The Outlook 1914-12-30

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Contents of The Outlook Copyright, 1914, by the Outlook Company VOLUME 108 PUBLISHED WEEKLY BY THE LAWRENCE F, ABBOTT, PRESIDENT. TREASURER. ERNEST H, TRAVERS D. CARMAN, ADVERTISING DECEMBER 30, 1914 OUTLOOK COMPANY, 287 N. T. PULSIFER, ABBOTT, SECRETARY. MANAGER, NUMBER 18 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, VICE-PRESIDENT. FRANK C, HOYT, ARTHUR M. MORSE, ASSISTANT TREASURER. YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS—FIFTY-TWO ISSUES— THREE DOLLARS IN ADVANCE. ENTERED AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER AT THE NEW YORK POST-OFFICE

Prohibition and Congress.............. 973 The Philippines and the Philippine Bill 973 The Freight Rates Decision............ 975 Civilized Warfare and Neutral Nations 975 Getting Back at Japan................. 977 The American Leagueto LimitArmaments 977 Scandinavia and the War......... Nasaesie 978 Germany and Belgium................- 978 The First Bulgarian Minister.......... 979 Meee Me WES CES oi. ooo ks cd ecce cde 980 ee ge re eee re 980 The Indian in the ‘‘ Movies ’’.......... 981 A Presidential Family................. 982 RE INS ors se 65scadiesee chen 983 Te eee ey) ee ee 983 Industrial Standards and the War Crisis 984 The New War in Mexico.............. 985 PE PIN = cinak« <0. a ocmrsd.os.d4,00 985 The Army for a Democracy........... 986 Presidential Appointments............. 988

The Business of Being a Man’......... 990 American Criticism and American Fiction 991 The Story GF the Wats o:siéciccicievecicses 993 By Arthur Bullard, The Outlook’s War Cor- respondent at Home pe ee. ene 997 By the Hon. Lindley M. Garrison, Secretary of War, as Interviewed by Gregory Mason The German Soldier of 1870 and 1914.. 999 By Francis S. Palmer Baseball, Books, and Business..... 1000 By Elmer E. Ferris Current Events Pictorially Treated..... 1003 The Tyranny of the Text.............. 1014 By Bruce Barton Profit-Sharing Not a Dream............ 1016 By Ernest H. Gaunt PE NY TI oiled 6 6 siti anasto eos 1019 pe eg 6 ree 1022 SS Re eee 1024 Tadex 0b Voleatie BOB. oi. occ cn cccceecs 1025

BY SUBSCRIPTION, $3.00 a year. Single copies 10 cents. FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS. For countries in the Postal Union, single subscriptions $4.56. Remittances to be made by International Postal money order. THE OUTLOOK COMPANY, 287 Fourth Avenue, New York

If You Eat Grape Fruit You Will Want this GRAPE FRUIT KNIFE SO ee a, So made that it gets all the fruit in each cell, but does not cut the sectional skin. tering or eating or tasting the tough bitter skin if you use this knife. 40 cents prepaid 7 CORNERS, EBONY HANDLE, SILVER-PLATED BLADE BROTHER CUSHMAN, No spat- Full directions sent. MONTCLAIR, NEW JERSEY

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THE OUTLOOK ADVERTISING SECTION

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THE OUTLOOK ADVERTISING SECTION li you are thirty years old the small sum of $2.01 (monthly) ‘secures for you a policy for $1000 in the Postal Life Insurance Com- | pany—a standard legal-reserve Whole-Life Policy, with guaranteed Cash, Loan, Paid-up and Endowment Options, and participation in the Company's surplus earnings; but the Policy will cost you only $1.61 (monthly) during the first year, for you get the benefit of a saving from the agent’s commission because you deal direct. In every subsequent year the earning is nine and one-half per cent. of the premium. That's an example of Postal service and Postal saving. All other companies in the United States em- ploy large forces of agents, and the policyholder necessarily foots the bill. But the Postal Life has no agents at all. direct with those who desire insurance-protection, and the benefit of the saving thereby effected is given to the person sr who takes out the insurance. Strong Postal Points First: Standard policy reser- bes, now more than $9,000,000. Insurance in force more than $45,000,000. Old-line legal re- serve insurance—not frate or assessment. Third: Standard policy-pro- visions, approved by the New York State Insurance Depart- ment. Net Cost Low in the POSTAL LIFE ist. Commission dividends, to the other camer te their agents, less a moderate advertising charge, go to Policyholders the first year, It does business Renewal-Commission Saues tevthan. ne oeer ke 1% Fourth: erates under strict New’ ork State require- ments and subject to the Uni- ted States postal authorities. Fifth: High medical stand- ards in the selection of risks, Sixth: Policyholders’ Health guaranteed dividends go to Pole j= subsequent years. inning at the close of the = poe ye the usual = =. vidends, Company's ee still year further reduce the after the first. Bureau arranges one free m ical examination each year if desired. Of course, you are interested in insurance pro- tection, and it is therefore worth while for you to Find Out What You Can Save Simply write and say: “‘ Mail official insurance particulars as per Advertisement in OUTLOOK for December 30. And be sure to give: 1. them but gives you the Your full name. And bear in mind. Mes 2. “Your occupation, 3. The exact date of your birth. ent bo be ate towk an com ee The ty oot Life does not aay because you deal Postal Life Insurance Company (Wit.R. MALONE, Presipent) Thi -five as aan ae NEW YOR

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LYMAN ABBOTT, Editor-in-Chief The Outlook - DECEMBER 30, 1914 HAMILTON W. MABIE, Associate Editor R. D. TOWNSEND, Managing Editor THE WEEK The Story of the War will be found on page 993 PROHIBITION AND CONGRESS One of the most dramatic incidents likely to take place in the present session of Con- gress was the fight for the adoption of a resolu- tion proposing an amendment to the Constitu- tion prohibiting the sale, manufacture, transpor- tation, and importation of intoxicating liquor within the jurisdiction of the United States. With the leaders of both the Democratic and Republican parties, Mr. Underwood and Mr. Mann, active in opposition, party lines went tosmash. Representative Hobson, the author of the amendment and the chief spokesman for the “drys” in the lower branch of Congress, led the fight for the amendment. ‘The resolution, though a ma- jority of those present voted in its favor, failed by 91 votes to secure the two-thirds vote necessary for adoption. This was the first occasion on which this subject has come to a vote in either house of Congress. Back of Speaker Clark’s chair during the progress of the debate on the amendment was hung a petition representing the names of six million people, “‘ twelve times as many,”’ so Representative Hobson declared, ‘“ as had ever petitioned this or any Government for any one thing.” Illustrated placards were likewise hung on the walls at the instance of the Alabama Congressman. Mr. Hobson’s placards, however, suffered from the fact, pointed out by Representative Gallivan, of Massachusetts, that their display was against the rules of the House. Accordingly the pages gathered up a score or more of them and carried them out to oblivion. Some of these placards bore such legends as the follow- ing ; nearly all were illustrated : “Drunken mothers lose more than half their babies; sober mothers less than one-fourth.” “Keep cool. sunstroke.” Drink increases danger from “Death rate in pneumonia increases with alcohol habit.” It is regarded as somewhat significant of political conditions that forty-five members of the House were not present, for reasons best known to themselves. The Outlook is glad that the Hobson amendment was defeated. We do not be- lieve that the form of the amendment was for the public welfare. It was an attempt to prohibit perpetually the sale of liquor by embodying that prohibition in the Constitu* tion itself. Our position on the question of the enactment of an amendment to the Con- stitution looking towards the National pro- hibition of the sale of liquor was stated in our issue of the 18th of last July in the following words: “While we are not pre- pared to say that the time has yet come for National prohibition, we are prepared to say that Congress should have the Constitutional power to enact a prohibitory statute.’”’ We think that Congress and the public should have clearly in mind the distinction between embodying a prohibition in -the Constitution as slavery is prohibited, and a Constitutional Amendment which may enable Congress at the right time by statute to enact National prohibition as the income tax is authorized. THE PHILIPPINES AND THE PHILIPPINE BILL Before the termination of the present Congress it is expected that the Jones Philip- pine Bill will be passed and will receive the signature of the President. While this bill possesses few features that can be called radical, it is of interest, nevertheless, for in a large measure it expresses the pres- ent intent of the Democratic party toward the Philippine Islands. It contains, more- over, a preamble which promises independ- 973

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974 ence to the Philippines upon the creation of a stable government, and which, in the opinion of The Outlook, will retard rather than ‘ad- vance the progress of the Filipino people. In this connection it is well to know what have been the accomplishments of the present Democratic administration in the Philippines and what results may be expected from the policies maintained by Governor Harrison and his co-laborers. No little light has ‘been thrown on this question by the preface to the second edition of Mr. Dean C. Worcester’s “The Philip- pines, Past and Present.’”’ Mr. Worcester, as the readers of The Outlook know, has made a first-hand study of Philippine prob- lems for a matter of eighteen years. He served as a member of the first Philippine Commission, and then as Secretary of the Interior for the Philippine Islands until the advent of Governor-General Harrison in Oc- tober, 1913. Mr. Worcester’s summary of conditions in the Philippines at present is so judicial in tone and so well supported by facts that it will disarm any one who is likely to discount its value because it comes from “*a member of a former Administration.” At the beginning of his own administration Governor Harrison told a great gathering of Filipinos that the change of the National Administration of the United States had brought for them a “ new era.” The spirit of this new era may perhaps be judged by a quotation which Mr. Worcester makes from THE OUTLOOK 30 December ippine Islands into the closest possible har- mony with the best that modern civilization affords. The principle enunciated in the above quotation, as Mr. Worcester points out, means that the annual saving of hundreds of thousands of Filipinos from untimely deaths, a result which we have achieved, is an unwarranted intrusion upon their free- dom of action. If that is so, let us get out, bag and baggage ! In the pursuance of this policy, the dis- tance which the present government has gone in the Filipinization of the islands and in destroying the efficiency of the govern- ment may be iearned from the follow- ing statistics, and the record of one typical Lt: At the beginning of Governor Harrison’s administration there were in the Philippine service some 2,623 Americans on a permanent status. After three months of the new régime this number had decreased by 197; six months later it had decreased nearly a hundred more. These men were not of the rank and file, but in large percentage bureau chiefs, department chiefs, or occupants of positions of great responsibility. Nor does this list include the name of a single man separated from the service for alleged cause. In what manner the Filipinos who profited by this wrecking of the civil service have acted is shown in Mr. Worcester’s citation of the facts in regard to the Bureaus of “Science and Agriculture. He says that since an Official address by Secretary Denison of the Philippine Commission: ‘ Why should we insist upon hurrying the East against its will if the East wishes to lie placid murmur- ing mafana?.. . For example, a few days ago I received a letter which had been per- haps two weeks or more coming down to ‘Manila from the mountain provinces. I mentioned the fact to a friend, and he said, ‘Yes, that is the sort of thing you will get constantly if you Filipinize the post-office service.’ what of it? If the Filipino people prefer to | have their letters arrive in two weeks and do it themselves, why haven’t they the right to do it that way ?’” PROMISE AND THE PERFORMANCE To The Outlook such an attitude of mind I replied, ‘Even if that is true, | the American occupation the dangerous epi- zootic of rinderpest had been virtually | stamped out in the islands. This annual | plague at one time had almost destroyed \ the agricultural industry of the islands. At | the beginning of the present administration | there were thirty municipalities in eight prov- ;inces still infected with the disease. On } January 20, 1914, this number had been ' reduced to nine municipalities in four prov- inces, and then, when the final success was within easy reach, control of the campaign was taken from the Department of Agri- culture and invested in Filipino provincial officers by an act of the Legislature. On May 17 the number of infected towns had increased to thirty-six. On June 5 re- posts of the Bureau of Agriculture showed an increase of seventy-seven per cent in deaths and one hundred and eighteen per seems hardly consonant with the expressed purpose of the American people to devote their best energies toward bringing the Phil- cent in new cases during a single week. The | most recent reports from the islands show the disease is still far from being under ~ ae

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1914 control, despite the activity of Governor Har- rison in urging the delinquent officials to do their duty. “““TTlose who are interested in present con- ditions in the Philippines will be more than interested in reading at first hand Mr. Wor- cester’s illuminating comments on the present status of health work in the Philippines, on the destruction to all intents and purposes of the widely known Philippine Bureau of Science, on the attitude of the Filipinos toward their loudly heralded laws against slavery and peonage, and on the futility of attempting to promote genuine friendliness with the islanders by any such sop as is contained in the pre- amble to the new Jones Bill. THE FREIGHT RATES DECISION The effect of the recent decision of the Inter-State Commerce Commission is to ex- tend to the roads east of Buffalo and Pitts- burgh the permission granted last July to the railways between the Buffalo-Pittsburgh line and the Mississippi to increase their freight rates about five per cent. This permission is guarded with certain exceptions and limi- tations. It has been estimated that the in- crease of revenue to the railways concerned may be about fifty million dollars—and, con- versely, manufacturers and other shippers must pay this amount additional for service. When this question was first argued before the Commission, The Outlook pointed out that the railways were entitled to higher rates if it were shown that with reasonable economy they could not, because of the general increase in prices, earn enough to meet fixed charges and interest on proper investment, pay fair wages, insure safety, keep up equipment, and provide for proper development. This, in any case and at any time, is a question of fact, and it is the immensely intricate and difficult duty of the Inter-State Commerce Commission to determine what the facts are and what action they justify. The second or supplementary decision just reached ana- lyzes new and important facts laid before the Commission since its first decision was made. To quote the report as to these new facts, “collectively they present a new situation,” and they show a just reason for increased net reyenue. Chief among the things that make a new situation are: the low condi- tion of net operating revenues of the roads— lower for the year ending in June last than in any year since 1903; the drop in a year THE WEEK 975 of a million dollars in the investment account of the roads ; the effect of the war on busi- ness ; quite recent enlargement of expendi- ture on roadways; increases in cost of mate- rial. In short, the decision is not, as some critics claim, a reversal of former action, but a new decision based on new evidence. The reference to the war in the report is of special import, not only in itself, but be- cause it is coupled with a comment on the railway business which is the reverse of the attitude of persecution attributed to the Com- mission by its critics. The report says : ‘‘ Whatever the consequences of the war may prove to be, we must recognize the fact that it exists, the fact that it is a calamity without precedent, and the fact that by it the commerce of the world has been disarranged and thrown in confusion. The means of transportation are fundamental and indis- pensable agencies in our industrial life, and for the common weal should be kept abreast of public requirements.” The relations of this decision to the busi- ness world, and to the place which the Inter- State Commerce Commission occupies as between the railways, the shipper, and the Government, will later be considered edito- rially in The Outlook. CIVILIZED WARFARE AND NEUTRAL NATIONS In last week’s “ Story of the War ”’ a Ger- man naval raid upon the English coast towns of Scarborough, Whitby, and Hartlepool was reported by Mr. Bullard, and the opinion was expressed that if it were an isolated raid it would have little effect beyond stimulating recruiting in England. Whatever effect it has had, it has certainly increased the number of recruits. Apart from any effect on the course of the war, however, it has made an impres- sion upon neutral nations, and especially upon American opinion, out of all proportion to its apparent military significance. Scarborough is primarily a summer resort. It has no military or naval importance.» The Germans claim that technically it could be regarded as a defended town. The English deny this. If the Germans try to show that it was a defended place, it is for the purpose of mollifying neutral sentiment, and not for the satisfaction of their own sense of right; for the German military authorities have given no sign of recognizing the validity of any rule prohibiting the bombardment of undefended places. The ground for such a rule The

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976 Outlook has pointed out heretofore. It is one of those rules, whether drawn up and ratified in written form or simply observed as a matter of custom and sense of decency, that distinguishes savage fighting from civil- ized warfare. That there is such distinction is based on the difference of purpose. Savage fighting has for its object extermination. Civilized warfare has for its object the enforce- ment of a national purpose or policy. But, whatever may be the rule in this case of the raid upon Scarborough, the actual result was the same as if the place were technically as well as practically undefended. The victims were not soldiers, but civilians, and to a large extent women and children. What military advantage commensurate with the effort and risk can come from such a raid is hard to say, but one great disadvantage has resulted. Germany is making a great effort to secure the approval of American senti- ment. Such a raid as this nullifies the argu- ments of German representatives. Ameri- cans are not won by exploits that end in the killing of women and babies ; and all the reasoning in the world will not conceal the fact that the raid on Scarborough was an exploit of this kind. Significant in much the same way of the German attitude toward the rules of civilized warfare and the German interest in neutral opinion is an interview with Grand Admiral von Tirpitz secured by the same correspondent of the United Press who recently interviewed the German Crown Prince. Admiral von Tirpitz, who is the German Minister of Marine, sug- gests the possibility of attacking the merchant vessels of the Allies by submarines. Of course this is distinctly contrary to the cus- tomary usage of civilized warfare. Mer- chantmen are seized, but not under circum- stances that mean the destruction of those on board. Submarines, however, cannot cap- ture merchantmen ; all they can dois to creep up unsuspected and put holes in their bot- toms. The excuse for such a procedure which Admiral von Tirpitz offers is that it would do something to offset England’s blockade of Germany’s coast. But the Admiral significantly inquires, ‘What would America think ?” NEUTRAL OPINION Neutral opinion on such an exploit as the Scarborough raid and such a proposal as the above is, onthe whole, unquestionably strongly There unfavorable ; but it is unformulated. THE OUTLOOK 30 December is a tendency on the part of some, in view of what is happening in the present war in disregard of civilized rules of warfare, to conclude that there is, after all, no such thing as international morality. A view opposed to this tendency was strongly presented last week in a speech at the annual festival of the New England Society in the city of New York by the Hon. James M. Beck. Briefly, he said that the end of war cannot come merely through the creation of inter- national tribunals and other forms of judicial machinery, however desirable they may be as means, but only by the creation of inter- national good will, the spirit of conciliation, the regard for international justice, the culti- vation of an international conscience—what the founders of the American Uniontermed “a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.” That there is such a spirit of good will and such a sense of international right and justice had been pointed out in preceding speeches by President Eliot and Dr. Lyman Abbott in their references to the principles of the Pilgrim Fathers and to the history of the United States. Mr. Beck expressed the con- viction that such international sense of right should now be recorded by the neutral nations. For that purpose he advocated the calling of a conference of neutral nations by the Presi- dent of the United States, not so much to propose terms of peace as to “ express their collective judgment either upon the causes of the war or, at all events, upon the methods of the war.” This is a very interesting suggestion ; and it may be of material practical value. We think it is very doubtful whether there would be any advantage at the present time in en- deavoring to bring about peace between the nations at war, and an attempt resulting in failure would be a distinct disadvantage. But if the neutral nations could come to- gether and reaffirm the laws of civilized war- fare, taking the Hague conventions as a basis for their declaration, it might have an effect on the conduct of the war and could hardly fail to have an effect in disabusing the popular mind of the notion that war abolishes all rules and disregards all humanities, and that there is no morality between nations that can stand a crucial test. Whether or not any practical effect comes from this suggestion, Mr. Beck rendered a large service in em- phasizing the moral aspects of the war and in calling attention anew to the fact that at least one nation is founded on a sense of

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1914 THE international obligation and on “a decent respect to the opinions of mankind.” GETTING BACK AT JAPAN If the statements of the newspaper corre- spondent who reported the interview with Admiral von Tirpitz, to which we have re- ferred, are to be accepted as trustworthy, the German Minister of Marine is a dreamer of dreams as well as the maker of a powerful navy. In suggesting that German submarines can torpedo every English or Allies’ ship which nears any harbor, and can thus by a radical violation of international rule starve England out, the able Admiral who in twenty years has created the German navy appears as a reader of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. This delightful and ingenious writer, just before his visit to this country last spring, wrote a short story as a warning to England. He described one of the smallest Powers in Europe as not only defying England, but as, by the use of a group of submarines to sink the British food ships and to attack vessels off the British ports, finally reducing Great Britain to the point of starvation and com- pelling her to make peace. But Admiral von Tirpitz goes further than this in the exercise of his imagination by relating his vision concerning the future rela- tions of Japan and the United States. In this he has confirmed the position of The Outlook last week, putting Americans on their guard against German interpretation of the position and spirit of Japan. The fundamental attitude expressed twenty years ago by the German Emperor in his famous speech on the “ Yellow Peril” is made perfectly clear in the Admiral’s declara- tion that Germany will ‘never abandon the white race.” Japan, he declares, will make China a vassal and militarize it. Then, said the Admiral, it will be time for America to look out. It is inexplicable to him that Americans can view with apparent indiffer- ence Japanese activity in the Pacific; and he closes with the stereotyped prediction of a war between Japan and the United States. The use of the words “‘ white man ”’ in connection with Asia is the crux of the whole difficulty. It stands for an ingrained sense of racial superiority and is the expression of a racial insolence which must be extirpated root and branch ; it is a gratuitous and insulting reflec- tion on the character, history, and ability of the WEEK 977 Any attempt to stir up American feeling against Japan is dis- tinctly a violation, if not of the rules of war, great races in the East. at least of the rules of honor. To poison the wells of national feeling is just as dis- creditable as to poison the wells from which men drink. THE AMERICAN LEAGUE TO LIMIT ARMAMENTS In protest against the organization of a National Security League which has already been commented upon in The Outlook, and against the agitation for public discussion of our National resources for defense, there has been organized an American League to Limit Armaments. The title of this new organization, if it may be judged by the first meeting, should be changed to “ The League to Limit American Armaments.” The purpose and intent of this new organ- ization, however, can best, perhaps, be judged by quoting the call for the initial gathering : We oppose the exploitation at this time of the so-called military unpreparedness of the United States and the comparison of our Na- tional defenses and military and naval estab- lishments with those of European nations. While the people are entitled to the fullest possible information, we emphatically protest against making an inquiry a basis of a campaign for increased military and naval expenditures in an attempt to rival the armaments of other nations. There has been presented to the United States an unexampled opportunity for con- structive moral and political leadership in the work of the world. In order to take advantage of this opportunity, itis not only necessary to maintain our strict neutrality and to preserve relations of friendship and confidence with each one of the belligerent Powers, but it is also necessary to refrain from policies which will arouse in their minds or in the minds of our own people the fear that we have reason to pro- tect ourselves against attacks from any of them. We prefer that our Nation should be the first moral Power in the world rather than that it should rank high on the roll of military and naval powers. Certainly this call has good backing, for it was supported by such people as Bishop Greer, Miss Jane Addams, Miss Lillian D. Wald, President Butler of Columbia, Mr. George Foster Peabody, Mr. Morris Hillquit, and Mr. Hamilton Holt. During the past few weeks The Outlook has endeavored to make clear its*position 07

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978 the question of the proper military defense for a democracy, and the discussion is further continued in an editorial in this issue. Suffice it to say here, therefore, that the error involved in the statement just quoted seems to us to be a fundamental one, and to lie in a willingness to seek safety in ignoring facts or dismissing them without discussion, in a misinterpreta- tion of the motive of those who are desirous of securing such information as is needful to an intelligent comprehension of the needs of National defense, and in assuming, without discussion, that the ensuing action which may be found necessary will destroy whatever claim or ambition we have to be called “ the first moral Power in the world.” SCANDINAVIA AND THE WAR At Malmé, in southwestern Sweden, across the strait from Copenhagen in Denmark, has just occurred a meeting of three Kings. Their portraits appear on another page. They were Gustaf V, King of Sweden, Haakon VII, King of Norway, and Chris- tian X, King of Denmark. The last two are brothers, sons of the recently deceased Frederick VIII of Denmark. King Gustaf’s father, the lamented Oscar II, died in 1907. The three young Kings have already given not only promise but performance in fulfilling the hopes of their subjects as to their worthi- ness in view of their ancestry. Consequently the economic and political condition of Scan- dinavia has been latterly at a high level. _ The Malmo meeting was the first which has occurred among these three men as kings. It was made necessary by the desir- ability of coming to definite conclusions as to concerted action in view of certain contin- gencies. These contingencies were presum- ably largely, if not entirely, those brought into being by the present war. It is natural that Sweden should be some- what more pro-German than are Norway and Denmark, for Sweden is closest of the three to Russia in so far as length of frontier is concerned, and perhaps fears a Russian onslaught more than do the others. On the other hand, it is natural that Denmark should be pro-Allies because she still smarts from the wrong done to her in 1864, when she lost to Germany the control of the province of Schleswig. Of the three Scandinavian countries, Norway is probably the most really neutral in sympathy. Yetall three recognize the necessity, in their own interest as well as THE OUTLOOK 30 December in the world’s interest, of conserving strict neutrality. At the same time they have suffered severely by the recent war both in the mine- laying which has occurred in the North and Baltic Seas and in the arbitrary restrictions put upon contraband of war. Protests have been made, but the protests have been largely disregarded. After the close of the war Scandinavia will have something to say on that day when, to use President Wilson’s phrase, “‘ where wrongs have been committed, their consequences and the relative responsi- bility involved will be assessed.”’ GERMANY AND BELGIUM During the early stages of the war frequent reference was made by German apologists to the knowledge which the German General Staff possessed of the intent of both France and England to violate Belgian neutrality. No specific proofs were at the time produced, yet this unsupported statement was made one of the chief justifications of the invasion of the neutral territory of Belgium. At the fall of Antwerp Germany announced that in the archives of the Belgian Govern- ment there were found certain papers bearing upon this earlier contention, that gave ample proof that the invasion of Belgium was not the invasion of a neutral territory but the invasion of an active, if secret, ally of France and England. Dr. Dernburg, who may be described as the official German ambassador to the court of American public opinion, has now sub- mitted to American consideration these docu- ments in translation, together with an edito- rial introduction from his own pen. In this introduction Dr. Dernburg makes two asser- tions which in our opinion are unjustified by the facts of the situation as shown in the very papers which he offers as proof. Briefly, these two assertions are : First, that England was determined to land troops in Belgium with or without her permis- sion, irrespective of whether German troops were marching through Belgium or not. Second, that the Belgian Government was not itself neutral, because in the past it had advised with English military authorities con- cerning methods by which English and French troops should be introduced in Belgian terri- tory in case of a German invasion. This action he characterizes as the “ guilt of the Belgian Government.” The first of Dr. Dernburg’s assertions

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1914 ignores entirely the efforts made by England, as witnessed in her official communications with the German Government, to secure from the latter a guarantee of Belgium’s neutral- ity, a guarantee which France willingly and instantaneously made. It ignores also the statements of the British Military Attaché, quoted by the Belgian Major-General Du- charme to the Belgian Minister of War, and contained in the second document which Dr. Dernburg makes public, that “ the entry of the English into Belgium would only take place after a violation of our neutrality by Germany.” Dr. Dernburg bases his assertion solely, so far as we can see, upon the statement of the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, con- tained in the second document, that “England was ready to land troops even if Belgium had not asked for assistance.’’ This statement was made after the Agadir crisis of 1911. Dr. Dernburg conveniently ignores the fact that, as further shown in this same document, such a disembarkment of English troops on Belgian soil was definitely decided upon by the English military authorities because of their disbelief in the ability of Belgium to protect herself, as she was by law and honor bound to do, against a German invasion. With this the Belgian military authorities did not agree. The events of the past few months have furnished conclusive proof of . the correctness of the judgment of the Eng- lish military authorities. In charging Belgium with destroying her own status of neutrality by making or con- sidering plans of action with the English and French Governments Dr. Dernburg seems to us to be very wide of the point. If the Bel- gian authorities had not taken this step in an attempt to prepare themselves for the eventu- ality of a war between France and Germany, they would have been grossly negligent of their duties not only to the Belgian people, but also to those nations to whom they were bound by treaty to protect their own country’s neutrality. That they saw fit to discuss these problems with the English and French military authorities is proof only of the quarter from which they foresaw the most immediate danger of treaty violation. How, with the strategic railways, frequent sta- tions, and the long landing platforms for troops confronting them across their German frontier, could they have done anything else without gross negligence to their people ? There is no evidence in Dr. Dernburg’s two THE WEEK 979 England or I’rance, had documents that Germany re-agreed to respect Belgium’s integrity,, would have been the first to cross the frontier of that neutral state; nor is his contention sustained that Belgium, because of her conversations with English and French military authorities, had lost all claim to consideration from her German neighbor. THE FIRST BULGARIAN MINISTER Agriculture is the main source of wealth in Bulgaria. But agricultural conditions there are in a more primitive condition than in this country. This is only natural when one considers the long years of oppression under Turkish rule, the insufficiency of communi- cations, and the want of capital. The first of these hindrances has been removed, the second is being removed, and the third should be removed. But Bulgaria is not rich enough herself to furnish the necessary capital for a proper agricultural development, even in a country where peasant proprietorship is practically universal. Bul- garia has contracted various loans in Europe, but there has always been some political “string” attached. This leads Bulgaria to turn towards America ; indeed, the Queen’s proposed trip to this country last year may not have been wholly disconnected with the idea of raising a loan here. ‘The same idea is doubtless not disconnected with the arrival of Stefan Panaretoff, the first Bulgarian Min- ister to this country, whose portrait appears on another page. Mr. Panaretoff has spent most of his life as a teacher. He has been connected with Robert College, Constantinople, for forty- three years. Every one knows that the mod- ern Kingdom of Bulgaria owes its conception to the inspiration which Bulgarian students have received at Robert College; and Mr. Panaretoff’s teachings, it is said, have had much to do with the molding of Bulgarian destinies. His first venture outside of the lecture-room was to enter his country’s diplo- matic service. He comes to this country particularly to represent his country’s inter- ests in agriculture. He has already begun making arrangements for the admission to our agricultural colleges of anumber of young Bulgarians whose expenses are being paid by the communal governments in which they reside. One of these young men has already entered the University of Nebraska; others

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980 will go to Corneli, Amherst, and to various other institutions. The Minister. also hopes to induce the Department of Agriculture at Washington to send a couple of its experts to Bulgaria to study the country and to report upon its possibilities, so that Americans may become better acquainted with it. In this direction a project now under consideration should be of help—the organization of a line of steamers affording direct communication between America and the Bulgarian ports on the A°gean Sea, namely, Dedeagatch and Porto Lagos. WHAT THE WAR COSTS: CONTINENTAL COUNTRIES The new French war loan is stated to be one of 1,400,000,000 francs ($280,000,000), of which half has already been subscribed, with every indication that the other half will speedily be taken. In addition, on Tuesday of last week the Chamber of Deputies voted $60,000,000 for the relief of the depart- ments invaded by the enemy, this amount ‘“to be considered as an advance on the in- demnities to be exacted later’?! It is also reported that the French Government has already borrowed from the Banque de France two billion francs ($800,000,000). In Austria two loans have been raised. The first amounts to a hundred million dollars, issued in Treasury bonds. The second is an unlimited loan; so far half a billion dollars of it has been subscribed. Of the first authorized German war loan of. five billion marks ($1,250,000,000), about $1,125,000,000, it is stated, has already been paid in. The German Parliament has just sanctioned another loan for an equal amount. In addition, the Government is said to have borrowed $750,000,000 fromthe Reichsbank. Then there is the famous Spandau war chest, representing the French indemnity of 1871, of a billion dollars to draw from. Thus, as a total of actual war funds, Germany may have something like $2,825,000,000 to reckon with. As regards the daily expenditures of Con- tinental countries in the war, the Swiss Bank- verein estimates that Germany and Russia spend about fifteen million dollars a day each and that France and Austria spend about ten million dollars each. In addition to this, the war cost of Bel- gium, Servia, Montenegro, and Turkey should be taken into account, as well as the THE OUTLOOK 30 December mobilization cost of the neutral countries of Italy, Rumania, Holland, Switzerland, and Scandinavia. WHAT THE WAR COSTS: ENGLAND According to the Swiss Bankverein, the lowest cost per day to any of the principal belligerents is to England, the figure being placed at about five million dollars. This is the more remarkable as compared with Eng- land’s success in raising an unprecedentedly large war loan. Last August the Government borrowed £100,000,000 ($500,000,000), but the new war loan is for no less than £350,000,000 ($1,750,000,000), making a total of $2,250,000,000, and it has already been oversubscribed ! This achievement is the more striking when we remember that the moratorium has only recently expired; that the Stock Exchange is still closed ; that the income tax is to be doubled next year, and even for the current year is to be doubled to the extent of a third part of incomes; finally, that the beer and tea duties are to be very greatly increased —indeed, according to Mr. Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, next year should see four times as mucn yield from taxation as at present. No other Chancellor ever introduced such a Budget. -Though Mr. Lloyd George jus- tified his drastic action by the precedents of Pitt in the Napoleonic and Gladstone in the Crimean campaigns, it will fall severely on those whose absolutely necessary family expenses leave no margin for savings. In setting forth British resources, the Chancellor is reported to have said that Americans owed $5,000,000,000 to the British, a figure doubtless intended to cover British investments in American securities. There should have been no implication, how- ever, that it was a demand obligation. We are not obligated to buy back our stocks, and our bonds have various long terms of years in which to run. The settlement of the financial obligations from America to England at the beginning of the war has now called forth the comment by some London bankers that they would rather have our names on their bills of exchange than our funds ! GOVERNOR O'NEAL Governor Emmet O’Neal, of Alabama, is completing an administration that is worthy to be remembered in the history of our times

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THE 1914 because of its significance in the develop- ment of the New South. : Carpetbag government, imposed on South- ern States by a dominant faction in the North, for years made it possible for South- ern politicians to use the Negro as a con- tinuous political issue. The dread of a return to that experience of misgovernment was so widespread that it was easy for the demagogic agitator to subordinate other issues to that of defending the white man’s government. For instance, Senator Varda- man, of Mississippi, made all of his campaigns for the Governorship of Mississippi and for the Senatorship upon the issue of repealing the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Governor Blease, of South Carolina, has been active in promoting racial antagonism, as is well known to the country generally. The recent defeat of Governor Blease as a candidate for the Senatorship is a sign that racial antagonism is ceasing to be of value as a political resource. Shortly after Governor O’Neal was inau- gurated a delegation of whites called upon him bespeaking the pardon of a white man who had been convicted of murdering a Negro, stating, among other things, that it was “only a Negro” who had been killed. It was reported in the public press at the time that Governor O’Neal immediately re- plied to this suggestion that “the open sea- son for killing Negroes closed when I became Governor of Alabama.”’ Now, as he is about to relinquish the reins of power, he has again been subjected to a test calling for courage of the highest possible order. A Negro, Ervin Pope, has five times been convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged. Four times his case has been reversed and remanded by the State Supreme Court. The most intense feeling was engen- dered to prevent the Governor from reviewing and reprieving the convicted Negro. Gov- ernor O’Neal, however, discharged his duty absolutely independently of clamor. In com- muting the sentence of Pope to life impris- onment he stated : * It is claimed that I should not interfere because the defendant has been convicted by five different juries in Calhoun County and sentenced to death. It should also be remembered, however, that four times this case has been reversed for errors prejudicial to the defendant, and the sole question for me to consider is not whether the weight of public opinion demands the execution of the WEEK 981 defendant, but whether, under all the facts and circumstances of the case, I should exer- cise my constitutional power to commute the sentence from death to life imprisonment. The defendant is a Negro, and the record shows that he was in good circumstances financially, at the time of the alleged com- mission of this crime, for a member of his race. It was shown that he owned a farm, and his merchant was ready to advance him all the supplies that he might require in the cultivation of his land. There is absolutely nothing in the record for the fifty years or more of his life showing that he had been convicted of crime or bore a bad repu- tation. “The fact that there was no motive by reason of poverty or need for him to commit the crime is a strong circumstance in his favor. After the first few trials his property was exhausted in the payment of his debts and attorney’s fees, and during the last trials of his case he was defended by counsel appointed by the Court. The defendant has but few friends and no influence, and arrayed against him is a very strong and powerful public sentiment as established by the numer- ous petitions and letters on file in this office opposing executive clemency. He is, how- ever, a citizen of Alabama, and, however humble or odious or obscure, is entitled to the protection of the law.” These are courageous words. The record of Governor O’Neal confirms the belief which The Outlook shares with the most enlightened white leaders in the South and with such a leader of the Negro people as Dr. Booker T. Washington, that the “* Negro problem ”’ must be solved in the South, and that the broad-minded, patriotic Southern white man is the best friend the Southern Negro can have. THE INDIAN IN THE “MOVIES” After Mr. Edward S. Curtis had spent twenty-five years gathering material for his monumental work “The North American Indian,” for which the late J. P. Morgan provided the million dollars for field research and Theodore Roosevelt wrote the Intro- duction, he wen. back to southeastern Alaska and lived another three years among the Indians of that country. This time he sought a more lively record of their vanishing cus- toms and habits than could be bound within a book. He made motion pictures of the

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982 intimate daily life of the savage tribes, so soon to be engulfed in the northward rising tide of the white man’s civilization. The result was the moving-picture play “The Land. of the Head Hunters,” which has appeared in New York and is to tour the country. A striking photograph of one of the Indian figures appears in our picture section. So far as the record deals with Indian phy- sique, with actual Indian materials of daily life, with their superstitions and ceremo- nials, this is a ‘‘ movie” to demand the attention of ethnologists, archzeologists, and historians. How a real Indian war canoe rides the water, the anatomical peculiarities of the Alaskan in motion, weird melodies of song and dance—they are all here. In only one respect does it go off romancing, in the scenes of head-hunting, a practice given up since 1868. But even here some of the actors may well have been ex-hunters of human heads. As a show this movie play is much like the old-time circus to which our grandparents used to take us “ to study the animals.” On the day the play opened the house was filled with children whose elders had brought them as they would to the Aquarium or the Zoo. The pictures are far too gruesomely accurate in some of the head-hunting details to please a “grown-up’s”’ civilized nerves, but the youngsters didn’t mind. While their parents shrank from the frank brutality of some of the scenes, the children fixed their attention on pictures of fire-rubbing sticks or harpoon- ing whales. the rocks delighted them. The totem-poles, carved to look like men, were nearly as fasci- nating as the dancers dressed as birds and bears. They paid scant attention to the story of the play, and less to the Indian music accompanying it, but watched the warriors paddling briskly in their long, painted canoes and speculated on the question as to whether or not the boats were made of a solid tree dug out in fantastic shape. A PRESIDENTIAL FAMILY Unprecedented, so far as we know, is the choice of two sons of a university president to be themselves college presidents. This is the more extraordinary as both elections were announced almost simultaneously. . Dr. Henry Mitchell MacCracken was for nearly twenty years Chancellor of New York Uni- THE OUTLOOK The herd of sea lions diving off ° 30 December versity, and is now Chancellor. Emeritus. Under his administration the University made great material gains and acquired its present commanding site in the northern part of New York City. His son, John Henry Mac- Cracken,. who is now thirty-nine years old, and who has been on the Faculty of New York University for about fifteen years, with the interruption of four years when he was President of Westminster College, of Missouri, has been called to the presidency of Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania. Another son, Henry Noble MacCracken, who is now thirty-four years old, and has been Assistant Professor of English at the Sheffield Scien- tific School at Yale, and for the last year Professor of English at Smith College, has been called to the presidency of Vassar Col- lege, at Poughkeepsie, New York. There seems to us to be a special oppor- tunity presented to Professor Henry Noble MacCracken as he goes to what is generally recognized to be the oldest of American colleges for women. ‘There are other col- leges whose origin as educational institutions antedates Vassar’s, but none, we believe, that began in the collegiate rank. And Vassar is barely fifty yearsold. Its charter was adopted in 1861, but its buildings were not open to students until the fall of 1865. It was natu- ral that at that time the woman’s college should be molded on the same lines as the man’s. ‘The first thing that it was necessary to do in founding a woman’s college was to establish the right of women to have as good an education as men, and it was perhaps inevitable that that could be established only by providing that women should have the same education as men. * That truth needs no longer to be demon- strated. Itisaccepted. What is now needed is to develop the woman’s college in such a way as to provide for women the education that is best for women. Certainly, in these days when the traditional courses of educa- tion for men are in question in men’s col- leges, they can no longer be regarded as the standard to be accepted without question for the education of women. Professor MacCracken has a particularly hard task in following a man who has won the loyalty and affection of Vassar students to an extraordi- nary degree ; but there is a stimulus in facing a hard task, particularly when it calls for the exercise of statesmanship and leadership in a new and extraordinarily important problem of education. The Outlook wishes for him

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THE 1914 the best success in the difficult but inspiring task laid upon him. MADISON CAWEIN A poet has died whose voice will be missed. Madison Cawein occupied a very credita- ble place in the field of American letters. Never a singer of great themes nor a builder of great harmonies, his musical notes and his delicate fancy were such as to entitle him to the affectionate respect of all those who delight in the beauty and the mystery of every-day things. It has been said of Mr. Cawein that one might explore the Kentucky woods and fields, which he loved, with a book of his poetry as a handbook and find the least regarded flower minutely and exquisitely celebrated. Not only did he have the natural ist’s eagerness for truth, but he was one of the few American poets who have been able to translate the fairies of old England and the wood spirits of older Greece to the shel- ter of American trees and the freedom of American glades. To say that Mr. Cawein knew but a single song, and that there.came a time when his fairy creations lacked something of their earlier buoyancy and delight, is by no means to dismiss his contributions to American let- ters without a feeling of gratitude that they were made. What the reader can find in his verse may be discovered perhaps from his description of the ‘wild sweet pea. It is a little flower, but one which, under his delicate touch, is made to yield no little honey for the imagination : “ Here's the tavern of the bees: Here the butterflies, that swing Velvet cloaks and to the breeze Whisper soft conspiracies, Pledge their Lord, the Fairy King ; Here the hotspur hornets bring Fiery word, and drink away Heat and hurry of the day. Here the merchant bee, his gold On his thigh, falls fast asleep ; And the armored beetle bold, Like an errant-knight of old, Feasts and tipples pottles-deep While the friar crickets keep Creaking low a drinking-song Like an Ave, all day long. Here the jeweled wasp, that goes On his swift highwayman way, Seeks a moment of repose, Drains his cup of wine-of-rose, Sheathes his dagger for the day; And the moth, in downy gray, Like some lady of the gloom, Slips into a perfumed room. When the darkness cometh on, Round the tavern, golden green, Fireflies flit with torches wan, Looking if the guests be gone.” The picture of the fireflies looking for the departed guests seems strangely suggestive of the scenes which should occur next summer in the woodlands which Mr. Cawein loved. HEBER NEWTON From 1870 to 1900 few men in the pulpit in the city of New York were more widely reported or more often discussed than Dr. Richard Heber Newton. He was then rec- tor of All Souls’ Church. He was the son of an Episcopal clergyman of Philadelphia who had a genius for preaching to children. He was a brother of the late William Wilberforce Newton, rector at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. At the close of hisformal education Dr. Heber Newton served as his father’s assistant, and ultimately, after a brief rectorship in Sharon Springs, New York, took charge of St. Paul’s Church, Philadelphia, where his remarkable intellectual qualities and his effectiveness as a preacher soon brought him into public notice. In 1869 he came to New York City as the rector of the Anthon Memorial Church, which subsequently was rechristened All Souls’ Church. When he took charge of the parish, the church attendance was small and becoming smaller; but Dr. Newton’s vigor- ous and outspoken sermons speedily filled the church. He was a progressive, but not a destructive critic. At the time, however, his views caused alarm among the conserva- tives in his own church, while his pungent and rather aggressive form of statement made him seem much more radical than he was. Bishop Potter, who was a wise and broad-minded leader, held the charges of heresy which were brought against Dr. New- ton in abeyance and ultimately dismissed them, at the same time giving Dr. Newton brotherly counsel in regard to the form of his pulpit utterances. In 1902 ill health and the attraction of a college congregation induced Dr. Newton to accept the position of preacher at Leland Stanford University. He was seventy-four years old at the time of his death at Scarborough, New York. Dr. Newton was pre-eminently an intel- lectual preacher. His appeal was to thought-

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984 ful men of somewhat critical temper. He declared that his aim was to interpret the Christ of the four Gospels ; and with his work as theologian and preacher he was deeply interested in charity and social reform. MAINTAINING INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS AGAINST THE WAR CRISIS “ Vivre cest acheter; acheter Cest pouvoir ; pouvoir cest devoir”—which, translated, is : “To live means to buy; to buy means to have power; to have power means to have a duty.” It was with this motto of the International Consumers’ League that Mrs. Frederick Nathan closed her address at the fifteenth annual meeting of the National Consumers’ League, which recently took place in Washington. Before this telling epigrammatic French phrase the widespread erroneous impression that the Consumers’ League is an organiza- tion of consumers (of food) banded together to protect themselves quickly vanishes. Mrs. Nathan was one of the founders twenty years ago of the local organization in New York City, and she represents the effort of a com- paratively few women to force upon the thoughtless public an effective sense of its indirect responsibility towards workers who make and sell the articles we all buy. The delegates discussed in this meeting eight-hour laws for women, child labor laws, minimum wage laws, prohibition of night work for women and minors; they heard the records of hard-fought battles won before legislatures and in the courts; they realized that in less than a generation a protest begun by a few thoughtful women had become in- corporated in a series of laws and legal decis- ions demonstrating widespread consciousness that women and minors in industry must have the guardian arm of the law thrown around them. THE WAR AND CONDITIONS OF WORK As illustrating the attempt to break down these painfully erected standards because of the present industrial crisis due to the war in Europe, two cases of grave import were cited. A war in Europe spells unemployment in America. It also means prosperity and a great congestion of work in factories which receive contracts from the war zone. Massachusetts women have had for many THE OUTLOOK 30 December years protection against day-time overwork and all night work in textile mills and fac- tories—a prohibition begun in 1876.. For a year and a half Massachusetts children of fifteen have been prohibited from more than eight hours of work a day. Yet, tempted by the big contracts from Europe flooding into textile mills and shoe factories, Governor Walsh suggests relaxing these laws in order that the plants may run day and night. ‘To this the Consumers’ League is vigorously opposed. It recognizes how far- reaching and more than temporary would be the result. Connecticut manufacturers do not need the law set aside, for, unfortunately, though Connecticut prohibits work for women after ten at night, there is nothing to forbid the earliest possible morning opening. In one factory, for instance, it was reported, several hundred women, polishing rifle-barrels, work on a night shift, coming on at 6 p.m. and working to ten. At ten they are ushered into a dance-hall for two hours. At one minute past midnight, literally the next day, they begin work again. THE MINIMUM WAGE AND THE CONSUMERS’ LEAGUE Of most challenging interest to the Con- sumers’ League this year is the minimum wage question. From New York Miss Goldmark reported wage studies of one hundred and four thou- sand people—the largest single investigation ever made in this field by tie Factory Investi- gation Commission. What use this material can be put to is obvious to all who have watched the operation of minimum wage laws for women employees in subnormal industries in the West and the work of the first wage boards in Massachusetts. From Maryland Mr. Charles Bonaparte reported defeat for the bill before the Legislature ; but minimum wage boards and commissions were reported at work in nine States and also the beginnings of this protective legislation in nine other States. On December 17 Mr. Louis Brandeis pre- sented before the United States Supreme Court in a series of vivid word pictures argu- ments showing why the Oregon law establish- ing a minimum wage for women should be held Constitutional. Mr. Brandeis wasted no time on techni- calities. . Is there an evil? And, if so, is this law a device to remove that evil? This was

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1914 his theme, and he began with a brief sketch of the origin and history of the measure. The three axioms on which he rested his argument were these : 1. That wages insufficient to support health lead to disease and immorality, to the detriment of the State. 2. That women: need protection against being led to work for inadequate wages. 3. That protection must be given by pro- hibiting them from accepting: less than the living wage. These three propositions rest. on an inves- tigation made into actual conditions in Oregon confirmed by other investigations made in other States and other countries. This inves- tigation’ sought to determine to what extent the women of the States were working for less than the necessary cost of decent living. It discovered that the majority of women investigated were working for less than the mimimum. What happened to these women? Large numbers of them were ruining their health by eating insufficiently in order to dress well enough to hold their positions. Those who had enough to eat lodged and slept under unwholesome conditions, were without suffi- ciently warm clothing, or were helped by a man friend. The Legislature saw that either a remedy must be provided or we must despairingly accept this situation as an inevi- table evil. Since the voluntary remedies of education as to the poor economy of low wages, and unionizing the workers, had proved inadequate, the Legislature resorted to a form of legislation for which it found ample precedent elsewhere. Mr. Brandeis closed his argument with a presentation of the successful working out of the minimum wage principle in Victoria and New Zealand over a period of eighteen years and in England since 1910. The decision is hoped for in the course of two or three months. Upon it depends the question whether the National Consumers’ League can proceed with its programme of legislation for a living wage. THE NEW WAR IN MEXICO Reports of engagements between the Car- ranza and Villa forces must be taken with a large allowance for their sources. It is beyond question that Carranza has been driven back from the town of Puebla, which lies on the railway between the capital and Vera Cruz, but there is a wide difference of THE WEEK 985 opinion as to the importance of the engage- ment which preceded this retreat. One re- port received by the American State Depart- ment last week asserted that Carranza’s forces numbered twenty thousand, and that upon them was inflicted a severe defeat and a crushing blow. Later reports do not con- firm this statement, unless it be considered confirmation that rumors continue to increase to the effect that Carranza either intends to surrender, to flee by ship from Vera Cruz, or to establish himself in Yucatan. All these reports come from Villista sources. On the borders of the United States, at Naco the situation remains threatening. Gen- eral Scott, Chief of Staff of the United States Army, was in conference last week with the two Mexican commanders, General May- torena and General Hill, leaders of the Villa and Carranza forces respectively. Our troops on the Texan side of the border have been strengthened by artillery; promises have been made by both factions that they will restrain their forces from firing across our border and thereby probably adding to the already considerable number of killed and wounded American citizens. It has even been reported that some of the Mexicans have proposed to establish a neutral zone in which no fighting should be allowed. There are obvious practical difficulties in such a course. So long as fighting continues close to our border the danger that hostilities will be pre- cipitated between American and Mexican troops is serious. A GIFT ACCEPTED An anonymous donor a few months ago offered to the New York Public Library five thousand dollars in bonds on condition that that amount be used for the purpose of pro- viding a marble bust of the late Mayor Gaynor, to be placed in the library building, and an engrossed copy of certain extracts from Mayor Gaynor’s speeches and writings to be framed and hung up opposite the bust. The identity of this donor was not known even to the trustees of the library, and the only way by which the trustees could com- municate with him was by the means he sug- gested—the pages of The Outlook. When The Outlook announced this gift, it ventured to suggest that it was not practicable for the trustees to turn the Public Library into a sort of American Westminster Abbey ; and if they could not do this, it would hardly be practi-

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986 cable for them to exercise discrimination in selecting candidates for such a temple of honor. The Outlook added: “A gift for the specific purpose of increasing the equip- ment or facilities of the Library, accompanied with the name of the one in whose memory it is made, would present quite a different question.” By this announcement the donor was informed of the receipt of his offer. In the issue for October 28 The Outlook printed an editorial statement announcing that the trustees had declined the gift. It is now the request of the trustees of the Library that The Outlook make a new an- nouncement. A second letter has been re- ceived from the donor, in which it is. stated that the subject has been reconsidered by him. The gift is now offered to the Library with the suggestion that it be kept as a separate fund, the income to be used to purchase books to form a memorial col- lection, and several suggestions are made as to the character of the collection to be formed. Thus the gift has now become one, to use the words which we have quoted, “for the specific purpose of increasing the equipment or facilities of the library.” At a meeting held on December 9 the Board of Trustees of the New York Public Library adopted a resolution to the effect that the offer “be now accepted under the conditions laid down by the donor in his second letter, received November 12, 1914, namely, that this sum be kept as a separate fund, the interest therefrom to -be applied to the purchase of books on economics, sociology, or the science of government, the same to be known as the ‘William Jay Gaynor Memorial Collection,’ and that a book-plate be placed in each volume purchased from this fund designating it as a part of such collection, it being under- stood, however, that these books are not to be kept separate from other books on the same subjects ; that the trustees hereby ex- press their appreciation of the generous gift ; and that notice of this action be published in The Outlook in accordance with the donor’s previous request.” In acknowledging the thanks of the trus- tees for making these announcements The Outlook confesses that it has found it a pleasure to serve as the means of commu- nication between the trustees and _ this anonymous donor, and is gratified at the outcome. THE OUTLOOK 30 December THE ARMY FOR A DEMOCRACY The first duty of a government is to pro- tect the persons and property of its citizens. If it is not equipped for rendering this service, it does not deserve to be called a government. To protect persons and property from ene- mies within the state it has sheriffs, constables, and police, occasionally reinforced either by a posse comitatus or by a military organization. To protect persons and property from assailants without the state it has an army and a navy. If it fails to furnish necessary protection because itis not as strong as its assailant, we do not blame it—we pity it. If it fails to furnish necessary protection because of its cowardice or carelessness, we do not pity it— we blame it. What is liable to happen if the government is not strong enough to protect its citizens against domestic violence is illustrated by the French Revolution. What is liable to happen if it is not strong enough to protect its citi- zens against foreign violence is illustrated by the history of Judea in the first century, by the history of the Aztecs in Mexico in the sixteenth century, and by the history of Bel- gium in the twentieth century. An individual may relinquish his rights ; he may prefer to submit to injustice rather than to resist. But no one may relinquish his duties. If a citizen catches a pickpocket in the act, he may prefer to release the offender rather than to prosecute him ; but if.a police- man catches a pickpocket, he is recreant to his duty if he releases the criminal whom he has caught. The rights of nations differ from the rights of individuals in this important re- spect, that the rights of nations are generally duties. Certainly the right of a nation to pro- tect the persons and property of its citizens is more than a right—it is a duty. How shall a democratic state equip itself to fulfill this duty? Are there any funda- mental principles by which it can be guided in seeking for an answer to this question ? Yes, one fundamental principle. Democ- racy is self-governing ; democracy must also be self-protecting. As its presidents, gov- ernors, and mayors, its congresses, legislators, and councils, its justices and its courts, are elected, not to govern the people, but to serve as the instruments by which the people gov- ern themselves, and are in the truest sense of the term the servants of the people, so the sheriffs, constables, police, and army are its

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1914 THE ARMY FOR A DEMOCRACY 987 instruments for its protection, and must be so organized as to be sympathetic with the needs of the people and subject to the will of the people. This is what is meant by the statement, continually repeated, that in a democratic community the military power must be subject to the civil power. This is what is meant by the phrase, often used, though not always intelligently, “citizen soldiery.”” Three definitions may help us to clear thinking on this subject. They are here given, not as complete definitions, but rather as characterizations for the purpose of em- phasizing an important truth: A disorganized body of menarmed for battle, but not under constituted authority, is a mob. An organized and co-operating body of men armed for battle, and under consti- tuted authority, is an army. Such a body of men under constituted authority, and devoting their lives to the pro- fession of arms, is a standing army. A mob is no protection toa people. A large standing army may easily become a menace to a people. The problem for democracy is, How to secure an organized body of men, under constituted authority and equipped for battle, which will furnish the protection which an unorganized body cannot furnish, and will not bring with it the menace which a large standing army will bring. Or, to restate the problem in another form: How can aself-governing community make itself also a self-protecting community ? For such self-protection, it is not enough that the individuals in the community should be familiar with the use of firearms. Eleven boys who can kick a football do not make a football team; to make a football team they must be practiced in team work. Ten thousand men who can shoot do not make an army. ‘They must know how to combine and co-operate under constituted authority, and must be trained in habits of prompt obe- dience that they may work together under one head. As a hundred men equipped with musical instruments constitute an or- chestra only when they have learned how to play together under the direction of a conductor, so ten thousand men constitute an army only when they have learned how to work together under one commander. These principles seem to us to be axio- matic; they need only to be stated to be accepted—they are self-evident: It is the first duty of government to protect persons and property; this duty in a self-governing community can be safely and efficiently per- formed only by a system of self-protection ; for such self-protection organization, co-oper- ation, and a habit of prompt obedience to constituted authority are essential. We do not here attempt to state, even in outline, any complete method of realizing this ideal; but we put together some sugges- tions gathered from various sources which may contribute toward its realization : 1. The self-governing and self-protecting community must know the facts. It must know whether it is or is not prepared to fui- fill its duty of mutual protection. Ignorance is not bliss, and it is not folly to be wise. 2. That community, with us, must have a navy to co-operate in protecting the coast from invasion, to defend the rights of Ameri- can citizens abroad, and to do its share in international police work. 3. It must have a professional or standing army sufficient to equip and protect its harbor and frontier defenses, to afford adequate pro- tection to its citizens in pioneer communi- ties, as in Porto Rico, Hawaii, the Philip- pines, and in regions bordering the Indian tribes, and sufficient also to fill its constitu- tional obligation to aid, when necessary, the State authorities in the preservation of order. 4. By making the enlistments in this army for short terms, and by constituting the men on the expiration of their enlisted term a reserve into which any soldier might be discharged on completion of his training under obligation to meet annually for a brief camp service, a citizen soldiery might well be built up ready to act in case of emergency. 5. The State militia which is equipped largely at Federal expense and trained under Federal officers, and, theoretically at least, is subject to a common standard and a com- mon discipline, should be maintained and developed according to this general plan so that it can be practically depended upon in case of exigency. 6. Military athletics is now required of all students in agricultural colleges depend- ent in whole or in part upon Federal funds. Similarly, military athletics might well be required of all boys above a specified age who are educated at public expense, whether of the State or of the Nation, and oppor- tunity for military athletics might well be given to all others. Such training should be co-ordinated and standardized. 7. The summer military camps described <* Ou

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988 in The Outlook for December 9 would fur- nish further training for volunteers who desire it. The long summer vacations of our school and college boys, now not always profitably employed, could thus be used for the making of volunteer reserve officers to the advantage both of the individual and the Nation. 8. Three things are essential in military organization—sanitation, co-operation, prompt obedience. These three things are equally essential in our modern industries. The training which we here hint at could be so adjusted that it would promote efficiency in peace no less than preparation for defensive war. 9. To those who dread such military ath- letics because they fear it would create a military spirit and make a warlike Nation Switzerland furnishes an adequate answer. Switzerland’s adequate equipment for defense has had no tendency to make its people war- like. That our readers may not misunderstand us, we repeat. We lay no insistence upon details; we lay insistence only upon this: that the country should know whether it is prepared to protect persons and prop- erty from foreign assailants, and, if it is not so prepared, should prepare itself at once, not by creating a great standing or professional army, but by equipping its citi- zens to take their part in organized self- protection whenever, if ever, the occasion for such self-protection shall arise. Purposely in this article we have discussed only general principles. The question of National defense is not a proper subject for party debate or party feeling. But when the Assistant Secretary of the Navy officially states that it would take nearly thirty thou- sand men in addition to those already in the service to man the navy adequately in the event of war; when ex-President Taft states that Congress by unwise economies has im- paired the efficiency of our navy, that our coast defenses are not adequately manned, and that our army should be increased to one hundred and twenty-five thousand men ; when the Secretary of State is reported as saying that one million men would spring up for the Nation’s defense between sunrise and sunset, strangely indifferent to the fact that a million men unarmed and untrained would only be food for the enemy’s powder and that the government that sent such untrained and un- THE OUTLOOK a 30 December equipped men into a campaign to inevitable and useless death would be criminal; when the President of the United States declares that the people are misinformed respecting the National defense, but proposes no plan for giving them correct information, and calls for a policy of National defense “ conceived as a permanent and settled thing which we will pursue at all seasons without haste,”’ but suggests no policy and no fundamental principles on which it should be based ; when the Federal Administration, thus shelving the problem of National defense, devotes its energies to pushing through Congress a plan for the appropriation of millions of dollars for the promotion of an unprotected com- merce, leaving the means for its protection to fall into a gradual decay, it becomes the duty of public journals to endeavor to create a public opinion which will both form a policy of National defense and secure from Con- gress measures for its adoption. PRESIDENTIAL APPOINT- MENTS Men of strong will in the Presidency have found it easy to engage in controversy with Congress. One of the surprising elements in the present Administration is that, although the President is a man of strong will, he has accomplished much with very little apparent friction. The present contest between the Senate and the President over the matter of appointments is therefore unexpected but not inexplicable. The most pronounced symptom of contest has been the case of an appointee to the District Attorneyship of Western New York. Four days before Congress reassembled after the elections President Wilson selected for this post Mr. John R. Lynn, who was not acceptable to the Democratic Senator from New York, Mr. O’Gorman. It is under- stood that the selection of Mr. Lynn was made upon the recommendation of the Secre- tary of the Treasury, Mr. McAdoo. Sena- tor O’Gorman is regarded as _ representing the Tammany wing, Mr. McAdoo the anti- Tammany wing, of the Democratic party. This was a “recess appointment.” In the Senate Mr. O’Gorman opposed the confirma- tion of the appointment of Mr. Lynn, and by a unanimous vote the Senate declined to con- firm it. Without going into the merits of this

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1914 PRESIDENTIAL specific controversy, we undertake here to consider a few general principles with regard to Presidential appointments. The provision of the United States Con- stitution that appointments to office shall be made by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, was at its adoption both practicable and wise. It was a neces- sary protection against the kind of political despotism exercised by the Stuarts in Eng- land, and the political corruption employed at a later date by the shrewd but unscrupu- lous Walpole. When the Nation consisted of thirteen States on the Atlantic seacoast, when the population was less than four million and the number of Federal appointees was rela- tively small, it was not impossible for the President to acquaint himself directly or through correspondents with the needs of the whole country and the qualities of men in various departments and localities fitted to serve it. But with a continental Republic, a population of nearly -or quite a hundred million, a great increase in the functions and the departments of government, and an enor- mous and increasing host of public servants, it is no longer possible for the President to know adequately either the work to be done or the men best adapted to doit. The Presi- dents have therefore to an increasing de- gree left the selection of officers to the men elected by their parties either to the Senate or the House from the various sections of the country, and it is not strange that the Senators and Representatives have come gradually to regard their privilege to be con- sulted as a right to dictate, and the provision of the Constitution has come to be read in Congress as follows: The Senators anid Repre- sentatives shall appoint the Federal officers by and with the advice and consent of the Presi- dent. If both the President and the Senators and Representatives always looked for the best man to serve the country, this amended Constitution might work fairly well; if they even always sought the best interests of their party, it might not work badly. But when the appointing power is used to build up a faction or to promote the personal political interests of the individual making the appoint- ment—and this unhappily is often the case— it works disastrously to both the party and the country. The Americans, like the English and un- like the French, are political pragmatists, and are ready to adopt in politics any contrivance which works well and none which does not APPOINTMENTS 989 work .well. Generally the Presidents have accepted the recommendations of the Sena- tors and Representatives, rejecting them only for cause, and then waiting for a new recommendation. In some instances they have accepted the negative advice and made new successive appointments until one was found to which the Senator of the district could make no reasonable objec- tion. So far as we recall, they haye made appointments during the recess of Con- gress only when the previous appointment had not been voted on by the Senate. To make such a recess appointment of one whom the Senate has rejected appears to us a clear violation of the spirit, if not of the letter, of the Constitution. Moreover, the Constitution calls not only for the consent but also for the advice of the Senate. When the President, therefore, consults a Senator and considers his advice, he is acting constitutionally and in accordance with regular and understood practice. He is taking the counsel not of an individual but of a representative of the people. The indi- vidual may be of good character or bad; he may represent a good influence in public life or a bad influence ; but, whatever his indi- vidual or political virtues may be, he is the one selected by the people and designated under the Constitution to act with reference to nominations. The President is not bound to take his advice if it is bad advice; and, if it is good advice, no matter what the charac- ter of the Senator or the political faction to which he belongs may be, there is no reason why the advice should not be taken. Let the President get his information about pros- pective appointees from what source he will ; but to substitute for the advice of the Senate the advice of a private person, or even of a member of the Cabinet, is to go outside of the recognized practice and of the provis- ions of the Constitution. The evil of the boss system does not lie in the fact that political bosses are worse men than other men, but that they are irresponsible. They are public men with power, but are not given the power by the people. To insist that the advice and consent of private individuals or even of a member of the Cabinet who is not a representative of the people should be fol- lowed by the Senate, even though this may be done in a good cause, is to give sanction to that which lies at the basis of boss rule. These considerations refer not to the pur- poses which a President as political leader

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990 may have, but to the methods that may be employed in carrying them out. If the only reason for the rejection of an appointee is that he does not belong to the wing of the party to which the Senator from his State or from his part of the State belongs, the rejec- tion is indefensible. Those readers who know The Outlook do not need to be assured that our sympathy is with the President in his purpose to oppose reactionary forces in his party and to further in it the progressive spirit. THE BUSINESS OF BEING A MAN The question of intemperance has in vari- ous parts of the world been approached from two different directions. It has been attacked on the one hand by moralists and on the other by scientists and economists. Under such sustained fire it has seemed sometimes that the citadel of alcohol possessed very surprising power of resistance. Perhaps, however, the final surrender awaits the time when both moralists .and scientists shall be ready, not only to at- tack independently the same objective, but to work in more active co-operation. When the Prohibitionists of Maine, in continu- ation of their half-century struggle against the liquor interests—a struggle actuated largely by moral rather than economic ccn- siderations—appealed in a recent election to August Forel, the Swiss biologist, for scientific information as to the consequences of alcohol, they took an active step towards the formation of such a necessary alliance. Only by the organization of all forces working against the menace of liquor can ultimate success be gained. Miss Katharine Anthony, of New York City, who has made an active study of the alcohol problem, recently returned to this country from a visit to Professor Forel, in Switzerland, during which she had the opportunity of studying under his direction the progress of the anti-alcohol movement in Europe. The information she gathered on this subject she has placed at our disposal, and from taken. Not only in the emphasis placed upon scientific research, but in another particular, the European temperance movement differs from that in America. it the facts in this editorial are In this country it has THE OUTLOOK 30 December received its strongest impetus and its great” est encouragement from women. it is a man’s movement. The alcohol-fighters of Europe are biolo- gists, psychologists, criminologists, sociolo- gists, economists, jurists, and all the other scientific “ists” in the catalogue. Their accusations are correspondingly multifarious. But they may all be reduced to one essential fact. Alcohol is not a stimulant, but a nar- cotic. Alcohol paralyzes. It is the lethal dose, the fool’s paradise, the coward’s joy. The man who first demonstrated this is, and has been for twenty years, the ranking psychologist of Europe. Emil Kraepelin, Professor of Psychiatry in the University of Munich, and an international authority on fatigue toxins, exposed a common fallacy. People had always believed that alcohol, taken in moderate doses, stimulated mental activity, and that only excessive doses had a narcotic influence. Thus alcohol was sup- posed to reverse its own action, just as water does under a falling temperature, first: con- tracting until the freezing-point is reached, and then expanding. But Kraepelin’s experiments, published in 1892, exposed alcohol as a consistent, ready- to-work narcotic. It puts on the brakes at once. He found that the individual’s ability to add, to memorize, and to judge began to decline under the influence of only forty to eighty grams of alcohol. A group of Heidel- berg students were set to adding half an hour a day for four weeks. The first and third weeks they received no alcohol; the second and fourth weeks they worked under the influence of the moderate dose. They gained speed the first week, lost it the second (notwithstanding seven days’ practice), re- gained it the third, and relost it the fourth. The history of the four weeks’ experiment was set down in the form of what scientists call a ** curve,’’ but which looks like the letter ““M.” ‘To interpret it you need only to note “Enter alcohol” at the beginning of each downward stroke. Next Kraepelin made tests of the memory and judgment under the influence of alcohol. Now, memory and judgment are higher powers of the mind, inasmuch as they depend upon the association of ideas. The brain makes connections as does the operator in the telephone exchange. When alcohol is present, the operator in the brain dozes and makes faulty connections, if she does not go to sleep altogether. Memory halts and the judgment In Europe

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1913 is untrustworthy as long as alcohol paralyzes the switchboard. Here was news for scholars and men of letters, including the experimenter himself, who had started in with no preconceived ideas. Kraepelin says that the first time he was ever drunk was on the day of the celebra- tion of the victory of Sedan. He was the first convert to his own experiments, and is now one of the most militant milk-drinkers of Europe. Another European of the same temper is Lieutenant Boy, of Sweden, who made a study of the effect of alcohol on his soldiers. He tried them on accurate firing, quick firing, and endurance firing without alcohol and after a forty-gram dose. Then he made a map of the records and circulated it throughout Europe. Certainly for the soldier it is no invitation to alcohol, for it shows a lowered efficiency in shooting each time the moderate dose was taken. It remained for two Swiss doctors to make the alcohol question a paternity -problem. Dr. von Bunge, of the Basel University, says that alcohol is a paralyzer of mother’s milk and that the daughters of drunkards tend to go dry. As a physiological chemist, Bunge made a special study of the milk of mammals, and of human milk in particular. He col- lected the histories of 1,600 mothers, both nursing and unable to nurse, and after years of careful study concluded that these dry- breasted women owed their failure as moth- ers to their alcoholic fathers. Another Swiss doctor, Dr. Bezzola, went about rudely poking into the paternity rec- ords of his fellow-citizens. He used the birth statistics for the entire Swiss population between 1880 and 1890. From the regis- tered birthday of each person born he sub- tracted nine months in order to secure the date of conception. During this decade 8,190 idiots were born. His object was to compare the conception days of the idiots with those of the rest of the population. The normal maximum for the whole people was in the summer. But the idiots showed two maximum periods besides the summer—the months of February and October. Now February is the month of the carnival and October the month of the vintage. The idiots were the children of the carnival and the vintage. Primitive man did not know that such a thing as fatherhood existed, but civilized man has lost that state of irresponsible igno- AMERICAN CRITICISM AND AMERICAN FICTION 991 rance. And the modern man to whom the consciousness of fatherhood means something more than economic responsibility and the tie of property cannot but weigh the mean- ing of these new warnings. It is part of the business of being a man. AMERICAN CRITICISM AND AMERICAN FICTION If two recent writers are to be believed, the standards of periodical (including news- paper) criticism and of the art of writing fic tion are distressingly low in the United States. It was only a few months ago that Professor Bliss Perry, of Harvard University, main- tained with much particularity, in a note- worthy article in the “‘ Yale Review,” the the- sis that literary criticism in the United States, looked at broadly and in the light of foreign criticism, lacks candor, trained intelligence, and distinction. The conclusion that Pro- fessor Perry reached was that periodical criticism, having served publishers, book- sellers, and authors with more or less unsat- isfactory results, should now serve the public, without fear or favor; and he expressed the opinion that sooner or later the astounding discovery would be made that the public was in favor of the change. It is not impossible that some of the de- fects which Mr. Edward Garnett, an English writer, finds in American popular fiction, and which he describes at length in the “ Atlan- tic Monthly ” for December, may be due to the failure of criticism in this country to per- form its proper function. Mr. Garnett points out two characteristics of popular latter-day American fiction which prevent it, in his opin- ion, from ranking as fine art : first, exaggera- tion; and, second, ‘‘the presentation and glorification of ‘standardized’ morals, man- ners, emotions, and of stereotyped social ambitions and ethical valuations.” In proof of his first charge Mr. Garnett cites Mr. Owen Johnson’s “ The Salamander,” which, in his view, violates almost every canon of good art. The story, he says, be- longs to a class of fiction in which “ the pub- lishers and the authors seem to be conspiring to force the note of exaggeration till the typ- ical ‘ best seller’ seems to work with auto- matic prevision in scenes of sweet senti- mentalism or in shock after shock of melodramatic interest.” An analysis of Mr. Winston Churchill’s

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992 novel “ Mr. Crewe’s Career ”’ serves as an illustration of Mr. Garnett’s second point. He distrusts the dona fides of the novelist’s characters. They suggest the thought that most of the latter-day American story-tellers ‘““seem to be in a conspiracy to ‘make the world better,’ to ‘ touch the heart,’ to ‘make you forget all your troubles,’ to ‘exalt life and love,’ to be ‘a_ sunshine-maker.’” The effect of this sort of fiction, says Mr. Garnett, is ‘to leave one with the uneasy idea that the weight and momentum of American civilization are rolling out the paste of human nature very flat and are stamping it with machine-made patterns of too common an order.” The relation of cause and effect is not very obvious, but perhaps Mr. Garnett is right, although the layman may still cling to the old-fashioned opinion that human nature is much the same with us as it is with other peoples, even if it doesn’t get itself adequately portrayed in our popular fiction. If Mr. Garnett had read Mr. Churchill’s *“‘Coniston,” he would have discovered that the author of “ Mr. Crewe’s Career ” has the artist’s conscience as well as the Ameri- can’s cheerfulness. Before he discusses American fiction again he will do well to read the candid and thoroughly written stories of Mrs. Watts, whose latest novel, ‘“‘The Rise of Jennie Cushing,” is a close study of crude condjtions as well as an appreciation of the American faith in the possibilities of the human spirit. Mr. Garnett has at hand the remedy for the disease which he diagnoses, although he confesses that the commercial, ethical, and sentimental ideals which seem to make up American optimism render it impossible for the remedy to be acceptable to the patient. “ The novelist,”’ he says, “‘ should put human nature under the lens and scrutinize its. mo- tives and conduct with the most searching and exact interest. His zsthetic pleasure in the rich spectacle of life should be backed by a remorseless instinct for telling the truth.” Advice of this sort may seem to point the way to the very heights of Parnassus, but the results, for most writers, it is safe to say, would be more likely to be studies of unattract- ive, if not positively repellent, aspects of human nature and extremely unpleasant pictures of life. They might or might not be art, accord- ing as they were well or ill done. But, even if they did meet the highest tests, they would THE OUTLOOK probably, as Mr. Garnett fears, fail to find an audience of any considerable size, while the “sunshine-maker,” for whom, by the way, it would not be difficult to say a good word with a perfectly easy literary conscience, would sell by the tens of thousands. It is always instructive to get the point of view of a critic ; and this, in the case of Mr. Garnett, is revealed by the books which are to be found upon the shelf of “ prized Ameri- can classics’”"—Walt Whitman and Poe, Howells, Thoreau, Sarah Orne Jewett, O. Henry, and Stephen Crane. Of several of these authors it is unnecessary to speak ; all would agree that they have earned their right to the high classification which Mr. Garnett gives them. Of the others, however, it may perhaps be noted that American critical opin- ion has never conformed to the English esti- mate of Whitman, while many of us outgrew long ago the enthusiasm with which we once read O. Henry and Stephen Crane. In the judgment of Mr. Garnett, our two ablest novelists are Edith Wharton and Anne Douglas Sedgwick. The restricted influence which they exert, in, proportion to their gifts, leads him to infer that the American mind may be hostile to the artist in literature. Unsympathetic would, we think, be a more accurate term, so far at least as Mrs. Whar- ton’s character portraits are concerned. Per- haps the explanation of this attitude of mind is to be found in the dramatic exigencies of modern fiction, which seem to render it neces- sary for the “ artist in literature” to make the leading characters in the story deficient in ideals and in ordinary human sympathy— controlled, in a word, by ignoble motives and seeking sordid or wholly selfish ends. No doubt, as Mr. Garnett says, the optimistic National temperament prevents a due appre- ciation of the value, from the point of view of the “artist in literature,” of such charac- ter portraits. In time our people may out- grow this prejudice in favor of a National type in fiction in which higher ideals are embodied. Meanwhile, if any one desires to evade the issue altogether, he can perhaps take refuge in Professor Perry’s dictum that we are not a book-reading people. ‘‘ The vast majority of our ninety-odd million people,”’ he says, at the conclusion of his article in the * Yale Review,” “ have no literary appetites which cannot be supplied by the newspapers, the magazines, and an occasional ‘ best-seller’ novel.”

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THE STORY OF THE WAR BY ARTHUR BULLARD THE OUTLOOK’S WAR CORRESPONDENT HE two main battle fronts changed very little during the week Decem- ber 16 to 23. In the western cam- paign the Allies continued to press the Ger- mans at many points on the line through Flanders and France. But their bulletins did not claim more than a large number of minute advantages. At this rate it would take them half a century to drive the Germans out of Belgium. But, although the Allies have little to show in the way of results, the fact that they have assumed the “ offensive” is nota- ble. A soldier who is attacking is stimulated by the hope of victory. In a defensive ac- tion the best that one can expect is not to be defeated. The former is decidedly better for the morale of the troops. The armies in the eastern campaign are still far from such a deadlock as that which has developed in France. ‘There is still chance for strategic maneuvering—dashing advances, rapid retreats, and _ wide-flung flanking movements. It is a stupendous duel between the Field Marshal von Hindenburg and the Grand Duke Nicolas Nicoliovitch. Each is bent on the utter destruction of the other. ‘The Russians are just as anxious for victory as the Germans, but they are not nearly so bitterly pressed for time. There has never been any doubt that the Austro-German forces were stronger than their enemies on either frontier, but in this war it is a question of defeating France and Russia at the same time, with Great Britain, Belgium, and Servia thrown in. ‘The Ger- mans have concentrated an unexpectedly large share of their forces in Poland and have succeeded once more in driving the Russians back almost to Warsaw. ‘They may reach that city. But there would be relatively little gain in this success unless they delivered so smashing a defeat to the Russians as to put them out of the fighting for a couple of months. ‘Then the Germans would be free to throw the bulk of their forces, which are now in Poland, against the French and Brit- ish. Austria would be free to crush Servia. Victories—no matter how glorious—which accomplish less than this are hardly worth while. The Germans do not wish to pene- trate farther into Russia, but to be able to get out of Russia. AT HOME Even if their present forces in the west are able to resist the Allies’ offensive, they will need reinforcements as fast as the units of Lord Kitchener’s army land on the Con- tinent. A very large force of fresh troops is promised before spring. In order to attempt any new advance on Paris or Calais the Germans will need some of the troops they are now using in Poland. At the outside, they have three months to crush the Rus- sians. The reports of this week indicated that von Hindenburg was being met by a stiffened resistance and that the Grand Duke had enough men to spare to push on an energetic offensive in East and West Prussia and still hold his ground in Galicia. Unless the Germans score a great victory quickly—which is of course a constant possi- bility—they will have to accept the defen- sive attitude on both frontiers. Such a change of plan in the heat of action is very hard to time correctly. A fortunate decision is more likely to come from a statesman than a general. Inevitably a soldier is reluctant to admit that his aggressive action has failed. He is always tempted to try once more, to make one last desperate effort, which, if it does not succeed, will leave him too exhausted for a vigorous defensive campaign. An over- effort, if it fails, spells disaster. Military history is full of such incidents. ** An invading army which stops invading is defeated.” ‘The German army in the west has stopped invading. And if von Hindenburg is stopped in Poland—on the present lines, at Warsaw, or a hundred miles farther east—the German offensive will have failed. But there is a great difference be- tween stopping an invasion and conquering an invader. The Germans, if they make up their minds to it in time, can prepare a defensive war which might last for years. ‘They could make the conquest of Germany so horribly expen- sive that the most bellicose of their enemies would shudder and listen to such terms of peace as are called honorable. But to accept a defensive plan would be to give up all hope of glorious victory. It is doubtful if the Fatherland possesses statesmen wise and forceful enough to impose such a policy on 993

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994 the army and nation. It is more probable that the General Staff will continue pushing one desperate offensive after another—any one of which may be successful. Such a policy—von Bernhardi’s gambling formula of World Power or Downfall—may bring a dis- aster which will end the war. This is the best chance of a speedy termination of the war. THE BALKANS Once more the reconstruction of the Balkan alliance is being discussed. It is certain that the diplomats of the Allies have been work- ing towards this goal. The theory is that if the Rumanians are given compensations in Hungary, the Serbs in Bosnia, the Greeks in the Epirus, they will give back to Bulgaria the territories they took from her in the second Balkan War. Such an arrangement sounds plausible, and it may be accomplished. But it is doubtful if any redrawing of fron- tiers would heal the blood feuds of that unhappy peninsula. However, if the Balkan States make peace among themselves, it is extremely probable that Rumania and Greece will enter the war on the side of the Allies—the Greeks against Turkey, the Rumanians against Austria. This would immensely increase the tempta- tion of Italy to “‘ redeem” the Trentino. It might well be the coup de grace to the House of Hapsburg. Germany, with no ally but Turkey, could hardly keep up the struggle much longer. THE SEA ROVERS The dramatic side of the German raid on the English coast has received more space than it deserved. If there were any Belgian refugees from Louvain or Aershot in Scar- borough, it must have seemed to them a very small affair. Six or more German fast cruisers—taking advantage of a heavy fog—slipped through the British patrolling squadron and crossed the North Sea without discovery. Their presence was not suspected until they opened fire. According to one “ eye-witness ” re- port, four of these ships lay off Scarborough for a half-hour and bombarded the town. The raid raises many questions for the international lawyers. Were the towns de- fended? What is a fort? Was there any ground for the plea of “ military necessity ’”? Did the Germans avoid unnecessary damage to the property of non-combatants? The Hague regulations for sea warfare are hope- THE OUTLOOK lessly vague on all these points, and we may be sure that the legal lights of England will denounce the act as barbarian and the Ger- man lawyers will say that it was entirely civ- ilized. One thing seems quite certain. The Germans did not do as much indiscriminate damage as they might have done. Five hun- dred shells—the highest estimate I have seen —is very slow work for four war-ships in half an hour. It is impossible to say whether the Ger- mans gained anything by the raid until we know whether the fear of invasion has per- suaded the British Government to keep at home troops which otherwise would have been sent to Flanders. The people of the coast towns which suf- fered will undoubtedly consider this action the most momentous of the war, but there is little chance that the Admiralty wil! allow it to alter their plans. The British home fleet has for its first duty the protection of the island from invasion. The desire to destroy the enemy’s sea power must be kept secondary. However regrettable it may be to have the Germans shell unimportant coast towns, that does not indicate that they can land troops. A serious invasion would require at the very least 50,000 men. And even with the smoothest sea and not a British ship in sight, it would take a good many hours to disem- bark such an army. The problem of the Admiralty is to be always ready to concentrate within a couple of hours at any point on the North Sea coast a naval force superior to that of the German fleet. If they can do this, the British Isles are safe from invasion. And no combination of circumstances, no possible advantage else- where, would justify the Admiralty in taking any chances in this matter. The main outlines of its naval strategy are now fairly clear: The North Sea has been closed by mines at both ends. Heavy fields have been laid from the coast of Scot- land to the Norwegian waters and across the Straits of Dover. A few “lanes ” have been left open for neutral shipping. ‘They are care- fully guarded and in all probability they are frequently changed. The chance of any ship getting through without an English pilot is very small. This work, if it has been well done —and it is only a question of time, care, and money—confines naval action for the Ger- man and British home fleets to the North Sea. In this limited field the Admiralty has a force greatly superior to that of Germany.

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° BROMBERG ee POSEN A GOMBIN® @KUTNO ~ aa @ KONSKIE @CZENSTOCHOWA SQ @KIELCE TARNOW® THE CAMPAIGN IN POLAND At least half a dozen full-sized battles are in progress in the territory shown in this map. Lowicz, Lodz, and Piotrkow are reported to have been won by the Germans. A German army under General Le Frangois has been driven north across the frontier near Mlawa. A Russian army is said to be advancing down the Vistula towards Thorn. The position of the forces in southern Poland and Galicia is uncertain. The Russian attack on Cracow seems to have been checked.

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996 But the German harbors are thoroughly pro- tected, and their fleet will not come out to accept battle at such odds except in utter desperation. ‘The British would undoubtedly welcome a general engagement. But they will have to wait for it till the Germans are ready to commit suicide. The prime units of the British fleet are undoubtedly moored—under full steam—in equally well protected harbors up and down the coast. For them to cruise about in the North Sea would be to invite destruction by submarines or floating mines. The actual patrolling is being done by the mosquito fleet and such second-line ships as the late Cressy. The Germans are undoubtedly familiar with these arrangements. In this particular raid they took great risks but not desperate ones. ‘Their squadron was stronger than any group they were likely to meet on patrol duty. If they had bumped into a British ship in the fog, they would probably have sunk it, stayed to fight the first reinforce- ments that arrived, and returned to their base before the odds turned against them. They had the luck to slip through unnoticed. And it is a safe guess that they picked out a spot for their attack which was half-way between two English naval bases. At their first shot, of course, the news was flashed over the wires. ‘They seem to have known just how long they could stay safely—a half-hour. Then they dived back into the fog. They were as fast as or faster than their pursuers and their luck was good. The English coast dwellers may clamor for better protection, but the chances of the Ger- mans again finding so many favorable circum- stances and the actual damage such raids can do are too slight to have military significance. The Admiralty will probably stick to its plan, which has protected the island from invasion and has kept open the sea routes. EGYPT The announcement from London that a British Protectorate had been proclaimed in Egypt was perhaps the most momentous news of the week. Toa certain extent the change is only nominal. England has ruled Egypt since the early eighties. The war with Turkey and the threat of attack on the Suez Canal have given the opportunity—or, as the English would say, have created the neces- sity—to legalize a condition which was already existent. Under the new régime Egypt will no longer pay tribute to Turkey. The British THE OUTLOOK Empire gains very little by the transaction except prestige. However, unsympathetic critics will con- sider that this action indicates a typically British haste in cashing in on the war. It is true that territorial expansion brings new obligations. The British already shoulder more than their share of the white man’s burden, and a great deal can be said to show that they were reluctant to assume such new responsibilities as Togoland, Cyprus, Kaiser Wilhelm’s Land, where the Australians raised the flag, and now Egypt. But so far, with the exception of Russia’s precarious foothold in Galicia and East Prussia, Great Britain is the only one of the Allies which has extended its rule over new countries. It is to be hoped that her allies will not calculate the ratios between lives lost and territories gained. Although allowances should be made for Great Britain’s “ peculiar situation,” it will be generally felt that the Japanese have shown a more scrupulous regard to the amenities of nations in postponing the announcement of their intention in regard to their conquests in the Pacific until the matter can be discussed by her allies at the termination of the war. THE CALIPHATE British suzerainty in Egypt raises an inter- esting question for the Moslem theologians. There is an ‘authentic tradition’ that towards the end of the Prophet’s life, when discussion had already begun in regard to his successor, some of the Companions asked him how, if two rivals laid claim to the caliph- ate, the True Believers were to distinguish between them. Mohammed answered that Allah would never allow the majority of his followers to be misled, therefore the ruler of the greatest number of Moslems would surely be the True Caliph—the Defender of the Faithful. For several centuries this tradition has been the chief sanction for the claim of the Ottoman Sultans to the caliphate. They are not related to the Prophet’s tribe ; they have none of the other requisites of the holy office beyond the fact that they are sovereigns of the holy cities and of more Moslems than any other ruler. Since the Kings of England have become Emperors of India they have been the closest rivals of the Sultans in this matter. Now that the population of Egypt has been taken from the Turks and added to the British Empire, King George can sign his name “ Defender of the Faith—and of the Faithful.”’ New York, December 23, 1914.

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AMERICA BY THE HON. LINDLEY M. UNREADY GARRISON, SECRETARY OF WAR, AS INTERVIEWED BY GREGORY MASON Power should attack the United States in force and should succeed in getting her war-ships and soldier-laden transports past our fleet, landed out of range of our coast defenses, once fairly ashore she could pulverize our small regular army and punish us to a humiliating degree, if not actually make us sue for peace, before we could raise and train a volunteer army adequate to cope with the invaders. In other words, at present our navy is our only considerable bulwark against invasion. Even such part of our militia as we could depend on and the available regular army would make an ex- tremely small force, our army being in size only a local police force, well trained and highly efficient indeed, but in numbers little more than twice the size of the police force of New York City—that is, not large enough for our great country even as a mere police force.” The speaker was the Secretary of War, the Hon. Lindley M. Garrison; the place, his soft-carpeted, wide-windowed office in the Army and Navy Building at Washington ; and the time, early December, a few days after the publication of his annual report. He was interpreting and enlarging upon this report, and commenting upon the general mili- tary situation of the United States. This report emphasized two principal recommendations : First, that the army be immediately in- creased by twenty-five thousand men to bring up to full strength the existing units of the mobile army in continental United States, which is now being depleted in order to gar- rison our outlying dependencies. Second, that steps at once be taken toward the creation of a trained reserve, to be called upon only in time of great National danger. “ For a number of reasons a big standing army for the United States is out of the ques- tion,” said Secretary Garrison. “A sufficient reason is that the maintenance of such a mili- tary establishment is contrary to the genius and traditions of the American people. Per- sonally I never want to see this Nation have a military policy calling for a great standing army. I am no more a ‘ militarist ’ than I + L to-morrow any first-class military am a ‘ pacificist.’ ** But to continue on our present course is to invite sure disaster—the same disaster as or worse than that which we met when we entered the Civil War and the Spanish War with soft, untrained armies, thus needlessly wasting thousands of lives. “‘The ignorance and lack of interest of the public in regard to National defense is astounding. Americans have a most amazing confidence in their ability to meet any emer- gency without preparation. Last April, at the time of the Tampico incident, the seven or eight hundred Americans in Chihuahua, I am told by a man who was there, put their heads together to consider how best they might defend themselves in the event of a sudden uprising against the ‘ gringoes.’ Many of them, my informant tells me, con- templated making a stand in an American hotel in the heart of the city, which they be- lieved was pretty well located for purposes of defense. They believed that they could hold out for three days, and that by that time our troops would arrive to rescue them. As a matter of fact, it would have taken weeks, in- stead of days, before our soldiers could have made the difficult trip over the desert to Chihuahua. ‘“‘ There are people who say, ‘ What should we fear? Just look at our great army!’ and sweep their arms over the horizon in a ges- ture to indicate that every man between eighteen and forty-five would rush to the aid of his country in a crisis. But that is as absurd as to say that there can be no panics in Wall Street while there is gold in Alaska, or that there can be no suffering from cold while there is coal underground in Pennsylvania.” Mr. Garrison warmed to his subject, and as he warmed he adverted to metaphor : ‘* At least we can have a head to our spear, leaving the shaft to be fitted later. Such an armed head would be the mobile army of fifty thousand men in continental United States which I am asking for. ** Such an army would serve two purposes : First, if we were attacked, it would serve as a stop-gap, keeping the enemy at bay or at least harassing him sufficiently to retard his progress until the reserves, militia, and vol- unteer forces could be organized. In other words, it would be the skeleton upon which we could pack flesh in a hurry when occasion arose. Secondly, such an army would be 997

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998 large enough to provide a school to graduate trained instructors who could work the raw material into shape. For you and me, whohave had no military training, to try to lead volun- teers against an enemy would be like the blind trying to lead the blind. ‘‘ In other words, if we can’t have a com- plete war machine ready at hand, we must at least have all its parts ready to be assem- bled and trained engineers ready to drive it.” In the War Secretary’s report he spoke of the measures therein advocated as forming a temporary programme to be adopted until ‘‘a more comprehensive and perfect scheme can be agreed upon.” When asked for an inkling of the nature of this scheme, he said : ** T haven’t formulated all the details so as to make it wise to deal publicly with that justnow. And, anyway, to make them known now would merely confuse people. It is because the people’s vision has never been very clear on military affairs that we are as unready as we are to-day. I want to get the people thinking right on this matter. That is why in my report I kept hammering at one or two simple reforms. “When I was ready to begin my annual report to the President, I went to the military men—all of them thoroughly honest and thoroughly versed in military science—upon whom I depend for advice on matters of technique and detail, and asked each one of them to write out for me the recommenda- tions that he would make if he were writing my report. I found that I could heartily approve every suggestion that these men submitted, but, if I had written my report as they would have written it, it would never have been read by the average citizen. Sol went home, sat down alone, took up a pencil, and began to write, aiming at this average citizen, the man in the street. He is the man whose interest must be aroused before we can get out of our present dangerous con- dition of unpreparedness. I tried to make clear to him the necessity of those most simple reforms, the enlargement of the army to the minimum size necessary for a mere domestic police force, and the creation of a reserve of men trained to the use of arms who will be capable of jumping into the ranks at once when Mars begins to sound his alarums. To-day, at last, there are signs that the army is beginning to get the atten- tion of the every-day citizen. “In fact, never in my lifetime have men been so interested in the condition of our THE OUTLOOK 30 December means of National defense as they are to- day. We should not discourage this interest, we should direct it. The questions that the people are asking in the newspapers and on the streets should be answered. Once you show the people that this is a matter involv- ing business judgment and every-day sense, rather than epaulets and brass bands, they will deal with the question of National de- fense as adequately and intelligently as they have lately dealt with the question of National finance and monetary control.”’ Upon being asked if he believed that agitation for an immediate increase in the strength of our army would prejudice our position later as a potential mediator and peacemaker among the embattled nations of Europe, Secretary Garrison pushed his chair away from his desk a little impatiently and remarked: ‘I cannot see at all how a dis- cussion of such matters or the enactment of needed legislation to improve our own military establishment can hamper us at all as a peace- maker. The trouble that we see in other households simply calls our attention to the need of setting our own house in order. People who formerly turned deaf ears to every one who suggested that we were not so well able to defend ourselves as we should be are now on every side inquiring what account we could give of ourselves if we should be drawn into serious conflict. “‘T repeat that such discussion and inquiry is a good thing—is, in fact, imperative. ‘* But it should be conducted dispassionately and apart from the heat of politics. The question of National defense should be ap- proached in a non-partisan and purely scien- tific spirit. When two men begin to argue, they say more than they intended to say, until finally both are occupying untenable positions. The case of a city suddenly struck by a serious epidemic is a good exam- ple of this human tendency. The party out of power naturally makes the question of public health a political issue, seeking to put the blame for the calamity and unprepared- ness to meet the same on the party in power. The party in power tries to hush things up and stop the panic, understating the serious- ness of the situation just as much as the party out of power overstates it. Note that both are wrong. ‘To continue in the vein of the abstract, if party A makes a political issue of a nation’s alleged unpreparedness for war, it will prob- ably overstate the gravity of the situation

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1914 and drive party B, in self-defense, to rush to the other extreme and assure the people that everything is lovely. “So, while I hope that the people will come to a realization of the fact that Amer- THE GERMAN SOLDIER OF 1870 AND 1914 999 ica to-day is unready, I hope they will pursue a safe and intelligent middle course and not rush blindly to extreme measures. I fear militarism no less than pacificism. May America be preserved from both!” THE GERMAN SOLDIER OF 1870 AND 1914 BY FRANCIS STERNE PALMER in Dresden. My father, one of the American colony, lived in Struve Strasse, and there during the Franco-German War of 1870 he had quartered on him six members of the Landwehr. They were pleasant, harmless fellows, and with one of them I became very friendly. Max Stein was a shoemaker from Blarweg, a kindly, talkative little man who much regretted being obliged to give up his trade and go to the war. He could ill afford the time, he said, but of course, if there was need, he must go. I remember, as a boy who had been fed on the “‘ Scottish Chiefs,” Scott’s and Bulwer’s novels, and other warlike tales, being much surprised to find the soldiers, especially my shoemaker friend, with such an aversion for going to war. He spent hours in the eve- nings (when he was free from drill duty and it was still early enough for me to be up) telling me about his boys at home and lament- ing the ill luck that obliged him to leave them. He was sorry things had come to the pass they had, but, since they had, there was no help for it; of course go he must. He could not hold back because of the little shoe-shop, his dear Frau, and the youngsters he was leaving. He told me how he had fought four years before when the Saxons were on the Austrian side against Prussia; then they had been beaten, and good King Johann had to make peace. Now they would probably be beaten again, for the people of the great Napoleon were always fine warriors. However, that was a matter which did not concern him— that was for the King to think of. It was his duty as a good citizen, a true Saxon, to fight when he was called upon. And pos- sibly it would be different now. The Prus- NORTY-FOUR years ago I was a boy sians were good soldiers—as he could testify after the hard knocks they had given in 1866; and, moreover, this French Napoleon was not the great Napoleon, after all, and probably not nearly so good a fighter. Max’s talk never made me think him a hero or a very brave man. He was not at all like William Wallace ; and yet he had no horror of war. War, he said, was as much to be expected as a bad year in business, and should be met with just the same determina- tion. A man need not pretend to like it; yet it was to be expected by most men, just as a bad year in business was to be expected, and it should be met and made the best of and faced resolutely. This was the man’s philosophy. I wonder if it is not the philosophy of the great mass of Germans to-day ; the reason that makes them such good soldiers, makes them so uncom- plaining when hardships and wounds come ? Every man in Germany has been trained to look upon war as a matter of course, some- thing which he spent two or three years pre- paring for. This does not make him love war any the more, but makes him understand it is something which every German must expect. Another force which may lessen his horror of war is the fact that for the average German his two or three years’ training in the army is something like our college boy’s life ; it throws him among a lot of young fellows of his own age and station. The friendships made there—like a college boy’s—are per- haps the strongest and best in his life. The German nearly always looks back with pleasure and pride on the years he served in the army. Some. two or three weeks ago I was in the little shop of a tailor, a native of Polish Prussia, who, after talking about the war, pointed with much pride to a photo- graph hanging on the wall; it was a picture taken ten years ago of himself and half a dozen other young fellows in uniform and looking very martial and gay. The tailor’s years asa warrior had doubtless had their draw- backs (as have even the freshman and sopho-

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1000 more years at college) ; but, after all, it was the most pleasant time he had ever known ! Perhaps the great difference between the American and German soldier is this: The American on his enlistment would go into a strange life, and very likely among: strangers. Not so with the German; he goes_ back among old friends and to perform old duties ; he feels much as an American collegian THE OUTLOOK 30 December would feel if his college summoned him to fight for her and he went back to old associations, renewing the most pleasant recol- lections of his life. The German soldier expects hardships, of course, and perhaps wounds and death ; but, after all, even the chance of these can be put up with if they are to be met in the company of old friends. BASEBALL, BOOKS, AND BUSINESS BY ELMER E. FERRIS I ETE CROWTHER was sitting in P the hotel reading, a letter from his wife : “* Pete, dear: ‘“T shall be so glad when you get home. I have felt so anxious this week about Billy. Last Saturday night he went with some of his school friends to a dance at Turner Hall, and he got into a difficulty there and had a fight. You know what a questionable place Turner Hall is. Billy came home with his face marked up. I have felt so ashamed and distressed that I can hardly sleep.” Pete suspended the letter and elevated his cigar to an acute angle. “Gee, I wonder if the kid is beginning to hang around that Turner Hall joint !” He resumed the letter : ‘‘ Of course Billy isn’t in the habit of going to such places. He never went there before, and he says that he doesn’t intend to go again ; but just think of the disgrace, Pete— our boy in a fight at Turner Hall !” “He has got his mother on the toboggan all right,” mused Pete. His thoughts went back toa similar episode in his own early life. ‘It beats the deuce why kids must always trek along behind the old man. Why don’t they take after their mother once ina while ?” “ Another thing that is making me anxious,” continued the letter, ‘is Billy’s athletics. He expects, of course, to go to college next year, but when I ask him about his preference he seems to think of nothing but athletics—what college has the best baseball and football team. Of course, Pete, dear, his class stand- ings have been fairly good—he is going to graduate, so his teachers tell me—but since he got to playing on the baseball team his mind seems to run all in that direction. I hope that when you get in from this trip you can arrange to spend some time with him. He certainly needs his father’s advice. You know that Billy thinks everything his father says is about right. ** Lovingly, JENNIE.” When Pete reached home a few days later, he found his wife still in a state of nervous anxiety—so much so that he entered a vigorous protest. ** Why, see here, Jen, it isn’t so bad as all that. Billy isn’t getting to be a sport just because he made one or two bad breaks. Every kid is liable to slip a cog now and then. I remember when I was about Billy’s age I was working in a store, and there was a half-way house about five miles from our village where they had Saturday night dances. It was a kind of hotel and saloon and dance- hall combined. I went over there one Sat- urday night with the boys and got into a fracas, and I had a fight on the ball-room floor with a fellow named Morissy, who tried to put something over on me.” “* Why, Pete! you never told me about it !’’ ‘Why should I? I hadn’t thought about it for years till I got your letter about Billy, and that made me think of it. But I was going to say: Did I ever go to that joint again? Nit! It wasn’t because I got licked either—I had the best of the scrap—but I got to thinking about it, and I saw that if I was ever going to get anywhere in business I’d have to cut that out, and I did. You needn’t fret about Billy. He is probably more ashamed of the thing than he lets on.” * But you will talk with him about it, won’t you, Pete, dear ?” “Sure. I'll give him an earful of straight talk—you leave that to me. I’m going to

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1914 have Billy go fishing up at the lake with me next Saturday.” * And you will talk to him about college and athletics, too, won’t you, dear? I over- heard him telling one of the high school boys yesterday how the league teams are making such good offers to college players. You don’t suppose that Billy can be thinking of becoming a professional ball-player, do you ?” ‘“ Well, I don’t know. A kid is liable to think of ’most anything. But what’s the use of fretting about a thing till you’re up against it? Don’t you know, Jen, that the worst troubles we have are the ones that never come across ?”’ Early on Saturday morning Pete and his boy, arrayed in their khaki suits, with lunch- basket and fishing tackle in hand, started out for the lake; Mrs. Crowther stood at the window watching them until they disap- peared around the corner. “ T always feel so safe when Billy is with his father,’”’ she murmured. The weather was fine, and the fishing good. They caught a string of bass and sev- eral good-sized pickerel. In the heat of the day they went in swimming together. At noon they gathered fuel and roasted some fish over a fire. ‘Gee! isn’t this a great lunch that mother put up?” mumbled Billy, his mouth full of buns and jam. ‘“ That’s what,”’ admitted Pete. ‘‘ Your lit- tle mother likes to do things for us, boy. You and I are lucky guys to have a girl like her stuck on us. You will appreciate. it more when you get older.” “‘T wish mother wouldn’t go up in the air so every time a fellow—” “Gets into a fight up at Turner Hall ?” interrupted Pete. Billy regarded his father with an embar- rassed grin. ‘* What about it, Billy ?” asked Pete. “Why, I went down there with the fel- lows—”’ “ You knew it was_a joint, didn’t you ?” “ Oh, yes, in a general way; but anyway, dad,I went. I meta girl up there that was a good looker and a good dancer, and she and I took to each other. She was a decent sort of a girl, I guess, and we had a lot of dances together. Well, there was a fellow there named Keily that was rushing this girl. I didn’t know anything about that, of course, and he got jealous of me and didn’t know any better than to show it. He commenced BASEBALL, BOOKS, AND BUSINESS 1001 to rough-house, and kept bumping into me. I thought it was accidental at first, till the girl called attention to it. I tried to avoid him, but he was bound to have trouble; and after a while he was dancing in the same set that I was in, and he began to throw out remarks—you know how a fellow does when he is spoiling for a row.”’ ** How big was he ?”’ asked Pete. ‘‘ He was about my size.” ‘A husky guy, eh ?” “Yes, he was husky all right,” grinned Billy. ‘‘ What did you do?” asked Fete. “Why, it got so that I either had to back down or face up to him, so I stepped over to him and told him that if he was looking for trouble I would meet him down in the alley after that set.” ‘* What did he say to that ?” “Oh, he said he’d be right on the spot— his name was Kelly, you know. When I stepped back beside the girl, she asked me what I said to Kelly, and I told her, and she said that I’d better look out for him—she said he was a fighter.” “ Trying to scare you up, eh ?” “TI don’t know. Maybe she was afraid Kelly would lick me. I toldher that I could play that game a little bit myself. A fellow doesn’t want to crawfish in front of a girl.”’ * Sure not. Did you take anybody with you down into the alley ?” “Yes. I took a friend along, and so did he. We got near a street lamp and took off our coats and went at it.” ** Did you get to him ?” asked Pete, eagerly. ‘* You bet I did, and he got to me too.” ‘‘ Who licked ?” cried Pete. ‘Why, it was a pretty even thing, but the proprietor and some porters came out and stopped us. But I was luckier than Kelly. He hit mein the face several times and cut my cheek, but I got a good wallop into his left eye that swelled it up like a baked apple. He didn’t have the nerve to go back into the dance-hall looking like that. I got some court-plaster and fixed up my cheek and went back into the hall and danced once or twice more with that girl, and then I went home. But say, dad, what else could a fellow do ?” “Sure, you had to make him lay off you. But the mistake you made was in going up there in the first place. You knew better than to do it, too. How does the thing look to you, Billy? Does it look good ?” ‘‘Of course not. You won’t catch me up

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1002 there again, and I’ve told mother so; but she is up in the air and won’t come down.” ‘** Yes, and she is dead right about it, too. It isn’t as light a matter as you seem to think. You can’t associate with that kind of a bunch without getting to be like them. Your mother sees through it all right, and, you take it from me, Billy, we can’t stand for that kind of thing at all. That Turner Hall crowd—”* ‘* But won’t you believe me, dad, when I tell you that I’m not going up there any more ?” “ Sure, I believe you. If I didn’t, I would come down on you like a thousand of brick ; but don’t try and put your mother in wrong because she takes it to heart. She sees the danger of it better than youdo. Iam going to take your word for this, Billy, but I want you to bear in mind that if you are ever going to do things in the world you will have to cut out that kind of stuff. Business men simply won’t stand for it. Why, even baseball managers won’t.”’ “I know it. Our coach up at the high school spoke to me about it, and said that I’d have to get off the team if I did any more of that,” “Sure. And if you go to college, you'll never make the team if your habits aren’t right. Have you got any preference about a college, Billy ?”’ “ T don’t know. have a good ball team “What are you going to college for, any- way ?” “Why, to get want me. to go?” “That depends. If your idea of educa- tion is athletics,.why, you might as well not go atall. See?” “Wouldn’t you want me to go out for the ball.team, dad ?” ‘“Why, sure. Haven’t I always been buy- ing you balls and bats and mitts and foot- balls and skates and boxing-gloves? ’Cause why? Because [ wanted you to develop a first-class: physique. When you get out into the push, Billy, no matter what you go at, you will find that a good physique is a big asset. Business is like a baseball game—a man has got to have the wallop. But he has got to have something else, too, and that is gray matter inside of his cocoanut. The man that gets there these days has got to be able to think straight. And that’s where college comes in. It trains a man’s mind. A college course isn’t for the purpose of I want to go where they ” an education—don’t you THE OUTLOOK baseball and sports. A fellow can learn to play baseball outside of college, and it don’t cost so much either.” ** But say, dad, these big league teams are getting lots of their players from the colleges. You know Tom Darrow that played on our high school team, he went to college and made the ball team, and he has been offered eighteen hundred dollars to sign with a league team for next year. Gee! that’s pretty good money for a young fellow, isn’t it ?” ‘ Yes, if he’s going into professional base- ball it’s pretty fair; but, believe me, it isn’t as good as it looks. The chances are ten to one that he won’t make good in a league. But suppose he does; how long will it last ? Only about eight years. And then what? Professional baseball unfits a young fellow for business. This hanging around hotels and riding in Pullmans and playing in front of a grand stand doesn’t cultivate business habits—nit. He spends the best years of his life at something that doesn’t last or pre- pare him for anything else. If you’re think- ing about professional baseball, you’d better forget it.” * But look at Frank Chance and Walter Johnson and Christy Mathewson. ‘They are all prosperous men.” “ Yes, and look at John D. and Andrew Carnegie and J. Pierp. Morgan! Those men are stars. I’m talking about the average man. Of course you can take Mathewson, now; why, he is the John D. of baseball. He’s the king-pin of all of them, but—” ‘** What’s the matter with Walter Johnson, dad? He lays over Mathewson.” “What, Johnson? You’re talking through your hat, Billy. Of course Johnson is a crack pitcher, but Matty has got him skinned a mile !” “Oh, come off, dad! Johnson only lost five games last year, and he shut out more teams—” “See here, Billy, when it comes to the fine points of the game Johnson isn’t in the same class with Matty, and look at Matty’s batting average !”’ **Why, great Scott, dad! Johnson’s bat- ting average is higher than Matty’s, and that—” ** Oh, well, you can take Johnson if you want to,” said Pete, tartly, ‘but I’ll tie the blue ribbon on to old Matty. See? But what was I going to say? Oh, yes—I’m not knocking professional baseball, you under- ( Continued on page following illustrations)

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| Current Events Pictorially Treated PHOTOGRAPH BY BROWN BROTHERS SCARBOROUGH, THE ENGLISH WATERING-PLACE BOMBARDED BY GERMAN WAR-SHIPS This peaceful town on the northeast coast of England underwent a severe bombardment on the morning of December 16 by German cruisers. Many non-combatants, among them women and children, were killed or wounded. For a discussion of the moral aspect of an attack on unfortified places see editorial pages

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va ’ ter Pezet of Peru or da Gama of Brazil ot Argent Minister Ct nister Menos of H guay, Ambassador Naén Minister de Pena of Uru Se ASOT Ws ZEON OF Losta Ki PHOTOGRAPH BY HARRIS & EWING THE FIRST BULGARIAN MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES Professor Stefan Panaretoff, whose picture appears above, is the first diplomatic envoy that Bulgaria has ever sent to America. Professor Panaretoff obtains his scholastic title from his position for over forty years on the faculty of Robert College, Constantinople. See editorial pages

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PHOTOGRAPH GY E. 8. CURTIS AN ALASKAN FISHERMAN CUSTOMS OF A VANISHING RACE PRESERVED IN THE “ MOVIES” Moving pictures of Indian life taken by the well-known 7. zist, Edward S. Curtis, have lately been shown in New York City_and are to be presented throughout the country. They supplement viv idly the material gathered ‘by Mr. Curtis for his monumental work, ‘‘ The North American Indian.” See editorial pages for additional details

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BASEBALL, BOOKS, AND BUSINESS stand. I like the game too well. But my point is this: take a young fellow like you, who has a good chance for an education and a good opportunity to get into business ; why, he would sure be a bonehead to go off on professional baseball, even if he had a chance. Of course I want you to go to college, and I’m willing that you should go out for the ball team, but the main thing in college is education—not athletics. See? It will cost me about eight hundred dollars a year to put you through, and I’m willing to blow it in if you will give me a square deal. I don’t want to stick the money into a rat- hole, and that is about what it will be if you go to college for the sake of baseball. See ?”’ ‘‘What do you think I ought to do, dad, when I get through college? Hadn’t I ought to begin to think of that ?” ‘Sure. But a man ought to do what he can do best. Perhaps you’re not old enough yet to tell what that is.” “ But how is a fellow going to find it out ?” ““Qne good way to find yourself, Billy, is this: Every fellow has got some job right in front of him. See? Your job right now is education. If you will buck right into that, and make good work of it, why, your life job will gradually open up—you bet it will.” “That is pretty indefinite, dad. Hadn’t a fellow ought to aim at some particular thing ?” “ Yes, when he begins to find out what the thing is that he wants to do, and thinks he can do it; but the average boy had better wait till he develops enough to use good judgment.” ‘‘ Sometimes when I hear you talk about selling goods I feel as if I’d like to tackle that myself.” “Do you ?” cried Pete, delightedly. ‘ Well, you take it from me, boy, selling goods is a great old game, and it’s a bigger thing to-day than ever. . The selling end—that’s the im- portant end to-day; and you take a first- class sales manager—a man that has sold goods and knows how to do it—why, that’s the finest kind of a job.” “Do you think a fellow needs a college education if he’s going into salesmanship or any business like that ?”’ ‘“‘T was talking with Mr. Dodd about that, Billy, the last time I was in the house. Dodd is a mighty level-headed man. He’s a big man in the wholesale grocery business, you know. He never had a college education. 1011 I was talking with him about you, and I fired that very question into him.” ‘* What did he say ?”’ asked Billy, curiously. ‘* Why, he said it depends on the fellow, and what kind of an education he gets. He said that the best man he had on the office force last year was a college man—a fellow named Butler. His father is a friend of Dodd’s, and is going into the wholesale grocery business and take his son in with him. So he wanted him to get some practi- cal experience first, and he got Mr. Dodd to give hima job. Dodd said that Butler got right to the bottom of things. He was clear- headed and systematic—right on the job. See? He not only mastered his work, but he got a grasp of the business and made a lot of valuable suggestions about planning things, and all that. Dodd said that it was a good thing for a business man to have a trained mind like Butler had. He investi- gated Butler’s college record, and found that he did just that kind of work in his classes.” ‘“‘ Probably he was one of these grinds ?” suggested Billy; “I never could—”’ ‘* Nit. He was an all-around fellow. I used to notice him in the house. Dodd says that he was an outdoor fellow—a good tennis and golf player, and rode horseback a lot. Dodd says that Butler is coming right along in business, too, and, in his opinion, an educa- tion like that is a good preparation for busi- ness. But speaking about salesmanship, why, when you get up into your junior year, I'll let you take a few trips over my territory and try yourself out. It’s up to you, Billy. You go in for an education, and don’t get nutty over athletics. See ?”’ Il ‘You haven’t been up to the University since Billy entered last fall, Pete, dear. Don’t you think you ought to go up and spend a day with him ?” ‘Yes, I guess so.” “I think you ought to. It would encour- age Billy to have his father come up and look over the college and talk with him about his studies. _I wish you would do it.’’ * All right. I’ve been thinking of it my- self. Maybe I can run up there next Satur- day.” Early in the morning of the following Saturday Pete took the train for the college town. As he was glancing over the sporting page of the morning paper his attention was

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1012 attracted to a despatch from the University city: ‘The prospects for a good baseball season are excellent. The team this year is un- usually strong. Coach Robertson has had a wealth of first-class material to select from, and in the preliminary games the team has shown itself an aggressive, hard-hitting bunch. The first hard contest of the year comes to-day, when they play Michigan. Robertson is confi- dent of winning, and so are the whole student body. ‘The position at first base is still in doubt. It has been generally conceded that Garrick—‘ Stone-wall Garrick,’ as he is called —who guarded the bag last year, and who was one of the steadiest and most consistent players on the team, would have the call, but he is being crowded hard by freshman Crowther. Crowther is a hard hitter and speedy base runner, and seems to cover more ground around first than Garrick. Robert- son has a hard choice to make. He is sure to be criticised whatever his decision may be.”’ ““Gee!’’ muttered Pete; “the kid is after it all right. It'll be great if he makes the team the first year.”’ When Pete stepped off the train, he found Billy waiting for him. ** Say, dad,”’ he cried, gleefully, ‘‘ Robert- son told me this morning that he’s going to play me on first to-day.” * Good!” laughed Pete. ‘Great stuff, boy. I was reading in the paper about Gar- rick.”’ * Yes, and lots of the fellows will be sore about it, too,” said Billy. ‘‘ Garrick is a bully good player, and he’s popular. Gee, if I don’t make good in this game my name will be ” “Make good!” exclaimed Pete. ‘ Of course you'll make good. You’ve got to. See ?”” “You bet I'll put over everything I’ve got,” said Billy, grimly. “* What kind of a team have you got ?” “Oh, great! You just watch our battery work to-day. Morgan is going to pitch and Bull Dickson catches. If those Michigan guys try to steal on Dicksy, you see where they get off at! And we haven’t got a weak hitter on the team. You watch our fellows pole ’em out!” * Yes, but that Michigan team, Billy ?” “ Oh, sure, Michigan always has a good team. We don’t feel overconfident, but our fellows are fighters, and we are bound to win that game.” THE OUTLOOK 30 December The grand stand and_ bleachers were packed. A big delegation of Michigan rooters was there. College colors were waving everywhere. A large megaphone chorus was stationed over on the third-base bleachers. The atmosphere was charged with that electric college loyalty which pre- cipitates into an uproar at the slightest jar. Up in the grand stand Pete sat with his eyes glued upon every move that Billy made while the team was warming up, and he felt a thrill of satisfaction as he noted the aggres- siveness and ease with which his boy fielded the position. ‘* Gee !”’ said he to himself ; “ the kid is up on his toes all right.” But in spite of Billy’s good showing there were mutterings of discontent among the students, which Pete could overhear. ‘“‘T suppose Robertson knows his business,” grumbled one of them, “ but it looks like mighty poor judgment to drop Garrick out. He’s the steadiest man on the team.” “Yes, but Crowther has got it all over him on batting and base-running,” said an- other. ‘And look at the ground he covers around that bag !” ** Yes, Crowther is fast, but he’s only a kid. ‘These speedy youngsters blow up when it comes to a pinch. Believe me, if we lose this game we lose it on first.” ‘Oh, say, you let Robertson run this team. That’s what he’s there for.” The gong rang. The umpire called, “‘ Play ball,” and the first clash of the season be- tween the two best teams in the conference was on. Michigan went to bat. The first two men struck out. The next one gota base on balls. The fourth one struck out. The crowd gave Morgan a big cheer when he went to the bench. But the Michigan pitcher proved equally effective. The first batter fouled out. The second one went out on an infield fly. Billy was the third man up. He struck viciously at the first ball and fouled it over the grand stand. The next one was a ball, and the third one a strike. The next ball cut the outside of the plate, but Billy stepped in and met it squarely, sending a hot grounder down the infield. ‘The crowd broke into a roar, which promptly subsided when the third baseman quickly fielded the ball and cut Billy off at first. “ Oh, well, he got a piece of it,’’ muttered Pete. ‘ He’s got his eye with him.”

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1914 The game went four innings without a runner getting past first. Both pitchers were going strong. But in the fifth inning the first Michigan man up drew a. base on balls. He took second on a bunt, and was then sacrificed to third. ‘The next man up made a clean base hit, bringing in the run. Morgan struck the next man out. The home team went out one, two, three. Score 1-0. It was not until the last half of the ninth that the home team got dangerous. The first batter struck out. «The second man up made a base hit and stole second. ‘The next man was hit by a pitched ball. Both runners ad- vanced a base on a long fly caught near the cemer field fence. Billy Crowther was the next batter up. The crowd was wildly yell- ing, cheering, stamping. The megaphone gang over near third base was bawling out a raucous chorus : , “ Yes we can Tie a can On to you, Michigan. Rub it into Michigan Michigan—gan.” ‘‘ Ball one,” called the umpire. Billy fouled the next one into the third-base bleachers. ‘The third one was a ball. _ Billy struck at the next one and missed it. ‘“« Strike two.” The next one was a close decision. ‘ Ball three,” called the umpire. ‘That Crowther is a bonehead, waiting ’er out like that,” growled a student behind Pete. ‘What do you mean—bonehead!” ex- claimed Pete, hotly, turning in his seat. “That kid knows more baseball in a minute than you do in a week !” ‘“'That’s your opinion, is it ?”’ retorted the student, coolly. ‘ You must be acquainted with the young gentleman.” “ That’s what! We come from the same town.” ** Oh, well, in that case—” Just then Billy’s bat met the ball with a crack like a rifle shot. It went scorching down past the third baseman just inside the base line, and rolled through te the fence. Before the outfielder could recover the ball Billy was perched upon second base, two runners had crossed the plate, and the game was won. BASEBALL, BOOKS, AND BUSINESS 1013 Pandemonium broke loose. ‘The college yells and the fanfare of the college band were lost in the general tumult which swelled into a booming, bellowing roar. Pete was on his feet, yelling like a Comanche Indian. ‘* Good eye, boy! good eye! good eye, boy !” Automatically he was smashing his derby hat into fragments upon the seat in front. The student behind him was pounding him vigor- ously over the back. ‘ Take it all back, old man !”? shouted the student. ‘ Take it all back !” ‘“* Wasn’tit a pippin !” yelled Pete. “ Wasn’t it a peach !” The ball-players surrounded Billy and car- ried him off the field. As Pete turned to leave the grand stand he once more encountered the student who sat behind him. ‘‘ Shake!” cried the student. ‘‘ That fel- low-citizen of yours is warm stuff.’ ‘‘'That’s what he is,”’ asserted Pete, jubi- lantly. ‘He put the town on the map, didn’t he ?” When Pete and Billy were walking down the street together from the ball grounds, Billy was being greeted at every hand: “Good boy, Crowther !” “That was a cork- ing good hit, Crowther,” etc. “* Gee, dad, supposing I’d struck out?’’ “Yes, but you didn’t strike out. It’s the same way in business, Billy. Every day’s work is like a new ball game, and the differ- ence between success and failure is where you line out the hot ones. See? You go down to the room now and clean up. I'll go and find a hat store and get a new dice- box. Meet me down at the hotel, and we'll have supper together. I must go over to Lancaster this evening; I have a_ business deal on there, and I ought to see the fellow to-night.”’ At the supper-table Pete and Billy dis- cussed the details of the game. Billy told how it looked from the standpoint of the diamond, and Pete from the grand stand. As Pete was shaking hands good-by he suddenly recollected something that he had overlooked. “Oh, say, boy, how are the studies going ?”’ ‘** Pretty well, I guess. I had two exams last week, and I got by all right.’’ ‘Well, see that you do.”

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THE TYRANNY OF THE TEXT BY BRUCE BARTON The author of this vivacious and suggestive article ts the son of a well-known clergyman and the sales manager of a large and successful publishing house. His experience in both capacities gives special point to what he says —THE Epirors. F course I understand that these re- () marks are entirely out of order ; that we who sit in the pews have nothing whatever to say about such matters. There are, always have been, and always must be two kinds of grades of Christians. There are the “ go ye into all the world and preach ” kind, the preachers ; and there are the “he that hath ears to hear” kind, the pew-holders. I belong to the latter class, the submerged nine-tenths ; and I shall probably never rise to speak in meeting again. But for ten years, ever since I received my first newspaper training, I have chafed at the tyranny of the text. Perhaps this will show what I mean: The preliminary service is over; the col- lection is gathered; the choir has hidden behind its plush curtains ; and the audience settles itself in expectancy, eyes focused on the preacher. Other public men—lecturers, politicians, actors—must contend with an audience for its attention. The preacher is under no such handicap. He has this pre- cious jewel, this rapt attention, laid at his feet. There is an almost breathless interest as he steps to the front of the platform. What will he say? Surely a striking sen- tence, something that will crystallize the atten- tion into interest, carry the audience into the heart of the discourse. Any salesman will say that the first sentence of the “ canvass ” is worth all the other sentences together. Any newspaper man knows that the story is made or lost in the first half-dozen words. So the audience leans forward a little; the preacher opens his mouth and says—what ? “ Matthew the sixth chapter and the twenty- eighth verse.” (Pause.) ‘ ‘ Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They toil not, neither do they spin ; and yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.’ Matthew, sixth chapter and twenty-eighth verse.” Something like a deep sigh rises out of the audience, a rustle as of many souls taking leave of their bodies at once. The whole crowd settles back dejectedly on its shoulder- 1014 - blades ; women glance around at each other’s hats, men drop into deep contemplation of their finger-nails. The deed is done; inter- est has been deliberately murdered on the altar ; to revive it now will require an almost superhuman exertion. I make it worse than it is, perhaps, but no one can make it much worse. The preacher is really a salesman, as any other orator is; he is selling the audience his argument, his convictions. Now I have trained salesmen ; I have spent hours in drilling them in what they call their “‘ approach ;” and when I am sure that they can say the first sentence of their speech as it ought to be said, I turn them out to work ; the rest of the “‘ canvass ”’ will take care of itself. The salesman who approaches every prospect with “ I represent Jones & Jones ” never gets beyond fifteen dollars aweek. Yet “I represent Jones & Jones ” is a sentence that simply teems with interest as compared with “ Matthew, sixth chapter and twenty-eighth verse.”’ In any newspaper office the high-priced reporter is the man who writes the leads, the first few lines of the story. Given the proper lead to rivet the interest and draw the reader in, and anybody can write the rest. Think of what would happen to a reporter who would start every story with “ Four o’clock yesterday afternoon’’! Yet even jour o’clock holds as much thrill as Matthew 6 : 28. Of course a newspaper training is a spoil- ing experience. One gets into the habit of jumping ahead of a speaker, of snatching at his few salient points and transition sentences, and discarding the rest. I should hate to be a preacher in a church made up of newspa per men. But it has diverted me sometimes to consider how the average newspaper man would recast the average sermon. Take, for instance, the sermon preached from the text above, “ Consider the lilies of the field.” It began, as I remember it, something like this : ‘** Matthew, sixth chapter and twenty-eighth verse. ‘Consider the lilies of the field.’ Matthew six, twenty-eight. Our Lord is here engaged in preaching the Sermon on the

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THE TYRANNY Mount. Some one has said that if we were to lose the whole Bible save only the chapter containing this verse and those immediately preceding and following it we should have saved all that is essential in Christianity. No other single discourse in history has so written itself on the hearts of humanity; no other cculd be so easily reproduced in its entirety from the memories of men,” etc., etc. Now I have an idea that a newspaper man, knowing that his story must compete in par- allel columns with a couple of very interest- ing murders, some sparkling editorials, and a funny page, would have begun very differ- ently : ‘‘ Nearly everybody of any importance in Capernaum was there. It was a cosmopoli- tan gathering. Here on one side, drawing their flowing robes back so that the crowd might not soil them, were the proud Phari- sees. Enveloping them were the common people, their bright-hued garments painting the hillside until from a distance it seemed to be covered by a great Turkish rug. It had been hot on the pavements of the city, and the promise of a cool wind over the hills had proved very inviting. Besides, the new preacher was reported to be outside the gates, the curious carpenter who had set the whole city agog. A few days before he had healed an old lady bedridden for years ; and before that a crazy man who had been a pub- lic nuisance. He is there in the midst of the crowd, a tall, fine-featured man; and now, while they are hanging on his words, he stops a moment, and, reaching out his hand, picks a lily and holds it out to them.” In words something like these the reporter might start his story ; and, though it could be done very much better, I think it compares very favorably in interest with “‘ Matthew six, twenty-eight.” Having started, with his best foot forward, the newspaper man would go on to state the text, apply it under two or three different heads, and close with a snappy little peroration just about five minutes be- fore the audience was expecting it. To be sure, most preachers claim that mod- ern usage allows them too little time for their sermons; that in less than forty-five minutes they really cannot “turn around.” My ob- servation is that most of them turn around too often, and in this respect the Bible has a lot to teach. There is no authority in its pages for a forty-five-minute sermon. Dana used to remind his reporters on the ‘‘ Sun” that the story of creation is told in six hun- OF THE TEXT 1015 dred words. Jesus could not have packed his discourses more full of meat had he served thirty years in a modern newspaper office instead of a carpenter shop. How often do even the best sermons lapse into redundancy, into mere repetition that neither illustrates nor clarifies ! Take the text, for instance, as Jesus said it, a thought compressed and crystallized until it glistens like the diamond. ‘ Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin; and yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.” How often has it appeared in good ser- mons in fashion something like this: ‘‘ Consider the lilies of the field, those gems on the breast of nature, those exquisite creations whose texture surpasses the skill of the imitator, and whose coloring is the de- spair of the painter’s art. The lilies of the field—how often in the springtime we have seen them gleaming in the sunlight, as though Heaven had covered the hills with a robe of green and fastened it here and there with gold and ivory buttons! The lilies of the field—” There may be those for whom repetition of this sort enhances the value of the thought, but for me the naked beauty of the original is far more impressive. Perhaps, after all, it is both foolish and unfair to measure one art by the standards of another; perhaps there are reasons why sermons must always start in the same con- ventional way; perhaps the average mind demands amplification and reamplification. The newspaper man is apt to be a bit impa- tient, particularly if he has served any time in an editorial chair. For editors are the few lonesome men in the world to whom silence is really golden. Every word of every manuscript that slips by their pencils and into the columns of the magazine must be paid for at the rate of one, or two, or five, or some- times ten cents. Words, to them, are no inconsequential things; they have such and such an editorial appropriation to spend, and with that amount of money they must pur- chase enough good words and true to fill the month’s issue. Redundancy is profligacy ; repetition is ruin; at ten cents a word every word must be made to count. It has diverted me sometimes to wonder what would happen if the preacher, when he has finished his sermon, would lay it before him and say to himself, ‘‘ There is a manu-

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1016 script submitted to me for publication. I I must pay for it at the rate of ten cents for every word.”’ I have wondered what would happen if every minister would try that just once; if he would go through the sermon with a blue pencil, and, at ten cents a word, see how much money he could save. I may be wrong, for I belong to the second class of Christians, the submerged nine-tenths PROFIT-SHARING BY ERNEST OST attempts at profit-sharing have M failed. For this reason many per- sons dismiss the idea as an imprac- tical dream. But not all, the recent confer- ence on profit-sharing at Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts, being attended by hard- headed men. I was fortunate enough to be present, and was chiefly struck by the almost complete unanimity with which these em- ployers of labor accepted the principle of profit-sharing. Their discussion was not theoretical, but of a sort to find out the working details of such profit-sharing plans as have been successfully in operation for a number of years in this country, and also to suggest improvements or combinations of the good points in these plans. All of the questions and answers were very practical, and I have no doubt that actual profit- sharing and other forms of co-operation in the industrial world will, as a result of this conference, increase more during the next decade than during the past century. About sixty men were present altogether, having in their employ over fifty thousand persons. Among them were a representa- tive of the largest automobile concern in the country, which has recently adopted _profit- sharing ; the chief owner of a wood-working mill, a manufacturer of tacks,.a very large electric-lamp maker, a saw-maker, a manu- facturer of tags and paper novelties, and a representative of a very large leather belting concern, besides employers in various other lines of trade. The factories of these men employ as few as fifty persons and as many as twenty thousand. These men came from all parts of the country as far west as Iowa. There were five speakers, and they described bonus profit-sharing systems ; those which THE OUTLOOK 30 December who “have ears to hear.’”’ But I have always thought that if sermons cost ten cents a word there would be many preachers who would make the glad discovery that even fifteen minutes is long enough to turn around in. And many others who, realizing the necessity for sedding this precious thought to the congre- gation, would decide to free themselves for- ever from the tyranny of the text. NOT A DREAM H. GAUNT sell stock to department heads ; those which share control and profits with certain em- ployees ; those which pay dividends on both capital and wages ; and, finally, those plans which sell stock to and share profits with all workers, but prevent absentee ownership. Imagine employers so far advanced as to provide for admitting their employees to a share in the control of the business. ‘This is exactly what is being done by one concern that employs about twenty-six hundred men ; and how this is carried on was explained by the man who installed it five years ago, and who is still the chief executive and owner. In this company the control of the concern rests in the hands of the most efficient em- ployees. They can gradually accumulate out of profits enough stock to elect their own employers, and they can continue to do this so long as profits are earned. However, a responsibility for maintaining a wise manage- ment is placed upon the workers, as it is provided that if the earnings fall off in any one year so that a certain guaranteed divi- dend cannot be paid to the capital invested, the sole voting power returns to the original owners of the business, who hold a first preferred stock. These preferred stock- holders then manage the business until the dividends are again earned, and then the voting power returns to the employees. In case of an extended period—four years, I believe—in which dividends are not paid, the first preferred stockholders may take and permanently retain the voting power. Thus it is evident that while the equity and control of the employees increase if they are efficient, the first preferred stock is safe- guarded, the return being practically as cer- tain as the return ona bond. This plan has

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1914 PROFIT-SHARING the confidence of the employees, and they know that it is operated with an honest pur- pose. All the cards are on the table, and while the present capital-owners frankly ask for and receive a fair return on their invest- ment, they have left the way open for the employees, if they ‘‘ make good,” to control the concern some day. ‘The present owners know that as investors they are secure, and that as executives they must “‘ make good ”’ in order to be retained by their employees. What employees most desire, even more than higher wages, is a share in the control. Most bonus and so-called profit-sharing schemes are nothing but an addition to wages done up in a different package with a different label. It is my opinion that the main effort of the labor movement in the future will be to secure a share of the control. In the words of the Industrial Workers of the World, this means “ ownership of the tools of production.” As advanced by the Industrial Workers of the World this idea has been scoffed at as preposterous and impossible, as uneconomic and unsound; but here is a plant actually working out this idea with marked success, and really giving control to those who deserve it. At present only about ten per cent of the employees are included, but probably as labor in this factory becomes more intelligent this percentage will be in- creased. The idea is worthy of consideration by all employers of labor who fear that Socialism and syndicalism may some day lead to the disastrous experiment of handing over the control and use of capital to those who are not fit to use it properly. There is nothing in this idea which encourages the desire to get something for nothing, or to give to a mere mass of men the ascendency over men of brains, ability, perseverance, and initiative. There is no doubt that many of the de- partment heads, superintendents, and over- seers who are to-day employed by large corporations would now be in business for themselves if the industrial conditions of one hundred years ago continued to-day. These ‘men have character and ability, and under the older conditions, which required smaller units of capital, would have been their own ‘ bosses ” instead of remaining as employees for some one else. The present industrial system of large units has a very strong tendency to break down initiative, but this new system of shar- ing profits and control encourages this quality NOT A DREAM 1017 without reverting to outworn methods of doing business on a small scale. For the employees who do not share in this control considerable hope is also held out, as they may some day enter the stock-owning class if they deserve to. At the present time a consciousness is spreading among the ordi- nary workers in all large corporations that a great majority of them are destined always to be employees, mere cogs in the wheel, being known to their employers only by the num- ber on the pay-roll book. Where there were once a hundred concerns employing fifty people, there is now one corporation employ- ing five thousand people, and the chances to get to the top are one-fiftieth as large as they were when there were fifty smaller units. No sensible student of industrial, labor, and social conditions would care to see a return to the old conditions of small units of pro- duction, but, under the present system of organization, they would like to see the con- ditions of labor more agreeable and hopeful to the average worker. Regardless of labor unions or any other agencies, the question of wages must always be determined by the law of supply and demand. Any experiment which contravenes this law is sure to fail, but those who believe in private rather than public ownership must be broad enough to realize that this ownership and control must be broadened to include a larger number of men of brains and ability. The other important feature brought out at this conference was that absentee owner- ship must be prevented. One employer stated that the recent railway scandal and the great textile strike in Lawrence could probably not have happened if the stock- holders had all been active workers in the concern whose stock they held. If a man leaves a concern to two sons and one of them wishes to remain actively connected with the concern, while the other prefers to spend his time in California or Europe, an arrangement should be made whereby the man who devotes himself to leisure receives only a dividend on his share of the stock, but. no vote—just as a bond has no voting power. The working partner should, of course, receive a salary in addition to his dividends, and he should also have voting power. In the event of control by the em- ployees this would mean that even the man who preferred to remain on the job could not do so unless he were efficient. In this

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1018 respect many of our concerns néed’radical reform. Too often efficiency among the ordinary workers is not so much needed as efficiency among the owners and directors. Hereditary political power has been abolished in this country, but hereditary financial power still continues. Men who have no qualification for the work are given the control over the lives of many of their fellow-men simply because their father or some other relative was an able business man. Not a man pres- ent at this conference, or any other thought- ful person, would take away this inheritance if it were properly used ; but all should realize that the workers will some day justly demand that control over capital should be given to those who can best use it. Xenophon must have had this in mind when he said, “‘ We may, then, exclude money also from being counted as wealth if it is in the hands of one who does not know how to use it.”” Manya banker’s or manufacturer’s son is to-day inefficiently holding a position which could much more wisely be held by the son of some ordinary workman in his employ. This in- justice, to be sure, cannot be repaired at once, but as the knowledge of and protest against it increases, many attempts will be made to remedy this uneconomic condition. Several profit-sharing plans now in operation show a common-sense and immediate way of saving at least some of this economic waste. Many employers say that they are willing to share profits with employees if the employees are also willing to share the losses. This conference made it clear that under the present system of industrial organization it would be unfair to ask the workers to share all of the losses, because in the loss of life, health, and in unemployment they already run much greater risks than employers do in any other way. However, in Connecticut a corpora- tion is operating under a plan, satisfactory to both employer and worker, which makes the individual workman responsible for part of the loss. One-tenth of his wages is withheld by the company as a guarantee against loss, THE OUTLOOK although the loss chargeable is in no case to exceed its ten per cent reserve. At the end of the year, if there is no loss, the entire ten per cent is repaid in every case to each workman. During the conference I talked with many of the employers present and found them enthusiastic about the practicability of profit- sharing. In spite of the fact that most profit-sharing plans in the past have failed because they were uneconomic, these big business men stated that they believed it possible to carry out profit-sharing success- fully. It might be expected that such a gather- ing of business men would be composed largely of young men with more idealism than experience; but such was not the case in this instance, and it was truly one of the most inspiring meetings of business men that I have ever attended. There is no doubt that this conference marks an epoch in the industrial world. All of those present learned of successful plans which had been operating for years, and which they can apply in some degree to their own business. Their investment will be protected and labor will be given a just and satisfactory share of the profits. The result of their experiments will be watched with great interest by those readers of The Outlook who are themselves em- ployees, as well as by other business men. I personally hope and believe that difficulties between labor and capital will be greatly lessened by the spread of these profit-sharing plans ; that certain vested injustices will be removed ; and that no wrong will be done to those who are really deserving. A]jthough certain injustices will unfortunately continue to exist, this conference brought out the fact that there are plans which will eliminate some of the drones without any resort to Socialism or revolution. Mr. Roger W. Babson, the economist, who inaugurated this conference, is entitled to much credit, as well as are the men who gave their time to attend and pre- sent their views.

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THE NEW BOOKS THE STORY OF AN ENGLISH ADMIRAL!’ There is no better reading than a good biography, and here is one of the best. The life story of any one of the male Beresfords of County Waterford, Ireland, would be as entertaining as a thrilling novel, for a more adventurous, courageous, witty, and wholly lovable group of men has probably not been produced by any family in the whole United Kingdom ; but Admiral Lord Charles Beres- ford is perhaps the most talented of the entire illustrious lot, and is an engaging writer to boot. This work of two volumes is, first of all, a fascinating human story. As a naval and political history of England for the past fifty years, however, it has its great- est, and a permanent, value. Admiral Beresford is one of the last of the great Victorian seamen who spent their ap- prenticeship under men who had fought with Nelson, and who are therefore direct links with the stirring times of Trafalgar and Abukir. Not only as a sailor, but as a man of affairs as well, it has been his privilege to ° be on intimate terms with some of the great world statesmen and rulers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as Queen Vic- toria, King Edward VII, King George V, Disraeli, Gladstone, .Bismarck, and Yuan Shi-kai. The book is edited with illuminating notes by Mr. L. Cope Cornford. From his histor- ical account of the house of Beresford it would appear that it has always been the first aim of the scions of that house to give their lives in battle for their country, or, failing in that, to seek an untimely end in the hunting field. Since the days of their distinguished ancestor, Brian Boru, King of Ireland, the Beresfords have repeatedly distinguished themselves in combat, and apparently most of them have met violent deaths. Lord Charles himself, in fighting or in hunting, has broken his chest-bone, pelvis, one leg, one hand, one foot, five ribs, one collar-bone three times, the other once, and his nose three times, but to-day is younger and stronger than many men half his age. It is not surprising that such a vigorous, mischievous lad as young Beresford was should have taken to the sea. Every one 1The Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $7.50. remembers Dr. Johnson’s remark that “no man will be a sailor who has contrivance enough to get himself into a jail,” but as Admiral Beresford pictures the life of the old navy of sails it might well have lured even a lexicographer with the sluggish blood of middle age from the comparative safety of the coffee-house. Some of the early chap- ters recounting the author’s experiences in old-style ‘ windjammers”’ like the Marl- borough and Clio are as full of color and the tang of the sea as ‘“* Roderick Random ” and ‘Two Years Before the Mast.” Naturally the daredevil, danger-loving spirits who made up the old navy, and who, like young Midshipman Beresford and his accomplished topmate, ‘ Ninepin’’ Jones, reveled in such exhibitions of ‘‘nerve’’ as to stand at the trucks of a ship, two hundred feet in the air, and strip off and wave their shirts in pure bravado as the vessel left a harbor, did not relish the advent of steam. Admiral Beresford speaks of the first steamship to which he was assigned as a * slovenly, unhandy tin kettle,” and he says that “ at first steam was never used except under dire necessity, or when entering harbor, or when exercising steam tactics as a fleet. The order to raise steam cast a gloom over the entire ship. The chief engineer labored under considerable difficulties. He was con- stantly called on deck to be condemned for ‘making too much smoke.’ ”’ There are several passages of real” beauty and literary merit in the book, and these usually occur when the author is speaking of his beloved sailing ships, as in the following description of a ship getting under sail : ** What can be more glorious than a ship getting under way? She quivers like a sen- tient thing amid the whole moving, tumultu- ous, lusty life. Men are racing aloft ; other men, their feet pounding upon the white decks, are running away with the ropes; the ringing commands and the shouting fill the air; the wind strikes with a salt and hearty sting ; and the proud and beautiful creature rises to the lift of the sea. Doctor, paymas- ter, idlers, and all used to run up on deck to witness that magnificent spectacle, a full- rigged ship getting under sail.” Although politics was little to his taste, Lord Charles entered Parliament in 1874, solely to advance the interests of the navy. He was nominally a Conservative, but in fact 1019

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1020 THE OUTLOOK was so independent that he frequently in- curred the displeasure of the leaders of his party. With Disraeli, however, he became firm friends, and he was wont to take long walks with the great Tory leader about San- dringham. Lord Charles says: ‘“‘ [remember how, in the pauses of the conversation, he would stand still, and, glass in eye, dreamily surveying the landscape, would make some such observation as, ‘ The air is balmy . and serene!’ or ‘The foliage is stunted . . « but productive !’ with the most weighty and measured emphasis, as though these were prophetic utterances. I was quite bewildered —for I did not then know whether he were serious or were indulging a recondite wit. He was a visionary, dwelling much in a world of his own; and I know now that he-was per- fectly natural and serious on these occasions.” After playing a conspicuous part in the gallant but futile expedition for the relief of ‘‘ Chinese ” Gordon at Khartum in 1884-5, which he describes in a vivid narrative, Lord Charles was again prominent in Par- liament in 1887 as an advocate of naval expansion. Tiring of vainly striving against the guile of the politicians and the stupidity of the people, he visited Berlin and saw the great Bismarck, who invited him to lunch. ‘‘ Bismarck,” relates Admiral Beresford, ‘“‘ said that he could not understand why my own people did not listen to me (nor could I!) ; for (said he) the British fleet was the greatest factor for peace in Europe. We had a most interesting conversation upon matters of defense and preparation for war; and his 30 December tone was most friendly towards the English. He very kindly presented me with his signed photograph. I stayed with him for two hours, and we drank much beer ; and all the time his gigantic boarhound, lying beside him, stared fixedly at me with ared and lurid eye.” Lord Charles Beresford saw the navy change from sails to steam, from wooden ships to iron ones, and then again to vessels of steel. To the skill of the seaman of sail- ing days he has added the knowledge gained in the transition period, and to that again the wisdom of the Admiral of the new navy. In most of the changes he has had his hand. He was one of the first to urge the two- Power standard for the English navy, and many practices now in vogue were suggested by him, among others the use of North Sea trawlers to sweep for mines, a shift that is proving its value in the war to-day. These memoirs have their faults—they are rather voluminous, and the style frequently becomes rambling, disjointed, and episodic. On the other hand, even when he rambles the author is interesting, and his work is full of color, dry Irish humor, and his own big- hearted humanity. As a reference book on the development of modern navies and naval strategy during the half-century (1859- 1909) in which Lord Charles Beresford was in active service, this work will be much sought after by naval men and military ex- perts generally, while as a story of human experiences it will appeal to all who love tales of action and adventure in the open air afloat and ashore. Familiar Quotations. By John Bartlett. Tenth Edition. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, This, the tenth, edition of one of the most va]- ued books of quotation is in a sense the second edition, for now for the first time the revision includes a considerable amount of new matter. To revise “Bartlett” in this way was a delicate and difficult task, for what gave the book its peculiar value was the emphasis on the “ Fa- miliar ” in the title ; we loved it for what it left out as well as for what it putin. But when one looks in a former edition in vain (as happened in the Outlook office the very day the new edition arrived) for Matthew Arnold’s “ There is a power outside ourselves, not ourselves,” etc., and for Henley’s “I am the captain of my soul ” (by the way, the former is not in the new edition either), and later finds that the earlier edition has nothing from Swinburne, Steven- son, Kipling, or Walt Whitman, the need of a real revision is seen. The work of revision and addition has been done by Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole with discrimination. Quotations from nearly two hundred “new” writers are added; in all we have fourteen hun- dred pages of quotations from one thousand authors. It is trite but true to say that this reference book is indispensable. War's Aftermath. By David Starr Jordan and Harvey Ernest Jordan. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 75c. This booklet, which, as noted below, refers only in its Introduction to the present European conflict, being mainly concerned with the Amer- ican Civil War, embodies the results of a ques- tionnaire replied to by some fifty-five ex-Confed- erate officers and other representative Southern men. The thirty questions so answered were based on the results of a study of typical coun- ties in Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia concerning the eugenic loss caused by the Civil > nase we ht oe ee ok Oc &

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1914 War. The conclusion reached is that it “ seri- ously impoverished the country of its best human values” by the destruction of nearly a million young men, largely of superior type. After completing this work President Jordan went through Bulgaria and Macedonia last May. He has included with it his observations of war’s aftermath in Macedonia, and an Introduction written at the outbreak of the present “ dance of death” in Europe. The impoverishment of manhood by this war which his investigations of former wars suggest is terrible indeed. Beauty for Ashes. By Albion Fellows Bacon. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. $1.50. These chapters, amplified from their publica- tion in the “ Survey,” show what one woman, “frail but persistent,” can effect through legal methods if she is fired by a great passion. Mrs. Bacon woke up to the horrible housing condi- tions of the very poor in her home town in Indiana. She set herself to remedy the evil. Although entirely untrained and unaccus- tomed to public work, by instinct and gifts she was fitted to move men—a more difficult thing at times than to move the traditional mountain. For years she worked with all her might for a State housing bill, and after defeat and discouragement finally saw Indiana pro- vided with what is called the Model Housing Bill. She tells her story with spontaneous wit and deep feeling. Paris War Days: Diary of an American. By Charles Inman Barnard, LL.D. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. $2. Mr. Charles Inman Barnard is the Paris cor- respondent of the New York “ Tribune.” His book is well worth reading for its vivid succes- sion of pictures. Take this of a feature common in all the belligerent countries: The mobilization in France has caused an extraordi- nary increase in the number of marriages contracted at the various Paris town halls. From morning till night the mayors and their assistants have been kept busy uniting couples who would be separated the same day or the next, when the husband joined his regiment. At the bare announcement of the possibility of war, the marriage offices at the town halls were literally taken by assault. . . » All wedding parties wear little French, English, Russian, and Belgian flags. Or this of the German attack: The German flanks are protected by quantities of ma- chine guns placed so close together that their gunners jostle one another. This strange engine of modern war- fare creeps on like a monster of the apocalypse, carrying all before it. Aeroplanes hovering over the fronts of the columns direct movements by signaling. The dense, ser- ried mass of infantry offers a splendid target. The losses must have been frightful. Or this of the American Hospital : The American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly is doing really effective work. Among the wounded being treated there are French, Belgians, a few “ Turcos,” British offi- cers and men, and some wounded German prisoners. Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt, who has been intrusted by the French Red Cross Association with the charge of the hospital, is indefatigable in her personal attention and efforts. The organization seems perfect.... During a THE NEW BOOKS 1021 brief visit to the hospital, I noticed that Mrs. Vanderbilt herself visited the wounded, and, with the aid of her ex- perienced staff of trained nurses, prepared them for sur- gical operations. Mrs. Vanderbilt wore the white Red Cross uniform. Or this of another hospital: I visited the Red Cross Hospital which, under the di- rection of Madame Steiner, wife of the Mayor of Vernon, is doing splendid work at Vernonnet. There were two hundred wounded officers and soldiers here ; among them were a dozen Belgians and a score of “ Turcos,” Algerian riflemen, who seemed very patient and docile. But especially this of the admirable attitude of the French: Remarkable, impressive silence prevails everywhere. lf people speak, it seems to be in a whisper. . . . The rail- way stations have an unusual appearance, with hundreds of wooden booths forming a sort of barrier to approaches. The calm, confident, silent, patriotic expectation augurs well for the future and vividly contrasts with the noisy, braggadocio spirit of 1870. Paris at the present moment is the most orderly, well-behaved city in the world. We know less of France during the war than of any other country. Mr. Barnard’s timely book helps us to know France better, and Paris in particular. Practical Book of Outdoor Rose-Growing (The). By George C. Thomas, Jr. The J. B. Lippincott Com- pany, Philadelphia. $4. One need not be a rose-grower to appreciate the delicate and marvelous beauty of the many varieties pictured here in scores of colored plates. It may well be believed that no more beautiful rose portraits have ever been printed. Many are of quite new varieties. The text is simple and embodies working rules learned from wide experience. It is well to add that the book is entirely American in authorship and application. Philosophy of Christ’s Temptation (The). B George Stephen Painter, Ph.D. Sherman, French Co., eoten. £1.50. The Gospel narrative of Christ’s temptation is here presented both as symbolical and also as a typical case illustrating leading principles of an intelligent use of the Bible. The author regards it as one of the most remarkable creations of religious literature in the form of ethical drama, and unsurpassed in its massive suggestiveness. Here, as in the drama of Job, it is fatuous to attempt the trans- lation of poetry into literal objective fact. Re- ligious experience is subjective, and literalists are foredoomed to err. The only sure method of interpretation, says Dr. Painter, is to proceed on the known psychological laws and the plain facts of experience. By what criterion, then, can an individual subjective experience be veri- fied as really a divine revelation? The answer is, ‘It must be one which all may experience and verify as true within themselves.” So the genuineness of a scientific discovery is attested by repetition of the experiment which led to it. Dr. Painter takes a wide excursion through tracts of religious thought, not all of which are relevant to his subject. His treatment of the Temptation story is richly suggestive.

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THE READER’S VIEW A LETTER AND A REPLY Will you kindly read the article by Kuno Francke in the October issue of the “ Atlantic Monthly ’’?? Could you publish in The Outlook the neutrality breaches of Great Britain, begin- ning with the year 1812? Please leave senti- ment alone, and state history. Could you also state in The Outlook only ten of Germany’s wonderful laws protecting the laboring classes, and draw comparison with other countries— democratically governed countries preferred? Will you publish my various postal cards? You nave so unjustly abused Germany and the Ger- man Kaiser that you owe it to your American name to show the other side. I took the liberty of mailing you a booklet—* The Truth about Germany—Facts about the War,” which will prove interesting reading. Also an article by Professor Burgess. GEORGE B. DUNBAR. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1. We have already read the article of Pro- fessor Kuno Francke in the October “ Atlantic Monthly.” 2. We cannot publish a list of the breaches of neutrality on the part of Great Britain dur- ing the last century. It may be that there are so many of them that we could not find space for them. Great Britain’s breaking of neutrality in the past, however, has nothing to do with the question as to whether it was right for Germany to violate the neutrality of Belgium. The ¢u guogue argument is of no value in this instance. 3. We have from time to time reported Ger- many’s laws for social amelioration, which, we agree with you, are admirable and set an exam- ple in many respects for the rest of the civilized world. We have often said that the German cities have the best municipal government of moderntimes. This has nothing whatever to do with the question as to whether Wachipolitik is a good thing for general civilization. 4. No, we cannot undertake to publish your various postal cards. 5. You say that we owe it to our American name to show the pro-German side. We have done so as fully as, if not more fully than, any other American weekly periodical... We have published a statement by the Austrian Ambas- sador; by Dr. Ernest Richard, of Columbia; by Professor von Jagemann, of Harvard Uni- versity; by a German-American graduate of Harvard; by G. W. Nasmyth, an American; and, in our issue of December 9, articles by Dr. Junge and Dr. Acel. 6. We have already received and read care- fully the book entitled “ The Truth about Ger- many,” and Professor Burgess’s indorsement of that pamphlet. The list of editors and the 1022 names of the committees under whose auspices the book was published make it authoritative and representative. We find in this book at the bottom of page 33 the following paragraph: The Belgians would have been wise if they had per- mitted the passage of the German troops. They would have preserved their integrity, and besides that would have fared well from the business point of view, for the army would have proved a good customer and faid cash. The italics are ours. With those who, like the authors and indorsers of this book, appear to believe that the question of the neutrality, inde- pendence, and honor of a small nation like Belgium can be settled on a cash basis it is im- possible for us to find a common basis for rea- sonable discussion, for they propose to debate what we regard as axiomatic. Axioms can neither be proved nor debated. They must be accepted or rejected.—THE EpITors. BIG BUSINESS AND BAD BUSINESS In The Outlook of November 11, 1914, there are quotations from the President’s book “ The New Freedom.” The article continues: “ The reasonable interpretation of those passages is that the President discriminates between the big business man and the small business man, between ‘the great captains of industry or busi- ness and the rest of us.’” In a letter from the President to Mr. Under- wood dated October 17, 1914, his position is outlined as follows: “ With similar purpose and in like temper [that is, with courage, sincerity, and effectiveness] the Congress has sought, in the Trade Commission Bill and in the Clayton Bill, to make the manina small way of business as free to succeed as the man in a big way and kill monopoly in the seed.” The President says: “Each enterprise must depend upon its own initiative and effectiveness for success, and upon the intelligence and business ability of the men who Officer it.” Hence it is clear that the President has no thought of a discrimination based on considera- tions of size. The President asks that men ina small way be as free to succeed as men in a big way; not that there shall be discrimination be- tween men ina small way and men in a big way, but that there shall be equality of opportunity, that the law shall not be any respecter of per- sons, that the big as well as the little be treated equally before the law. “The very least do feel its care, the greatest are not exempt from its power.” The statement of the President is a far cry from the contention of The Outlook that the President believes that bigness and badness are synonymous. Indeed, in “ The New Freedom ” (fourth large printing, p. 180) the President, then Mr. Wilson, said: “ A trust is an arrange- ~_ -~ ee a - eam caf ao orr A F&F AT &* 45 A 4 lk es PP eet ee oe FO mee n © we OL)

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THE READER’S VIEW ment to get rid of competition, and a big busi- ness is a business that has survived competition by conquering in the field of intelligence and economy... . I am for big business and against the trusts.” Epwin A. KRAUTHOFF. Kansas City, Missouri. CANADA AND THE WAR In The Outlook for September 2 is the fol- lowing paragraph: Russia wants free access to the Mediterranean. She needs it and ought to have it. But that does not give her a right to wrest Constantinople from Turkey. Austria wants free access to the A©gean. She needs it and ought to have it. But that does not give her a right to annex Servia. Canada wants free access, winter and summer, to the Atlantic Ocean. She needs it and ought to have it. But she does not make war on the United States and seek to annex Maine. She would not if she had -the power. She builds a railway to Portland, and enjoys the same access to that port that is enjoyed by the citizens of Maine. To obtain an Atlantic port on the Maine coast Canada certainly would not make war on the United States, even if she had the power to do so, and I, as a Canadian citizen, much appre- ciate your high estimation of the Canadian people. But I am sorry that Canada cannot serve as the perfect example you would wish for Russia and Austria. Canada certainly re- quires free access, winter and summer, to the Atlantic Ocean. But she doesn’t need it, as you say. She hasit. Both Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. John, New Brunswick, give Canada access to the Atlantic in winter as well as in summer. Their harbors are open throughout the winter. Both ports are winter termini for the trans- atlantic steamships; these steamships do not call during the summer. The value of exports and imports during the season 1913-14 amounted to $72,335,986, and the total shipping tonnage to 7,084,808. At Halifax new dock terminals and connections are now being constructed at a cost of about $30,000,000. At St. John the im- provements now under construction will give the harbor nine more deep-water berths for the accommodation of the largest ocean steamships, and an immense dry dock is being built. The Grand Trunk Railway has deemed it good policy to build a line to Portland, Maine. Many Canadians enjoy the Maine coast in sum- mer. And naturally the Grand Trunk Railway handles a good deal of freight over this section. But the Canadian Government built its railway, the Intercolonial, to St. John and Halifax, not to Portland, and the busy time for St. John and Halifax harbors is in the winter. I have to contradict another statement made in the same issue of The Outlook, viz., “It is true that Canada is an English dependency.” That is not true. Canada is an independent dominion, remaining of her own volition within the somewhat loose confederation of the British Empire. She is free to collect and spend her own revenue, to raise her own armies and con- struct her own fleets, if she chooses to do so. 1023 She also makes her own trade treaties, which are not always favorable to the mother country. It is because Canada is so independent, so free, that she is loyal, not to England, but to the Empire, in this present war. And, I may add, it is Canadian democracy that has taken upon itself the task of fighting the battle of the democracy of the entire Ameri- can continent in Europe. Canada is America’s soldier. JOHN SULLIVAN. New York City. CO-OPERATION As until quite recently an official of the co- operative movement in Great Britain, would you kindly allow me a little space to add a few comments on Mrs. Florence Kelley’s article on “ Women and Co-operative Stores”? First of all, I wish to thank her for the good work she and her organization are doing, but I cannot agree with her that “ ultimately the co-operative movement in the United States is likely to take the form of co-operative ordering direct from producers, together with the establishment of municipal enterprises for public supply.” My reason for disagreement is the knowledge of the fact that a few weeks ago I attended a conven- tion in New York of some fifteen co-operative societies, at which it was decided to take steps to form an American Co-operative Wholesale Society and also a Co-operative Union, both on similar lines to those with which I had been con- nected in Great Britain. When these become fully established and in full working order, and with the aid, I hope, of the “ Consumers’ League,” there will be no need to wait on any municipality, but work can go ahead with the formation of co-operative societies in each of the large centers of population. Then, again, the mail-order plan through the parcel post will not solve the difficulty, as very many, if not most, persons desire to see the goods before purchasing. I agree with everything Mrs. Kelley says about “ the duty of the con- sumer to find out how goods are produced before purchasing,” but, after considerable ex- perience in that direction, I find the only certain way of doing that is to do what is being done by the Co-operative Wholesale Societies of England and Scotland—that is, to produce the goods themselves. As long as articles are pro- duced for profit there is certain to be a tend- ency to make that profit as large as possible either by taking it out of the quality of the goods or by paying wages which will allow of increased profits. The true co-operative method in Eng- land is to fix a minimum wage for all producers, also a maximum number of working hours, and then to produce for “ use” and not for “ profit.” It is only on such lines that the evils of sweat- ing and adulteration and unfair raising of prices can be combated. JOHN BALDWIN. Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

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BY THE WAY Montana’s penitentiary at Deer Lodge has a baseball team that defeated a championship nine from a neighboring town. Warden Clancy recently described a critical moment in thegame: “ The score was 7 to 4 against us in the ninth inning. We had three men on base. As Rough- House Burns stepped to the bat a happy thought occurred to me. ‘ Rough-House,’ I yelled, ‘you have just thirty days more to go. If you don’t send that ball over the right-field fence I will make you serve the full term.’ The ball went over the fence, the three men hopped around the bases, Rough-House made his homer, and the game was ours.” The curious workings of conscience are ex- emplified in a letter from a clergyman recently received by a Southern railway. The letter inclosed a draft for $6.31 to pay fora trip four years ago on which the sender failed to pay fare for his boy, aged six. The amount included not only half fare but interest at six per cent. The “ bread line ” established by a New York newspaper during the cold snap in the middle of December required one hundred more loaves of bread the first day than were asked for on the opening day of the same charity last year. Of the five hundred applicants only two had overcoats. Whistler, according to an anecdote told by Mr. T. R. Way, could paint a picture success- fully from memory—a somewhat exceptional feat. After seeing a striking view near Chelsea Hospital, says Mr. Way, Whistler turned his back on it and gave a perfect description of the scene. He refused to look at other charming views to which Mr. Way called his attention on the way home, saying, “ One thing at a time.” A few days after, Mr. Way called at Whistler’s studio and found the scene faithfully repro- duced. In deciding that money saved by a wife from her allowance for housekeeping belonged to her husband, Justice Blackmar, of New York, said: “I regret to say that our law has not reached the point of holding that property which is the joint result of the earnings of the husband and the economies of the wife is their joint property.” An English officer tells inthe “ Tatler” about avisit he received from Lord Roberts at his post in Burma, and about “ Bobs’s ” pleasure in discovering a Bible on his table. The Bible, itseems, had just been hunted up to decide a bet as to whether Agag “ walked delicately ” or “went delicately,” but Bobs’s host failed to explain this. He concludes: “From that day till now I would have run barefoot fifty miles to earn ‘ Bobs’s’ approval. I have always hated myself for being too much of a coward to tell him the fact about the Bible.” Neither of the 1024 bettors, it may be observed, was correct: Agag “came unto him delicately.” “No, siree,” said the irate father as quoted by “ To-Day’s,” “ you can’t have her. I won’t have a son-in-law who has no more brains than to want to marry a girl with no more sense than my daughter has shown in allowing you to think you could have her.” At an auction sale in New York City recently an Oriental rug sold for $2,700; it was bought, newspaper report said, for a “private camp.” Shades of Kit Carson, Davy Crockett, and other pioneers in camp life will please take notice and reflect on the change in standards since “ rough- ing it” first became popular. There are 23,551 single women who pay an income tax, but. only 6,682 married women; while there are 55,212 bachelors on the income tax rolls, as against 272,153 married men. Allto- gether, 357,598 persons in the United States pay a taxon their incomes. Of persons who receive a moderate income, say from $2,500 to $5,000, there are in the entire country only 193,874. Yet, as a contemporary points out, there are 1,300,000 automobiles in the United States. Most of these cars, it would appear, must be owned by those who are not on the income tax list. In two current magazines, the “ Century ” and “ McClure’s ” for January, may be seen attempts to picture “ haunted ” scenes, by the brush and by the lens respectively. Arthur Rackham in the “ Century ” furnishes an exquisite illustra- tion for a poem by W. R. Benét, “The Haunted Wood.” Arnold Genthe, in “ McClure’s,” has several “spirit” photographs illustrating an article by William Archer. Dr. Genthe’s pho- tographs are remarkable for their suggestiveness and as triumphs of technique, but most readers will award the palm to Mr. Rackham for weird- ness, beauty, and power of imagination. Walter Damrosch, in an article in the “ Sun- day Magazine,” asks but finds it difficult to answer the question, “ Why are there no great women composers ?” Hisconclusion is: ‘* Great music springs from the emotions, and is crys- tallized into form through a controlling intellect. When women achieve this. combination they will be able to join the noble company of Bach, Beethoven, and Wagner.” The British authorities seem to know no dis- tinction of rank in commandeering horses for the war. Here are two items in evidence: “Lady Maud Cavendish, one of the Duke of Devonshire’s daughters, rode into Bakewell from Chatsworth, and her horse was immediately requisitioned for the Derbyshire Imperial Yeo- manry. ... At Whitehaven a boy in a milk float was in tears when he was stopped in the street and his cob taken for the army.”

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INDEX TO VOLUME 108 OF THE OUTLOOK SEPTEMBER 2 TO DECEMBER 30, 1914 (FOUR MONTHS) EDITORIAL: Aerial Warfare Alcohol and the War Almanac, A Modern Altman Collection, Exhibition of the Amenia, N. Y., Festival of American Academy of Arts and Letters. 5 American Children—Shall They Pay for the War? American Church Congress, The American Civic Association.. American Industries, War and.. American League to ‘Limit Armaments American Prison Association, Meeting America’s Responsibility as a Neutra I tik cee eaceeaeakdsedcccesuseneeheenawsstdeses Arbitration Treaties, The Army for a Democracy, 628, 663, 7 Army: Promotions, 658*; Report as to State of.. I hin ik ocbikad 8s Ksmewsnecdincdcece Atlantic Monthly Almanac Bahr, Herman, Letter to H. von Hofmannsthal... Balloons, Dirigible Banking System, The New Bar Association, The American Barge Canal, Soemaeing the Barrie, Sir Jame: Baseball, Boston Wins Cham x eel Relief Committee, The Belgi Birt Bishop, A Ne ace isacaanicn Blind, Th he, and. Sir Francis Campbell Books, Serious—Are They Neglected ? Booth, Edwin, Memorial to Botrel, Theodore, Breton Minstrel Brieux, Eugéne British Affairs (see also War, The) : Home Rule and the War Parliament Society of Friends and the War Brown University Celebration, The | ey Henry, on the Police as Social Workers. an Treaties, The Bit ian Minister, The Burdette, R. California, seen. of Colleges in Campbell, Sir Fi Cattle, The Epidemic among Cawein, Madison Ch haffee, General A. R Child Labor Bill, The Palmer-Owen Children’s Market, A, in Norwalk, Conn Child Welfare Exhibit, The China, Mail Service in Christianity, The Fundamentals of Christianity, Why Not T Christian Science Again Christmas, A Plan for..........+0-+seseeeeeseeees ‘ *hristmas, A Safe and Sane hristmas in pune of Sorrow hristmas Ship, A hristmastide, The Dreams of hurch, The Working. ayton Anti-Trust othes, Concerning Colleges, Taxation of Colorado Strike, The Compensation Law, The, in Action COMQTESS... .... 2.000. sees eseeereces Consumers’ League, ‘The National Corn Crop, “ Rag Dolls” and the Corn-Growers, Young, of Ohio. Criticism, American of Current Events ‘toe’ Treated, 19, 75, 131, 259, 309, 421, 461, 531, 585, 635, 679, 763, 821, 879, 925, 1003 Daniels, Secretary, Report of, on the Navy on Date of Publication of The Outlook, Change in. Debtors’ Court, A Small, in Kansas............... Defense, National Democracy and Military caepens ition : bast bs wt and the Problem Ideal, Army, The, 986; Reserve Dillon, J. J., Head of New York’s Bureau of the Department of Food and Markets.............++ Drug Habit, The, and the Law at Elections, Primary Elections, The got the...... eleielelelele 512, 797, 973 owe 624, 984 EpDITORIAL.—Conlinued Ellis Island, Reform at Embassies in War Time Employees and Employers, Joint Boards of Employment, The Prospect for English Press, The E. F. Baldwin 609 Faith and Order, The ,World Conference on = Faith, Have We Lost Feeble- Minded, New ork Commission on Care of 343 Ferrero, G., on the War 613 Fiction, American Flags, Red or Black, in Massachusetts Football and the Morale of Soldiers Football Game between Harvard and Yale Football Morals Foreign Missicns France, American Hospital Work in France, The Relief of Suffering in France, The “ Yellow Paper” of Frank Case, The Freight Rates Decision, The Fundamentals, Concerning Garrison, Secretary Report of, on the Army German Empire, he Industrial Progress of the.. Germania, 1914! German People, The, and the War German Siege Guns, The New German University Professors.............+ obaiaks it Germany and the Monroe Doctrine ; Glynn, Governor, and the Public Schools God Not on Trial Government Documents, The Sale of Governors, The Conference of Gutierrez, Eulalio Hammond, .H., Jr., Radio-Controlled Torpedo.. Hartford “ reel ’ The Harvard-Yale Football Game.......--...s.0.ss000. Herrick, Ambassador Higginson, Major, on the Value of Character. Hoover, H. C., on Condition of Belgians .......... Human’ Quality and Knowledge Immigration, Dr. F. C. paren Record, The Indian Question, A New Ng OS eer irs 81 Indians, Conference on, at Lake Mohonk Inter-State Commerce Commission, a Irish Home Rule at Last............ E. F Italian Cabinet, The, 564; Parliament Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, tonio di San Giuliano Italian Ministry, The New Italy, The War and apan and Germany apan: St. Luke’s Hospital in Tokyo apanese News Agency, A apanese Position, The, in the War. ansas, Small Debtors’ Court in Kansas, State Politics in Kneisel Quartette, The Korngold, Erich Kreisler, Fritz.. Kroonland Case, T Lake Mohonk Conference Lane, Secretary, Annual woeeene ‘ Lesson, A Plain Letters to Unknown Friend: Life, The L = yee of London Lord Mayor’s Show, London, The Belen of F ondon, Meyer, Socialist Congressman-Elect Louvain Low, Seth, on Government Regulation of Mining.. MacCracken papas, The Mahan, Admiral Maine, Democratic Success in Man, The Business of Being a. a Marketing, Scientific, Loc on, in New York.. 133° Mason, A. E. W., in America 42 Massachusetts Law as to Red and Black Flags.... Mercy, The Committee of Message, The Presidlent’s Mexican Continuous Performance, The... Mexican Situation, The 241, : Mexico and Gutierrez Mexico and the United States Mexico, A Possibility of Peace in Mexico, Political Chaos in $63 *, Baldwin 303 858 Marquis An- The, and the War..

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1026 EDITORIAL.—Continued. Mexico, Three Years of Revolution in Mexico, Unhappy: America’s Responsibility Mexico: Vera ores, Problem of Militants, English, and Semi-Militants Military Camps, Student Mississippi River, Federal Control of the Movies, Supervision of the Munich, An American Newspaper in Municipal League, National, at Baltimore Miinsterberg, Professor, Resignation of, Declined. Music by American Composers Musicians, Two Austrian * My Lady’s Dress,” Knoblauch’s.......... 0.2.05 National Institute of Arts and Letters ............ National Security League, The 798 Navy, The 854, 894* Negro Business League, The National............ 66 Neighbor’s Ox, Thy Neutrals, The Duty “New Republic,” The News of the World, The Transmission of the Newton, Heber New York. Celebration of Commercial Tercente- New York City, A Cash Basis for New York City: Free Markets Public Library, Gift to Streets for Play i New York, City Planning Commission of 0 New York Commission on Care of Feeble-Minded. 243 pe EE rer reer 7, 6l New York State Teachers’ Association New York “ Times,” The, and the Referendum.... Noise, The Fight Against Nutshell, In a Ohio State Politics MT hhnhs uatd woh pnd acdececcosdeaevensseseceecei 896* Osborne, T. M., Warden of Sing Sing Prison... 743, 860 Palmer-Owen Child Labor Bill 8 Panama Exposition, The Peace, For ‘ 64 ROG BONNET 6.045 cece setvotesccsssstvececscess 154* Pensions for Widowed Mothers................000- 809 Philippine Bill, The 357, 973 Philippines, The, Discussed at Lake Mohonk 442" Plattsburgh Centenary, The Play, Streets for, in New York Plymouth Church, New Educational Buildings of. 745 Police, Wes OO SOCIAL WO OSNNIE sa occ ccc cssecccs cove 861 Politics, State, in the Central West................ Pope, The New Post-Offices, Sale of Government Documents at... Poverty and Pigs Prayer and War Prayer for Peace, A Day of PEO, WOE WME SRO WOE osc Seve cccscccdevccssoes Presidential Appointments.................... a President, The, and the Election - Prison Community, The Public Conscience of a... Prison Reform, The Rapid Advance of Progressive Movement, The . Progressive Party, Conference of, at Chica; Prohibition, National..... Providence and Sickness...... Public Schools Supported by Governor n “ Pygmalion,” Bernard Shaw’s New Play “ Rag Dolls” and the Corn Crop Railroading, Ba. 4.654. 6040 03c sce cee ce seek tes 899% Railways, “ Sanitation First” for.. 66 Reading, Storing U p Good “ Red Cross Bazaar, The, in New York City Red Cross Ship, The Red Cross, The seeee Red Cross, The, and the Belgian Relief Fund Refuges Refuge, The Inward Refusal, The Great , : Republican National Convention, Reform in Rep- resentation in the Rheims Cathedral, Damage to Rigoulot, Charles 7 Riis, Jacob A., A Monument to oyneut ae Roberts, Lord . 655* Rockefeller Foundation, Ihe, and Stricken Europe 565 Rockhill, Ambassador 856 Roosevelt, Colonel Rumania, King Charles of Russian Exile, An: Felix Volkhovsky...... Sailors, American, New Physical Training for Salesgirls, A School for Ships, Shall the United States | Brose, ,e» 120 Sonnino, Baron, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs 618 South America, How to Develop Trade with 359 THE, OUTLOOK 30 December EpDITORIAL.—Continued. Spalding, Bishop Spirit, ‘The Victorious..... RC RO re tenets re “‘ Star-Spangled Banner” Centenary, The Submarine, A New Type of Symbol, The... Teachers, Retirement Salaries for Temperance, A Smoking-Car Conversation on Tennessee Incident, The Thanksgiving and After Theologians, British, on the War Torpedo, Hammond’s Radio-Controlled Turkish Question, The “ Twilight Sleep, The” Typhoid and Providence United States, Growing Population of Vera Cruz, The Problem of Volkhovsky, Felix Wage, The Minimum, and the Supreme Court Wall Street’s New School for Employees War, The: Aerial Warfare Alcohol in Russia, Germany, and France American Commerce, 63; Sympathy for Allies.. American Industries American Newspaper in Munich, An American Responsibility Americans, Federal Relief to Stranded Bahr, Herman, to Hugo von Hofmannsthal Barbarism of Belgium 239, 295, 412, 806, 862, 978 Bernhardi, General, on “ Germany and the Next British Theologians on the Cost of the War Democracy and Military Preparation Eucken, Professor, Defends Germany Ferrero, G., on French Peace Advocate on the French “ Yellow Paper,” The Friends, Society of, in the War Germania, 1914 GEPMAN SMFS SUNS... 000000 ssceccscecosececees German University Professors ers Object in the War Glory o Immigration, The War and ee a eer 447 ee he, ere 349, 904", 977 reisler, Fritz; Captain Dow 80 Louvain é McAIll Mission, The... Mastery, Fighting for th Monroe Doctrine, The War and the. Neutrality Old Age and War. Orphan Soldiers of Pan-Germanism Paris, The American A Peace—or Justice ?..... Prayer and War... Red Eyes, With E Relief, Contributions fe Responsibility for the.. Rheims, The Crime at Roberts, Lord Scandinavia and the War.. Scarborough Bombardment, Ships, The Seizure of American Tax Bill, The Turkey and the Tennessee Turkey and the War Work, Conditions of, and the Consumers..... War, The Story of the: Announcement War, The Story of the. Arthur Bullard: 1, 55, 107, 143*, 231, 285, 343, 395, 435*, 507, 557, 609, 649* 735, 793, 849, 911, 993 War Time, Embassies in 349 Warning against Unauthorized Agents............ 290 Washington Allevs, The Act Concerning Washington, B. T., on Pig-Raising Western College for Women, The........ Whitlock, Brand, on Belgian Relief ee Laden Cause of American Sympathy for the PRs citaans-scrdiamepsatagenddexdeutedtieladacen Wilson, President, and the Elections...... Wilson, President, Message of Wilson, President, on the Democratic Party’s Ac- complishment Wisconsin, Politics in Woman Suffrage Convention, The National Workmen’s Compensation and the Courts Wotherspoon, General, Director of Public Works.. Writer, The Unpleasant Yale School of

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1914 EpDITORIAL.—Continued. Zeppelin Balloon, The 1870-1914 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES: Alliance, A Remarkable pate. .B. T. Washington America andthe World War from the German Point of View: I—American Criticism of German Statecraft. ; Junge 11—The American Policy a Blunder. .Ervin Acel America Unready Hon. Garrison Baltimore Meetin of National Municipal League. Barrie at Ba Which was Brown? Basball, Boo S, and Business.......... E. E. Ferris Bavaria in War E. F. Baldwin Belgium—How and Why She Drew the Sword., Pa Hymans Belgium, With the Germans in R. Williams Benedict X Benedict XV, The Coronation of.. Robert Garland Bethesda, The Pool of Hermann Hagedorn ni Big, Business ” Man, The, as a Social Worker. onald Wilhelm : II—C yrus H. McCormick, of the Harvester Trust — r. Steinmetz, of the General Electric Com- IVv— Charles M. Cox Birds, Feedin Boy’s Brains lowing Out the.. Brave Man, A orge Downie). Mabie Christmas Tree, The Secret Elsie Singmaster Commerce and Finance. T. H. Price : August Bank Crearingss «oc. soos ccescceicccess Commercial Opportunities of the United States. Cotton Surplus, The, and the U. S. Treasury.. Europe’s ational Debt, ‘The eecaaeeeN ee Financial Emer - yA Great.. Railway Rates, "Brobiem of War, Three Menthe of Constant, Baron d’Estournelles & on the War.. ox, Jonald Wilhelm Democracy, Two Neseworthy coke on. Theodore Rossaselt England in Time of War............. E. H. Abbott France, A Fortress-Cathedral of Souther, E. H_ Baynes me re. Mathiews . Moore E. Shipler for the . Walling Freedom of Press vs. Freedom of oro. German ,People, Are the, —," INDEX W. German esidier, The, of jer and 1914..F.S. Palmer 999 Germans, The and the W: I—The People and the Kriegsparte. .F. W. Wile II—An American in Berlin aurice Parmelee Germany and T Retired Officer Germany’s Struggle for Existence. Cc. G. wae De Germany, The Case for G. W. Nasmyth Glacier National Park Katherine L. Smith Holy War, The Possibility and Peril of a. Y. B. Mirza Hymn, An _ International. Words by Ebenezer lliott; Music A Josiah Booth Incompatibles, T Caleb Goodin nan The Boy Scouts of Feudal...C. A. Hibbard open To-Day and To-Morrow. H. W. Mabie: hree Stages of Intercourse...............e000e0+ K. K. Kawakami emann — versus Germany apan’s Platonic War with Germany. Eliza R. Scidmore i. + Stowe alee Citizens in Action ing and aunts, For Labor in Council McCormick, C. Military Man’s Comment... Mind, The Vaescy ied " Negro City, A, in New York. ee A Dyckotf Negroes and ‘the Y. M.C.A nF. ra Osborne, Thomas Mott.. ite Paris, An American W: oman Paris in War Time gner Patchwork; A Sermon i ..Lucine Finch Peace Lady, The Ellen S. Taylor Pete Crowther, Salesman. E. E. Ferris: Going After the People Play, Eight eed Growing Child Poetry: America illiams Dansia Wilhelm West Point Graduate H. A. Bruce Common- Sense, for the W. J. Cromie Conrad Aiken 151 iantot nem against England, A.Ernst Lissauer 439* ay, enry Cha Pa ts The Tale of a Gunner at Plattsburg apoen 439" Percy MacKaye 330 CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES.—Continued. i Sy: | rere Marion C. Smith “ Like Castles Stand the Bastioned Walls of . Finley Hermann ‘Hagedorn $ Hermann Hagedorn Refugees The Hermann Hagedorn Return of the Householder, The. Hermann Hagedorn Russian Composers, The...... Marion C. Smith Scrap of Paper, A............. Civis Am2ricanus Talisman, The Henry van Dyke Theodora, To, With the Poet’s a. ary Lawson War and Death Helen C. Crew War of Kings, The.. oli War, Three Poems of the: I—War of Kings, The 1I—War and Death Helen C. Crew 111—America Conrad Aiken be |: Ee Edna V. Trapnell Angela Morgan Poland's Position and Hopes in the Present War. E. H. Lewinski-Corwin Pope, the Future, The Roman Catholic Church and Paul Sabatier Prisoner, From Profit-Sharing Not a Dream . H. Gaunt Prophets, How to Tell the V. E. Barton Prussian War, The, Against Teuton pea S R. M. McElroy Rogjulocnces, Lyman Abbott: IX—A Mid- Western Parish during the Civil War X—Pastor and Preacher XI—Reconstruction: The Problem XIIi—Reconstruction: Efforts for Its Solution. Risk, The Rule of Assumption of Kuper Russia and the Far East. me : e Kennan Russian Bogey, The Fropotiin Russians of To-Day. Sasha Kropotkin Russia, Prohibition in. .George Kennan Russia, The Spiritual Uplirt i ‘George Kennan Sally Double . H. S. Coffin Scandinavia and the War. -Hanna A. Larsen South 9 A Journey ‘in. Robert Bacon Steinmetz, D Donald Wilhelm Text, The Tyranny of the Bruce Barton Theophilus . E. Barton Tsingtao, a Key to Empire G. .. Harding Turkey’s Declaration o mpegs | Clinton Scollard D. Greene United States Marine be Corps, The...W. E. Parker Warfare, Modern. Goous heee:* I—Management_ of ttles—Transportation— Care of the Wounded II—Projectiles—Barbed Wire—Siege Methods— = enema Service ; War Note War, The, : and International Socialism.. War, The: Americans in the War Zone.. H. Abbott American Woman, An, F lees from. Pars sia: Sulake Bavaria in War Time.. i F. Baldwin ~Paul Hymans England in Time of War........... E. H. Abbo oe Point of View, The French Peace Advocate on the War German People Unanimous, Are Y V. E. Walling German Soldier, The, of 1870 and Ii . . 4 . Socialist 1027 PAGE 833 270 152 529 400 873 $33 673 .S. Palmer 999 Germans anew the War, The. V. Wile and Maurice Parmelee 36, 38 Germans in Bel, ium, The A. illiams Germany, The Case for.F. E. Junge and E. Acel Germany, The Case for G. W. Nasmyth Germany’s — for , Ue emann Mirza King and ye For Niashaseesns E. F. Baldwin Liége to Holland, From........../ A. R. Williams Military Man, CHMMANE OE 9... << .0csnacstatioos Paris in War Time.. Charles Wagner Poland’s Position... H. Lewinski-Corwin Prussian War Against *Featen Ideals. Russia and the Far Bast: . Russia, Prohibition in. Scandinavia ‘ Tsingtao L. Harding What Outlook Readers Think of ne War World War, The Theodore Roosevelt War, The Historical Roots of the. A. B. H I—The Unification of Germany II1—The Hohenzollerns 139 819 579 4 169

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THE OUTLOOK CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES.—Continued. Oe Ce ee Pree ri ry NO EFI TE DA V—The Guelphs and Their Prime Ministers..... ViI—The Romanoffs BR er er IN 5 o.c0 ong 6-knin sens nncecsxe dish os IX—French Republics and French Presidents... X—House of Savoy and Unification of Italy...... »»¥omen and Co-operative Stores.. Florence Kelley THE NEW BOOKS: Amateur Garden, The (Cable) Arden, The Forest of (Edwards) Beauty for Ashes (Bacon) Beresford, Admiral Lord Charles, Memoirs of. Book, The Art of the (Newdigate, Cockerell, etc.) Books for Children (Sidonie M. Gruenberg) California (Palmer and Austin) California: Romantic and Beautiful (James)...... “a With the Flowers and Trees in (Saun- ers Camera, The Lure of the (Olcott) Canadian Alps, Among the (Burpee) Christian Faith, The (Haering) Christianity and the New Age (Mains)............ Christianity, The Evolution of Early (Case) Christ’s Temptation, The Philosophy of (Painter) Christ, The Historical (Conybeare) Church, the People, and the Age, The (Scott and Gilmore) Columbus, The Century of (Walsh) Dante, The Spiritual Message of (Carpenter Dartmouth, The Story of (Quint) Days in the Open (Crandall) Deity, The Roman Idea of (Fowler) Democracy, Progressive (Croly) Syeiens and the Last Days of Greek Free- om Dickens’s London, In (Smith) Diplomatic Life, The Sunny Side of (Hegermann- Lindencrone) Drift and Mastery (Lippmann) Dublin, From, to “rye (Birmingham) Eeypt, The Women ot (Cooper) English Dictionary, Chambers’s (Davidson) Eucken, Rudolf, ollected Essays of (Booth) Evolution, Old and New (Butler) Faith and Immortality (Tyrrell) Familiar Quotations (Bartlett) Fiction : Achievement (Thurston) And So They Were Married (Wiiliams)......... Anne Feversham (Snaith) Child Went Forth, A (Pawlowska) joeeetpaner Quarles (Brebner) City of Numbered Days, The (Lynde) I, I I ns ng bn naseencacen dadhsies Clean Heart, The (Hutchinson) Come Unto These Yellow Sands (Woods) Copy Cat, The, and Other Stories (Freeman).... Delia Blanchflower (Ward) Demi-Gods, The (Stephens)........ Piccicntewees Diane and Her Friends Hardy) Dr. Llewellyn and His Friends (Stanley) Encounter, The (Sedgwick) Eternal Priestess, The (Weale) Faces in the Dawn (Hagedorn) Game of Life and Death, The (Colcord} Gaunt Gray Wolf, The (Wallace) Gideon’s Band (Cable) Greatest of These, The (Marshall) Hands of Esau, The (Deland).. Her pings (Allen) Hoof and Claw (Roberts).. How It Happened (Bosher) In My Youth (Dudley) any Cartwright (Stevenson) <night on Wheels, A {gay cena Lady of Leisure, The (Sidgwick) . Maid of the Mist, The (Oxenham) Mercy of the Lord, The (Steel) Misadventures of Joseph, The (Bell) Neighborhood Stories | os New Clarion, The (Harben) Nightingale, The (Stoothoff) On the Staircase (Swinnerton) Pastor’s Wife, The Perch of the Devil (Atherton) ................005 Personality Plus (Ferber) Pierre Vinton (Venable) Place Beyond the Winds, The (Comstock) Poet, The (Nicholson) Rise of Jennie Cushing, The (Watts) Saturday’s Child (Norris) PAGE 323 381 58. 644 724 596 733 900 1021 1019 392 788 THE NEw Books.—Continued. Sicily Ann (Lea) Silver Sand (Crockett) Small Souls (Couperus Street of Seven Stars, The (Rinehart) Three Sisters, The (Sinclair) To-Day’s Daughter (Bacon) Una Mary, the Inner Life of a Child (Hunt) Valley of a Thousand Hills (Young) Wall Between, The (Paine) We Are French (Sheehan and Davis) Wife of Sir Isaac Harman, The (Wells) Witch, The (Johnston) Foreign Missions, Social Aspects of (Faunce) France, Northern, Cathedrals and Cloisters of (Rose and Francis) Frémont and ’49 (Dellenbaugh) Gabalis, Comte de (de Villars) Garden, Our Sentimental (Castle) Genius, The Man of (Tiirck) German War Office, The Secrets of the (Graves).. Germany and the Next War (Bernhardi) Germany, Municipal Life and Government in (Dawson) Getting Segether (Whiton) God, e Proof of (Begbie Greek New Testament, A Grammar of the, Light of Historical Research (Robertso Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, The Life of ( Heart, The Joyful (Schauffler) pag a C Social, and Social Evolution (Conn) H igh School, The Modern (Johnston) Ireland, The Charm of (Stevenson) ws Italian Painting, A Short History of (Brown an Rankin) Janet Nichol, Cruise of the, among the South Sea Islands Geeavensee) apan To-Day and To-Morrow (Mabie) esus, The Gospel of, and the Problems of Democ- racy (Vedder) Kaiser, Men Around the (Wile). ...............065 Kaiser’s Court, Memories of the (Topham) Kant, Immanuel (Chamberlain) Life, Footnotes to (Crane) —— Highways and Byways in (Rawns- ey Live and Learn (Gladden) Lohengrin (Wagner) ‘ London, The Lure of (Whiting) Lucas’ Annual SEE OE OE OTE Maryland and Delaware, Colonial Mansions of (Hammond) Mexican People, The (de Lara and Pinchon) Mexico, Insurgent (Reed)..........+.. erreavecg dine Mexico, The Political Shame of (Bell) Natural pers The American josnaday) New England, Tistoric Homes of (Northen ) New England, Social Life in Old (Crawford) News, Ads, and Sales (Opdycke) New ~ ones The, in the Twentieth Century CRIN 6 cn ciod ceenessesWen tds nds 0896605) 4400-00-08 one Traffic and Trade (Hough) igi of the Old Testament, Origin and (Wehle) ; One Roads of Thought in the Bible and in Poetry right Oriental Rug, The Mystery of the (J Oxford (Lang) Panama (Bullard) Paris War Days (Barnard).. Philadelphia, Our (Pennell)... Philosophy, A History of f hilly)... Philosophy: What Is It? (Jevons).... Plants, The Human Side of mn) -- he Preaching, The Romance of (Horne).. * Psychology, General and Applied _(Miinsterberg).. Religion ot the Spirit in Modern Life (Dresser)... Rose-Growing, ractical Book of Outdoor (Thomas) . Russia, An Economic History of (Mavor).. Russian Exile, The Life-Story of a (Sukloff) Society, The Great (Wallas) Spain, An Artist in Tore ie Spain, The Spell of (Clark) Stratford-on-Avon, The Seen and Unseen CPEOWEMS 0.0.06 vvscresceshonsse pocecrece ac ovecensnces Theology, A Constructive Basis for (Ten Broeke) 226 Trail, The End of the (Powell) 901 Velsa, From the Log of the (Bennett) War, Books on the War’s Aftermath (Jordan) Washington: The Man of Action (Hill) Waters, Clear (Bradley) What Can I Know? (Ladd) Worker, The Young Woman (Laselle) feaning

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