The National Geographic Magazine 1902-01: Vol 13 Iss 1

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Vol. XIII JANUARY, 1902 No. 1 CONTENTS MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES (TWO SHEETS) . ° SUPPLEMENT wv THE NEW MEXICO. ILLUSTRATED. BY eta W. FOSTER, pao EX-SECRETARY OF STATE . : ° : : ‘ : : I we COMMERCE OF MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. BY HON. O. P. AUSTIN, CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTICS 25 “ ARGENTINE-CHILE BOUNDARY DISPUTE . , . . oi ct 27 Tx « RECENT DECISIONS OF U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES 28 di GEOGRAPHIC NOTES . . : : : ‘ ‘ : ; ; 31 w GEOGRAPHIC LITERATURE . . . . a stay 35 wv NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY . 36 McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO, $2.50 a Year NEW YORK 25 Cents a Number REPRINT Entered at the Post-office in Washington, D. C., as Second-class Mail Matter.

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A N ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY, published for the Nationat Grograpuic Society, of Washing- ton, D. C., by McCuure, Pumps & Co., at 141 East 25th Street, in New York City, to whom all business communications should be addressed. Editorial communications should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Nationa, GroGrapPuic Macazine, Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C. as CENTS A NUMBER; $2.50 A YEAR Editor-in-Chief: HENRY GANNETT Chief Geographer, U. S. Geological Survey Managing Editor: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR Associate Editors GENERAL A. W. GREELY, Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army W J McGHEB, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of American Ethnology Cc. HART MERRIAM, Chief of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture DAVID J. HILL, Assistant Secretary of State BLIZA RUHAMAEH SCIDMORE, Author of * Java, the Garden of the East,” ete. MARCUS BAEER, U. S. Geological Survey WILLIS L, MOORE, Chief of the Weather Bureau, U. S. Department of Agriculture Oo. H. TITTMANN, Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 0. P. AUSTIN, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, U, S$. Treasury Department IDA M, TARBELL, Author of “Life of Napoleon,” “Life of Linco/n,”’ etc. CARL LOUISE GARRISON, Principal of Phelps School, Wash- ington, D. C, McCLURE, PHILLIPS & CO., NEW YORK

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Map showing Railways of Mexico

VIIM Vor. XIII, No. 1 WASHINGTON JANUARY, 1902

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THE NATHONAIL GEOGIRAIPIBNIC | MAGA ZIINIE,

THE NEW MEXICO* By Joon W. Fosrer, Ex-SeCRETARY OF STATE HEN I was invited by the National Geographic Soci ety to deliver a lecture in its course on my observations during a recent visit to Mexico,, I felt that it would be a work of superfluity on my part. The means of communication with our neighboring Republic are now so frequent and easy, and the inter course between the two countries is so intimate, I doubted whether I could add to the stock of knowledge of the mem bers of the Society, especially of a geo graphic character; but your President thought differently, and it may be of some interest to hear the observations of one who, having resided in Mexico for seven years, returns to it after a period of twenty years, and to listen to his narrative of the progress nade in the interval, and of the present condi tions of that country. RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION It may be first noted that the greatest change in the face of the country of a geographic character has been in the construction of an extensive system of railroads and the consequent improve ment in the means of communication. The first thing which strikes a visitor today who knew Mexico a quarter of a century ago is the facility and comfort with which the journey to the City of Mexico is now made. When I began the preparation for my first journey, in 1873, I found that the only means of regular communication was by asteamer from New York, departing from that port every three weeks, and which oc cupied usually twelve or fourteen days in reaching Vera Cruz, stopping at a number of ports en route. From that port to the City of Mexico a railroad had been finished that year, which had been nineteen years in building, a dis tance of 264 miles. ‘Today four lines of railroad enter the Mexican Republic from the United States, and one can make the journey in five days from Washington to the Citv of Mexico in < Pullman car on the regular trains, with only one change, either at Kansas City or New Orleans. The era of extensive railroad con struction did not begin till after Gen- eral Diaz had been firmly seated in the presidency. With the aid of liberal subsidies, railroad building began in An address before the National Geographic Society, January 3, 1902

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General Porfirio Diaz, President of the Republic YUM

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THE earnest about 1880, the only road of any length at that time being the one jst mentioned, from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico. ‘There are now com- pleted and in operation 15,454 kilome- ters, approximately 10,000 miles, and by means of these lines the capital is connected with all the important cities of the country. Four lines enter the Republic from the United States. One branches off from the Southern Pacific in Arizona and traverses the State of Sonora to the port of Guaymas. ‘The second, the Mexican Central, crosses the boundary line at El Paso, extends to the City of Mexico, with a branch line to Tampico, an important seaport on the Gulf of Mexico, and another branch to Guadalajara. ‘The third, built under the auspices of the Southern Pacific system, from San Antonio, Texas, crossing the Rio Grande at Hagle Pass, intersects the Mexican Central at ‘Tor reon and extends some distance beyond the city of Durango, its ultimate goal being the Pacific coast; and the fourth international line, the Mexican Na tional, crosses the boundary at Laredo and extends to the City of Mexico, being a narrow-gauge road. From the City of Mexico various other roads lead to important districts, and most of the main lines have a number of branches constructed to reach rich mineral and agricultural districts. MOUNTAINS AND TABLE LAND The configuration of the Republic lends itself to easy railroad connection with the United States. The great Andean Range, coming up from South America, is crowded in by the two oceans and depressed as it passes through the isthmus connecting the two continents, but as it emerges from the narrow neck of Tehuantepec into the wide expanse of North America, apparently glad of its escape from the ocean barriers, it again shoots up its peaks toward the sky, and NEw Mexico 3 branches off into two grand mountain chains, the one following the Pacific and the other the Gulf coast, and, like the brawny arms of a giant, lift Mexico up onto the vast tablelands which stretch far away into the United States. The work of connecting the capital through this vast tableland with the United States was comparatively easy. But when it came to constructing the lines from the high elevation of the City of Mexico, as has been done in various directions, toward the coasts, it became a herculean task, calling for engineering skill and a large expenditure of capital. Notwithstanding the obstacles, the mountain range confronting the Gulf has already been pierced by at least four lines of railway, and they are now in operation to Tampico and Vera Cruz, the two most important ports on the Gulf. But thus far the Sierra Madre Range traversing the Pacific coast line has not been completely crossed. ‘The Guada lajara branch of the Mexican Central Road has been extended some distafice toward Manzanillo, and work on that extension is being pushed to completion. The Mexico, Cuernavaca and Pacific Railway, a road under enterprising American management, leaving the City of Mexico, climbs to a height of 10,000 feet above the sea-level, then descends into the charming valley of Cuernavaca, cuts its way through the mountain gorges amidst most beautiful scenery, has already reached the Balsas River leading into the Pacific, and has a com- paratively easy course along its valley to the Pacific port of Acapulco. The Tehuantepec route across the Isthmus has for many years been a com- petitor in expectancy with that of Nica ragua and Panama for the world’s com merce. The canal project gave way to the Eades ship-railway scheme, but an ordinary railroad was finally completed some years ago. It was, however, cheaply and imperfectly constructed, and was without suitable ports at its

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4 Tue NationaL GEeoGrRAPHIC MaGaZzINE termini, and hence could offer no com- petition with the Panama Railroad. The road has now passed into the hands of an experienced and responsible En- glish company, which will entirely re- build the road, and the federal govern- ment has made contracts with it for the construction of good ports of capacity for the largest vessels, in which work the government will expend several millions of dollars. When these im- provements are completed it is claimed this route will be able to successfully compete with the Panama Railroad for much of the Isthmus traffic. The construction of lines of telegraph have not only kept pace with the rail- road extension, but far exceeded it, and there are now in operation 42,500 miles. In addition to this the telephone system is established in all the principal cities Hon. Ignacio Mariscal, Secretary of Foreign Relations and towns and with their adjacent vil- lages. PUBLIC PEACE AND ORDER The establishment of railroad commu- nication and the ramification of the tel- egraph throughout the length and breadth of the country have not only brought new life and activity to the commerce and industries, but they have had a most salutary effect upon public order. Before this new epoch it was very possible not only for bandits and outlaws to maintain themselves in the mountain fastnesses and remote regions, but for revolutions to be hatched and grow ito formidable proportions, owing to the inability of the government to concettrate troops. Now every part of the Republic is within easy reach of the federal authority. Hence, the old-time visitor to Mexico on his return today is struck with the every where-prevailing evidence of peace and security to persons and property. Books of travel on Mexico written twenty-five vears and more ago are full of hair-breadth escapes from brigands, assaults upon the stage coaches, kid napping of the rich for ransom, and the depredations of robbers and revolution- ists. ‘The passenger trains between the City of Mexico and Vera Cruz each carried a car full of soldiers as an armed guard, and even with that precaution the arms, and a guard of soldiers was kept at every station. No man of or of importance ventured on journeys outside of the cities, large towns, or ha ciendas (plantation houses surrounded by a high stone wall) without a number of friends heavily armed or a regular escort. Today trains run daily in al most every state of the Republic with out any guards, assaults upon the stage male passengers usually wore side business coaches have long ago ceased, kidnap ping is a thing of the past, robberies on the highways are almost unknown, trav elers armed with pistols, rifles, and swords

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KIIM THe New Hon. José Y. Limantour, Secretary of Finance (a common practice in the past) are rarely seen, and only in the remote and mountainous districts. ‘The use of large bodies of soldiers to preserve peace and order has been supplanted by indi- vidual gens d’armes or policemen. Be- sides the visitor’s own observations of security and peace, the old residents of Mexico will tell him that in this respect the country has undergone a complete transformation. I think it may be safely asserted that life and property are as fully protected in Mexico as in the United States. It would be idle to say that murder, rob- bery, and disorder do not occur in Mex- ico, for that would be to assert that the passions of man have changed; but it is perfectly correct to say that today out- lawry is of rare occurrence, and that in M erxtco ‘ few countries of the world is better pro- tection afforded to persons and property. In the past twenty vears the telegraph lines have more than tripled in extent and in number of offices, and now at midnight there comes up to the national palace in the City of Mexico, from every near and remote town in the Republic, the message, ‘‘ No hay novedad.’’ It is like the cry of the medizeval night watchman, ‘‘All’s well,’’ that assured the citizen of peace and security. The primary cause of this state of civil order has been the maintenance of a government of peace and of a contin- uous régime. Much had been done under Juarez to remove the causes of the revolutions, and under Lerdo a con- siderable advance, had been made in civil government; but since the advent of General Porfirio Diaz to power, in 1876, there has been no foreign war and no serious disturbance of an internal character, the only exception being the outbreak of certain semi-independent Indian tribes. In the previous fifty years of the existence of the Repub- lic, there had been as many presidents, the majority of whom owed their exist- ence to revolutionary movements. The wretched story of Mexican history of that period is too familiar to be repeated here. OTHER LATIN-AMERICAN REPUBLICS The blessings which the era of peace and order attending the administration of President Diaz has brought to the country and the significance of the achievement will be better understood by a very brief reference to the other Latin-American states of the hemi- sphere during this same period. Every one of the five states of Central Amer- ica has suffered from revolutionary movements and violent changes of gov- ernment, and at times they have en- gaged in war with each other. Colom- bia has been torn by political dissensions,

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6 THE and is even now undergoing the ravages of revolutionary movements. Ecuador has been the scene of many revolutions and the displacement of one president by another through armed force. Peru has suffered by a foreign war, whereby the most valuable of its territories were torn away, and one revolution has fol- lowed another in quick succession, with changes of rulers. Chile, once the most conservative and prosperous of the South American countries, has carried on an expensive foreign war, has undergone a bloody and exhaustive revolution, and, because of its hostile attitude to its neighbors, has been compelled to main- tain a large army and costly navy. Bolivia, shut out from the sea by a jealous neighbor, has been in frequent turmoil and_ political disorder. The Argentine Republic, though greatly favored by nature and by progressive rulers, has not been from revolu- tionary movements, and has undergone a serious financial disaster, which has greatly paralyzed its industries. Brazil, by a conspiracy in the army, expelled the emperor and established a republic; but that did not bring it peace, for the new government has had to contend with successive attempts at revolution. The history of Venezuela in the past twenty-five vears has been one of re peated revolutions and changes of gov ernment. From this hasty sketch of the other nations of the American hemisphere to the south, in contrast with Mexico, the brilliancy and the beneficence of the ad ministration of President Diaz is made apparent. Ina recent inaugural address to Congress, on again being installed as President, he referred to the achieve ments of Mexico in the past twenty-five vears, and modestly stated that in it there were no brilliant deeds tochronicle. From that notable inake this GAUTACE Vt a4 free address I were true that a peaceful and laborious people have no history, the NaTIoNAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE administrative period I am about to re- view would almost be devoid of history. But, on the contrary, those nations that deserve to be called happy in the only intelligible sense of the word, far from being without a history, have a very glorious and interesting one, if besides being peaceful and laborious they are also progressive. ‘That history is the history of their progress, their achievements, their grow- ing prosperity, of the improvements of every kind which they have intro duced—a history which, in this modern age and the present constitution of civ- ilized societies, is as interesting as that of their past and just as deserving of attention.’’ OF THE VALLEY OF MEXICO DRAINAGE Next in importance of a geographic character to the vast railway system, which has done so much to transform the face of the country and the habits of the people, is the great drainage canal of the Valley of Mexico and its adjunct improvements. As is well known, the City of Mexico is situated in the bot tom of a valley entirely surrounded by mountains, with a series of lakes on the southeast and northwest, draining into a salt-water lake which has no outlet, on the shores of which this most ancient city of America was located. Owing to its location, the capital was constantly ex posed to overflows, and from time to time it has been visited by most de structive inundations. Besides, on ac count of the necessarily imperfect sew age system, the death rate of the city has always been very high. For six hundred years, from the time of the ancient Aztec kings, the artificial drainage of the waters of the valley has been the vexed problem of each succeed ing government. ‘The Spanish viceroys exhausted the their epochs, spent hundreds of millions engineering science of

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THe NationaL: GrocraPHic MaGaZINe Cross-section of the Tunnel Width, 4.180 of dollars, and sacrificed the lives ot hundreds of thousands of the natives in the vain attempt to solve it. During the first half century of the Republic feeble attempts were the drainage, but suc and made to effect ceeding revolutions or foreign wars de prived the government of the financial means to accomplish the herculean task. It was reserved for President Diaz to achieve success in this great enterprise. He was forced to delay the beginning of the work for some vears until the finan cial condition of the public treasury and until he contracts with experi spasmodic would justify it was en abled to secure enced engineers and trustworthy cap italists. Finally, for the last time, the meters ; Height, 4.286 meters project was entered upon and was suc cessfully completed two vears ago. The system consists of a tunnel six miles long, extending through the mountains, and with it is connected a canal, the total length of the waterway nearly thirty-seven miles. It cost $20,000,000, including the drainage of the city, and may justly be said to take rank with the great achievements of modern engi neering. The city is now safe from overflow, and the last step in this great work is in] process of completion the connec tion with the canal and tunnel of a new and perfect system of drainage for the capital. For some time past the streets have been torn up in laying the drainage being

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YIIM THE pipes, but this work is nowpractically fin- ished, and the municipality, with the aid of $2,000,000 from the federal treasury, is engaged in the task of relaying the streets with asphalt pavement. When this is completed the City of Mexico will be one of the cleanest, healthiest, and prettiest cities in the word. THE CITY OF MEXICO Humboldt, in his visit to America at the beginning of the last century, pro- nounced it the best-built city on this hemisphere. During the rule of Spanish viceroys, under the stimulating influ- ences of the great riches yielded by the mines of Mexico, the capital contained a population much greater than that of any other city of the new world, and it numbered among its public buildings a cathedral unequaled in size and archi- tectural attractions, the result of a hun- dred years of labor and pious contribu- tions ; institutions of learning and _ be- neficence, public gardens and drives without rivals in any other of the west- ern countries. But during the first fifty years of the independence of the country, torn by civil dissensions, the capital remained stationary, or at times even retrograded, while New York and Philadelphia, as well as Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Ayres, outstripped it in the race for population and development. All that was needed, however, to enable City of Mexico again to take its place the among the first cities of the hemisphere was the preservation of public order. With the establishment by General Diaz of a government of peace and security, beginning at the close of 1876, the cap- ital gave the first symptoms of returning prosperity. When it became apparent that the new chief of the state had the power to preserve a continuous govern- ment of law, and the executive ability to awaken the dormant resources of the country, under the new régime of peace which had at last dawned upon the NEw 2 Mexico 3 country, the City of Mexico entered upon an era of prosperity unparalleled in its history. Population began to flow in from the surrounding states ; native wealth, which had been hidden away or deposited in Europe, returned to the natural channels of trade, and foreign capital, which during the time of disorder had kept away, began to seek methods of investment. Before the first term of Diaz came to a close, the construction of railroads had been entered upon under government aid. Today the capital of the Republic pre- sents to the old-time resident the most impressive evidence of the growth and prosperity of the country. During the Diaz administration it has nearly doubled in population, the census of 1g00 show- ing over four hundred thousand souls. The area of the city has greatlyextended, especially in the suburbs to the west and northwest. Formerly it was regarded as unsafe for a well-to-do family to live outside of the city gates. Assoonasthe new government could give an assur- ance of safety to life and property, the movement of suburban enlargement be- gan, and now the most beautiful and commodious private residences are found in the quarter named, far away from the noise and bustle of the center of the city. In all parts the price of real estate and of rents has largely advanced, especially to the west of the national palace, and marvelous stories are told of the enormous increase in value in suburban real estate—many hundreds per cent; and it is gratifying to be in- formed that wide-awake Americans have shared in the profits, the projectors of ‘*Ta Colonia Americana,’’ laid out by a New Jersey corporation, being among the most successful promoters. IMPROVEMENTS OF THE CAPITAL The evidences of progress and_ pros- perity are to be seen on every hand. The streets are much more crowded

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14 than formerly, the foreigners are more numerous, and among these Americans predominate. The shops are enlarged and multiplied in number. In the cen- tral part of the city substantial houses have been torn down to give place to magnificent business edifices constructed of steel and marble, with electric ele- vators and all modern appliances of a first-class establishment in New York or Paris. The government has taken the lead in this era of reconstruction. A new and extensive general hospital, one of the largest and best equipped in the world, and a new penitentiary, as per- fect as the advance in humane study could make it, have just been com- pleted. The foundations of a Hall of Congress, which promises to be an im- posing edifice, are being laid, and the appropriations have been made for a new department post-office and other public buildings which will greatly beautify the city. The many friends in the United States of the late Matias Romero, so long the honored minister of his country in Washington, will be glad to learn that the great advance in real estate largely enhanced his modest property in the capital. In his will he stated that he owed all he possessed to his country, and he devised the great body of his estate to the founding of a home for indigent old people, which will constitute one of the improvements of the city. The ancient system of street railways is undergoing a great transformation. It has passed into the hands of a foreign syndicate, which is supplanting the old method of mule traction with electric- ity, and is replacing the old-fashioned and rickety cars with those of improved modern construction. In fact, the Diaz epoch may be called the régime of elec- tricity, as in his day it has been intro- duced very generally into the houses and streets, not only in the capital, but in all the principal towns of the country. One of the chief attractions of modern Tue NatioNaL GeoGraPpHic MAGAZINE Mexico is the fashionable driveway, the Paseo de la Reforma. It has been greatly widened, ornamented at fre- quent intervals with statues of public men and artistic figures, and extended to the Castle of Chapultepec, lying nearly a league away from the center of the city. At the foot of this pictur- esque castle there has been laid out a beautiful park, which is being con- stantly enlarged and adorned, and which will soon rival the most famous pleasure grounds of the world. ‘The old visitor to Mexico will, however, have to mourn the loss of many of his dear friends, the so-called ‘‘ Montezuma trees,’’ the grand old cypresses, some of the most colossal of those surrounding the castle having died. In its present setting of green and flowers, with paved roads and objects of art, the old castle of the Montezumas and the Spanish viceroys appears more lovely than ever. ‘The view from its summit, embracing a wide area of the broad valley, everywhere covered with verdure, the waters of the lakes sparkling in the sunlight, the cap ital, with its towers and wide-spreading edifices, the many villages nestling among the semi-tropical vegetation, the amphitheater of high mountains sur- rounding and shutting in the valley, with the lofty volcanoes, clothed with eternal snow, standing as hoary senti- nels of the scene—all this constitutes a vision, in my judgment, unsurpassed in any other part of the world. In this day of prosperity and improvement, no wonder the Mexican is proud of his capital and his country. IMPROVEMENT OF THE SEAPORTS Another geographic phase worthy of notice is the transformation which has taken place in several of the seaports of the country. It is related that a King of Spain, on a visit to Cadiz, was seen with a glass scanning the horizon across the waters to the west. <A court-

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YUM THE ier asked him what was the object of his search, and he replied that he and his ancestors had spent such vast treas- ures on the fortress at Vera Cruz he thought he ought to be able to see some of the towers of the castle rising out of the sea! Thestory illustrates the marked difference in the Spanish rule in Mexico and that which prevails today. ‘The object of Spain was to keep off intruders and preserve the commerce of Mexico as a monopoly forthe mothercountry. The policy of the present régime is to invite to its shores all the commerce of the world and afford free access to its ports. The country has heretofore labored under a serious embarrassment in the accomplishment of this purpose, in that on the Atlantic or Gulf coast it had no harbor worthy of the name. Vera Cruz, the principal port, was nothing but an open roadstead. But during the ad- ministration of Diaz a thorough system of improvements has been entered upon and is now approaching completion. In shutting off the northern passage by a sea-wall, connecting the island upon which stands the famous Spanish castle with the mainland, a comparatively safe harbor is afforded to vessels, and the landing and customs facilities are being greatly increased. In _ these Improve- ments the federal government is spend- ing several millions of dollars. ’T'am- pico possessed an excellent harbor, but it was rendered almost useless by a bar which cut off access to all but vessels of very light draught ; but under contract with the government a system of jetties similar to that at the mouth of the Mississippi has been successfully con- structed, and a channel of 23 feet has been secured across the bar. As a re- sult of this improvement and of the con- struction of a railroad connecting the port with the capital and with the im- portant city of Monterey, Tampico is aspiring to rival Vera Cruz in its foreign conmlmerce. The ports of the Pacific coast possess natural advantages and adaptability to NEw MExico 17 shipping not found on the Gulf coast, but some of these also are undergoing important improvements, and when the railroads projected and now in course of construction across the Sierra Madre Range reach them, they will doubtless participate more fully in the great in- dustrial and commercial development of the country. GROWTH OF FOREIGN COMMERCE In view of this development, it would naturally be anticipated that foreign commerce would feel the effects of the general prosperity, and the statistics fully sustain this expectation. In 1875, the year previous to the accession of President Diaz, the total imports amounted to less than $19,000,000, and during the fiscal year of 1899 the im- ports had increased to §$106,000,000 in silver. The same gratifying condition has attended the export commerce. In 1875 the exports were $27,000,000, and during the last fiscal year they amounted to $150,000,000, thus showing the enor- mous i1crease of 500 and 600 per cent. In the order of their importance the leading articles imported were as fol lows: Machinery, cotton textiles, iron and steel, wines and liquors, wool tex- tiles, paper, and crude cotton. It is gratifving to note that the United States leads all other countries in the amount of this import trade, having about one-half of the total, Great Brit- ain coming next with 20 per cent, France and Germany with 10 per cent each, leaving ro per cent divided among Spain, Belgium, and other countries. The leading classes of imports from the United States are given in the order of their importance: Coal, wood and lum- ber, cotton, steel rails, mineral oil, vege- table oils, carriages (railroad, etc.), cotton cloths, electrical apparatus, wear- ing apparel, hardware, sewing machines, furniture, agricultural implements, boots and shoes. Although there has been this greatly

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18 enlarged import commerce, it is by no means as large as it should be, taking into consideration the fact that the country possesses nearly fourteen mill- ions of people. There has been cause in the past for the comparatively small import trade in the disordered condition of the country, the poverty of its in- habitants, and the habit of the mass of the people of subsisting on the bare ne- cessities of life. The enlarged com- merce under the Diaz régime illustrates the effect of peace and prosperity in en- abling the inhabitants to consume more largely of comforts and luxuries from abroad. If this era of peace and good government shall become the fixed order of the country, there is no reason why the present import trade may not be doubled within a few vears, and if American merchants and manufacturers will study more intimately the condi- tions of trade in Mexico, they will be able not merely to maintain their pres- ent preeminence, but even to increase their ratio. Examining the details of the export trade, we find that the United States is extending to Mexico liberal reciprocity; for, while we enjoy only about 50 per cent of her import trade, she finds in our country a market for about 75 per cent of all the products sends abroad. Great Britain follows with 1o per cent, France with 4 per cent, and Cuba leads Germany in the consump- tion of Mexican products. If we also consider the mining and agriculturai conditions of the country, we shall see that it possesses almost boundless ca- pacity for the increase of itsexport trade, if the present state of order and govern ment shall continue. The leading pro- ducts now exported are, in the order of their importance, as follows: Silver, henequin or sisal hemp, gold, coffee, cattle, lead, copper, hides, and precious she woods. The facilities for conducting the for eign commerce have been greatly mul- THe Nationa, GroGraPpHic MAGAZINE tiplied. When I first visited the coun- try, as I have mentioned, the only regular means of communication with the United States was by a steamer to and from New York, sailing once in three weeks. ‘Today steamers sail for that port from Vera Cruz and Tampico twice a week, a new line has been re- cently established to New Orleans, lines of steamers are plying regularly from the two Mexican ports mentioned to England, France, Germany, and Spain, with many irregular steamers to various parts of the world. ‘Then only one rail- road reached the seacoast, and that only from the capital. Now four more lines are 111 operation, connecting the seaports with almost all the states of the interior. Then there was no railroad communica- tion with the United States. ‘Today four different lines enter Mexico from her northern neighbor. Of the total import and export trade about two-thirds in tonnage is carried by ocean vessels and one-third by the railroads. The subject of a reciprocity treaty between the two republics has been often mooted, and it is believed that a judiciously framed convention of this character would largely increase the trade between the two countries. But since the unseemly treatment accorded to the Grant-Romero reciprocity treaty of 1883 by the Congress of the United States, it is presumed that Mexico will be slow to make any new advance on the subject. And from the treatment which is now being extended by the same body to various treaties negotiated under President McKinley’s direction with different foreign powers, I appre- hend the Government of the United States will be slow to propose such a measure to Mexico. GOVERNMENT FINANCES The most conspicuous evidence of the good effects of the management of af- fairs by President Diaz is seen in the

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F \ THE financial condition of the country, both official and private. When he assumed control, the financial condition could hardly have been more desperate. ‘The revenues Of the government since the re-establishment of the Republic had al- most constantly shown a deficit. The public creditors, domestic and foreign, were unsatisfied. For many years the interest on the foreign debt had been defaulted ; its bonds had no value at home or abroad, and were not quoted in the money markets of a single city of the world. ‘There were a few private banks in the capital, but no banking system existed in the Republic. As a consequence, and because of the risks of communication, exchange between the different cities of the country was very high, standing at 5 to 8 and sometimes 1o per cent. Although the revenues barely reached $20,000,000 annually, it was very difficult to collect the taxes on account of the sluggish condition of commerce and industries. The rigid enforcement of peace and security by General Diaz soon began to bear fruit in a marked improvement in financial affairs. The government early felt its effects in, first, a gradual, and finally, a rapid increase in its revenues. I do not propose to confound my hear- ers with long tables of figures which are the usual accompaniments of the discus- sion of financial and commercial ques- tions. It will be sufficient to state that the revenues, which before had been barely $20,000,000 annually, soon dou- bled, then trebled, and within ten years had increased more than sixfold, reach- ing as high as $140,000,000. This marvelous increase had its nat- ural effect upon the policy of the gov- ernment. First, it enabled it to extend its aid toward greatly needed public improvements. It not only granted concessions to an extensive system of railroads, but it also contracted to pay the different companies liberal subsidies, without which it would have been im- New Mexico 19 possible for most of them to be built. It also entered upon an expensive sys- tem of harbor improvements at Vera Cruz, Tampico, and other ports in en- couragement of commerce. It made the long-needed drainage of the Valley of Mexico a success. Every depart- ment of administration felt its whole- some effects—the post-office and tele- gaph service, government buildings, the schools, the army, and the navy. REDUCTION OF TAXATION This increase in the revenue also en- abled the government to take another important step, to wit, the adoption of a complete revision of the system of tax- ation. Heretofore it had been the prac- tice of the government to rely upon the import and export duties for the greater portion of its revenues. A new tariff was adopted which, while it preserved the protective system, was much less burdensome to foreign commerce, and abolished almost all the export duties on Mexican products shipped abroad. <A system of internal taxation was adopted which made the levies much more equal in their effects, but the general result was a large reduction’ in taxation. This era of financial prosperity put it into the power of the President to re- move a grievous burden upon commerce which had long been the dream of pro- gressive Mexican rulers, the abolition of the ‘‘alcabalas,’’ a system of taxation whereby duties were collected on pro- ducts and merchandise passing from one state to another. It had been declared abolished by the liberal constitution of 1857, but the poverty of the state treas- uries had heretofore made it impossible of realization. The abounding pros- perity of the Diaz régime had extended to all the states, and in 1896 the ‘‘ alca- balas’’ ceased to exist ; and with them has disappeared another medizeval reve- nue annoyance, the ‘‘octroi’’ taxes, collected at the city gates on all articles

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THE 20 of consumption entering the city, a sys- tem still in force in many of the coun- tries of Iurope. The reduction made in the branches of taxation has largely ished the receipts of the national treas ury, having brought them down to about $60,000,000 annually, but this sum proves more than sufficient for all the current needs of the public service, as at the end of each fiscal year a con — I ile balance remains subj appropriation for his Pee»: the administrative dep: plied work and new problems to solve, and President Diaz sorely felt the need inof bu ipacity, of thor ightness of cha and in portfolio ot Secretary ot various dimin- special pur] brought upon irtinents multi re\ 1\ al of a ni SsIness ¢c: ough upl dustry for the iractet1 Finance, and he was most fortunate in his ultimate choice. Jose Yves Liman tour is a gentleman of culture and in to which he has largely silless manage al lite, herited wealth, added by his skillful bu ment. He had no taste for politi and when the call came to him to accept is reluctant to do so, and high him greatly is the . 7 this post he w: only vielded from a sense of pa triotic duty. bbe Presid ent 11] cess which lh: tion of the ¢ tioned, for the establishment otf Ol rehabilitation of the foreign credit and dey ] ] wnl-int98 vstem iered ANKING SVSteTll, ] ] the public debt. his latter work has been most. suc cessfully carried out. Irom the earliest ] - ] ] 1 1 ° days of independence the public foreign barrassment an he Mexi cans. In 1825 loans were effected in London for Zt 20, ) OOO, and only aq Lpser be Ore thre ecu rit rew years el j revolutions forced def: ¢ ] } hh lal and for vears this debt NaTIONAL : GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE inally of no value. In 1851 the cred itors had to accept a refunding, with loss of accrued interest and reduction ot the rate, but this proved only a tem- porary expedient. New foreign debts to Inglish, French, and Spanish cap were added, only to be repudiated. This latte: on the tripartite inter which led to the Maxi The situation was when Diaz came 1 financial improvement rated italists SOO] defaulted or action brought vention of 1861 milian = Mmpire. most deplorable power, but the which he inaugu soon began to create confidence among Iuropean cap italists, and the rapidly growing rey enues finally enabled the Secretary of Finance to re-establish the govern ment credit abroad. By the vear 1888 he had succeeded in consolidating all fore 12 indebt dness of the discredited every character whose legitimacy could be established and issuing therefor new gold bonds aring 6 per cent interest and from that date the treasury failed to pay the interest prompt! This action, with the provement of ti bonds at a premium of in London, vances were to the leading foreign bankers to con continued 1m le finances, placed thie S( 102! made TOVeNN SOVErii ment by le: vert the foreign gold bearing rar adept anew loan at 5 per cent interest, this transaction was consumunated last year, the bonds being taken by thre eputable banking houses of Berlin, York. ‘The entire Mexico is there 7 London, and New foreign indebtedness of now represented by a single 5 per cent gold loan, with coupons payabk in the three cities just named, amount ing to S115,178,000, This was accepted as a great gage for the government, and justly so when we recall the « depth of utter bankrt pte, A from which the country has been re claimed. Its credit 1s now equal to that of some of the first powers of Ivurop¢ and much above that of any other of the Latin-American republics. If we

Page 25

YIIM THE take the three South American coun- tries which have been the most prosper- ous and have always commanded the highest credit in London and compare them with Mexico, taking recent quota- tions of their foreign loans of the same date, we have this result : London quotations, Argentine Republic 6 per cent loan.. 93 Brazil 4 per cent loan... .-..04 06.565. 62 Chile 5 HEY GENE IOB s. s:.5.4:50ne wares. os g2 Mexico7s per Ceitt LOAN: «6.6646 66560 99 In addition to its foreign loan, Mexico has what is termed an interior debt, pay- able in silver, amounting to a sum which if converted into gold would represent approximately $62,000,000, created by subsidies to railroads, obligations for public improvements,ete. Thus the en- tire indebtednessof the republic amounts to about $177,178,000. It may be prof- itable to make a further comparison. This debt is borne by a population of 13,570,000. Canada, her more north- erly neighbor, has a debt of $345,160,- 000, with a population of only 4,833,000 souls. In other words, Mexico’s in- debtedness is $13 per inhabitant, while that of Canada is $71 per inhabitant. In connection with government fi- nances, it may be well to call attention to the fact that Mexico is upon a silver basis, and that all business transactions are conducted upon that basis. The prevailing opinion is that it is very ad vantageous to the country; but there are some of its most intelligent people who contend that the system is inju- rious, and that at no very distant period Mexico will adopt the gold standard. But nosuch change is considered by the government or by the ruling financial interests. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS It will not be possible in this paper to discuss at any length the political questions which arise in connection with the present state of Mexico, but I must New Mexico 21 make a brief reference to its relations with foreign countries. When Presi- dent Diaz assumed the reins of govern- ment the evil effects of Maximilian’s attempt to establish an empire on the ruins of the republic were yet being felt. The country had not recovered from the exhausted condition into which its re- sources had been brought by the long, bloody and expensive war. The pas- sions of the contending parties, which had been sodeeply embittered by that ter- rible contest, had not altogether calmed down; and the foreign nations which had taken part in or sympathized with the intervention—France, Great Britain, Austria, and the other European pow- ers—had not renewed their relations with the restored republican govern- ment. It was important for the well-being of the country that the wastes of war should be restored,that the people should bury their: partisan rancor, and espe- cially that the two first-named nations should renew their diplomatic inter- course, because from them would come much of the capital and skill to develop the country’s great resources. ‘Time and statesmanship were requisite for this task. One of the first acts of Gen- eral Diaz toward the accomplishment of these ends, after he became well seated in power and when the step could not be interpreted as a sign of weakness, was to call into his counsel two of the most prominent and able men in the government of his predecessor, Presi- dent Lerdo, whom he had driven from power—Manuel Romero Rubio and Ig- nacio Mariscal—the former the head of the Lerdo cabinet, and the latter for so many years the accomplished Mexican Minister in Washington. The fact of the acceptance by these two men of office under the Diaz government was evidence of the consolidation of all par- ties and all interests in working for the future peace and prosperity of the Re- public.

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Tue Nat! IONAL For twenty years Mr. Mariscal has served at the head of the cabinet retary for foreign relations, except when absent fora time as minister at London, and to his skillful and prudent manage- in great m«¢ the sat as Sec ment are ‘asure due isfactory velati ions which Mexico has gone Mee with the other nations of the world. Trance and Great Britain soon overcame their scruples growing out of the death of Maximilian and the cir the intervention attend: cumstances a Q and reestablished diplomatic relations. followed by all Ikurope Their action was soon the ae lead Aust ing nations of nd even that monarchy eXCe has Bceie ewes diplomatic inter course, and has buried any feelings of bitterness for an act which, under the circumstances, was for Mexico a polit ical necessity, and would have been commtited by any other civilized nation under similar provocation. also cultivated more inti- and friendly relations with the other Iatin-American republics, and at no time has her intercourse with them been more pleasant than at present. By her larger population, by her worthy ex i of a wee gd of a century of unbroken peace and constitutional gov ernment, cok * the unexampled development itv, Mexico stands today Mexico has e consequent era of and prosper at the head of the JTatin-American states, and when it was suggested that th eg was ripe for the holding of aoe -an-Amerl can inte iti congress ganminin to that which assembled in Washington » direction of mimously agreed rnment was the OOV\ Basen Aeros, Beata ey SRC eee proper one to issue the invitations, and that its b tiful capital was the ideal pla in which the representatives oft 1] ] t17] ill t \mericas should assemb What “a rf 4] 104 ( ( 1? ) til O11 Ce y111¢ Ol ( 11 ; 1) CONGTESS NOW 11 SCSS1O 111 tlie CGEOGRAFHIC MAGAZINE with a higher estimate of its govern- ment, its people, and its resources. MANUFACTURES AND MINING This paper is already so extended that a number of topics of importance can be only alluded to very briefly. The pro tective system prevails in Mexico, the tariff on imports being regulated both with a view to securing revenue and to stimulate and protect domestic indus tries. Under this system manufactures have shared largely in the general pros " ] country and hav increased in production and va- attention being given to perity of the ernie riety, the chief Pg manufacture of cotton fa Mining has tor three centuries been very b1 ICs. the leading industry of Mexico, its out put of silver usually standing first in the world’s production of that metal. The new order of affairs has imparted fresh vigor to this industry, anda large mount of American capital has been aor imining. The United States ng silver ores has also tariff on lead-bearing led to the establishment of large smelt ing works in various localities, a com paratively new industry in the country. In recent years the number of mines has greatly increased, the output of silver reaching near $70,000,000 annually, or ] third of the over one total production of the world. Gold mining has had new development and 1s steadily increasing in its yield. Copper exists in various parts of the Republic, and the prevailing high price of late vears has stimulated its production. The great want of thi country in the mining industry is an abundant supply of good coal. Deposits have been found in the Rio Grande re gion, but the supply as vet is entirely Inade quate to the needs of the country, ° . « . ] as fuel tor locomotive 5, mining, Wid do , mestic uses Is still high and scares AGRICULTI \ I SO CES It ¢ “ae \griculture stan 1Iext to mining as

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THE an industry, its total valuation being considerably greater, but its export value being less than the precious metals. Farming on a large scale has been quite profitable, the price of corn, the chief article of food of the masses, being usu- ally twice as high as in the United States, as it is protected by aheavy duty. The production of sugar, on large planta- tions, is also a profitable industry, but the vield is barely sufficient for the home consumption; and although pos- sessing a large area of sugar-producing lands, the country has as yet never been an exporter to any considerable extent. The most promising agricultural indus- try for development is coffee culture, there being vast areas well adapted for it, and its exportation has considerably increased of late years. Many of these lands have recently into the hands of American companies and citi- zens, and quite an impetus has been given to these enterprises, as well as others for the development of rubber. But most of these enterprises are still in the incipient stage, their permanent profit not yet having been fully demon strated. ] assed AND SOCIAL ADVANCE MENT EDUCATION Did time permit much might be said of the social advancement of the people under the Diaz regime. In the past twenty-five vears special attention has been given by the Government to ed- ucational matters, particularly to the public primary schools, which are now maintained in every political district. Their influence and the general perity are beginning to be felt in the elevation and intelligence of the masses. Newspapers are more widely circulated Twenty-five vears ago the the widely read pros: and read. circulation of most newspaper scarcely reached 15,000 cop- as phenom- ] ies, and that was regarded New Mexico 23 enal. Newspapers today issue fifty to sixty thousand copies, and they are read largely by the common people. The wages of mechanics in the capital and along the lines of railway have in- creased fifty per cent, and the working classes live in greater comfort. As illustrative of the quickened moral standard of the people, a strong tem- perance movement has been organized in the City of Mexico and has extended to the other important cities. During my recent stay in the country, it was being visited by one of the officers of the Woman's Temperance Christian Union of the United States, and though it was quite unusual in that land fora woman to appear on the platform, this lady in her crusade against intemper- ance was received with enthusiasm, gratuitous use of the largest theaters was tendered her, she was introduced by the governors of states, and given free access to the public schools. For a generation past Mexico has oc- cupied the most advanced position of any of the Tatin-American states re- specting religious toleration, absolute freedom of worship being guaranteed by the constitution and enforced by the government. The mass of the people are devout Catholics, but the present archbishop is a man of liberal views, and he has done much to reconcile the people to the new order which Juarez established after the long and bloody war against the clerical party. The Protestant movement at first evoked op- position and violent outbreaks, but all that has passed, and its propagandism is peacefully tolerated in all parts of the land. Compared with the Catholic Church, its adherents as yet are few in numbers, but it has exerted a marked influence on that church. ‘The morals and education of its clergy have been raised. The necessity of more preach- ing is recognized, pews are being intro- duced, the churches are cleaner and less

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2 4 gaudy in their interior, and the political utility of some religious division among the people is seen. AMERICANS IN MEXICO I must not close this paper without a reference to the Americans in Mexico. From the beginning of the Republic our countrymen, owing to the proximity of its territory, have made investments in that country and embarked upon vari- ous enterprises ; but not until the reign of peace and order was assured by Pres- ident Diaz did they go there in large numbers. They now constitute the largest foreign element in that country. The American colony in the City of Mexico is not only numerous, but pros- perous and well established. It sus- tains a well-equipped club, an excellent hospital, and has all the paraphernalia of a well-ordered society intent on get- ting the most out of life, such as golf links, base-ball, women’s clubs, after noon teas, literary circles, ete. Ameri cans have superintended the construc- tion and are now directing the operation of some of the leading rail roads. They have invested largely in mining, and colonies of American min numbering several hundred each, They ers, are to be found in different states. have purchased large tracts of land for the development of coffee, rubber, and other agricultural Millions of dollars of bonds of the federal, state, products. and city governments have been sold States in the past ten companies have in the United Many stock years. THe NatrionaL: GEoGRAPHIC MAGAZINE been organized in various cities of the Union to develop and carry on enter- prises in Mexico. Where the object and location of these companies have been judiciously chosen, and they are under experienced and prudent manage- ment, they are likely to prove success- ful, but money can be squandered in Mexico as readily as in other countries. Asa rule, the American residents in that country have found adequate pro- tection for their persons and business. Occasionally complaint is made to our Government or through the newspapers of injustice on the part of the courts or authorities, but when investigated the complaint is generally found to origi- nate either in a want of knowledge of the system of jurisprudence in force in that country (the civil law) or from an undue bumptiousness on the part of the American. Our. citizens who volun- tarily go to Mexico should bear in mind that they are in a comimunity of a dif- ferent race, language, religion, customs, and system of judicial procedure from they adapt themselves to these changes they are quite unlikely to encounter embarrassment or trouble. Our countrymen, our capital and enter- prise, are welcomed by the government and the people, and there 1s a wide field our surplus capital ours, and it for the exercise of and energy. Our political relations with the neigh- boring republic were never more cordial than they and there is every prospect that the two nations will con tinue to enjoy together the blessings of and independence. are today, peace, prosperity, XUM

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or 4 9 NAT. GEOG. MAG. VOL. Xill, 1902, PL. 2 Coffee Pickers r a —-

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XUM

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COMMERCE OF MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES By Hon. O. P. Austin, CHIEF OF OMMERCE between the United States aiid Mexico has made very rapid gains since the estab- lishment of rail communications be- tween the two countries. Prior to that time Huropean countries enjoved a large share of the import trade of Mexico, the exports from France and the United Kingdom ranging from five to ten mill- ion dollars per annum each, and those from Spain averaging about one million dollars annually, and those of Germany less than a million dollars. With the construction of railways giving close communication between Mexico and the United States, shipments from the United States into Mexico rapidly in- creased and quickly outgrew those from Huropean countries. In 18go0 exports from the United States to Mexico were a little above thirteen million dollars, those from the United Kingdom and France each about ten millions, Germany three and a half millions, and Spain nearly two millions. As the railway lines from the United States extended farther into Mexico and the number of lines multiplied, the exports from the United States to that country grew to fifteen million dollars in r8g5, twenty-three millions in 1897, twenty-five millions in 1899, thirty-four millions in 1goo, and thirty-six millions In TQOr. Meantime the exports from the United Kingdom to Mexico, which were So, 794,C09 inl IS9o, fell to $38,056,000 in 1895, and have in the last two vears shown a slight reaction, being in 1g00 $10,506,000, From France the exports, which in 1890 were $10,777,000, fell to BuREAU OF STATISTICS, TREASURY DEPARTMENT $7,498,000 in 1895 and $7,060,133 in 1899. From Germany the exports to Mexico were in 1890 $3,544,000 and in 1899 $5,372,000; from Spain in 1890, $1,797,000 and in 1899 $1,891,000. Thus it will be seen that the United States has, since the creation of a satis- factory railway system connecting this country with Mexico, made much more rapid gains in her trade with that coun- try than any of the other parts of the world from which Mexico formerly ob- tained a large share of her imports. Ixxports from the United States to Mexico in 1g00 were two and a half times as much as in 1890, while those from the United Kingdom show an in- crease of about 50 per cent, those from those France a considerable decrease, from Germany an increase of about 50 per cent, and those from Spain show little change. ‘The United States now supplies considerably more than one- half of the imports of Mexico, and takes about one-third of her exports of mer- chandise, not including in this term her exports of precious metals, which nearly equal in value those of merchandise. The principal imports into the United States from Mexico are sisal grass, used as a substitute for hemp in the manu- facture of ropes, twine, etc. ; coffee, copper, lead, hides and skins, and cattle. The imports of sisal grass in 1go00 amounted to over eleven million dollars in value, having grown from a little more than four million dollars in 1891. Coffee Imports into the United States from Mexico amounted in 1g00 to a little over three million dollars; copper, including ore, three anda half millions ;

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26 lead, two anda half millions ; hides and skins, one and a half millions, and cattle less than one million dollars in value. On the export side, manufactures of iron and steel are by far the largest item in our trade with Mexico. Steam-en- gines increased from less than a half million dollars in 1891 to more than one machinery, from less ISgrt to more million in 1go0o ; than a million dollars in than five and one-half millions in 1goo, and other manufactures of iron and steel, from two and a half millions in r8g1 to more than seven millions in with Mexico from 18 1900. Coal and coke increased from latest available date: UNILED STATES. UNITED KINGDOM FRANCI GERMANY. uv Inaports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports Exp b= nto, fron rom, to. into, from from, to | into, trqgm from, to into, from from, Sd Mex ) Mexico.* Mexico Mexico. Mexico Mexico. Mexico. Mexi ) , dD } dD } Dollas D 1 D) uw J) , dD ISS ) ¢ 7 I 9.84 10 I> 1 1 S4 It Ra > 5 Is I, 3 I | 9.704 18 ) 6, : IQ 8. 182 : 14 § Kxports from the United States to Mexico, defe ve, the value goods exported included prior to THe NatrioNaL. GeEoGrRAPHIC MAGAZINE a little more than a half million dollars in 1891 to about two and a half millions in 1900; lumber, from less than a mill- ion dollars in 1891 to nearly two mill- ious itl Igoo ; vegetable oils, from less than a hundred thousand dollars in 1891 to a million dollars in 1900; and cheim- icals, drugs, medicines, etc., from less than four hundred thousand dollars in 18gt to more than eight hundred thou- sand dollars in 1900. The table which follows shows the commerce of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain roe | rts to co overt down to the SPAIN, Imports Exports , from oO to e€xX1co Mexico uv DD > 14 871,861 I 7 ) 1,029 I ) s Ss 4 BR 64 ( I : “86 ) 44 A { ; Sqn. 424 railways not being

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KUM ARGENTINE-CHILE N 1881, after years of bitter dis- pute, Argentine and Chile signed a treaty defining, as they sup- posed, the boundary between the two republics. They also agreed to appoint an expert from each government to sur- vey the line according to the definition of this treaty, and to submit any points of difference which might arise between the two experts to a third party for final decision. Apparently this dispute, which had dragged on for forty years and more than threatened war, was at last settled. In due time, in 1888, the experts were appointed by each government and set to work surveying and locating the boundary. Immediately, however, the Chilean expert began to interpret the wording of the treaty differently from his Argentine associate In the words of the treaty, the boundary was defined as follows: ‘‘ The boundary between the Argentine Republic and Chile from north to south as far as the parallel of 52° south is the Cordillera de los Andes. The frontier line shall run in that ex- tent along the most elevated crests of said Cordilleras that may divide the waters, and shall pass between the slopes which descend one side and the other.”’ The Chilean expert proceeded to include Within his line, as far as its source, every stream whose waters flowed westward. The Argentine expert, on the other hand, drew his line from summit to summit of the highest crests of the mountain range. In other words, the Chilean expert re- garded the water divide as the boundary, and the Argentine expert the line join- ing the highest crests of the Andes. It may be that the persons who drew up the treaty of 1881 believed that the water divide and the highest crests were synonymous, but such is often not the Repeatedly the Andes are cut by Once Case. BOUNDARY DISPUTE gorges, through which flow rivers rising from 25 to 100 miles east of the Andes. Chile asserts that these rivers and all the territory drained by them belongs to her, and the line as traced by her expert is most carefully drawn to include every spring or stream whose waters flow into these rivers. Argentine, on the other hand, asserts that only the territory to the west of the line drawn connecting the highest peaks belongs to Chile. In long stretches, of course, the crest of the range and the water divide is identical, but then the range will be cut by a river gorge. While the Argentine line skips to the next crest, the Chilean line will dip down to the valleys and often runs in between swamps, and then after a circuit of perhaps a hundred miles, more or less, will come back to the mountain Crest. The differences between the two ex- perts were thus so great that the ques- tion was, in 1896, submitted to the sritish Government for arbitration. — It was agreed by each government that until a decision was rendered neither country should take possession of the disputed territory. Great Britain ap- pointed arbitrators, but the years have dragged on and no decision has been rendered. During the past year the Argentine Government claims that Chile has been pushing roads across the moun- tains, building forts at strategic points, and so intrenching herself as to make her possession of the disputed territory certain in case hostilities should arise. The energetic protests of the Argentine Republic against Chile's action is the cause of the present rupture between the two governments. To better understand the dispute be- tween Chile and Argentine, we may instance the Alaska boundary dispute between Great Britain and the United States. For years the Alaska boundary

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28 THE Was unquestioned, but when certain ter- ritory became of value, Great Britain raised the question of uncertainty and claimed a strip to which she held no title and had never claimed title. Inthe same way with Chile and Argentine. For thirty vears the Cordillera de los Andes was the boundary acknowledged by both governments. Then in 1841 Chile sent a colonizing expedition to the Pen insula of Brunswick, in the Straits of Magellan, and claimed the whole Ma gellan territory. The Argentine Re- ic protested, but was not sufficiently ic to settle the que stion at ‘hile gained POss¢ ssion of a lare¢ part then claimed, and the the claim is still in dis rublie ] t Onee. | enere C of what she remainder of pute. encouraged by this procceded to claim territory at various entire length which and justi Chile SUCCESS, points along her 1 ] - f . she had never claimed before, fied her conduct by her interpretation of the complex geographic conditions of the Andes. “These claims continually increased until at last war between the minent. It was averted, however, and the Argent Republic, at least, thought that every thine was settled satisfactorily by the treatv of tSSr.) The ambiguous word Ing of tl treat however, enabled DECISIONS GhOGRAPH RECENT NationaL GEoGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Chile to claim even more than she had ever done before. The parts of the disputed boundary are three: 1. That relating to the tween parallels 23° and 26° 52’ 45” lati- tude south. The territory in dispute here was a tract between two parallel ranges, Argentine claiming the west- ern and Clile the eastern range as the boundary. ‘The dispute regarding this section became so bitter in 1899 that the United States Minister to Argentine, Mr. William H. Buchannan, was asked to act as arbitrator. He settled the lifference by awarding to the Argentine Republic eleven twelfths of the disputed region be- territory in this region. 2. ‘Vhat relating to the boundary from parallel 26° 52’ 45” to the prox imity of parallel 52° latitude south. Sections of this boundary, where the water divide and the crests of the moun tains coincide, have 1 by the | two vovernments, but the larger ¢ been settle lis tance is still undefined. PS eat relating to thr region close to latitude 52° south. is the region of the Magellan Strait, boundary This and the ecoevraphie conditions are most complex. Clule has, however, as pre viously deseribed, gained a large see tion of what she origina OF U. 8S. BOARD ON IC NAMES Bentley Springs Bonnie Doon: post-office, Santa Cruz County, Calitornia not Bonny Doon

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U. S. Boarp Bowlemis ; creek and mountain, Yancey County, North Carolina (not Bo- lens). Brockatonorton ; bay, in Chincoteague Bay, Worcester County, Maryland (not Bockatonorton nor Parkers) Bynum; post-office, railroad station, and run, Harford County, Maryland (not Binum, Bimans, Bynhams, Uc. ); Calabazas ; creek, tributary to Sonoma Creek, Sonoma County, California (not Calabezas nor Calebezas Calabazas is Spanish for pumpkin, cal- abash, ete. Cascade Springs; post village, Fall River County, South Dakota (not Cascade ). Chikasanoxee ; creek, tributary to Tal- lapoosa River, Chambers County, Alabama (not Chickasononie, etc. ). Cohobadiah ; creek, tributary to the Lit- tle Tallapoosa, Gleburne and Ran- dolph Counties, Alabama (not Co- habadia nor Hobadijah). Craigville ; post-office and railroad sta- tion, Orange County, New York (not Craigsville ). Cutnose ; creek, tributary to the Little Tallapoosa, Randolph County, Ala- bama (not Cutnoe nor Cut Nose). Donohoe ; railroad station, Westmore- land County, Pennsylvania (not Donahoe nor Donohue ) Doves; cove, in Bush River, Harford County, Maryland (not Dove nor Dove's). Edmondson; mountain, McDowell County, North Carolina (not Id- monson nor Edmundson). Gillespie; creek, Ohio County, West Virginia (not Gillaspies, Glasby, nor Glyspie ). Greys; creek, tributary to Assawoman sav, Worcester County, Maryland (not Gray’s, Grey's, nor Rileys). Griers; hollow, Franklin County, Penn- sylvania (not Greer, Greers, etc. Honeygo; run, branch of Whitemarsh Run, Baltimore County, Maryland not Herring nor Horning). ON GkoGRAPHIC NAMES “9 La Purisima Concepcion; land grant, Santa Clara County, California (not Ia Purissima Concepcion ). Lauderick ; creek, tributary to Bush River, Harford County, Maryland (not Loderick, Luckwick, nor Lud- wig). Lemaster ; post-office and railroad sta- tion, Franklin County, Pennsylva- nia (not Lehmasters nor [emas- ters). Little Falls ; city and township, Herki- mer County, New York (not Little- falls). Lobitos; creek, San Mateo County, California (not Lobatos, Lobitas, nor Lobitus) Matamoros ; town, near mouth of Rio Grande, State of ‘Tamaulipas, Mex- ico (not Matamoras'. New Windsor ; village, post-office, and railroad station, Weld County, Colorado (not Windsor). Nicks; creek, tributary to River, McDowell Carolina (not Nix). Outward Tump; island, Chincoteague Bay, Worcester County, Maryland (not West Clump). Palomar ; mountain, in northern part of San Diego County, California (not Smith). Parnell; knob, at south end of North Mountain, Franklin County, Penn- sylvania (not Parnel). Phillipston ; post-office and railroad sta- tion, Clarion County, Pennsylvania (not Philipston). Pilarcitos; canyon, creek, and lake, near Pillar Point, San Mateo County, California (not Pillarcitos ). Pit ; river, tributary to the Sacramento River in northern California (not Pitt). This name, applied as early as 1850, is thus éxplained in Pacific Railroad Report, vol. VI, p. 64: ‘We passed many pits about six feet deep and lightly covered with twigs and The river derives its name from these pits, which are dug by the Indians to entrap game. On this account Lieu- tenant Williemson always spelled the name with a single t.’’ Catawba County, North YTass.

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30 Plum ; creek, tributary to Cheyenne River, Fall River County, South Dakota (not Plumb). Price; creek, Yancey County, North Carolina (not Price's). Price Creek ; post-office and township, Yancey County, North Carolina (not Price’s Creek Purisima; creek and post-office, San Mateo County, California (not Pu- rissima ). Putah; creek and township, Yolo County, California (not Puta). Ramsaytown ; post-office and township, Yancey County, North Carolina (not Ramseytown). Reddens; run, Indiana County, Penn- sylvania (not Bedding Reems; creek, Buncombe County, North Carolina (not Reams, Reem, nor Rims). This isa reversal of the decision Reem, made January 9, Igor, and published on page 87, no. 2, vol. xii, of this Magazine. Robins; creek and marsh, Chincoteague Bay, Worcester County, Maryland (not Robbins, Robin's, nor Robin). Thisis a reversal of the decision Robin, made in May, Igol. Robins ; point, the end of Gunpowder Neck, Harford County, Maryland (not Robbins nor Robin). township, Lehigh County, Salisbury; not Salsberg, Sals- Pennsylvania burg, nor Salsbury Sankaty; head or bluff, at east end of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts (not Sancoty, Squam, nor Swe- seckech1). Stansbury ; creek, branch of Middle River, Baltimore County, Maryland (not Stansberry ). Stansbury ; point, Back River, Balti- more County, Maryland (not Stans- berry ). THe NatioNaL. GEoGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Stickel; hollow, Perry township, Fay- ette County, Pennsylvania (not Stickle). Swaderick; creek, tributary to Gun- powder River, Harford County, Maryland (not Sundricks, Lauder- ick, nor Ludowick). Teays; post-office and valley, Putnam County, West Virginia (not Teayes, Teayse, nor ‘l'eazes). Two Lick; creek, post-office, and rail- road station, Indiana County, Penn- sylvania (not T'wo-Licks, Twolick, Clc; Vailsgate ; post-office and railroad sta- tion, Orange County, New York (not Vailgate nor Vail’s Tollgate ). Vieques; island off eastern end of Porto Rico, West Indies (not Biequl, Crab, Viequez, etc. ). Walker; post-office and railroad sta- tion, Baltimore County, Maryland (not Walkers Station nor Walkers Switch). Watson; creek, on east side of Gun- powder River, Harford County, Maryland (not Waterson, Water- ton, nor Watsons). Weisenberg; post-ofhice and township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania (not Weissenburg, etc. ). Welsh ; post-office and railroad station, Chambers County, Alabama (not Welch). Wharton; creek, Madison County, Ar- kansas (not Warton’s nor Whor- ton ). Wharton Creek; township, Madison County, Arkansas (not Whorton Creek). Whites; run, Indiana County, Penn- sylvania (not Whites Spring). Yeates; mountain, Yancey and Madi- son Counties, North Carolina (not Yates).

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GEOGRAPHIC NOTES HON. JOHN W. FOSTER ON MEXICO Hk phenomenal economic and social progress of Mexico during the last twenty-five years is clearly de- scribed by Mr. Foster in the leading ar- ticle of this number. No man living is so well fitted to contrast the new Mex- ico with the Mexico of twenty-five years ago. General Foster began his diplo- matic career as Minister to this Republic in 1873, and tor seven years represented the United States. After an interim of twenty years, during which he was Minister to Russia, to Spain, and Secre- tary of State, he again visited Mexico, this time as the guest of the nation. The present prosperity of the young Republic impressed him on every side. MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES Desk GH the courtesy of Gen. NV. Greely, the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE is able to pub- lish as a supplement to this number the magnificent map of the Philippines pre- pared under his direction by the U Signal Office. IKivery town or hamlet known by the Jesuits or reported to the War Depart- ment by its many officers throughout the islands is indicated on the map. It is a compilation of everything now known about the Philippine Archipel- ago. Sheet I gives the Northern Phil- ippines and Sheet II the Southern Phil- ippines, as officially divided by the United States Government. A glance at the map shows how much exploration is needed in large sections. For instance, on the Island of Mindoro only a few names along the coast are 4 vA ° ° . . . given. The interior of the island is a blank. The tremendous progress made by the American Government in the islands is graphically illustrated by the red lines, indicating cables, telegraphs, and telephones, which penetrate to nearly all corners of the archipelago. Nearly seven thousand miles of wire are now strung, whereas three years ago there was not one mile in service. All the telegraph lines are owned by the Government and operated by a Gov- ernment department—the United States Signal Corps. The stations noted as commercial stations are open to messages of a private and commercial character, while from the stations noted as military only a military nature can be sent. This map is the first map of the Phil- ippines that has been prepared by Amer- ican officials. The spelling of the names is that adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names. It may not be inappropriate to re- mark that the War Department printed an edition of only yoo. The demands of the army posts in the Philippines and messages of in the United States exhausted nearly the entire edition, so that only a few remain for public distribution. The National Geographic Society was, how- ever, granted the use of the plate and has printed a large edition, so that each of its members may receive a copy of what is really the only up-to-date pres- entation of all that is now known of the geography of these islands. GOLD MINING CONCESSION FOR NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA HIE. expedition of geologists re- cently sent out to the Chukches Peninsula by Von Larlarski, who owns the concession for gold mining in that region, report that the geological forma- tion of the peninsula is like that of Cape Nome opposite, and that much gold is to be found there. The Russian Gov- ernment has been much criticised by the

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32 newspapers for granting an exclusive concession to one individual. The criti- cism has, in fact, been so bitter that the government has been obliged to publish a three-column official defense of its action. It states that a concession was the only means of protecting the rich district from being invaded by American prospectors. The country is so far dis- tant and so large that it is impossible to send troops there, but a strong Russian syndicate, for its own interests, would defend the property and keep out Amert- can and foreign gold-hunters. There is probably little truth in the report that Senator Clark or any Ameri- can capitalist has been granted conces- sions for mining in any part of Siberia. By law all gold mined in Siberia and Russia must be sold to the government, which buys it at the ruling rates. It is a criminal offense to sell to any one else. RAILWAYS OF THE WORLD LARGER addition was made to A the railway mileage of the United States in rg01 than in any preceding year since 1890. “The steam railways of the United States now aggregate about 200,000 miles, and those of the entire world nearly 500,000 miles. Fig- ures published by the Treasury Bureau of Statistics give the number of miles of railway in operation in the United States at the end of 1900 as 194,321, and add- ing to this the 5,057 miles built in 1go1 brings the grand total for the United States to 199,378 miles. This does not include railways operated by electricity, of which the mileage, exclusive of street and suburban roads, is now con- siderable and rapidly increasing. The total miles now open for traffic in the entire world are estimated at 484,348, of which 220,657 miles are in North America, 168,605 in Europe, 35,580 miles in Asia, 28,364 in South America, 15,860 in Africa, and 15,282 Tue NaTIioNaL GeoGrRaPpHic MAGAZINE milesin Australasia. The United States stands first, with 199,378 miles. Rus- sia has 34,852; the German Empire, 31,934; France, 26,613; India, 25,035; Austria-Hungary, 22,919; Great Britain and Ireland, Canada, 17,657; British Australasia, 15,266; Argentina, 10,419; Italy, Mexico, grazil, 8,718, and Spain, 8,300 miles. Of the half a million miles of railway in the world, the Bureau of Statistics estimates that about one-third are owned by the governments of the country in which they are located. About nine- tenths of the railways of Germany are owned by the national or state govern- ments ; about two-thirds of those of Russia are owned by the government, and nearly one-half of those of Austria- Hungary are also owned by the gov- ernment. A large proportion of the railways of France will become the property of the government about the middle of the present century. In Italy nearly all of the railroads are owned by the government, but are operated by private companies which lease the lines from the government. In Australasia nearly all of the railways are owned by the governments of the various colonies, and in India a large proportion of the 25,035 miles in operation is owned or guaranteed by the Indian Government. 21,700; 9,5IO; 9,603; EMIGRATION FROM SIBERIA UCH is being written about the many thousands constantly pour- ing into Siberia, but little is heard in America of the great numbers who are compelled to return to Russia, having been unable to establish themselves in Siberia. The Russian papers during the past year have been severely criticis- ing the arrangements of the government for persons seeking to colonize Siberia. It has been frequently stated in these papers that from 35 to 50 per cent of Russians entering Siberia have returned

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GEOGRAPHIC within a few months, unsuccessful. In self-defense the Russian Government has therefore published figures showing the number of persons entering and leav- ing Siberia during the first nine months of 1901. During this period 77,774 immigrants entered Siberia, and of these 25 per cent, or 19,728, returned within a short time. The reason of such a large proportion as one-fourth returning is explained as fol- lows: During the past two years the crops have failed each season. Of the 19,000 who returned between January 1 and September 20, 1901, 16,000 had come from the grain provinces of Russia. Secondly, the steppe lands of Siberia along the railway are almost entirely taken up and only the forest lands re- main. But the majority of the immi- grants are from the steppe lands of Rus- sia and, being unused to clearing forest lands, soon became discouraged and re- turned. The Russian Ice-breaking Steamer Yermak, under command of her de- signer, Vice-Admiral Makarof, has re- turned in safety to Cronstadt, after a cruise of three or four months in the Arctic seas. In a review of the sum- mer’s work of the steamer, the Cronstadt Messenger says that she completed an accurate survey of the.western coast of Nova Zembla from Sukhoi Nos to the Admiralty Peninsula, and made five voy- ages back and forth between Nova Zembla and Franz Josef Land. The scientists who accompanied Ad- miral Makarot made interesting and important soundings and observations in all that part of the Arctic Ocean, and brought back 525 jars of zoological spec- imens obtained by means of the dredge and the sounding line, as well as large collections of flowers, minerals, and diatoms from the Arctic lands visited and explored. In the heavy ice north- west of Nova Zembla and off the coast of Franz Josef Land the Vermak made her way without difficulty. Nores $3 The Foreign Population of the United States.—The Census Office has just pub- lished the number which each country of the world has contributed to our for- eign-born population. The five nations having the largest representation are the same as in 1890, though the first three, Germany, Ireland, and England, show a large falling off. Italy is now in the sixth place, succeeding Scotland, which was sixth ten years ago. The following table shows the representation of each, country : 1900, Exciusive | of Alaska | 18go. and | Hawaii. | | | Increase. Country of birth. 10,356,664 | 9,249,547 | 1,107,117 2,666,990 | 2,754,894 117,904* 1,618,567 | 1,871,509 252,942*

{ 841,967 | 908,141 66,174* Canada (English)....... 785,958 | 678,442 107,516 IIE sv kacctvsiccosaiondessss 573,040 | 478,041 94.999 Ttaly,.sssosecs+.s030 me 434,207 182,580 | 301,627 MER MNER Lis eosskdcaitieny sé tatyipe 424,096 | 182,644 241,452 Canada (French) ........ 395,297 302,496 92,801 BOLI ci ccixccisecvinoccr insane 383,510 | 147,440 236,070 PERE vis cathssekateesestivis 336,985 | 322,665 14,320 PEAIOET IE cx cccevescected care ods 276, 249 123,271 152,978 SE sien echeck0scesne West Indies, except | Cuba and Porto Rico. 14,433 | CORD Deateseaetaieonn PMG TNs Wescisvens Wiphesteus 11,908 2,260 9,648 Cea crexsx vetvesvtssbasiasins 11,153 LB) - A cesaovens ; TMEREY ssisocias cubabennsese 9,933 1,839 8,004 Atlantic islands........... 9,784 9.739 45 ROT OMCO iicisdochesssccisccooskes 8,564 1,887 6.677 BOTH AE GOA occ ccsnvesssecerss 8,229 5.533 2,696 DAI cos scccsccscceccs cvccessse 7,072 6,155 887 The sin divcedinndcsieccds 6,851 5,984 867 South America ...... dies 4,761 5,006 245* Central America.......... 3,901 1,192 2,709 FPO TOE oss occ cov acaves 3,041 2,882 159 MUNN WE si ovsuricbies cusieeccepsteis 2,552 2,207 345 BEOQTODG, 26. Bs cssserscastecns 2,263 12,579 10,316 BU c0siaj ssaccssevsevessebese 2,050 2,143 93* Pacific islands, except Philippine Islands... 2,049 2,065 16* Great Britain, N. S...... II! 951 840* Sandwich Islands (b)...|...cccccscsesceees | BWR: lcccckabsakecss Other countries............ 2,558 479 2,079 (a) Total for West Indies and Cuba in 18go, 23,256, (4) Native born in 18go. * Decrease.

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34 Tue Nationat’ GrocrapHic MacaZzine The East Siberian branch of the Im- perial Russian Geographical Society celebrated, at Irkutsk, on the 29th of November, rgo1, the semi-centennial anniversary of its existence. Siberian delegations to the number of sixty were present ; letters and congratulatory ad- dresses were read from the parent so- ciety and its branches, from all the Russian universities, from the women of Siberia, and from the native students in the University of Tomsk, and more than two hundred telegrams of greeting were received from scientific societies, museums, city councils, zemstvos, and distinguished geographers in all parts of the Empire. The governor-general read a telegram of congratulation from His Imperial Majesty the Tsar, which was welcomed with great applause, and in the presence of the members of the society and a great throng of spectators, the president, Mr. Kakovetski, unveiled the names of the distinguished Russian explorers and geographers Cherski, Turchaninof, Przhevalski, and Maximovich, which had been cut in the cornice of the stone facade of the Society's beautiful build- ing. In the evening a jubilee dinner was given in the hall of the city coun cil, and the flag-decorated house of the Society was brilliantly illuminated with colored electric lights. Butter Exports from Siberia.—The St. Petersburg Gazelle says that the export of butter from western Siberia is begin ning to assume colossal proportions. In two months (June 15 to August 15) of rgo01, for example, 702 car-loads (14,- $00,000 pounds ) of Siberian butter were received by rail at the single Russian port of Riga, and were shipped by a single firm (Helmsing and Grimm) to London, Copenhagen, Hamburg, and other west-Iuropean cities. In the latter part of September, at Kurgan, in the province of Tobolsk, there was an exhibition of milk pro- ducts at which were shown samples of butter from more than 300 Siberian butter makers and dealers. In connec- tion with the exhibition, there was held a convention of west-Siberian butter- makers, which resolved to urge an in- crease in the number of primary schools for the education of the common people, to hasten and facilitate the transporta- tion of butter from western Siberia to the European market, to appoint sales agents in Great Britain, to combat in every possible way the spread of con- tagious and infectious diseases among cattle, and to establish a newspaper de- voted to the interests of Siberian butter makers and dealers. Siberian Mammoth.—The expedition sent out by the St. Petersburg Academy of Science to obtain-the-remains of the male mammoth discovered in northeast- ern Siberia is well on its return journey. It is stated that the hide of the mam- moth is in an almost complete state of preservation, and in the stomach and teeth remains of undigested food were found. Russian Polar Expedition —A Russian capitalist has given $70,000 for the organizing and equipment of a new Rus sian polar expedition, which will sail early in the summer of 1go02 on the ship St. Panteleon, and will spend two years in the Arctic regions. J. E. Spurr, of the U. S. Geological Survey, is making a geological survey of Macedonia and Albania at the re- quest and expense of the Sultan of Turkey. The Commercial Geography, by Cyrus C. Adams, reviewed in the last number of this Magazine, has within one month of publication been introduced into over 300 cities and towns.

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‘UM GEOGRAPHIC Constantinople and its Problems. By Henry Otis Dwight, LL. D., with illustrations. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company. Of the competency of Dr. Dwight to write a book on this subject there can be no question. Born in Constantinople, he has there spent the larger part of an active and useful life. He knows well the various languages, beliefs, and cus- toms of its inhabitants. Moreover, he is a man of quick mind and genial tem- perament, sure by contact with men of all classes to pile up a store of rich ex- perience. In his honesty as a narrator one must have full confidence. One may sometimes disagree with his opin- ions, but when he tells us something occurred we know he believes it occurred just as he said it did. He is not a man to pad or adjust even his anecdotes. With this equipment the reader ex- pects from him a valuable treatise on so important a subject as ‘‘ Constantinople and its Problems.’’ But the author is handicapped by two disadvantages. ‘The first is that a man who lives and expects to live in Constantinople cannot deal with such a subject, his name being known, with frankness and unreserve. The political atmosphere of Constanti- nople does not favor free expression or the pushing of syllogisms to their con- clusion. ‘The second disadvantage is that he writes from a purely missionary point of view. This may be the highest point of view, but it is by no means the only one, nor is it the broadest. So the first disadvantage robs the book of its largest possible value, and the second disadvantage narrows its breadth. The book is interesting from begin- ning toend. It conveys much informa- tion as to habits, customs, and ideas. It is chatty, rather than profound, and when dealing with problems or with geographic or political conditions is by finttum. LITERATURE no means equal to what Dr Dwight is capable of writing. EDWIN A. GROSVENOR. Constantinople—The Story of the Old Capital of the Empire. By William Holden Hutton, Fellow of St. John Baptist College, Oxford. Illustrated by Sydney Cooper. New York: The Macmillan Co. This book contains nothing new, and little which has not been printed many times. The author has visited Con- stantinople, but his work is none the less of the sort which a compiler may easily produce at home, a few authorities being employed as sources of information. Pages 1 to 230 sketch the story of Con- stantinople ; pages 231 to 336 indicate the more prominent objects of interest. In the historical summary the treatment is sympathetic, though unduly theolog- ical, and but small appreciation is shown of the city’s commercial and_ political importance and of its great part in the Middle Ages. Whatever excellence the book possesses is constantly marred by carelessness of style and statement. There is apparently no rule for orthog- raphy. Thus we have Stamboul and Stambial, St. Sophia and S. Sophia, ka- pousiand kapoussi, Pantocratorand Pan- tokrator, Valideh, Validé, and Valide, ‘os’? and ‘‘us’’ used as termination of the same Greek word, and so on ad 7n- Some of the slips amuse as well as surprise. Thus the bas-relief of the Emperor Theodosius holding the wreath to crown the victor in the chariot race, opposite page 324, 1s gravely enti- tled ‘‘ The imperial box during the per- formance of a ballet!’’ On page 6 it is stated, ‘‘ The seven hills stretch ie from east to west,’’ regardless of the fact that six of the seven run north and south, and that the seventh is a rough triangle. Execrable proof-

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36 reading is doubtless largely responsible for the numerous blunders on the out- line map at the end. ‘The most attract- ive and perhaps the most accurate fea- ture of the book is its dainty illustra- tions by Mr. Sydney Cooper. Epwin A. GROSVENOR. Primitive Man. By Dr. Moriz Hoernes. Translated from the German by James H. Loewe. With illustrations. New York: The Macmillan Co. $0.40. This volume presents in cqmpact form what is known of primitive man. The style is uninteresting, so that it is doubt- ful if the book will appeal to any except the professional anthropologist. THe NaTIoNaL GrocraPpHic MAGAZINE The Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey has published a bulletin entitled ‘‘ The Clays and Clay Indus- tries of Wisconsin,’’ by Dr. E. R. Buck- ley (Bulletin vir (part 1), Economic Series, No. 4). Wisconsin possesses clays which are adapted to the manu- facture of all kinds of brick, common and ornamental, and also for earthen- ware and porcelain. Hitherto these resources have not been much developed, owing to the great forests, which fur- nished abundance of timber for con- struction. The increase in the price of lumber, because of decrease of supply, will probably soon encourage the man- ufacture of bricks, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY PROCEEDINGS MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY : November 29, 1901.—President Graham Bell in the chair. Dr. Arthur P. Davis, Hydrographer of the Isthmian Canal Commission, read a paper on ‘« The Best Isthmian Canal Route.’’ Mr. Davis treated the question from the commercial and economic points of view only. Commercial and economic arguments, Mr. Davis believed, were largely in favor of the Panama route. Further notice of this paper will appear later in this Magazine. December 13.—President Graham Bell in the chair. ‘“The Northwest Boundary ’’ was the sub- ject of three papers; Mr. C. H. Sinclair, of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Messrs. E. C. Barnard and Bailey Willis, of the U. S. Geological Survey. The papers will be published later. ” LECTURES : December 6.—President Graham Bell in the chair. Prof. A. C. Haddon, gave an illustrated address on of Borneo.’’ of Oxford, England, ‘The Natives December 22.—President Graham Bell in the chair. Hon. E. J. Hill, member of Congress from Connecticut, gave an address on the ‘‘ Trans- Siberian Railway,’’ which will be published in the February number of this Magazine. ANNOUNCEMENTS POPULAR LECTURES: * January 17, 1902.—‘‘American Progress and Prospects in the Philippines;’’ Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army. General Greely has returned to America after an extended tour among the Philippine Islands. As an example of American progress in the Philippines, it may be stated that 6,000 miles of telegraph lines and cables have been put up in these islands by the U. S. Signal Corps in the three years since the capture of Manila. Telegraph and cable connections are now com- plete between the northern coast of Luzon and Jolo, 1,000 miles to the south. January 31.—‘‘ Present Conditions in South Africa ;’’ James F. J. Archibald, the well- known war correspondent. Mr. Archibald was with the Boer army in the South African war until the occupation of Pretoria. Later he was with the British army for several months, and has thus seen the country from both sides. Previous service in the Chinese-Japanese war, with General Miles in various Indian campaigns, in the Santiago campaign, and with the British forces in the Sudan in 1899, had given him unusual experi- ence for accurate and practical observation. MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY: January 10, 1902.—Annual Meeting, Reports, and Elections. January 24.—‘‘ The Magnetic Survey of the United States,’’ Dr. L. A. Bauer, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ; ‘‘ Ocean Currents,’’ Mr. James Page, U. S. Hydrographic Office.

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GREAT A GROUP OF BOOKS OF THE FIRST IMPORTANCE, ALL ALL HAVING TREMENDOUS UPLIFTING INFLU “A REALLY NEW BOSWELL the best edition we have seen and certainly the most beautiful.”—Zondon Chronicle. Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson HIS new and unequalled edition is the work of the greatest printer of beautiful books in the world, J. M. Dent of London, famous for wonderful reprints of the great masters. His edition of Shakespeare sells 100,000 a year. This splendid Boswell is the fruit of years of labor, and has been brought forth with the co-operation of McClure, Phillips &Co., who have the American imprint. 100 Drawings by Herbert Railton give glimpses of Dr. Johnson’s old London. 10 Portraits, admirably reproduced in tinted photogravure, add to the beauty and the completeness of the work as a pictorial and histerical record. 3 Volumes. Crown Octavo, Per set, $9.00 net ; postpatd, $9.40. 30 Portraits and too drawings illustrate a special large-paper edition. limited to 350 copies for America. 3 Volumes. $18.00 net ; postpaid, $18.66. In its Second Edition The Life of the Master By DR. JOHN WATSON (Ian Maclaren) N° author is more admirably fitted for this work. Dr. Watson is a great writer and a great preacher who has practically spent his life studying this subject. His “ Life of the Master” is not only the result of scholarship, of insight, of broad ey>eri- ence, but it is pre-eminently the work of a big-hearted man. The book is an art treasure. The artist, Corwin Knapp Linson, went to Palestine especially to prepare the illustrations. He spent over two years going over the country, following in the footsteps of Christ, and studying the scenes in which he lived. His six- teen most important paintings are here reproduced in color from plates made by Angerer and Géschl of Vienna, the most eminent color producers in the world. Price $3.50 net ; postpaid, $3.72, In its Third Edition Life of Henry Drummond By His Old Friend, DR. GEORGE ADAM SMITH E lay down the book with the feeling that nothing that Drummond wrote is so morally inspiring as his character.’’-— Zhe ation, With Portrait Frontispiece. Octavo. 541 pp. Price $3.00. McCLURE, PHILLIPS 0 ‘T)

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‘UM BIOGRAPHIES CONTRIBUTING SOMETHING OF VITAL KNGWLEDGE, ENCE AND PERMANENT LITERARY WORTH. Life of Pasteur By R. VALLERY-RADOT O** who fails to become familiar with this intimate portrait and life story of one of the greatest men and /¢e greatest scientist of the nineteenth century misses a most significant chapter in the record of human achievement. All the fascinating dis- coveries in fields hitherto unsuspected, revealing the mysteries of life and nature, together with the personal side of the man of whom it has been said, “ to know him is to love him,” have been brought forth here by Pasteur’s own son-in-law, R. Vallery-Radot, in one of the world’s best biographies. ‘One of the most delightful biographies of modern times.”—Zondon Times, “The volumes are worthy of the man whose life and labor are so eloquently outlined in their pages.” —Zoston Times. With Portrait Frontispiece, 2 volumes. Octavo. $7.50 net ; postpaid, $7.90. BIOGRAPHIES BY IDA M. TARBELL Drawn from ortginal sources, and containing much new and rare materval, Fully and beautifully ellustrated. In its Second Edition Life of Abraham Lincoln “ A portrait of the man which no student of history can afford to miss." —Brooklyn Eagle. EITHER time nor money was spared in the preparation of this work. Thousands of miles were travelled, thousands of letters written. Every promising clew was followed, with the result that Miss ‘Tarbell had at her disposal a mass of data never before equalled concerning every phase of Lincoln’s life and work, including many speeches, letters and telegrams hitherto unpublished. ‘These she has woven into a brisk and forceful narrative, 32 Full Page Lllustrations, 2 volumes, Octavo, Price $5.00, In its Second Edition WITH A SKETCH OF JOSEPHINE 66°. HE most readable and authentic of all Napoleon biographies.” —Pittshurg Commercial Gazette. The volume is rich in illustrations, few of which have ever before been put within the reach of the general reader. Octavo. Price $2.50. & O., NEW YORK

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National Geographic Society OFFICES. . . . Rooms 107, 108 Corcoran Building Fifteenth and F Streets N. W., Washington, D. C. Office Hours: 8.30 A.M. to5 P. M. Telephone No., Main 471 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL ‘ . ° President W J McGEE : ° . re ; ‘ Vice-President JOHN JOY EDSON . ; ; i ‘ ° : Treasurer A. J. HENRY . ; ‘ ‘ ‘ . : Secretary ELIZA R. SCIDMORE Foreign Secretary BOARD OF MANAGERS 1900-1903 1898-1901 1899-1902 A. GRAHAM BELT, CHARLES J. BELL MARCUS BAKER HENRY GANNETT Wo. M. DAvIS HENRY F. BLOUNT A. W. GREELY GEORGE DAVIDSON FE. V. ‘COVILLE ANGELO HEILPRIN G. K. GILBERT D. C. GILMAN RUSSELL, HINMAN A. J. HENRY S. H. KAUFFMANN JOHN HYDE DAVID J. HILI, WILLIS I.. MOORE W J McGEE C. HART MERRIAM W. B. POWELL GIFFORD PINCHOT JOHN Joy Epson R. D. SALISBURY The National Geographic Magazine is sent free of charge to all members of the National Geographic Society Recommendation for Membership in the National Geographic Society The following form is enclosed for use in the nomination of persons for membership. Please detach and fill in blanks and send to the Secretary DUES Annual membership, $2; Life membership, $50, If check be enclosed, please make it payable to rder of the National Geographic Society, and, ifata distance from Washington, remit by New York dratt or P. O. money-order. To the Secretary, National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.: Please p ‘opose Sor membership tn the Society.

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