who are not broad enough to see more than‘one side of his antithetical character. In this respect, as in some others, these ‘“‘ Men of the. Knotted Heart ” repre- sented their Master. Observe, I say rep- resented, not imitated, for these self-contra- dictions were spontaneous expressions of their inward life, not conscious imitations of the life of another. What, for example, would a consistent Protestant say to Grant’s defense of prayers for the dead: We passed through the consecrated ground, and, coming to a stone cross erected to the memory of a parish priest, we stopped to read the inscription: THE CATHOLICS OF GREENOCK OFFER THIS CROSS AND PRAY “ A little flock of beautiful words,” he said. “T have heard you say,” I reminded him, “that ‘superstition fills every fine thought with frost.’ Your very phrase, I think.” * Don’t use the word ‘superstition’ here,” he answered, reprovingly. ... “But you would not justify prayers for the dead ?” “ Never as a part of my creed; but if I found myself surprised into a prayer for my beloved hidden in death, I would not be ashamed. The Catholics pray for the dead that they may be delivered from purgatory. I could never be- lieve in purgatory, but I would pray for the dead that, in their love for me and by the help of God, they might admit no impediment between my heart and theirs. That very prayer would help to keep green my memory of them, and steel my resolution to goodness.” One might easily think the economies of these men indicated a miserly littleness of character. What else would you say of Struthers’s trick of diluting his ink, which “‘ was one of those Struthersesque ways which were always such a wonder and delight”? Yet Struthers was no lover of money. He had an income of £200 a year from his congrega- tion, was offered more and pressed to accept it, but would not. He was a generous giver ; but extravagant expenditure, even in little things, seemed to him a sin. But he also could be extravagant when occasion justified. Once in a book-shop he spied on the shelves a copy of a notoriously licentious book, price ren oe + SRT ST SS ee oe brite Seas tm Seg SoS ETE

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ANU IBS ict at Beans four pounds. He remarked that it was hardly the kind of book that a decent book- seller would care to sell; the bookseller not responding, Struthers bought the book for three pounds ten shillings and paid the money. ‘ The bookseller carefully wrapped the volume in paper and tied it up, handing it to Struthers with a smile. Struthers took it, walked to the back of the shop where there was a fire, and thrust the package into its heart, standing there till it was consumed. When he came back to Greenock he told Grant. ‘ Well done, old man,’ said Grant, ‘ well done! You’ve made the world a bit cleaner.’ ” The same kind of inconsistency character- ized Grant. With him thrift was not tem- peramental, but acquired. ‘I was born extravagant,” he once said. His giving had an air of carelessness about it; he gave joy- ously. But in a public address suggesting a list of books which every boy ought to have, he proposed as one of them the ** Shorter Catechism ” and the ‘ Provident Bank Book,” bound up together. To both these men little things might be great things. If nothing was too little to be condemned if it was evil, also nothing was too little to be done if it would serve. It was Grant’s habit in walking the street to clear the pavement of orange skins left there by the careless passer-by. On his way to church one Sunday morning he stopped over fifty times to clear the pavement. A lady, asked one day by some one if she had seen Mr. Grant passing that way, said, ‘: You have only to look at these skins on the pavement to know he hasn’t.” Struthers’s garden was surrounded by a stone wall from which one flat stone protruded. On that stone he laid little bunches of flowers for any passer-by to take—an original thing to do. Throughout the long years of his residence there that was done. Daily, and often several times a day, the fragrant sacrifice was laid upon the little stone altar, a share of the beauty of his garden, which he offered to whomsoever list to take it. Many a lover passing there has taken a pansy hence to give to his sweetheart beside him, an offering to the love which keeps this old earth ever young. And there wasa girl who walked that way of a morning and used to lift the freshly cut blooms and kiss them, and after her came a lad, hastening another airt, but who always stayed his steps beside the altar to find the kiss. I have said that this book contains in- stances of courage without peril. Two incidents, one from the life of Grant, one S08 THE OUTLOOK 1 December from the life of Struthers, illustrate what I mean by this inaccurate sentence. They also illustrate the kind of courage which every minister ought to possess if he is to be in the highest degree efficient in his ministry : I was walking with him [Grant] along a street in Greenock one day, when we came on a man lounging at a streetcorner. Just when we were abreast of him, there hove in sight another man, raging, inflamed with drink and all brutal pas- sions. Espying the lounger, he came rushing at him, bawling, with oaths I suppress, “ You-you- you, I want a punch at you. You-you,I want a punch at YOU.” The attitude of the man was so violent, and his intention so cruel, and his language so dreadful, that everybody cleared out of his way as he came, with clenched fists and red eyes and mouth literally foaming, to wreak his vengeance on his foe—all save Grant, who quietly stepped in the man’s way. “Have a punch at me instead,” he said. The fellow stopped, dazed, and looked at the quiet, grizzled face in wonder. Some women got round the first man and hustled him out of sight. The truculency of the other seemed to evaporate. In a way I can hardly now tell, he too had dis- appeared, and Grant and I were walking on. A different kind of courage, but one which every sensitive soul will appreciate, is illus- trated in an incident told of Struthers. He was much interested in a House of Refuge in Greenock, and took an active part in try- ing to save through its instrumentality aban- doned girls from their street lives. Narrating the following incident to his friend, he referred to the phrase in Job, ‘“*‘ He saveth the poor from their mouth.”’ ‘* From their mouth,’ he said to me. ‘If you go up there among those people, pray to be saved from their mouth.’ ”’ He went on: But, when I mind that text, it comes to me that some years ago there were two girls, very bad girls I am afraid, and they left the House of Refuge and went back to the streets. So | had to seek them and persuade them to return; and at last one day I met them together, very downcast—the ways of the wicked are as dark- ness—and I reasoned with them all I could. At last one of them said, “ We'll come back to the Home if you'll take us in a cab.” So we struck the bargain, and I went off and got acab then and there, put them into it and went with them. We had to drive through the busiest streets with plenty of bad men about, and women too, I fear, who would jeer at me. Per- haps it was weak of me—I should be ashamed of myself—but I couldn’t help praying to be saved from their mouth. One of the girls— they were sitting opposite to me—leaned for- ward and began to breathe on the window of

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xe y- g 2d id. ve th st nd er- ed be of ‘ostrich, . . . 1915 JOHN the cab, so that she covered it with the steam of her breath. The other looked at her a moment and then started to the other window. I said, “ What are you doing that for?” And they said, “Oh! we’re jist playin’ hide an’ seek, same as we did when we were kiddies,” and then, more soberly, “It’s no’ for the likes o’ you to be seen wi’ the likes 0’ us.” That made me all shivery, and I was going to stop them, when I minded that I had just prayed to be delivered out of the mouths of the crafty, and God was doing it by opening the mouths of the two poor creatures with me—ay, by the very breath of their mouths. This incident illustrates in Struthers’s telling of it the audacity and homeliness of his piety. When he had finished, says the author of this book, he was silent, too, a moment, and then he made this startling, daring comment: “ I sometimes have thought that the best line in. the Paraphrases is: “¢Q spread Thy covering wings around,’ y 4 ’ and these were very dreadful wings to be covered by, but I believe they were God’s wings all the same.” JOHN “ROM John Hay, more than from any H other writer, we have an expert’s pen portrait of Lincoln. And this is a salient excellence of the present work by William Roscoe Thayer. Hay used to call Lincoln “ the Tycoon,’ and described him thus: The Tycoon is in fine whack. I have rarely seen him more serene and busy....Iam grow- ing more convinced that the good of the coun- try absolutely demands that he should be kept where he is till this thing [the war] is over. There is no man in the country so wise, so gen- tle, and so firm. Books have appeared entitled The True George Washington, The True This, and The True That. The first volume of the present work might well be entitled The True Abraham Lincoln. It shows him to us as the man—always great, but sometimes clumsy, and certainly homely. We are told about the visits to his secretary’s room which Lincoln made at night, ‘“ his short shirt hang- ing about his long legs and setting out be- hind like the tail feathers of an enormous What a man it is! Occupied 'The Life and Letters of John Hay. By _ William Rescas mee 2 vols. Houghton Mifflin Company, Soston. $ le HAY 809 Grant, returning one morning to his home to meet with a little company of Christian folk engaged on schemes of helpfulness, fell at the steps of his garden and died there alone, breathing out his spirit in the faint silver lights of that January day. What Struthers said of his companion might, I think, be said with equal truth of him: “Heaven is no doubt a remarkable place, but I’ll be sadly mistaken if Grant isn’t an acquisition to it.” It was not long before Struthers followed his companion in a death almost precisely similar. ‘‘ Preaching upon the Love of God, of all themes that which he liked the best, he faltered a moment—recov- ered—spoke a word or two, and then fell on the pulpit floor—sinking at once into the mysterious deeps of obliviousness.” He must be peculiarly impervious to the unconscious influence of good men who can read how these two Men of the Knotted Heart passed through life and passed out of it, without receiving some impulse to devouter and more unselfish living. The Knoll, Cornwall-on-the-Hudson. HAY all day with matters of vast moment, .. . he gets out of bed and perambulates the house in his shirt.” Nor does Hay attempt to cover up any “larks;” for instance: “I went last night to a sacred concert of pro- fane music at Ford’s. . . . The Tycoon and I occupied a private box, and both of us carried on a hefty flirtation with the end girls in the flies.” Lincoln was never petty. Mr. Thayer reports : The loyal secretary told the President of the conduct of Secretary Chase “in trying to cut under” for the Republican nomination. Mr. Lincoln said: “ It was very bad taste, but... Chase made a good Secretary. ... If he be- comes Prosident, all right! I hope we may never have a worse man.” As Mr. Thayer notes, during four years daily and often hourly companionship enabled Hay to observe at close range the working of Lincoln’s mind and “ the heart and charac- ter of the ruler who has had no peer in the Anglo-Saxon world.”” (Anglo-Saxon, indeed ! Where is the peer in any world ?) And here, crystallizing Lincoln’s ideals, we have his own rejoinder to the extremist sug- gestion that the North should subjugate the

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South, exterminate the whites, set up a black republic, and protect the Negroes ‘“ while they raised our cotton !” Some of our Northerners seem bewildered and dazzled by the excitement of the hour... . For my own part, I consider the central idea pervading this struggle is the necessity that is upon us of proving that popular government is not an absurdity. We must settle this question now whether, in a free government, the minority have the right to break up the government when- ever they choose. If we fail, it will go far to prove the incapability of the people to govern themselves. The work also gives us a close personal view-point of the actors in the Civil War: ‘‘As if he were the privileged of Destiny, John Hay watches the unfolding of the spec- tacle from the White House as from a pro- scenium box.”” Mr. Thayer proceeds : Nor is he a mere looker-on. He is always at the President’s right hand to do the President’s bidding. What he sees and what he hears has due weight in shaping the President’s decisions. For John Hay was a witness to be trusted— discreet, clear-sighted, business-like, and, above all, sympathetic to Lincoln. ‘Thus we are brought nearer the human element in the war than is sometimes the case in formal histories, because Hay’s short, sharp, snappy sentences vividly characterize the army leaders and others. For instance, Grant was “sound,” ‘“ cool-headed,” ‘ un- selfish,” but McClellan was “timid” and vacillating ’’—indeed, we read of his ‘‘ muti- nous imbecility.”” Again, ‘‘ Porter was the most magnificent soldier in the army of the Potomac, ruined by his devotion to McClel- lan. . . . I don’t count John Logan as com- pany for historians.”” Again, Sheridan was the ‘ Little Jack of Clubs.’’ ‘Then this to Nicolay : ‘‘ My dear Nico: Don’t, in a sudden spasm of good nature, send any more people with letters to me requesting favors from Stanton. I would rather make the tour of a smallpox hospital.” As Mr. Thayer says, these pen portraits of the actors in the drama of the Civil War possess the lifelikeness of latter-day snap- shots. The biographer continues : He has not only the knack of drawing vividly with a few strokes, but also a store of humor, which he sprays over them like a fixative... . It is precisely such testimony as his that enables’ the historian to discover the state of mind, whether personal or. collective, out of which came the motives which caused the events in any historical episode. 810 THE OUTLOOK 1 December After the war Hay went into the diplo- matic service. His first position was Secre- tary of Legation at Paris under Bigelow, of whom Mr. Thayer justly says : John Bigelow, the American Minister, had served during nearly Lincoln’s entire Adminis- tration, and upon him had fallen the task of preventing the Emperor Napoleon III from openly supporting the cause of the Confederate States. Next to Charles Francis Adams in London, whose work in helping to preserve the Union can never be overestimated, Bigelow was the most valiant defender abroad of the American Republic. In these perfect terms Hay described Louis Napoleon : Short and stocky, he moves with a queer side- long gait, like a gouty crab; a man so wooden- looking that you would expect his voice to come rasping out like a watchman’s rattle. A com- plexion like a crude tallow—marked for death, whenever death wants him—to be taken some- time in half an hour, or left, if properly coddled, The mustache and imperial which the world knows, but ragged and bristly, concealing the mouth entirely, is moving a little nervously as the lips twitch. Eyes sleepily watchful, furtive, stealthy, rather ignoble; like servants looking out of dirty windows and saying, “ Nobody at home,” and lying as they say it. And withal a wonderful phlegm. He stands there as still and impassive as if carved in oak for a ship’s figure- head. He looks not unlike one of those rude inartistic statues. His legs are too short, his body too long. He never looks well but on a throne or on a horse, as a king ought. Hay’s next diplomatic experience was at Vienna, and thence to Madrid. Returning in 1870, he joined the staff of the New York ‘ Tribune,” and wrote many letters to the sub-editor, Whitelaw Reid. Once, when suffering as Job did, Hay sent a note explain- ing: “I can’t walk, stand, or sit, but by special grace am able to lie on my stomach. If you can think of a subject you would like to have treated from that point of view, send it over and I will worry it.’”’ While the chap- ters describing Hay’s years in journalism and his more literary achievements may not be long enough to satisfy his most ardent ad- mirers, they will welcome the well-merited tributes to the immortal “ Pike County Bal- lads ’’ and to the ‘“ Castilian Days,” and also the first satisfactory account of the “ Bread Winners ”—indeed, of Hay and Nicolay’s *‘ Life of Lincoln,” as well. Hay once ex- pressed to Nicolay his principle of work on this. biography as follows : We will not fall in with the present tone of blubbering sentiment, of course, but we ought

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1915 to write the history of those times like two everlasting angels who know everything, judge everything, tell the truth about everything, and don’t care a twang of their harps about one side or the other. There would be one exception. We are Lincoln men all through. It was Hay’s distinction to have known well our three martyred Presidents. As he was accustomed to say, ‘“ What a strange and tragic fate it has been of mine—to stand by the bier of three of my dearest friends, Lincoln, Garfield, and McKinley, three of the gentlest of men, all risen to the head of the State, and all done to-death by assassins !” Hay’s opinion of Garfield is reflected in the following excerpt : Besides the qualities which are personal to you, you know more of the past and present Government, more history, and more politics than any man since the younger Adams, and you are free from his peculiar infirmities of temper which so narrowed and distorted his views. Any man would be remarkable who could bind to himself as with hooks of steel two such very dissimilar characters as John Hay and Mark Hanna. A letter from Hay to Theodore Stanton says: Don’t you go to making mistakes about McKinley! He is no tenderfoot—he has a habit of getting there. Many among the noble and pure have had occasion to change their minds about him. My friend Smalley changes his weekly. Sometimes he admires him more than 1 do, and sometimes less. I think he is wrong both times. After McKinley’s death Hay wrote : The President was one of the sweetest and quietest natures I have ever known among pub- lic men. I can hear his voice and see his face as he said all the kind and consoling things a good heart could suggest. And now he too is gone and left the world far poorer by his ab- sence. Hay’s service to McKinley was twofold —as Ambassador to England and as Secretary of State. Mr. Thayer judges the first service as follows : John Hay’s Ambassadorship ranks in impor- tance next after that of Charles Francis Adams. Adams prevented England from officially co- operating to destroy the American Union. Hay, more than any other individual, persuaded Eng- land ... that her interests, if not actually her salvation, called for a larger union with her American kinsmen. I'he second service is also impressively characterized : Whether we would or not, we were now a World Power, and could not evade the entangle- JOHN HAY 811 ments, ambitions, advantages, or the dangers im- plied by that fact.- John Hay was among the few who understood the significance of the change from the very first moment; . . . he shaped all his work as Secretary of State with reference to it. Among the events. of Secretary Hay’s term of office were his. negotiations of new treaties and the China:and Panama matters. Concerning the main difficulty in the way of the first, he wrote : The irreparable mistake of our Constitution puts it into the power of one-third of the Senate to meet with a categorical veto any treaty negotiated by the President, even though it may have the approval of nine-tenths of the people of the Nation. ... There will always be thirty-four per cent of the Senate on the black- guard side of every question that comes before them. Mr. Thayer thus aptly describes Hay’s work for China : Hay accustomed the world to accept the Open Door as the only decent policy for it to adopt toward China. Not one of the Governments concerned wished to agree to it; each saw more profit to itself in exploiting what it had already secured and in joining in the scramble for more; but not one of them, after Hay had de- clared for the Open Door, dared openly to oppose the doctrine. It was as if,ina meeting, he had asked all those who believed in telling the truth to stand up—the liars would not have kept their seats. With regard to Panama we read: “ Sec- retary Hay and Lord Pauncefote signed the treaty, which the Senate ratified. Hay was naturally elated. . . . This treaty . . . con- tained two provisions which he deemed essen- tial—the abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer convention and the acknowledgment that the United States should control undisturbed the building and operation of the Isthmian Canal.” Of later events on the Isthmus Hay wrote : If the President had acted differently ... the attacks . . . now made on him would have been ten times more virulent and more effective. He must have done exactly as he did, or the only alternative would have been an indefinite duration of bloodshed and devastation through the whole extent of the Isthmus. Hay once referred to Theodore Roosevelt as ‘“‘a young fellow of infinite dash and orig- inality’’—a correct characterization. But Roosevelt had more than dash and originality, as his Secretary of State was quick to ac- knowledge. The Rooseveltian quality of courage received its frequent tribute from Hay, culminating in a letter written from

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Bad-Nauheim only a few weeks before his death : I need not tell you with what pride and pleas- ure we.all read your speech at Chicago. It has the true ring of conscience and authority combined—the voice of a man “who would not flatter Neptune for his trident.” It isa comfort to see the most popular man in America telling the truth to our masters, the people. It requires no courage to attack wealth and power, but to remind the masses that they too are subject to the law is something few public men dare to do. One quality distinguished Colonel Hay in a peculiar degree—the ability to see through pompousness. This made the position of Count Cassini, the Russian Ambassador, ex- asperating to that diplomat. - Hay also said to Henry Adams: ‘I see your friend, the Kaiser, has at last taken the scalp of Del- cassé. . . . He has evidently done it out of sheer wantonness, to let people know there is a God in Israel.” After all, neither Hay the poet nor Hay the publicist, but Hay the man, interests us most. He is most appealing in his darkest moments. He never had a darker than when his boy died. He wrote: Why should he go, ... with his splendid health and strength, his courage, his hopes, his cheery smile which made everybody like him at sight? ... He was a part of all our lives; our hopes, our plans, our pride, our affections, were all so bound up in him that we find, wher- ever we turn, something broken, crippled, shat- tered, torn. ... My one source of comfort is the courage and sanity with which my wife bears her trouble. ... When she... stood with me beside him, looking into his serene 812 THE OUTLOOK 1 December and smiling face—he never looked so handsome and so happy—lI felt and have felt ever since that she had character enough for both of us... . She said at the very beginning: “ We must act as if he were away on one of his long journeys, and as if we were to see him again in due time.” Of course those who knew Mr. Hay well will read every page of this “ Life ” with absorb- jng interest. Others who did not know him well should also here find not only entertain- ment and instruction, but also inspiration. The biography will doubtless add to Mr. Thayer’s fame, already justly great because of his brilliant ‘“‘ Life of Cavour.’’ Yet these volumes are really more an autobiography than a biography. In his diary and letters John Hay tells his own story in his own way. Mr. Thayer’s contribution, however, has been a doubly responsible one—the selection from the great mass of rich material left by Hay and the connecting description. The biographer’s selections are admirable, and, aside from a few personal “digs” at men and things, his description is clear, balanced, and forceful. But it lacks the intimate touch. Though the style often recalls Hay’s in its pungent touch-and-go, it betrays hardly enough first-hand impression—the sort of thing which would have seemed inevitable to one who had been so close to Hay’s en gaging personality, who had been under the spell of his compelling charm. But we should be deeply grateful for these volumes. They contain a treasury of information to students of history. They are a deserved tribute to a sturdy patriot, to the finest of international statesmen, to a maker of endur- ing literature, to a great gentleman. THE READER’S VIEW THE JACOB A. RIIS SETTLEMENT The statisticians tell us that almost one-half of the people of Manhattan are foreign-born. Our special task, in memory of Jacob A. Riis, is to make good Americans of these strangers in our midst. We try to help by kindergarteps, clubs, classes, and every kind of friendly activ- itv these families who have come to their crowded homes straight from the steamer. As one of the older boys said, “ This is not really the neighborhood in which we live—it is an extension of the dock where we land.” Gymnasium and showers and wholesome fun mean good citizenship lateron. We need your help in developing these opportunities. The schools call upon us constantly for aid in guid- ing the children past the pitfails of city life. The mothers turn to us for explanation in this strange new land. If you wish to have a special part in the patriotic service of this neighborhood house, will you send your contribution to Mrs. E. W. Topp, The Jacob A. Riis Neighborhood Settlement, 48 Henry Street, New York City. ENLISTMENT AND CONSCRIPTION IN THE CIVIL WAR In an editorial on “ War Loans and the War” in your publication of the 29th of September appears the following : “In 1861 the South was more united than the North; its valorous spirit

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>r “~ 1915 THE READER’S VIEW 813 of self-sacrifice was greater; it did not have to resort to conscription as the North did.” I have been a reader of The Outlook for years, and have not only admired its ideals but have observed its accuracy of statements in regard to current events as well as past history. Think- ing many of your readers are liable to be misled by thé above quotation, I am led to make the following communication: On the 31st of December, 1861, the Confeder- ate records showed that the South then had in her army 326,768 men, of which number only 258,680 were present (Vol. 127, Records of the Rebellion). One thousand and seven-tenths of their regiments were enlisted for the war, the rest for one year only. The North at the same date had over 500,000, nearly all of whom were volunteers for three years. The terms of serv- ice of more than two-thirds of the Confederate army expired in the spring and summer of 1862. To retain these veterans was the object of the Government, and it used all its influence to accomplish this purpose. A furlough of thirty days, a bounty of fifty dollars, and the privilege of entering any arm of the service were offered to every soldier who would enlist for a period of three years. With the fall of Fort Donelson in February, 1862, and subsequent loss of nearly the whole State of Tennessee, the most popu- lous of the Southern States, a crisis arose that threatened ‘the early fall of the Confederate Government. Notwithstanding the threatened danger and the various inducements to their veteran soldiers to re-enlist, they declined so to do. General Lee, in the winter of 1862, then in command of a department embracing the States of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, wrote to his Government that he did not think a single regiment could be raised in those three States in three months. To meet the crisis, Congress, on the 16th of April, 1862, passed an act of con- scription to call into the service all white resi- dents in the Confederacy between the ages of eighteen and thirty-five, with very few excep- tions. On October 11, 1862, a second act gave the same power to the President to call all between thirty-five and forty-five years of age. On Feb- ruary 17, 1864, a most drastic act placed all white men in thearmy between seventeen and fifty years of age, most of the previous exemptions being repealed. Mr. James A. Seddon, the Secretary of War, in a report dated January 3, 1863, said: “ It [conscription] was demanded by the imperi- ous necessity of the occasion; it alone could save us. The first flush of enthusiasm and the rush of volunteers had comparatively ceased, and the spirit of volunteering had died out. The periods of enlistment of more than two-thirds of our soldiers were very near their termination. Our army was in incipient disorganization and on the eve of dissolution.” There were more than three million enlist- ments in the Northern army, the draft furnish- ing less than forty-two thousand. It is for your readers to judge whether these official figures show superior valor on the part of the North or South. GEORGE A. BRUCE. Brookline, Massachusetts. PORTO RICO AND BARBADOS You say, “ Porto Rico is the most thickly pop- ulated country on the globe.” I visited Barba- dos last winter, and was told that the popula- tion there was not far from 200,000, about 1,200 to the square mile. ‘lwo different guide-books gave the same figures. /f correct, then Porto Rico is not the most thickly populated country on the globe. A. G. SHERRY. Troy, New York, A CORRECTION [In the issue of September 29 last The Outlook published extended quotations from an article by Dr. Alice Hamilton which originally appeared in the “Survey.” The article was of very spe- cial interest because Dr. Hamilton accompa- nied Miss Jane Addams on a journey to the dif- ferent countries of Europe to present the actions of the Women’s Peace Congress at The Hague, and in the course of this journey Dr. Hamilton had remarkable and unusual opportunities to study the feeling in the different countries as regards the war. The following letter from Dr. Hamilton corrects a minor error in the article relating to Mr. Gilbert Murray.—Tue EDITORS. ] I regret very much having repeated Mr. Murray’s story inaccurately. It was done quite inadvertently, and until I received a letter from Mr. Murray I had no idea that any one would gain from it the meaning he protests against. There was no intention on my part of implying that the young soldier referred to was lacking in courage or patriotism, that he was hoping for peace on any terms. My sole thought in telling the story was that it illustrated the statement we heard made so often, that those who idealize war are largely those who do not really know what it is; that the soldiers themselves often loathe it and believe that there should never be another war. Since it is possible that others who read the anecdote received the impression Mr. Murray did, I wish to take this opportunity to express to them, as well as to Mr. Murray himself, my regret that I should thus have blundered. ALICE HAMILTON. Hull House, Chicago.

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In 1907, when typewriting contests were insti- tuted in New York City, Miss Rose Fritz won with aspeed of 87 words a minute for one hour’s writing. This year she wrote 129 words per minute for an hour; but another contestant, Miss Owen, exceeded even this speed, writing 136 words a minute. During the hour Miss Owen struck the keys 39,285 times—a fraction under 11 a second—and made only 42 mistakes. Let any one try to tap a pencil ona sheet of paper 11 times a second, and he will appreciate the dexterity of the champion typist. “ Beating swords into plowshares ” is a Bibli- cal phrase that is not widely pertinent just now, ’ but it is at least suggested by the statement ina railway journal that an open freight car that had been built specially for carrying heavy ordnance was used recently to transport a giant chrysanthemum plant from Dobbs Ferry, New York, to Cleveland, Ohio. The plant was fifteen feet in diameter, and was packed on edge, with the lower edge resting only about six inches above the rails. Most of the steel mills of the United States are now working at their fullest capacity, with no let-up in sight. “The next step to be taken by the steel companies, apparently,” says the New York “ Sun,” “ will be to withdraw sales- men because of the tremendous pressure on the mills.” When business booms in steel in this way, the contagion is likely to spread, according to many precedents. The “ Century Magazine ” for December ap- propriately illustrates “ Our Nation in the Build- ing,” by Helen Nicolay, with wood engravings of many of the early celebrities of the country. To see these fine portraits reproduced in this way makes the reader think that he is turning the pages of a copy of the “ Century” of the old days—and was there ever a more beautiful magazine published than the “ Century ” of the 90's? Don Simon Patino, of Oruro, Bolivia, is called the Tin King of the world. Beginning as a storekeeper, he.developed the tin industry of his country until now he owns a line of steamships to carry his tin and has made Boliva’s exports of that metal amount to five times as much as those of all other metals— and Bolivia, it will be remembered, has for cen- turies been a great mining country. Captain Dreyfus, famous a decade or more ago as the hero of a celebrated trial before a French military court, is now, a correspondent of the New York “ Times” says, in active serv- ice at the front, as a Major of artillery. “The Kansas folks,” says William Allen White, “are having the time of their life riding around in automobiles. In Emporia, even if you don’t own a car, you can ride thirty blocks in one for a nickel. You can ride along what- 814 BY THE WAY ever street you want, right up to your own door. If you want to be a sport and have the car call at your house for you, you'll have to pay a dime!” Such is the triumph of the jitney in Kansas. The arrival at New. York of a newly built transatlantic liner, the Lafayette, of the French Line, last month, indicates that the French still have skilled artisans who can be spared from the front. The Lafayette is described as a splendid ship, built in accordance with the most advanced ideas in naval construction. Among the novelties of her equipment is a “Punch and Judy ” theater for the children. “In the balcony, scenes from the Orient will be reproduced, with Oriental maidens to serve the cup that cheers.” This announcement in a church fair programme leaves the reader some- what in doubt as to the nature of “the cup that cheers.” As this church is well known for its advocacy of “no license,” it would seem that its quotation should include the words “but not inebriates.” At this season Cowper’s lines have a pleasant suggestiveness that invites their reprinting: “the bubbling and loud-hissing urn Throws up a steamy column, and the cups, . That cheer but not inebriate, wait on each.” Many experiments in lightening heavy cast- ings in various machines, including motor cars, by the use of aluminum, must await the end of the war, apparently, on account of the great rise in the price of that metal. Within a few months aluminum has risen from 20 cents a pound to 55 cents. In part, this increase is ascribed to the use of aluminum in the percus- sion caps and time fuses of shrapnel and other high explosive shells. The new channel through the Gaillard Cut in the Panama Canal will, it is reported, be nearly completed by the middle of December, and it is expected that the Canal will again be in con- dition for use by the first of the year. The slide is said to have filled the Canal forty feet above the water-level for a considerable dis- tance. The following pidgin English version of Uncle Sam’s attitude toward German submarine warfare appears in the “ National Sunday Magazine:” “ Before time we belong fliends. Long time no have got bobbelly [trouble]. Just now you makee fight England. That no belong my pidgin [business]. Suppose you wantche fight, can do. Suppose England she wantche fight, cando. My no fight. You little boat go bottom side water... you have pay [make] one pidgin boat go bottom side. Plenty piece Melican die. That no belong ploper. That velly bad. Suppose you take Melicans off pid- gin boat, they go home—can shoot big boat; suppose no take off—no can do.”