The Nation 1926-12-22: Vol 123 Iss 3207

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The Nation FOUNDED 1865 | ill Vol. CX XIII NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1926 No. 3207 C tent St. Lawrence River to the Aluminum Trust and allied ontents interests. When the commission met on December 8 at — pe an the meeting at which it was to have given its approval to the ——— Stee e cece eeeeeeeerenceeerecseresers sees GGL proposed lease to the Frontier Corporation, which is jointly P SS OE OIE TL TEC ERE. Sodbak 654 owned by the Aluminum Company of America, the Dupont ei I, IIIs og occ ccccaccceeecrvecescvasseesdecocenecs 655 ‘ . ‘ . EET TEE A OE ER eRe OE OEE TOT 655 interests, and the General Electric Company, the corpora- i civ ist kip te eked seeeeecaseeeversebvesssstenieredee 656 . er So a area ; . RAOOON. iF MOMMN WAR BOO... oscscccsccacceoscvcccsscnovcesees 657 tion itself wisely withdrew its acceptance of the proposed DOHENY—A PORTRAIT IN OIL. By Raymond Clapper.......... -+. 658 plan. On the following day the Northeastern Power Corpo 4N AIR LAW FOR AMERICA. By M. W. Royse...........-2.00--+- . 659 ae ith shi: ein , THE PEACOCK’S TAIL. Anonymous.............-.eceeeseeesenceeees 664 ration withdrew its application for the creation of a river- THE FRENCH FAMILY COMMITS MURDER. By Robert Dell........ 665 regulating district « the S: . live whic . P IN THE DRIFTWAY. By the Drifter................0ceeceseeuees vies 666 g ng t on h Salmon River, which mv nt & a RS CEE ER Aan rrr raceme 667 power site on that river within the forest preserves Phis g00KS AND PLAYS: What Will She Do with Seven Fat Years? By Clinch Calkins........ 668 i rr er re a ea adce cs bbes decks KO ae aes 668 The “Different” Negro. By Melville J. Herskovits.............+.5-- 668 The Melancholy Bull. By Joseph Wood Krutch................-+005. 669 “Ad Maiorem Gloriam Dei.” By Alter Brody............ccseeeeeeee. 670 A Masterpiece in Logic. By Ernest Sutherland Bates.............. 670 oa SE IN 05 60. 003 5:00.94 40:0 60-4642 d CSE OC RCS OO 671 ee Re ee ee a ads ay nde hehe asi # wewes e518 671 es ee I SINS oo ao og 6:5 kg 00.06 44.9-S Ob RRR EE DESO 0:9'0.6-0:0 . Art: Modern Art—Genesis or Exodus? By Louis Lozowick......... 672 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SECTION: The Real Hungary. ee eS tht cccsasbanddcuendweiee'e's 674 OSWALD GARRISON VILLARD, EpITor ASSOCIATE EDITORS LEWIS S. GANNETT DOROTHY GRAFFE VAN DOREN ARTHUR WARNER JOSEPH WOOD KRUTCH MANAGING EDITOR LITERARY EDITOR FREDA KIRCHWEY MARK VAN DOREN CONTRIBUTING EDITORS JOHN A. HOBSON LUDWIG LEWISOHN H. L. MENCKEN NORMAN THOMAS CARL VAN DOREN DAVID BOEHM, ADVERTISING MANAGER SuBSCRIPTION RATES: Five dollars per annum postpaid in the United States and Mexico; to Canada, $5.50 ; and to foreign countries of the Postal Union, $6.00. THE NATION, No. 20 Vesey Street, New York City. Cable Address: NATION, New York. British Agent of Subscriptions and Advertising: Miss Gertrude M. Cross, 183, Woburn Square, London, W. C. 1, England. OWEVER THE FALL-DOHENY TRIAL ends, the Navy Department stands guilty. The defense cen- tered around an alleged war scare which was supposed to excuse the deal by which Doheny got the oil lands. Secre- tary Wilbur would not permit Admiral Robison to give details or name the Power, but everyone knew it was Japan. Now, these seare stories date from the days of and after the Washington Conference, at which Japan canceled her alli- ance with England, canceled the Lansing-Ishii agreement with America, agreed to return Shantung to China, and entered into a series of treaties to safeguard peace and the status quo in the Pacific. That conference caused a marked lessening of tension in the Pacific. Any war scare, at that precise time, was the purest bogy-man. We do not pretend toknow whether Mr. Doheny invented the bugaboo in order t get his oil or whether there really were naval officers foolish enough to believe it. Enough has already been hinted to do a deal of damage to Japanese-American rela- tions. Let us know the whole truth. Turn on the light, Mr. Wilbur! And is it not time for Mr. Hughes, father of the Washington Conference, to speak out? ime p25 SMITH has won fresh laurels in the water- power fight in that he compelled by ten days of publicity the New York State Water-Power Commission, which is tout to go out of existence, to forego its plans to lease the is a magnificent victory, and not only for the Governor. The New York World again deserves the highest praise for its share in the campaign which resulted in so rapid a rousing of public opinion. The Water-Power Commission can now die an ignominious death, the Republican Party in the State of New York has once more thoroughly beemirched itself, and Governor Smith more than ever ranks as a de- fender of public rights. Will the Republicans now dare to oppose Governor Smith’s program for a State Power Au thority to take the State’s “white coal” out of the hands of politicians? HOUGH THE NUMBER OF MEN of courage and of zeal for truth and justice is steadily increasing in the South—witness the splendid fight made by R. Charlton Wright, publisher of the Columbia, South Carolina, Record, to bring about the punishment of the lynchers who butch- ered the three Negroes in Aiken on October 8—it is not often that a Southern man gets up before a Southern audi- ence and says that “highfalutin talk about the beauty of Southern women and the chivalry of Southern men” cannot hide the lack of intellectual, artistic, social, and political progress. Professor Edwin Mims of Vanderbilt University spoke thus at the annual dinner of the New York Southern Society, and uttered among other reasonable sentiments the following: “The solidarity of the South is no longer a source of pride, but a humiliation to many of its most devoted men”; “the Southern States are still at the bottom of all statistics that register actual educational conditions of this country”; “it is also true that there is not a single university in the South that has adequate resources for the highest type of graduate work”; “even in politics an in- oreasing number of business men (of the South) are no longer voting one way and praying another, but are follow- ing the dictates of their consciences and patriotism.” He was equally outspoken in his opposition to Tennessee’s anti- evolution law, which he described as the child of “political cowardice.” He pointed out that the State of Georgia has recently sent to the penitentiary for from four years to life the leaders of a lynching mob, to date eleven men. This makes it easier for the brave editors of the South, such as Julian Harris in Georgia, Charlton Wright in South Caro- lina, and Desha Breckinridge in Kentucky, to cite only a few, to fight their unending battles for justice. LL HONOR TO THE BOARD OF REGENTS of the University of Utah! The Chamber of Commerce of Salt Lake City, the Commercial Club, the American Legion,

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652 The Nation [Vol. 123, No. 22 and the usual list of patriotic societies recently undertook to prevent Scott Nearing from giving an address in con- nection with the University Extension course. He is and was a pacifist, a member of the Civil Liberties Union, a Socialist, and he opposed the entrance of the United States into the World War. Therefore these solemn bodies opined that it was their sacred duty to censor the course of lectures established by the university, and notified its authorities that in their judgment the mere presence of Scott Nearing, no matter how mild his utterances might be, would be “harmful to the university students.” Wonderful to relate, the Governor of the State and the Mayor of Salt Lake City were to be found on the side of free speech, and when the protests of the Chamber of Commerce and its affiliated organizations came before the Board of Regents they unanimously voted to keep Scott Nearing on their roll of lecturers. We cannot too warmly commend this action. For a university board of control to allow commercial organiza- tions to say what shall and what shall not be said on university platforms would be to abdicate the most sacred of their functions. The net result was, of course, that the Babbitts of Salt Lake so boomed Mr. Nearing’s coming that it was necessary to take for his lecture the large Assembly Hall of the Mormon church. HE GOOD OLD DAYS in which a vote was worth two bits and no more—unless it might be a glass of whis- key—are gone forever. Votes come higher nowadays; Sena- tor-elect Vare has discovered how costly a Pennsylvania primary can be. And the voters of that State are discover- ing—although so far with no great show of indignation— that buying votes is not enough. Other subterfuges may be necessary in order to roll up a safe majority. Thus the investigation of the Philadelphia system discovered one vote recorded as cast by a man who died ten days before the election was held, and in one session of the court twenty-five witnesses testified that their votes had been falsely counted for Vare. Five members of one election board are already under arrest for fraud. In thirty dis- tricts of Philadelphia not one vote was counted for William B. Wilson, Vare’s opponent. What is to be the outcome of this scandalous buying and stealing of votes? The Senate certainly should refuse to seat Senator Vare. But what are the people of Pennsylvania going to do? Nothing daunted by disclosures relating to their three-million-dollar pri- mary, they elected the machine candidate in November. Or are they about to prove that they did not elect him and that he won the election by fraud alone? MONG THE ANNUAL REPORTS of the Cabinet ofticers the Postmaster General’s stands out as the most striking, for he reports that he has cut his last year’s deficit in half, reducing it by $19,772,647.87 to $19,972,379.42, and this in the face of an increase of more than $70,000,000 in the salary roll. There was an increase of 9.36 per cent in postage paid on mail, and the air mail earned $861,865.05 in excess of ordinary postal rates. Among the Postmaster General’s commendable recom- mendations for legislation are one to exclude firearms from the mail, another to contract for group life-insurance for postal employees, and a third to reduce the postage rate on second-class transient matter. All of which shows clearly that if the Post Office Department is ever put on a purely business basis and the Postmaster General dropped from — the Cabinet, where he has for generations been merely +, political henchman of the President, the department made self-supporting. As for the other reports, ‘ the War and Navy departments are, as usual, demands top more men and more money, while the Attorney Gen, a backs up the President in demanding that the prohibj:;,. and anti-trust laws be made more stringent. ITTLE BROTHER DIAZ, down in Nicaragua, }y learned something from association with the Stq, Department in Washington. He knows that one of + safest ways to fight an opponent is to call him a Bolsheyjs And so, since Mexico has recognized the rival Sacasa regin, in Nicaragua—and at least Sacasa has more constitution; right to call himself President than Diaz—Diaz how]s |oy¢ that Sacasa and the Mexicans are all Bolshevists. |; : absurd. It is still more absurd for the Associated Press ; cable 1,500 words of Diaz’s ranting to the United State; and for respectable newspapers to print them. The bulk o Diaz’s propaganda is suspicious. So far, he has proved thy Calles has recognized Sacasa, as he should, and that som Mexicans have shipped arms to him. Meanwhile Diaz hip. self is aided by United States marinés and aviators: oy; gunboats blockade the ports in his behalf; our State De. partment and press associations act as his press agents It is a vast honor for a man who leaped into the Presidency from an ill-paid job as secretary of an American mining corporation; and shoddy business for a great nation. Wh) is behind it? APAN IS WEIRDLY MIXED of medieval and mo- ern. A Buddhist priest who attempted to presents petition to the Crown Prince provided himself with a dagger to disembowel himself after so sacrilegiow an act; and the chief of police who did not prevent his reaching the running-board of the royal automobile m signed in shame. On the other hand, Japan’s Fa Labor Party has all the modern frills. The right-wing labor unions retired when the new party decided to admi Communists to membership. Oddly, however, it was th strong Peasants’ Union which insisted on including the radicals. Now there will be two labor parties. Between “mor Ailta* the latest census figures report 3,128,000 men and 1,562,000 women in industry (the latter a significantly modern fig- ure). In any case, registration under the new Manhood Suffrage Act is proceeding so slowly that Japan may hav to fight another election in large part on the old selectiv franchise. In diplomacy, meanwhile, Japan is ahead of th West. She is actively in negotiation with China for re vision of her thirty-year-old commercial treaty, and he methods reveal a thoroughly up-to-date understanding « the farcical art of international intercourse. The Japane* Minister and the Chinese Foreign Minister conferred ft three days before China presented her note sugvestit revision. Every comma, apparently, was discussed befor the note was sent. And even then it was not published! HE UPPER SILESIAN municipal elections last mon were very unsettling. The Poles had hoped for a «& cisive victory, and the heavy German vote in the industria centers was a blow. The absurdly complicated arrangeme”™ of frontiers made by the League of Nations to accomm Poland in 1921 doubtless contributed to the result.

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Gil t% At Adit, “Dec. 22, 1926] F province) is deep rooted. The Nation 653 wjral vote went Polish, but the six chief industrial towns or districts turned in 165,000 votes for the German party, 139.000 for Polish candidates, and 9,200 for Communist and mixed candidates. Kattowitz, the provincial capital, re- turned 34 Germans and 26 Poles. Five years of Polish F propaganda, the prosperity resulting from the British coal ik -e, suppression and terrorism where needed, and liberal elfare work just before the elections were counted on to But the tradition of German skill and capital which built up the industry of Upper Silesia (and incidentally Poland’s interest in this Moreover, the current dialect, “Wasserpolnisch,” is so much more like German than Polish that in some cases Polish propagandists were forced to address their audiences in German to be understood at all. And the Germans used to good advantage the contrast be- tween social progress in Germany since the revolution and conditions under the Polish dictatorship. \ USSOLINI’S AMBITION to make the Adriatic an 4 Italian lake is stirring the Balkans again. This time he seems to have negotiated a treaty virtually annexing Albania. Naturally, Jugoslavia is alarmed. Not that the Serbs are devoted to the cause of Albanian independence— merely that if Mussolini succeeds in pocketing Albania they fail. Albanian revolutions in the last decade have succeeded one another with startling rapidity, and while Italy has gazed fondly on one party Jugoslavia has nursed the other. Nintchitch, the habitual Foreign Minister at Belgrade, has resigned in indignation, and at this crucial moment old Nikola Pachich, who was Serbia’s Prime Minister in pre- war days and has occupied the post intermittently ever since, has died. If Pachich’s death brings Stefan Radich to the helm, as seems possible, it will be almost the veteran’s greatest service to his country. Radich is a Croat, and his leadership would do much to unite the racial groups of the “Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.” ‘““TNTERALLIED CONTROL” of Germany will cease on January 31, 1927. That is good news. The out- come of the Geneva negotiations is a bargain, but a friendly bargain, reinforcing the significantly growing good-will between France and Germany. The control commission, sitting in Berlin and prying into factories all over Ger- many, has been an irritation from the start. Enforcement of the disarmament provisions of the Treaty of Versailles is to be turned over to the League Council. That body too may have to settle the moot questions of the German fortifications in the East and of Germany’s export of semi- manufactured materials capable of use in war. Both these questions go to the Council if the Conference of Ambassa- dors cannot settle them; Germany’s proposal to refer them for arbitration to the World Court at the Hague was re- fused—hbecause, the correspondent of the New York Times avows, the members of the League Council have “a better idea of what was in the minds of the persons who drafted the Treaty of Versailles.” It is bad business to tie the League to that treaty. HE HALL-STEVENS FAMILY have been acquitted. In most civilized countries private persons unjustly ac- cused of crime may be indemnified from the public treas- ury. The British Parliament appropriated £5,000 in the Beck case. Wisconsin and California allow an indemnity not to exceed $5,000 in any case of erroneous conviction of a completely innocent party. France, making concrete Voltaire’s proposal, also confines the indemnity to persons unjustly convicted. But Germany, Austria, Hungary, Den- mark, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, and many of the Swiss cantons permit a wrongfully accused person to claim com- pensation from the state for the extraordinary sacrifice which he has borne. This is civilized. The state in the public interest of prosecuting crime takes from an innocent person his liberty and lays on him an extraordinary ex- pense. The people of the state should bear in common a loss which they have unjustly imposed on a single individ ual. The indemnity also helps to reestablish a person's unjustly impugned reputation in the community. States should take up this matter by general legislation. A federal bill, making the United States responsible in case of erroneous conviction in the federal courts, introduced in 1913 by Senator Sutherland, now justice of the Supreme Court, was lost in the excitement incident to the war. Such a humanitarian measure should be Our revived. [* THE SURVEY GRAPHIC'S long list of distinguished issues none is more stimulating or more provocative of thought and discussion than the recent “‘Woman’s Place,” edited by Mary Ross. Here we have an impressive summary of the results so far of the Women’s Revolution, which may mark the first half of this century more deeply than any other social change. The emotional conflicts that confront the modern woman, the profound choices that are forced upon her, the subtle interactions in home life, in the relations of the sexes, in factory and office are here discussed lightly yet with informed wisdom. If the issue is free of merely spectacular testimony it is even more amazingly free of simple and general dicta. It is concrete and particular and balanced; if it appears par- tisan to the modern woman its bias is mainly a record of the way of life that the present and the future seem to offer. It is a fascinating textbook of woman in the modern world—worth keeping, after reading, as an historical docu- ment to look over in later years when women shall have found their sea legs and the impressive activities of the advancing women of today will seem like the earnest and awkward yet somehow promising movements of a landlubber on his first day out. number on F THE HAND OF PROVIDENCE had reached down and arrested the policemen who, on December 12, arrested ninety-eight persons in Irvington, N. J., for violating a 1798 law against working on Sunday, it would have been appro- priate. For the policemen, too, surely violated the law in performing their labors. They arrested bus-drivers, trolley conductors, merchants, gasoline vendors, bootblacks, and even the reporters and photographers who, for hire, had assembled to catch a news story. But nobody arrested the officers of the law or Recorder Frederic Stoddard, who fined each law-breaker—except himself and the policemen—two dollars. Clarence Darrow, who, at a recent Nation dinner, declared that the way to change an unpopular law is to dis- obey it, is thus proved both right and wrong. For the Blue Laws have certainly not been obeyed; for a full century they have been blandly, openly, and persistently ignored. Yet when, as in Irvington last Sunday, they are obeyed their absurdity becomes so evident that they must surely be brought nearer to repeal than by a century of neglect.

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The Nation [ Vol. 128, No. 3247 — Christmas Puddin’ A bag pudding the King did make, And stuffed it well with plums, And in it put great lumps of fat As big as my two thumbs. HERE were kings in those days. In our time kings no longer make plum-puddings. Perhaps that is why they are losing their thrones. But though royalty does not now mix bag puddings, that modern king of kings, the restaurant chef, does it on a larger scale than ever. A press dispatch from London, the capital of puddingdom, tells us that the chef of the Savoy opened the plum-pudding season some weeks ago and by early November had already made 2,000 pounds of this delectable dish for consumption in the United States—not to speak of keeping the home puddings The dispatch continues: No ritual could be more impressive to the epicure than to see Mr. Latry mix his first plum-pudding of the season. For thirty years he has assembled his assistants about him on a date fixed several weeks before Christmas. Then, with a flourish that might be taken from some quaint religious ceremony, he has poured the first bottle of brandy into the pudding mixture. A diminutive page-boy always makes the first stir. When one reads a description like that one gets an inkling of the solidity of Great Britain. Plum-pudding, under the flag upon which the sun never sets, is not merely a food; it is a British institution. It may almost be called the British institution. Indeed it is probably the reason why the British have a flag that the sun never sets on and that others rarely sit on. Christmas pudding, they like to call it in England, al- though the term should be reserved for an unusually rich and mellow one, specially destined for the holiday season. “Mix your puddings several weeks in advance,” advises the chef of the Savoy, “and let the flavor improve.” Several weeks? That would never have done in the good old days when King Arthur did the cooking. In less opportunist times than ours the open season for plum-pudding-making began as soon as summer was out of the way, but the product was preserved for the holiday season of the year thereafter, for its contents were such that it could be depended upon to carry out the principles of Dr. Coué; every day and in every way it grew better and better. In fact, a tip-top plum-pudding is so good that it is as excel- lent cold as hot. That it is often eaten that way is recalled by the story of the family butler who asked his mistress solicitously: “Will you heat your pudding cold or shall I ‘eat it for you?” We Americans have never got anywhere with pudding; neither in the making nor the eating of it. Pie is our na- tional dish, and it is fit and proper that it should have no serious rival in our affections. In the direction of pud- dings we have a few weak sisters: rice, bread, tapioca, cabinet. They are baked puddings and as such are not really puddings at all. They are fluffy, unsubstantial con- fections which digest in two or three hours, whereas a real pudding is a sturdy dish for heroes and strong men. It is not baked but boiled in a bag like King Arthur’s; and it doesn’t leave you with an empty feeling a few hours after eating. It has a staying quality which has passed from it into the English people; it grapples the inside of the boiling. stomach and goes with you for the rest of the day. national wealth of Great Britain must go into Chris: puddings if one may judge by the Savoy recipe: Twelve ounces Malaga raisins, 12 ounces currant ounces suet, 9 ounces flour, 4 ounces chopped apple, 1 oun orange peel, 8 ounces brown sugar, half pint milk, 12 ounces Smyrna raisins, 12 ounces crystallized peel, 10 oun bread crumbs, 1 ounce ginger, 1 ounce citron peel, | tea. spoonful salt, 6 eggs, quarter of a pint of brandy or sherry All the dry ingredients should be well mixed togethe A little extra mixing well repays the trouble. Beat th eggs and add them to the milk, then pour over the dr ingredients and again mix thoroughly. Pack into greased molds and boil for six hours at the time of making. ' puddings should be boiled for a further six hours wanted for use. The best sauces are white, custard, brandy sauce. We do not make many puddings like that—fortunately, perhaps, because this is no country in which to eat them, When a true Christmas pudding does get itself made among us it serves chiefly as a table ornament. Nobody eats mor than a bite or two—again fortunately. For America, 4. though a land of many blessings, has not a climate adapte to bold eating. It lacks the stimulus of those cold, pene trating fogs, of that moisture-laden, marrow-piercing air. In our earlier outdoor days we were fair-to-middling eaters, but latterly there are everywhere signs of decay: con- sommés, salads, custards, and such flubdubbery. Any American who has ever tried to eat his way through a day with an Englishman on his home grounds has tasted life He starts off at nine o’clock (thank heaven, the English have a reasonable breakfast hour) with porridge, followed by finnan haddie or other salt fish, which leads up toa bountiful plate of bacon and eggs, a pot of tea, and a ger- erous portion of toast and marmalade with which to to off. The middle of the day calls for a light soup (say, puré of split pea), an evanescent mutton chop (two inches thick), a bursting potato, and a vegetable trifle like boiled cab bage. When this has been washed down with a pint of bitter one has laid a fitting foundation. He may dam » the rest of his stomach with plum-pudding, confident of some permanency in an otherwise mutable and dissolving universe. But at four o’clock one puts one’s legs under the table again for tea, toasted scones, and a few trivial slices of plum cake—presumably designed to clamp the pudding down. What an Englishman eats after that no Americal has ever found out, because he’s stretched out on a sofa asking for his passport home. No, puddings are not for Americans, but they are the mainstay and the standby of every Briton-born. If not hi first thought, they are at least his last, as evidenced by th dialogue in an East End fried-fish shop: “Gimme some fried fish.” “Hot or cold?” “Hot.” “Eat it here or take it with yer?” “Eat it here.” “Fork or fingers?” “Aw [in disgust], gimme puddin’.” Some folks think it’s patriotism that has made Grea Britain great. Tommyrot! It’s puddin’. the mess the ¢ conti such “be § the p press will : than he w appli of ta: the « with bonds to th incon and . full k they surpli he wv us OF \ has ti has s) panda ndvoc. ion, and v lorms which le ur areas fects ng th or th lida: he Cx he gc trean At po: privat. ral cr ishes

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ir » . + reat of taxation. ‘the debt as already required by law and in accordance Dec. 22, 1926] The Nation 655 ——=_ Calvin Coolidge, Socialist HAT was such a sensational message which President T Coolidge sent to Congress on December 7 that the xew York Times placed over it the thrilling and unex- nected heading, “PRESIDENT URGES CAUTION ON CONGRESS.” Superficially it is a cheerful Christmas message for all of ur citizens—but only superficially. True, in reporting on the state of the Union he found it “impossible to charac- terize it other than one of general peace and prosperity.” To this he added, with his delicate sense of what is new and startling: “In some quarters our diplomacy is vexed with dificult and as yet unsolved problems, but nowhere are we met with armed conflict.” With this assurance to his read- ers that we have no private war going on under cover un- known to the public, he launched into a panegyric on economy: “Nothing is more destructive of the progress of the nation than government extravagance.” But this is not the most striking part of Mr. Coolidge’s message, nor is the early keynote which reads thus: “What the country requires is not so much new policies as a steady continuation of those which are already being crowned with such abundant success.” He sagely advises that it would “be greatly for the welfare of the country if we avoided at the present session all commitments except those of the most pressing nature. From a reduction of the debt and taxes will accrue a wider benefit to all the people of this country than from embarking upon any new enterprise.” However, he would have “a balanced portion of the surplus revenue” applied not to the reduction of the debt but to the reduction Nevertheless, he favors “a speedy reduction of with the promises made to the holders of our Liberty bonds”; but he also sees no reason why we should not come to the relief of the taxpayers by “making reductions in the income-tax payments which accrue on the 15th of March and June, 1927.” These are his “convictions stated with full knowledge that it is for the Congress to decide whether they judge it best to make such a reduction or leave the surplus for the present year to be applied to retirement of the war debt.” Having thus clearly and succinctly stated his opinions, Congress will, of course, know just how to act. We confess to an uneasy feeling that the President, who las till now been rated as a very Gibraltar of conservatism, has succumbed to the insidious and soul-destroying propa- ganda of socialism. With alarm we find his keynote to be slvocacy of a socialistic dealing with the cotton situa- tion, urging that 4,000,000 bales of cotton be purchased eid withheld from the market, thus interfering with the iormal functioning of the great law of supply and demand, which is the very heart of private business. More than that, le urges “a reduction of about one-third in the [cotton] treage in the coming year.” The virus has, however, fected him even more deeply than this. We find him urg- ing the lowering of all the freight rates of all the railroads or the benefit of all the farmers, demanding further con- lidation of the railroads, and, most sinister of all, praising he Government Inland Waterways Corporation under which ie government operates boats on 2,500 miles of navigable reams, a violent government plunge into private business. At point after point he wishes to put the government into private business; he wants to broaden and strengthen fed- tal credit agencies which compete with private banks; he ‘ishes to throw open more public lands for grazing in competition with privately owned lands; he calls for the development of those cooperative associations which some of our leading business men declare to be a step toward com- munistic marketing; he urges a legislative interference with the private bituminous coal industry by Congress in that he asks for the passage of legislation to enable him to interfere in any struggle between employers and employees, and in time of trouble to distribute coal and to fiz the price of coal for the consumer. Next, he insists that the govern- ment rigidly supervise and control the private radio business by a radio board and the Department of Commerce. Nor are these urgings that the government compete with private enterprise to be offset by the declaration that he is “in favor of reducing rather than expanding ygovern- ment bureaus which seek to regulate and contro] the business activities of the people.” When he declares the next moment for a stricter enforcement of the prohibition amendment, advocates the extension of the Mississippi River transporta- tion system, and refrains from urging the immediate trans- fer of our government-owned merchant marine to private hands we can readily see that unconsciously he has yielded to subtle influences which, as the Daughters of the Revolu- tion and the American Legion so well know, strike directly at our fundamental liberties. What will these patriots do about it? We tremble as we await their decision. Claude Monet, 1840-1926 HE death of Claude Monet is in a sense the death of impressionism itself. The thousands of impressionist pictures that are being turned out now, and that are likely to be turned out for generations to come, are at best the work of epigoni, at worst the result of a lifeless formula with slight relation to the life of our time. The impressionists were a typical product of their experi- mental, individualist epoch. Nineteenth-century France, oscillating between revolution and reaction, republic and empire, civil and foreign war, witnessed a parallel oscilla- tion in its cultural life. In art the classic and romantic, the realist, naturalist, and impressionist schools followed in rapid succession, each in its turn envisaging new aims, adopting new methods, accomplishing new triumphs, and each contributing its mite to the body of aesthetic riches which placed nineteenth-century France in the forefront of Europe. Other schools may have exercised a wider influ- ence than impressionism; few have provoked more acrimo- nious controversy. Impressionist exhibitions were signals to battle in which every statute in the code of literary etiquette was violated. But the ferocious onslaughts of its enemies were more than matched by the passionate defense of its friends, Duret, Huysmans, Zola, Mirbeau, Mauclair, who in the end forced the recognition and acceptance of the new doctrine. Of this movement Monet was the most consistent protagonist. It was one of his own canvases ex- hibited in 1874 which gave the name to the movement; and since the age of sixteen, when Monet exhibited for the first time, and for almost seventy years thereafter, his work and person illustrated the halting beginning, the gradual de- velopment, and the culminating perfection of the entire impressionist school. Impressionism sought to grip and stay the momentary impressions of things, men, and events, to render concrete and permanent the fleeting, changing aspects that colored and characterized the life of the nineteenth century. “Tout

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656 | The Nation [ Vol. 123, No. 3207 Dec est Aa peindre.” Crooked alleys and spacious boulevards, rickety shanties and magnificent cathedrals, the race track, the bar room, the dance hall—all the variegated modernity, crossed at certain points by traces of the medieval and ancient epochs, entered the impressionist’s angle of vision. Monet himself painted still-lifes, genre pictures, portraits, but it was light playing on field, sky, and water which formed the true subject of his most characteristic pictures. The commonly accepted practice among artists to divide the march of seasons and the passage of hours into summer, winter, spring, and fall, and morning, evening, day, and night, is arbitrary and artificial There are numberless gradations within these divisions; every hour of the day is different from every other hour of the same day. The world is to the impressionist a stream of unique sense-impressions seen once and never to be repeated. Accordingly, Monet painted his haystacks, water lilies, poplars, cathedrals. The new aims which the impressionists had set them- selves required a revision of old methods. While some influ- ences may be traced in part to Japanese art, and to Con- stable and Delacroix, more important still were the scientific discoveries of Chevreul and Rood. Color was raised to a higher pitch and greater variety by concentrating light upon it. A more vigorous brushwork was practiced and the new technique of pointillisme was developed, in which spec- tral colors were used without being mixed on the palette but placed in small dots and in complementary juxtaposition direct on canvas, where, seen from a certain distance, they blend, giving the desired hue with great brilliance. Even the shadows were made aglow with color and vibration. His eyesight failing and his general health weakened, Monet passed his last years at Giverny. He had lived long enough to see the triumph of the principles for which he fought. Impressionism, which began as a rebellion against the academy, ironically enough was later sanctified in aca- demic circles and even used as a club against the newer tendencies. It is gratifying, however, to know that Monet himself was more tolerant toward these newer tendencies; and, remembering perhaps his own early struggles, he had even words of praise for their “esprit de bataille et de découverte.” Friar Bacon A" a memorial meeting in honor of the late Professor Newbolt of the University of Pennsylvania two mem- bers of the Department of Chemistry at that institution announced the performance of an odd experiment. Working upon a hitherto unknown formula recorded in cipher by Roger Bacon, they succeeded in producing a certain salt of copper, and, though the cumbersome formula is useless, the result of the experiment is to vindicate Professor New- bolt’s reading of a strange manuscript and to remind the public again of one of the most remarkable adventures of modern paleography. About fourteen years ago a well-known dealer brought to this country a fascinating vellum volume of which the documentary history could not be traced farther back than 1665, but which appeared to be an original production of Roger Bacon. Adorned with various drawings of cell de- velopment and other microscopic details of plant structure, and having the superficial appearance of a treatise on alchemy, it was eagerly scanned by scholars on account of the half-historical, half-legendary position of its author ——., as a man centuries in advance of the scientific knowled,, his contemporaries and possessed of secrets not know ;. others until they were rediscovered centuries later. 7 text of the work was mere gibberish, but, since Bacon y,; reputed to have concealed much of his knowledge ra:}., than increase an already dangerous reputation as a magi. cian, a cipher was suspected. Various experts failed, hoy. ever, to make anything out of it until Mr. Newhs. announced before a meeting of the American Philosophj,, Society in 1921 that he had found the key. Under a each letter was seen to be composed of a number of separ.:; strokes, and these strokes were the symbols used in a kno» system of Greek shorthand. Pursuing this discovery y, Newbolt was able to decipher considerable portions of +}, text and, to his amazement, brought to light records historical events, astrological observations, and bits of phi sophical and scientific theory which had doubtless he securely locked there since Bacon died late in the thirteen century. In the opinion of some, the manuscript demo; strated his knowledge of the compound microscope, an; certainly he had observed certain details of living organisms not again noted for four hundred years, until the days Leeuwenhoek and Hamm. Unfortunately, however, cipher was not completely unambiguous. It seemed to alloy considerable latitude for the exercise of ingenuity in inter. pretation, and there were some, not wholly convinced, wi argued that perhaps Mr. Newbolt, though perfectly sincere: was reading into the mysterious symbols the contents of hi: own unconscious mind, so that he died without having wor entire acceptance for his reading. Now, however, the experiment at Pennsylvania seem: to have applied the best possible sort of objective test, ani the result is both to vindicate Mr. Newbolt and to add sup- port to the long-enduring legend of Friar Bacon. Not on will it awaken the keenest interest of all serious medieva ists and doubtless stimulate someone to complete Mr. Nev- bolt’s translation but it will come as a comfort also t those of romantic disposition whom it pleases to see pir. turesque legends maintained. Nor does the support com any too soon, for the fame of the friar has been sad dimmed of late. In the days of Shakespeare every stre# urchin had heard of the wonderful brazen head which be was supposed to have made speak and many had seen hin appear as a sort of Faustus upon the contemporary stag: today not everybody can distinguish him very clear! from “the author of Shakespeare’s plays” and his legeni has not escaped the destructive criticism of scholars. In his monumental “History of Magic and Experiment Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Er.” Lynn Thorndike not only questions the old story of h’ persecution by the church but attempts as well to prune of its extravagances the legend of his almost superhuman wi dom, stoutly maintaining that Bacon was more conspici ously a man of his age than one who transcended it. Nov, however, the remarkable cipher throws a new glamor abo! his name: he was engaged in making actual, detailed scientific observations, and for some reason, real or fant! ful, he did think it necessary to record his thoughts i” laboriously indirect fashion. For once then, minute inves tigation comes to the rescue of romance, and we are 4 liberty again to fancy the friar, solitary in the cold cel! 0 ' his cloister, penetrating secrets which were to be his alo" for centuries, one more example of A mind forever Voyaging through strange seas of thought, alone

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22 1926] The Nation Dec. 4 OOOO i On reading the first batch of home newspapers after an absence of three weeks in Europe

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The Nation [ Vol. 128, No. 2207 C ONSOLED by the presence of his family and his staff of high-priced lawyers, E. L. Doheny sits in criminal court at Washington bearing with the patient countenance of misjudged virtue the insinuations of government prose- cutors who charge that he gave a Cabinet officer $100,000 to get naval oil reserves worth $100,000,000. This florid little man is smiling in such a friendly way that we feel unkind even to suspect him. We listen to his able counsel and almost believe that the republic is an ingrate to try this man for criminal conspiracy. For Mr. Doheny, it seems, is the unfortunate victim of a malady somewhat like that of the lamented Midas. Everything he touches turns to oil. He can’t help it. In the early seventies he started, penniless, south from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in charge of a bunch of shave-tail mules. For every one of those mules he finally brought back a fine large oil company paying enough dividends to support for the time being most of the good lawyers in Washington, D. C. He prospected for gold and silver in New Mexico, discovered the Los Angeles and other Cali- fornia oil fields, went into Mexico and discovered the Tam- pico fields, and finally pried open the great Elk Hills naval oil reserve in California. This last deal, he said, should return him $100,000,000, and his earlier ventures also were not without profit. Mr. Doheny took the witness stand and told part of this story. He told how he had been the town surveyor in Atchison, Kansas; horse-trader in Oklahoma, soldier in the Indian wars, school-teacher, law student, miner, oil pros- pector, making fortunes and losing them, finally coming out as the largest property holder in Mexico, many times a mil- lionaire. Young members on the jury had read such stories in dime thrillers. Here was a worthy model for Horatio Alger in the flesh. Riches have never kept him from Doing Good. Some- times one feels, listening to his able counsel, that he was a dealer in good deeds rather than oil. He was president of the (very) Practical Patriots’ League of Los Angeles. His friend President Obregon in Mexico needed money. Mr. Doheny is glad to oblige with a $10,000,000 loan. His friend in Washington needs money. “Here, Ned, put this $100,000 in the brown satchel and take it down to Albert.” His country needs help. The Japs are coming to attack us. The armament conference won’t save us. The navy must have oil tanks at Hawaii. “I'll save the country from the Japs. I'll build you some tanks without one dollar of profit if it takes every cent I’ve got.” Some have suspected that he went into Mexico to make money. It is true that he did buy up 280,000 acres near Tampico for slightly more than $1 an acre from the descendant of a Spanish family which had held the land since the sixteenth century. This man had no idea his land was being bought as one of the world’s richest oil fields. But as Doheny said, “years later, he was still my warm friend and never expressed any regret that he had parted with the property which afterwards proved to be more valuable than he supposed it to be.” The original discoverers of this wonderful oi] region were Americans [Mr. Doheny said in a letter to Mark L. Requa, United States Fuel Oil Administrator, March 15, Doheny—A Portrait in Oil By RAYMOND CLAPPER — 1918]. Their proposed efforts in Mexico were welcomed | the government of that republic, which desired to stimu new industries therein; by the railroad company near whos line the first development was undertaken and which hone: to and did benefit by the development of a superior locomo- tive fuel supply at 50 per cent of the cost of that whic} theretofore had been imported for its use; by the mer- chants of Tampico and vicinity whose business promised to be enhanced by activities thus initiated; by landowners of the region about Tampico who anticipated wider mar- kets for their products and better prices for lands which might be supposed to contain petroleum. Even the laborers, known as peons, who could not then realize the advantage which might accrue to them, have since shown their ap- preciation and gratitude, by kindly feelings and helpful actions, for the treatment which these Americans accorded to them and which became possible only through the successful carrying on of the plans of these prospectors. In its earlier years this was a somewhat discouraging venture. Nearly $3,000,000 was spent before any substan- tial revenue developed. Many stockholders dropped out. Doheny picked up their holdings. From a one-eighth owner, he became the holder of 40 per cent of the stock. Com- panies in which he is interested control 1,500,000 acres in the Tampico district, operate thirty-one tank vessels and hire many more, own 1,700 tank cars and 600 miles of pipe line. The Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Com- pany, which got the Elk Hills naval oil lease, had a net operating income in 1925 of $32,000,000 after depletion al- lowances were taken out. Its assets are about $189,000,000. Although control of this gigantic holding company has passed into the hands of the Standard Oil of Indiana since the naval oil leases were made in 1922, Doheny retains a large interest in it, and in some twenty or more other oi! and related concerns. When there is anything to be done, Doheny lets nothing stand in his way. Toward the end of the Wilson Adminis- tration when he was in difficulty in Mexico, he hired Demo- cratic job-holders as fast as they would come to him. McAdoo drew $250,000 in salaries from Doheny for pressing his oil claims in Mexico. Before Franklin K. Lane resigned as Wilson’s Secretary of Interior, Doheny arranged to take him on his pay roll. He also took Lane’s bright young secretary, J. J. Cotter. Former Attorney General Gregory was hired jointly by Doheny and other oil interests to handle claims for them. Possibly the initiative has not always been on the side of Doheny. It was Fall who wanted the $100,000. Doheny has many times found hard-up politicians only too eager to take his money. Probably his code of political ethics has suffered considerably from associations. Perhaps he played the game according to the only rules he knew—rules already set when he came on the scene looking for a stake. And he had the courage to take the witness stand and defend that code against cross-examination by one of the ablest lawyers in the country. This is the man who told the Senate committee: “! am just an ordinary, old-time, impulsive, irresponsible, im- provident sort of a prospector.” Just about as improvident as Calvin Coolidge. Dec T ence righ with mat! madi the r had n Insur fused aviati machi Few ican ¢ ried o many crashe piloti1 ernme the it “throu equip! license gover? were privat 1,100 ; Garde was fi main « near t lesson: the pa nocent he hac

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Dec. 22, 1926] The Nation 659 - An Air Law for America By M. W. ROYSE HE long arm of the law has reached up at last into air- T space. With the passage of the Air Commerce Act the last “free domain” may be said to have passed out of exist- ence, over the protests of those who urged the old States’ rights theory to prove that each State owned its airspace with no room for federal meddling, and of those who dra- matically pleaded for one natural medium unlimited by man- made law. European airmen have never stopped wondering at our hackwardness in aviation. America, with its long distances, ts comparatively few railroads and great resources should be leading the world in air transportation. As it was, until mercial air-transportation line. Aviation reports broadcast the fact that thousands of Americans take air passage each vear but these passengers are merely up for a joy-hop and not travelers going from one place to another. There is no actual air traffic. Europe, on the other hand, in spite of its miniature distances and criss-crossing railroads, its alleged old-world conservatism and post-war economic troubles, has developed a complete air-transportation system. So com- plete has this air development been that practically every large city in Europe has air connections with others. To- day Europe can be crossed in one-fourth the fastest train time at only twice the railroad rates. Air development in America was difficult as long as our government remained aloof, withholding from aviation even the ordinary licensing and inspection aid given shipping and the railroads. Pilots without licenses flew airplanes which had never been inspected, resulting in hundreds of crashes. Insurance rates mounted skywards and financial circles re- fused to support the industry. The public came to regard aviation as a dangerous sport and the airplane as a stunt machine whose chief function was to thrill people at fairs. Few Americans today think of aviation as an everyday means of transportation. “Free air” proved itself a disastrous luxury for Amer- ican commercial aviation. Government regulation, if car- ried out with some degree of efficiency, could have prevented many of the 508 crashes of the past three years. These crashes were caused by unairworthy machines, errors in piloting, lack -of terminals, routes, and weather data. Gov- ernment reports attribute 91 per cent of all the accidents to the itinerant fliers who operate without a fixed base, “through inexperience and the use of cheap and unsafe equipment.” Until very recently there were no air routes, licenses, and inspections, no weather reports for airmen, no government terminals except military fields, although there were 124 aerial companies already in existence with 162 private airports located throughout the country, with some 1,100 airplanes in operation. Recently a plane crashed near Garden City, killing its passenger. Upon investigation it was found that its pilot was not a licensed airman. His main occupation in life was selling cigars and sandwiches near the flying field. Between hours he had taken a few lessons in flying, later buying a machine and embarking in the passenger-carrying business. This pilot legally was in- nocent, as no license or inspection regulations existed and he had therefore broken no law in risking the lives of his passengers. The past six years have seen hundreds of such cases. To the average person any pilot clad in helmet and goggle is sufficient assurance of a safe flight. Rarely is a pilot asked for his certificate of competency, or for an in spection card showing his plane to be airworthy. Private air schools of one sort or another are still graduating pilots with a bare four hours’ training. Until the air law goes into effect these “graduate” pilots will be touring the coun try, risking the necks of thousands of passengers. It is popularly thought that the past six years hav served their purpose as the pioneering stage of commercial! aviation in America. What really happened was a mush room growth of small dealers who sold war-stock airplanes to ex-service pilots who in turn barnstormed the countryside as “gipsies,” stunting at fairs and in general giving people the thrills of a flight. Occasional crashes helped spread the popular notion that aviation was a dangerous sport fit only for the young and bold. Gipsy flying made experienced air- men out of pilots, but it also gave the circus stamp to com mercial aviation. Contrast this “pioneering” with the six years’ experience of European air lines, operating under the control of licensed pilots on regular schedule time and com peting with rail and water transportation. Our new air law is at least a good start. It provides for a Bureau of Civil Aeronautics in the Department of Commerce. This bureau, under an Assistant Secretary for Air, has charge of federal inspection of aircraft, crews, and airdromes and the establishment and enforcement of air navigation rules. It will also furnish aids to air navigation by approving and charting air routes, establishing air light- houses and signal stations, furnishing suitable weather re- ports, and providing at the government fields, in cases of emergency, supplies and repairs at their fair market value. It is to be hoped that there will be no rigid restrictions tending to stifle new experiments. The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Air is given plenty of latitude for real action. There is, of course, a danger that he may create inspection bureaus which, as they did in England, may interfere with scientific research by hemming in experi- menters with rigid bureaucratic regulations and over-strict artificial standards. This danger is more than apparent, and has already appeared in the preliminary draft of a proposed code. Last fall an Englishman, after building a light-motor airplane to be sold at cheap popular price, found that the inspection officials had altered his design so much as to make his machine an expensive regulation airplane. Most of the light parts in this design had been made heavier. These changes called for a larger motor which in turn greatly increased the price and destroyed all the commercial value possessed by the original design. If wisely executed our new air law will in no way hamper experimentation. Special provision is made for trials giving the individual complete freedom to test and fly new inventions no matter how freakish they are so long as they do not endanger the public safety. No machine, however, will be permitted to carry passengers unless it has been inspected and licensed as a public carrier. European air laws carefully protect the public against the unproved freak machine, but they in no way prohibit the building and testing of such experimental

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660 The Nation [ Vol. 123, No. 3207 freaks, from helicopters to tailless and wingless machines. Safe air travel will be the primary aim of the new Air Board. Public confidence in air travel must be created. To accomplish this, air accidents must be decreased to a per- centage lower even than railroad casualties. In Germany a rigid system of inspection and licensing has helped cut acci- dents to a negligible ratio. The following experts’ list of “six requisites for safe flying’ will serve as a basis for the new air regulations: 1. A machine, sound aerodynamically and structurally. 2. A reliable engine of sufficient power. 3. A competent, conservative pilot and navigator. 4. Airports and emergency landing fields, sufficiently close together to insure gliding to safety. 5. Nation-wide weather forecast, adapted to the need of fliers. 6. Adeguate charts of air routes. specialized and To make air travel safe much more is needed than regula- tions. There must be well-equipped airways. A competent air line between New York and Chicago must have emer- gency fields every fifty miles for forced landings, and the airports must be large enough, and must be properly drained and maintained, all of which involves a high outlay of capital. In Europe no private company has been able to do this. European commercial aviation, after a seven years’ tryout, seems to fall for the present into that category of industries which cannot exist without direct government aid. American aviation men resent this. They declare that no government help is wanted or needed. But this hardly tallies with the results of the first six months’ operation of our first American airline or with European experience. Until airplanes can be built and operated at reduced costs with greater carrying capacity, less fuel consumption, with more reliable power and more certain navigation instru- ments, in other words, until air transportation is made safer and cheaper the independent air line will find itself hard pressed making ends meet. Not an airline in all Europe, notwithstanding the great air development, is making profits. The most efficient airlines, such as the Dutch KLM, bring in but 60 per cent of the operating costs. Last spring the greatest air transportation system in the world, the Junkers concern, with ramifications extending into Asia, went bankrupt with a loss to the German Government of over $5,000,000. The total receipts of the average line oper- ating in Europe is about 50 per cent of the cost of opera- tion. The various governments by means of direct cash sub- sidies supply the deficit. A privately owned air line, operating here or abroad, has three means of support open to it. It can receive direct cash subsidies from the government on the basis of forming a vital arm of the national defense. Secondly, a private line can appeal to municipalities, local governments, and civic bodies on patriotic grounds and as a public utility. The German lines in this way have persuaded many municipali- ties and most of the local states to buy large blocks of their shares. Airdromes and free local publicity are also obtained in this way. Thirdly, an air line can operate independently as a private concern similar to any other private business, with only mail contracts to bolster up its income. For America the first two methods, direct national subsidies and indirect state or municipal subsidies, may be dismissed at once as opposed to American tradition. Only the third method is open here to airmen, and on this basis several air lines are now in operation, with mail contracts as the only il guaranty of traffic. Following the European practi chambers of commerce and other local organizations wer, appealed to for help. Cities along the air route respondeg by promising to send a minimum amount of mail via the air. It is still far too early to judge, but one air line has already changed ownership, and the largest air line operat. ing through the Middle West is finding its pioneering ex. tremely costly. Another plan—well known in Europe and not untrieq here—has been proposed as the practical solution for Amer. ican commercial aviation. It is federal ownership and oper. ation of several main trunk lines. This would involve no radical step, as it should be recalled that our federal! air. mail service has been in operation for eight years, during which time it has established a world record in efficiency, In the fiscal year ended last July the federal air-mail service covered about 2.5 million miles, nearly half of which were flown at night. Schedules were maintained to a degree not far below that of many railroads, 93.73 per cent of the scheduled trips being completed on the entire system with even a better performance record of 94.22 per cent for the New York-Chicago night service. Our air-mail service is pointed to everywhere abroad as the only contribution we have thus far made to air transpor- tation. Only the government could have undertaken and car- ried through so enormous an undertaking as the coast-to- coast trunk line, with its emergency fields, lights, stations, weather-reporting system, and night-flying equipment. The transcontinental route from New York to San Francisco alone includes eighteen regular, fully equipped air stations and ninety-two intermediate landing fields. Operation costs for the federal air mail last year amounted to $2,782,422. Cost of operation always exceeded its revenues, but the annual deficit had steadily been decreased. Had the goy- ernment retained its air-mail service and simply widened its service to include passengers we would have had gov- ernment-owned-and-operated air lines. The experiment would have been interesting. Personnel and equipment, airdromes, emergency fields, signal service, and a vast tech- nical bureau were already on hand. The service was noted for its efficiency. Not a breath of scandal touched its repu- tation. It was altogether an ideal setting for the inaugura- tion of government air-transportation lines. The govern- ment, however, has taken the opposite direction. Fourteen private lines are already carrying mail. By next summer our entire air-mail service will be under private contro! and operation. It is only partly true that commercial aviation, as some critics would have it, is only another weapon in disguise, to be kept running in peace time and used in war. The system of air lines in Europe no doubt plays a major role in the plans for national defense, and it is well known that the real object of the foreign air subsidies is military air power, but the ultimate value of aircraft lies in its purely civil function as a great reducer of time and distance. Aerial transportation is not a paying proposition now, but the fact remains that in the airplane we have a means of reducing our present traveling time by 400 per cent, with unlimited possibilities for further development. The new air law, if enforced by wise regulations, will at least give American airmen a fair chance—their first chance—at commercial aviation. The odds for the present are against them, judg- ing by European standards, but it is not unlikely that American methods may show Europe how to turn an alr- transportation line into a profitable business. over - N olse. ver \ arwin A fr “UUNAHLLULLIAHAMHNAAUIY Sher’ Ande merica’! nective no the mo ovelists . He se ¢ from | D have n D any ”—H. min Var Bo y STE Geese’ mys ‘It Furtl has an unu ters agai melodram he effe aturday R oman is and pov

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Dec. 22, 1926] The Nation chable Gift pver 150,000 copies in Germany VN NATURE ilsche ver Whose composition the spirits of Plato, awin must have presided.”—The Nation. Two volumes, boxed, $10.00 66 Fifth Avenue, New York TAR A Midwest Childhood bySHERWOOD ANDERSON “When one decides, as any reason- able person must decide, that so far as writers of fiction under fifty years of age are concerned the United States makes an immensely better showing than England, Sherwood Anderson undoubtedly plays a great part in that calculation.”—Rebecca West, N. Y. Herald Tribune. “Sufficient in itself to vindicate his uniqueness of being and his impor- tance as a commentator on Ameri- can life. TAR is all the a boys in small Middle-West towns during : - ae “~ the last half of the nineteenth cen- an tury.”"—Herbert S. Gorman, N. p have no relation Times Book Review. 2nd Edition. y any _ Comtempo- Large 12mo. $3.00. Limited auto- ss vaniee — graphed edition, 325 copies, $10.00. Sherwood Anderson America’s most dis- nctive novelist. One the most original ovelists ever heard i —GOOD BOOKS~ £ ha BONI AND LIVERIGHT, N. Y. ‘‘Belongs to all time’’ FORTY IMMORTALS by BENJAMIN DeCASSERES The Story of the World’s Great Civilizers Invigorating, dazzling, brilliant, creative essays on the foremost writers of modern times, including Nietzsche, Whitman, Maeter- linck, Blake, Strindberg, Hugo, Ibsen, France, Stendhal, Flaubert, Hardy, Cabell, D’Annunzio, de Gourmont, Saltus and others What “The Story of Philosophy” by Will Durant is to the history of thinking, “Forty Immortals” is to the history of fine writing No American critic has the background of Benjamin DeCaasseres; no other American writer is as intimately acquainted personally with the inner workings of the minds of the world’s greatest litterateurs. Maurice Maeterlinck says: “There is more knowledge and wisdem in one page of Benjamin DeCasseres’ critical writing than an ordinary haman being can digest in a lifetime.” H. L. Mencken writes: “Unhackneyed, brilliant .. .” New York Times declares: “Benjamin DeCasseres in ‘Forty Immortals’ comes nearer to achieving the purpose of constructive criticiam than anybody else we can recall to mind.” $3.50 at all bookstores. SEVEN cARTS PUBLISHING COMPANY 160 Fifth Avenue, New York STENSO The Geese’’ tiern \linnesota. mys ‘It has vitality, tg. Further it is ab- a8 an unusual gift for cers against one an- melodrama peas m the effect tturday Review says: man is no one-book DODD MEAD mand power.”’ NEW YORK BENJAMIN FRANKLIN THE FIRST CIVILIZED AMERICAN By Phillips Russell “One of the greatest biographies of our time.” [N. Y. Eve. Post] “A great kick is given to history by defablyizing Franklin.” [Richmond News Dispatch] “The book is as lively and charming as the man it depicts.” [Chicago Daily News] “The most brilliant biography of the year.” [Philadelphia Record | THE PERFECT CHRISTMAS GIFT FOR FIVE DOLLARS At All Bookstores or from the Publishers - BRENTANO’S - New York When writing to advertisers please mention The Nation

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- The Nation [Vol. 128, No. 3207 - EE — These Modern Women The Peacock’s Tail ANONYMOUS ” gainoee aspired to have a home of her own free of mortgages, children who would grow up and settle near her, each in a home free of mortgages; and a solid place in the respect of the New England rural community where her ancestors felled primeval forests and slaughtered wolf-packs. This ambition could have been realized almost without effort in the natural course of things had she not, ironically, wished also for a “smart” husband. This yearning was the only colored thread in the fabric of her make-up. She waited until her late twenties for Prince Charming, support- ing herself by schoo!l-teaching. An oddity of sex-selection: this little brown hen of a woman, with pink cheeks and dark eyes, pecking modestly away, pretending to look only at the wheat-grains before her, and watching all the while for the multi-color of a peacock’s tail. Peacocks and exciting men are hard to find in the sterile back country of northern Vermont; but mother with a hard eye rejected the well-to-do and the dumb. Her repu- tation as a pedagogue and disciplinarian waxed as she marked time and looked through schoolhouse windows for the gleam of a poet’s hair. Life played a story-book trick. Into the drab neighbor- hood where she pounded the three R’s into slow-witted heads came a romantic troubadour, the like of whom had never illuminated the place before or will again. He was a young man of twenty-one who was going through the country admiring the scenery, reading Keats under trees, and teaching neighborhood “singing schools” by night to pay his way. Photographs taken at the time show a tall, beautiful youth, with hair thrown back from an intellectual brow, a sensitive face, and eyes burning with—let us say genius, for so it seemed to mother. They were dark-blue eyes, expressive, glowing. Mother knew what she wanted and lost no time in annexing it. Alas, for the home free of mortgages, the building of a substantial family clan. These essentials in her picture of the good life she was never to have. She underwrote her genius husband while he tilted at windmills. He had to be financed through bar examinations, through the stage of getting a professional foothold. Clients were few and were largely under-dogs, for father had a poet’s passion for the oppressed and a poet’s dislike of being bored. He wrote fiery pamphlets protesting against injustice in various forms—for the printing of which mother paid. Mother is rounding out this year a solid half century of school-teaching. Her six children were born prudently in vacation time. I came in the Christmas holidays, the first child of an incongruous and bitterly unhappy marriage. I was physically backward and mentally precocious. “At the age of twelve months you were a fat, clumsy baby without a tooth, and you looked at your toys and poked them instead of playing with them. You would never build houses with blocks, but you began learning the alphabet from them when you were a year old. You would hold up blocks and ask questions about the pictures and letters. By the age of seventeen months you knew the alphabet, but yoy weren’t so good at walking. You tumbled and got many bumps.” So wrote mother when I asked her for details. Mother wrote, too, that I was a sickly child, that my life, in its first few months, was despaired of. I was much dandled and hovered over. My father walked the floor with me night after night. Was this spoiling the beginning , the yeasty ego, the Luciferian pride which makes me hanker for a superman? I want a man like my father! Not like father as he actually was, but like father as he seemed in the first ei¢ht or ten years of my life. This is a large order. No living person can give me the excitement I got at eight years old when father took me on his knee and in vivid Anglo-Saxon words “popularized” for me the theories of Darwin. He was a walking Book of Knowledge. He was delightful; he loved me, he was my slave. I want a man like that. And he’d better not fall down, as father did to my undying grief and disillusion, in prac- tical details of living which any moron manages with ease. He must not play the violin while the upper field is waiting to be plowed. The myth of this man, the urge to find him, has been at once my greatest spur to adventure and achievement and a pest of the first magnitude. His actual non-existence is chronically annoying; but that doesn’t prevent my seeking. It pushed me out of my backwoods environment; it sent me traveling, experimenting, studying. It prodded me until I could earn my living. It put me into strikes, an amateur Joan of Arc. It projected me into the Middle West in th: campaign which gave Wilson his chance to keep us out of war; it has pinned my hopes on utopias of all kinds. Whenever I find my energies flowing out in a large and embattled way I can, in five minutes of reflection, discover trails which twist and tangle, cross and recross, join at last, and lead back to a tall man with dark-blue, animated eyes, sitting in a smoke-browned New England kitchen, talking passionately, talking, talking. .. . My sister, a year and a half younger, did not share my adoration of father. She found him, on the contrary, an unendurable bore. She ran away from the conversation that charmed me. She, too, was a precocious child—but her precocity differed from mine. She had no curious hunger for the alphabet, no special affinity for the printed page. But she could run swiftly on sure feet at the age of nine months, and she used with skill the blocks and toys which I had only looked at meditatively. When we were old enough to help about the house, my cakes burned and my jelly would not “jell”; for me the cows refused to yield their milk, and horses, feeling my hands upon the reins, ignored me. But my sister excelled at housekeeping and managing the farm animals. She loved to drive the har- rows and horse-rakes. She was famous for fast running and high climbing. But with all her daring and capacity for man’s work she is not a feminist. She is a well-adjusted wife and mother, and a leader in Farm Bureau and rural- school activities. There is not an impractical fiber in her De — mal pru call sati to | The lect and a di in 1 I ef not fatl goe: amt he ¢ evel look it a a he mar Int my cies imp of ¢ com disc dow its € me be true tive goo eye. and of ¢ Mm mul deat com and vou! code an j sente

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Dec. 22, 1926] The Nation 665 make-up. No trace of father is visible in the silent, prudent, capable man she chose for a husband. Is the modern woman conditioned by what the Freudians call a “father complex”? Do her emotions search for satisfactions that never existed and thus lose their relation to biological processes? Perhaps this is true, and yet-—— There was mother, a stodgy, quiet woman, not an intel- lectual, and herself without a scintillating father; mother and her one aberrant quality: a desire for a colorful mate, a disgust with all dull men. Physically I am almost a replica of mother. Yet I carry in my harassed inwards the conflicts of both my parents. 1 could, I think, write extraordinary literature—if I did not have to toil on bread-and-butter copy. That is like father. I have mother’s liking for security and stability. I have been married ten years, satisfactorily as marriage goes, to a man a trifle like father. He cares too much about amusing living to be a proper Rotarian and go-getter. Yet he does not measure up to the myth—no man could. How- ever, I have weathered my disappointment; I stand off and look at the situation from the outside, laugh at it, manage it a bit. Only this saves my very agreeable husband from a horrid fate. I consider our marriage permanent. The realities of marriage have had a tendency to terminate my long quest. In making a tolerable life of sex and friendship, in earning my living, in fighting for the kind of work I want, emergen- cies have arisen in which it has been necessary to look at impedimenta critically and to modify feelings and habits of dubious worth. So a pioneer crossing a ford might be compelled to throw overboard grandfather’s clock—might discover, too, as he watched its ancient form go bumping down the stream that he was glad to be rid of its bulk and its everlasting ticking. My common sense long ago convinced me that my search for a Prince Charming should no longer be conducted with a view to practical results. It is still true, however, that the same old dynamo furnishes the mo- tive power for my actions. As a little girl I worked for good report-cards to draw a friendly glint from father’s eye. I would come home from Normal School in my teens and preen before him in my new learning. After childhood was over and I turned to the business of earning a living and finding a mate, there were years Paris, November 10 HERE have been few cases in the history of crime rais- ing so interesting a psychological problem as that of Mme Lefebvre, convicted at Douai on October 30 of the murder of her young daughter-in-law and condemned to death.* Here is a cold-blooded and premeditated murder committed without provocation by the highly respectable and respected wife of a wealthy citizen of Roubaix, de- voutly religious, professing and practicing the strictest code of morality, and, from the traditional point of view, an irreproachable if irascible wife and mother. *On December 12 President Doumergue commuted Mme sentence to life imprisonment. Lefebvre’s The French Family Commits Murder By ROBERT DELL when I scarcely gave my father a thought. But as a young newspaper reporter I dogged the footsteps of intellectual men. I gave tactful publicity to learned professors (pro- viding they were tall), to handsome violinists, to a shrewd corporation lawyer who let me browse in his private library, to a railroad vice-president who poured forth copious lan- guage in answer to my questions. Long after it was clear to me that I was only bored by the organization of labor groups I kept on in order to enjoy the conversation and the approval of a certain liberal leader who reminded me of father. Somewhere I have read of a musical composer whe worked best when assailed by the smell of rotten apples, a smell which no doubt evoked an emotional satisfaction of childhood. drawers of his desk with them. In some such way I try sefore he beyan the day’s work he filled the before beginning a piece of creative work to talk a bit with some man who is older and presumably wiser than I, whose mind sparkles and who improvises well as he talks I am exacting in selecting these fathers. As long as I can believe in the overwhelming superiority of any one of them he casts a spell, and I can put through, after being with him, an enormous quantity of work. the number of such men tends to diminish. At thirty-odd it is hard to find a man who will respond to every question with a cascade of creative talk and who can toss unheard-of systems of philosophy through the air like a juggler’s balls With unfortunate celerity I catch Homer nodding and he is ruined. Often, when younger, I suffered poignant grief when a father toppled; but now I take such catastrophes with philosophy. I no longer work on movements. on achieving an income which will enable me to write realistic novels. Do I want to do good work for the joy of creative effort, for the satisfaction of putting my life across? I believe I do—yet dimly, as through a vapor, I see the future: my books written, and some very, very great father, Bernard Shaw, Einstein, goodness knows who, com- ing forward to speak to me kindly and blow off a shower of glittering intellectual sparks—for me, personally. [This is the fourth article in The Nation's series of anonymous personal records of well-known modern women. The next will appear in our issue of January 5.) But as time goes on My eneryies are bent Mme Lefebvre’s history is that of any woman of her generation belonging to a “bien-pensante” family of the wealthy French bourgeoisie. She was educated in a con- vent and brought up under the restriction that French tradition imposes on a young girl. Never, one may be sure, did she read a book that was not “convenable pour la jeune fille” or fail in submissive obedience to her parents. Mar- ried at an early age to a husband chosen by her parents, after careful inquiries into the financial situation of his family, she remained true to the traditions in which she had been reared and followed them in bringing up her own family. The French family of tradition—happily the tradition is beginning to break down—is one of the most tyrannical

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666 The Nation [ Vol. 123, No. 3207 institutions known to man. The affection of traditional French parents for their children is despotic and they ex- pect their children up to any age to remain under their con- trol. The French mother in particular—for in France the mother rules the household—expects her sons to be tied to her apron-strings as long as she lives and their wives, too, when the sons marry. Mme Lefebvre’s two sons had been brought up in this tradition and were completely terrorized by their mother, whose will was their law. In the witness box during the trial André Lefebvre, the husband of the murdered girl, referred to his parents as “Papa” and “Mamma” as though he were a small child instead of a prosperous notary getting on toward forty. Mme Lefebvre seems never to have liked André’s mar- riage with Mile Antoinette Mulle. She had consented to it, of course, or it would never have taken place, but not will- ingly. To begin with Mlle Mulle’s dot was only 330,000 francs. Mme Lefebvre would have preferred her son to make a richer match. For she possessed to excess what in moderation has always been considered in France to be one of the qualities of a “bonne bourgeoise”—avarice; so much so that the fact was notorious in Roubaix and was the one flaw in her otherwise spotless reputation. Antoinette Mulle hesitated at first to accept André Lefebvre on account of his mother’s avaricious and domineering character, but was persuaded by her brother to overcome her hesitation. Ac- cording to the evidence at the trial, she was fond of her husband after marriage, at any rate, and was evidently an attractive girl with a lovable character. Even the defense could find nothing to say against her. The short married life of this unhappy young woman was a martyrdom. Her mother-in-law’s persecution began two or three days after the young couple had started on their honeymoon. Mme Lefebvre wrote to her son com- plaining that Antoinette had shown a lack of respect by sending her a post card and demanding frequent letters. The honeymoon was to have lasted six weeks, but before the end of that time Mme Lefebvre ordered her son to return on the ground that he was neglecting his work and spend- ing too much money and said that, if his wife would not come back, he could leave her behind. She had insisted, by the way, that they should travel second-class and stay in the cheapest hotels. When the young couple were settled in their new home, Mme Lefebvre never left them in peace. She interfered in every detail of their lives and tried to exercise a minute control over their expenditures. It was a crime to spend a sou on a theater, to dance, or to order a new frock. But the greatest crime of all was that Antoinette consigned to the lumber-room an old suite of furniture in a dilapidated con- dition which Mme Lefebvre had given her for a wedding present, having no further use for it, in addition to a neck- lace of imitation pearls which she tried to pass off as real ones. Antoinette, who seems to have had a more inde- pendent character than her husband, tried to resist her mother-in-law’s tyranny, but she appealed in vain to her husband to help her. The miserable creature was entirely under his mother’s domination. The girl poured out her woes to her brother, who advised her to try to make the best of it and to be reconciled with her mother-in-law. A reconciliation was arranged, but on Mme Lefebvre’s side it was not sincere. Her natural jealousy of the woman whom her son had married—which perhaps no mother entirely escapes—became bitter hatred, and the hatred was still more intensified when she learned that Antoinette was about ee to become a mother. “Never,” she said to her son, ‘ you have a child of that race.” On the way back from a stay at Vichy Mme Lefe! bought a revolver at St. Etienne. One day shortly after. ward André Lefebvre took his wife and mother for a driy; in his car, at Mme Lefebvre’s request. He drove hims:|; and the two women were sitting together behind him. Mme. Lefebvre asked him to take a certain lonely road known as the “Way of Solitude” and as they passed a shrine or chapel she had the car stopped while she went in to say her prayers. When they had started off again, she took the »; volver from her hand-bag and shot Antoinette dead by her side. André’s_ characteristic exclamation was: “()}. Mamma, what have you done? How will you ever be able to explain it?” And his mother triumphantly replied: “At last you are free!” The defense set up at the trial was the only possible one—that of insanity. As usual the doctors differed. But their difference was due to the fact that their points of view were different. The experts appointed by the court unanimously reported that Mme Lefebvre was not insane and was responsible for her actions. From the legal point of view they were undoubtedly right. Mme Lefebvre cer- tainly knew what she was about and was capable of being deterred by fear of punishment. It may safely be said that she would not have committed her crime had she not counted on the leniency of French juries, as well she might. Apart from the almost universal acquittal of wives that have murdered their husbands from jealousy and other pro- tagonists in crimes passionnels, a Versailles jury not long ago acquitted a retired officer, also a defender of the tra- | ditions of the French family with strict religious and moral principles, who had beaten his small son to death. On the other hand, Professor Maurice de Fleury and the other eminent pathologists called for the defense were also right from their point of view, which was psychological. But the psychological view of crime would produce a change in the treatment of all criminals, if it were adopted by the law. As the law stands Mme Lefebvre’s acquittal on the ground of insanity—or abnormality—would have been monstrous. The most interesting question is how she came to con- vince herself, as she undoubtedly did, that she was justi- fied in executing the rebel against the sacred traditions of the French family and the lawful authority of mother-in- law. Anybody acquainted with the theories of Dr. Freud will recognize how they fit in with this extraordinary case. In the Driftway Had man mastered the secret of flying a thousand years ago, there would be only a few languages in the world today, Sir Alan Cobham, famous British air pilgrim, who arrived recently on his first visit to America, told the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce last night at a dinner in his honor in the Waldorf-Astoria. By inference, h: predicted that aerial transportation eventually will bring all people to the use of a universal tongue. “It is quite evident,” he said, “that, in the main, lan- guages were formed by isolation and lack of communica- tion. Speedy transportation naturally means greater in- tercourse between the nations of the earth, and this in itself will do much to blend the general trend of thought.” HE above paragraphs from the New York World inci- cate considerable misapprehension in the mind of Sir Alan, his reporter—or both. If, at the moment when Adam guas coul wort cut peri wha And turn dick To 1 edit if a cent the trib of J is tl tax

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Dec. 22, 1926] —— and Eve were evicted from the Garden of Eden because of ising the premises, they had been presented with all the eans of communication that mankind has today, it is prob- e that we should not be afflicted with as many languages ; now exist. But if this gift had been reserved until the mparatively recent moment of only a thousand years ago, Drifter doubts if it would have done much more than prevent the various dialects that have grown up within E iropean languages. And if the only gift in the way of communication had been the airplane in its present stage f development, the chances are that its influence upon language would have been a fraction less than nothing at all. * * * * * yey means of communication that of transportation i is by no means the most influential in the direction of a uniform language. We have had ships since the dawn of history, we have had railroads for a hundred years, but they have made no perceptible headway against the bar- riers of language. The printing press has been the one great and effective agency so far, but although it has been sapping and sharp-shooting for the past five centuries it has done little more than partially obliterate dialects and encourage people to know more languages than one. The fact that the printing press was a going concern when the United States was born doubtless prevented the development of a group of dialects such as grew up in Italy, Spain, Great Britain, and other countries that were settled earlier, but it did not prevent the introduction to the Western Hemisphere of three distinct European languages. What the radio may accomplish in the future nobody knows, but it is unlikely that it will ever be as effective in unifying language as the printing press. So far as concerns the air- plane, it is a vast mistake to suppose that speed in trans- portation is the prime consideration. For most people speed is not so important as cheapness, and the airplane has a long way to go yet before it becomes as cheap as the steamship or the railroad. * * * * * New anyhow why should anybody suppose that it would be a blessing to the world to be reduced to one lan- guage? If French were abolished, for instance, restaurants could no longer make up a dinner menu that would seem worth a dollar, while without Latin druggists would have to cut their prices 50 per cent. There are more books and periodicals in English than the Drifter can read now— what would he do if there were a single world language? And suppose this airplane-made universal tongue should turn out not to be English, some of us would have the dickens of a time trying to learn it. THE DRIFTER Correspondence Treason! To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sir: “Treason has raised its hoary head”—so begins your editorial of December 1 on tax adjustment. You lament that if a refund were made 80 per cent of it would go to 1 per cent of the taxpayers. This must indicate that 80 per cent of the tax is paid by 1 per cent of the taxpayers. Such a dis- tribution of the tax burden should be entirely to the liking of The Nation. Why complain when the movement of the funds is the other way? “Hit the corporations” has been the slogan of all federal tax legislation to date, especially any sponsored by the radical vv dl (7 The Nation 667 group whose praises you so earnestly and continually sound. As one interested in several small corporations and holding a tiny interest in some large ones, I have been the unwilling witness and victim of enough injustice in federal tax matters to be just a bit peeved at this editorial “If this be treason ” Well, treason’s head will be quite a bit hoarier before I change my viewpoint-—or get any tax refunds, I’m afraid Mankato, Minnesota, November 30 C. R. BUTLER Another Modern Woman TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sik: We were packing chocolate-covered cherries on the night shift in a candy factory. We pack from the belt cor veyor which carries the candy from the dipping machine through the cooler, and our hands move fast, but we talk. The younger woman wants to know what she is missing by not being married. She makes the older woman answer thu “Sure I’m married; do I look like a chicken? Me oldest girl is sixteen. I got six kids. Work hard? My God, with six kids, whatchu think? Yestday I washed eight lines cl meself. Today I iron them. I work all the time by night in factory. Last week I worked in hemp factory. I give it up, too hard. Me girl she earn good money in factory; but she’ girl, she need money herself. Me husband and me we always fight now. I have always to keep still and give in. It looks not nice for the children. I say, ‘Yeh, yeh, you right,’ and he keep still too. We fight about the children. He wants I should be strict and teach them bedder. [ got no time; I should worry what he say. I’m tired of me husband. Sixteen years long time to live with man. Get tired of dress, house, friend, everything, husband too. “But I’m not crazy. I got six kids. They need father. They need eat. Anyway, who know what devil I get if I leave me husband? I know what I got.” And, turning to the younger woman: “You better get married anyway. Married is bad enough, but single is worse.” There is one of These Modern Women for you modern woman, product of our up-to-date industrial system: mother of six, housekeeper for eight, wageworker, all in one. Brooklyn, N. Y., December 5 S. F. FRIEDUM an ultra- The Background of Art TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sm: It seems to me that the issue goes deeper than Mr. Pearson has made it in The Plastic Artist in America in your pages. Until modern times, art has always depended for its patronage either on religion or on some form of aristocracy. Religion being in its very essence mystical naturally sponsors an art that is abstract rather than realistic. The more mystical the religion becomes, the more abstract and expressionist is the art; witness Byzantium. A sophisticated aristocracy dislikes the brutal facts of life and turns also to expressionism in art. Both, then, lead to the same result. But now aristocracy is dead, and the Christian religion is no longer a patron of the arts. Babbitt has replaced them. What would he want with a Cézanne? He wants facts. And the modern artist, like all artists, is ruled by the taste of his patron. It isn’t his fault that art has become a compila- tion of “documents”; nor is it Babbitt’s. For both are results of a larger force—call it the scientific democratic wave. Until art shall again have a spiritual emotion to express, or an aristocracy to delight, it will probably remain in its pres- ent slump. I think also that Mr. Pearson is perhaps unfair in his choice of authors. Suppose he had picked Sinclair Lewis and Francis Thompson; would opposing critics, authors, and readers agree that they both were artists? Venice, October 28 GurRDON Howg

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Books and Plays What Will She Do with Seven “at Years? By CLINCH CALKINS What will she do with seven fat years Now that her seven lean years are over Whose throat is baked with the parching tears She would not shed for a faithless lover? She is used to a broken pitcher, She is used to an arid well. She knows a terrible tale of drought Which her tongue cannot tell. To one who has filled, when the fields were failing, Her empty sacks at an empty grange, And sought waste grain in an ancient flailing Enough will be strange. First Glance [° is the business of a novelist, as it is the business of any artist who employs the imagination, to show us a world we never saw before and shall never see again. Out of the level chaos of nature he lifts for a moment the peak of his own consciousness; though we shall see other peaks later, we shall not see precisely this one. Even the so- called realist is doing nothing else—at least for me—than I have said, for surely there is no world here and now that all of us perceive alike; the realist gives us a new earth even if he only proves the importance of what we have been looking at all the while. “H. D.,” who might have been expected always to con- fine herself to the unique idiom of her astounding poetry, has written a novel. But its idiom is not very different from that of her poetry, thanks to three predecessors in prose, Henry James, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce; and its world is identically the same—though effort is required to perceive the identity. The world of “Palimpsest” (Houghton Mifflin: $3.50) is a wider one than its author has employed before; there are more persons in it, more events that can be given common names. The three sepa- rate parts of the narrative have separate scenes—ancient Rome, modern London, and modern Egypt; and though they have a single heroine, she has separate names and exists in separate ages. She is one woman—and so, unmistakably, is all this worlc one world. It is her world, too, and it is “Ei. D.’s”. “So sure was that world, so distant, yet so clear, so definite, so precise that no casual treachery could blight it. It was so personal a world that Mavis with all her years of tenuous probings had not even seen it. . . . Behind Lon- don there was another London. It was just to keep that other London that she had blinded them all, almost blinded herself by her attitude, her panache, her not quite di- minished glory.” So speaks Raymonde in the second and best of the three narratives which compose the book. So in different words had spoken Hipparchia in the first, and so speaks Mrs. Fairwood in the third. The three of them —— are one in their struggle—described with the utmost subtlety—to hold fast some inner world where, and where only, life may go on without interruption in obedience to the necessities of the soul. It is the desperation with which the three women clutch this hidden place that makes “Palimpsest” a peculiarly modern novel; when has it ever been so needful, for those wishing to live, that they should do so privately, guarding with the jealousy of the first Stoics the little or large domain they have marked out for themselves? It is the form the action takes—if it may be called action—that guarantees the world of “Palimpsest” to be personal with “H. D.” I should not like this to be con- strued too literally. But both Hipparchia and Raymonde are poets. They have been called “cold,” the writers of “cold” verses. And Hipparchia can reflect that when her lovers complain of her unfeeling she is at “the very exalted height of ecstasy”; while Raymonde, outwardly composed, knows herself within to be “a sort of lightning-rod for a] the meters.” This may or may not be “H. D.’s” answer to those who have called her own poems splinters of Greek ice. Those who know them for the passionate things they are will need no answer. They should read the book, however. It is not only a most remarkable and beautiful book; it is as well an explanation and an amplification of our most reserved poet. MARK VAN DOREN The ‘‘Different’’ Negro The Negro in American Life. By Jerome Dowd. The Century Company. $5. NV R. DOWD is not a newcomer in the field of the Negro. He 4 has been studying him for more than twenty years. Though he is a Southerner he has no violent antipathy toward the Negro, even while honestly believing him happiest “in his place.” He is affiliated with the Inter-Racial Movement, and he is obviously deeply sincere in his desire to see as little friction as possible between the two racial groups. With such a back- ground, one would expect a pronouncement from his pen to throw important light on the problem. One realizes with regret, however, that Mr. Dowd’s habits of thought have not changed. Some years ago he attempted | make a study of the cultures of Africa. Two volumes of that work appeared, and no more. They are worthless. The sloven- liness of intellectual habit shown in them was such as to make them useless for serious reference. The arrangement of the data was careless; Mr. Dowd’s sources were most superficial; what monographic material existed was ignored. We have the same use of data in this book; it may be distinguished for its omissions. Unfortunately these include the most recent and im portant work, mostly published in scholarly journals, and prac- tically unavailable to the general reader. It is obvious that Mr Dowd does not know these papers. This is true not only in the biological sciences, where such lack of knowledge might be ex- cusable, but in his own field of the social sciences. Let us see how serious these omissions are. Mr. Dowd first gives a résumé of the historical background of the American Negro. Naturally he refers us to his own work for the African cultures, but not even to mention Phillips’s standard work on slavery is inexcusable. Next comes a consid- eration of the Negro in the North since the Civil War. The thesis is that the Negro does not fare any better here than in the South, though most of the data presented come from sources (with the principal exception of the Report of the Chicago Race Commission) the scholarly character of which is at best doubt- ful. Then comes a discussion of the Southern Negro. We learn tak

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Dec. 22, 1926] _The Nation 669 eee that Jim Crow cars are not any worse than the cars used by whites on branch lines, that lynching is bad but that whites are lynched as well as Negroes—always the shading, always the comparison of Negro conditions in the South with those of oppressed peoples elsewhere in the world, on the supposition, I take it, that several wrongs make a right. And, again with few exceptions, neglect of the best source material. Part Four might better have been omitted. It discusses the part the Negro played in the World War, although just what relation this has to the author’s subject is hard for me The usual heroism is remarked, the usual cowardice, and one gains the impression, rather in spite of Mr. Dowd, that Negroes behaved about as the white troops did. We next come to Negro migration, and two naive points—that Negroes didn’t migrate from the South because of poor treatment but because of blind economic causes, and that Negro migration hasn’t hurt the South anyway because more whites than Negroes have migrated—are developed. The section is short and shortsighted in its discus- sion, both of the causes and of the results. The bogy of the dis- satisfied and trouble-making Mulatto, notably in the person of Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, is held before the reader as the cause of much trouble. And the important work of such men as Charles Johnson and Abram Harris is quite ignored. We then come to the Negro in literature and in art. En- tertainingly enough, whites who write about Negroes are first considered. Octavius Roy Cohen is mentioned, though not Du Bose Heyward, while Thomas Nelson Page is described as “the outstanding literary exponent of the Negro of Virginia”! Then Negroes who write about themselves are mentioned—that is, some of them. Countee Cullen is recognized, but not Langston Hughes; Walter White is mentioned, but not Jessie Fauset or Eric Waldron. In the discussion of Negro folk-songs, Mr. Dowd knows of no one since Krehbiel, in spite of the excellent work of Odum and Johnson, James Weldon and Rosamund Johnson, Dorothy Scarborough, and others. On the stage, we are told of Gilpin but not Robeson. And so it goes. The final three sections deal with proposed solutions of the Negro problem, the Negro future, and Paths of Hope. First we are told how Mr. Dowd chopped cotton with Negroes, played with Negro children, and all the rest of it. Then a short chap- ter is given to the argument of those who believe in racial equality—their views, incidentally, being quite misunderstood, since a statistical equaiity does not argue an individual one. The chapter on the inequality of races is much fuller, and the sources much more complete. It is unfortunate that Reuter’s argument as to the social causes for the better position of the Mulatto is included here, as it gives a false impression of the position of Professor Reuter. But then we come to racial dif- ferences. Mr. Dowd discusses brain structure, but he does not even mention Bean’s well-known work, disproved though it has been. He apparently has not heard of the remarkable work of Professor Todd on anatomical differences between Negroes and whites, or even the army measurements of Davenport and Love. He prefers Burmeister, and, looking in the bibliography, we note the date of this work as 1853! He restates the myths about the thick cranium of the Negro, his peculiar body odor, his lack of ability for sustained effort, and many other things. His chapter on the psyche of the Negro recites all the old standard stereotypes; while in his discussion of intellectual differences be- tween Negroes and whites, Ferguson’s monograph, which did most to establish difference—falsely, I think—is not even men- tioned. ‘she army psychological-test results are of course quoted, but through a secondary source. The discussion of the biological and psychological results of race mixture shows an extraordi- nary ability to miss the point of the matter, although the socio- logical consideration is somewhat better. The notoriously unre- liable census figures for the number of mixed Negroes are quoted. The rest of the book is taken up with a consideration of the solution of the Negro problem. Everything that has been said is repeated in some form or other, and the solution, other than to see. ] “good homes, less politics, and more vision,” consists, as far as I can see, of a pious hope for better relati: That these can come while conviction as to innat idious differences persists, I cannot believe. And this book strongly hinders its own pur- pose by bolstering this hypothesis MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS The Melancholy Bull Guy de Maupassant. By Ernest Boyd. Alfred A. Knopf. $5 The Life, Work, and Evil Fate of Guy de Maupassant By Robert Harborough Sherard. Brentano’ $4.50 THE works of Guy de Maupassant neither require nor, in deed, permit much critical exege No other writer to whom the adjective “great” could possibly be applied was ever at once so striking and so meager. There is no class of re to whom his stories are not interesting, yet their | tation are almost as patent as their virtues, and when Mr. B the course of his excellent biographical study, has remarked that “whatever power Maupassant’s writing had came throug the stimulation of two senses, one of which was the sense of vision,” he has said nearly all that a critic can Pher no evidence that Maupassant lacked the power to convey to his reader anything that interested him, but the range of } ir terests if not his technique was fatally limited. Whatever wa visible seemed real to him, but in all the vast world w the eye cannot see only direct sexual attraction was other than an unsubstantial illusion, and his stories, for all the richness of their concrete detail, are either barren of feeling or mo notonously insistent upon the one emotion of which he wa capable. As his madness closed in upon him he added, to be sure, the nameless fear which possessed him, but the dominant impression which his works leave is of a world curiously de cated, of life as seen by a man incapable of participating in the majority of the emotions which give it its flavor And despite the much-praised objectivity of his method, no deliberate “confessions” were ever more. self-revealing Maupassant was accustomed to boast of his athletic feats, sex ual and otherwise, but the impression one gets as one the account in Mr. Boyd’s vivid pages is that of a man intol- erably bored by human existence because certain essential ele ments of the human being had been mysteriously left out of his make-up. Nothing, not even his own dazzling success, able to lift the burden of his ennui. He was bored by work, bored by conversation, and even, it would seem, bored by the unvaried, unceasing pursuit of women which occupied him from his sixteenth year until he was locked in the cell of the mad house. A psychologist would probably say that his indiscrimi- nate, mechanical amativeness was the result of a “sterility complex,” and one of the delusions of his madness, which led him to plant a tree to “grow little Maupassants upon,” would lend support to the theory; but women were also, like the boat- ing which occupied much of his time and the rather stupid practical jokes in which he habitually indulged, the refuge of a mind, in many respects essentially childish, which had never learned to occupy itself with mature interests. The deceptive robustness of his physique, coupled with the somberness of his mood, earned for him the title of “the melancholy bull,” but he was probably never other than a sick man, suffering from some spiritual malady whose first sign was a sort of atrophy of the soul which never let him enter fully or wholeheartedly into the business of living. Both the long, rambling, and enthusiastic biography of Mr. Sherard and the succinct, coldly judicious study of Mr. Boyd leave no doubt that the immediate cause of Maupassant’s final madness was that “general paralysis” of which syphilis is probably always the necessary condition. To Mr. Sherard it is also at once the explanation of and excuse for all the unpleasant abnormalities of his hero’s character; but Mr. concerned only with facts, does not undertake to pronounce seemed soyd,

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670 The Nation very definitely upon the relation (if any) between this disease and either those of Maupassant’s peculiarities which were manifest before its definite appearance or the general charac- teristics of his work. And yet the question is one obviously relevant in the biography of a literary man in which the description of abnormalities of one sort or another plays a very large part. “The paretic is both born and made,” one authority on the subject once remarked, and another was accustomed to say that it was the result of “syphilis and civilization.” It is not, that is to say, the inevitable result of infection with Spirochaeta pallida but the result of the effect of that organism upon a nervous system already either definitely morbid or subject to unnatural strains; and hence, though Maupassant’s end was in no sense surprising, it is in the condition which preceded rather than followed his definite infection that we should look for the most significant signs of any nervous condition which may be supposed to have had a connection with the characteris- tics of his work. Born of a neurotic mother and of a father who was a notorious rake, his inheritance was bad. One of his very earliest literary efforts deals with two lovers who die of sexual excess, and there can thus be little doubt that long be- fore any acquired infection could have reached his brain he had already been mastered by the morbid preoccupation which remained with him to the end and which hovers over all his work. Perhaps it will remain always impossible to speak with any assurance of the precise nature of his disorder, but it is evident that it had a direct influence upon his work. The higher centers of Maupassant’s nervous system never acquired the full organization which would have made it possible for him to understand the life of his fellowmen as they themselves understood it. He remained, in a sense, incomplete, and the effects of that fact can be traced in both the virtues and the de- fects of his work. Because of it the famous detachment of his stories was possible, but because of it also they represent a vision of a world from which most of what is most characteristically human has been abstracted. JOSEPH Woop KRUTCH ‘*Ad Maiorem Gloriam Dei’’ Kiddush Ha-Shem: An Epic of 1648. By Sholom Ash. Trans- lated from the Yiddish by Rufus Learsi. The Jewish Pub- lication Society of America. TDDUSH HA-SHEM (Sanctification of the Name), for the sake of which tens of thousands of Jews offered up their lives, is merely the Hebrew equivalent of a similar phrase, “Ad maiorem gloriam dei,” in the name of which the Holy Inquisi- tion burned them. This may strike an infidel as paradoxical, but it must be remembered that courses in Comparative Religion were not in the curriculum of the theological seminaries of the time. On the occasion of the mass martyrdom of the Jews of the Ukraine, which is the theme of Sholom Ash’s epic of 1648, there were other considerations besides “ad maiorem gloriam dei.” The Ukraine was then a Polish March, parceled out into vast feudal estates. To the Polish princelings who were the absentee landlords of the Ukraine their Jewish vassals were convenient middlemen, serving as managers of their estates, as tax farmers, and not infrequently (though most unenthusiasti- cally) as garrisons for them in the hostile countryside. To this day in the Ukraine there survive synagogues with projecting upper stories, very much like our colonial blockhouses, which testify to the time when the Jews were not permitted to build a house of worship unless it could be turned into a fort in the event of a Ukrainian uprising. The Polish clergy in their efforts to convert the Greek Orthodox population to Catholicism also made use of the Jews. To degrade the Greek orthodox faith in the eyes of the peasants, the keys of their churches were delivered over to the local Jewish tax farmers, who were thus forced into a dangerous and doubly unpopular role. The [Vol. 123, No. 3207 result was that when the Cossacks under their hetman Chm-!. nitzki revolted, the Jewish settlements of the Ukraine were blotted out in an orgy of slaughter and bestiality—unparall¢|«, until the Denikins and Petluras of our own day showed their prowess in the same locale. It is the impact of these latter horrors that gives force andj solemnity to Sholom Ash’s narrative, published in Yidd after the war. To see them in aesthetic perspective he has gone back to the events of 1648; but there is a glow in his recit,| which is not a reflection from the past. The simple plot from which he projects his epic of a people dramatizes the Jewish settlement of the Ukraine, and from that background marc}, on to the grand climax of the book—the self-immolation of +), Jewish community of Tulchin. Here and there when Mr. A leaves his real protagonist, the Jewish People, to take up wit mere individuals the epic fluffs out into rather flimsy roman This is particularly true of the superfluous tinkering with the loose ends of the plot that follows after the magnificent cha; ters describing the Tulchin episode. This is the fourth of Sholom Ash’s works to be translated, and it makes an important addition to the growing library of Yiddish literature accessible in English. In the efforts to save the expiring language, the most recent suggestion offered jis that Latin characters be substituted for the Hebrew. It is a provocative idea, but in the meantime it is advisable to go the whole hog, and, adding English words to Latin characters, translate to safety the best of the Yiddish literary treasures. There is a large-sized, interested public among both Jews and non-Jews. Why the Modern Library, which has room for the masterpieces of so many other languages, doesn’t include a sin- gle Yiddish title is a mystery veiled in limp leatherette covers. ALTER BRODY A Masterpiece in Logic Statement and Inference. By John Cook Wilson. Edited from the MSS. by A. S. L. Farquharson. Two volumes. Oxford University Press. $10.50. OHN COOK WILSON (1849-1915) has long been an enig- matic figure to students of philosophy who have not enjoyed the opportunity of personal residence in Oxford. His name was constantly mentioned with respect amounting to reverence by other British philosophers who acknowledged indebtedness to his views; by Oxonians he was regarded as the most influentia! teacher of philosophy in the university. Yet he published nothing save a considerable number of textual criticisms on Aristotle and other classical writers and a few articles on mili tary cycling—from neither of which was it possible to gai! any very clear idea of his philosophical position! One was obliged to take his importance solely on trust. Hence the un usual interest for the philosophical world of the posthumous publication of Wilson’s lectures on logic, the fruit of twenty-five years of application to the subject. The two large volumes, a model of judicious editing, were compiled by Mr. Farquharson of University College mainly from student lecture notes, supplemented by passages from Wilson's personal memoranda and his correspondence with Bernard Bosanquet and other philosophers. Under the circumstances a certain amount of verbal inconsistency and confusion was in evitable, but despite this the volumes fully justify Wilson's reputation. The work is easily the most important thing in its field in English since the publication of Bosanquet’s “Logic” many years ago. It should be read in connection with the latter, since it is largely devoted to a correction of the Bradley-Bosan- quet point of view. Those two great writers made of logic the royal road to philosophic idealism, but at the cost of confound- ing logic with epistemology and metaphysics. Cook Wilson set himself the task of disentangling a logic which should be 4 science of human thinking, neither more nor less. Opposed to The No adm Up of | app: Las’ grin cent lecti kno to 1 rem toge or | som Sm phie ing spec he v writ the cort ove} bets on | bael ling hist Qui Sm seer Bos poli tha The

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Dec. 22, 1926] The Nation 671 iealistic logic, he was almost equally opposed to the symbolic logie of such philosophers as Bertrand Russell. Although him- colf an able mathematician, he refused to identify logic with mathematics. With something of the type of mind of the great Scholastics, he excelled in drawing subtle distinctions—=splitting 4 hair into a thousand hairs—and yet keeping his ultimate bases :e to common sense. Where James and Schiller were helpless before the deadly dialectic of Bradley and could only reply in the different language of psychology, Wilson fenced with a weapon as delicate as Bradley’s and met the enemy on his own dueling-ground. Had the two volumes now first published made their appearance a few years earlier they would have played an important part in the contemporary British and American revolt against idealism. Even today, after that revolt has been at least temporarily successful, they may serve to furnish the new movement with the realistic logic of which it stands sorely in need. At any rate, apart from metaphysical implications, Wilson’s theory of universals, of statement, of judgment, and of inference henceforth forms an indispensable chapter in the history of logic. Every serious student of phi- losophy will desire to own “Statement and Inference” as a part of his equipment. ERNEST SUTHERLAND BATES Smollett The Letters of Tobias Smollett, M.D. Edited by Edward S. Noyes. Harvard University Press. $3. G Baers s is one of the few important authors of the \) eighteenth century who have not yet come into their own. No critical biography of him exists and he has not even been admitted into the fellowship of the English Men of Letters series. Up till recently scholars, balked by their ignorance of the facts of his life, have left him and his works severely alone; but apparently Smollett is not to remain in retirement much longer. Last year we had Professor Buck’s painstaking study of “Pere- grine Pickle,” and now Professor Noyes, another eighteenth- century enthusiast from Yale, has brought out a complete col- lection of Smollett’s letters—complete, at any rate, as far as we know. Professor Noyes has been diligent and fortunate enough to run to earth fifteen letters never before published. The remaining fifty-odd letters are now for the first time gathered together and annotated in such a way that Macaulay’s schoolboy, or his lineal descendant the man in the street, can understand some of the difficulties that confront the future biographer of Smollett. This novelist, doctor, historian, playwright, and pam- phleteer was too busy and too pugnacious a man to be a charm- ing letter-writer. Whenever he wrote to a friend it was for a specific purpose—often an appeal for financial assistance—and he was hardly ever able to surrender himself, as the great letter- writers have done, to gossip and nonsense. The last letter in the book, an undated fragment, indicates what a delightful correspondent Smollett might have been if he had not been so overburdened with work. “Many a time do I stop my task and betake me to a game of romps with Betty, while my wife looks on smiling and longing in her heart to join in the sport; then back to the cursed round of duty.” Smollett was always strug- ling to keep the booksellers supplied with copy. Sometimes it was a novel, but more often it was mere hackwork—a universal history, a compendium of voyages, or a translation of “Don Quixote.” About half of the letters are written to Scotch doctors, for Smollett’s circle was medical rather than literary and he always seems to have preferred the society of his own compatriots. Boswell and Horace Walpole tell us so much about the literary, political, and social life in London that it is hard to remember that there was still a great deal which escaped their attention. They knew little about Smollett’s coterie of Scotch doctors, in- cluding the Hunters, two of the most distinguished surgeons of the day. Among the other correspondents are Garrick, with whom Smollett quarreled and was afterward reconciled, and John Wilkes, the demagogue. It was to Wilkes that he wrote the well-known letter about Johnson’s Negro servant, in which he referred to Johnson as the Great Cham of Literature, and which Boswell misprinted in the first edition of the “Life,” mis- taking Cham for Chum. As Professor Noyes admits in his introduction, the present collection of letters is interesting chiefly to the special student of Smollett, but for anyone who cares for that vigorous personality this excellently edited volume is indispensable. SRNOLD W HITRIDGE Books in Briet Comparative Philosophy. By Paul Ma Introduction by F. G. Crookshank. Company. $3.50. In his introduction Dr. Crookshank expresses confidence that this book “cannot fail to excite interest, to attract atten tion, and to provoke discussion, if not challenge.” Possibly it might have provoked more discussion had it not appeared at virtually the same time as the English translation of Oswald Spengler’s mighty work. Masson-Oursel, who never mentions his German predecessor, employs in the narrower field of philosophy proper what is outwardly the same comparative method as that which Spengler employs in dealing with whole cultures. But inwardly there is a difference between them something like that between an eagle and a pair of spectacles. Where the German is bold and dashing, synthetic, recreating whole periods with an imagination at once grandiose and detailed, the Frenchman is cautious and hesitating, analytic, plodding slowly through an intricate forest of facts from which he never fully emerges. And yet the man of laborious talent is superior to the man of swift genius in one respect. Where Spengler repeatedly implies, although magnificently disproving it in his work, that the representative of one culture can never understand the representatives of another, Masson- Oursel’s avowed aim is the pursuit of a world philosophy to which each culture shall contribute. And, to render him full justice, he makes no pretension in this volume to do more than indicate the need and possibility of such a philosophy. In this he is successful. After reading the chapters in which he essays the comparison of European, Hindu, and Chinese thought in respect to their logic, metaphysics, and psychology—pedantic as these chapters are—one can no longer limit one’s horizon quite complacently to that of the Western world. on-Ourse! With an Harcourt, Brace and Mental Tests. By Frank N. Freeman. pany. $2.40. The enterprise of measuring general and special abilities has probably more fruits of research to show for a quarter-cen- tury of effort than any other single phase of psychological in- vestigation. Professor Freeman’s work is an excellently organ- ized and clearly presented summary of this immense field of facts and figures. His historical survey accounts for the pres- ent status of intelligence testing, its wide variety of forms, its off-shoots in the way of tests of personality, and the statistical techniques which have been developed to treat the assembled data. The book contains valuable bibliographical references, test reproductions, and an exhaustive inventory of group tests, containing all the information relevant to their administration. The author undertakes an elaborate analysis of the construction of tests, their materials, devices, and scoring, helpful to teachers who would adapt old forms to new uses. The résumé of ex- perimental results adequately covers the fields of education, vocational guidance, and delinquency, but is incomplete in other spheres of application, especially with regard to the phenomena of feeble-mindedness and superior ability. Houghton Mifflin Com-

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672 The Nation [ Vol. 123, No. 3207 The Nation’s Poetry Prize FYVHE NATION offers an annual poetry prize of $160 for 7 the best poem submitted by an American poet in a contest conducted by The Nation each year between Thanksgiving and New Year’s Day. This year in addition a second prize of $50 and a third prize of $25 will be offered. The rules for 1926 are as follows: 1. Each manuscript submitted in the contest must reach the office of The Nation, 20 Vesey Street, New York City, not earlier than Wednesday, December 1, and not later than Friday, Decem- ber 31, plainly marked on the outside of the envelope “For The Nation’s Poetry Prize.” 2. Manuscripts must be typewritten and must have the name of the author in full on each page. 3. No manuscripts submitted in this contest will in any cir- cumstances be returned to the author. An acknowledgment of the receipt of each manuscript, however, will be sent from this office. 4. No more than three poems from the same author will be admitted to the contest. 5. No restriction is placed upon the subject or form of poems submitted, which may be in any meter or in free verse. It will be impossible, however, to consider poems which are more than 400 lines in length or which are translations or which are in any language other than English. Poems arranged in a definite sequence may, if the author so desires, be counted as a single poem. 6. The winning poems will be published in the Midwinter Literary Supplement of The Nation, to appear February 9, 1927. 7. Besides the winning poems, The Nation reserves the right to purchase at its usual rates any other poem submitted in the contest. The judges of the contest are the editors of The Nation. Poems should in no case be sent to them personally. Art Modern Art: Genesis or Exodus? Te tell the full story of modern art is to tell, first, how it began with Monet’s portrayal of the fleeting aspects of nature and Cézanne’s preoccupation with its solidity; second, how it gradually departed from the appearance of reality by which these artists were still bound and plunged into forms of expression whose tendency was to distort, dissociate, dissect reality so far beyond recognition that the morphological identity between the painting and the objects painted was lost; third, how finally a new departure became apparent everywhere which brought together, as it were, the split and broken parts of reality, gave them normal shape and position, and thereby established a sort of new realism which, however, profited by the experiences of the schools immediately preceding it. The current International Exhibition assembled by the Societé Anonyme at the Brooklyn Museum, one of the most comprehensive in recent years, is devoted mainly to the middle phase of the evolution just outlined; the last phase is repre- sented feebly and the first not at all. A brief reference, how- ever, to the first phase—the origins of modernism—will make the status of the exhibition more easily comprehensible. All of the artists mentioned in this article except Monet, Cézanne, Carra, and Herbin are on view at the Brooklyn Museum. Monet, the most typical of all impressionists, sought to arrest the momentary transient aspects of reality. “Il faut peindre comme peint un rayon de soleil.” And since effects of sunlight always vary, Monet painted one and the same field, pond, or church ten, fifteen, twenty times the same day, pro- me ducing as many different pictures. But as such passing nomena were of much shorter duration than the process of painting them, the impressionists were obliged to rely memory as well as observation and to record their impressions by posterior reconstruction. Precisely this was made the central doctrine of futuri The futurist picture had to be “a synthesis of what one rem bers and what one sees.” Only where the impressionists ro- quired twenty canvases to paint one object during a single day, the futurists painted on a single canvas twenty positions of on, object in motion. And where impressionist pictures always ad- hered to unity of place and time, futurist pictures disregarded this unity and recorded such snatches of reality—a profile, 2 room, a park—as may crowd the memory without apparent causal connection. The expressionists went even further. Instead of the im- pressionist’s visual effects and the futurist’s memory images, the expressionist used his art as a means of making his inner urge manifest. Kandinsky, one of the leading exponents of the school, paints color harmonies which, depending on their degree of abstraction, he calls impressions, improvisations, compostions. Like Bergson he has used many an intellectual argument to dis- prove the validity of reason. He conceives art as born of “an inner contemplation which is inscrutable.” Franz Marc also thought of art as religious and metaphysical. His favorite subjects were animals, and he painted them not “as they appear to us but as they really are.” The ethereal color harmonies and naive grotesqueries of Paul Klee make him the most intro- spective of all expressionists. His “disseitig bin ich gar nicht fassbar” is perhaps the limit to which metaphysical aesthetics can go. Contemporaneous with these subjective movements were movements impersonal and objective stemming from Cézanne. The great aim of Cézanne was to convert impressionism into “something durable like the art of the museums.” To this end he substituted solidity, hard outline, mixed tones for the im- pressionists’ airiness, diffused contours, and spectral colors, and devised his formula for representing nature according to the “sphere, cone, and cylinder.” The works of Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes, and Duchamp in their first cubist period were much in the manner of Cézanne with perhaps slightly bolder distortion. A logical examination of pictorial laws—‘j’aime la régle qui corrig l’émotion,” said Braque—led to the decomposition of objects according to their structural articulation and their reconstruc- tion according to plastic considerations of line, plane, color, volume, texture-contrast. The constructivists—Lissitzky, Moholy-Nagy, Pannaggi took over from the cubists’ geometrization of form and texture- contrasts and eliminated the last vestiges of reality. They sought to relate their work to the present industrial order and scientific progress by using the materials of the one—iron, concrete, glass—and emulating the logical precision of the other. Gabo and Pevsner attempted to substitute the relations of voids for those of solids and thus like Apollinaire’s bird of Benin to create masterpieces out of thin air. Just as the main currents here described reached their cul- mination, a new turn toward reality made its appearance. The futurists Carra and Severini, who had preached the destruction of museums, now work in a most museum-like manner, as do also the metaphysicians de Chirico and Paladini. The cubists Herbin, Metzinger, and even Braque left dissociation to their followers and took to still-lifes, figures, and landscapes. Al- though this movement is spreading with amazing rapidity, it is difficult to say where it may ultimately lead. Its artists utilize freely the experiments of their forerunners. The abstract ten- dencies are still very active. Critics who legislated reality out of art may feel somewhat discomfited; that they should hence- forth legislate less readily or that the public should take their casuistry less seriously is perhaps too much to expect. Louis LOzowIckK |

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The Nation 673 Dec. 22, 1926] -— DANCES. 7 A LUNCHEON DISCRIMINATING CLIENTELE— THOSE APPRECIATING UNEX- CELLED CUISINE AND SERVICE. FIFTH AVENUE RESTAURANT 200 FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK RESORT FOR THE CAKAD EVENINGS—S PECIAL PARTIES ONLY. ANNIVERSARIES, BANQUETS, LADIES’ NIGHTS, SMOKERS, SUPPER AND DINNER BEEFSTEAKS, OUR BANQUET DEPARTMENT SPE- CIALIZES IN SERVING GROUP DINNERS UP TO 1000 AT $2.00 A COVER UP. Ownership Management by THEODORE KEMM GRAMERCY 4900 to 4907 Work, Child Care, Health Centers. . \ i it ye £ Resi so” The Training School for Jewish Social Work offers a fif- teen months’ course of graduate study in Jewish Family Case Community Centers, Federations and Several tuition scholarships and maintenance fellowships are available to especially qualified students. The winter quarter begins January 3, 1927. For further information, address the Director, THE TRAINING SCHOOL for JEWISH SOCIAL WORK 210 WEST 91st STREET NEW YORK CITY yt — GENERAL DRUG CO., ae at 94 N. Moore Street, New York When writing to advertisers pleas: **An excellent magazine!’ —George Jean Nathan HALDEMAN-JULIUS any parry ap T Hk big second issue (256 pages) ot the //al ere Julius Quarte rly is now ready—a beautifully printe intelli gently constructive magazine. Excellent cate utions——scores of pictures, reproductions of paintings, drawings, etc. “The Quar terly is highly endorsed by such men as George Jean Nathan, Joseph McCabe, Harry Hansen, John Cowper Powys, Upton Sinclair, E. W. Howe, etc. Comments include: ‘a remarkable achievement,” “an interesting magazine informative and unique,” “the richest intellectual feast,”’ et The /laldeman-Julius Ouarterly is a large maya January number contains 256 page d months’ Trial Subscription (see below y you t immediately, and also the first issue, making a complet Quarterly’s purpose and tone is indicated by the conter big second number, now ready, as follows CONTENTS, JANUARY, 1927 Epiroriats....By E. Haldeman-Julius Provessons ann Por ARIZATION ‘ LINDSBORG, KANSAS The Prairie Proteat Againat the entiat'e Town Whose Art and Music Have Scornful “Hang the Pe ub Gees GS PR soba cances By Carr ane | Shea wecha By Clarice Cunningham THe Diary or a Metrronume | a Tue Art or Oscar Brovsss Jacon- son: Life and Learning aa It Leally SON: Reproductions of Ten FPaint- Ia in a Southern College GRBs 00606en06as5e008s With an Ap- Ry Andrew J. lam preciation by William Cunningham Rocer BALOWIN Visita Lan ANGres Frock Coats: An Unusual Short An Evangeliat f flaherty wm the Story..By Nelson Antrim Crawford _ City of Revivala..By Lauia Adamic Tus TRIUMPH OF THE X-RAY: Prog- THe Romance THat Fraczac Love ress in Scientific Achievement With How the Great Interpreter of the Roentgen Kaysa.By Maynard Shipley Human Comedy Lived and Loved ALMA Levine: An Episode of the Hy HKalph Oppenheim Palmer Raids.....By James Fuchs THe Fixest AmMeRICAN at TUT-AnxKs MiGcue. Covarrusias: A Mexican Boy AMEN's Toma Dr Jame H Brushed by the Wings of Gentus.. Breasted Reveala the Truth About ere By Marcet Haldeman-Julius Ancient Civilizations YouNG OKLAHOMA'S CONTRIBUTION TO . ri By J. V. Nash AMERICAN PoreTRY: Critical Essay THR Akt De SeLF-CULTURB: Arquir on Young Voices Being Heard Out- ing, Widening and Deepening a GG Ge GODIN 5 6ncohccsesccceness Certain Attitude Toward Life eherneaules ._By William Cunningham By John Cowper Powys THe EvoluTionaL ENIGMA: /a Man Tue STATE OF ARKANSAS: An Ap- Over-Developed, Doomed As Were praisal of the “‘Wonder State’ and Hia Dominant Predeceasors? Ita Possible Future...........+0++ By G. D. E Or eee By W. G. Clugston E. W. AR ipo a al Bees os. W. T. BENDA AND His MasKs: Calm mental, Cleary Thinking and Prac Repose, Subtle Drama, and Girls Gs «s00 By George Jean Nathan With Almond Eyes....... testes AN Eprtor’s Nores and Impaes 3y Lloyd E. Smith SIONS: An Informal Survey of the RATIONALISM’S: ‘Dest TO IMMANUEL Fascinating Panorama of Life KANT: The Launching of Pure By E Halde man-Julius Reason Against Tottering Theology SPEAKING or FINER THIN 4 Little see eee bennett as. eo. See Tri popoRR Dreiser: AN APPRECIA- TION: He Looka at Life Honeatly, Tale of High Ideala m yl 1 By Hildegarde “mith AN INTUITIONIST CONCEPTION oF His Calmly, I Helplesaly TORY: Out of Germany Comes an OO OO .By Louis Adamic Iconoclastic Revalution of Val uca THE Apitrry | TO THINK ConsTRuc- By Isaac Goldberg TIVELY: A_ Sincere Regard for the THe Metnopist Macur Why | Did Truth la Going Begaing in America Not Enter the Meth¢ odiat Ministry ‘ ._By Oscar Lewis Lotteeeee By Henry W. Thurston SEXUAL RATIONALISM Notes on a THE HUMAN OriGIN or Moras: The Evolution of Morality le Natural— Not Divine...... By Joseph McCabe RupyArD KIPLING’s TWeLve IMMOR- TALS: A Jury of Fifteen Selecta a Changing Valuation of Hehavior By Isaac Goldberg THR Moonisn Crvmization How Ite Conquest by Christianity Threw Back Progress Five Centuries Dozen Men as the World’sa Greateat By Joseph Met ot éS6aeseeee By E. Haldeman-Julius = pe Joun Roach STRATON’S MuseUM - How A Co.Liece Proressor MAKges His A Few Suggestions That May LIvING: The Problem of Maintain- Bring Joy to the Fundamentaliat ing a High Standard in the Lives of eee By Carroll Lane Fenton the Educated..... By Hubert Fuller THe ABoLiTION or CAPITAL PUNISH MEMORY AND THE MAN: A Summary MENT: Can Vengeance Upon the of the Significant Facta About Our eneenete ssor Be Soc - a ified? 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International Relations Section The Real Hungary By G. E. R. GEDYE [Count Bethlen’s party, as Mr. Gedye predicted, won an overwhelming victory in the December elections. The voting was done in instalments. On December 8 candidates were elected in 103 districts, in all but four by public ballot- ing. The Government won 102 seats. Wachtler, a Demo- crat, was the only Oppositionist elected, even Count Julius Andrassy being defeated. On December 10, 91 more dis- tricts voted by open ballot; five opponents and 86 supporters of the Government were elected. Among the successful opponents were Count Albert Apponyi and Anton Sigreey, moderate Legitimist supporters of the Hapsburg succes- sion. Hejjas, the terrorist, was elected as a government supporter. | Vienna, November 21 HE “Kingless Kingdom” of Hungary, where elections are being held in December, is generally recognized to be an unfortunate country. If the interests of a people are to be identified with those of its rulers, this judgment would have to be revised. No regime in Europe has been more successful in turning national misfortune into personal profit. Hungary is usually presented to the world as a land of peace-loving, hard-working peasants, crushed by the Treaty of Trianon, yet harboring no revengeful thoughts. It is a country which has been martyred by Bolshevism, say its official propagandists, yet which is now wisely ruled and happy in its parliamentary institutions—a country which enjoys the repose implied by its absence from the columns of the foreign press. Its only desire, apparently, is to be left alone by its neighbors and eventually to return to the monarchy which it abandoned under pressure in 1920. It is a cleverly drawn picture, but not one which is recognizable by students and friends of the Hungarian peo- ple. They see Hungary as a nation in shackles in part forged, in part reriveted by its present rulers. It appears to them as a country artificially maintained in a state of almost feudal medievalism in the interests of an oligarchy, its press muzzled, its people forbidden freedom of speech and opinion—a country in which this oligarchy spends large sums in artificially nourishing dreams of revenge on its neighbors and in secret preparations for their realization. The Magyar rulers seem to impartial observers to be hold- ing in an Eastern bondage an unfortunate subject popu- lation which alone of Central European peoples fails to participate in the new liberties acquired by its neighbors. I do not wish for one moment to minimize the injustice done to Hungary by the vindictive Treaty of Trianon. De- sirable as it was that her non-Magyar subjects should be freed from compulsory allegiance to the Thousand Year Kingdom which in a thousand years had failed to assimilate them, it was not right or expedient that on all debatable points their wishes should have been made law. The boun- daries of Hungary were drawn with little regard to her national claims or to her economic needs. It may be doubted, however, whether the bulk of the Magyar popula- tion thus placed under alien rule has suffered more than those left to the tender mercies of the Magyar oligarchy. In Czecho-Slovakia, Rumania, and Jugoslavia, if he has been oppressed in the matter of language and education, the —y Magyar peasant has shared in the distribution of land whjch followed the break-up of unwieldy latifundia. In Hunyar there has been nothing but a mockery of land reform: ¢}, adult peasant labors on the land of his lord from sunris¢ children for sixpence or sevenpence. Yet the Esterhazy family owns more than three-quarters of a million acres of land, of which Count Paul Esterhazy alone owns 300,(0 acres. More than eight-and-a-half million acres—33 per cent of all the arable land in Hungary—is owned by only 1,130 landowners. If you visit any Hungarian landowner, keep your hands thrust deep into your pockets, unless yoy wish to have them kissed by the first cringing peasant who realizes that you are a guest of his lord. Before every motor-car on the rough tracks that do duty for roads in Hungary the peasant stands with bowed head, hat in hand. Count Michael Karolyi, the well-meaning but unsuc- cessful president of the short-lived Hungarian Republic, is always spoken of by the present rulers as “the Traitor’— and justly, for did he not try to institute land reform and thus betray what its rulers understand by “Hungary”—the interests of the oligarchy? Since Bolshevism ousted him and gave place in its turn to the White Terror, every pre- caution has been taken to fasten the yoke more firmly on the neck of the peasant. Though school attendance has de- creased and school hours have been reduced the number of teachers has been nearly doubled, the additional personne! having for its main task the teaching of nationalism. In their free time the smaller boys learn the elements of sol- diering in “Pathfinder” organizations; from the ages of 14 to 21, by the law of 1923, youths are forced to join the “Levente” and to attend its drills. This organization i supervised by officers of the old army, and is simply militia disguised as a gymnastic association. Thus is t prohibition of military training set at naught. Where formerly a gendarmerie post of six men sufficed for six to ten villages, there is now one such post in every village. No wonder that 65 per cent of the national and municipa! revenues of Hungary is spent on government servants. Liberty fares little better in the cities, where misery —invisible to casual visitors who admire the flamboyant beauty of the wealthy quarters—is so extreme that in Buda- pest alone there were recently sixteen suicides in one day. In the courts prosecutions for speaking against the Regen’, Admiral Horthy, are numerous, and savage sentences are inflicted. Perhaps the most useful weapon for stifling pu)- lic opinion is the law making it an offense to say or write anything which might damage the name of the country abroad. It can be imagined, perhaps, to what an extent this is stretched to cover any utterance disagreeable to the ruling classes. The press is under special disabilities; the sale of any paper on the streets can be prohibited by a simple departmental order. In the same way, a paper ¢an be suppressed for any length of time; there is no trial in the courts and no remedy. To glance at three outstanding examples of the work of the law courts in the past twelve months may be in- structive. Last year, Edmund Beniczky, a former Home Secretary, asserted that the Regent, Admiral Horthy, had been privy to the White Terrorist plot to murder Somogyi a Socialist editor; he stated that, as Home Secretary, hie himself had cognizance of the orders given by the Regent to prevent the punishment of the murderers. Finally, Dec. : 1 declar and tl He w trial © was T staten L by th Count Hung: of fri patric oligar Wind | kno motiv Count forge they forge 7 leade! men | gary new this Vv years on th docto by tl aside defen of it’ is, In horro The | are a who | law, as a ] of th re gin City Ame! inter attra gand Briti legen Sugg! low ¢ dang The jourt hosp regu! sirak useft garis alrea alwa Hun made diser

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Dec. 22, 1926] The Nation ~lared that Count Bethlen also knew of these matters d that his—Beniczky’s—statements were absolutely true. » was sentenced to three years’ penal servitude after a trial which took place for the most part in camera, but was released after a few months. Count Bethlen made no statement on the matter. Last winter, after strong pressure had been exercised yy the French, Prince Louis Windischgraetz, M. Nadossy, Count Bethlen’s all-powerful Police Minister, and other Hungarian aristocrats were put on trial for the forgery of franc notes. They declared that they had acted from patriotic motives in the interests of Hungary (that is, the oligarchy). Count Bethlen testified at the trial as to Prince Windisehgraetz, saying: “I know him as a gentleman and | know him to be incapable of having acted from sordid motives.” Before the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry Count Bethlen admitted that he had learned of the proposed forgeries as early as 1921, and had given instructions that they were to be stopped. The sentences imposed on the forgers were amazingly light and have just been reduced. This summer Rakosi and Weinberger, two Communist leaders, and their associates were put on trial. These two men had held office under the Communist regime in Hun- gary and had returned from Russia to try to organize a new Hungarian Communist Party. Nothing worse than this was proved against them; they were sentenced to eight years’ penal servitude apiece, double the sentence imposed on the franc-forgery ringleaders. During the trial prison doctors proved that the prisoners had been brutally beaten by the police to extract confessions; the judge brushed aside the admitted evidence as unimportant, saying to the defense, in effect, “Well, all right, they were beaten. What of it? Get on with your case.” This torture of prisoners is, in fact, an accepted thing in Hungary. As to the past horrors of the White Terror, these do not bear description. The White Terror murderers are unpunished, though they are all known, and one of the worst of them, Ivan Hejjas, who had nearly 200 persons, including his own brother-in- law, done to death in the wood of Orgovany, is standing as a candidate at these elections. How is it that liberal opinion abroad knows so little f the real Hungary? Soon after the advent of the present regime Count Bethlen received the sage advice: “Get the City and Wall Street behind you, and the British and American press will be bound to follow.” Every demand of international finance was complied with and foreign capital attracted to the country. The direction of press propa- ganda in Great Britain and America was placed in skilful British hands. Every endeavor was made to propagate the legend of “Count Bethlen, Hungary’s Strong Man,” and to suggest that if he were upset only Bolshevism would fol- low and invested capital would be lost. Hence it would be dangerous to publish anything unfavorable to his regime. The Hungarians saw to it that any British or American journalist coming to Budapest was carefully nursed; lavish hospitality, apparently spontaneous, was dispensed on a regular system, and the visitor shown just what it was de- sirable for him to see. Some visitors have even found very useful financial tips being tendered them. Resident Hun- garian correspondents of British papers, if they were not already connected with the Hungarian Foreign Office, could always be dealt with by the methods applicable to all other Hungarian subjects. Determined and skilful attempts were made by British agents of the Hungarian Government to liseredit with their papers in London and New York all hs Psychological Abstracts A new journal published monthly by the American Psycho- logical Association. The first number will appear in January Professor W.S. Hunter of Clark University is the editor and there is a board of distinguished cooperating editors from America and Europe. The Journal will be international in scope and will contain abstracts of current books and articles in the field of Psychology and kindred subjects The following topics will be covered: General Topics in Psychology; Sensation and Perception; Feeling and Emotion; Attention, Memory and Thought; Nervous System; Motor Phenomena and Action; Plant and Animal Behavior; Evolu tion and Heredity; Specia! Mental Conditions; Nervous and Mental Disorders; Social Functions of the Individual; In dustrial and Personnel Problems; Childhood and Adoles- cence; Educational Psychology; Biometry and Statistics; and Mental Tests. The Journal will be of value to all persons desiring to keep in touch with the psychological literature of the world Price $6.00 a year (overseas $6.25). Kindly make checks payable to Psychological Abstracts. In order to secure the January number promptly, subscriptions should be sent at once to H. S. LANGFELD, Business Editor Princeton University PRINCETON, N. 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676 The Nation [ Vol. 128, No. 3207 ee persons writing in Hungary who were not resident in Buda- pest and therefore largely immune from the combination | DEBATES 0) LECTURES | of flattery and subtle threats employed there. What of the future? Count Bethlen has rushed through T Parliament a House of Magnates Act consolidating the D E B A E oligarchy and benefiting the Hapsburg archdukes. With ee VERSUS eae the open ballot in 218 out of 240 constituencies, where the Dement Débater end Leweer hather of “Stare of + alll ' peasant has to declare on the hustings before the magis- SUBJECT trate, the gendarmes, and his feudal lord whether he is IS MAN A MACHINE? for or against the Government, the latter is sure of an- DARROW SAYS YES! {hsirman te DURANT SAYS NO! other obedient majority. _Whether or no Count Bethlen’s SATURDAY, JANUARY 8th, 8:30 P.M. motive in suddenly ordering an election for no apparent - CARNEGIE HALL "es ” . store the archy, the people of ‘ickets: $1.10, $1.65, $2.20, $2.75, $3.30, including tax, soir atin ed a ecient wil 48 tees ON SALE at Box Office or by mail or at offices of 1ge ' 500 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK farcical elections. How long they will remain mute and LEAGUE FOR PUBLIC DISCUSSION Telephone Longacre 4447 : : Paes ieee : . B.—Out-of-towners can reserve a printed ad verbatim report of this helpless under the heel of the dictator it is impossible to Sehate by remitting $1 now. say. Intolerable oppression provokes in time desperate and THE PEOPLE’S INSTITUTE terrible remedies, and international finance should remem- Program Dec. 19-25 ber that, backing Hungary, it backs a medieval tyranny. AT COOPER UNION (8th St. and Astor Place) At 8 o’clock ADMISSION F — “4 ° r - oo Sunday, December 19—Earl Barnes—‘“The Future of the Teach- Contributors to This Issue ing Profession.” ; : ' Tuesday, Dec. 21—L. Pierce Clark—“A Psychological Interpreta- RAYMOND CLAPPER is the Washington correspondent for tion of Leonardo Da Vinci as Scientist and Inventor.” the United News. Friday, Dec. 24—No Meeting—Christmas Holidays. M. W. Royse teaches Government at the College of the AT MANHATTAN TRADE SCHOOL City of New York. mar ; (Lexington Ave. and 22nd St., at 8 o’clock) RopertT DELL is The Nation’s correspondent in Paris. Single Admission, 25 cents CLINCH CALKINS is a poet and essayist now at the Uni- Reduction for Course Tickets es ae Monday, Dec. 20—Mr. Mark Van Doren—Literary Critics of Our Civilizat versity of Wisconsin. +a onsale ry ilization. MELVILLE J. HERSKOVITS, of the department of anthro- Wednesday, Dec. 22—Scott M. Buchanan—A Metaphysical Doctrine. " . — : . e ° F “Proving the Theorems.’ pology, Columbia University, is making a special study Thursday, Dee. 23—Dr. E. G. Spaulding—Outlines of Philosophy. of the Negro “The Validity of Knowledge.” pos ; 4 iin Saturday, Dec. 25—No meeting. ALTER Bropy is a New York poet, playwright, and critic. ERNEST SUTHERLAND Bates, formerly professor of philoso- “ASIA AND THE WESTERN WORLD” phy at the University of Oregon, is living in New York. COURSE OF SIX LECTURES ARNOLD WHITRIDGE is author of a recent critical work on By WILLIAM R. SHEPHERD, Ph.D., L.H.D. In the COMMUNITY CHURCH AUDITORIUM Smollett. Park Avenue and 34th Street Louis LozowIck, painter and illustrator, is a contributing On THURSDAY EVENINGS, Jan. 6, 13, 20,27; Feb. 3, 10 at 8:15 editor to the New Masses. Course Tickets, $3.50, can be secured in advance at the office of the Com- munity Church, 12 Park Avenue, New York City. Single Admission ' 75 cents. G. E. R. GepYE was for years correspondent of the London Times in Central Europe. True food is the foundation vj Good health The ( ithor o; The Peacock's Tail is a poet , Fresh Vegetables Trufood - NE Whole Wheat Products A MOSCOW DIARY A oy human-interest story of the GETARIAR ife of che ple in Soviet Russia today, : ; : _ bp Anna Porter. Cleth, $1.00 postpaid. Ask for beck entalcg. Satisfying Diet for Diabetics RESTAURANT CHARLES H. KERR & CO. $47 East Ohio Street, Chicage in No animal fat used 153 W. 44th St., East of Broadway . 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