The National Geographic Magazine 1897-01: Vol 8 Iss 1

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The National Geographic Magazine AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY

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THE National Geographic Society ORGANIZED, JANUARY, 1888 PRESIDENT GARDINER G. HUBBARD Vicr-PRESIDENTS MARCUS BAKER A. W. GREELY WILLIAM H. DALL C. HART MERRIAM G. K. GILBERT HERBERT G. OGDEN TREASURER CHARLES J. BELL RECORDING SECRETARY CORRESPONDING SECRETARY EVERETT HAYDEN HENRY GANNETT MANAGERS H. F. BLOUNT W J McGEKE C. W. DABNEY, Jr. F. H. NEWELL DAVID T. DAY W. B. POWELL JOHN HYDE J. B. WIGHT SECRETARY’S OFFICE, 1517 H STREET N. W., WASHINGTON The National Geographic Society, the object of which is the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge, has a paying membership of 1,400. Its membership is not restricted to practical geographers, but is open to any person in good standing who may be sufficiently interested in its work to seek admission. The annual subscription is: for active members, $5.00 per annum ; for corresponding members, $2.00 perannum. Active members pay also an entrance fee of $2.00 on election. Tae NationaL GroGRAPHIc MAGAZINE is sent regularly to all members, both active and corresponding. Donations for the founding of Prize Medals and Scholarships are respectfully solicited. XUM

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AN IMPROVED METHOD OF KEEPING THE SCORE IN DUPLICATE WhIST, COMPASS WhIST, STRAIGHT WHIST AND EUCHRE, Since Duplicate and Com- pass Whist have come into fashion there has been an unprecedented revival of in- terest in the game, due to the fact that mere /uck is to a large extent eliminated by a comparison of the scores made in the play of the same hands by different players. The one thing needed to perfect the new method has been a convenient device by means of which the score made on the first round can be concealed until after the replay of the hands, as a knowledge of the first score often enables a good player to make a decisive gain, and matches are lost aud won on just such little chances. A Washington player has at length invented and put upon the market at a very low price a little device which admirably answers the purpose, and at the same time serves as a pretty and useful table ornament, marker, and pencil rest. It is called the ‘‘CosMos COUNTER,”’ and consists of a little polished wood tablet with a metal key- board that can be clamped down on the score in such a way as to bring 24 little metal plates over the 24 spaces in the ‘‘score”’ column of the card, for use in concealing each first score as soon as recorded and until the hand is replayed (in duplicate whist) or the entire series fin- ished (in compass whist). Whist players will at once see the advantage of this new method of keeping the score, as it effectually prevents their op- ponents at the same or another table from taking advantage, either by accident or design, of a knowledge of what the hand is capable. The trouble with duplicate whist, especially, is that the replay is liable to be in- fluenced by memory of the cards and score, and anything that helps to confuse such recollec- tion is a great gain to fair play. The ‘‘Cosmos Score Card,’’ prepared for use with the counter, shows several new fea- tures, such as a heading for both Duplicate and Compass Whist and (on the reverse) for Straight Whist, Euchre, &c., thus ena- bling the same counter and score to be used for any game of cards. Cosmos Counters, with tablet of quartered oak, maple, or birch, and metal in either gold or silver finish, 50 cts. apiece ; 6 for $2.75; 12 for $5; by mail, 4 cts. apiece extra. Cosmos Score Cards, 25 cts. per package of so; 12 packages for $2.50; by mail free of postage. Ask to see samples at any stationer’s, or order direct from the General Agents. 23 | | | 23 eeenecences Prssscereeeeesseeeetoeneees } | bias 24 | | | | 24 | TOTALS. ToTALs isda oncagruioviausus'osics Gish caserabs Toaceesheabab ets ane cise tpei cook eC ERR tart 6 186....: a Cosmos Duplicate Whist Score ao KO ‘see y SCORE TOTALS TRUMP OPPONENTS HAND DUPLICATE WHIiIsST HAND SCORE GAIN TRUMP GAIN SCORE aA tm, paten a sae 2 7 | Iie ee Meee eee eee 6 - aE eee fe oe 9 10 | 10 SERSEe Sees. eek: een! 11 i | oe fe oe 12 (3 3 Al * RO, TOO 14 iS i 15 16 16 oadeousoee ng bbecdeectusccosavesbewasecsviusonske Sbeuceceutenh goénetecraseuse bevevansodes 17 |: 17 Sesseeeses E pedewherdtecncengecd eopeas cath ee 18 19 19 meee 1 bb6000d6006 bss cee bbb hese es 05d pe beernTNE +0086sb6S00 beet end 6H 6bs cbeessebeupbenceséceteneee vehsooneesecees . ieee Te 2 20 21 F 2! Ge ae eee, Cnecee Somes See E, MORRISON PAPER CO., 1009 Penna. Avenue, Washington, D. C.

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE " SOUTHERN RAILWAY GREATEST + +++ SOUTHERN SYSTEM. Penetrates with its main line or branches eight States south of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and in con- junction with its friendly allied connections reaches all the commercial centers of the South and Southwest. . DOUBLE DAILY VESTIBULED LIMITED TRAINS ... BETWEEN... Washington and Chattanooga via Salisbury, Asheville and Knoxville. Washington and Tampa via Columbia, Savannah and Jacksonville. Washington and Memphis via Atlanta, Birmingham and K. C. M. & B. Washington and Galveston via Atlanta, Montgomery and New Orleans. Washington and Birmingham via Lynchburg, Charlotte and Atlanta. Norfolk and Chattanooga via Salisbury, Asheville and Knoxville. Pullman Sleepers—Dining Cars—Day Coaches. Additional Trains for local travelers . . . . The direct line to the { FLORIDA, GULF COAST and TEXAS, Winter Resorts of | - . + « MEXICO and CALIFORNIA, ——AND THE BEST— Through Car Line to and from Asheville and Hot Springs—‘ The Land of the Sky.”’ Write for Map Folders. R. D. CARPENTER, General Agent, 271 Broadway, New York City. IL. S. BROWN, General Agent Passenger Department, Washington, D. C. WM. HENRY TAYLOE, District Passenger Agent, Norfolk, Va. S. H. HARDWICK, Assistant General Passenger Agent, Atlanta, Ga. Cc. A. BENSCOTER, Assistant General Passenger Agent, Chattanooga, Tenn. J. M. CULP, Traffic Manager. W. A. TURK, General Passenger Agent. THE SHORTEST, QUICKEST, MOST ATTRACTIVE ROUTE IS BY THE LINES OPERATED OVER THE Florida Central & Peninsular R. R. THE FLORIDA CENTRAL AND PENINSULAR RAILROAD begins on the north at Columbia, runs through Savannah, Jacksonville, Ocala, Tampa, Fernandina, Gainesville, Orlando, and Tallahassee. It is the direct route to take for St. Augustine, Lake Worth, and all East Coast points; for Miami, Key West, and Nassau; also for points on the Gulf of Mexico and Havana and for all the principal interior points in Florida. Three trains daily from New York during the tourist season, passing through Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. One of the finest trains in the country is the NEW YORK AND FLORIDA LIMITED, with Compartment Cars, Pullman Sleepers, Observation Cars, Dining Cars, and Passenger Coaches. This train leaves New York at 12.10 noon and arrives at Jacksonville at 3.30 p. m. next day, St. Augustine at 4.30 p. m. The CINCINNATI AND FLORIDA LIMITED, another very elegant vestibuled train, makes the run in about 24 hours between Cincinnati and Jacksonville, via Chattanooga, Atlanta, Macon, and Everett. The ASHEVILLE ROUTE is the scenic route (over the Carolina mountains) between Cincin- nati and Jacksonville, via Knoxville, the Mountain Resorts, Columbia, and Savannah. The KANSAS CITY through car route is by this road, via Fort Scott, Memphis, Holly Springs, Birmingham, Atlanta and Everett. The NEW ORLEANS tthrough sleeper route runs from New Orleans by Pensacola on this route and via the beautiful Middle Florida Country. Remember that the FLORIDA CENTRAL AND PENINSULAR does not only go to Jack- sonville, but distributes passengers by close connections all over the State. Get THE BEST INDEXED MAP OF FLORIDA from any of our agents or from the General Passenger Agent. J. L. ADAMS, Genl. Eastern Agt., 353 Broadway, New York. WALTER G,. COLEMAN, Genl. Trav. Agt., 353 Broadway, New York. N. S, PENNINGTON, Traffic Manager, A. O. MacDONELL, Genl. Pass. Agt., Jacksonville, Fla. W. B. PENNINGTON, Genl. Western Agt., 417 Walnut Street, Cincinnati, O.

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE “FROM FROST TO FLOWERS.”’ “@he ¢,hariok... ... of the Sun” SUNSET LIMITED is the Southern Pacific’s great train, running through solid from New Orleans to the Pacific Coast. SUNSET LIMITED leaves New Orleans every Monday and Thursday, at 10 o'clock in the morning. SUNSET LIMITED covers the 2006 miles to Los Angeles in 58 hours, and the 2489 to San Francisco in 75 hours. SUNSET LIMITED is vestibuled throughout, steam heated and gas lighted. SUNSET LIMITED has a ladies’ parlor the full width and a third the length of a car, equipped with fine library, escritoire and writing materials, large easy chairs, etc. SUNSET LIMITED has an equally commodious smoking and reading room for gentlemen, supplied in a similar manner. SUNSET LIMITED has bath room, barber shop and_ buffet the tourist will appreciate. luxuries SUNSET LIMITED has a car containing seven drawing rooms, which can be used separately or ex suite, each having private lavatory and toilet facilities. SUNSET LIMITED has a sumptuous diner, which goes through with it and in which meals are served @ /a carte. SUNSET LIMITED is accompanied by a maid whose services are at the disposition of lady passengers. SUNSET LISTED traverses a road where snow never falls and blockades and blizzards are unknown, and through a region of marvelous interest. SUNSET LIMITED is at your service, and any Southern Pacific Agent will be glad to tell you all about it, or if you want to know more, send 10 cents in stamps to the General Passenger Agent, and a beautiful book of 205 pages, that will tell you all about the route, will be sent you. S. F. B. MORSE, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, NEW ORLEANS.

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NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE National Geographic Monographs On the PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE, designed especially to supply to teachers and students of geography fresh and interesting material with which to supplement the regular text-book. LIST OF MONOGRAPHS COMPRISING VOLUME I: GENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROCESSES - - : : - ) GENERAL PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES - - - - - - (J W. Powell PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES - BEACHES AND TIDAL MARSHES OF THE ATLANTIC COAST | N.S. Shaler PRESENT AND EXTINCT LAKES OF NEVADA . - - Prof. I. C. Russell APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS—NORTHERN SECTION - Bailey Willis APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS—SOUTHERN SECTION - C. Willard Hayes MT. SHASTA—A TYPICAL EXTINCT VOLCANO - J. S. Diller THE NEW ENGLAND PLATEAU - + - Prof. W. M. Davis NIAGARA FALLS AND ITS HISTORY - . - - - - G. K. Gilbert Five sets to one address, $6.00. Single monographs, 20c. Price for one set of ten monographs, $1.50. Remit with order to AM ER ICAN BOOK COM PAN ¥, New York ~ Cincinnati 2 Chicago The Rates ror Apbvertisinc in THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE will be furnished on Application to the Manacer, No. 1458 Euciip PLace, WASHINGTON. Ripans Tabules assist digestion. WHENEVER YOU VISIT WASHINGTON . . BBé LOS a + MAMMOTH ORT GOODS ESTABUSHMENT = WOODWARD & LOTHROP Where the LATEST PARIS NOVELTIES are always on Exhibition. The attention of those who anticipate purchasing \ BRIDAL TROUSSEAUX | Is invited especially to extreme PARIS NOVELTIES in mz ical sets of French Hand-made Lingerie, including Gowns, Skirts, Chemises, Drawers, Corset Covers, &c. These can be furnished in any number of pieces desired. HAND-MADE BRIDAL TROUSSEAUX, personally selected in Paris and exclusive in style and ‘a design: ‘Three or more pieces m CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. MAIL ORDERS RECEIVE PROMPT AND CAREFUL ATTENTION. TENTH, ELEVENTH, AND F STREETS N. W. . . . . WASHINGTON, D. C. Sy LY

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THE National Geographic Magazine Vou. VIII JANUARY, 1897 No. 1 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI By GeorcE K, Frenci The Guinea coast lies between the southern boundary of Sierra Leone and the delta of the tortuous Niger, in West Africa. It is a part of Africa that abounds in dark tradition and tragedy, and romance has never dared to trespass on its forbidding shore or penetrate its deadly swamps and jungle. It is a place where Lorne , Us * ate"? he ar ONE OF THE HUTS OF KING PREMPEH’S PALACE From a photograph by George K. French

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2 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI the fiercest and most selfish passions of man, white and black, have vented themselves for four centuries. The white slaver came here for his merchandise, the black slave-owner ashore supplied the trade, and if his barracoons were empty when a cargo was needed, a quantity of trade goods—rum, gin, cloth, and trinkets—accomplished his purpose in a moment. It was in very truth a survival of the stronger, and one native was as eager to sell his brother as he was to collect his pay from the native procureur. The old Grain coast is comprised within the Republic of Liberia, while the Ivory coast, now French territory, is adjacent on the southeast. The Slave coast extends from the Niger some 200 miles west to the Gold coast, the latter section of the Guinea coast lying between the old Ivory and Slave coasts. A hundred years ago these distinctive names were applied by all geographers, but today only the Gold coast is to be found on our maps. Three hundred and fifty miles of the latter coast belong to Great Britain, while the interior borders of the colony, of which this sea-coast forms one boundary, stretch away toward the north as far as the Ashanti country. Since the recent taking of Kumassi and the downfall of the Ashanti confederation the hinterland of the colony has been extended 100 miles further to the north. Between the eastern and the western boundaries of the Gold coast the view presented from the sea is varied and picturesque. The shore is often girt with great rocks over which the surf breaks with tremendous force; again, a sandy beach, fringed with tall, spectral palms, which stand like mute sentinels guarding the ap- proach to the forlorn shore, separates the ocean from salt lagoons and swamps of immense area, while in places the mouths of rivers reveal themselves by the presence of dangerous bars, over which the waters boil and seethe, affording fair warning of their existence to anxious mariners. The villages of the natives are discernible at.frequent intervals, and a fair appreciation of archi- tectural taste is evinced in the construction of their huts. Recet- angular houses of swish, or adobe, sometimes with a second story, take the place of the rude huts of the Grain and Ivory coasts, and among these are interspersed the more pretentious residences of European traders, and forts which have been erected from time to time during the past four centuries. As early as the middle of the fourteenth century the Gold coast was known to the European world, but not until 1471, when the Portuguese navigators, Juan de Santarem and Pedro Escobar XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI1 3 touched at a point on the coast which they called Oro de la Mina, was there any definite knowledge concerning it. In 1481 a large fort was erected at Oro de la Mina, or Elmina, as it is now called, by the Portuguese, and it stands today in an excellent state of preservation. The Dutch captured it in 1637, and held it until 1872, when it was transferred to the British. Other stations on the Gold coast, established between the end of the fifteenth and the middle of the present centuries by the Portuguese, Spanish, Danes, French, Dutch, and Brandenburgers, have finally become British possessions either by conquest or purchase. Cape Coast Castle is eight miles east of Elmina. While the latter was under Dutch control it was the port of the Ashanti country, but since the expedition against King Kwofi in 1875-74, when a road through the dense forest was constructed to Kumassi MILITARY ROAD FROM CAPE COAST CASTLE TO KUMASSI From a photograph by George K. French

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4 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI from Cape Coast Castle, the trade has followed this route, and thus the latter place has developed into a town of some commer- cial importance. Palm-oil, palm-kernels, ginger, gold-dust, ma- hogany, monkey skins, camwood, and rubber are exported in enormous quantities to England and the European continent from this port in exchange for rum, gin, cloth, trinkets, and other articles of European manufacture. The castle from which this last-named town takes its name was built by the Portuguese and taken by the Dutch in the seventeenth century, but since 1666 it has been a British possession. It is a spacious, strongly forti- fied, stone building, and back of it at a distance of two miles rise a series of heavily timbered hills, which have an altitude of eight or nine hundred feet. Between the fort and these hills lies the town. Akkra.the seat of government of the Gold Coast colony, is about sixty miles east of Cape Coast Castle. There are numer- ous smaller towns and trading posts along the coast, but their European population is limited to two or three traders and an occasional missionary. The shore is difficult of access, as is the case along the entire Guinea coast; sand-bars block the mouths of rivers, and har- bors are lacking; consequently passengers and cargo are dis- charged in boats through a heavy surf on a frequently dangerous beach, and many a human life and many a ton of valuable mer- chandise have been lost in the effort to effect a landing. These surf-boats are English built, of heavy timber, are twenty-eight feet long, six feet beam, and have long, overlapping bow and stern in order that they may surmount and not cut the breakers. A boat’s crew is made up of eleven men and a coxswain. The latter steers with an ordinary long-bladed, straight oar or sweep, while the crew sit on the gunwales of the boat and propel it with paddles, the blades of which are fashioned not unlike a trident. ‘The crew are almost naked, a loin cloth being the only attempt at clothing. They sing lustily while paddling, bestow- ing fulsome praise on the particular individual who has engaged them, and chanting vigorously of the amount of “ dash,” equiva- lent to the “ bakshish ” of the East, which he will probably shower upon them when they have landed him in safety. The population of the Gold Coast colony, excluding the tribes of the Ashanti confederation, is roughly estimated at 2,000,000, of whom only about 150 are Europeans. There are many dif- ferent tribes of natives, speaking various languages or dialects, but all belonging to the negro race. The tribes of the Fanti XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI1 5 confederation, who line the coast from Elmina to Akkra, deserve special mention as having from time immemorial been brought into close contact with the British. Of the natives who have migrated to the colony within the last fifty years, the most im- portant are the Mohammedan Haussas, from the Niger districts of the interior, who man the ranks of the military police, and the Krumen, from the coast to the west. The latter are a most useful element, but are somewhat unstable, as they invariably return to the Kru coast as soon as they have earned a small competence. Most of the natives are still pagans, but the pres- ence of Christian missionaries among them for the last fifty vears has at least resulted in their modifying their fetich worship and savage rites. The Mohammedans on the Gold coast are, with the exception of the Haussas, mainly traders, and they are found in the larger settlements on the coast and along the trade routes of the interior. The Fantis are an inoffensive, peace-loving, happy-hearted race, who readily succumbed to European aggression, but have been exceedingly loth to accept its civilization and Christianity. In common with the other natives of West Africa, with the ex- ception of the Haussas and the Krumen, the Fanti is shiftless and will work only when it is absolutely necessary. Centuries of life without a want that nature did not lavishly supply have quite spoiled him for the advantages of civilization and its ac- companying responsibilities, and it-is no easy task to convert him to the ways of European life; yet he is tractable and read- ily governed, and the colonial official and trader find no great difficulty in utilizing him for many purposes. He has a full appreciation of justice, is honest, hospitable to strangers who approach him for no evil purpose, and has an absolute faith in the superior beauties and advantages of Fantiland, though to the white man it seems the dreariest and most hopeless place in the world, and official statistics prove it to be the most deadly spot on the face of the earth for the foreigner of every nation- ality. In the year 1895, for instance, the average European population of Cape Coast Castle was thirty-two. Of these, sev- enteen died during the first two months of the year from the malignant fevers which plague the coast at all seasons. It is true that, as a British colonial report apologetically states, it was a bad season on the coast, but the figures for every other year show an appatling death-rate among Europeans at all sta- tions on the Slave and Gold coasts. So far as can be judged

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6 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI from imperfect statistics, the Grain coast and the British colo- nies of Sierra Leone and the Gambia, and also the region be- tween the Niger delta and the mouth of the Kongo, are by com- parison less deadly, but this is indeed faint praise. The stranger visiting the Gold coast will at first be sorely puz- zled by the similarity of the names of the natives. Every child takes its surname from the week-day of its birth, and strangers theirs from the day of their arrival, with an additional sobriquet descriptive of some personal peculiarity. For instance, a child born on Wednesday receives the name of that day of the week, Kwako. Kwabina (Tuesday) and Kwako are held to be “ strong days ” of birth; but children that appear on Fridays, Saturdays, and Mondays are considered “ weak as water.” Nothing will in- duce the Fanti to sleep with his head toward the sea or to take possession of a new dwelling-house ona Tuesday or Friday, both these days being regarded as unlucky for this purpose. Paternal affection and filial love apparently do not exist. The mother nurses her child for one or two years, and then if must shift for itself. There is no appearance of affection even between hus- bands and wives, or between parents and children; and Duncan, an English traveler who visited the Gold coast fifty years ago, states that many parents offered to sell him their sons or daughters as slaves. In common with many other natives of Africa, the Fanti lives in close communion with the vague and mysterious beings of the unseen world. A large proportion of his time is spent in con- sulting or appeasing the deities that inhabit the earth, the air, the sea, the rivers, and even trees, sticks, stones, and bits of cloth. If he is ill, he believes that his ancestors are summoning him, and he at once proceeds to consult the fetichman. The latter is given a fee and is requested to present the sick man’s excuses to the expectant shades. These fetich priests generally exercise great influence over their superstitious fellows. Sometimes the departed is supposed to have returned to earth in the body of a child, and yet remaining in Deadland, thus giving rise to the assertion by some travelers that the doctrine of metempsychosis obtains among the Fantis. They bury their dead in their houses, choosing a room that can afterward be kept fastened up or se- cluded. This custom the colonial authorities have attempted to abolish on sanitary grounds, but the effort has not wholly suc- ceeded. So much homage did the Egyptians pay to their dead, that it was said that they lived in Hades, rather than on the XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI THE KING OF ELMINA AND HIS COURT From a photograph by Skues, Cape Coast Castle banks of the Nile. So is it with the Fantis; constant sacrifices must be made to appease the departed and to remind them that they are not forgotten; and it is part of the Fanti belief that unless the custom is religiously observed the shade will wander on the banks of the Sacred Prah for the space of a hundred years before it has performed sufficient penace for its friends’ neglect. Abonsam and Sasabonsam are the two great deities conjured up by the Fantis. The former controls the wicked in the land of shades, while the latter has his domicile on earth. Death is a matter of much moment, and extravagant “customs” are held and heavy expenses incurred by the deceased’s relatives in order to satisfy the demands of the shade, these orgies frequently being repeated at intervals in order to “lay the ghost” in case it be- comes restive. The rumbling of thunder is supposed to be the voice of the dead demanding propitiation and sacrifice, and lightning as the direct infliction of the evil spirit on the person or object struck. Mourning is evidenced by shaving the head for a certain period, and this is accomplished by bits of jagged stone or broken bottles There was a time when the Fantis were the most powerful tribe of the Gold coast, but during the last century they have

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8 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI suffered so many crushing defeats from the Ashantis that they have lost their national spirit, and are regarded both by the Brit- ish and by their hereditary enemies as arrant cowards. Land is held by individuals and families in severalty under well recog- nized rules, but boundary disputes are frequent, and are gener- ally determined by the memory of the oldest inhabitants. The Fantis are good artisans and make musical instruments (instru- ments of torture they seem to the white man’s ear), and iron implements for agricultural purposes, and they weave handsome cloths in narrow strips, which are sewn together so as to make them of any size required. Children go naked up to their ninth or tenth year. Men of the upper and middle classes wear robes of Manchester cotton, in exactly the same manner as the Romans wore the toga. Married women expose the upper half of the body and wear capacious cloths, which are deftly fastened about the waist and hang below the knees. Maidens cover the breast, and are much given to personal adornment. As the shore is difficult of access from the sea, so Kumassi and the interior are difficult of access from the coast. The country lies in the forest belt of the continent, and the white man travels with difficulty. The native can wend his wavy along the narrow path, sleeping wherever nightfall may find him, and eating from his own supply of kenke, faful, or plantain. But the white man must provide himself with hammockmen, if he would spare himself, and carriers to transport his food supplies and paraphernalia; in fact, the necessary preparations for a trip of a few hundred miles through the average African hinterland are quite as extensive as for a trip around the world by the regu- lar routes of travel. For a week after landing at Cape Coast Castle in January of last year, I devoted my entire time to en- gaging carriers, hammockmen, and attendants. In this I was assisted by a Fanti youth of sixteen years, Amoah by name, who spoke fair English and a dozen native dialects in addition to his own tongue. His grandfather, a great war chief, enjoyed a pen- sion of seven pounds a month from the British government for services rendered the colony in the Ashanti war of 1875-74, and this distinction gave Amoah superlative standing both in his own estimation and that of his friends. The distance from Cape Coast Castle to Kumassi is 142 miles, and I pursued the identical route taken by the expedition of 1874 under Sir Garnet Wolseley. Prahsu, a town of not less XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI 9 than 10,000 inhabitants, is situated on the Prah river, 72 miles from the coast, and this I reached at the end of ten days. The road from the coast to this point has been through the Assin country, a veritable wilderness of swamp and virgin forest, the monotony of which was broken only by great bamboo groves and by stagnant pools of fetid water. Villages of from 50 to 500 huts were passed at intervals of a few miles, and in all of them the inhabitants proved hospitable and honest. The Prah, which forms the southern boundary of the Ashanti country, is an in- significant stream whose course is frequently interrupted by rapids and shoals. In the dry season it is navigable only a short distance from its mouth, near Chama, 30 miles west of Cape Coast Castle. As water is a precious commodity on the Gold coast, particularly during the dry season, the natives have imposed the term “sacred” upon it. although it may have been in deference to the particular god which makes its habitat therein. The path from Prahsu to Kumassi threads its way through the Adansai country. For days at a time the light of the sun never pierces the gloomy forest, and, although the traveler is thus protected from the fierce tropical heat, the damp atmosphere is most depressing. Forty miles south of Kumassi is the Monse or Adansai hill. Stanley, in 1873, roughly estimated its altitude at 1,600 feet, but recent observations determine it to be but 700. It is an abrupt elevation, and a hundred Ashantis with modern guns could easily repulse ten thousand adversaries from its rugged slopes and passes. On our fourteenth day out from the coast a small Ashanti village. within four miles of Kumassi, was reached. My carriers insisted upon stopping here for an hour in order to prepare for an imposing entry into the capital of the Ashanti kingdom. When we resumed our journey we found the physi- cal features of the country changing rapidly. The forest had disappeared, and we passed along a narrow road, lined on either side with tall plantains and bananas, until we emerged into an open plain covered with stubble. Over this plain our path led for some two hundred yards, until the edge of the swamp which surrounds Kumassi was touched. <A corduroy road made this easy of passage, and we soon found ourselves marching up a slight incline that broadened into a wide street or avenue which, as we afterward learned, was the main street of Kumassi. The first glimpse was disappointing. Travelers, from Bowditch to Winwood Reade, have described Kumassi as a city of preten- tious houses, possessing a stone palace wherein the king lived in

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a 10 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASST ASHANTI WOMEN From a photograph by Skues, Cape Coast Castle great splendor, and containing a population variously estimated at from 40,000 to 100,000. But the first view convinced me that, whatever Kumassi may have been in the past, it was now but a poorly built town of a few thousand huts. Later and more care- ful observations confirmed me in this estimate. Some writers assert that the Fantis and Ashantis originally occupied the country south of the Kong mountains, near the great bend of the upper Niger. The Mohammedan tribes drove them south as far as the coast, where they were forced to stop. As the two peoples undoubtedly sprang from the same stock, the natural boundaries of rivers and hills, among other causes unknown to African history, were probably the first dividing lines in their development as separate nations. The languages of both are derived from the Tshi tongue and differ in only a few words and idioms. Their customs. folk-lore and legends, supernatural dei- ties and fetich worship, dress, and physical characteristics are almost the same, but the Fanti, through the civilizing influence of his contact with Europeans, extending over four centuries, has abandoned many of the savage practices which still obtain among the Ashantis. For three centuries Ashanti has maintained its existence as a XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI 11 confederation of powerful tribes, acknowledging as its only rival the neighboring kingdom of Dahomey. From the beginning of the seventeenth century down to the present time its history is replete with bloody wars and mercenary incursions on weaker tribes, and among the latter the Fantis have felt its merciless heel only too often. Great Britain has during the present cen- tury sent five expeditions against Ashanti, and, with the excep- tion of the last one, with but little success. In 1824 Sir Charles McCarthy, governor-general of the British possessions on the Gold coast, led a large force of loyal natives as far north as Mansu, where the Ashantis gave battle. Sir Charles and his officers were captured and put to death, their bones being distributed among the Ashanti chiefs and sub-chiefs as talismans. Between 1824 and 1873 two other expeditions were dispatched against the Ashantis by Great Britain, but both of them were driven back to the coast. In 1874, however, Sir Garnet Wolseley marched straight into Kumassi at the head of only 1,400 troops, among whom were the 42d Highlanders, the famous “ Black Watch” of the Indian mutiny; but, although Kumassi was sacked and burned, the expedition accomplished little beyond inspiring the natives with a high opinion of British valor. ASHANTI CHILDREN From a photograph by George K. French

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12 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI A ROYAL PROGRESS IN WEST AFRICA — THE KING OF DADIASSI From a photograph by George K. French Toward the end of 1895 the once powerful Ashanti confedera- tion had become greatly weakened by the open secession or wavering loyalty of its constituent tribes. These were ten in number, namely, Beckwai, Daniassi, Kokofu, Nkoranza, Dadiassi, Juabin, Mampon, Nquanta, Nsuta, and Kumassi. Only three of these, the most remote from the coast to the north of Kumassi, were openly loyal to the King of Kumassi, who held the throne or golden stool and was called the King of Ashanti. The other kings were quite ready to secede from the confederation, the unity of which was now about to be attacked and destroyed by British arms, and they were anxiously awaiting overtures from the coast. Such was the pitiable and humiliating condition of the “ Ruler of Heaven and Earth ” at this time. Proud and arro- gant to the last, although abandoned by most of his followers, King Prempeh calmly awaited the approach of the little band of British soldiers, led by Sir Francis Scott, from Cape Coast Castle. He was, however, only a weak and misguided tool of the savage Queen Mother and a dupe of dishonest advisers, and he offered no resistance to his seizure, with some forty of his courtiers, and his removal to the coast, where he is now impris- XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI 13 oned in Elmina castle. Thus Kumassi fell without the sheddirg of a drop of blood, though the deadly fever claimed its usual vic- tims, among them being Prince Henry of Battenberg. Kumassi is about three miles in circumference, oval in shape, and is surrounded by a noisome swamp. The main street runs north and south and is about a mile in length. It is less than thirty yards in width, and on either side are built the swish and thatch huts of the general aspect of those given in the accompa- nying illustration. Back of these two rows of huts are perhaps DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE OF KUMASSI From a photograph by George K. French three thousand other huts. Allowing six or seven inhabitants to each hut, the population may number, but can hardly exceed, 20,000. There seemed no regularity of direction or plan in the streets or passage-ways between the huts, and without a guide it would be difficult to find a given place. In the extreme south- eastern part of Kumassi, adjacent to the swamp, is the king's palace. It consists of a hundred huts grouped within a stockade thirty feet high. This stockade gives way in places to the walls of two- and even three-storied huts, evidently erected under the direction of European captives. The decorations on the walls

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14 THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI of the palace, both interior and exterior, are crudely worked in clay in faint bas-relief, and consist of grotesque figures of men and women, hybrids, with bodies of sheep, goats, elephants, snakes, deer, and leopards. combined with heads and tails of monkeys, lizards, and alligators, On one hut I noticed the figure of a man holding inone hand a human head, evidently his own, as that member was missing from its proper place. West of the main street and near its southern extremity is the Sacred Grove, so graphically described by Stanley and others, as it existed prior to 1874. Several hundred lofty cottonwood trees, scattered over a rectangular space four acres in area, thou- sands of bodies in all stages of de- composition and grinning skulls gleaming white from their resting- place, scores of vultures hovering above or perched on the limbs of the trees waiting for the next human sacrifice —such was the Sacred Grove at the beginning of 1896. Dynamite, however, had materially altered its appearance before I left Kumassi. The Great Executioner, an officer of high rank closely attached to the king’s household, presided here in his While in recent years the practice of making gruesome work. human sacrifices in Kumassi has been greatly checked by Euro- pean influences, the present executioner is chargeable with the taking of many thousands of human lives—a number variously estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand—during the thirty years of his tenure of office. Some time after the main body of the British expedition under Sir Francis Scott had returned to the coast the executioner was captured and held as a prisoner in Kumassi, the British authorities believing that he knew where the golden stool, the emblem of the king’s office, was hidden. While he was thus detained I photographed him on several occasions, and the picture reproduced in this article is from the best of these. On the return journey to the coast I diverged from the main route in order to visit the King of Beckwai. I found him living in pomp and splendor at the town of Beckwai, the population of which is about half that of Kumassi. It has no characteristics XUM

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THE GOLD COAST, ASHANTI, AND KUMASSI 15 dissimilar to those of the latter place. Lake Busumakwe, care- fully explored in February, 1896, by Major Donovan, of the British army, I spent two days in exploring, but found nothing that Major Donovan had not noticed. It is unnecessary to trace the real reasons that impelled the British government to subjugate Ashanti and annex it to the Gold Coast colony. <A eareful study of the history of the colony and its relations with its savage neighbors will throw much light on the subject; but it is proper to assert that England's enlight- ened policy in other parts of Africa will undoubtedly be ap- plied here and will result in the ultimate spread of civilization throughout this darkest part of the dark continent. In this con- nection it seems proper to call attention to a map of the “ British Possessions in West Africa,” published in November, 1895, by Stanford, of London, whereon, before the expedition had left England, Ashanti was presented as a part of the Gold Coast colony. The same map gives the Half Cape Mount river as the boundary line between the English colony of Sierra Leone and Liberia, whereas it should have been the Manoah river, 50 miles further north.

THE KING OF BECKWAI AND HIS COURT From a photograph by George K. French

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ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY By ALBERT 8. GATSCHET, Bureau of American Ethnology Travelers coming from the south will find in the deeply in- dented coast lands of the state of Maine a type of landscape differing considerably from others previously noticed. Through the fiord-like character of Maine’s tidewater section the water element everywhere blends in with terra firma, which alternately projects and recedes, and by the well-marked color contrast be- tween the blue ocean and the green or somber-hued earth strikes our sight agreeably. The level shore lands of the southern At- lantic states are here replaced by hills, headlands, and capes of bolder outlines, partly clothed in the fainter green of northern vegetation, while other elevations exhibit the rocky, ocean-beaten foundation upon which they are built. The dark-hued pine and fir trees, which in other countries live in the mountains only, here descend to the sea-coast, enlivening the tops and sides of the numerous islands which lie scattered along the coast. The further we proceed northeastward along the coast, the more the scenery assumes a northern character. This is well evidenced by the spare vegetation and the thinness of the humus which we notice everywhere in and around Passamaquoddy bay, an extensive basin, the waters of which are fed by the majestic St Croix river from the north and by the St George or Megigadevic river from the east. The mainland encompasses this bay on all sides, fringing it with rock-bound promontories and some flat sand spits; only on the southeast side does it open toward the Atlantic ocean, and there a row of islands forms its limit and affords numerous passages suitable for navigation. The elevations encircling the bay of Passamaquoddy, though bolder than those we see further south, are mostly flat-topped and of tame outlines. They are nearing an incline of 20 to 30 degrees, and therefore the local erosion through the impact of rain is not very considerable. None of the hills or islands in the bay rise above sea level more than about 300 feet. A feature that may be pertinently called the headland shore is prominent here. Whenever a portion of the mainland or of one of the larger islands in this region advances toward the salt water it first 16 XUM

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ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 17 sinks down, forming a depression, and then rises as a knoll or rounded hillock or hill before it plunges its rocky face abruptly into the ocean. These formations, appropriately termed heads or headlands, are frequent all around Passamaquoddy bay, Campo- bello island, Cobscook bay, and in many other sections of the Maine and New Brunswick coasts. Beaches filled with coarse gravel, the detritus of the rocky shores, form the transitory stage between the headlands and the more level promontories or points. Not infrequently one headland succeeds another in a line before reaching the water, and even after reaching the shore they reap- pear, jutting out from the briny element, two or three in suc- cession, and lying in one continuous file. This I have observed, e.g., on the north shore of Cobscook bay, west of astport, Maine. Campobello island, New Brunswick, is replete with “heads” on its far-extending shores, the island being eleven miles long from north to south ; thus we have Bald head, Wilson head, Kast Quoddy head, Friar’s head, Head harbor—whereas the term “ point,” less frequent there, appears in- more numerous instances on the west side of the bay and up the St Croix river. Two large whirlpools, perceptible in the channel of the St Croix river, are objects of great curiosity to the strangers visiting these parts. Oneofthem occurs between Moose island and the southern end of Deer island, New Brunswick ; the other, of minor propor- tions, lies two miles above, the river being over one mile wide at each place. They are carefully avoided by people passing, either ina white man’s boat or in the Indians’ canoe, for, like Charybdis of old, they are liable to capsize any small craft that ventures to come too near. They owe their existence not exclusively to the shock produced by the impact of the currents from the bay meet- ing those of the river, but also to the incoming tides and toa difference of temperature between the two bodies of water. The air temperature is generally low on the bay and around it. Winter begins in October, and even at midsummer persons who are not provided with warm clothing will often feel a chill pervading their system when a sudden breeze breaks in from the north or a thick fog stays till noontime over the ever-moving waters. The weather is generally serene throughout the year, but nevertheless morning fogs are of frequent occurrence. The Canadian Pacific is the only railroad company that brings visitors to the hospitable shores of Passamaquoddy bay, but there are numerous steamboats plying between St Andrews, St Ste- phen, Calais, and Eastport and the neighboring cities of St Johns, 2

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18 ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY Bar Harbor, and Portland. Whether the tourist visits these parts for sightseeing or for restoring impaired health by the aid of their bracing sea-breezes, he is sure to take a peculiar interest in the native Indians, whom he sees peddling their neat baskets and toys along the streets, on steamboats, and on hotel verandas. But little attention is needed to scan the Indian among a crowd of people by his dusky complexion and a sort of nonchalance in his deportment. His appearance and habits show him to bea living and moving survival from prehistoric times. The Passamaquoddy Indians of Maine constitute a portion of the northeastern or Abnaki group of the widespread Algonkinian stock, of which the ancient domain extended over a large area of the United States and Canada. The Abndki Indians now sur- viving are divided into five sections, among which (1) the Pe- nobscots in Oldtown are the nearest affinity in language and race to the (2) St Francis Indians of Canada; (8) the Passamaquoddies, whose nearest kinsmen are (4) the Milicites, or Htchemins (this is their Micmac name), scattered along the St Johns river, New srunswick ; (5) the Micmacs, settled in Nova Scotia and on the east coast of New Brunswick. The present Passamaquoddies are about five hundred in num- ber, and a large intermixture with white blood has taken place, which according to a safe estimate may amount to one-third of thetribe. Inabout the same proportion they have also preserved their Indian vernacular, which among its European loan words counts more of English than of French origin. Many of these natives exhibit unmistakably the full physical marks of Indian descent—the long, straight, and dark hair, the strong nasal bone, and a rather dark complexion. The cheek-bones are not very The majority of the tribe are slim-built and of a prominent. They are not increasing, and their Indian medium stature. congeners on the Penobscot river are positively on the decrease. No central chief rules over these Indians now, but each of their three settlements in Maine has a sagum or elective governor. These settlements all lie on watercourses or on the seashore. The one nearest to Eastport is at Pleasant point, near the town of Perry; another is in a suburb of Calais, and a third one for. merly lived upon Lewis island, but transferred its seats to the neighboring Peter Dana’s point, near Princeton, on the Kenne- Fishing is one bassis river, about 42 miles north of Eastport. of their chief industries, but in this they now follow entirely the example set by the white man; they care nothing for agriculture, and their village at Pleasant point is built upon the rockiest and XUM

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ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 19 most unproductive ground that could have been selected. The same may be said of some other Indian settlements, for many Indians do not require any better soil to rest their houses upon. The industries now forming their main support are the man- ufacture of toy boats from birch bark, of fishing canoes from the same material, of fans from ash- wood, and, chiefly, of ornamental and fancy baskets from the wood of the yellowash. The baskets are made by the women, and during the summer season the men sell them in the markets, especially at the watering-places and in the commercial centers of the eastern states. The women display a high degree of taste in selecting their models for these tiny, elegant, and delicate art-products. The ash-wood is split into splints or blades of extreme thinness by machinery, seldom wider than an inch, then dyed in all possible, but always bright, colors. After this the splints are interlaced so as to form baskets of the most varied shapes. During the work of interlacing, blades of sweet-scented grass are inserted in the baskets, and thus “ finished ” they are sent to the stores with a fragrant odor, which clings to them for months and increases their salability. The present area of the Passamaquoddy dialect is confined within a small district in Washington county, in southeastern Maine, and limited to the three settlements already mentioned. We may, however, add to it the area of the Milicite or “ Broken language” dialect, which is heard in five or six Indian villages on the St Johns or Ulastuk river, in New Brunswick, and differs but little from Passamaquoddy. In former centuries these two dialectic areas were much more extensive, the proof of this rest- ing in the spread of geographic names worded in Passamaquoddy over the whole of Washington and Hancock counties, a part of Aroostook county, Maine, and over the western part of the New Brunswick territory. Just as large as this historic area was that of the Penobscot dialect, for, as the local names still demonstrate, it embraced the whole Penobscot river basin, with the valleys of its numerous tributaries. Inquiry into the signification of historic and actual geographic names of Indian origin has of late become popular among the educated classes of Americans. It is just twelve years since Charles Godfrey Leland encouraged those who might be able to accomplish the task to solve the riddles contained in the names of that country, most of which have a sound so musical and harmonious.* Long acquainted with the great historic value of *The Century Magazine, New York, 1884, vol. 28, pp. 668-677, in Leland’s article: ** Legends of the Passamaquoddies.”

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20 ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY topographic names, Leland’s suggestion induced me, while study- ing the dialect, to listen to the opinions of capable Indians when I requested them to interpret a series of these names. Many interpretations thus obtained were so crude and ungrammatic that they could not besustained fora moment; but the majority of those resting on a correct linguistic basis disclosed the fact that they are mostly compound nouns and combinations either of two substantives or of an adjective and a substantive, with the substantive standing last. In the first case, the noun stand- ing first is sometimes connected with the noun standing second by the case-suffix ¢,as in Edu’ki m’ni‘ku, Deer island, from &dtk, deer. ‘The local names around the bay mostly refer to the watery element, for the terms beach, sand-bar, cliff, rocky shore, island, headland, point, bay and cove, ewrrent and confluence make up almost the whole terminology of the region. The frequent end- ing -k (-4k, -Yk, -6k, -Gk) sometimes marks the plural of a noun considered as animate, but more frequently it is the locative case- ending observed in all Algonkinian dialects under various forms. This case-suffix corresponds minutely to our prepositions at, in, on, upon, at the place or spot of. It also obtains in the Penobscot and Milicite dialects; but in the southwest corner of Maine occur a number of geographic names in -et, -it, -ot, which approximates the dialect in which they originate to that of Massachusetts and of Eliot’s Bible. So we meet there with names like Abadasset, Harriseekit, Manset, Millinoket, Ogunquit, Pejepscot (Sheepscot), Webhannet, and Wiscasset. ‘The name Penobscot cannot be ad- duced here, for its original form in that dialect is Panawampskek, ‘where the conical rocks are.”’ The Indian names of elevations, rivers, and localities are in this article spelt in a scientific alphabet in which the vowels possess the value of and are pronounced as they are in the lan- guages of the Kuropean continent.* ‘To readers it will soon ap- pear how inconsistently the Indian names were rendered by the American and British natives in their pronunciation and how often parts of them were dropped entirely. These Indian names are generally easy to pronounce for Americans; still, Algonkin- ian dialects have a tendency to drop vowels when standing be- tween consonants at the beginning of words. This causes a peculiar difficulty of utterance, and makes some of them unpro- nounceable to a majority of English-speaking people. *g is always hard and 2 has the sound of e in bucket. XUM

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ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 21 A LIST OF INDIAN GEOGRAPHIC NAMES OCCURRING AROUND PASSA- MAQUODDY BAY, MAINE, WITH THEIR DERIVATIONS Bar Harbor, Mount Desert, and Mount Desert island are all called in Indian Péssank or Péssan, ‘‘at the clam-digging place or places ;’’ from ess, ‘‘ shell,” referring here to the clam only; p- prefix, -an ver- bal ending. Bay of Fundy, a storm-beaten corner of the Atlantic ocean between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, is to the Indians Wekwabegituk, ‘‘ waves at the head of the bay,’’ -tuk referring to waters driven in waves or moved by the tide. Nowhere else in the world are the tides so high as in this bay. (See Oak bay.) Bishop's point, a locality on north head of Grand Manan island, New Brunswick. Its Indian name, Budebé-uhigen, means death-trap of whales, from budebé-u, ‘ whale’’; —higen, a suffix which stands for ‘tool ” or ‘‘ instrument.” Campobello island, New Brunswick, is called Ebagwidek, from its posi- tion between Maine and the mainland of New Brunswick, “‘ floating between; ” éba, between; gwiden, floating. Another Indian name for this island is Edlitik, which seems to refer to the sudden deepen- ing of the waters on the west side. Cherry island, a rocky formation just south of Indian island, New Bruns- wick, is known to the native Indian as Mfsik négtisis, ‘‘at the little island of trees.’? Mfsi is ‘‘ tree” or ‘‘trees;”’ misik, ‘‘ where trees stand;” négu, abbreviation of m’niku, ‘‘island;’’ -sis, diminutive ending. Cobscook bay, a body of salt water lying west and southwest of Moose island. It is the Indian term kdpskuk, ‘at the waterfalls.’”’ The tide, rising here daily to about twenty feet, enters into the sinuosi- ties of the shorelands, and the waters returning to the ocean form rapids, riffles, or cascades (kipsku). Deer island, New Brunswick, a large isle at the southern extremity of Passamaquoddy bay, is Eduki m’niku, ‘‘ of the deer the island.” D'Orville’s head, eminence where St Croix river empties into Passama- quoddy bay ; Kwagustchus’k, ‘at the dirty mountain ;” from kwag- wéyu, ‘‘dirtv;” tchtis, ‘‘ mountain; ” —-k, locative particle, ‘‘at.’’ The name was long ago corrupted into the more popular ‘ Devil’s head.’ Eastport, city and harbor, has the same Indian name as Moose island, upon which it is built, Muselénk. This is a corruption from the hy- brid compound Mius-élind’k, its second half being a corruption of island, with the locative -k appended. The locality where the las moose was killed, about a century ago, lies on its northern part. The genuine Indian name for Moose island is Mus m’niku. The Moose islanders (and the Eastport people especially) are called Muséléniek. Eel brook, a small rivulet at the northern end of Grand Manan island, isin Indian Katekddik, which stands for Kat-akddik, and signifies ‘‘ where (-k) eels (kat) are plentiful (akddi).”’

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22 ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY “ Gardner's lake, in Machias township, is called Némdamsw’ dgum, the term némdam designating a species of fresh-water fish rushing up brooks and channels (ném, upward); dgum, ‘‘ lake.” Grand Manan, New Brunswick, a large island with high shores, south of Passamaquoddy bay, is the Menanuk of the Indians. The name probably signifies ‘‘at the island” in the Micmae dialect. Herring cove, a large sea-beach on the east side of Campobello island, facing Fundy bay and Grand Manan island, is called Pitchamkfak, ‘at the long beach;”’ pitchéyu, it is long; amk, gravel; -—kie, beach ; locative case, -kfak. This cove has lately been made accessible by a good road leading to it from the Tyn-y-coed hotel, and with its picturesque views and its multicolored pebbles forms quite an attrac- tion to visitors. Indian island, New Brunswick, forms a narrow strip of one and a half miles’ length at the southwestern entrance to Passamaquoddy bay, and was inhabited by these Indians before they crossed over to Lincoln’s point and Pleasant point, Maine. They call it Misik-négts, ‘at the tree island.’? The name of Cherry island (q. v.) is a diminu- tive of this. Kendall's head, a bold headland in northern part of Moose island and facing Deer island, New Brunswick, upon the ‘‘ western passage ’’ of St Croix river, is called by the Indians Wabigenék, or ‘tat the white bone,” or Wabigétn, ‘‘ white bone,” from the white color of a rock ledge on its top; wabi, white; -gen or -ken, bone, —k, at. Kunaskwamkuk, abbreviated frequently into Kunaskwamk, is a com- prehensive name given to the town of St Andrews, New Brunswick, to the heights above and north of it, where the Algonquin hotel is erected, and to the coast between St Andrews and Joe’s point. The name signifies ‘at the gravel beach of the pointed top;” kuna, “point,” referring to a sandbar projecting into the bay; kunaskwa, gravelly 6é ‘‘pointed top or extremity;” dmk, ‘‘ gravel,” and here beach ;’? —uk, locative ending, at, on, upon. Lubec, a village south of Kastport, at the narrows between Campobello island and the mainland of Maine, is called Kebamkifak, ‘Sat the beach forming the narrows.” Kebé-ik means ‘at the narrows,’’ and is the same word as the Cree and Montagnais: Kébek, Quebec, in Canada; —kiak is the locative case of kie, ‘at the beach or beaches.” Machias and East Machias, two towns on the southern trend of the Maine coast, in Washington county, which were settled from Scar- borough, in Maine, represent the term metchiéss, partridge. Meddybemps village and Meddybemps lake, drained by Dennys river, Dennysville township, are called after a fresh-water fish, méde- béss’m, or the hanpout, Moose island. (See Nastport. } Moosehead lake, in the interior of Maine, Piscataquis county, is called in Passamaquoddy Ktchi-siguk, ‘tat the wide outlet.’’ A literal translation of the English name would be Musiitp dgémuk; mus, ‘*moose deer; ’’ -atp suffix referring to ‘‘head;’’ dgémuk, ‘at the Chesuncook is in Penobscot dialect the name of a lake to the lake.”’ XUM

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ALL AROUND THE BAY OF PASSAMAQUODDY 23 northeast of Moosehead lake, and signifies ‘‘at the big outlet,’’ Ktchi-sinkuk. Mount Katahdin, on Penobscot river, though its name is worded in the Penobscot dialect, may be mentioned here as signifying ‘* large moun- tain;”’ the syllable kt- is equivalent to ktchf, ‘‘ large, great, big; ”’ ad’ne, ad’na, is ‘‘ mountain.’’ The Penobscot Indians pronounce it Ktii/d’n (a short); the Passamaquoddies, Ktad’n (a long). Norumbega is the alleged name of a river and some ancient villages or Indian ‘‘ cities” in Maine, spelled in many different ways, but never located with any degree of certainty. The name does not stand for any Indian settlement, but is a term of the Abnaki languages, which in Penobscot sounds nalambfgi, in Passamaquoddy nalabégik—both referring to the ‘‘ still, quiet ’’ (nala-) stretch of a river between two rifles, rapids, or cascades ; —bégik, for nipégik, means ‘‘at the water.’’ On the larger rivers and watercourses of Maine ten to twenty of these ‘* still water stretches ’’ may occur on each; hence the impossibility of determining the sites meant by the old authors speaking of these localities. Narantsuak, now Norridgewok, on middle Penobscot river, has the same meaning. Oak bay, a large inlet of St Croix river, east of the city of Calais, is named Wekwayik—‘‘ at the head of the bay.” Passamaquoddy bay, according to its orthography now current, means the bay where pollock is numerous or plentiful. The English spell- ing of the name is not quite correct, for the Indians pronounce it Peskédémakdadi pekudebégek. Peskédem is the pollock-fish or ‘ skip- per,’ ‘jumper ;’’ called so from its habit of skipping above the sur- face of the water and falling into it again ; —kadi, -akadi is a suffix, Acadia, derived from this ending.) There are several places on the shores of this bay especially favorable for the catch of this food-fish, like East Quoddy head, etc, as mentioned previously in this article. Quoddy, the abbreviated name now given to a hotel in Eastport, should be spelt: Kadi or Akidi, for there is no u-sound in this Indian term, and it would be better to write the name of the bay, if scientific marking plenty or abundance of the object in question. (Cf. the name accuracy is desired, ‘‘ Peskedemakadi bay.”’ Pembroke lake, a long water sheet, stretching from northwest to south- east, is in Indian Imnakwan dgum, or ‘‘the lake where sweet tree- sap is obtained.” Mdakwan, or ‘‘sweet,” stands for the liquid sugar running from the sugar maple in season. Agum means ‘‘ lake.” Pleasant point, Indian village on the western shore of St Croix river, is called Sibd-ik, Sibdyik: ‘Sat the water-passage, on the thoroughfare for ships or canoes,’’ which refers to the sites just south of the ais point.”’ Princeton, a village on the Kennebasis river, south shore (an affluent of the St Croix river from the west), is called Mdakmiguk, ‘‘on the from mda, ‘* high, rising,’? and kmigu, an abbreviation rising soil; ”’ of ktakmigu, “ land, soil, territory.” Red Beach, on west shore of lower St Croix river, Calais township, above Robbinston, is named Mekwamkés’k, ‘Sat the small red

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24 RETURN OF THE HOURST NiGER EXPEDITION beach ;’’ from mékw(a), “red ;’’ dmk, ‘‘ beach;” -es, diminutive ending, ‘‘ small, little,’’? and ’k, -Qk, locative case suffix, ‘‘ at, on.” Schoodic or Skudik, “ at the cl arings,’’ is a topographic term given to the Schoodic or Grand lake, on headwaters of St Croix river; also to the St Croix river itself, and to the town of Calais, built on its lower course. That these clearings were effected by burning down the timber appears from the term itself; for skwtt, skit means fire, and the name really means “at the fire.” Another Skidik lake lies in the southeastern corner of Piscataquis county, Maine. St Croix river, in Indian Sktdik sip, ‘‘ the river of clearings ;” from the clearings on its shores or on the Skidik lake, where the river takes its origin. For a long distance it forms the frontier between Maine (Washington county) and New Brunswick. The French name, “ Holy Cross,’’ came from a cross erected by early French explorers. St Francis river, in Canada, Ontario province, upon which Indians cognate to the Penobscots of Maine are living, is called by them Lesigantuk, a contraction of Ulastigin-tuk. The same name is given to their village and to the natives themselves. St George and St George river, emptying into the northeast end of Passamaquoddy bay, are just as well known by their Indian name, Megigadéwik, ‘‘many eels having;” from mégi, many; gat or kat, eel ; -wi, adjectival ending; -k, locative case suftix. St John river, running near the western border of New Brunswick and its large tributary, the Aroostook, are both called in Penobscot and meaning river of easy ’ in Passamaquoddy, Ulasttik, ‘‘ good river,’ navigation, without cascades, falls, or rapids; from Ula, witli, good ; —tuk, tidal river and waters driven in waves RETURN OF THE HOURST NIGER EXPEDITION The great geographical event in France just now is the return of the Hourst Niger expedition. The object of the mission was to survey the Niger, especially that part of the river which flows through French ter- ritory. As will be remembered, the Anglo-French agreement of 1890 made the boundary between the French and English ‘‘spheres of in- fluence” a line starting from Say and running eastward to lake Chad. The upper Niger being unknown, the French government decided to send an expedition, and the occupation of Timbuktu by the French made it imperative. Accordingly the expedition was organized and placed under the command of Lieut. Hourst of the navy, his companions being Father Hacquard, a man of imposing appearance and well versed in Arabic and especially Tuareg dialects; Beaudry, senior midshipman; Bluzet, a lieu- tenant of marines, and Dr Taburet; in all five young men whose combined ages would hardly make 140 years. The party started in Angust, 1895, and has just returned. The expedi- tion was a complete success. The river has been duly studied and sur- about 45 meters of maps were brought back ; veyed by competent men; XUM

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GEOGRAPHIC SERIALS 25 hostile tribes of wild Tuaregs were visited and friendly intercourse established (this was due mainly to Father Hacquard) ; not a man, white or black, has been killed; in fact, not a shot was fired (this is character- istic of French explorations anyhow), and the five men returned safe and sound. The maps which they bring will soon be published. The party, in three boats, descended the Niger from Timbuktu to its mouth, in spite of the rapids of Bussa, always declared impassable by the English Royal Niger Company. One of the boats was of aluminum and the other two were dug-outs. An interesting and amusing incident of the trip is told as follows: When the celebrated Barth visited that part of the Sudan he was ac- companied by a Tuareg interpreter called Backhay, who saved Barth’s life. When the great traveler left, Backhay prophesied that a son of Barth would some day visit the Sudan. Accordingly when Hourst ap- peared he was asked whether he was not Barth’s son, and the lieutenant, not knowing just what that meant, said that he was Barth’s nephew. When the history of the western Sudan is written up the Hourst expe- dition will certainly receive more than a passing notice. Ernest DE SASSEVILLE. GEOGRAPHIC SERIALS The Geographical Journal for November contains a valuable paper by Major Leonard Darwin on Railways in Africa, in which the author sug- gests the railway system necessary to supplement the facilities afforded by the rivers for commerce. It contains also the narrative of a Journey around Siam, by J. S. Black, of a Journey in the Valley of the Upper Euphrates, by Vincent W. Yorke, and from Teheran towards the Caspian, by Lieut. Col. Henry L. Wells. There is also a review of De Morgan's Mission Scientifique to Persia, by Major General Sir Frederick J. Gold- smid. The December number isa notable one. It begins with the presi- dential address of Sir Clements Markham. Arthur Montefiore Brice con- tributes a long and extremely interesting article summarizing the work done by the Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition during the last year. It is accompanied by a map summarizing the discoveries made by this expedition. Prince Henri d’Orleans gives the narrative of his journey from Tonkin to Assam. Commander H. E. Purey-Cust describes the Eruption of Ambrym Island in the New Hebrides in 1894. This article is accompanied by maps and illustrations. Other articles are ‘An At- tempt to Reconstruct the Maps Used by Herodotus” and ‘‘ The Surface of the Sea and the Weather.” The Scottish Geographical Magazine for November contains notes on the Yukon country, and particularly that part of it which adjoins the bound- ary between Canada and Alaska, including the Forty Mile district, and the region about Juneau, by Alexander Begg. The subject of geograph- ical education is continued by Prof. A. J. Herbertson. Much prominence has been given to this subject by thle Scottish Magazine in its recent

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26 GEOGRAPHIC NOTES issues. The December number contains an article by W. Eagle Clarke on Bird Migration in the British Isles. The most important article is one summarizing the work of M. V. L. Seroshevski on the Country of the Yakuts—i. ¢e., northern Siberia. It is an admirably condensed descrip- tion of a little-known region. The quarterly Bulletin of the American Geographical Society for October opens with an article by Prof. I. C. Russell, of the University of Michi- gan, entitled ‘‘ Mountaineering in Alaska,” which is in substance an ac- count of the author’s last trip to the St Elias region. The bulletin also contains an article by Franz Boas on the Indians of British Columbia and on a Graphic History of the United States by Henry Gannett. Appalachia, the journal of the Appalachian Mountain Club, devotes a large part of its November number to Philip S. Abbot, one of its mem- bers, whose lamented death in the Canadian Rockies was noticed in THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE for the same month. Other articles are entitled ‘‘Ascents near Saas, Switzerland,” ‘‘Grand Cafion of the Tuo- lumne,” ‘‘ Exploration of the Air,” and ‘‘ Notes on a recent Visit to Katahdin.” Bl: (Gx. ” GEOGRAPHIC NOTES NORTH AMERICA Canapa. Of the 21,341 immigrants who arrived in Canada last year, 14,197 declared their intention to settle in the Dominion. Mexico. The coffee crop of 1895 amounted to 24,100 tons, of which Oaxaca furnished 9,610, Veracruz 8,817, Chiapas 1,962, and Puebla 1,256 tons. These four states have doubled their production since 1892, and they contribute 90 per cent of the entire crop. The best Mexican coffee is a variety of mocha, and the second best, known as myrtle, is similar to java. Trees in full bearing yield on an average about 24 ounces of coffee per annum, but some run as high as 60 to 80 ounces. The methods of curing and the quality of the product are steadily improving. SOUTH AMERICA The ascent of Aconcagua, the highest summit of the Andes, is being attempted by a scientific expedition under the direction of Mr E. A. Fitz- gerald, who recently returned from his explorations in the New Zealand alps. The exploring party are well equipped, the sum of £5,000 having been made available for the expedition. ARGENTINA. A recent report of the Argentine Census Bureau shows the de facto population of the republic on May 10, 1895, to have been 4,042,990, to which number an addition of 50,000 is made for persons temporarily absent from the country. This shows an average annual increase of 4.6 per cent since 1869. The city of Buenos Ayres contains 663,854 inhabi- tants, of whom 845,393 are foreigners. XUM

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MISCELLANEA 27 EUROPE EnGLANp. Dr Nansen’s lectures are attracting large audiences, not- withstanding the very high prices charged for admission. Although the traffic receipts of the Manchester ship canal for 1896 show a large increase over those for 1895, the diversion of trade has made no appreciable impression upon the revenues of the port of Liverpool. France. The Paris Academy of Sciences has awarded one of the two Arago medals to M. D. Abadie, the Abyssinian explorer, and a prize to Prince Henry of Orleans for his explorations. GERMANY. 7,531 steamships and 9,023 sailing vessels passed through The receipts from the North Sea and Baltic canal during its first year. tolls fell far short of the official estimates. ASIA JAPAN. The German consul at Yokohama reports that a general rise in the cost of living as well as in the scale of wages is already decreasing the danger of Japanese industrial competition with European nations. The production of coal has increased 55 per cent in a single INDIA. The imports are also in- year and has almost quadrupled in ten years. creasing rapidly, and as coal is not used for domestic purposes, its increas- ing consumption points to that expansion of manufacturing industries of which there are so many other indications. An illustration of the maxim that the trade follows the flag is found in the fact that 86 per cent of the tonnage that entered the ports of India last year was British. AFRICA TrANsvAaL. It is believed that of the public revenue for the current year, estimated at £4,462,193, the Uitlanders will pay £3,500,000. West Arnica. Telegraphic dispatches announce that ex-King Prempeh and his relatives and attendants have been removed to Sierra Leone. —A British officer has just returned from an important mission, occupy- ing five months, to the north and northwest of Kumassi, having traversed the entire distance of 900 miles on foot. He reports the country as ex- ceedingly rich in mineral and vegetable products, gold, rabber, kola-nuts, and mahogany being abundant. MISCELLANEA In a paper read last month before the Royal Geographical Society, Col. J. K. Trotter, R. A., who was the principal British officer of the Anglo- French Delimitation Commission appointed in 1895, stated that the com- mission were disappointed at finding the sources of the Niger at so low an elevation, the highest recorded being 3,379 feet. The adjacent coun- try was mountainous, but none of the summits exceeded 5,000 feet. The Proceedings and Transactions of the Queensland Branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia contain, among other articles,

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28 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY a Résumé of Capt. Cook’s First Voyage Around the World, by Gen. Sir Henry W. Norman; a summary history of Arctic exploration, by Major A. J. Boyd, and the narrative of Capt. G. A. Tennefather; also Explora- tion of the Coen, Archer, and Batavia Rivers and of the islands of the western coast of Karpantaria, by the same author. The Weather Bureau has recently issued Part 3 of the Aeport of the International Meteorological Congress held at Chicago in 1893, in connection with the World’s Columbian Exposition. It contains brief papers upon the climates of various parts of the world, commencing with that of the United States, by Prof. H. A. Hazen. Under the title of ‘“‘ Instruments and Methods of Investigation” are described many of the latest adapta- tions of instruments for special work, including ‘‘ Observations of Solar Radiation” and “ The Study of the Upper Atmosphere by Means of Bal- loons from Mountain Stations, and from Cloud Observations.” PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, SESSION 1806-’97 Special Meeting, December 4, 1896.—President Hubbard in the chair. Admiral R. W. Meade, U.S. N., delivered an address, with lantern-slide illustrations, descriptive of a Winter Voyage through the Straits of Ma- gellan, with Visits to Rio Janeiro and Valparaiso. Regular Meeting, December 11, 1896.—President Hubbard in the chair. President David Starr Jordan, Ph. D., of the Leland Stanford Junior University, read a narrative entitled “Matka: a Story of the Mist Islands.’’ This story, the life history of a fur-seal family (the members half personi- fied), was followed by a series of lantern-slide illustrations of scenes in the Pribilof islands. Special Meeting, December 18, 1896.—Secretary Hayden in the chair. Geo. M. Sternberg, M. D., LL. D., Surgeon-General of the Army, read a paper on the Etiology and Geographic Distribution of Infectious Diseases, afterwards exhibiting a series of lantern-slides illustrative of the subject. E.ecrions.—New members have been elected as follows: November 25.—G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S., Gen. Samuel Breck, U.S. A., Col. Chas. Chaillé-Long, A. W. Cowles, Prof. Thomas Davidson, Walter R. Davies, J. P. Earnest, Col. M. J. Foote, Henry S. Graves, Lieut. T. D. Griffen, U.S.N., Mrs Bella Kilbourn-Bourgeat, Miss Elizabeth A. Riley, KF. P. Schumann, ©. I¢., Mrs Emma Triepel, Miss Alice Twight, M. Gregory de Vollant (Russian Legation), Geo. H. Warner, John H. White. December 11.—Dr Aaron Baldwin, John S. Blair, Prof. Frank M. Com- stock, Dr Ira W. Dennison, Rey. Geo. A. Dougherty, Dr L. W. Eugster, Fred. L. Fishback, Sefior Don Domingo Gana (Chilean Minister), Prof. Wm. H. Goodyear, Lee R. Grabill, C. E., Miss Edith 8S. Hancock, Hon. M. A. Hanna, Henry I. Haven, John J. Heron, Hon. 8. G. Hilborn, XUM

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GEOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION 29 M. C., R. H. Hood, David Hutcheson, Henry Clay Johnson, William D. Kelly, Miss Mary A. Law, Capt. 8. C. Lemly, U.S. N., J. E. Luckett, Col. Geo. G. Martin, Wm. W. Neifert, Lieut. H. C. Poundstone, U.S. N., L. M. Prindle, Hon. Redfield Proctor, U. S. S., Mr von Reichenau (Ger- man Embassy), Bushrod Robinson, Sefior Don J. D. Rodriguez (Minister, Greater Republic of Central America), Geo. Otis Smith, Prof. A. W. Span- hoofd, T. W. Stanton, John J. Stephens, Capt. C. A. Stevens, Dr Chas. Swisher, Lt. Comdr. E. D. Taussig, U. S. N., Hon. E. O. Wolcott, U.S. S. December 80.—Geo. H. Baker, Jas. A. Barwick, Marcus W. Bates, John D. Blagden, W. L. Blunt, H. B. Boyer, A. von Breuning, Prof. J. P. Byrne, Henry Calver, Prof. R. A. Dobie, Dr Geo. A. Dorsey, Prof. J. Fairbanks, Count A. Goetzen (German Embassy), Prof. R. R. N. Gould, Arpad Gross- mann, Hon. F. M. Hatch (Hawaiian Minister), Edwin B. Hay, Med. Direc'or A. A. Hoehling, U. S. N., Corliss W. Lay, Prof. E. H. Mark, Frank E. Pyne, Prof. A. W. Riggs, James A. Scott, Dr Z. X. Snyder, Joseph Stewart. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY SYNOPSIS OF A COURSE OF LECTURES ON THE EFFECTS OF GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING THE CIVILIZATION OF THE WORLD The National Geographic Society has for several seasons given three courses of lectures, a technical course and two popular courses; the former by officers of the Army and Navy and distinguished scientists in different departments of the Government, the latter by leading exponents of origi- nal investigation of subjects pertainfhg to geographic research. It is the intention that each speaker in the popular course shall be a recognized authority on the subject treated by him, and that each lecture shall be illustrated by stereopticon views, which have been found to add not only to the interest but also to the value of the lectures. The average attendance at the popular lectures has increased steadily from 500 in 1893-94 to 800 in 1894-95, and to 1,000 in 1895-96. The audience is composed of members of the Society and their friends, com- prising many of the most cultured residents of Washington, senators and representatives, scientists and students. The second course of lectures has been held on Monday afternoons. Two years ago the subject was a trip over the Northern Pacific Railroad to the Pacific ocean, returning via San Francisco, the cafions of the Colorado, and the Rocky mountains, Last year it was a trip through Canada and the inland passage to Alaska. Kor the popular course of 1896-97 the subject selected is the effects of geographic environment in developing the civilization of the world. The course opens with prehistoric man and the beginnings of history, and passes on to the period of our earliest definite knowledge in those countries where the history of ourrace begins. At this epoch geographic

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30 GEOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION environment exercised a controlling influence on life, character, insti- tutions, and religion; it was the primary if not the sole cause of de- velopment in the transition of man from savagery through barbarism to civilization. Thesame cause continued to influence the successive stages of civilization, though as man advanced in knowledge and intelligence he became more and more independent of his surroundings. Even now they influence him in various ways. The first lecture will be of a general character, showing prehistoric man, the beginnings of industries (such as agriculture and the domestica- tion of animals), of institutions and religion, and of the acquisition of real and personal property, and will be delivered by the President of the Society. We look for the earliest civilization where the environment was most favorable, as in Babylonia and Egypt, and possibly in China. The tran- sition of man from barbarism to partial civilization in these countries probably originated at about the same time, and therefore the second lecture will be on Babylonia, where the environment is in some respects more marked than in Egypt or China. In the rich valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates men were first gathered into great cities under the rule of a despot who was above all humanity, the representative only of him- selfandof God. Here the family seems to have become obsolete, all rights undefined, personal and civil liberty unknown, for there were only two classes, the master and slave. Yet here we find the first great library, hanging gardens, and magnificent architecture. This lecture will tell us of the development of the city, library, and architecture, and of the rule of the despot, and will be delivered by Mr Talcott Williams, of the Philadelphia Press, a gentleman born in Mesopo- tamia and well acquainted with the country and its inhabitants. The third lecture will be on Syria. In Syria we have an entirely dif- ferent geographic environment, developing different institutions and religious beliefs, with a nationality and history of a different type. The Semites, probably Bedouins, came from the desert of Arabia, a country as unlike the valley of the Euphrates as the people of the two countries are unlike each other. In these deserts originated the ideas of humanity and charity, and a religion tending to monotheism. The chiefs or rulers of the nomad clans were patriarchs, like Abraham and Jacob, wandering over the desert. Although their civilization was in some respects and for a long time inferior to that of the Babylonians, yet they had a love of freedom and manly character unknown in the despotisms of the Eu- phrates and Nile. While they estimated the value of the life of the indi- vidual higher than did the Assyrian, yet even here personal liberty, as we understand it, did not exist, as every man belonged to a family group and was subject to its head, and every family to its clan. This lecture will trace the development of the family, monotheism, and the Jewish nation, and will be delivered by Prof. Thomas J. Shahan, LL. D., of the Catholic University of America. The fourth lecture will be on Tyre and Sidon, cities which derived their civilization from Assyria. Here we find a third condition of environ- ment—mountains behind, the sea in front—evolving a higher civilization. XUM

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GEOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION 31 Life on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean led the inhabitants to find in commerce prosperity, wealth, and civilization. Their ships followed along the coast, then gradually sailed out into the Mediterranean, on through the Pillars of HercuJes into the Atlantic, and north to England ; the ships of Tarshish sailed south, through the Red sea, into the Indian ocean, south of Africa, and they may even have circumnavigated that continent. This lecture will show the development of commerce and shipping; the origin and growth of colonies, exemplitied by Carthage, Sicily, and Spain, and will be delivered by Prof. Thomas Davidson, M. A., of Aber- deen University, Scotland. Fifth lecture—Greece. Tyre and Sidon gave to Greece all their knowl- edge. There it was developed by different geographic conditions. The two great races of the world-—the Semitic and the Aryan—differed in their environment as in their institutions and habits. In Syria was monotheism, in Greece unlimited polytheism. The language and coun- try of the Grecian Aryan were more favorable than those of the Semite in Syria. Their mountains, inclosing numerous small valleys, the islands and seas of Greece, its beautiful climate and luxuriant soil, developed a people different in their institutions, their government, arts, and sciences from any that ever existed, either before or since, and gave the world the first idea of personal liberty of the individual man. As no other nation ever showed such rapid development, such early maturity, so no other people ever had such a rapid decline without renaissance. The lecture will show the causes for this wonderful development and arly decay, and will be delivered by Prof. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, LL. D., of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, professor in the American School of Archeology at Athens, 1895-96. Sixth lecture—Rome. The Seven Hills, one densely wooded, the river Tiber, and the rich valley and plain around made the environment of Rome, and secured Romulus and his band of freebooters from attack, while they easily invaded the country of their neighbor. In Rome the civilizations of the old world met, and from this union a broader culture was developed, upon which modern civilization was founded. By the conquest of Italy, Greece, Egypt, Syria, and Assyria, Rome obtained from each what was best adapted to its needs—arts and letters from Greece, agri- culture from Egypt, commerce and colonization from Tyre; from Syria and Arabia, monotheism and science; from Assyria, imperial govern- ment. The lecture will show the conditions and causes that led to this expansion of Rome, slowly and steadily extending its dominion until it embraced in its empire the whole of the known world. From Rome ‘ame law, authority, and power, with a dominion so wide and powerful that in any part of the world a man could say with the Apostle Paul, ‘‘I am a Roman citizen,” and thus secure protection. Freeman truly says: ‘*None but those who have grasped the place of Rome in history can ever fully understand the age in which we live.” By Rey. Alex. Mackay- Smith, D. D., of Washington, D. C. Seventh lecture—Constantinople. Theculture and civilization of Rome were carried to Constantinople by Constantine. The geographic position

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32 GEOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION of this city is more commanding than that of any other city. Seated on two continents, the connecting link between the Orient and Europe, mistress of the seas, glorious in situation, the desired of many nations, we behold environments which caused its rise and continued existence. We are not surprised that this city has been the seat of a government longer than any other that ever existed, and has enjoyed a continuity and concentration of imperial rule in an imperial city without parallel in the history of mankind. By Prof. Edwin A. Grosvenor, of Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, formerly of Roberts College, Constantinople. Eighth lecture—Venice and Genoa. When the rule of Constantinople passed from the Christians to the Mohammedans, on the ruins of the old world rose these two cities, fitted by their geographic environment to take up the civilization of the old world and to develop that of modern Europe—two cities unlike any other cities of Europe, each supreme within its small territory, owing no feaity to any sovereign outside its own district, each deriving power and wealth from the control of the sea. In their conditions of environment on the Mediterranean, with colonies in the Crimea and in Asia Minor, with easy access to the interior of Europe, we find the causes which led to the increase of their population and wealth, to the expansion of their commerce and their territorial possessions. When these are known we understand the part they bore in the awakening of the world from the torpor of the Dark Ages, opening the way to the new world, and to the renaissance of commerce, literature, arts, and science. By Prof. William H. Goodyear, of the Brooklyn Insti- tute of Arts and Sciences. Ninth lecture—America. From the Old World we pass to the New, America, where the Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts bay, the Knickerbockers of New Amsterdam, the Quakers of Pennsylvania, the Catholics of Baltimore, and the Royalists of Virginia all unconsciously laid the foundation of a unique empire. Their descendants have spread over the whole land and mingled with the best class of emigrants from every country of Europe, and are the progenitors of a new race. All geographic environments have become subservient to the will of the people, from ocean to ocean, from the waters of the Hudson to the waters of the gulf of Mexico, one people and one language, an American race, an empire vaster than that of Rome, home of all the nations of the world, welded into one great and free people. The lectures will be neither historical nor scholastic treatises, but general accounts of the several nations and cities in popular language, so arranged as to show how largely their development depended on natural causes, including their geographic environment, until we come to the New World, where the environments become subservient to man and not man to his environmente. With this exception, it suffices to indicate only the general scope of the lectures, leaving to each lecturer perfect freedom to treat his subject in his own manner, ever bearing in mind the effect of geographic environ- ment on the continuous development of civilization from one nation to another through the centuries. GARDINER G. Hussarp. XUM

Page 43

INDEX Page Assot, Putuir S., Obituary of.......... seo 379 ABYESINTA, DEBCTIDTION: OF .....ccrcccccsrssesooce 168 Apams, Mount (The altitude of), Wash- ington; Edgar MeClure.. AFRICA, History of.. eas SSRN ONS 555 0 cule eeahan texas — since 1888, with special reference to south Africa and Abyssinia; Gardi- ner G. Hubbard.......... Pe yd minty PRUE GEIOI ETS |. cca baxcssced odtdbeasesebestersaccutesevsas 349 AGRICULTURE in California............ vaste EO ALASKA, Exploration of............... 27, Ll, 140 ALBEMARLE in Revolutionary days; G. PPP COWES (PEIIEO cs ois cczi can sckurdusdetoceniaieeavae 27 AMERICAN AssociaTION, Buffalo meeting MEN ciatS Cs Ee cuctouses si o¥ vt ap aUenaspa at ctitacsesietieks 315 AMERICAS (Fundamental geographic re- lation of the three Robert T. Hill.. 175 Arcriic currents............. sekash cet ARCTIC explorations...... rr 100, 308, 339 —— The scope and value A. W. REPEC UY ccoibindescccathibes dod sviesiccvsarautssy eae: 32 == POSIONG, MAD OF oii ccsccssccsetssesboves Pl. XXXIV BARRINGER, V. C., Obituary Of..............00 216 Baver, L. A., Review of book by so ON *$ Beas,” Vi8W Of SESAME? oiicccisscicssccces Pl. 1 BreaRrpsLer, L. A., cited on Alaskan dis- GOP OE COM Fauistineredsknceesssscbencscherastecesibis 141 BeEcKER, GEORGE F.; ‘The Witwatersrand and the revolt of the Uitlanders...... 349 Bett, Rover, Explorations by.............. 281 BEkKELEY powder explosion.. ..... woe 246 Bessets, Emin, cited on Jeannette relics. 94 BIANCONI, F “ Review of maps by Z BrotocicaL Survey, Work Of..........0..0se000 405 BEACH COP, TUGBBIOI 5 5iiccisiiasssceeckesccce esse 5 Bioperrr, James H.; “ Free burghs” in COU ISEE BtAtOR: iicsicidiceiccssseescesisise 116 Boarp on Geocrapuic Names (The work of the United States); Henry Gan- Wha sacacsscdccsesecsscccreeussscdeutasivasuvberseces 221 Borers, Character of pavgitesssicksaptiiesen ine BOO BricuaM, A. P., Review of work by......... 220 BritisH Isuanps (A geographical descrip- tion of the); W. M. Davis...........cses0 208 Brown, Rosert, Obituary of. insecease OO Brownk, J. B.; Across the Gulf by rail to Key West By-Laws, Amendments to. Case, ATLANTIC, Record of laying of Casies (The submarine) of the world; Gustave Herrle 2 CaxLirornia; George C. Perkins . 317 CANALS, TOTRMUAN oi cdscscgstccsessscases . 59, 66, 73 CaNnIwELL, J. C.; Ice-cliffs on the Kowak DLV GP isccvicsssscsdebascecssovscstabictnasserinadunctens 345 CARACASB, People Of......cc.cccccercccccscsecscceees 53 FENG. VIGWE OF oss5sicdeicsssncies Pls. vil, VU CascapE Mounvrains, Features Of............ 395 St, WUPVOVE BMicovseccccescsssccvevcccsccvesscsccocves 150 Cayapas Inpians, Handiwork of...... Pl. xxv Centrat America, Geographic features Qe ci ccsncecscsecsiscescoeseccocsnvavasespevescsescecees 175 Cuapman, Rosert H.; ‘The aberration of sound as illustrated by the Berkeley powder EXplOSION............ccceeeeeseeeneeee 246 on 7 413 Page CHARLOTTESVILLE, Field meeting at......... 259 CHIGNECTO SHIP RAILWAY, Map Of.............. 70 Crirrenpen, H. M., Review of book by 80 Cumate of Afric: 163 — — Oregon 400 —, Russian..... 8 Cooper, Perer, and submarine teleg SPENT sbavecis least sazbabstapesssvansseusuiecctencsisins Couns, Perry M.,'lranscontinental tele- graph survey initiated by...............0. 110 CortHeLt, Evmer |..; The Tehuantepec BTAUL SHIA isc cccnstvisxcnsstavanseateessasbcy 64 CovinLe, Freperick V.; ‘The sage plains Ce WI Risces i ocuseceeasscosreanconscnenencacs .- 395 Cruise (The Arctic) of the U.S. revenue eutter Bear; Sheldon Jackson......... 27 Curtis, W. E.; Venezuela, her govern- ment, people, and boundary............ 49 CusHInG, Frank Haminton, Reference to WEMIPIE Cie icccscencses sanadacknedisheseandivonibasiacs: OOS Dati, WitttaAmM H., Biography of............ 124 aed, CECT ERED S00 wes osesvicnscdbeeeaisSsetasesiacpens Pi. 2at —; The Russo-American telegraph pro- SE UE, ROE SPE satan cdcbedareachsccpenaseeReaseeee 110 —: The so-called ** Jeannette relies” 93 Davis, Artuur P.; The Kansas river...... 181 Davis, W. M.; A geographical descrip- tion of the British Islands............... 208 eg MAIO TES ins cadschapacthiscacasieciedecenh 185, 409 —: The Seine, the Meuse, and the Mo 189, 22 discoveries selle... Alaskan by .... w 141 De Lesseps, h- mian ship canal 66 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, W¢ 405 Dramonp fields of Africa... 161 Diturr, J. 8., Review of book by..... . 212 Durrie.p, W. W., Acknowledgment to... 186 Durton, C. E., quoted on topographic LOTIMS. .ccccccccccccscesseces 291 Faps, James B, quoted on isthmian ship OBIE cisaccichscidvecsecrnpuiicsescmcevsseabusees ecb 66 EarrHquakE effects in ‘Tuscarora deep... 310 — wave (The recent) on the coast of Japan; Eliza R. Scidmore................ 285 Ecuapor (A journey in); Mark B. Kerr. 238 EDUCATION 17) TRUE OTB isso ccccccciccnssescaceosseuses 21 Epvucation, Venezuelan oe) EG.1, , quoted on geographic names, 222 Encinas, PascuaL, Aid inexploration by. 125 EnGLanpn, Geographic work in.............66 208 —, Possessions of, in AfriCa.........ccceeeeeeee 159 Erosion, Economic aspects Of................. 32 EXPLORATIONS, Arctic............005 32, 37, 98, 339 — by the Bureau of American Ethnology Ais 10007 WS MOCO sicssesssssetevscssseens 77 — in 1716 — — Mexico..... Fauna of Ecuador — — Seriland Fewkes, J. Watrer, Explorations by , = bs Fre.p, Cyrus W., Reference to work of... 108 —, Submarine cable laid DY..........ceeeeeeee 103 Fie.p, HENRY M., Work Of..........ccccceeceeees 108

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414 INDEX

shies BERS WOPBHID, OUBBIAD,» oo = Rag — — Florida............ ‘ — — Piedmont plateau 265 —, South ae HUN eins canad 377 HovcGe, F. W., Explorations by sash epaxe 79 Hoi oe Wiss LIAM H., Review of book by... HvuBBARD, GARDINER G.; Africa since 1888, with spec ial reference to south Atric aand Abyssinia , Portrait of

—'; Russia in E IDOE seitdeseess [HypE, hoopla A critical pe riod in south RIT ACAIY FLAS PONG ciicccaannccccssonsicessctnesveess 377 oe F SURO OUIE cccoccacs asd shshnctseacssecpasvesssess 1

, Notice by ; Reviews by en sncsneeves om / The United States Department of Agriculture and its Biological Sur-

MEY aces sua cet easpicaeiastesvcvsaherdedeststontyisstes Hyprogkapuic work, Recent; el Hyprocrapny, Classification of. : mary DIED DOB asseks cvcscsseses etn tins sdesterbsageacseed

— of Kansuas.. “ — in the United States; F. H. Newell...

Ice-cLirFs on the Kowak river; J. C. SPOTS GWOT isch biacscncceviesnshecriueedsincechcvawones 345 Inpians of Ecuador. 240 -— — Oregon.......... .. 400 — — Seriland 131 —, Studies of... 77 INDIAN TERRITORY, Survey and subdivis- ion of; Henry Gannelt...............scc000 112 INGRAHAM, JAMES E., Reference to work DY cov acansvvanhs saacducbestekseweschestsssasbeaskesases 387 INTERNATIONAL (GEOGRAPHICAL CONGRESS, PDO BG WRT RG caps ciaseiedevcsievcecessecacsess Intropucrory; John Hyde.... ° IRRIGATION in California JACKSON, SHELDON; The Arctic cruise of

the U.S. revenue cutter Bear JAPAN, Earthquake in Gras asoutnsssnsereesous 2% ** JEANNETIE RELICS,” The so-called; Wil- SEMEEE EE IDS: oe evccunvs sa cetsovaubeckessiteneste 93 JEFFERSON asa geographer; A. W. Greely 269 JOHANNESBURG, View Of.........ccccceceee Pi. ZZz¥ Jounson, ARNOLD B,, cited on aberration GE BOC iis cxaviccanccecncdsscacéessbis tniccecasecks 246 Jounson, WILLARD D., Explorations by... 77 — W J McGee and; Seriland.................. 125 JONES souND, Charles Francis Hall and; Big. Wc CR OGL siccceiucavesiebnssctdcseccsnceessted 308 KANSAS RIVER, The; Arthur P. Davis...... 181 Keane, A. H., Review of book by ........... 41 Kerr, Mark B.; A journey in Ecuador., 238 Key West, Across the Gulf by rail to; Gis be OE IIe Osh asncuastsvedasvesies breweainbsseoass 203 Kowak RIVER, [Ce-CliffS OM........c0ccecccceeees 345 Kuse., Epwarp, Obituary Of ..........-cceceee 379 Bek CAUAGR As VOW Cle cccsdcassskacssresessiaseee Pl vt

LAKES of Ag gg LANGLEY, S. I’., quoted on wind nm LAPPARENT, A DE, quoted on stream work 237 LAPPARENT, A. DE, Review of book by...... 184 LATITUDES, Highest Arctic. ..cccsccccscccesccses 100

XUM

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INDEX Page LITTLEHALES, G. W., cited on submarine GTO ois ciscincessneselessssvtdeisiaesbsieoacenvant McCuvre, Epcar; The altitude of Mount AGAIN, WASHINGEON. 5 ici scseccccocesessccess 151 McGrr, WJ; Death of G. Krown Goode.. 316 —; Eighth annual fiela meeting of the National Geographic Societv.. 259 —; Explorations by the }

, American Ethnology, 1895 77 —; Geographic history of the Piedmont PLA UG g Sscahasupecsusans caghutieeatncdssssebbsrees 261 —; Geographic work in Peru................+ 407 —; The American Association at kKuf- FUE savers vnctsdekaenonvessonsdatiegresnts csansnaeees$ 315 —; The work of the National Geo-

graphic Society. —and Willard D. Johnson; Seriland.. MacGonicir, Joun N.; The geogr: iphy of the southern peninsula of the United States , Review of work

MARGERIE, self i DE, cited on diver-

BOR OF PIV GE Bcvssscticvesscccncavcsassosveascend 228 Maya Inprans, Subjugation of. 84 MeEtvitiz, G. W., Review Dy..........0.0s.s00 212 MENDENHALL, T’. C., Initiation of Board on Geographic Names by...............08 221 MERRIAM, C. HART, Work Of...........cescceess 405

Mexico, Census of.

—-, Explorations in 25 Micue son, A. A, Review of book by. 81 Mitt, H. R., Plan by, for geogr: uphie work... 208

Mon aoc ‘, Definition of. “ MONTICELLO,” WADW OL. csidsssssveecceses ; Mooney, James, Explorations by............. 78 Moore, Witits L.; The Weather Bureau river and ge BORGO aiiiisrscccicevssstate 302 Morsg, S. F. B., quoted on submarine care iors cakeanectuasaesasthe 102 MounrtTAIN American. Sébaks kan cas sedevenneny TLLe

—, Names for — of Ecuador... — — Oregon — — Piedmont plateau

— — Russia...... 6 — — Venezuela., ve 68 MUuIR GLACIER, View Of... Pl. xvil Muir, Joun, cited on discov- GUISG is cp eccictic ceccnsscsaviscteciauectesscdcatcsess 141 Names, Geographic.......... Soptseksioribussusaieans 221 Topogt RMPED AES cas gdes craps ska dud sebaswtesiceesuers 291 Nawaxw, Friprsor, Portrait of.............. Pi. xt —_, cited on “ Jeannette relics ".s.ceccsseeue 95 —, Return of . 290, 339

NAnNsEN (The) polar expedition ; Ernest MRE UARD eisspn.ncse syeusdons sev esssen cspeseabeseetesheeses 339 NanseEn’s polar expedition; A.W. Greely. 98 Nationat, GrocrRapuic Monocrapus, Re- MRO WE sicsencsssnctinssssepeosecasbeeriecsussaverss 42 Nationat Grocgrapuic Society (Eighth annual field meeting of the); W J POO i ssccransicavesscsdnevsceucechcsnchesbaenyeent 259 — (The work of the); WJ McGee.......... 253 Newer, F. H.; Hydrography in the United UOT sisicascssacccviscstscistanteuceto 146 415 Page [Newe rt, F. H.]; Recent hydrographic SS ORK A ATR EET ITE 347 NIAGARA FALLS, Investigation Ob iccisassavests 315 NICARAGUA CANAL, The present state of the; A. W. Greely... Nignt Novecorop, Fair at...

Nonutu of..

AMERICA, Geographic

24, 156, 312, 348, 380, 411 40, 87, 123, 216, 379 Gavin. Mactina ot isiucsebcsebodenestupphectedas 216 Oapen, H. G., Review by Oxiver, R. L, Report on Yueatan | Otympic country, The; S. C. Gilman..

OREGON, Description Of............+ Ortnoco R1veR, Map of.......... Orinoco, The valley of the; ; PLEPULB Gysivncccscte ces ssvcidcusstsdessaanbaaspsccenisene 92 PANAMA CANAL route, The; Robert T BRU puvesacnecsscasssdssersssvcecdardvibsyesuacatcosass 59 Parry, ——, quoted on Aretic discovery 34 Pearsk, R. B., Obituary Eisssinncacssarseteiaeee 40

PERKINS, GEORGE C, alifornia.. Peru, Geogr: iphie work in. Prerroteum, Russian.. PIEDMONT PLATEAU, Geogra « the; WJ Maas: ik ere ere 26

PLAINS, names for — of Oregon

Se ROMER css nn caces etic osccasccscsseedsicsceceaesees 4 Iv POPULATION Of ATFIGN.. «....0:<0c0sscoceseess 163, 352 — — EKeuador. 240 — — Mexico. 211 — — Indian terri y.. 112 — — Russia................. ran 3 es wee -V OUOBUO Mocs ciscarciscncevnascivecssseesssexsase 50 Proceeprnes of the National hag i evs Society... 46, 86, 122, 155, 214, 2 379, 410 Races of Russia — — Venezuela Rattways in the United State~ : Ranporpn, W. C. N., quoted on V irginia families baukeedes dienes saceuedevbardevesuraciscasourts 284 Ransome, F. Lesiizr, Review of bovok MOD. cake vecssevisedsecssdesaedasyedoans det acensccsodsttes 284 Reip, Harry FIetpine, Map bY......0...e00 REINDEER, View of. -, Importation of... Reviews of geographic literature 153, 184

Revo.utTion, Virginia in the.. Ruopes, Cecin, Conquest in Afi ica Rink, H., cited on “ Jeannette relies”... 95 RIVER Observations.........cccccceee Rivers, American —, development of.. —, Names for — of Ecuador

— — Florida........ es — — Piedmont plateau. oie tole FRB IRs syevenseyoonsce — — the United States —, Work of. RockHILi, W. W., Ack nowledgment to.. 339 ma, BEVIOW OF HOOK DY viscsccesccseczsecessscscens 42 RussEtt, I. C., Review of book by.........+ 409 Russia in Europe; Gardiner G. Hub- NINE abn incstcesesencacigucansvcss heascdpuesteanasiste : Russo-AMERICAN (The) telegraph project of 1864-’67; William H. Dall............. 110 Saar plains (The) of Oregon ; Frederick V . GOVT O.ccscsccsccsciccoccscecssececcssvoccsenss 395

Page 46

414 INDEX PERE WOPEDIN, RUSBION. ..c0ccssessescccavessoeve 7 BBGOOD: OUSEPVAUIONS, .sssccciseresessscncosse susneacs Fiora of Ecuador.... — — Olympie country —— + QFE ZOD...secsssceseccess — — Russia

— — Seriland.. saes aed Froripa, Features of........ Pl. xxx1Xx, 203, 281 ** Fram,’’ Voyage of the...........00 99, 290, 339 France, Possessions of, in Africa. 158 ree PULLS OL cones icenectartebeseeestestaces a See FRANKLIN, Sirk JoHN, quoted on Arctic PIBCOV STG ccnsicctsccesecisdesssvessccavesiaes obese 34 “Free purGus” in the United States; PAIGE Eh: POCMOUG iio cscadsscakedcossescsoncs 116 Gannett, Henry, Biography of.............+. 284 , Letter to, on Arctic exploration........ 308

, Portr: ait of..

—, Review of book Vy GANNETT, S. S.; Recent triangulation in GHGS CASCAGOD....:sscccdcvcesesscvcscsnaracsesessss 150 —; Statistics of railways in the United STATCS... cccccccccccccccccccccccscccccceseccosecceses 06 —; Survey and subdivision of Indian GOEPILOTY < ccccssocsccenccssccccescessesenscrorsesese 12 —; The work of the United states Board On Geographic NAMeS......ccccceeesseeees f GeocrRAPHY, Development Of................006 — (The) of the southern peninsula of the United States; John N. Mac-

MFOD TPIS: cs cciscssccocescctsccstsvesccsessenscessvess 381 GEOLOGY, “haene ies 409 susdisvesdesdansaceressegencas 328 - OF Central AMETICA......ccccocroccsosccscccescs 7 — — Florida.......... — — southern Afric — — PiedMont plateau ........cccececeeceeeeeees GerRMANY, Possessions of, in Africa......... 5 GIBBON, JouN, NSDIBTEN (Olssissdcasuctestetszeoss 23 Giesitiiat, T. H.; The valley of tie Ori- GitmaN, S. C., Obituary of The Olympic country Gisporne, F. N., Reference to work of GLacier BAY, Alaska(The discovery of ) ; BELI, Boe MORMON Giasds csccicccsscscccsccsscsee 140 GOLD, ATVICAN:...0c00060. 165 — in California. 319 — — Ecuador........ 243 56

— — Venezuela... i Gop of southern “Afric i. 350, 358 Goopr, G. Brown; Albemarle in Re volu- tionary days , Obituary of GOVERNMENT of ah oe EG TAMM Mises shavccnhbsdasetesexesboubbseccashietesses — — Venezuela Grab, —, quoted on Arctie whaling..... 35 ’ Greety, A. W.:; Charles Francis Hall

BGG POUGE BOUNG isd ccdvsstueoasviscessessss 308 —, cited on Nansen expedition....... 346 —; Jefferson as a geographe’r...............6 269 —; Nansen’s polar expedition................ 98 ay POOUIOO OV scsrcavascitssvecceosacenessscsspccsaasnis OOO dees, AIT ETAT G TOR ic sxvaepcnieodsbevstantees vesukatttees —, Reference to rescue Of...........cccseecseees —, Review of book by...............06

The present state of the Nicaragua

The scope and V lue of ” Slaves ations. Guiana, Bounda Hatt, Cuarves Francis, Letter from...... 308 Hatt, James, Sixtieth anniversary of EAC IAL OEE OG arch sincssisnqiecckass Sci acsens 316 Hamitron, Wit.iaAmM, Educational work

Heraty, Micuaet A., Arctic voyage by..... 27 HERRLE, Gustave; The submarine cables OE OIE WOPIG, vc csessaieusnersisiersscatoadseseves Hewirt, Abram S., Letter from, on Peter MMOD T vssnceccanesissesagssedsecsavccassassteespvives Hitt, Roserr 'T.; Descriptive topo- graphic terms of Spanish America... —; Fundamental geographic relation of 291

GENS DEPP ETL OTTO: scseneccatvabicesoccesses 175 The Panama cana! route é Winey of California............ Gear emer, POROIESUEEN cc's cana cipasabcecdessactes — — Piedmont plateau.. —, South ia BAUD coacssuncsivectspsncnsavinsctaseses 377 HovGE E, F. W., Explorations by a pipet ad te H., Review of book by... 153 Hupparpb, GARDINER G.; Africa since 1888, with speci: il reference to south Atric SF ANC A DYBBITIIOs, 0050000 0recsispessisces 157 ip OF CPG Class cisssccarnece . Pl. xvi we Russia in Europe ..............ceeee. 3 [Hype, ping A critical period in south African history . 377 —; Introductory..... by POM SIN cas cas ccvscascvens boesekahicereueecsagesee OOO 912 cai 214 » Reviews by. an The U nited. St: ites Department of Agriculture and its Biological Sur-

DUTT a roceksh Fessscsusessidagdesatevigtacssseckssieks HypRoGRAPHY, —, European — of Kansas........ ied “ — in the United St: ules; F. H. Newell... 146

Ick-cLirrs on the Kowak river; J. C.

—, Studies of ‘ INDIAN TERRITORY, Survey and subdivis-

ion of; Henry Gannett...............seee0 112 INGRAHAM, JAMES E., Reference to work SPs rasbeisvarsetiveces INTERNATIONAL (GEOGRAPHICAL MELONS WOLOTS soc spcrsssnesasievsicseracaiesane Intropuctory; John Hyde. IRRIGATION in California JACKSON, SHELDON; The Arctic cruise of the U.S. revenue cutter Bear

JAPAN, Earthquake in.............sscccceees ** JEANNETIE RELICS,” The so-called ; W REIRTSE: Pos TOM ss ovis cxhuscaasives sovgasivesssabasis 93 JEFFERSON AS a geographer; A. W. Greely 269 JOHANNESBURG, View Of,........cececeeeees Pl xxxv Jounson, ARNOLD B., cited on aberration of sound hidon onbeetn bubasenenh das sanenehiatenseasles 246 Jounson, WILLARD D., Explorations by... 77 — W J McGee and; Seriland.................. 125 JONES soUND, Charles Francis Hall and; Pag Ws POO LG i viscente dicecssiscedscccnibassealec 308 KANSAS RIVER, The; Arthur P. Davis 181 KEANE, A. H., Review of book by .... 41

Kerr, Mare B.; A journey in Eecuador.,, 238 Key West, Across the Gulf by rail to;

J. bk. Browne 203 Kowak RIVER, Ice- 345 K uBEL, Sowakb, Obituary epee ees 379 Bik CURVES VIOW Oli vacncilceasavestccsactscsss Pl vi BIARRB OF FUOTIN csinsicssissossacscctuscccsesaccetecs 383 LANGLEY, S. ’., quoted on winds.,............ 249 LAPPARENT, A. DE, quoted on stream work 237 LAPPARENT, A. DE, Review of book by...... 184 LATITUDES, Highest APrctic......cccoccsccecceces 100 XUM

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INDEX Page LittLenaes, G. W., cited on submarine GRTION: ccusvaitiascavccccnstesseevergsactsatesnessoaes 05 Luspock, Sir Joun, Review of book by... 408 McCuvre, Epear; The altitude of Mount POI, WW ABUAT EUR. crsicivcocsssevaas casas 151 McGrxr, WJ; Death of G. Brown Goode.. 316 —; Eighth annual fielui meeting of the National Geographic Societv............ 259 —; Explorations by the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895............006 77 —; Geographic history of the Piedmont PEACE ccotstheconearssebsensdbatecnsceacestesesenes 26 —; Geographic work in Peru.... ; —; The American Association FRO cccacoviacadicacorscssscnsetesinsssnsonensdeenoibes® 315 —; The work of the National Geo- PATIO OGIO OY wees icoescsssasacecanschvaaccses 253 —and Willard D. Johnson; Seriland..... 125 MacGonicir, Joun N.; The geography of the southern peninsula of the METAS BCR RUA COE ihccestcvccssausa cionesesnsverenies 381 Maenerism, terrestrial, Review of work DMs scdcenvetscncsccscepescndsevecicosesscoseeees ee} Man, Ernest A. ; Nansen MMPIA TOU UNsi sts coa Susde sd tsbaccenradessbetoetoienseene 339 ORM, ©. WOUETY OF. 5.5 csccesctecssyisccenns 216 Maps, Notices of new 5 MARGERIE, EMMANUEL DE, cited on diver- sion of REPS es casctss secre sduccensssasacatenneic 228 MAYA Sere gg den ORO i ccics ccussvesasse 84 MELVILLE, VIO OV ic cas ciasctcecsossss 212 Lo belated T C., Initiation of Board on Geographic Names by..............64 221 Mauna, ©. TEART, WOPlE Of, .ccccccsscccssecass 405 MEXICco, Census Of .........+se000 —-, Explorations in Micnuetson, A. A, Review of book by...... 81 Miu, H. R., Plan by, for geogr: iphie WOT itvens vanncesnvdcecaaes peck chcaceckiascepejeersdaes 208 34 10 ae PAN EB EA DORIA T) voxcisa cc clsehbasivetetsaceitastese 18 Monavdnock, Definition of 192 ‘6 MONTICELLO,” View Of............. XXIX Mooney, James, Explorations by............. 78 Moore, Wituts L.; The Weather Bureau river and flood system.............s000.008 302 quoted on submarine TIO bncns iosenknchs oi bie occesspic ct enecdenscscceses PLOUNTAING, ATMGSFIGRT ....ccsssscccccccscccscesscrses —, Names for.............. — of Ecuador ........... — — Oregon......... t — — Piedmont platean...............csceecccerers 26% waa Me UEMUN TIN cca v ea a hebisabesecdaustats sbices ebetanave — — Venezuela.......... Murr GLacier, View of... Morsg, S. F. B., - XVII Muik, Joun, cited on MEM as suai sshade Riesseceesicsseavsveuetecoxixecesvas 141 Names, Geographic.......... pebeddeeccccesesceapeses lane —, Topographic......... 291 NANSEN, FriprJor, Portrait o Pl. xt —, cited on “ Jeannette relics ”’.............. 95 eae, BO RRIE TD Oli sen eis tes ivcstsscescavagcetacvessisk 290, 339 Nansen (The) polar expedition; Ernest PIED ixosncinccnskcadisccbssnelsak tsyesuesseys treba 339 NANSEN’s polar expedition; A.W. Greely. 98 National GEOGRAPHIC Monoerapus, Re- WOW OF sv icsececscscosscsesiae 42 Nationat Grocrapuic Society (E ighth annual field meeting of the); WJ PE CGRGSO..cicccicvvcscsseccsocscssspebabocccoscescssaes 259 — (The work of the); W J McGee.......... 253 Newe tt, F. H.; Hydrography in the SPENCE EUROED sessrsanstcnciines seastecasieveeet 146 415 Page [Newet, F. H.]; Recent hydrographie work..... sbebeueSssssigsierecctensscdetabscnschore srs 347 NIAGARA FALLS Investigation Oiccsesncsceces 315 NICARAGUA CANAL, The present state of the; A. W. Greely Mev swosshaspresodensteaperias 7 Nignt NovGorop, Fair at.. 22 Nixon, JOHN, quoted on the 354 NoxrnH America, Geographic fea: ures - Notes, Geographic 48, , 156, 188, 217, 251, 281, ad 348, 380, 411 RP RUTURMBIOR, 0 cccrcssvasevssieceses 40, 87, 123, 216, 379 Orricers, Election of.. sseo S16 Oapen, H. G., Review by. - 188 Oxiver, R. L, Report on Yueatan by...... 83 Otympic country, The; S. C. Gilman...... 33 OREGON; DGSCTIDCION: ‘OL, «25 0sscacacsssxescagcosces-¢ 395 ORINOCO RIVER, Map of....... Orinoco, The valley of the; T. BERET EIAs scbcohanectstcehuatasechhocoaansens pantee castes PANAMA CANAL route, The; Robert T. RTE ca ssceecesukes Cason ceanexseeGastieceeceseswadesss 59 Parry, ——, quoted on Arctic discovery 34 Pearse, R. B., Obitu: rid Dliccssceeseeteocassivect 40 PEKKINS, GEORGE C.; California............... 317 Peru, Geogr: aphie pe in 7 PETROLEUM, Russian...........c000eee PIEDMONT PLATEAU, Geographic history of the; WJ McGee PLAINS, names for. — of Oregon............ — — Russia Porutation of Africa... — — Keuador............ — — Indian territory — — Russia............. — — Venezuela... Proceepines of the National ety yg Society... 46, 86, 122, 155, 214, 259, 379, 410 PO ROM OL SRVEP BUA iicciaccesccsnksccsevesdivncssccucstas . £8 — — Venezuela... 57 Ratiways in the United State-~ su ” 406 Ranporpn, W. C. N., quoted on Virginia PUREE RUN icaicickcésieivas cansnagyiestbacsastesi eines 284 Ransome, F, Lesiiz, Keview of book WOM casein bisecdpndyacenatessisyoasiseas toedesccsussccsson 284 ReEIp, Harry F IELDING, Map by...... gaaskotes 144 REINDEER, View of Pl. 111 -, Importation Wisecsaceacap cocuacaveeabesereusious 30 Reviews of geographic literature....... 40, 80, 153, 184, 212, 408 Revo.utTion, Virginia in the.............0..0006 276 Ruopes, Ceciz, Conquest in Africa by 160 Rink, H., cited on “ Jeannette relics”... 95 PELVER CUAEPVALIOUG:, cossisissscccsssecsececersavers 302 BEEV EON, PTO T IOI bi csccnenccccdasedhbeccesste iasvees 181 =. GOVEIOPMGNE OF.....isceccccsccsseaseececcscnes 189 —, Names for — of Eeuador.. — — Florida....... — — Piedmont pl: 1 aR ae I SE 261 aes ae Ei ck na besdeeescntccsvetnesethyestseses — — the United States iy WEEE Wiis caccnbiadsstainiastetavtseerevarssouscaisee OMe Rockuiti, W. W., Acknowledgment to... 339 ==, BOVIOW OF DOGK DY ..caccscsvcsssscecseeees Russet, I. C., Review of book by Russta in Europe; Gardiner G. Hub- BONEN schkcsdectcvsscascsavnchensdhescsssi ines tevssckin 3 Russo-AMERICAN (The) telegr: “tt project of 1864-67; William H. Dall............. 110 SaGr pli 1ins (The) of Oregon ; Frederick OMG ces vcsvvestavssvacansssessencsecessscnkes 395

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416 ‘INDEX Page Scrpmore, Eriza R.; The discovery of Glacier bay, Al: bie ut Aelesstt cba 140 —; The recent earthquake wave on the GOABE OF JAPA sic céscsssccsesctesseeestas cesses 285 —; Reports of sealing schooners cruis-

’ ing in the neighborhood of Tusea- rora deep in May and June, 1896...... 310 Scnompurck, R. H., Reference to sur- VEU OY sises tecccnns kad vexssctcenceetisveseseveasins 92 Scorresspy, WILLIAM, quoted on Arctic WSLS sed cccvecascagesducs puoshevaveetsedacysas oss 35 SreEesoum, Henry, obituary Of................000 40 Seine (The), the Meuse, and the Mo- selle; William M. Davis............ 189, 226 SerFpom in Russia............... 19 BREE TUDCAME, THOTOG Olhiicvciciccsccccdesicsssccnes 77 Serinanp; W J MeGee and Willard D. CEN TAMUON os cek cn cascsccaceastesesssisbekintevecsatens 125 Suater, N.S.; The economic aspects of soil PORTO secs ccais orescstssuccvsneessieser' 328, 368 Suip railways ‘ 64, 70 SHUFELDT, ——, Obituary Of..............0.c0 eee 40 —, quoted on ship railWays........eee 71 Smeria, Projected telegraph line SIRT RRR scavcsva ccicuctavecapassoseconetasiaeschass 110 ==, VOVERO OF LOAF LOwsiscsarecissasddescsisarsers 30 Soir erosion (The economic aspects of) ; Ns £96 PRAOR sc cassssanccsasctansncadsecnacy. ees GOS —oft F lorida jus sebasbubaedesberchecedes ts4sGsiedeaeaen A ee | ——I! — — sage plains 399 Sounp (The aberration of) as illustrate sd by the Berkeley powder explosion ; BODCLE.F. CRADEIAN 600 sssccsctsccsrscscsacce 246 SoutH Arrican history (A c ritical period STE) < TUG TV OG Ei cisccscasecscisssscctcosaane 377 SoutrH AMERICA, Geogr: iphie features WiFcacectevsacbanecsuss sousdeusasecesssacsscecivete 175, 238 Spanish America (Descriptive topo- graphic terms of); Robert T. Hill... 291 Spears, Joun R., Review of book by........ 41 Sportswoop’s expedition of 1716; Wil- liam M. ‘Thornton ,.............. iédéaviorae BOO SHRINGE OF PIOT MGs ves ccscvasvsciscoesiscons 383

Stein, Ronpert, Reference to work of. Surveys of Indian Te CVEOST dccisctecress « 112 — — Seriland...........sccceereeee —— the United States................c0008. . SwirzERLAND, Physiographic features of.. 408

Tart, P. G., quoted ON SOUNG..........000cecee 248 Tarr, Ratpu S, Reviews of books by.. 40, 154 | Page TENUANTEPEC Ship railway (The); Elmer Wag RHAT MEN ci cissusecatheivenecescessiacesereece TELEGRAPHY, ‘l'ranscontinen —, Submarine, beginning of THORNTON, WILLIAM M.; Spottswood’s ex-

DOCICION BT BUG siscicasceceveccciasssccacuessecs 265 TIBURON ISLAND, Exploration of.......... 77, 125 EPOHEA WE Ys A TUS OR Vivi cisees cacéessvalscctsicecedecs 17 —, European............. —, Nomenclature of. == OF OLIN DIG COUMENY sossccccccccssesttsccevecsse 34 — — Seriland............ 127 — — Virginia... 27 TRANSVAAL, Description Of........ccssecccesceee 349 TRIANGULATION (Recent) in the Cascades ; Pap Ore MA TNISOLG.. i ssesnscbavecenecesssicesessts 150 TuNpRAS of ae Sopusupekbnadaeeetachsias tats Ps ‘TUSCARORA DEEP, Earthquake effects in... 310

VANCOUVER, GEorGE, quoted on Alaskan

PPB VOL IONS. 5 cicsnsss sovehesscinencciecnssnevceve 141 VENEZUELA: Her government, people, and boundary; W. E. Curtis............ 49 VicrortaA Queen, Telegram from.. 103 VirGinia, * Free burghs” in..... +3136 —, History of ee, <j —, People of........... Pisses ssasetehusis 20% Vivian, T. J., Isthmian canal statistics OF sha sivea saeudin dcnbes depeds ba Wdedeubsedéweosassseeuen 68 Vouicanoes of Central America,.............0 178 WASHINGTON STATE, Map Of...........000000e Pi; xvi —, Mountains of. wees 151 Waves, Work of... wNerceees | | WEATHER Bureau (The) river and flood System? Willis Li: MOOre.......siessciccses 302 Wessrer, W. H., Obituary of.. 216 We SEAT Ey ME POGRCS cxstsisoscecnsddnbsuoessestasseseccs 35 Wuitr, CHARLES of sound.. 246 Whitney, W. work of cited . 107 WIGHT’, E B., Obitu: REY Ol iccusvcss or WILLITs, Epwiy, Obitu: ry of.. 379 WEEMDE, WV OFM ON: cacssscdscenscvcccccecssctsvevsessess OOO WITWATERSRAND (The) and the revolt of the Uitlanders; George F. Becker... 349 Woop, C. E. S., quoted on Alaskan dis- COVGTION is icicscicinonssisssasasscchcvesencsténtese 142 UOAMAM BEY LOCO i ascccaecessscietecscsdectncersoreenns 83 OLUs FOTURRIGD Gl: iacsisescinscvnsecssdcess Pl, £xxvI ERRATA On page 87, the paragraph relating to Franz Josef Land should be under separate sub-caption ‘‘ Polar Regions. On page 152, for ‘B. S. Payne’ Bureau), read ‘B. S. Pague.’ On page 181, article ‘‘The Kansas River,” read ‘ Geary county.’ On page 232, line 39, for ‘ Plate \ On page 238, article read ‘aguacates (alligator-pears).’ ’ 9 (Director, Oregon State Weather line 2, for ‘ Davis county,’ read ‘Plate XX VI.’ ‘A Journey in Ecuador,” line 15, for ‘ apricots,’ On page 290, lines 3, 14, 24, 32, and 37, for ‘Svendrup,’ read ‘Sverdrup.’ On page 345, line 2, for ‘ easterly, ’ read ‘ westerly.’

XUM

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SPEND THE WINTER — IN-— CALIFORNIA ~ aS USUAL... But vary the monotony of travel by returning via the SHASTA ROUTE ANG NORTHERN PAOIRIG BB. By so doing you can see the RAPIDS NEAR UPPER FALL. ORIGINAL OF THIS SCENE. It is in the YELLOWSTONE PARK, and can be reached on your return from CALIFORNIA if you will see that your ticket reads as above. In addition you will see MT. SHASTA, MT. HOOD, and MT. TACOMA, the Giait Peaks of the Pacific Coast, and pass through Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane, Helena or Butte, Missoula, Bismarck, Fargo, Minneapolis, and St. Paul. Send me 6 cents for SKETCHES OF WONDERLAND. CHAS. S. FEE, Gen. Pass. Agent. Northern Pacific Railroad. St. Paul, Minnesota.

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