The Nation 1908-06-04: Vol 86 Iss 2240

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: DUFFIELD & , A Modern Prometheus: A Novel . modern society there are few better balanced than World To-day, Chicago. $1.50 postpaid. f Jacquette: A Sorority Girl. By Grade Ethelwyn Cody . With illustration by Charles Johnson Post The story of a high-school girl, emphasizing the secret-society phase of modern school lite. : postpaid. : The Bond Schemes and Estimates for a National Theatre . A working plan for the New Theatre. 4 Women and Other Women Essays in Wisdom t By Hi'degarde Hawthorne “‘A volume of quaint, witty and wise essays | t by a woman about women—whimsical, di- | : verting, wholesome and excellent.’ os —The Detroit News. the Trail. - $1.20 net, by mail $1.28. | The Shakespeare Library The Old Spelling Shakespeare Edited according to the orthography of the Quartos and Folios by F. J. Furni- vall, M.A., D.Litt. In Forty Volumes, of which the following have already been issued : ** LOUES LABOR’S LOST.” ““THE TAMING OF THE SHREW.” ““TWELFE NIGHT.” “TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA.” ««A MIDSOMMER NIGHT’S DREAM.” The Shakespeare Classics Quarter-bound antique grey boards, with frontispieces $1.00 net. Whole gold brown velvet persian, $1.60 net. Three- ] quarter vellum, Oxford side-papers, gilt tops, silk marker, $1.70 net. Lodge’s “Rosalynde:”’ the Edited by W. W. Greg, M.A. . Greene’s ‘“‘Pandosto, or original of ‘‘A Winter Tale. the University of London. Brooke’s ‘“‘Romeus and Juliet:’’ the original of ‘Romeo and Juliet,’ Edited by J. J. Munro. original of ‘As You Like It.’’ Dorastus and Fawnia:”’ the ” Edited by P. G. Thomas, of 36WEST 37" ST wits ‘The Nation VOL LXXXVI—NO. 2240. ols THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 1908 COMPANY'S NEW By Martha Gilbert Dickinson Bianchi “Among the various volumes dealing with the relations of the Roman Church and ‘A Modern Prometheus.’ ”—The By Neith Boyce, author of ““The Eternzl Spring,” “‘The Forerunner,” ete. “The whole question of the children is handled in a very unusual fashion in English writing, suggesting more the delicate—not the indelicate, frankness of the French.’’— Boston Transcript. $2.50 net, by mail $2.74. To the End of the Trail By Richard Hove: A posthumous volume of poems, bound as a companion to ‘Along With a portrait. $1.25 net, by mail $1.30. “It would be difficult to exaggerate the value of these books. scholars, but, on the other hand, they have not hitherto been collected in such convenient and inexpen- sive form, and thereby made so easily accessible to a large circle of readers.”—N. Y. Tribune. Per volume, cloth $1.00 net; linen paper, half parchment, $1.60 net. Prospectus, containing titles of further volumes, sent on application e} = = PRICE TEN CENTS. BOOKS r- $1.25 With a frontispiece. $1.50 postpaid. By William Ar her and Granville Barter The Sermon on the Mount A new title in the RUBRIC SERIES The King James and the Revised Versions, bound uniformly with the earlier volumes of the Series. 60c. net, by mail 66c. Under the general editorship of Professor I. Gollancz They are not, of course, unfamiliar to | The Lamb Shakespeare for the Young Mary and Charles Lamb’s Tales from Shakespeare, with thos: scenes and passages which every child should know. Illus- trated by Helen Stratton and L. E. Wright. ‘““THE TEMPEST.” **AS YOU LIKE IT.” ‘«*A MIDSUMMER NIGHT’S DREAM,” ‘“*TWELFTH NIGHT.” Per volume, cloth, 80 cents net ; leather $1.00 net. Shakespeare’s England : “Robert Laneham’s Letter.”” Containing Captain Cox’s list of the popular literature of the day. Demy 8vo, cloth gilt top, $1.75 net. “Rogues and Vagabonds of Shakespeare’s Youth.’ Reprints of old pamphlets. Edited by Edward Viles and Dr. Furnivall. Demy 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $1.75 net. “‘Shakespeare’s Holinshed.”” A reprint of the passages of which Shakespeare made use in his Historical Plays. Edited by W. G. Boswell-Stone. Royal 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $3.50 net. = NEW YORK

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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2240 Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Bntered at the New York City Post Office as second-clasa mail matter.) The Nation ts published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard. President; William J. Pattison, Treasurer; Ham- mond Lamont, Editor; Paul Elmer More, Asso- ciate Editor. Three dollare per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United Statea or Mewico; to Can- ada $8.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union 84.00. Address THE NATION, Bow 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. r CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Tamme WW ccccccccccccccccccccsccccces 501 EDITORIAL ARTICLES: Campaign Expenses ..........seseee+: 504 The Senate Rules .........0cccceeeees 504 A South African Federation.......... 505 A Word for the Swan of Lichfield.... 506 SPECIAL ARTICLES: Sir Thomas Browne ...........+.++++- 507 CORRESPONDENCE: Rotographs of a Worcester Cathedral Manuscript 509 English in Relation to Other Studies.. 509 The Shakespeare Quartos............. § A Suggestion to Makers of German GED ccccesecocceccecceneseoses 510 The Vice-Presidency ..........scecess 510 POND cccccacdcccesevesscceccesdéseceeses 510 Book REVIEWS: Contemporary France ................ 514 The Pleasant Land of France........ 515 We DE SOE ciceuveéscctceusaeeser 515 eee Ge Ge BED cccuncuncccdenates 515 The Breaking in of a Yachtsman’s MEE, shaonvenbiudccynddteucenedeceaueas 615 Dt ay sexeocssecsoeseaneacs 516 We SE - Sdhavdcsscbcivanneaadaas 516 SCIENCE: Psychology: General Introduction.... 516 DRAMA: Elizabethan Drama, 1558-1642........ 517 PEED Kendennsceuectedcebesseseaecescess 519 ART Alessandro Filipepi, Commonly Called Sandro Botticelli, Painter of Flor- GEE Seuceceseessscucnsseessesnseebas 519 FINANCE: The “Sunshine Movement” .......... 621 BOOKS OF THE WEBK.......ccccccccces 522 Educational. 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XUM June 4, 1908] The Nation. pale me bud @ MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY THE EMMANUEL MOVEMEN MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY the Authors. Here is the only Official Book on the Emmanuel Movement and the only Authentic Presentation of the Principles and the Methods that Underlie the Work Originated and Carried on by RELIGION AND MEDICINE BY ELWOOD WORCESTER, D.D., PH.D.; SAMUEL McCOMB, M.A., D.D.; AND ISADOR H. CORIAT, M.D. CONTENTS:| | The Subconscious Mind | Suggestion | Auto-Suggestion | The Functional Neuroses The Causes of Nervousness (He- notism rapy The Nature of Hypnotism ren Achorn, M The Therapeutic Value of Hyp Physic and Motor Re-education General Principles of Psycoth« Fear and Worry Faith and Its Therapeutic Value redity) The Causes of Nervousness (En- Abnormal! vircoment) The Nervous System in Health er and Disease The Diseases of the Subcon scious Suicide and Its Prevention The Healing Wonders of Christ The Outlook of the Church Apress I—Some Payee! Disorders Having Mental Origin, by J. Wa APPENDIX IIl—Experiments in Auto-Suggestion First Edition Sold on Publication. Fears and Its Therapeutic logical medicine. Second Edition Sol The book illustrates how an alliance between the highest neurological science of our time and the Chris- tian religion in its primitive and simp!est form, as mod- ern Biblical Scholarship has disclosed it, may become a powerful weapon with which to attack the causes that lie behind the neurotic and hysterical temperament that characterizes the life of to-day. by two scholars trained in Scientific theology and a physician of high reputation as an expert in psycho- For Sale at All Bookstores at $1.50 net By mail, postpaid, from the publishers, on receipt of $1.65 Befor> Delivery. Third Edition Printing The work is written MOFFAT, YARD & COMPANY - NEW YORK BEST facilities for supplying American German English BOOK S Italian French Spanish Catalogues free. Correspondence solicited. LEMCKE & BUECHNER Established over 50 years. 11 East 17th St., New York SAMPLE COPIES OF The Nation will be sent to any address for three weeks WITHOUT CHARGE ADDRESS THE NATION 20 Vesey Street NEW YORK CITY WHAT WE ARE DOING FOR LIBRARIANS We now have the most efficient de- partment for the handling of Library orders. A tremendous miscellaneous stock. 2 Greatly increased facilities for the im- portation of English publications. 3. a ye - bookmen to price lists and ect books, All of this means prompt and complete shipments and right prices. THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO. WHOLESALE BOOKSELLERS 33-37 East Seventeenth St., New York STANDARD AUTHORS IN SETS Balzac, Bront#, Bulwer, Carlyle, Cooper, Dick- ens, Dumas, De Foe, Eliot, Fielding, Gibbon, Gui- zot, Hawthorne, Hugo, Irving, Macaulay, Poe, tt, Reade, Ruskin, Scott, Smollett, Shake- speare, Thackeray, Tolstoi. Send fur Descriptive Booklet. THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., New York | A Noteworthy New Book BLISS CARMAN’S THE MAKING OF PERSONALITY The Art THE US2 OF THE MiRGIN of Life By EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS Series WHERE KNOWLEDGE FAILS y EARL BARNES BB qnices ciotn® Sach 50 net; 55 postpaid B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher, N. Y. | “The sane and authoritative life of Whitman.” -Nation. BLISS PERRY’S Walt Whitman Revised Edition “Mr. Perry's critical judgment is calm, sane, and discriminating. . a ee presentation of Walt Whitman's picturésque personality, the book is, as it could not fail to be, delightfully entertaining.’’—WVial, Chicago. “His book as a whole, is not only an ad- mirable example of scholarly and trained criticism; it is very near perfection as a literary biography.’’—Brooklyn Bagle “A discriminating study of Whitman's work, written with full sympathy, and yet with sane understanding of its exaggera tions and defects.’’—Churchman. Illustrated. $1.50 net. Postage 12 cents. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN co. Boston and New York SEND US YOUR BOOK WANTS We have excellent facilities for supplying or quoting any books needed, whether published here or abroad, in print or out of print. THE ARTHUR H. CLARK CO. Cleveland, Ohio

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lv The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2240 LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.’S NEW BOOKS ESSAYS PHILOSOPHICAL AND | A HISTORY OF COMMERCE PSYCHOLOGICAL | By CLIVE DAY, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Economic His : ree ee tory in Yale University. NEW EDITION. With 34 Maps In Honor of WILLIAM JAMES, Professor in Harvard University. Crown 8vo. pp. xliv-626. $2.00. By his Colleagues at Columbia University. With a Portrait in Photogravure. 8vo. pp. viii-610. $3.00 net. By mail, naiee- | : | ENGLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENT FROM THE This volume is intended to mark in some degree its authors’ sense of Professor James's memorable services in philosophy and psychology, REVOLUTION to the MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS the vitality he has added to those studies, and the encouragement that has flowed from him to colleagues without number Early in 1907, at the invitation of Golumbia University, be delivered a course of lectures ACT: the Manor and the Borough there, and met the members of the philosophical and psychological De partments on several occasions for social discussion. They have ap . added motive for the present work in the recollections of this visit. By SIDNEY and BEATRICE WEBB. 2 new vols. 8vo. $7.00 net, The book is a collection of essays, nineteen in number, on ethics, | This new instalment of Mr. and Mrs. SIDNEY WBEBB’S survey of wsthetics, psychology, metaphysics, logic, and the history of philosophy English Local Government is complete in itself. It gives for the first The writers include Professor John Dewey, author of works in ethics, time an analytic and descriptive account of the administrations be- psychology and logie;Professor C. A. Strong, author of ‘“‘Why the Mind | tween 1689 and 1835 of the rural manors and municipal boroughs of has a Body’’; Professor Felix Adler; Professor EB. L. Thorndike, author England and Wales. of “Educational Psych« logy,”’ ete.; Professor G. 8. Fullerton, author THE ADMIRALTY OF THE ATLANTIC of “A System of Metaphys!i ; and Professor J. F. BKB. Woodbridge, editor of the Journal of Philosophy. The frontispiece to the volume is a portrait of Professor James reproduced in photogravure from a _ photo- graph taken in the summer of 1907 An Enquiry into the Development of German Sea Power— Past, Present, and Prospective By PERCIVAL A. HISLAM. With 22 Illustrations (16 full-page) anda Map. 8vo. $2.00 met. THE HISTORY OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 1856-1880 By Sir SPENCER WALPOLE, K.C.B. Edited by the Rt. Hon. the Emperor William to the Czar of Russia six years ago, ‘““The Ad- miral of the Atlantie salutes the Admiral of the Pacific.”’ Sir A. LYALL. Vols. Ill. and IV., 1870-1880. 8vo. pp. | | The author aims at a treatment which will appeal at once to the »s 331-410. $8.00. technical and to the general reader. The book contains many hitherto unpublished facts that will explain much of the British Government's activity in the North Sea during the past year or two, as well as authentic details of works which Germany intends to carry out on her North Sea coast. THE NEXT STREET BUT ONE By M. LOANE, Author of ‘‘ From Their Point of View,”’ etc., etc. New and cheaper edition. Crown 8vo. $1.25. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 91-93 Fifth Avenue, New York athe : | THE UNITARIAN A Magazine of Definite Progress and Virile Optimism in Religion GEORGE H. BADGER, Editor Contributing Editors: Rev. THOMAS R. SLICER, of New York, Rev. JABEZ T. SUNDERLAND, of Hartford, Ct., Pres. FRANKLIN C. SOUTHWORTH, of Meadville Theological School, Meadville, Pa., Rev. THOMAS VanNESS, of Boston, Mass., Rev. WILSON M. BACKUS, of Chicago, Ill., Rev. HENRY WILDER FOOTE, of Ann Arbor, Mich., Rev. HARRY ELMER GILCHRIST, of New Orleans, La. THE UNITARIAN is a monthly magazine of frank and bold advance in religion, aiming to present liberal news and views crisply, vigorously and promptly. It urges explicit wisdom in’ missionary enterprise—constructive interpretation of a modern gospel— | free discussion of theological problems—and closer fellowship among all who hold the liberal faith. | Published monthly from the New York Unitarian Headquarters. Subscription price One Dollar, single copy Ten Cents. Sample Copy Free on Request THE UNITARIAN, 104 East 20th Street, New York

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J | viimw NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JUNE 4, 1908. The Week. Congress has well deserved the epi- thet, prophetically applied to it in ad- vance by its own leaders, of a “do-no- thing Congress.” This is not necessar- ily a reproach. It may be, on the con- trary, high praise. There are times when doing nothing is vastly better than the “do-something” policy. Lord Cromer remarks that statesmen and legislators are never so dangerous as when yielding to the cry that they “must do some- thing.” The chances are that they will do something wrong. And there are certain aspects of the determination of this Congress to do nothing which ap- pear highly commendable. That it per- sisted in such a course in spite of the alternate buffetings and beseechings of the President, heightens the credit of the performance. -If the plan of “we must do something” had been applied to the project for four battleships, for ship-subsidies, for modified writs of in- junction, and for amendments to the Sherman act, we should have a muddle of legisiation out of which it would take years to dig ourselves. In a time cursed by too much and too raw legislation, few will blame Congress for refusing to add to its volume. The worst thing to be said of the session is that it has been inexcusably extravagant. Lavish appro- priations are always to be condemned; in a year when the money to pay the bills is not in sight, they come near con- stituting a legislative crime. The Repub- lican leaders were dimly conscious of this, and struggled feebly against the spendthrift policy. But a bad system of financial control, with the acquired momentum of an era of extravagance, was too much for them. They strove against -the stream but strove in vain. Now it will be their duty to go before a people who have been pinching and economizing, and defend as best they can the voting away of the largest sums of sublic money ever known. The most plausible apology which they may be able to make will not, in effect, be very different from the excuse of the Irish- man who proposed to feed a hungry dog with joints cut off his own tail! The utter failure of Congress to be frugal, if it could not actually retrench, may be a real issue in the campaign. Senator Cul- berson seems to think so, from his de- liberate biting in of the facts last Fri- day. It is possible that a people wrest- ling with prolonged business depression may be angry with a Congress that squandered public money, and may make the anger felt politically. But apart from that possibility, we think The Nation. there is little in the record of Congress to excite popular emotion, one way or another. In the compromise currency bill, as finally passed, the one vital and work- able provision is that of the Senate measure, against which intelligent bank- ing opinion and intelligent economic opinion unanimously protested. Mr. Vreeland’s clumsy machinery of “nation- al currency associations,’ whereby ten banks in a given territory may unite to authorize emergency banknotes based on general assets, is included. But these groups of banks, after passing officially on the application of a member, must apply to the Comptroller of the Cur- rency, who must apply to the Secretary of the Treasury, who must examine the collateral and decide if it is sufficient. When his assent has been transmitted, through the same channels, the bank may cbtain new circulation up to 75 per cent. of the cash value of the deposited assets (within 30 per cent. of its capital and surplus), and all banks in the group become jointly and severally liable for redemption of the notes. This process insures delay, and, taken along with the ,.rogressive tax of 5 to 10 per cent. on outstanding “emergency currency,” would scarcely predispose a bank to adopt the Vreeland scheme. The Aldrich section of the bill, on the other hand, allows any national bank to apply di- rectly to the Comptroller for such cur- rency on the basis of State, city, town, or veunty bonds, and authorizes it to take out notes up to 90 per cent. of the market value of such securities. Plain- ly, therefore, such inducement is offered for use of the Aldrich bill’s provision as to render any alternative recourse im- probable. This shows to’ what extent the House conferrees swallowed their scruples at the behest of the experienced intriguers of the Senate, and makes a sufficiently interesting anti-climax to the hearings of the House Banking and Cur- rency Committee, and to the assurances of the House conferrees, and the Repub- lican representatives in general, that the one thing they would never do was to accept the Aldrich bill. At the currency commission clauses, and the appointments made in accord- ance with them, the Senate clique may indulge in ironical laughter. The Senate’s delegation on the commission is made up from the Senate Finance Committee, where the Aldrich bill was drafted. From the House, Speaker Cannon named the three conferrees who assented to the com- promise bill, and a group of miscella- neous representatives carefully selected, save in one instance, so as to shut out the members of the regular Banking and Currency Committee. There are, of course, no outside experts; Aldrich is chairman and Vreeland vice-chairman. The predisposition of a body thus con- stituted is not particularly doubtful. The New York Chamber of Commerce, the humerous trade organizations, and the House of Representatives, had not only called for a commission one-third of which should be outsiders, but had stipulated that the commission, after public hearings, should submit its report before the close of 1908. The bill as passed directs that it “report to Con- gress at the earliest date practicable.” The only obvious comment on this out- come is that it represents a notable vic- tory for the Aldrich cabal and the in- terests which stood behind it, and a not- able defeat for the chambers of com- merce, the banking organizations, and the believers in currency reform. Every one must be pleased to learn that President Roosevelt has been con- structing the platform which his par- ty is to adopt at Chicago. These things ought not to be left to chance or the oc- casion. And there is obvious propriety in permitting the man who has forced a candidate upon his party to frame the platform upon which that candidate is to stand. Furthermore, the gathering of the platform-makers at the White House insures just the right touch of awe and adulation in the resolutions en- dorsing the Administration which rais- ed the country to a new pitch, etc., has given a glorious example, and so on, to which we pledge ourselves and so forth. If some hypercritical person objects that Mr. Roosevelt is undertaking too minute a management of the Chicago Conven- tion, the reply is that he will permit it to appoint its own doorkeepers and not- ification committee. There is a famil- iar story that once, when an alarmed Democrat went to Dean Richmond to point out that his “slate” did not in- clude the nomination of some minor offi- cial, the boss pondered for a moment and then said magnanimously, “I'll leave that to the Convention.” Concerning the dignity and impor- tance of the Office of Vice-President of the United States we have had, repeat- edly of late, the following somewhat in- coherent apologia: It is a great office which is unjustly depreciated, which any man should be proud to fill, and for which, consequently, there is no more fitting candidate than Mr. John Smith of Homesdale, whom no one has ever heard of. Vindication of the Vice-Presi- dency is as hardy a political annual as acknowledgment of the necessity of a revision of the tariff by its friends, or

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5O2R The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2240 Mr. Bryan’s readiness to step out in fa- vor of another candidate. It would be interesting to see what a really strong Vice-President, coupled with a some- what less strong Chief Executive, could do in the way of building the flesh of authority about the skeleton of mere office. Fate decreed that Mr. Roosevelt as Vice-President should have no chance to develop the latent possibilities of the office. Had he been left a little longer in the Vice-Presidency, the position would have come to its own. The battleship fleet is expected to re- sume its journey, after the beginning of the fiscal year 1908-1909 with the new appropriations for coal. It is a ques- tion, however, whether at least eight of the ships should not remain permanent- ly on the Pacific Coast. One of the many reasons given for the cruise was the desire to put an end to the dread of a sudden Japanese raid on San Francisco or some other Pacific city. But since the Pacific Coast has shown sensitive- ness and a desire for a stronger naval force, it might be a wise policy to in- crease the Pacific fleet so that there could be no recurrence of the alarms. When Rear-Admiral Evans's ships arriv- ed at San Diego, the Pacific fleet, which is under the command of Rear-Admiral Dayton, had on the West coast thirteen ships. Of these eight are our finest ar- mored cruisers of high speed and power, next in strength to our battleships; four are modern protected cruisers, and one is a gunboat. With the addition of tor- pedo boats and destroyers, there would be available for duty a very respectable fleet of all branches of the service—con- siderably more powerful in battleships and heavy cruisers than our entire strength on the Atlantic on March 1, 1898, just before the war with Spain. Moreover, there are now out of commis- sion or under repairs in various Pa- cific Coast harbors, but available in an emergency, the battleships Oregon and Wisconsin, the monitor Wyoming, three destroyers, two submarines, and eleven unarmored cruisers of various ages and sizes. If eight battleships should remain in the Pacific, ten would be left for the At- lantic. When Evans sailed last Decem- ber there remained in Atlantic waters practically no battleships save those in reserve and out of commission, the Iowa, Indiana, Texas, and Massachusetts, Of armored cruisers there was in reserve the Brooklyn, and under repair, the New York; of the monitors, three in re serve. Since the beginning of 1908 there have been placed in commission the new battleships New Hampshire, Mississippi, and Idaho, and the recently finished ar- mored cruiser North Carolina. If the Iowa, the best of the older vessels, were recommissioned, a division of four bat- tleships, or one-half of the eight to be left in the Pacific, would be ready to join the ten which will arrive from the Pa- cific. To take the places of the other four there are under construction or ap- proaching completion the South Caro lina, the Michigan, the Delaware, and North Dakota. In about two or three years, therefore, the loss of the eight battleships from the Atlantic fleet would be made good—uniless the Iowa be sub- tracted, because of her age; and there would then be nearly completed the two leviathans just authorized by Congress. Plainly, therefore, such a plan as we Suggest would only weaken the Atlan- tic fleet for a brief period; and to re- place the armored cruisers on the Pa- cific a division of four could be found, the Montana—just 98 per cent. complet- ed—the North Carolina, the Brooklyn, and the New York. Within four years, were this programme followed, we should have, without any further legis- lation, the two-ocean fleets which our naval enthusiasts are now so loudly de- manding, reinforced also by the two new scout cruisers, five new destroy- ers, and eight new submarines. And this tabulation takes no account of the swarm of unprotected cruisers, torpedo boats, destroyers, and submarines, now in service in Atlantic and West Indian waters and in reserve in our various navy yards. For shaking hands in public with a woman anarchist—three years in jail. This is the fate of a soldier of fifteen years’ excellent military service, includ- ing one war. No; this has not happen- ed in Russia. It was not the decree of Kaiser or Czar or of an aristocracy in deadly fear for its existence. It is a lit- tle incident in our American life, in the land of the brave and the home of the free. The soldier is Private William Buwalda of Company A of the Engineer Corps, and his offence consisted in go- ing to an anarchist meeting in uniform and there shaking hands with Emma Goldman at the conclusion of her speech. Buwalda himself insisted that he at- tended the meeting merely in order to perfect himself in shorthand; the court- martial which tried him gave him a sen- tence of five years, afterwards reduced to three by Gen. Funston. Now, nobody is more opposed to anarchists than the Nation; but it is news to us that at- tending an anarchist meeting is a mili- tary crime. It is certainly not defined in the Articles of War; indeed, we doubt if it is specified anywhere as contrary to army regulations. If Buwalda had any knowledge that he was forbidden to attend certain meetings, we should be surprised. At most, he was guilty of an indiscyetion; and the sentence is wholly disproportionate to the offence —unless the court wishes to make an anarchist of him. Meanwhile, the case stands as another example of our na- tional hysteria over what is a state of mind, and not in itself a crime. The result of the vote on prohibition in North Carolina was a foregone con- clusion. If, in the heat of the campaign, Gov. Glenn and other leaders of the anti- liquor movement called for a majority of 50,000 as necessary definitely to set- tle the question, an actual majority of 35,000 to 40,000 ought to be more than satisfactory. The line between the urban and the rural vote does not seem to have been sharply drawn. In some country districts there was an unexpect- edly large anti-prohibition vote, while in the large towns the liquor vote ap- pears to have shown a decided falling off. Thus North Carolina joins Georgia, Alabama, and Oklahoma in supplying new impetus to the prohibition move- ment in the entire South. Iu so far as the State itself is concerned, the change, though marked, will not be extremely radical, since already 95 per cent. of the area of the State has no saloons. The effect of North Carolina’s action should be felt, however, not only in States that are contemplating taking the plunge in- to the swimming hole of prohibition, where, according to an Atlanta cartoon- ist, “the water is fine,” but in Georgia and Alabama, which have already taken the plunge. In both States it has been inevitable that the imperfections of a drastic law should manifest themselves immediately after its application, and especially a law so notoriously difficult to enforce as that against the manufac- ture and sale of liquor. But Georgia’s law is less than a year old, and Ala~ bama’s is an infant of weeks. That North Carolina should have refused to be frightened by the initial difficulties of her sister States argues a resolute desire to try prohibition. We have not read a better account of the political revolution that has been going on in the South since the close of the Ku Klux period than that in the current American Magazine by Ray Stannard Baker. Many observers have dwelt upon the rise to power of the “poor white,” but few have realized that this is essentially a great democratic movement, a reaction from the aristo- cratic régime which began with this re- public and only now is finally passing. Democratic institutions never really ex- isted in the South. During slavery times, there were no public schools, and the leaders in the political world were as proud of their blood and breeding as any English aristocrats. The downfall of slavery, peculiarly an institution of caste and privilege, gave the ordi- nary white man his opportunity; but he made little use of it until such demagogues as Tillman, Varda-

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YIIM June 4, 1908] The Nation. 508 man and Jeff Davis showed the way. Since the overthrow of privilege in any guise must cause rejoicing, partic- ularly in a republic, the question which naturally suggests itself is why the new politican of the South should not be wel- comed with open arms. The reply is that such a man as Tillman is not a democrat at all, but simply a leader en- gaged in wresting for his own class the special advantages heretofore enjoyed by others. Were these men standing on the simple platform that all men are born free and equal before the law, it would be easy to bear with their crudities, their vulgarities, and their im- passioned appeals to the groundlings. But, as Mr. Baker clearly shows, it is only for the white man of their own kind that they are laboring, when they are not in the field for their own per- sonal advantage. The negro figures in their reckoning only as a sort of bogy with which to stir the passions of the multitude and strengthen their own fac- tion. But if dangerous tendencies, grave wrongs, and many fa!se leaders have been developed in the South’s political revolution, it is, nevertheless, a revolu- tion in the right direction. Learning. wider knowledge of the world and af- fairs, the greatly increased variety in the industrial product of the South—all these things forbid the thought that any movement to make helots either of ne- groes or the lowest whites can ultimate- ly be successful. This is the worst pe- riod in the world’s history for any set of men to try to make themselves mas- ters of the fate and the labor and the lives of others. The very democratic forces which Tillman and Vardaman have set in motion move like the glacier, imperceptibly to the casual observer, but none the less steadily; since the days of Magna Charta progress, desp'te tempo- rary delays, has been in only one direc- tion. Forgery is a natural handmaid of gambling; and the opposition to the Governor’s plans to abolish legalized gambling on the race-track seems to be suspiciously afflicted by the assistance of forgers. In addition to the forged telegram to Senator Cassidy, for which the guilty man in Washington is to be put on trial, we now have the fact that forged letters of protest are being sent in numbers to Senator Agnew and oth- ers who have stood by Gov. Hughes. The job is clumsily done: alleged work- ingmen are sending nicely typewritten letters, on stationery of fine texture. But the animus and unscrupulousness of the attempt are plain, and show what kind of forbidden weapons desperate gam- blers will not hesitate to use. The American Free Art League tells in its last circular of the way in which our barbaric tariff on art operates against even public museums, which are supposed to get their importations free. As a matter of fact, four-fifths of the foreign works of art have come to the museums through the medium of private ownership and have thus paid duty. But there are other instances of hardship. Recently the Chicago Art Institute found itself in possession of two examples of Jules Breton which were very similar. The policy of the Institute was there- fore to sell one, and with the proceeds secure some painting that would be a greater addition to the collection. But since the painting by Breton had entered the United States under bond, the Insti- tute was compelled to turn over to the government a duty of $1,000. In any case, duty must be paid on picture frames made abroad; and here again the museums are mulcted. The story is an old one, but it must be told again and again till Congress is brought to the point of revising the tariff and abolish- ing a tax on education and estietic cul- ture. The proposed “canons of legal ethics” published by a committee of the Ameri- can Bar Association, preparatory to sub- mission at the annual meeting in August, will not of themselves purify the pro- fession. No one expects that, cr thinks that the solemn oath now suggested will really make it much harder for corpora- t‘ons to obtain men of eminent abil- ity to show them how to evade the laws, or will drive out all the shysters who pluck and fleece the unfortunate and create litigation that they may profit by it. But since the genuine uplifting of the profession can come only from with- in, th‘s symptom of the stirring of the lawyer-conscience is full of . encourage- ment. It will be well, indeed, both for the client and for the legal adviser, to have these opinions as to what does or does not constitute proper professional conduct. It would be of value, also, if there could be a wider knowledge of the existence of the grievance committees of local bar associations. Some other easier way there ought to be, too, of dis- barring the corrupt practitioner. The courts themselves could lend a hand here, were they so disposed; but, un- fortunately, our permitting the naming of the judges by political organizations has left them, in this city at least, so open to attack by the profession that they are themselves often unfit to sit in judgment upon professional delinquen- cies. ‘ In Radical parliamentary circles in England there is vehement opposition to the contemplated journey of Edward VII. to St. Petersburg. Should the head of liberty-loving Britain take to “hob- nobbing with a blood-stained creature like the Czar?” The problem frequently recurs, and is not free from anomaly. What use is there, for instance, in speak- ing of that force of the world’s opinion before which even Russian tyranny must tremble, if the world’s crowned heads and governors stand ready to enter into the most amicable exchange of cour- tesies with the men so largely responsi- ble for the stifling of liberty in Russia? It would seem that foreign opinion could express itself in no stronger form than through a refusal of the British mon- arch to meet the Czar. That would be repeating with tremendous force the late Campbell-Bannerman’s challenge: “The Duma is dead, long live the Duma!” But that, unfortunately, is royal act’on of a kind possible only in a world of dis- tinct'y separated saints and_ sinners. How if the Czar were to refuse to meet Francis Joseph because of the way the Galician Poles treat the Ruthenians? And if Francis Joseph should refuse to meet William II. because of the way East Prussia treats the Poles? And if William II. should cut Edward VII. on account of the Bengalis, and Edward VII. should snub M. Falliéres on ac- count of the Moors, and M. Falliéres should convey to Mr. Roosevelt his dis- tress over our policy in the Philippines? Public opinion, expressing the moral pro- test of the best elements in a nation, may be justly directed against the evil that other nations do. But heads of states, who sum up in themseives the vices of their country as well as the vir- tues, are not in a position to cast stones. Along with movements for the pres- ervation of scenic beauty, naturally go efforts to make that beauty accessible to the public. The House of Commons has just read a second time a bill con- ferring “the right of free access to un- cultivated mountain and moorland.” A similar bill for Scotland was pushed by that enthusiastic mountaineer, James Bryce, about twenty years ago. but fail- ed of passage. It was about the time when the Winans case—a man holding a great tract of land from sea to sea, patrolled by keepers, and with the pub- lic wholly excluded—caused much scan- dal. The present bill applies to England and Wales, as well as Scotland; and the disposition of the House appeared so fa- vorable—the vote was 177 to 65—that the measure seems likely, in some form, to be made law. It would suspend the ordinary law of trespass to the point of providing that no person could be kept from uncultivated hills or heaths if he were there “for purposes of recreation or of scientific or artistic study.” One golf- ing opponent of the bill appealed to prejudice by declaring that, under the terms of the proposed act, a tramp might sit down on the eighteenth green at Sandwich and refuse to move, for the reason that he was there for recreation. But the Attorney-General met all such legal quibbles with good-humor and apt judicial decisions.

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504 — Nation. The [Vol. 86, No. 2240 CAMPAIGN EXPENSES. Everybody at Washington has been working so assiduously to put everybody else “in a hole,” that the practice has spread. Mr. Bryan has now attempted to give Secretary Taft a tumble in the matter of making public all campaign contributions. The latter, however, with that agility by which stout men often surprise onlookers, climbed lightly out of the cavity. He made public his let- ter of a month or so ago to Senator Bur- rows, advocating the McCall bill to en- force publicity. Mr. Taft added that he stood firmly by his record in favor of preventing corruption at elections by the secret use of money. At this, Mr. Bryan could be no less than “very much grati- fied”; and renewed his urging that Con- gress pass the pending measure before adjournment. On one point, both Mr. Taft and Mr. Bryan could immediately enlighten their countrymen without an act of Congress. They could tell us what their respective campaigns for the nomination have cost. If we are to have publicity, let us have it all along the line. It might easily happen that an election would be com- paratively pure, although a nomination for the election had been procured by corrupt means. Mark Hanna’s two years’ campa‘gn to bring about the nomination of McKinley in 1896 was lavishly financ- ed; and the political paying off of the pecuniary obligations thus incurred was an embarrassment and a reproach to the Administration. Even if the preliminary expenditures are wholly honest, the de- mand may be legitimately made that the'r amount be published. This is one of the things that *tis but just The many-headed beast should know. Under the English Corrupt Practices Act, all this outlay by candidates has to be inventoried and made oath to. Sec- tion 63 of that act fixes the time from which a candidate has to keep accurate account of all his expenses, for subse- quent filing, as “on or after the day of the issue of the writ for such election”; and those who have to make the return include “any person who is nominated as a candidate, or is declared by him- self or others to be a candidate.” This would cover both Bryan and Taft for at least six months back; and it would be interesting and pertinent to know what sums have been spent to promote their candidacy. We have heard a very large sum mentioned as the contribu- tion of Mr. Taft’s wealthy brothers. A friend of the Secretary's stated as of h‘s own knowledge that more than Taft’s official salary had been paid out on long- distance telephone tolls alone. It has been estimated that Mr. Bryan has per- sonal'y expended $50,000 to secure the nomination. besides what friends cf hie have put into the common treasury. All these details are an essential part of A law as rigid as eompa'’gn expenses. the English would compel their pubiica tion. But our two “leading candidates,’ as they modestly avow themselves to be, can settle all this on their own motion. Gov. Johnson, we notice, declares heart- ily for the idea. We dare say that Gov. Hughes would be willing to submit his personal accounts, which we have every reason to believe would include nothing but his travelling expenses. Certainly, it will not do for candidates to com- plain of the inaction of Congress so long as they take no action themselves. Let Mr. Bryan send another telegram to Secretary Taft proposing that they inform the people what amount of mo- ney has been laid out by or for either in securing delegates. We think the re- sulting “hole” would be large enough to accommodate both candidates. The bill which the House insincerely passed, after tacking on amendments de- signed to make its defeat certain in the Senate, is a reasonably good measure to regulate the actual election of Con- gressmen and Presidents. Full and item- ized accounts are to be kept of all funds received and expended. Not more than fifteen days and not less than ten before the election, a sworn statement of receipts and expenditures is to be filed with the Clerk of the House of Representatives, and become a public record freely open to inspection. Simil- arly, within thirty days after the elec- tion, a supplementary statement is to be filed, containing a complete and final account. Lastly, to round out publicity of contributions, all sums above $50 giv- en by any individual or association not through the party committee, must like- wise be made oath to by their donors, and recorded as in other cases. It is really unaccountable that no he!p in the passage of this bill to secure pure elections was had from Presi- dent Roosevelt. He referred to it per- functorily in his annual message, but in none of his urgent special messages, enumerating the things which Congress ought to do before adjourning, did he speak a good word for this measure. Its friends did not pretend that it awoke any interest in the White House. Yet no one should know better than Mr. Roosevelt what suspicion will dog the Republican campaign this year unless effective steps are taken to let the coun- try know about political contributions. Democrats will shout from every stump that the President is again, as in 1904, getting secret gifts from his “practical” friend, Mr. Harriman. It will be as- serted that Wall Street is for Taft, as it undoubtedly is, and the charge will be made that speculators are contributing large sums to buy the election. Now, the only way to refute such s'anders, if slanders they be, is by entire frankness in making the party accounts public. The day of the huge corruption fund, gathered in the dark and spent in secret, has gone by. One way or another, the , people are bound, as they are entitled, to know what it costs to nominate and elect a President. In the absence of ieg- islation, the two national committees should bind themselves to do what the McCall bill would have required; and if the Independence League is invited to join in, we make no doubt that the shrinking Mr. Hearst will be glad to let his costly light shine. THE SENATE RULES. Senatorial indignation has run high over the attempt to prevent “the most august assembly on this earth” from voting on the currency bill. Both fili- buster and filibusterers have been de- nounced without mincing language. One Democratic Senator was quoted as say- ing: “This has been the most disgust- ing proceeding I ever witnessed in the Senate.” In the cloak-rooms and ho tels, the language used was still plainer. Well, everybody knows what it is that exposes the Senate to this ignom‘nious treatment. It clings to antiquated rules of procedure which open the door wide to such abuses. According the right of absolutely unlimited debate, and pos- sessing no machinery to make an end of sheer obstruction, it places itself in the power of any unscrupulous or deter- mined or merely fanatic member. If May 29, 1908, had been March 2, 1909, the Senate would have been wholly un- able to pass a bill which a large major- ity earnestly desired to enact into law. This is to reduce any law-making body to imbecility. It must not be supposed that the Sen- ate has maintained. its obsolete rules out of pure inertia. One motive has un- doubtedly been a kind of pathetic ambi- tion to preserve an ancient dignity. When the Senate consisted of 26 mem- bers, met in secret, and was much like ~a Privy Council, parliamentary con- straint was scarcely necessary. Gentle- men would agree in a gentlemanly man- ner. Steeped in this honorable ‘radition, some Senators are unquestionably sin- cere in deploring the need of limiting debate in the Senate. But that has been by no means the chief consideration. Senators have grasped at the enormous power which the rules offer to an indi- vidual. They have been glad to have a weapon in the rules which would give them more influence than they could hope to exert by weight of character or force of argument. The opportunity to interpose a personal vete upon legisla- tion is what Senators have cherished. They have been able to serve notice that a given bill could not be passed because, if necessary, they would talk it to death This power, they have felt, has greatly enhanced their position. It is this which has helped them to control Representa: tives,dozens of whom one Senator would outweigh; and to threaten the Adminis- tration and force favors in the way of

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Oo ee Load t 4s = oe J ~~ eS SS aS ov oe” June 4, 1908] The Nation. 505 patronage from the Executive. So when the Senate groans over a “disgusting proceeding” under the rules, people are not really blind to the selfish motives which have thus far prevented such a change in the rules as would put the Senate on a par with all other legisla tive assemblies in the world. The Sen- ate has not changed its procedure be cause the leaders of the Senate see indi- vidual profit in not changing. The question is how many more sense- less filibusters will have to uncover the defencelessness of the Senate before measures are taken to assert its author- ity. There is no demand for applying the rules of the House to the upper chamber. Nobody wants to throttle de- bate; all that is asked is that the wan- ton abuse of debate shall not be allowed to throttle the Senate. There is such a thing as reason in legislative discussion, and when it has run beyond all reason, legislators owe it to themselves and to their constituents to devise rules by which the endless flow of irrelevant words shall be stopped, and the indi- vidual or the group be compelled to let the majority have its will. What is wanted is not the extinction of the free- dom of debate, but the parliamentary suppression of the man who takes ad- vantage of outworn rules and bars all action. . Short of some form of the closure, which we think the Senate will yet be forced in self-defence to adopt, there is much that could be done by a vigilant and firm presiding officer to put an end to such inflictions as the Senate suffered from on Friday and Saturday. Certain dormant rules were, for the occasion, re- vived and enforced—as that no Senator should speak more than twice on the same subject on the same day. But there is an inherent power in any vresiding officer, which cou'd be asserted, rules or no rules, and which wou!d cut off a great deal of the talking (or rambling) against time which disguises itself as debate. We mean the power to make every orator speak to the question. This is a recognized function of the Speaker of the House of Commons. Debates in that body are, heaven knows, tedious enough, but if a member wanders far afield, either out of mere stupidity or in order to kill time, the Speaker calls him back to the subject before the House. This may be done on the Speaker’s own motion, or at the prompting of a mem- ber. A similar practice holds in our House of Representatives. More than once, during the past session, a mem- ber has been called to order for not speaking to the question. This is an essential part of the orderly progress of debate: and it is the business of the presiding officer to see that business is conducted in an orderly manner. And if Vice-President Fairbanks had reso- lutely refused to permit Senator La Fol- lette to read from a novel, or from ir- relevant government reports, he would have been acting within his inherent rights as a presiding officer, and would surely have been sustained by the Sen- ate. Without a change in the rules, a bold presiding officer might go still further. He might do what Speaker Brand did when he broke through the systematic obstruction of the Irish members in the eighties. After two or three days and nights of that clutching of the House by the throat, the Speaker announced that the right of debate had been grossly abused, that it was plain that the pend- ing question had been more than suffi- ciently discussed, and that he would proceed to put it to vote. Of course, he first notified Mr. Gladstone of his in- tention, and also the leader of the Op- position, and was certain of being up- held; yet his action was only an asser- tion of the inherent dignity and the real duty of the chair. Such a course might profitably be followed by the Vice- President, who presides over the Senate. A SOUTH AFRICAN FEDERATION. The college instructor who wishes to give his students a clear conception of the circumstances in which the Ameri- can nation was born, might well quote freely from the current dispatches from South Africa. Where British and Boer fought some six years ago, a new Brit- ish commonwealth is now in the pro- cess of formation; and the causes that are bringing Cape Colony, Natal, the Transvaal, and the Orange River Colony together are largely those with which writers on the “critical period” in our own history have made us familiar. If the past really helps us understand the present, the obverse is equally true. The Jacquerie that preceded the outbreak of the French Revolution, the chateau- burnings, and that prolonged, partly si- lent, yet mortal “war in the village” that went on over the greater part of France while royal ministers of finance kept on contracting new loans, must have taken on new color to the reader of W. E. Walling’s recent articles in the Jndepen- dent on the agrarian upheaval of two and three years ago in Russia. The story of Nunzio Nasi, a former Minis- ter of Public Instruction in Italy, who has been found guilty of gross pecula- tions, and who was fond of removing art treasures from the public buildings to his own house, brings his countryman, Caius Verres, more vividly to mind than all of Cicero’s orations. And _ Diocle- tian, in his Dalmatian cabbage-patch, May come nearer to us if we think of him as carefully watching from his re- tirement at Salona to see that the Cesar who succeeded him was faithful- ly carrying out his predecessor's “poli- c‘es.” And so in the present South Afri- ca we may read something of past Amer- 1¢a. A united South Africa has been pre- dicted for some years, if on no other ground than on the analogy of our own country, of Canada, and, within the last decade, of Australia. The British Em- pire is the fecund mother of self-govern- ing commonwealths, and the pangs of their birth do not greatly differ. The latest move towards South African fed- eration has arisen out of colonial quar- rels over railway and customs policy. The Transvaal is, of course, the richest of the four colonies, and is predominant- ly an industrial region. It is the largest purchaser both of foreign manufactures and of domestic agricultural produce. Hence, the prosperity of the Cape Col- ony ports, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, and East London, and of Durban in Natal, and of the Cape Colony and Natal railways, has depended on the Transvaal trade. But the natural harbor for the Transvaal, Lourenco Marques in Portu- guese East Africa, is over fifty miles nearer than Durban to Johannesburg, and, approximately, only one-third as far from Johannesburg as Cape Town. The obvious interest of the Transvaal in shipping by way of Lourenco Marques has thus been in conflict with that of the other colonies—a conflict which has hitherto been minimized by mutual con- cessions under a railway agreement to which all the colonies are parties. But the years since the war have been years of industrial depression in the Trans- vaal, and of consequently growing rest- lessnesS under an arrangement which that colony has always regarded as more or less inequitable. It was to consider a revision of the railway agreement and of customs rates—the colonies are unit- ed in a customs union—that a confer- ence met at Pretoria on May 4, and it was only two days later that this body, having assembled in no very amicable spirit, issued the following declaration: The delegates of the self-governing colo- nies have adopted the principle of closer union, and undertake to submit certain resolutions to their Parliaments with ref- erence thereto. They also wndertake to recommend to their Parliaments the ap- pointment of delegates to a national con- vention for the purpose of framing a draft Constitution. It was like the ending of a lovers’ quar- rel. The convention is to meet some time this year, and it has already been decided that the Constitution which it may frame shall be submitted for ap- proval or rejection, without the right to alter, to the various colonial Parlia- ments. Federation will not, however, come within a year or two, if the Australian precedent is to count. But that it will come soon is everywhere looked upon as a certainty; andthe colonies have already fallen to disputing over details. Here again we are reminded of the period pre- ceding our own Constitution. The con- ference fixed the membership of the

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506 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2240 convention at thirty, of which the Cape Colony is to have twelve, the Transvaal eight, and Natal and Orange River five apiece. ‘Whence arises much discontent in Natal, and a less amount also in the Transvaal. Readers of our history will recognize an old friend in the protest of the Times of Natal, that, “Natal is entitled to equal representation at the proposed conference, and that the reso- lutions strike a blow at the State's rights”: or in the fear of the Transvaal Cape Times, lest “the resolutions give the big states power to squeeze the smaller.” It is the Virginia plan, and the New Jersey plan of 1787, all over again. Other analogies are to be seen. There is in Rhodesia a vast territory reserved for future British-Boer expansion, which exercises to some extent the same unil- fying influence that our own Northwest Territory did. There is the native ques- tion, more formidable to South Afr'ca than cur own was to us, as we see it now, though not as the founders may have thought it. There will come up, too, undoubtedly, the question of appor- tionment of power in the federal legis- lature as between British and Boer, cor- responding roughly to our own North and South. For, though there is no question of actual racial division in the future state, a line of demarcation must naturally persist for years to come. The United States of South Africa, when a fact, will contain an area of 475,000 square miles, a white population of some 1,200,000, and a native population of over 4,000,000. And, if we include Bechuanaland and Rhodesia, the area will be 1,200,000 square miles, and the nat've population nearly 6,000,000. A WORD FOR THE SWAN OF LICH- FIELD. It is time that some one spoke a good word for Anna Seward, the Swan of Lichfield. She died in 1809. The next year Constable brought out her poems in three volumes, edited by Scott, who generously said: “The name of Anna Seward has for many years held a high rank in the annals of British literature.” In 1811 Constable published also six vol- umes of her letters, in which the edi- tor discovered “many intellectual and moral excellences.” Finally, in 1813, W. C. Oulton compiled “The Beauties of Anna Seward, Carefully Selected and Alphabetically Arranged under Appro- priate Heads.” He declared that “as a writer Miss Seward had great merit.” But since then the devil’s advocate has been busy. Our historians and critics of literature have named her only to damn her. Lately the interest in her has slightly revived. Last autumn E. V. Lucas gave us a book devoted to the Lichfield circle, “A Swan and Her Friends”; but he could not resist the temptation to ridicule her. Some months ago Miss Repplier, in one of her wittiest articles in the Atlantic, made game of the Swan; and now in the June issue, writing of “Our Great-Grandmothers’ Novel,” Miss Repplier indulges in a few more sly digs at Miss Seward—tantene animis cwlestibus ire! Miss Seward’s affectation and vanity we do not deny; but we maintain that her faults were due largely to her so- cial and intellectual surroundings. If we take her as a representative of her class, the eighteenth-century blue-stock- ing, we shall find it very entertaining to skim through her writings. Even the most ambitious of us cannot always fol- low Frederic Harrison’s advice to read only “the best, the eternal, the indis- pensable books”; and if we turn aside from the main travelled road of the age, we can find no pleasanter or more in- structive by-path than Miss Seward’s “Letters” and her “Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin.” This path does not lead over the heights; it does not com- mand a noble prospect; but it runs through a quiet cathedral town where Samuel Johnson and Garrick were born and where the luckless Major André made love to Honora Sneyd; it affords us glimpses of a few of the great au- thors of the day, and a host of the less- er; it passes the Etruscan vase at Bath- Easton and the learned ladies gathered round it to read their verses and wear the crown of myrtle—assuming impor- tant little airs of authorship, just as hundreds are doing today. If we are familiar with the work of Miss Seward’s contemporaries, we perceive that her ab- surdities of thought and style are but an exaggeration of the traits of John- son, of Cowper, of Henry Mackenzie with his “Man of Feeling,” and of Miss More. Even these absurdities seem al- most pathetic as we draw to the end of the “Letters” and pierce through all af- fectation to the fact that Miss Seward’s life, in spite of literary success and pop- ular plaudits, was in essence a tragedy. Her “Monody on Major André” is to this day much sought by collectors of Americana. Since Honora Sneyd had been her bosom friend, Miss Seward’s interest in André and her indignation at Washington are but natural: Oh WASHINGTON! I thought thee great and good. Nor knew thy Nero-thirst of guiltless blood! Severe to use the pow'r that fortune gave, . Thou cool determin’d murderer of the brave! . . . Remorseless WASHINGTON! the day shall come Or deep repentance for this barb’rous doom! When injur'd ANDRE'S memory shall inspire A kindling army with resistless fire; Each falchion sharpen that the Britons wield, And lead their fiercest lion to the field! Then, when each hope of thine shall set in night, When dubious dread and unavailing flight Impel your host, thy guilt-upbraided soul S.all wish untouch’d the sacred life you stole! And when thy heart appall’d, and vanquish'd pride Shall vainly ask the mercy they deny'd, With horror shalt thou meet the fate thou gave, Nor pity gild the darkness of thy grave! For infamy, with livid band, shall shed Eternal mildew on the ruthless head! But for such an outburst as this we need feel no resentment, for, as she tells us in one of her letters, when she learned all the facts she was “filled with contrition for the rash injustice” of her censure. The story she tells in the “Life of Dr. Darwin” about Thomas Day, author of “Sanford and Merton,” has often been reprinted. Disappointed by a fickle sweetheart, he decided to train a wife to his mind. “He resolved that she should be as simple as a mountain girl in her dress, her diet, and her man- ners; fearless and intrepid as the Spar- tan wives and Roman heroines.” But he was grievously disappointed. Strug- gle as he might, he could not make the girl proof against the dread of pain and danger. When he dropped melted seal- ing-wax upon her arms, and when he fired blank pistols at her, she would persistently start and scream. Less fa- miliar, perhaps, are Miss Seward’s anec- dotes of Johnson as she saw him on oc- casional visits to Lichfield. For exam- ple: Johnson told me once that he would “hang a dog that read the ‘Lycidas’ twice.” “What then,”’ replied I, “must become of me, who can say it by heart, and who often repeat it to myself with a delight ‘which grows by what it feeds upon’?” “Die,”’ returned the growler, ‘‘in a surfeit of bad taste.”’ Thus it was that the wit and awless im- politeness of the stupendous creature bore down by storm every barrier which reason attempted to rear against his injustice. Miss Seward when young, Sir Walter assures us, “must have been exquisitely beautiful”—as an engraving of her por- trait by Kettle abundantly testifies. She had her share of attention from men. While scarcely more than a girl she became engaged to marry, but her father broke off the match. Other suitors ap- peared, but, for some reason, she ac- cepted none of them. Outwardly she made the best of her lot as a spinster: she advised bringing up girls with a taste for literature, which “must pre- clude the discontents of celibacy, should celibacy be their lot’; and she pro- tested that she was “perfectly reconciled to her old-maidism.” Certain- ly, she enjoyed all the consolations of fame. Wherever she went she was lion- ized; and she was convinced that the offspring of her mind would live for- ever in the hearts of posterity. Yet the fondness with which she dwelt on com- pliments to her fading charms, and on the memory of her love affairs, indi- cates that, as the burden of lonely years and ill-health increased, she might gladly have exchanged her laurels for a husband and children of her body. And if she can now look down upon the dust which lies thick upon her books, disturbed once in a score of years by some curious student, she must feel infinite pity for all women—from the ambitious, sweet girl graduate to

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XUM June 4, 1908] The Nation. 507 the last popular novelist—who are founding their happiness on the hope of literary immortality. SIR THOMAS BROWNE. 4 There is witnal something of the amateur about Sir Thomas Browne, and, more per- haps than any other great writer of Eng- lish, he is saved from “the iniquity of ob- livion”’ by his unexpected phrases and his isolated flights of fancy that cling to mem- ory like the “wild enormities of ancient magnanimity.” And yet as, lured on by the handsome pages of this new edition of his works,* we read his greater and lesser treatises in order, it gradually becomes clear that his writing is not so haphazard as it seemed, and that even to a peculiar degree he was concerned with a single idea dominant in. his age. The two aspects of that idea were ra- tionalism and science, for which the early years of the century had prepared the way and which the latter years were to see fully developed. Between the incep- tion and the consummation of the move- ment we may, without insisting too arbi- trarily on such a division, observe in Eng- land a moment of uncertainty, marked in philosophy by the attempt of Henry More to reconcile the ancient sombre mysteries of religion with the coming optimistic deism, and in science by the divagations of our Norwich physician. From the many workers who laid the foundation of science three names may be selected as variously typical: Bacon, its prophet; Descartes, its theorizer; and Aldrovandus, its practical exemplar. All three were conscious of the radical break with the past involved in the new idea. “The only clue and method,” wrote the Englishman in the Preface to his “Great Instauration,” “is to begin all anew, and direct our steps in a certain order, from the very first perceptions of the senses”; and at the end of this path he descried as in a prophetic vision the race of discoveries, sprung from the nup- tial couch of the mind and the universe, which should fulfil the wants and vanquish the miseries of mankind. How deliber- ately Descartes swept, or tried to sweep, his brain free of the cobwebs of tradition, need not be told; he too had his vision, not so much of the future, as of the pres- ent universe revolving like some mon- strous engine, wheel within wheel, all of whose intricate motions could be explained by purely mechanical laws. And already Aldrovandus, iu his garden at Padua, had seen, imperfectly no doubt, the necessity of rewriting the whole book of natural history from actual observation. The frui- tion of the movement, so far as England is concerned, began in the year 1660, when Charles Il., himself a curious observer of physical experiments, chartered the Royal Society. In a few years Newton and Locke, the acknowledged fathers of the eighteenth century, were to complete the theory of natural law and extend its sway over man- kind, the one by his investigations of uni- versal motion, the other by his analysis of the human understanding. It was thus not merely the shackles of * The Works of Sir Thomas Browne. Edited by Charles Sayle. 3 vols. (The English Library.) Edinburgh: John Grant. tradition the new scholarship would throw away; it would invade the ancient sanctu- aries of the heart also, and for the hu- mility of religious faith substitute its own pride of investigation. The end of that movement was not unapparent even to the men involved in its triumphant progress. Not a few of them foresaw and dreaded what seemed to them a limiting of man’s spiritual life under the rationalizing ten- dency of science and deism; and the mid- dle of the seventeenth century, in the years before the dominion of Newton and Locke, shows a number of writers who revolted against the new tyranny, either by denying its dictates or by accepting them and twist- ing them to other conclusions. Il. Our Norwich physician, half-unconscious, no doubt, of his position, and with the Briton’s usual incapacity of logic, was led by the insubordinate faculties of the poet within him to another door of escape. Coming back to England from the Conti- nental schools where the militant ideas were already far advanced, he felt a trou- bled uneasiness of couscience, and in his “Religio Medici’ undertook to establish himself in a safe compromise. As the title of the book implies, the problem presented itself to him immediately as the need of reconciling orthodoxy and the materialism of the new medicine; and so he begins: For my Religion, though there be several Circumstances that might persuade the World I have none at all, as the general scandal of my Profession, the natural course of my Studies, the indifferency of my Behavior and Discourse in matters of Religion, neither violently Defending one, nor with that common ardor and conten- tion Opposing another; yet, in despite hereof, I dare, without usurpation, assume the honorable Style of a Christian. Such is his thesis, but religion, as Pascal and Bunyan understood it and as his ortho- dox enemies were not slow to observe, re- ceives scant attention from his wandering mind, while his boasted tolerance toward the creed of Catholic, Jew, or Pagan is next of kin to indifference. In effect his work takes its place, a splendid place, among the innumerable protests of the imagination against the imperious usurpa- tions of science. The freedom of fancy which had wantoned in every arbitrary and impossible combination of natural objects— Humano capiti cervicem pictor equinam— such license was becoming impossible for a trained intellect, as Browne himself had proved in his “Vulgar Errors.” If the spirit were to maintain its liberty against the encroachments of a fatalism, which would reduce the circle of a man’s life to a mere wheel spinning for an hour in the vast unconscious mechanism of the world, it must be by the assertion of another principle distinct from and unmoved by the levers of physical energy. Bacon, and more definitely Descartes, had indeed grant- ed this immaterial law, but—que supra nos nihil ad nos; they were pleased to leave it in the sphere of the lofty inane, with no hold upon the heart and actions of men, with no answer to the cry of the bewildered conscience, with no root in human experi- ence—an empty figment of the reason or a sop to quiet the barkings of the Church. What they lacked essentially, and what Sir Thomas Browne supplied, was the primary imagination, as later it was to be defined by Coleridge—the faculty, that is, by which we unite the broken and dispersed images of the world into an harmonious poetic symbol. In their investigation of the law of nature they did not sufficiently recognize that these observed phenomena are but the shadow, too often distorted and misleading, of the greater reality which resides within the observer himself, and obeys its own law. In their haste they lost the power of subjecting the less to the greater reality, of associating the outer with the inner, and thus of finding through the many that return to the one, which was, as Coleridge interpreted the phrase, the esemplastic function of the imagination. They followed too well the precept of Bacon: “The understanding must not therefore be supplied with wings, but rather hung with weights, to keep it from leaping and flying.” IIL. It is, I know, a part of our present-day eagerness for cbliterating distinctions to deny any incompatibility between science and religion, as between science and poetry. And in a way no doubt science has its own faith and its own imaginative domain. Who can be insensible to the exaltation that must come from tracking nature into her secret reserves? who has not felt that ex- altation when the mind opens to the thought of illimitable dynamic law? And always there is the residuum of mystery at the end of our actual vision, intensified it may be by the slow-groping security of our ap- proach. There is the imagination of science as of religion. Some minds may dwell in one and the other of these alternately, or even confuse them together; but in their essence they are distinct. If we were to define these two genera scholastically we should say that the scientific imagination is quantitative, the religious qualitative. Thus Lucretius, impressed by the almost infinite divisibility of matter, and the im- possibility of conceiving any ordered rela- tion among so many parts, sees in vision the innumerable atoms hurtling blindly toward some centre of space, all obeying, so far as the shock of other atoms permits, some incalculable whim of diverse motion, and, after countless changes of combination, cohering for a moment in the forms of this world. Such a vision is the carrying to a quantitative extreme of the chance and individualism that, to a first glance at least, seem to control the momentary meetings andseparations of men and things. It is, without the introduction of any new quality, the utmost visible extension of our feeling of that which Czwsar called “For- tune whose whim governs mankind.”’ Of the same sort quantitatively is the development of the sense of order in things, as seen in another mood, to a universal scheme of na- ture, typified so graphically by the legend of Newton’s deducing the law of gravitation from the fall of an apple. There must be powerful excitement of the imagination, an almost overwhelming magnitude of vision, in this exercise of the scientific faculty; we know how profoundly Newton himself was stirred by the grandeur of his discov- ery. There is in it also, we must admit, something disquieting to most minds when they enter into themselves to reflect on this dominance of nature whether it be in the direction of ungoverned chance or of in-

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508 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No 2240 evitable regularity. The melancholy, if not the madness, of Lucretius is well known: O miseras bominum mentes, O pectora ceca! (O wretched minds of men, O blind hearts! in what shadows of life, in how great perils, is passed this little term of being!) Nor is there less significance in the anx- ious awe of Herbert Spencer at the con- templation of those unsoundable gulfs of space through which his law of irresponsi- ble evolution extended its sway. These are the nostalgias of impersonal science. Now, what has been called the qualitative imagination, religious or poetic, may show itself in the same mind with the quantita- tive, but it always implies.the admission of a new element. Thus in Lucretius side by side with his vision of endless ruthless mo- tion is the conception, at least the passion- ate desire. of a calm which may remove him entirely outside of the world’s despotic chance. When, in the exordium to his sec- ond book, he breaks into that magnificent praise of the sapientum templa serena, the lofty and serene places whence the wise may look down dispassionately on the wan- derings of men and their restless seekings and cruel ambitions, it is no mere sep- aration from toiling mankind for which he prays, but a retreat of religion within his breast, where he may take refuge from the terror of these wild aberrations carried into the very being and mechanism of the uni- verse. It was thus, in the superb expres- sion of this longing for a faith which his reason would not admit, that he may be said to have denied divinely the divine. Newton also turned from his contempla- tion of inexorable natural law to the most orthodox and childlike confidence in Provi- dence and the medley of Hebraic prophecy. We are apt to forget that besides his “Principia” he wrote an exposition of Dan- iel and the Apocalypse. Lucretius, intel- lectually a man of science, emotionally a poet, seeks relief in pure negation, and balances annihilation against the world. Newton apparently never tried to connect his science and his religion or saw any dif- ficulty in embracing both at once; his dual- ism of nature and deity was of that me- chanical sort which is only possible when a@ man has not stopped to realize his ideas in actual human experience. IV. Sir Thomas Browne, it is needless to say, stands far below Lucretius in emotional vigor and as a man of science is not to be named with Newton; but in his method of escape from an overweening naturalism he has a place of his own in the long bat- tle of the spirit. In him the witness with- in does not speak in the Lucretian voice of magnificent denial, nor is it, like Newton's, a mere echo of a past faith; but makes it- self heard in every act of the intelligence. Always there is present the sense of some- thing other and different lurking beneath natural law and peering out at the observ- er with strange enticements; and this to him was the great reality. He is one of the purest examples of the religious im- agination severed from religious dogma or philosophy; dualism with him takes the form of an omnipresent and undefined mys- tery involving, and sometimes dissolving, the world into wonder—a dangerous facul- ty, one may add, and apt to run with time into the thinnest wash of romanticism, but saved in him by a sturdy regularity of char- acter. He was no systematic philosopher, nor is the “Religio Medici’’ constructed on a rigid argument—far from it. Yet, with all its fantastic divagations and its quaint confessions, this desire to restate facts in accordance with the author’s “solitary and retired imagination” is never long absent and gives it a strong unity of effect. ‘‘The whole creation is a mystery,” he says; “ . . . a dream or mock-show, and we all therein but pantaloons and antics.” Rather: “in this mass of Nature there is a set of things that carry in their front, though not in capital letters, yet in steno- graphy and short characters, something of divinity, which to wiser reasons serve as luminaries in the abyss of knowledge, and to judicious beliefs as scales and roundles to mount the pinnacles and highest pieces of divinity. This visible world is but a picture of the invisible, wherein as in a portrait things are not truly but in equivocal shapes, and as they counter- feit some more real substance in that in- visible fabric.”" Theology itself is saved by its “‘wingy mysteries” and “airy sub- tleties.”* It was inevitable that such a mind, grop- ing in the bowels and anatomies of nature for a justification of faith, should have been fascinated by the underlying mystery of death, which, while extending the claims - of materialism to their logical consumma- tion, startles the observer by its horrible reductio scientie ad absurdum. The acci- dental unearthing of some old mortuary vessels was, therefore, only the accidental cause that set our author off in wild pur- suit of the paradox which finds in the ab- solute negative of death the affirmation of omnipotent mystery. Through all the ped- antries of the “Urn-Burial,” with its notes on funeral customs jumbled together from every conceivable source, it is the glimpse of these mockeries of reason, breaking through the stiff language ever and anon with shrill vehemence, that keeps the inter- est of the reader alert. What is human pride before this imperious scoffer? ‘Now since these dead bones have already out- lasted the living ones of Methuselah, and in a yard underground, and thin walls of clay, outworn all the strong and specious buildings above it, and quietly rested under the drums and tramplings of three con- quests; what prince can promise such di- uturnity unto his reliques?” Thus paradox swallows paradox, until at the end of the book, as all readers know, these tongues of eloquence leap together like the flames bursting upward from a funeral pyre, and the grinning contradiction of the tomb is lost in “‘the metaphysics of true belief.” Once again, in his “Letter to a Friend,” Sir Thomas Browne takes up the theme of death; and again, as he tells of watching by the bedside of the young man who is fading away visibly into the invisible dark- ness, it is the strangeness of the miracle that absorbs him. He could not go to cure the body of a patient, he says elsewhere, without losing his profession in concern for the man’s soul; but one interest of his own he must always take with him—his inquisitive research into the paradox of living and dying. Thus his “Letter to a Friend,” with its lingering absorption in the present mystery creeping upon the world before the very eyes of the watcher like an all-obliterating shadow out of the infinite, may be regarded as a complement to the “Urn-Burial,” with its rhapsody on the memorials of the past. Together they would seem to say: Look hither and lay aside vain pretensions; there is no knowl- edge of death. Vv. Other writers, especially in more recent times, have undertaken to express this con- stant dualism of knowledge and wonder. of reason and mystery, which it was the main business of eighteenth-century phil- osophy to deny, but none with the same magnificent impetuosity as Sir Thomas Browne. Something of his power was due to his age, something to the solidity of his training; but still more to the imagina- tive burden of his language. Of style in one sense he possesses, indeed, little; un- less sustained by poetic emotion, he is never safe from fioundering in the most awkward verbiage. He is, more, perhaps, than any other author in English, depen- dent for his fame on purple patches. But at its best, there is I know not what ex- cellence of sound in his language, a melody through which we seem to catch echoes of otherworldly music, that ravish the hearer into an ecstasy of admiration. He has, as he himself might say, transfused into words the magic of that Pythagorean numerosity which forever haunted his understanding. It is not easy to discover the secret of these harmonies in words, for his manner varies from page to page. At times, partic- ularly in his earlier works, the language is brief and direct, built up on the simplest Anglo-Saxon roots. More often it has a touch of exotic strangeness, due princi- pally to the excess of Latin. ‘“‘He has many verba ardcntia,” said Dr. Johnson, “forci- ble expressions, which he would never have found, but by venturing to the utmost verge of propriety; and flights which would never have been reached, but by one who had very little fear of the shame of falling.” There is undoubtedly a danger in this con- stant recourse to Latin idioms, as may be seen in many of his imitators. Dr. John- son, who is known to have modelled his style on Sir Thomas Browne’s, was able to attain by this means a gravity which raises the commonplace almost to the sublime; but other writers only sank with its weight. Whole passages in “‘The Seasons,” for in- stance, halt and stumble, as if loaded with foreign chains. Browne himself, we may suppose, employed this pedantic style, as did Milton and others of that age, primarily because his reading was so much more in Latin than in English that these outlandish terms came to him more promptly than their home equivalents. But there is also at times an artistic consciousness that the note of surprise was better obtained by these unusual words and the desired rich- ness of harmony more fully developed. I do not know whether the musical difference of the Anglo-Saxon and classical elements in our tongue has been analyzed, but to me they seem in the hands of a master to be related to each other as a pure tone is to one rich in harmonics. There is a ful} and complex effect from the sonorous Latin words due to countless half-remembered as- sociations, comparable to the undertones and overtones that give the note of the vio- lin its pathetic appeal. Almost always we catch these echoes of the past in the lan-

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— a ee ae XUM June 4, 1908] The Nation. 509 guage of Sir Thomas Browne when most characteristic; they are heard clearly in such a passage as this, in the “Letter to a Friend”: And altho’ he had no Opinion of reputed Felicities below, and apprehended Men widely out in the Estimate of such Hap- piness; yet his nobler Contempt of the World wrought no Democritism or Cyni- cism, no laughing or snarling at it, as well understanding there are not Felicities in this World to satisfy a serious Mind; and therefore to soften the Stream of our Lives, we are fain to take in the reputed Contentations of this World, to unite with the Crowd in their Beatitudes, and to make ourselves happy by Consortion, Opin- ion, or Co-existimation: for strictly to sep- arate from received and customary Felici- ties, and to confine unto the Rigor of Reali- ties, were to contract the Consolation of our Beings unto too uncomfortable Circum- scriptions. That may sound at first merely quaint, if not cumbrous; yet to the attentive ear what subtle harmonies unfold themselves. To understand the force of this deliberate Latinization, consider for a moment the contrast of the words felicity and happi- ness that stand so close together. The Saxon word is direct, strong, simple, with the associations of the common homely feelings of the day. But in that thrice-re- peated felicities there is I know not what strange accumulation of meaning from the hopes and desires and disappointments of many peoples through many ages. I hear, as it were a deep undertone, the grave reflection of Virgil’s Felix qui po- tuit rerum cognoscere causas. I hear the pathetic phrase of Boétius, thinking of his own fall from felicity and of the waning world: Fuisse felicem et non esse. That phrase, I recall, was caught up by Dante and placed in the mouth of his Francesca da Rimini: Che ricordarsi del tempo felice —‘‘there is no greater woe than to re- member in pain the time of felicity’; and from Dante it has passed into the emotion- al life of Europe. Echoes of the word come to me from great passages in Spanish and French, and last of all the plea of dying Hamlet to his friend: If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity awhile, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain. Can any one fail to perceive the lingering sweetness and manifold associations of the word felicity here as it is contrasted with the quick, stinging Saxon words that fol- low? Such was the music of the emo- tions sought and obtained by Sir Thomas Browne in the passage quoted. To vary the metaphor, his cunning use of Latin words affects the ear like the hearing of some majestic fugue, in which the melody, taken up by voice after voice, is repeated and varied and interwoven until the list- ener by the long accumulation of sound is rapt out of the solid world into mystic admiration. P. E. M. Correspondence. ROTOGRAPHS OF A WORCESTER CA- THEDRAL MANUSCRIPT. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sir: In connection with the recent dis- cussion (see the Nation for March 5, March 19, and April 2), as to the best method of reproducing the valuable manuscripts of European libraries so as to make them ac- cessible to students in America and else- where, it may interest many readers of the Nation to know that the library of Western Reserve University has just obtained roto- graphs of a Worcester Cathedral manu- script. These specimens of the rotographic process are certainly excellent, the white script on a black ground standing out bold- ly, so that in many places where the manu- script has been injured and the writing dimmed the reproductions seem to be sharper and more distinct than the original. With considerable experience in reading Old and Middle English, medieval Latin, and old French manuscripts in the libra- ries of England, I should say the rotograph process, as the work is done by the Clar- endon Press, is eminently satisfactory. So far I have not noticed that rotographs are any more trying to the eyes than any orig- inal medieval manuscript of the same kind and size of script is likely to be. For many of us American students who are not ab’e to spend every summer abroad, such methods of making the treasures of the old world libraries available are little less than a godsend. And since the Modern Language Association adopted a plan at its last meeting for coéperative work among the libraries of this country in the roto- graphing of desirable manuscripts in the li- braries of Eng’and, the day will no doubt soon come when American scholars engaged in research in the field of English litera- ture, at least, may have the use of any valuable English manuscript by making proper application to one of the university or college libraries associated in the plan. The Worcester Cathedral manuscript Folio 172, mentioned above, was virtually unknown to scholars until a couple of years ago, when a brief account of its con- tents was published in Modern Philolog*, July, 1906. Later in the same year, a de- scription of it was included in the ‘‘Cata- logue of Manuscripts, Preserved in the Chapter Library of Worcester Cathedral,” compi'ed by John Kestell Floyer and Sidney Graves Hamilton, and printed for the Wor- ecestershire Historical Society. The manu- script consists of 213 leaves. measuring 11x8 inches, written by one hand in the second half of the fifteenth century. The contents embrace about twenty different pieces, a'l Middle English prose. Most of them are preserved in other manuscripts, and have already been made accessible in printed form; but in every case the dialect and style of the Worcester manuscripts dif- fer materially from other known versions. Then there are two or three important long pieces, which are otherwise unknown in Middle English versions. The first is the “Disciplina Clericalis’” of Peter Alfonse, a collection of Oriental tales, composed in Latin by a converted Spanish Jew early in the twelfth century, which exerted a power- ful influence upon medimwval, especially French, literature. The Statutes of Roger Niger, Bishop of London, 1229-1241, were originally composed in Latin, and a manu- script of the original is preserved in the Cambridge University library. But the Worcester manuscript contains, I think. the only known Early English version of this interesting and important episcopal docu- ment, which promulgated specific laws for the regulation and government of Eng!ish religious and social life of the thirte: century in all its phases. Following the Statutes in the manuscript we find the Con- stitutions of William de Courternay, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, 1381-1396, and of Archbishop Robert of Winchelsey, 1294-1313. Of well-known medizva! treatises the fol- lowing are preserved in the Worcester Manuscript: “The Gospel of Nicodemus” (fragmentary); Richard Rolle of Hampole’s “Libe! of the Amendment of Man’s Life or the Rule of Good Living’; “A Treatise Against Ghostly Temptations’; ‘“Epistola Alexandri magni ad magistrum suum Aris- totelem;"’ the Deeds (or Acts) of the Apos- tles (Purvey’s translation); “The Book of Contemplation, or the Divine Cloud of Un- knowing” (better known, perhaps, as “The Ladder of Perfection’); the Psalter in Latin and English (a fragment ending with Ps. 83, 18, probably by Hampole). Wa. H. HULME. Cleveland, O., May 21. RELATION TO OTHER STUDIES. ENGLISH IN To THE EDITOR OF THE NaTION: Str: May I add one more word on the ob- ligations of all teachers to the subject of English composition? I quite agree with Professors Maurice G. Fulton, and H. P. Breitenbach, in your issue of May 21, that there is a good deal in the teaching of English composition that lies outside the interests and generally be- yond the capacities of teachers of other subjects; but I think that their communica- tions do not recognize the first problem that we teachers of English have to meet, viz.: the demand of the community that our pupils, whether in school or in col- lege, shall be able to put their ideas in writing without exposing themselves to the suspicion of illiteracy. School committees, school superintendents, and headmasters would all admit, I think, that it is a disgrace to our sys- tem of education that large numbers of boys and girls graduate from our high schools with such outward and visible habits of illiteracy as bad spelling, abor- tive sentences, and senseless paragraphing. There is a minimum of correctness and freedom of expression, with which every child has a right to expect that he shall be equipped; that minimum many schools make little pretence of attaining. When we look for the cause of this mani- fest failure of our school systems, there can be no doubt that it is in part to be found in the fact that teachers of other subjects condone illiteracy. If the public have a right to expect that their children’s writing shall show that they have been to school, they must demand that all teachers besides being to some degree specialists in their subjects shall also use and enforce reasonably correct English. It is important that the question of ef- ficiency in the higher teaching of English should not obscure the more fundamental one of a minimum of literacy. J. H. GARDINER. Harvard University, May 24. To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Str: Two letters in the Nation on the teaching of English (March 19 and April 30) interested me greatly. Every effort to arouse teachers in other departments

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510 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2240

to a sense of their duty toward English is an effort in the right direction. Mr. Herbert L. Baker, however, in your issue ef April 30, seems a little extreme in his position when he says: The practice of having various teachers on various subjects apply, by lecture or otherwise, the pouring-in process exclu- sively for days and weeks together, until the pupil has become more or less water- logged mentally, and then sending him to another teacher to learn to pump him- self out, seems a peculiarly abortive one. In truth, is there a school in which this is done? Is there a teacher anywhere who continues “for days and weeks to- gether” the ‘“‘pouring-in" process, without the “pouring-out” process? Does not ev- ery teacher call for oral or written expres- sion, or both, from his pupils at shorter intervals than the phrase, “days and weeks together’ seems to indicate? The difficulty is that in many cases the teacher pays but little attention to correctness of form and mechanical structure, expecting the teach- er of English to attend to that. Most teachers are to be censured, not for entire lack of expression on the part of the pupil, but rather for a lack of correctness and effectiveness of expression Mr. By fixing the attention upon form, to the neglect, if not the exclusion, of subject matter, this process involves a separation between the teaching of thought and the teaching of expression, which is hostile to both My objection to Mr Baker continues: Baker's position here is that he seems to assume that the stu- dent has nothing to express except that which comes from a class exercise. If this is true, the teaching of composition is absurd; but it is not true. To give an example from my own teaching: Last week I had a class of twenty boys and girls in second-year academy work write themes in exposition. They were to tell how they made something. Here more than in any other kind of composition they had an op- portunity to use material they had gather- ed in other courses. Only one selected such a subject. One boy told how he made a porringer in the metal shop. All the other students selected subjects outside of class work One told how he made a rabbit- trap—knowledge gained as a boy on the farm. Another told how he made a magic- lantern—an actual experience of early boy- hood. These themes were much more in- teresting when read in class than if only processes with which all were familiar had been described. In a third-year class this subject was assigned for the students’ first argument “Examinations at the close of the quarter should (or should not) be abol- ished,’’ the student to select the side he preferred. The efforts were crude (if they had not been, I should have known they were not original), but each student had his first opportunity of putting down in the form of written argument his own ob- servation and experience upon a subject concerning which he had a very decided opinion—material that came from no text, that could have been gathered in no class, material that would never be used if each teacher looked after his own composition work. Every fund of person has a thought which does not ordinarily find expression. One of the important duties of the teacn- er of composition toward the student Is to have him formulate this inchoate mate-

rial and express it clearly and sincerely. Often a student writes a theme more ma- ture than his experience seems to warrant. On inquiry I frequently find that the sub- ject is one which he has had in mind for a long time; one which did not come from a class exercise. Is such material as this— more truly the student’s own than any other with which he deals—to be pushed into the background while he puts forth only what he gains from his teacher or his class work? Such a choking-out process discourages freshness and originality, and tends to make the student only the mouth- piece of others. MARGARET MCLAUGHLIN. Peoria, Ill., May 23.

THE SHAKESPEARE QUARTOS. To THe Epiror oF THE NATION: Srr: In your “News for Bibliophiles’”’ of May 21 you give some features of W. W. Gree’s “bibliographical bombshell,” con- tributed to the English quarterly, the Library. One of these seems to me to have very little weight, and it would not have been offered by Mr. Greg if due consider- ation had been given to the technique of wood-engraving and printing. This argu- ment, as you sum it up, is as follows: All but one of the nine title-pages of these common editions contain a device with a Welsh motto. This device, origin- ally the property of Richard Jones, was used by him frequently from 1593 to 1596, but, with the exception of these plays, it seems not to have been used again until 1610. ‘ P Mr. Greg _ssre- produces side by side the same _ device printed from the same wood block as it ap- pears in Dent’s “Plain Man’s Pathway,” 1605, and in the Shakespeare quarto. The 1605 volume shows that the wood block had just begun to split, while in the book dated 1600 the crack has opened wider ani the flaw becomes much more conspicuous. From these facts Mr. Greg draws the in- ference that the quartos bearing the date 1600 must have been printed after 1605. Bearing in mind that the wood block had been used from 1593 to 1596, let us suppose that it had begun to split after being used in 1596, but that the printer had not taken the trouble to repair it, and had used it in the quartos of 1600 just as it was, for these quartos were probably pro- duced as cheaply as possible. In these quartos the split or crack is quite prom- inent, but in 1605, when they came to use the block in Dent’s book, the split had opened so that the block was no longer available without repair. They therefore resorted to a very common device; they bored one or more holes horizontally through the block, and through each hole they passed an iron bolt with a screw and nut on the end, and in this way they ac- tually made the block better than it was in 1600. I have seen this dune hundreds of times in the days before process work superseded wood engraving, and the me- thod is so simple and obvious that it would naturally occur to any intelligent mechanic. In this connection it might be well to ask if we have any evidence that Pavier cared anything for the dates of his quar- tos. To us dates are exceedingly valuable in relation to old books. A genuine first folio with a genuine date of 1622 would bring an enormous price; would it have brought as much as a copy with the date 1623 if it had been offered for sale in 1624?

I think not. And so in 1619; would not copies dated 1619 bring more in that year than copies which had been issued in 1600? What was Pavier’s object in falsifying these dates? JOHN PHIN. Paterson, N. J., May 22.

A SUGGESTION TO MAKERS OF GER- MAN GRAMMARS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Str: So far as I know, all German grammars issued in this country represent the pronunciaticn of the name of the Ger- man letter j with the symbol yot. Is this transcription as accurate as it might be? I suppose, to be consistent, we should have to give the vowel o of this symbo] the same value we find in words like not, cet, blot, whereas the name, as properly pronounced, seems to me closer to the sound-picture yut. To avoid any possible contamination with the uwt-sound in put, it might be well to transcribe the name of the letter with the symbol yutt, thereby insuring the vowel- sound which we have in butt. The Muret- Sanders Dictionary represents the vowel- sound in question with a short German 0, which is by no means identical with the short English o. It is, however, quite the same vowel we find in the German words Gott, Spott, flott, when properly pro- nounced. C. H. IBERSHOFF. Cornell University, Ithaca, May 27.

THE VICE-PRESIDENCY. To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Sin: Our country has had a long and severe object lesson on the importance rot only of having the President the best man available for the highest official po- sition, but also of having the Vice-Presi- cent the next best man for that position. We have had three Presidents assassinated within fifty years, and there are many ether chances of a Vice-President becom- ing President. Yet we give the maximum o! interest to the Presidency and the minimum to the Vice-Presidency, although the President-elect might die or be inca- recitated between election and inaugura- tion. We should change all this. if we wish <radually to raise the standards of our na- tional government to those of well-maa- aged private corporations. RoBertT S. MINOT. Boston, May 25.

Notes. The Cambridge University Press (G. P. Putnam’s Sons) will publish two volumes of lectures delivered by the late Prof. F. W. Maitland. One of these is from a course on “Constitutional History,”” and contains a survey of the Constitution at times dated by the deaths of Edward I., Henry VII., James I., and William III. The other volume is from a course of lectures on “Equity Law.” In this connection we may mention 4 slender volume from the Oxford University Press, containing two lectures on the life and work of Professor Maitland, by A. L. Smith of Balliol College, with a bibliog- raphy of Maitlend’s works.

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June 4, 1908] The Nation. 511 David Nutt is about to issue volumes VIII. and IX. of Keating’s “History of Ire- land,”” edited by the Rev. P. S. Dinneen. This will complete the publication of a work which was begun by the Irish Texts Society in 1901. Jacobs & Co. will soon have ready two books by T. H. S. Escott, the editor of the Fortnightly Review. One deals with “King Edward VII. and His Court,”’ the other is “The Story of British Diplomacy.” From Harper & Bros. comes the news that Swinburne, since publishing ‘‘The Duke of Gandia,” has been engaged in the final revision of what he regards as his greatest prose work, “The Age of Shakespeare.” Beckles Willson of Quebec House, Wes- terham, Kent, has already in hand 140 un- published letters of Gen. Wolfe, whose life he is writing. He would be pleased to hear of any further new material bearing on his subject. The prefaces to Volumes IX. and X. of the New York edition of Henry James’s “Novels and Tales’ continue his account of the conditions under which he wrote and the objecis at which he aimed. Volume IX. contains “‘The Awkward Age,” which was projected as a short story, but which illustrates “‘the quite incalculable tendency of a mere grain of subject-matter to ex- pand and develop and cover the ground when conditions happen to favor it.” The novel was published serially in Harper's Weekly, in 1898. After it appeared in book form the publishers told Mr. James: “I’m sorry to say the book has done no- thing to speak of; I’ve never in all my experience seen one treated with more general and complete disrespect.”” Volume X. is made up of three tales which suc- ceeded in being shorter: “The Spoils of Poynton,” “A London Life,” and “The Chaperon.” The germ of “The Spoils of Poynton” was, Mr. James informs us, a cas- ual hint, “dropped unwittingly by my neigh- bor, a mere floating particle in the stream of talk.”” This particle was a remark about “a good lady in the north, always well looked on,” who was “at daggers drawn with her only son, always hitherto exem- plary, over the ownership of the valuable furniture of a fine old house just accruing to the young man by his father’s death.” Of the second story Mr. James says: “A London Life’’ would probably consor: with a dozen of the tales by which I at one period sought to illustrate and en- liven the supposed “international” conflict of manners; a general theme dealing for the most part with the bewilderment of the good American, of either sex and of almost any age, in presence of the “European” or- der. But he admits that the story breaks down altogether “as a contribution to my com- prehensive picture of bewildered American- ism.”” The story would have been in es- sence the same without the American fla- voring. In discussing ‘“‘The Chaperon,”’ Mr. James offers us this suggestive generaliza- tion, which offers a key to not a little of his writing: A short story, to my sense and as the term is used in magazines, has to choose between being either an anecdote or a picture, and can but play its part strictly according to its kind. I rejoice in the anecdote, but I revel in the picture; though having doubtless at times to note that a given attempt may place itself near the dividing-line. This is in some degree the case with “The Chaperon,” in which, none the less, on the whole, picture ingeniously prevails. “Discipline and contemplation,” says Henry Dwight Sedgwick in “The New American Type and Other Essays” (Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co.)—‘discipline and con- templation bring life to that ripeness which is the foundation of happiness, of right- eousness, of great achievement.” The words might be taken as the text of his book. They are the key to his comparison of the new American face with that of Washington’s day, which forms the iitle essay; they are the sting of the following essay on “The Mob Spirit in Literature,” and of the preaching to the end of the volume. Preaching, we say, for here and there, as in his comments on ‘American Colleges,” Mr. Sedgwick passes from the style of the essay to that of the ,Ipit, and his ethicai intention is everywhere evident. But the moral is good, and the mauner en- tertaining; he has mingled the sweet aad the profitable with commendable cunniay. In “The Schoolmaster” (G. P. Putnam’s Sons), A. C. Benson puts into practice a theory of his that if only people wrote nat- urally about what they best understand they would be genuinely helpful. The book carries a faint suggestion of “‘The Parent’s Assistant,”’ and belongs to the vade mecum variety. It presents the advice and opin- ions of one who has himself been for twen- ty years a master at Eton, and, needless to say, presents them readably. The book appeals chiefly to the English rather than to the American schoolmaster, and that is probably the reason it is only now pub- lished in this country; in England it ap- peared six years ago. But, though we have no Etons here, we have many schoolmas- ters who tend to fall into ruts, and who may receive from Mr. Benson’s suggestions a new glow of enthusiasm. The most remarkable feature of the Highways and Byways Series, published by the Macmillan Co., is that so many vol- umes written by different hands should preserve such unity of tone, and, we may add, such uniformity of excellence. The latest volume, “Hampshire,” by D. H Moutray Read, is in the well-known vein midway between the guide book and per- sonal reminiscences of travel, only carry- ing the permitted discursiveness of the series a little further than usual—perhaps a little too far. If the keys of a chapel are not readily forthcoming, Mr. Read jauntily passes—probably it contains noth- ing worthy of comment, anyhow. He treats you as if he were conducting you through his own estate, and took pleasure in pointing to this and that which he val- ues for his own reasons. The result is en- tertaining. There are important cities and institutions in Hants—Southampton and Portsmouth and Winchester and Aldershot —but on the whole the literary associations are not of the first importance. The illus- trations, by Arthur B. Connor, are in Joseph Pennell’s manner, but are less sat- isfactory in the landscapes than in the glimpses of old houses. As a supplement to J. A. R. Marriott's excellent life of Viscount Falkland (re- viewed in the Nation August 1, 1907, p 103) we are glad to call attention to a reprint (E. P. Dutton & Co.) of John Dun- con’s “Lady Lettice, Vi-countess Falkland,” edited by M. F. Howard. When in 1639 “her dear lord and most beloved husband, that he might be like Zebulon (a student help- ing the Lord against the mighty), went from his Library to the Camp, and from his Book and Pen to his Sword and Spear,” Lady Lettice was left behind with her mother at Great Tew, to sorrow and wait— and wait in vain. With the rashness of a contemplative man driven into furious ac- t:on, Falkland threw away his life at New- bury in 1643. It is not hard to imagine the consternation that fell upon the house- hold at Great Tew. From that time the bereaved wife gave herself up daily more and more to the mortifications of a re- ligious life. She was confirmed in this practice by the death of her youngest and dearest son in 1645; her own release came the next year, at the age of thirty-five. A little before her death, her chaplain John Duncon, had written out for her comfort a series of devotional exercises, in the form of letters from her with hs replies. It is probable that those under her namerepresent the burden of her actual eonversation with him, and it is certam that they were revised under her direction. These were published in 1648, and to a second edition (1649) Duncon added a bi- ography of the lady in the form of a letter to her surviving mother. It is this bi- ographical letter that we now have in a reprint, with extracts interspersed from the rest of the correspondence. There is altogether too much pious ejaculation and too little narrative in the good chaplain's memorial, but through all his religious platitudes there shines the image of one of those beautiful and unworldly women of the seventeenth century, a companion to the mother of George Herbert, to the wife of Col. Hutchinson, to Lady Fanshawe, and to how many others whose names sweeten the memorials of those turbulent years. There is something of the savor of Little Gidding in the management of Great Tew. Indeed, one of Duncon’s brothers had been sent from the Ferrars to George Herbert's deathbed in 1633, and was entrusted witn the poet’s manuscripts; it is likely that John Duncon had personal acquaintance with Little Gidding and influenced Lady Falkland to follow it as a model. We seem to read the secret of her devotions in her own words: “Oh, I have had my portioa of these very comforts’ with the first; no woman more; but there is no lasting or true pleasure in them: There is no real comfort from any espousals, but from those to Christ.” Elsewhere, commenting on her renunciation, the biographer adds: It sounded very harshly to some of her dearest friends when she said, “Oh, love m« not, I pray, too much!" until she add- ed. “and God grant I never love my friends too much hereafter, that hath cost me dear, and my heart hath smarted sore with grief for it already.” The title of “The Curse of the Ro- manovs,’”’ by A. S. Rappoport (the McClure Co.) hardly suggests serious history; and yet the book is intended to be serious, as the reader sees when he has got far enough along, and has learned what to overlook. Some of the chapter headings would do for a yellow journal; for instance, “The Birth of a Tyrant,” “Love in a Pal- ace, or, The Love Letters of a Princess,” “A Modern Caligula,” “‘Finita la Comme- dia, or, The Mysterious End.” The first

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512 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2240 chapter, “From the Colosseum to. the Kremlin,” is turgid rant; but after that matter and manner begin to improve. The author, if not sympathetic, is at least no longer obviously unfair, and he has used standard authorities. The result is an in- teresting, if mot a very original, account of the private life of the unfortunate Rus- sian Emperor Paul, and of the early years of Alexander I. Paul, who was none too normal, even before his accession, was dangerously out of his mind in the later part of his reign. Great as his mother’s sins against him may have been, we can- not blame her for wishing to pass him over, and to transmit the Imperial crown directly to her grandson. But for the sud- den death of the Empress, this step would probably have been attempted. Of course, Mr. Rappoport has little tenderness for any Romanov, and he finds Alexander guilty of at least connivance in the mur- der of his father. Mr. Rappoport does not say, however, what other course the heir to the throne should have followed under the extraordinary circumstances in which he found himself. His liberty, if not his life, and those of his brother and mother were threatened by the jealous suspicion of a madman, who had already caused wanton suffering to thousands of innocent people, and who was not only making life unbear- able to those about him, but was plunging the empire into disastrous war. That mad. man was an absolute sovereign, who could only be removed by force. Can we blame Alexander for having consented to the measure? He took what precautions he could by obtaining a promise that his father’s life should be spared; and, though the promise was not kept, the parleying between the conspirators and the Emperor Paul, when they had him in their power, would seem to show that they had no im- mediate design of assassination, but were hurried into it by fright at the tumult outside. Alexander's horror when the news was brought to him, and his life-long grief at his share in the tragedy are testimonies not so much to his guilt as to the tender- ness of his conscience. At the worst, we can only accuse him of a knowledge that a fatal outcome was possible. As Mr. Rappoport goes on he judges Alexander more leniently. In an essay entitled “Safed in the Six- teenth Century,” the most important of his “Studies in Judaism, Second Series’ (Jewish Publication Society), Dr. S. Schech- ter, president of the Jewish Theological Seminary, introduces us to a little world, strange and unreal, brought into being by the combined forces of persecution and of the curious philosophico-religious move- ments that agitated Judaism at the close of the middle ages. Here, in the high- lands of Galilee, a community sprang up devoted to a holy and spiritual life. Its austerity was relieved by the almost ec- static joys which the teachings of the great masters of the law and of the Cab- bala afforded, as well as by the sunshine of the Sabbath, which was venerated and welcomed as Queen Sabbath. In the six- teenth century Safed was large and pros- perous, its population being made up large- ly of Jews who had been driven from the Spanish dominions and Portugal, or who had come from northern Africa and other Mohammedan regions. There were as many as eighteen Talmudic schools in this city, which, under such sages as Caro and the Cabbalists Cordovero and Loria, became the centre of learning in Palestine. Dr. Schechter asserts that “there can be lit- tle doubt that no place in Jewish history since the destruction of the Holy Temple could point to so brilliant a gathering of men.” The author gives us interesting glimpses of the “simple life’ of the peo- ple of Safed, where everybody “attended to his own domestic work.” The decline of Safed began about the beginning of the seventeenth century. Although still one of the largest towns of Palestine, it lives in the memories of its past. An earthquake in 1837 destroyed several thousands of its inhabitants. Frederick McCormick’s letters from Man- churia, where he made the campaigns of 1904-05 with the Russian armies, have been reprinted in two volumes by the Outing Publishing Company, under the title, ‘““The Tragedy of Russia in Pacific Asia.””’ There are many chapters in the book that are as clumsy as the title, not least among them the opening chapters on political conditions in the Far East and the causes that brought on the war. The narrative here is often obscure, ill-connected, largely speculative, and carries in consequence no large sense of authority. A good deal that is element- ary even to the ordinary reader is pre- sented in unnecessary detail, and much that even the specially equipped reader does not know is taken for granted. Mr. McCormick gives evidence of satisfactory acquaintance with the material side of his subject—that is, the country, the lan: guage, the nature of the people, and the military events he was there to chronicle. It is, perhaps, nothing against the au- thor that some of his battle descriptions convey no distinct impression of unity. That is often the defect of the minute nar- rative of an eye-witness, who can see only part of the engagement. On the other hand, the story of the Russian retreat from Muk- den is a magnificent piece of descriptive writing, all the more successful because there is no striving in it after the effect that is to be obtained bv mere words. Evidently Mr. McCormick was carried away in spirit, as he was actually in body, by the fugitive torrent that broke from Mukden and poured in panic sixty miles without rest to Tie-ling in the north. Here the writer has done more than describe vividly: he has actuaily realized. The illustrations, consisting of photographs and sketches by the author, are admirable. The demand within a year for a second ecition of Prof. Mary Whiton Calkins’s admirable book, “The Persistent Problems of Philosophy” (The Macmillan Co.) ts a merited recognition of its serviceableness to students and teachers of philosophy. It was necessary, Professor Calkins states, to make the new edition ready at a few days’ rotice It contains, consequently, few changes, and these are not numerous “®r extensive enough to alter the original peging of the book. They involve no im- portant modifications of doctrine, but are made chiefly to secure greater accuracy and clearness of statement on some of the more disputed points in the opinions of modern philosophers. The new edition calls, therefore, for no new critical comment “Studies in Chaucer's ‘House of Fame’” (published for the Chaucer Society by Kegan Paul, French, Triibner & Co., Lon- don), by Wilbur Owen Sypherd, professor of English in Delaware College, is the most comprehensive work on the sources of this poem which has yet appeared. We do not believe in the main thesis of the book, viz., that the poem is a love-vision and owes its conception to contemporary French poems of that character. Nor do we believe that Chaucer’s work has any “meaning’’ beyond what lies on the surface. In our judgment he aimed simply at working out his allegor- ical conception of Fame and her dwelling- place, and, if he is somewhat slow in reach- ing this central conception, no one need be surprised at this in a medieval poet—all the less so in this instance, as the world has found the preliminary stages of Chaucer’s journey, on the whole, very agreeable. Not- withstanding these objections and some oth- ers—such as the author’s acceptance of Pro- fessor Lowes's early dating of the poem— he has given us a very instructive as well as very detailed study of the sources. He rightly insists on the influence which the medizval conception of Fortune has had on Chaucer’s Fame and her house. Interest- ing is the parallel of the Rock of Ice on which the House of Fortune rests in the “Panthére d’Amours.”” The suggestion that Chaucer’s wattled House of Tidings is de- rived from the Old Irish wicker houses is a novel one, and may well furnish the so- lution for this feature of the poem. The portion of the Bosworth-Toller An- glo-Saxon Dictionary, for which Dr. Bos- worth alone was responsible, has always borne an evil reputation among schc'ars and the authorities of the Clarendon Press from the beginning promised, after the completion of the work, a supplement which should correct the deficiencies of this first issue. The first section of the promised supplement (Henry Frowde), extending from A to Eorth, and prepared by the com- petent hand of Prof. T. N. Toller, has now appeared. It is a pity that the old issue of Dr. Bosworth’s work was not cancelled altogether and an entirely new treatment of this part of the Anglo-Saxon vocabulary entrusted to Professor Toller. As it is, one has to look through both the original issue (with all its inaccuracies) and the supplement, to settle the meaning of a word. The supplement contains many words not included at all by Dr. Bosworth, but more frequently merely additions and corrections to articles by him. How thor- ough-going the changes are will appear from a comparison of the number of pages in the two—192 in this section of the sup- plement corresponding to 255 in the origi- nal work. Notwithstanding the drawback mentioned above, this dictionary will re- main indispensable to all students of An- glo-Saxon, especially on account of its abundance of illustrative quotations. On comparing it with some of the numerous treatises on special branches of the Anglo- Saxon vocabulary like those of Jordan, MacGillivray, and others, one still observes now and then the omission of a rare word, such as ealfara (beast of burden), benne (reedgrass), ealdfaeder, in the sense of “patriarch,” etc. Such omissions, however, do not seriously detract from the useful- ness of this important work. A work which promises to be of great

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June 4, 1908] The Nation. 513 interest to students of Danish literature is entitled “Tider og Typer’’ (Epochs and Types of the History of Danish Genius), by Dr. Vilhelm Andersen. The author, one of the ablest of the younger generation of Danish critical writers, has just been appointed a professor of literature in the University of Copenhagen. The plan of the work is ambitious. The volume now pub- lished (Copenhagen and Chicago: Gyldendal Publishing Company) as the first of the first series, which is to be devoted to humanism, covers the humanistic phases in the development of Danish genius from the earliest specimens as represented by Saxo Grammaticus down to the time of Holberg, a period of about 500 years. Dr. Lydia Wahlstrém’s biography of Erik Gustaf Geijer (Stockholm: Norstedt) is based on much new material, especially his own early letters and still unpublished doc- uments, which are the basis of the treat- ment of Geijer’s relations with Hans Jarta before and after Geijer’s desertion from the conservative ranks. This side of Gei- jer’s life is treated with more fulness than the rest, and rightly; for the sight of a truly conservative man, a scholar and poli- tician of high rank, who abandons his early associates and allies himself with former adversaries, who puts himself virtually out- side the pale, because the logic of events has compelled him to change his views, is a rare one. Prof. Friederich Paulsen, of Berlin, pub- lishes in the Internationale Wochenschrift, No 15, an interesting paper “Der nationale Charakter der héheren Schulen Deutsch- lands und die Grundtendenz der jiingsten Schulreform.’’ He discusses fully the re- forms now being planned for the nine- year courses in all three types of second- ary schools, the classical Gymnasia, the semi-classical Realgymnasia, and the scientific Oberrealschule. Paulsen favors a division of these schools into two institu- tions, largely after the manner, as he him- self states, in which the work done by them is in America divided between the high school and the college. He further urges the introduction of a limited elec- tive system in all the higher classes. Pro- fessor Paulsen has also recently publish- ed through Reuther & Reichard, Berlin, a discussion of the sex problem from the pedagogical point of view, entitled ‘‘Mo- derne Erziehung und geschlechtliche Sitt- lichkeit,’’ with the sub-title “Einige pada- gogische und moralische Betrachtungen fiir das Jahrhundert des Kindes.’’ The same firm announces a_ third and fourth stark vermehrte Auflage of Professor Paulsen's *“Philosophia Militans, gegen Klerikalis- mus und Naturalismus.”’ It is not often that a professor of mathe- matics turns aside from his specialty, as Prof. L. Pochhammer, of Kiel, has done in his “Zum Problem der Willensfreiheit: eine Betrachtung aus dem Grenzgebiet von Na- turwissenschaft und Philosophie’ (Stutt- gart: Max Kielmann). The author opposes monism, and insists that it leads to fatal- ism. He finds in man’s mind powers which he calls supermaterial, and declares that these codéperate with the powers of nature in the production of activities. “Napoleon-Anekdoten,” by G. Kuntze (Stuttgart: Robert Lutz) consists of two volumes of anecdotes and stories. The effort has been to select only those which are au- thenticated and which characterize the man and his work. The new series started by the two Leip- zig historians, Professors Erich Branden- burg and Gerhard Seeliger, under the title Quellensammlung zur deutschen Ge- schichte (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner) begins with a work of 260 pages by Johannes Hal- ler, “Die Quellen zur Geschichte der Ent- stehung des Kirchenstaates.” Only the sources are given, but these fully and fair- ly, on this controverted matter. The Verein der Biicherfreunde, since its organization in 1891, has published, in at- tractive form and at a low price, 128 vol- umes, in 16series of 8 volumes each, of belles- lettres, chiefly fiction, science, biography, and the like, exclusively from modern writ- ers. A seventeenth series is now announc- ed of which “Kiautschou: Deutschlands Erwerbung in Ostasien,”’ by Weicker, is the leading attraction. Among the other works will be novels by Hans Fischer, Ottomar Enking, and Georg Neudeck, and the story of the life of Queen Elizabeth Christine of Prussia by Eufemia von Aldersfeld-Balle- strem. The publisher is Alfred Sokall, Ber- lin. Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch has published through the J. C. Hinrich’sche Buchhand- lung, Leipzig, a small work entitled ‘Mehr Licht; die bedeutsamen Ergebnisse der babylonisch-assyrischen Grabungen, fir Geschichte, Kultur, und Religion.”” The top- ies considered are demonology, angelology, and satanology. Data merely touched on in the author’s “Babel und Bibel” are here enlarged. The work is well illustrated. Dr. Adelbert Diiringer publishes througb Veit & Co., Leipzig, ““Nietzsche’s Philosophie und das heutige Christentum.” Nietzsche’s criticisms of Christianity are declared to be the outcome, not of reason and logic, but of prejudice. J. C. B. Mohr, Tiibingen, announces for the spring of 1910 a third edition of the scholarly translation of the Old Testament, known as “Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments,” translated by Prof Emil Kautzsch in conjunction with Professors Budde, Guthe, Héllscher, Holzinger, Kamp- hausen, Kittel, Léhr, Marti, Rothstein, and Steuernagel. This edition will be a prac- tically new work. Not only has the trans- lation been thoroughly revised, and the lit- erary apparatus been doubled, but brief commentaries will accompany every book. It will present in one volume, in transla- tion and interpretation, the results of mod- ern Old Testament research. The reports from the headquarters of the German book trade in Leipzig state that during 1907 there were exported from Ger- many to foreign countries 42,012,520 vol- umes. Austria heads the list; and the next in order are Switzerland, Russia, and the United States. The annual report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, just published, is more encouraging than for several years. Three new versions have been added to the society’s list, making a total of 412. European immigration into North Amer- ica has increased the demand for Testa- ments in which English is printed side by side with one or other of a dozen Conti- nental versions. Of the issues for the year of 5,688,381 volumes, over one million were sold in China, while in Korea, Testaments could not be supplied fast enough to meet the demand. The year’s income amounted to a little over a million dollars.” The Harvard Library has received an- other large addition to its Risorgimento collection. This accession, consisting of about seven hundred volumes and pamph- lets, is in part the gift of H. Nelson Gay and in part bought from library funds, but all the pieces were selected by Mr. Gay in Rome. Another shipment, now on the way from him, will contain about a thousand items, partly on this same sub- ject and partly of a miscellaneous char- acter. Most of these were bought by Mr. Gay at the recent sale of the library of Crispi, in Rome, A notable addition has recently been made to the Chinese department of the Cambridge University Library, the nucleus of which consists of the gift of Sir Thomas Wade of the collection made by him during his forty years’ residence in China. Sev- eral important lacun@ have been filled up. The library already possessed the gigantic anthology of the T’ang dynasty (A. bD. 618- 903), which contains over 48,900 selected poems; and now to this has been added a similar collection of the prose works of the same period, filling 401 volumes. There is also a rare encyclopedia in 120 volumes, which was compiled in the thirteenth cen- tury. Good editions of some of the best novels have been secured, and several col- lections of essays on light and interest- ing topics. The eighth meeting of the Bibiiographical Society wili be held in conjunction with the American Library Association at Lake Minnetonka, Minn., June 24-25. The fol- lowing papers will be presented: Report from the Committee on Americana, “A Preliminary Statement Regarding Materials for the History of the Scandinavian-Amer- ican Press,” by J. C. M. Hanson, Library cf Congress; “Manuscript Hunting,” Dr. 1. C. Richardson, Librarian of Princeton; il- lustrated lecture, “Instruction in the Book Arts in Public Schools,” Miss Gertrude Stiles, Chicago; “Lincoln Collections and Lincoln Bibliography.” the Hon. Daniel Fish, Minneapolis; “Library Catalogue of the Future,” H. W. Wilson, Minneapolis. Dr. Louis Fréchette, the French-Cana- dian poet, died in Montreal May 31. Born at Levis, in the province of Quebec, in 1839, he was educated at Laval University and Nicolet College. After admission to the bar, he lived in Chicago for seven years. Then returning to Canada, he was elected to Parliament from Levis and practised law. Since 1889 he had been clerk of the Legis- lative Council, Quebec. For some years he was active in journalism; he edited Le Journal de Québec, Le Journal de Levis, L’Amerique (Chicago), and La Patrie (Mon- treal). Among his volumes of verse are “Mes Loisirs” (1863), “La Voix d’un exilé” (1869), ““Péle-Méle’’ (1877), “Les Fleurs boréales” (1880), “Les Oiseaux de neige” (1880), ‘“‘La Légende d'un peuple” (1887), “Les Feuilles volantes’” (1891), and ‘“‘Ve- ronica,”’ a drama. His prose writings in- clude ‘“‘Lettres A Basile”’ (1872), “Originaux et détraqués” (1893), “Lettres sur 1l’édu- cation” (1893), “Christmas in French Can- ada’ (in English), “Le Noél au Canada” (1900), and translations of W. D. How- ells’s ““A Chance Acquaintance” and George

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514 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2240 W. Cable’s “Old Creole Days.”” Several of his writings were crowned by the French Academy. Ernesto Masi died in Florence on May 17. He was born in Bologna in 1837, and after the unification of Italy he played an important part in organizing the national system of education. He had been for many years professor of modern history in the Is- tituto di Studi Superiori at Florence, and was widely known for important historical studies and critiques. Besides volumes en- titled “Studf e Ritratti,” ““Nell’ Otto Cento,” “The Two Wives of Napoleon I.,” he pub- lished essays on Savonarola, Gozzi, Alfieri, Goldoni, and the Burlamacchi, and edited the memoirs of Ranalli. We took occasion not long since (August 22, 1907, p. 165), to commend his remarkable brief analysis of the Italian Risorgimento, with a critique of the bibliography of the period. Although a Romagnole, he had as a writer much of the keenness, wit, and irony which are be- lieved to characterize the Tuscan intellect. MODERN FRANCE. Contemporary France. By Gabriel Hano- taux; translated from the French. Vol. III., 1874-1877. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. This third volume of M. Hanotaux’s his- tory fully sustains the interest of the two which preceded it. The first covered the ministry of Thiers. It described France rising from the abyss into which the war of 1870-71 had plunged her, and recovering her self-confidence all the faster from the undaunted spirit of the ardent and ener- getic little man whom the emergency had called to the helm. The second volume was chiefly filled with the long and complicated struggle between the four parties which divided France over the question of the form of government. At the beginning the Legitimists, possessing the most numerous following in the Assembly, seemed destined to succeed in placing the Count of Cham- bord on the throne of his ancestors as Henry the Fifth. But the magnificent ob- stinacy of that prince, who refused to as- sume the crown except upon his own terms, one of which was the substitution of the white flag of the old monarchy for the tri- color, foiled the efforts of his friends. Mar- shal MacMahon was installed as President for seven years, and the fact that he was installed as President of the republic, if it did not absolutely negative, yet practically discountenancec the theory that the whole proceeding was only tentative. But it did not prevent the Legitimists from still hop- ing to secure the reéstablishment of a monarchy, and continuing to work in that direction. The republic, however, was still little more than a name. It was necessary to give it a Constitution. The creation of that Constitution, with the beginning of a regular responsible government under it, is the theme of the present volume. Some pages are devoted to an account of the military and financial measures of 1875, and a full account (the more interesting because partly based on unpublished documents) is given of the relations of France and Ger- many,culminating in the famous “war scare” of 1875, which is here represented as hav- in~ been deliberately organized by Bis- marck. The diplomacy of the Duke Decazes met this anxious time with firmness and a good deal of skill; but the chief credit for inducing Bismarck to disavow hostile in- tentions and for restoring a measure of tranquillity to Europe is awarded to the Czar Alexander II. In this view M. Hanotaux seems to be right; but it may be doubted whether he does not do less than justice to the efforts for peace made by Great Brit- ain, his animosity to which Power is scarce- ly concealed. The incident had an impor- tance even greater than was seen at the time. It was the first conspicuous instance of the tendency towards a rapprochement between Russia and France which Bismarck always sought to avert, and which issued long afterwards in the Dual Alliance. Apart from these matters, practically the whole of this volume is occupied with a narrative of the parliamentary conflicts of 1875 and the two following years. The story is told in much detail and with great spirit. Many were the alternations of for- tune, many the combinations of groups of Deputies made and dissolved and remade. Notable was the parliamentary skill dis- played by such leaders as Audriffet Pas- quier, Buffet, Raoul Duval, Jules Simon, Dufaure, the Duke de Broglie, Gambetta himself. Much of the interest of the story lies in the characters of the principal ac- tors, some of which have been sketched with finished art by M. Hanotaux. More than any one else, Gambetta is his hero. But he presents us with other well-drawn portraits. One is of Louis Buffet, the man of authority, whose temperament drew him to the Monarchists though he had profess- edly become rather a Republican than an Orleanist, a stiff, conscientious, unaccom- modating man, trusted because he was known to be honest, but not liked; excel- lent in opposition, but too sensitive and too individual to be a good head of a Ministry. Another of Henri Wallon, a well-known professor and learned author—his “Histoire de l'esclavage dans l’antiquité” is still a book of value—is equally lifelike. None of these men, however, except Gambetta, wen permanent fame outside of France. Few of them are now remembered even there. The main interest of the story lies in the singular process by which there was created a republic which has now lasted twice as long as any other form of government France has had since 1792, and which has so often escaped the dangers that threatened it as to seem now more likely to last than any one believed when it was founded. Its foundation came about by three causes, none of which could: have been predicted. One was the inconceivable folly of the Count of Chambord. Another was the conscientious loyalty of Marshal MacMahon. The Marshal was himself a Monarchist. His wife was an earnest Cath- olic. But he was too upright a man to override the law and resort to the coup d'état towards which many of his Monarch- ist friendstriedto push him. The third cause was the mutual suspicion and jealousy of the three monarchical parties. The Legit- imists and the Orleanists, though secretly distrustful, each of the other, often worked together. But both hated the Bonapart- ists; and the Orleanist princes would ap- pear to have been led by their fear of Bonapartism into negotiations with the moderate Republicans, which at a critical moment greatly aided the cause for which the latter were working. The singular zig- zags by which the National Assembly ap- proached nearer and nearer to a republi- can Constitution, at last dropping half unconsciously into it, are dramatically described by our author. “Do not seek for the principles which guided us: chance alone was our master,’ is the phrase which he suggests as the one the makers of that Constitution would have used to character- ize their action. “The Assembly,” said J. J. Weiss, “spent its years in dream- ing of a monarchy, while realizing a repub- lic.” The Duke de Broglie, himself a col- laborator, observed: “Everything in the law of 1875 bears the trace of an assem- blage of irreconcilable elements, made with unthinking haste, with a view to transitory concord.” Nevertheless, this Constitution, which did not even call itself a Constitu- tion, has lasted (though somewhat altered), and lasted when a more elaborate and sys- tematic instrument might have been over- thrown. Mr. Hanotaux dedicates eighty pages to a review of French constitutional history since 1789, and makes some interesting re- flections on the currents of French thought which have during that period been flowing, now in one direction, now in another, yet which have always been distinctly and dis- tinctively French. He shows how often the pendulum had swung back and forth; how men had fallen back on monarchy in the person of Napoleon, because terrified by the excesses of democracy; how the constitu- tional monarchy of July failed because it was based on a very limited suffrage which excluded the bulk of the nation; and how the empire of Louis Napoleon fell be- cause after it had alienated the people by its corruption and its failures, it had in the consciousness of its own unpopularity brought itself into contempt by trying to assume the trappings of liberalism. After its fall, the leading men of wisdom in France, apart from the fanatics of legitim- ism on one side, and the fanatics of social- ism on the other, felt that safety lay, for the time, at least, in a middle course, either a constitutional limited monarchy, like that of England, or else a carefully re- stricted and wisely tempered republic. The former alternative might have prevailed had there been an obvious person to choose as constitutional king. But the Count of Jhambord had made himself impossible, and was excluding the Count of Paris also, so there emerged a republic conservative except in one point. It was a momentous point. It was universal suffrage. Most of he assembly disliked it, but they were swept towards it by a sort of “stream of endency” which they could not resist. A limited suffrage had led to the fall of Louis Philippe. Universal suffrage offered what seemed a solid footing, because it was the bottom. and you could fall no further. Those who feared it, sought to limit its working partly by the institution of the Senate, partly by the large measure of authority which seemed to attach to Marshal MacMahon in respect of his elec- tion for seven years. There was in some minds a scarcely concealed hope that before the seven years had ended, he would es- tablish a monarchy. But as the constitu- tion made, not the president, but his min- isters, responsible, following the Cabinet

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June 4, 1908] The Nation. 515 system of England, MacMahon found him- self obliged to bow to the will of the elec- tors expressed through the chamber. Par- liamentarism prevailed. It has ruled France ever since, and latterly has in so far ruled better that there has been less oscillation of opinion, and more continuity of policy. : In M. Hanotaux’s hands not even ques- tions of constitutional law are dry. His views do not always seem to us cor- rect, and his references to the United States show some want of knowledge. But about the actual French system he writes with the full comprehension of one who has been in the middle of it all, and a part of it, and his personal acquaintance with many of the prominent actors adds a further sense of reality. The book is interesting from beginning to end. The Pleasant Land of France. By Row- land E. Prothero. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net. The title of this volume gives a sem- blance of unity to seven sketches and stud- ies, ranging over agriculture, folklore, his- tory, and literature, with the one comm-n attribute of an all but exclusive bearing on provincial conditions of life and thought in France. Most important are two practical discussions of French farming and tenant- right, together with an elaborate contribu- tion to the appreciation of Rabelais. Of farming in France, Mr. Prothero just- ly claims wide knowledge, for the facility of his references to its extreme variety points to the kind of familiarity which marked the work of Arthur Young. Contrasting agri- culture in England and France, the author gives an interesting demonstration of the causes which have tended to the production of fundamental differences in the practice of the two countries: the self-sufficing coun- try, with all sorts of soil and climate, from the Belgian frontier to the Mediter- ranean, naturally fails to compete in certain specific lines with its less versatile, but more concentrated, neigh- bor across the channel. There enters also the potent factor of population, virtually stable in France, while increasing rapidly in England. Incidentally, the discussion takes up the claims of large and small ow- nerships, the métayer system, and concludes with a plea for the facilitation of peasant- proprietorship. In the next equally readable essay there is presented a sketch of the relations between owner and ten- ant in one or two French provinces, with a singular account of agrarian outrages re- sultfhg from neglect or violation of peasant feeling, instances of which are said to have occurred in Picardy within memory of living men. Still, any suggestion of condi- tions even remotely resembling Irish or Sic- ilian unrest must be misleading. Mr. Prothero’s treatment of Rabelais of- fers an interesting contrast to the re- cent study by Charles Whibley, among the prefaces to the Tudor Translations. The latter article emphasized chiefly the personality of the great satirist, in the tone and humor of Paul Stapfer’s now classic study; Mr. Prothero lays stress on the substance and significance of Rabelais’s teaching, and takes a middle course be- tween the two conventional views which, respectively, portray him as a gross and ribald buffoon, or endeavor to find an ex- alted scheme of thought under the apparent confusion and license, whether of idea or of expression. The interpretation of the hid- den meaning contained in the oracle of “La Dive Bouteille’” is by no means new or original. Most of the contentions here advanced are amply familiar to French Rabelaisians. It is surprising to find not even a distant allusion to the Odyssean character of the wanderings of Pantagruel. As to the more broadly liberal aspect of some of the ecclesiastical and religious tenets hazarded in the famous romance, it would have been well to suggest that doubts have been cast on the genuineness, here and there, of the text. CURRENT FICTION. The Stage Door. By Charles Belmont Davis. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. This book exerts a fascination deserving analysis. The ten stories of Bohemian New York which constitute the volume gain greatly by their association. No one of them alone strikes the reader as really distinguished work; taken together, their unity of intention and effect is impressive. The author aims, if not always triumphant- ly, at a detached point of view; at his best, he makes us feel that the thing happenea so—precisely so. At his worst, he is occa- sionally led astray into the cheaply senti- mental or fanciful. Noticeably, he makes no capital of the shady possibilities of the material; there is nothing to excite the most careful ears. The plots are, in gen- eral, slight and not particularly ingenious. The familiar characters are drawn with no unusual power—half-successful singers, re- porters, actresses, playwrights, singularly poor in emotion and unburdened by sense of sin. Yet there is a charm, surely not in- trinsic, in this world of beer and smoke, of bachelor apartments, frumpish boarding- houses, and Bohemian restaurants, in the circle of the footlights, and the glamour of the street lamps. By the time one has finished the book, one perceives that it is the class, not the in- dividual, and the setting, not the plot, that have affected author and reader. To quote one of the heroes: I tell you, Rita, the hall bedroom and the one dress and the one hat have had almost as much effect on some girls’ lives In this town as mothers’ prayers. What do you think? The keynote of the book is struck in “A Modern Cleopatra,” in a speech by Escott, a bankrupt young clubman, who knows that he ought to go West and begin again: He walked across the room, and, raising the window, looked down on the black city with its myriads of yellow lights. The noise of the streets rose in a great wave, and as he held tightly to t&e window frame, the towers and church steeples seemed to waver slightly, and the high builings to rock slowly on their foundations, and all seemed to be moving toward him. “My God,” he muttered, “how I love it.” In the love of this vast element which en- gulfs them and shapes their destinies, these creatures of the underworld of art and song, without will or sturdy passion, live and move and have their being. The au- thor’s study is the triumph of atmosphere, the triumph of environment. All his char- acters acknowledge in their lives the mas- tery of a higher will than their own—the will of New York. This idealism, however, redeems the Bohemians: their lives, unele- vated, unlovely, tawdry in detail, are dedi- cated to what they esteem their highest worth. They are not slaves of routine, for their hearts are in their work; after their fashion, they live the life of the spirit. Hester of the Hills. By Grover Clay. Boston: L. C. Page & Co. Sidney Stanton was an only child, as had been his father and his grandfather. He was, moreover, a puny child, and reached manhood only by incessant vigilance. Since he feared lest he might be the last of his family, his sole idea of a wife was a healthy peasant who should rear 4a mighty race. In the Ozark Moun- tains of Missouri he found his cracker candidate, took her on picnics, inspected her teeth, saw to it that she should have a few months’ civilizing in the household of his St. Louis uncle and cousin, and in the end carried her off, an easy conqueror. When, some months later, through the pique of a discarded mountain lover, Hes- ter learned that Mr. Stanton would hardly have sought her in marriage but as a source of strength for his descendants, she was displeased, and abruptly took the night train home, while Sidney stood “stockish” at the door, “nettled by his in- eapacity to hold her.” Arrived at home in her draggled evening dress, she holds converse with her mother, who advises her to be glad that her husband feeds, clothes, and does not ‘“‘whup” her. On this, Hester telegraphs her husband that she is “com- ing back on number two.” As a photograph of life among the crack- er farmers and hunters of Missouri, the book is not without significance. Stanton’s ownership of vast acres gives chance for statement of enlightened views on forestry. Uncle Brinkley and Sylvia, in educating Hester, make use, severally, of pompous learning and social incredibilities. The topography, customs, family histories, feuds, exploits, both tame and wild, of an only partly civilized mountain folk, are drawn with sharp edges; and so far the book has a place in the national gallery. As a “romance” it is singularly uncouth. The Breaking in of a@ Yachtsman’s Wife. By Mary Heaton Vorse. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. A wholly charming little book is here, full of fun, salt spray, fickle sea breezes, contrary-minded tides. Madame takes us through her entire course of instruction. First, as an engaged girl she had to learn the relative positions of herself and a boat, considered in reference to the fiancé. Next came trying to like boats, then trying to learn to sail them, then really revelling in them and learning really to manage them; and finally settling back into thank- ful acceptance of whatsoever participation she is allowed—never so happy as when she is fussing about a boat, painting its sides or cleaning out its corners, rowing out after the rain stops, to hoist sails, or best of all, sitting by while her husband and his masculine friends squabble over academic questions of handling. She sings the joys of the boat on shore as well, mak- ing us hear the cheerful noises of an Amer-

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516 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2240 ican shipyard, and conducting us to obscure regions in Venice, where gondolas receive their periodic grooming. She shows us toc her lord and master in his rueful experi- ences of the way of a Mediterranean boat with a Yankee. Human nature under the influence of the boating passion is a study which Mrs. Vorse has prosecuted thoroughly, humorously, al- together delightfully. Wolfville Folks. By Alfred Henry Lewis. New York: D. Appleton & Co. You comes to Wolfville, an’ it’s as though you're beginnin’ life anoo. Your past is as nothin’ to that hamlet. It begins with you as you steps from the stage. It don’t ask your name; it asks, “What may we call you,” an’ leaves you, as a proodent gent, to pick out what title is best adapted to your needs. As you go romancin’ along from day to day, it watches you; an’ final, it endorses you or lynches you as seems jest an’ mete.” With so engaging a scene as background, how could the sketches of Wolfville Folks be other than desirable? None surely can read them and fail to feel a substantial attachment to the Old Cattleman, who is the narrator; to Doc Peets, “the genteelest sharp, an’ the best eddicated, that ever dwells in Arizona”; to Sam Enright, “the soul of fairness’’; to Cherokee Hall, “pre- destined kyard-sharp” though he is; to Faro Nell at his right shoulder “lookin’ out the play’’; to the rest of the camp which ears its daily flapjacks at the OO. K. Restauraw and then adjourns to the Red Light, where Black Jack, the barkeep, holds sway. The epi- sodes that illustrate these gallant gentle- men’s fine honor in dispensing justice and in defending weakness are only less winning than the wonderful language of their tell- ing. For variety and adequacy the tongue of the Arizona camp is unapproachable. Taking dialect and story together, the book more nearly than any other we can recall tugs at those muscles of mirth that Arte- mus Ward first played upon. One feels al- most like an Englishman discovering Amer- ican humor. Avenger. By E. Phillips Oppenheim. Little, Brown & Co. The Boston: Modern improvements multiply. When upon a London murder and mystery story is grafted the plight of a queen of Mex- onia, with its appeal to chivalry, one rec- ognizes the fusion of two schools of fiction. The combination has its ad- vantages. For what more natural thau that royalty from one of the i-a@ countries should have a following, male and female, as devoted as ever were adherents of the Stuarts? And what more consequent than that when the man who stole the letters is found dead with a silk- en cord drawn tightly around his neck, sus- picion should fall on the group, on their friends, and their friends’ friends, while the London neighbors of the murdered one, knowing no queen, no Mexonia, no plot, no stolen letters, make precisely the right me- dium for mystery and conjecture? The long list of dramatis persone thus provided is made up of figures unusually well defined and well projected for a mystery story, where characters too frequently allow themselves to be mere pegs on which to hang testimony. nicely alive—all who are not killed. “The Avenger’s” folk are Its manner places it in the class of novels of comfortable manslaughter — smooth-run- ning, readable, pleasantly puzzling. When it comes to the identification of the murder- er we take frank issue with the author, and tell him we do not believe it! Either the little boy lied who told Mr. Oppenheim, or the proof-reader was careless. Science. Psychology: General Introduction. By Charles Hubbard Judd. 3 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Only the first volume of these three is devoted to theoretical psychology; the other two, smaller in size, are concerned with the practical work of the laboratory, and are admirably adapted to their pur- pose. The general discussion of the sub- ject is also original, illuminating, and in the main remarkably convincing. The only question is whether (as far as it is boldly original) it has found its proper audience in a class of students: matter which is as yet uncriticised by one’s fellow scientists may have to be given up in the end; and the student is not a fitting judge of con- troverted points. But it may be that the slow building up of defences against critics will follow later on. As the critic is explicitly warned in the preface, the point of view is throughout functional and genetic; an unusual amount of space is given to the physiological ac- companiments of mental life (an admirable feature); and while analogies with lower forms of life are given full weight, special stress is laid on the elucidation of the so- ealled “ideational processes,’ which are apparently nothing more than what the classical psychologist might have called reflection, or even cognition. It is easy to treat with too much scorn the so-called structural psychologists. Functional psy- chology is not so much a new psychology as the addition of fresh subjects of interest to the psychology already known. A sorry mess we should make of our functional psychology if the way had not been pre- pared by the structural psychologists with their keen analyses. Sensations will never cease to be structural elements of consciousness, no matter how much light may be thrown hereafter upon the way in which the mind works. The trouble with the structural psychologists is not so much that they begin with elements (i. ¢., con- stituents of mental experience not farther analyzable), but that their analysis into elements is so often wholly inadequate and wrong. One might think that, busy as they are in examining the contents of children’s minds, they had never given any attention at all to the contents of their own, when one sees them pefsistently maintaining, for instance, that all is made up out of sensa- tion and feeling. To another generation it will surely seem incredible that the ex- perience of being conscious that a relation holds between two sensations (that this blue, e. g., looks brighter than that blue) is composed of either sensations or feelings, or any combination of both. It is a curious fact that psychology, which is now no very recent science, has not yet been put upon a firm foundation as regards its first principles and its undefinable con- cepts (to use the terms of the mathema- tician). There is no “consensus of the competent” as to the right final analysis of conscious processes. In rega.d to many of the later doctrines of the subject, and still more strikingly to the foundations, it is not too much to say, as Prof. M. W. Calkins says of the various doctrines concerning at- tention, that “‘no one theory has the undivid- ed support even of any one scholar.”” This state of things, while it is somewhat dis- couraging as to outlook, has the effect, of course, of making the subject all the more a field of absorbing interest for enterpris- ing minds. What is most to be dreaded is that opinion should be crystallized too soon, and without sufficient thoroughgoing criti- cism. It is, consequently, good to find that Professor Judd has a method of his own for effecting the fundamental analysis. His types are five in number: sensation, rela- tions between sensations, reactions to sen- sations (what he calls attitudes, including here feeling, interest, and attention), mem- ory and the ideational processes. This class- ification will doubtless meet with due crit- icism in the proper places; it suffices here to say that it leads to a discussion which is fresh, vigorous, and interesting in the extreme. Chapters of particular interest and force are those on “Instinct and Hab- it,” and on “Experience and Expression.” The sensations are very adequately treated; in particular, the present reviewer can but admire the acuteness and illumination with which the topic of color theories (usually made most tiresome) is here handled. Less successful, perhaps, is the doctrine of space and time; and intensity is far from deserv- ing the stepmotherly treatment which it gets. One would have expected that the order of the book, and the dividing up into chapters, would have followed closely upon the dividing up of the conscious processes, but such is not the case There are certain fictions which conduce. no doubt, to the production of a neat, well- ordered structure of psychological science, but which are exposed to the danger of al- most certain overthrow as knowledge pro- gresses. Thus, to give an example of many in one (common, of course, to other psy- chologists also): As in the case of sensations, we have physiological processes which parallel and condition these complex phases of conscious experiences. Relational combinations con- ditioning the relational forms of conscious- ness are continually going on in the ner- vous system, especially in the cerebrum; and motor processes are always present as the ends of nervous activities and as the conditions of mental attitudes. Now it is a part of our psychological and epistemological faith that all conscious ex periences have fixed cerebral accompani- ments, but this is a very different thing from saying that we know it to be the ease, as plain matter of fact, in particular instances. Still less can we say, with any chance of correctness, that there are re- lational combinations in the cerebrum con- ditioning the relational forms of conscious- ness (even if we could know what such “re- lational combinations” might be); nor that motor processes are always present as the end, for instance, of abstract thinking. When the student has thought out the fact that in circles the greater chords are the nearer to the centre, he stores up his result —perchance—for future action; but to say that he acts upon it at the time is a part

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June 4, 1908] The Nation. 517 of fictional psychology. So also the doc- trine that the “condition” (that is, the suffi- cient and indispensable physiological ac- companiment) of being satisfied with a cer- tain conjunction of colors (what would be classed here among mental attitudes) is any motor process whatever is imaginative in the extreme. Affections may invariably have, perhaps, appropriate circulatory and respiratory accompaniments, but these may nevertheless be of a secondary nature, and the real ‘‘condition’”’ may be, for aught we know at present, something very different there may be any number of chemical, me- chanical, electrical, radio-active, or as yet unknown processes in the cortex which are the real thing involved. In such a case as this, imagination and analogy with less enormously complicated nervous structures are but uncertain guides to truth. In fact, the author himself theorizes to more pur- pose when he says, on a later page, with- out noticing the contradiction, that it is the central processes which determine the motor discharges into the muscles that constitute the immediate conditions of at- titudes. But this is based upon and amounts to nothing more than the familiar doctrine of psychophysical (or what should rather be called psychophysiological) paral lelism. But this is carping criticism, and it amounts only to saying that psychology is not yet a completed science, with the added warning that love for complete- ness should not be allowed to outrun plain laboratory demonstration. The most defective portion of this book is that on the formation of the con- cept, a title which is forced into cov- ering the judgment and the process of rea- soning as well. Science is defined by Judd as the effort to develop a_ co- herent body of concepts. Now, it is true that, when science has all been found out, and has long since become an old story, every judgment will be old, banal, non-informational, matter for the conver- sation of bores; and all knowledge will be packed away in concepts. But that time is now far in the future, and the content of libraries of science is at present very largely in the form of explicit judgments, propositions, or “items of knowledge.” Concepts are the coin of thoughts, and thoughts will not be good and effective unless the concepts are adequate—that is, Sharp, clear, well-minted, and widely ac- cepted at their face value. But to be in the possession of good concepts is not to be a good thinker, nor necessarily to be a thinker at all. Thought, in the best usage of the term (see Eisler), is identical with all judgments, and uses good concepts merely as good tools. But tools alone are not enough to constitute carpentry. This whole chapter should be recast in the light of a stricter logic. But it is noticeable that the psychologists have one and all been particularly unfortunate when dealing with this difficult subject. In a mere review, unhappily, fault-find- ing has to be set out and explained at large, while commendation can usually be expressed in a few lines. Thus we can but repeat that this book contains an unusual amount of admirable introspection, analysis, and reconstruction, and that it must be regarded as a valuable contribu- tion to the subject of which it treats. The J. B. Lippincott Co. is about to pub- lish “The Perfect Garden,”’ by Walter Page Wright, editor of the Gardener. The book is said to be profusely and handsomely illustrated. Prof. Robert De Courcy Ward’s ‘Climate Considered Especially in Relation to Man” (G. P. Putnam’s Sons), a volume in the Science Series, is singularly successful in meeting the object for which it was pre- pared. It was intended to be “read by an intelligent person, who has not had special or extended training in the technicalities of the science.”” The simpler divisions of the climatic zones as belts, more or less regular, extending around the earth, and the more elaborate subdivisions involving the contrasts of land and water, of low- lands and highlands, are presented in the first six chapters. Then follows a chapter containing a large amount of information regarding diseases that depend closely upon climatic conditions. Next follow three chapters on the life of man as affected by tropical, temperate,and polar climates; and finally a chapter on changes of climate. The treatment throughout is conservative. Professor Ward has evidently read widely and made a good selection of material; if his courses on climatology at Harvard are to be judged by what we find in his book, his students may be congratulated on receiving a well considered abstract of a large subject. William Arnold Anthony, an electrical expert, died in this city, May 29. Born in Coventry, R. I1., in 1835. he was graduated from the Yale Scientific School, and then taught science in Providence and Franklin. a Ws. Beginning in 1867, he held pro- fessorships successively in Antioch College, Iowa Agricultural College, and Cornell University. Since 1887 he has been a con- sulting electrician, and since 1893 a pro- fessor of physics at the Cooper Union Schools of Science. At one time he was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He has been a fre- quent contributor to scientific periodicals; he published in 1898 “Lecture Notes on the Theory of Electrical Measurements”; and. with Prof. C. F. Brackett of Princeton. he was joint author of a “Manual of Physics.” Drama. Elizabethan Drama, 1558-1642: AHistory of the Drama in England from the Accession of Queen Elizabeth to the Closing of the Theaters, to Which Is Prefixed a Résumé of the Earlier Drama from Its Beginnings. By Felix E. Schelling. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $7.50 net. It is illustrative of the rapid march of scholarship that a fresh study of the early English drama should appear only nine years after Ward’s second edition. Ward's first edition appeared in 1875, the Preface of his second edition is dated July, 1898; Schelling’s Preface is dated July, 1907. The English work and the American, though agreeing in substance, differ in scope and method. Ward continues his story into the Queen Anne period, ending with Addison and Steele; Schelling ends with 1642. Fur- ther, Ward’s work is entitled “A History of English Dramatic Literature’; Schell- ing’s “A History of the Drama in England.” The distinction between dramatic literature and drama has been observed by each his- torian. In Ward’s work we find dramatic impulses, movements, and forms subordi- nated to authorship. For example, in Chap- ter iii., ““Shakespeare’s Predecessors,”’ Lyly, Kyd, Marlowe, Peele, etc., are discussed one by one in order. Chapter iv. gives, first, an Historical Account of the Growth of Shakespeare’s Fame; then, a Biographical Sketch; last, a discussion of the Poems ana Plays. Thus the great dramatic writer is “disposed of’ in 381 pages. In like man- ner Ben Jonson is disposed of in the 111 pages of Chapter v. If, on the other hand, we wish to follow in Schelling the several phases of Shakespeare’s activity, we must study his English historical plays in Chap- te. vi.; his “Merry Wives” in Chapter vil.; “Love’s Labours Lost,” “Merchant of Ven- ice,” etc., in Chapter viii.; “‘Hamlet,” “‘Ro- meo and Juliet,” “Anthony and Cleopatra,” in Chapter xii.; “Julius Cesar,” ‘“Coriola- nus,” “Timon,” in Chapter xiii.; ‘““Cymbe- line,” ‘“‘Winter’s Tale,” “Tempest,” in Chapter xvii. Ben Jonson's work is siml- larly scattered. The explanation is that Schelling treats his dramatic authors, great and small, under such topic-headings as “The National Historical Drama,” ‘‘Do- mestic Drama,” “Romantic Comedy,” “Ro- mantic Tragedy,” “‘History and Tragedy on Classical Myth and Story,” ‘“Tragicom- edvy and Romance.” The individual dra- matist figures as one of several factors in a general movement. Which of the two methods is better? We have no dogmatic answer at hand. As- suredly, each method has its right of be- ing. Perhaps Professor Schelling wished to avoid the semblance of treading tamely in the steps of his predecessor; perhaps —and this is our preferred supposition— he argued that the time was ripe for hand- ling the drama as a succession of grand impulses rather than as a gallery of il- lustrious names. At any rate, the public is the richer by a novel method. Never- theless, we fear that the general reader, who knows only his Shakespeare fairly well, and seeks to compare him as an en- tirety with his predecessors and succes- sors as entireties, will be puzzled more than once by this topic-grouping. At any rate, we fail to apprehend why “Antony and Cleopatra” should be in Chapter xii. (“Romantic Tragedy’), and ‘“Coriolanus” in Chapter xiii. (“History and Tragedy on Classical Myth and Story’). To our way of thinking the late Egyptian tragedy is no more “romantic,"’ no less “historical,” than the early Roman play. The rider who sits firm in his saddle will follow with keen zest and abiding profit this zigzag after authors through topics, for he will get ever fresh glimpses of fa- miliar objects; certainly his ear will be closer to the throb of the great English stage. But the rider less expert will, we fear, be constrained to dismount at many a turn and ask his way. Within the narrow limits at our disposal we cannot attempt the briefest evaluation of our author’s scholarship. Fortunately, Professor Schelling’s reputation for ac- curacy and research does not need either testamur or caveat. We will only select a feature here and there for special praise or mild dissent. In the matter of style the present work is decidedly stimulating; it carries the read-

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518 © er along more vigorously than does Ward's work. Our sole grumble is at the excessive use of the preposition-phrase “as to,” where a simple “of” or “in” or “about” would be more legitimate. Occasionally one meets with an expression which is not quite authorized by usage. For example, in L, p. 257, the old play of “Jack Straw” is “‘the story of the villains’ revolt”; true, we all know, or should know, that in our earlier language a peasant was called a villain, yet the modern historian entitles Jack Straw’s rebellion the peasants’ revolt. The Irish euphemism for fairies is not “other peo- ple,” L, p. 395, but “good people.” We wonder, also, how many of the non-elect will know who is meant by the “Christian Terence,” Il., p. 1. The French term estrif is in several places spelled estrife; this is neither French nor English. Of the author's downrightness the fol- lowing, L., p. xxxii., will serve as a speci- men: The happy Elizabethans were little trou- bled by the eternal fitness of things, and were as innocent of the existence of that monster, anachronism, as they were un- aware of that strict code of twentieth-cen- tury morals whereby a man may not take his own thoughts, if he happen to find them in the works of one of his predecessors. An apt sentiment aptly expressed, though rot quite as searching as the venerablu malediction: Pereant qui ante nos nostra dizerunt. In more serious vein is this, L, p. 544: Marston’s situations, too, in their at- tempt at originality, lapse into the im- probable and the absurd. He is apt to take his readers long journeys through the ooze and slime of the marshes in quest of his rare and exquisite orchids of virtue. But the quest is often well worth our effort; for, with all his defects, Marston is one of the great Elizabethan brotherhood, and shares in that strange mingling of earthi- ness with things sp'ritual and visions poetic which was the birthright of that fortunate age. Even more admirable is the summing up of “Hamlet,” pp. 561-2; but it is too long for quotation, and we have given enough to whet the reader's appetite. Of the indi- vidual chapters, those which please us most are Chapter vi., “The National Historical Drama,” for which indeed we were pre- pared by the author’s previous monograph on the Chronicle Play; and the final Chap- ter xx., “The Drama in Retrospect.”’ Here, in sixty pages, is a panorama in miniature of the whole movement from 1558 to 1642. So clear, concise, and vivid is the treat- ment that we are tempted to advise the reader to begin with this chapter by way of getting at once in touch with the au- thor’s method. It lies beyond our scope to enter into the minutie of Shakespearean interpreta- tion; else we might dissent from some of the author’s remarks upon “Twelfth Night” and “The Merchant of Venice,” upon Shakespeare's “negligence of plot,” and up- on the character.of Julius Cesar. On the last two points we incline rather to Moul- ton. Yet, after all, Professor Schelling is & passed master in the diligent study of the drama in England, and few of us may aspire to rival him in erudition or in gen- eral sanity of judgment. His defects, if we have the right to use so harsh-sounding a word, are inherent in his very qualities. Knowing the drama of Old Bngland from alpha to omega, he sometimes overlooks [Vol. 86, No. 2240 The N ation. or misapprehends the connection between that drama and general European litera- ture, dramatic or otherwise. For example, from what is said in I., pp. xxviii. and 27, 77, the incautious reader might infer that the humorous treatment of King Herod and of Joseph the husband of Mary was a specifically English development; whereas nearly all, if not quite all, the humor lav- ished upon Biblical personages was an out- come of the general medieval spirit. The fooling of the Devil, I., 356-7, is also gen- eral European; see Wiinsche, “Der Sa- genkreis vom gepreliten Teufel,” especially Section iil, “Der geprellte Teufel als Freiersmann.” To say, 1, 386: “‘The magi- cian, on the other hand, dates back to no such antiquity, but is medizval in ori- gin and the creature of historical ro- mance,” is ta ignore Simon Magus and all his tribe. The contests between the apos- tles and Simon in the apocryphal Acts, some of which are quite early, remind one of the struggle between Moses and the Egyptians in Exodus. Our most serious objection, however, lies against the author's treatment of the origin of the liturgical drama. At p. 2 we read: “The drama may be technically de- scribed in its beginnings as an antiphonal and mimetic development of certain tropes of the Mass, transferred to the celebration of Easter or Christmas.’’ Again, p. 4: “In the Concordia, ascribed to Dunstan, but more probably Ethenwold’s [an evident misprint for Ethelwold], and dating about 967, there is a description of the ceremonial of a Quem queritis transferred to the cel- ebration of Easter.” The italics are ours. Now this entire theory of transference to Easter is, in homely phrase, putting the cart before the horse, besides misrepresent- ing the character of the mass. The Quem queritis in sepulchro trope did not origin- ate in the sacrament of the mass proper, consequently could not have been “trans- ferred”’ from the mass to Easter. On the contrary, the trope originated in the matings of Easter Sunday, and remained there an indeterminable period. The Christmas trope grew out of the Easter trope with a slight change of formula; the Quem queritis in sepulchro, Christicole, became Quem queritis in presepe, pastores. That is, the three Maries at the sepulchre became the shepherds at the manger. The words of Lange, “Die lateinischen Osterfeiern,”’ p. 78, are explicit: Als Auffiihrungszeit ist in samtlichen Denkmalern, wo dieselbe erkennbar ist, die Matutin des Ostersonntags bezeugt, in welcher die Feier ihren Platz nach dem dritten Responsorium Dum transisset, etc., hatte und als Regel mit dem Te Deum schloss. Wirth, “Die Oster- und Passionsspiele,”’ p. 3, says the same; and Creizenach merely echoes Lange and Wirth. The conclusion with the Te Deum is significant; that hymn has never formed a part of the consecration of the elements which constitute the mass proper. Some fatality haunts the utterances cf English writers on this point. Ward, in his first edition, speaks of the “pantomimical” element in the action of the celebrant, and repeats the error in his second edition, Davidson, “Studies in the English Mys- tery Plays,”” has a section headed “The Doctrine of Transubstantiation as a Dra- matic Motive,” and even Chambers speak; of the mass as “an essentially dramatic commemoration.” All this savors too strongly of the ultra Protestant hocus po- cus of Prynne’s “Histriomastix.” We shall never attain to a clear understanding of the nascent liturgical drama unless we cut loose absolutely from the interpretation of the mass as mimetics and histrionics, a gross misconception, and confine our at- tention to a simple Easter morning ser- vice. Whatever the later Church plays may have become, the early liturgical plays in Latin were a simple but most effective presentation of the gospel story of the Maries at the sepulchre. The Index is an admirable piece of work, as near perfection as anything of the sort is likely to be. The Finding List of Plays is also excellent; we note, however, the cmision of the play of Thersites. Con- cerning the Bibliographical Essay we speak less confidently. It is too much an essay and too little a bibliography. To him who may have the patience to study it through and through it will be an instructive guide. But as a ready means of discovering, for example, what editions of a play are in existence and just what has been written ou the play, the bibliography will be puz- ziing, if not disappointing, in places. The editor would have done well to discrimi- nate, p. 442, between those publications which are genuine periodicals and those which are merely collections of mono- graphs, e. g., Miinmchener Beitrige, Mater- ialien zur Kunde, etc. In parting we ‘congratulate Professo> Schelling on having produced a work of which we may all be proud, a work of which every note rings true, a work whose dcetrine is throughout stimulating and helpful. We like especially the dedication “To my students,” etc. It is a pity not more of us were thus frank in admitting that cur students are our better half. At the recent meeting of the Deutsche Shakespearegesellschaft in Weimar, the prize offered for the best work on “ ‘Ham- let’ auf der deutschen Biihne bis zur Gegen- wart,” was awarded to Prof. A. von Weilen of the University of Vienna, and a second prize to Adolf Winz of the Royal Theatre in Dresden. Both of these productions are to be published. It now seems probable that the great memorial to Shakespeare, which has re- cently excited so much discussion in Eng- land, may take the form of a theatre in London. The poetic drama ‘“Lanval,” written by T. E. Ellis (Lord Howard de Walden) and recently produced in London, seems to be a work of respectable literary and fair the- atrical quality. The story appears to be suggested by the adventures of Tannhiduser and the Scriptural Joseph. To begin with, Lanval, the Italian knight at the court of King Arthur, is enthralled by Triamour. the spirit-woman, “from the quiet of the middle world,”” whom he meets in a wood. For three months he dallies with the fair enchantress in the “middle world.” which is understood to symbolize the world of dreams. Then he tears himself away, re- turns to the Arthurian court, overthrows Agravaine, a boastful knight, in the jousts. and becomes the object of a guilty passion on the part of Queen Guinevere, who seems to have forgotten both her husband and

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The Nation. 519 Launcelot for the time being. Like Joseph, Lanval repulses her addresses, only to be traduced before the King by Queen Guine- vere herself—whose love has turned to ha- tred—and doomed to banishment. The blank verse is said to rise at times to the level of good poetry. Anna Haverland, one of the best-known actresses of the German stage, has died in Dresden. She came to America to act the title réle in the first German performance of Ibsen’s ‘“‘Hedda Gabler,’’a part for which she was selected by the author when the drama was first given in Berlin. She was born in 1854 in Leipzig, and began her stage career there. Later she went to Dresden and took the leading parts in the modern and classic plays. She was at the Court Theatre in Berlin, travelled with the Meiningen players to London and St. Petersburg, and acted at various private theatres in Berlin. In 1890 she appeared in New York, and on her return to Germany she retired from the stage. Her greatest success was won in the tragic réles, al- though she was highly praised in certain plays of Ibsen. She had written verses and essays which met with some favor in her own country. Musie. Bayreuth and Munich are not the only German cities that will have opera fes- tivals this summer. Cologne will have a series of performances lasting from June 11 to June 28. The operas to be sung are Wagner’s “Tristan” and ‘Meistersinger,” Mozart’s “Figaro,” Verdi’s “Falstaff,” and Debussy’s “Pelléas et Mélisande.” For this last-named work Mary Garden and the vo- cal ensemble of the Brussels Opera have been secured. Among the other artists en- gaged are Olive Fremstad of New York, Frieda Hempel of Berlin, Minnie Nast of Dresden, Frau Preuse Matzenauer of Mu- nich, Carl Burrian of Dresden, Messrs. De- muth and Slezak of the Vienna Court Opera, Paul Kniipfer of Berlin, Albert Reiss of New York, and Messrs. Feinhals, Geis, and Von Kraus of Munich. The directors will be Fritz Steinbach and Lohse of Co- logne, and Felix Mottl of Munich. An opera of Bizet’s which has not yet been produced in Paris was given in Rome a few weeks ago. Its title is “Don Proco- pio,” and its history is interesting. One day, while Bizet was living in Rome as holder of the Grand Prix of the Paris Con- servatoire (1859), he came across an old volume at a bookseller’s which contained what seemed to him material for a good light opera. He wrote the libretto as well as the music, and when the opera was completed he sent it as a specimen of his work to the judges in Paris. In regard to it he wrote to a friend: I am working hard; have just finished an opera buffa with which I am not dissatis- fled, and hope the Academy will find that I have improved in my style. Ambroise Thomas, however, was not im- pressed, and the score passed into the hands of Auber, who put it among a lot of papers, which, after his death came into the possession of his daughters. In 1894 Weckerlin, in sorting these papers, found the opera which Bizet and his friends had given up as lost. The libretto was missing, but a new one was made by Chou- dens and Malherbe. The death is announced from London of the composer Jacques Blumenthal, who was born in Hamburg in 1829, and came from Paris to England at the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848. Some of his songs, such as “The Message,” “Good Night,” “In the Shadow,” and “In the Sunshine,’”’ were very popular. Art. Alessandro Filipepi, Commonly Called San- dro Botticelli, Painter of Florence. By Herbert P. Horne. Folio; pp. xv, 366; 42 photogravure plates. 225 numbered cop- ies. London: George Bell & Sons. £10 10s. This beautiful folio is in striking contrast to the big books on art that drop so fre- quently from the publishers’ presses. Such seemliness of page and perfection of pro- cess engraving are not to be got with hasty manufacture. The book has been in hand something more than fifteen years, and has so far outgrown thé original plan that the work of Botticelli’s school, indexes, and addenda will afford material for a second volume. Though a scholar’s book for schol- ars, it avoids the usual tangle of footnotes; the fairly printed text runs unbrokenly be- tween rubricated side notes that give suc- cinctly the indispensable references, while the actual documents are printed in full at the end. The contribution to Botticelli’s biography is unexpectedly large. Through the discovery of new parchments and the thoroughgoing use of those already known we gain something like a picture of San- dro’s family life, of his patrons, of his melancholy devotion to the lost cause of Savonarola. We lose as well certain dear legendary matter. Lorenzo the Magnificent diminishes as a patron, the Fair Simonetta disappears as a sitter. In short, the work is a learned and loving reconstruction of the life of the painter—an attempt to set us near him in his Florence. Except as Mr. Horne, following recent authorities, has made a clean sweep of the school pictures, the book leaves the #s- thetic appreciation of Botticelli much where it was. In this respect it is adequate, and a careful reader will not fail to perceive the author’s attitude towards Botticelli as “the master of contour.”” One could wish, however, that the critical observations on the individual pictures might somewhere have been brought to a focus. As it is, Mr. Horne should have the credit for a literary handling of a most laborious investigation: there are singularly few passages in this encyclopedic biography that must be re- garded as merely for reference. In fact, for a similar example of mellow scholarship equally regardful of the parts and of the whole, one must go back to such biog- raphies as Nott’s “Surrey and Wyatt,” which after a century of eager research still holds its own as an authority. To enumerate the items of biographical and antiquarian interest presented for the first time in this study would be impossible, but we may suggest a few of the more impor- tant By 1459 we must assume that Alessan- dro Filipepi, then a fifteen-year-old lad was already with Fra Filippo Lippi. The ever dilatory friar was,then under pressure to complete’ the frescoes in the choir of the Collegiata at Prato. From him, Mr. Horne believes, Sandro learned his pecu- liarly graceful and expressive use of the line. In pressing this obvious relation, it seems to us that the immense difference be- tween the Frate’s draughtsmanship and that of his pupil is ignored. At all times San- dro’s line is at once more calligraphic and more dynamic, and here is a fact that we may account for either by temperament, or by supposing especial advantages from an apprenticeship at goldsmithing. Vasari tells us that Sandro got his nickname “‘il Botticello’—the cask—from an apparently mythical goldsmith thus qualified. Mr: Horne points out that Botticello was the nickname of Sandro’s eldest brother, Gio- vanni. Its transfer to the younger brother may well mean that the brother took the charge of the young painter. We know, too, that the second brother Antonio was a gold- smith during Sandro’s boyhood, and here may be the ground of Vasari’s account. In Botticelli’s earliest work we find something of that nervousness of line that often comes from the use of the tracer. It would be interesting to digress and show how the practice of that admirable instrument has invariably enhanced the talent of true draughtsmen, such as the Pollaiuoli and Verrocchio. In drawing on metal, espe- cially in working out designs in relief, the line must be agile and expressive, the method concise and symbolic. As a rule, the Italians who have shown great precious- ness and power of pure line have had some experience as goldsmiths or sculptors. Whether or not Sandro had this training early from his brother, he was, at any rate, early initiated into the kind of drawing we mean through his association with An- tonio Pollaiuolo. His influence seems to us to outweigh that of the Frate. In any case, it is already strong in the oblong Adora- tion of the Magi, in the National Gallery, which Mr. Horne regards as Botticelli’s earliest painting. By 1470 we find Botticelli actually the associate of the Pollaiuoli in painting the Virtues for the Hall of the Mercanzia, while a few years later we catch him borrowing the lovely figure of the Flora, in the Allegory of Spring, from one of Antonio’s silver reliefs. Everything points to the early supersession of the somewhat inert formulas of Fra Filippo by the strenuous methods of the greater Pol- laiuolo. Some such view is implicit in Mr. Horne’s cautious pages, for he rejects all of those nondescript products of the Frate’s studio which the late Hermann Ullman and others had laboriously assembled to pro- vide Botticelli with a “first manner.” Some years ago, after this part of the book was in type, a Madonna in fresco was discover- ed in an oratory above Settignano. Mr. Horne then published it as Sandro’s earliest work, and will presumably return to the matter in the second volume. To us, who know the painting only from a photograph, its quality is unconvincing. No discovery of new works by Botticelli was really to be expected, and Mr. Horne adds to the familiar list only a much dam- aged fresco of the Annunciation in the sup- pressed convent of S. Martino, via della

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520 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2240 Scala, Florence. He rejects the Munich Pieta, which seems to us one of the finest works of the master. He _ accepts as late works the Jydith of the Kaufmann collection, Berlin, and the design of the Strange Crucifixion owned by M. Aynard, at Lyons, So far as one may judge by the ad- mirable reproductions, these pictures seem doubtful, despite their evident relations with the Dante drawings. Besides those famous illustrations, Mr. Horne admits as authentic only eight drawings, five in the Uffizi, two in the Louvre, and one in the British Museum. To us this seems an excess of skepticism, and in particular we have never seen any cogent argument for reject- ing the lovely pen sketch of an orchestral ring of angels surrounding a Coronation, in the Uffizi. In general, as we have noted, Mr. Horne remains on the sure ground of historical fact. We get from him an enormous amount of information about the Florentines, who came into relations with Botticelli either in an artistic or business way. Much of this material is of the minute sort, and it would be easy to flout it with the hackneyed citation of Goethe's wash lists. But this would be unfair. Such antiquarian small change may at any time assume a major value— help, for example, to date a crucial picture. Mr. Horne has supplied a mine in which students may profitably dig for many years ty come. Nor are the smaller rectifications with- out critical significance. It seems a small thing to show that the Spring, the Birth of Venus, and Pallas and the Centaur, were not by Lorenzo the Magnificent, as had been surmised, but for Pierfrancesco de’ commissioned his cousin Lorenz di Medici, who was of the popular party. But this correction takes Botticelli further away from the court of the Magnifico, emphasizes the inwardness of his inspira- tion, and removes the alluring but extran- eous legend of the Fair Simonetta. So in many instances Mr. Horne’s patient com- pilationa and adjudications help us to a more just view of Sandro’s activity. We can mention only in passing the elaborate studies of the contemporary engravings which have been ascribed to the master, and such lists as those of embroideries based on his designs. Of more general in- terest is. the careful reconstruction of Botticelli’s attitude as a follower of Savonarola. After many biographies on this theme it is the first that gives its hero any convincing reality. The char- acterization of individual pictures is ad- mirable; the too brief summing up of Botticelli’s mastery as lying in contour rendered by line may well be the starting point of a long debate into which we can- not enter. We feel that the positions oc- cupied by Mr. Horne as a connoisseur will rarely be successfully assaulted. This may be a disappointment to critics of the bel- ligerent sort, but they, too, will have their innings when the second volume on Botti- celli’s School appears. One of the most infectiously enthusiastic of recent books on any of the arts and crafts is Bertie Wyllie’s “Sheffield Plate”’ (imported by Charles Scribner’s Sons). Few Americans will read it and not want forth- with to collect or even to make articles from the “copper rolled plate’’—that is the trade name—which thrifty middle-class an- cestors used as a good-looking substitute for solid.silver. The author adds: All that is necessary is for the public to signify their desire to have it, and willing- ness to pay the higher price inseparable from the cost of making beautiful hand- made specimens of the silversmith’s art, in- stead of machine-stamped, coarsely shaped, roughly finished electro-plated rubbish. Surely people of means will be willing to do this when they know that it is possible to get these beautiful things made again. Surely they will refuse to go on buying the unlovely electro-plate which they have put up with for the last fifty years, when they hear that the art of copper rolled plate would be only about twice the cost of elec- tro-plate and half the cost of silver—in all large pieces, at any rate. I believe that they will, because I know many people who hate electro-plate, and wish for the 6ld de- signs and old workmanship. Not only in Great Britain, but in this coun- try, interest in Sheffield plate has been somewhat revived in the past few years. For antiques there is abundant demand, and at least one American firm is producing meritorious reproductions and _ originals. The process consists essentially in welding to one face or to two opposite faces of a copper ingot a sheet or sheets of fine or slightly alloyed silver. The composite in- got thus formed is flattened out under heavy rollers. The process was invented about 1742 by Thomas Bolsover, a mechanic of Sheffield. The designs employed, in ac- cordance with changing fashions of the eighteenth century, followed a course whose Stages are denominated by the dealers as “Queen Anne,” “Early Georgian,’’ “Adams Period,’ ‘“‘Empire Period,” “‘Late Georgian,” and “Late.”’ One of the services rendered by this newest book is to elaborate a more accurate nomenclature of the patterns. The manufacture, as is well known, flourished until about 1840, when a patent was taken out for a process of depositing silver by electro-decomposition upon copper, nickel, or German silver. Thereafter the making of copper-rolled plate gradually died out. The author holds beliefs common to the arts and crafts movement, so that the book, irrespective of its wealth of specific infor- mation, will be prized by many people for its general doctrines. It pleads strongly with all householders to purchase a’ few things, well made and having the hand quality, rather than fall victims to the expensive cheapness of articles which cost little at the outset, but which must speed- ily be replaced. Some interesting excavations are being earried on near Piombino, the site of the ancient Etruscan city of Populonia. This city, which is one of the few Etruscan strongholds known to have been built on the seashore, must have been of consid- erable importance, since it had its own coinage. According to Virgil, Populonia sent help to Afneas; but other authorities gave it a much later date, describing it as a colony from Volterra. The present excavations justify the claims for its high antiquity. Among the sixty-four tombs brought to light, the earliest are Italic tomis of incineration, identical with those found at Vetulonia, and containing vases and ornaments of the well-known “Vil- lanova” type. There are also tombs of inhumation; Etruscan tombs of the archaic period; and later ones with painted vases of the third century B. c. The most in- teresting of these tombs are: one in the shape of a cradle, containing the remains of a small body, entirely covered with or- naments of bronze and amber; and one of a young girl, evidently of a high caste, as is shown by her rich ornaments and jewelry. On her left was found a solid gold ring, and around her head was a gold diadem of exquisite workmanship. This tomb also contained several bronze and terracotta vases. All the objects found will be placed in the Etruscan Museum, at Florence. Recent excavations in the garden behind the royal palace at Turin have opened the semi-circular area of the Roman theatre discovered several years ago. Many pieces of its decoration and a bronze fragment of the Augustan period have been found. This bronze is a delicately modelled foot wearing a shoe. It is more than life size and is supposed to belong to a statue which Cozius, a barbarian king who be- came a Roman prefect, erected to Augus- tus. The King has ordered all that part of the garden explored, in the hope of dis- covering the rest of the statue and its dedicatory inscription. ; The second Salon des Humoristes, organ- ized by the proprietors of Le Rire. has opened at Paris, and, like the first a year ago, is proving a great suc- cess. To some _ people, the exhibi- tion has one serious fault; there is too much of it. It includes over nine- teen hundred exhibits in the modern sec- tion alone, and to these are added a series of Gustave Doré’s early work, done in the forties and fifties, for Le Journal de Rire, and a collection of the drawings and prints of English humorists from Hogarth to Leech and his colored lithographs. No one could read straight through a book of the choicest witticisms without feeling sur- feited long before reaching the end; and so, there can be too much of a good thing in the best collection of comic drawings. 3ut many of the most admirable draughts- men in France draw for the weekly and daily papers, and it is a pleasure to see in the original the work of men like Jean- Louis Forain, Chéret, Charles-Lucien Léan- dre, Léon-Adolphe Willette, Pierre-Georges Jeanniot, and Albert-André Guillaume. The contemporary work from abroad is not par- ticularly remarkable—Americans are hard- ly represented. But the collection of Eng- lish humorists chiefly of the eighteenth cen- tury has been better made than would have seemed possible in France. Early next winter a new wing of the Met- ropolitan Museum of Fine Arts will be opened with an exhibition of modern Ger- man art. The objects to be exhibited, con- sisting of paintings and sculptural works in bronze and marble, will be collected by a committee, under the general supervision of the art director of the German govern- ment, Wilhelm Bode. There is now on exhibition in the Art Museum and in the corridors of the Li- brary of Bryn Mawr College an interest- ing collection of photographs and reproduc- tions of practically all the old masters which are now in this country. The ex- hibition is limited to paintings antedating 1700; and, leaving out of account the cata- logues of the P. A. B. Widener and the William L. Elkins collections, which are illustrated by very fine plates, there are 528 photographs. There are also photo-

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June 4, 1908] The Nation. 521 graph albums of the collections of Dr. George Reuling of Baltimore and of the Cc. B. Walker collection of Milwaukee. The collection has been made and catalogued, by Dr. C. L. Ransom, head of the de- partment of art and archwology, Bryn Mawr, and Miss Una McMahan, demonstra- tor in art and archzology. The exhibition will close June 5. At the sale of the Gerbeau art collection in Paris last week, the following prices were paid for etchings by Whistler: Pal- aces, 4,200 francs; Little Venice, 1,350 frances; San Biagio, 1,200 francs; and The Balcony, 1,500 francs. At an auction at Christie’s, London, oa May 15, pictures with the following at- tributions were sold: D. Teniers, A Kitch- en, £210; R. van der Weyden, Madonna anJ Child Enthroned, £630; G. Terburg, Por- trait of a Gentleman, £210; Rembrandt. A Philosopher Writing, £315; Raeburn, iarie Guthrie, £262; Goya, Pepe Illo, $546; Count Florida Blanca, £210; Murillo, Sc. Joseph and the Infant Saviour, £315; Velasquez, A View in the Park, £210; A. van der Neer, A Woody River Scene, £672 Walter Satterlee, the painter, died in Brookiyn, May 28. He was born in that city im 1844, was graduated from Columbia in 1863, and studied at the National Acad- emy of Design, and also under Léon Bon- nat in Paris. He was successful as a teacher, and also as a painter of figure and genre pictures. In 1879 he was elected an associate of the National Academy, and in 1886 he received the Clarke Prize at the Academy. Charles Drouet, who died recently in Paris, was a sculptor comparatively un- known to the general public. He was an art- ist of accomplishment, though in France, where the average of sculpture is so high, this is not always sufficient to bring repu- tation and commissions. He had been one of a group of students who worked together in Paris in the fifties; among them were two or three destined to become the most distinguished artists of the second half of the nineteenth century—Whistler, Fan- tin-Latour, Manet. Drouet and Whistler once had their studios in the same building. Whistler made a portrait of Drouet in one of his now most celebrated pilates; and Drouet owned Whistler’s early painting of the old man smoking, which was shown in the Paris Memorial Exhibition, and early Whistler etchings which the collector might well have envied him. He had, moreover, an astonishing collection of pictures, prints, and drawings, picked up no one knew where, which covered the wal!s and the floors of his rooms, even his bedroom and his bed, in the Rue de Seine. No one who was ever admitted into his apariment can forget the bewildering litter everywhere. and the charming, alert little old man, with his fresh color, his brilliant red skull cap, and his youthful enthusiasm, who dis- played the Romneys and Constables and Turners and Lawrences which he regarded as his greatest treasures. Like Whistler, he was young and a delightful companion to the very end. : The death is announced at the age of fifty-six of Roger Ballu, formerly Inspec- teur des Beaux-Arts. He was the author of “L’Geuvre de Barye”’ and “La Peinture au Salon de 1880.” _ Finance. THE “SUNSHINE MOVEMENT.” The aftermath of the panic of 1907 has been characterized in this country by many singular incidents, which have perplexed students of economics quite as much as practical business men. Such occurrences as the remark by Judge E. H. Gary, chair- man of the Steel Corporation, when re- jecting propositions for lower prices, that the fact that the demand is less than the supply does not furnish an argument for lowering the price, and the subsequent de- cision of the Ezestern railway managers to increase rates because demand for trans- portation had decreased, suggested topsy- turvy conditions, at any rate in financial thinking. For these vagaries there was at least the explanation that the two in- dustries feared to reduce the price of labor, and believed themselves near enough to monopolistic control to force the general public to make up what should normally have come from a lowered Jabor cost. A third phenomenon, however, cannot be explained on just these grounds, because its basis seems at first sight to be emo- tional and sentimental. Last March the commercial travellers of the country were summoned to meet at Baltimore in what was termed a “Prosperity Convention.” About one thousand came; they were ad- dressed by numerous speakers with an ap- peal to ““‘cheer up” and “get out into the sunshine.” Obviously the purpose was to persuade merchants or for merchants tu persuade themselves, that trade was not so bad as appearances indicated. It was not clear what success this curious gathering had. Certainly it did not end the com- mercial depression; as a matter of fact, the flicker of reviving trade activity, which occurred just tefore the Baltimore meet- ing, disappeared almost completely towards the end of March and during April. But the chief movers in what was now called the “sunshine propaganda”—among whom were some really important Western busi- ness men—continued to organize ‘‘prosper- ity associations.’”” They appointed dates for national conventions, and appealed to all other trade organizations to send dele- gates—even presenting that request, last month, before the staid Chamber of Com- merce of New York, which had some diffi- culty in pigeon-holing the appeal without hurting some one’s feelings. As was to be expected in a Presidential year, efforts were straightway made _ to draw the “sunshine conventions” into poli- tics. At Baltimore, in March, after a speech by Representative Fowler of New Jersey, the “prosperity convention’’ unani- mously indorsed the Fowler currency bill. Last month a delegation from the na- tional association called on President Roosevelt, to ask him, somewhat timidly and deprecatingly, not to do anything strenuous now, which might disturb busi- ness. This phase of the demonstration was promptly dubbed, by its enthusias- tic supporters, the ‘“give-us-a-rest-and- sunshine movement.” The financial and commercial side of the matter has this week, however, been pre- sented in an extremely curious aspect. A week or two ago, the officers of what was now formally styled the “‘National Prosper- ity Association,” with headquarters at St. Louis, announced that they had decided to designate the first of June as “‘Reémploy- ment day,’ and that on that date increas- ed orders were to be sent by merchants to manufacturers; and laborers who had been laid off because of the trade reaction and reduced activity in business, were to be reinstated. The first of June arrived, and the story of the day certainly was one of reviving activity in trade. A large num- ber of the New England cotton mills, which had been working on haif-time, resumed full production. Around St. Louis itself, according to the assertions of the Pros- perity Association, new orders for $5,0\v, 000 worth of goods were sent out to man- ufacturers, and 17,508 laborers were _ re- employed. Vhis extraordinary incident looks, on its face, as if a gigantic experiment in Chris- tian Science had been tried successfully; as if a determined crusade to make people believe that they were prosperous had rea.- ly made them so. If this were the only explanation, then we should have to wait until the hysterical stage of supposed re- covery had passed, and the disease had again begun to progress. In any case, it will be wise to keep an open mind until we see just how much permanency there is in this June resumption. But it is not really necessary to resort to morbid psychology to explain the event. Ex- perienced business men, even in the crisis, perceived that the sequel to 1907 could not be exactly similar to that of former first- rate financial panics. Aside from such ad- vantages at the present time as the sound currency and well-guarded Treasury, which did not exist during other setbacks, two factors of the highest importance have fa- vored a relatively early return to health. One was the great and seemingly imperative demand for the products of our soil on the part of foreign consumers; the other was the financial wealth and power of the agri- cultural West itself—the half-bankrupt bur- den on the East in 1893 and 1873 and 1857, but the reservoir of capital, credit, and gen- uine resources in 1908. The principal doubt was whether or not nature would favor these farm communities with an abundant yield this year. On this depended the char- acter of the coming season’s trade. The fixing of June 1 as the day for in- creased activity was not arbitrary edict or pure chance. By that date in any normal farming year, the prospects of the early Financial. Buy and sell bills of Letters exchange and make ca- ble transfers of money on all foreign points; of also make collections, , and issue Commercial s and Travellers’ Credits Credit available in all parts of the world. International Cheques. Certificates of Deposit. BROWN BROTHERS & CO. No. 59 Wall Street, New York

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The Nation. tr 86, No. 2240 crops are reasonably assured. This year, after ideal weather, the winter wheat is in excellent condition. In the Northwest, where the later crop is grown, the season is yet young, but there, too, indications are extremely favorable. Since orders for goods are commonly placed at the opening of a month, it is entirely probable that a great part of the week's increased activit in trade, and even the increased employ- ment at the mills, would have occurred even without the edict of a Prosperity Associa- tion Under not dissimilar conditions, a precisely similar revival of trade occurred In the spring of 1895 and the fall of 1904, after a period of depression. Whether this means that the period of reaction is past, is a very different question. The week's recovery was by no means com- mon to all trade. Pittsburgh's horizon has been only slightly brightened, and even in the dry goods industry, there is much skep- ticism over the immediate future. We have before us the disturbing possibilities of a Presidential contest, and the richest of all our crops, Indian corn, is barely above | ground. It was a failure, not of the wheat or cotton crop, but of corn in 1894 which checked all that year’s tendency to revival. These are, however, only possibilities; the facts at the relatively rapid recovery from depression moment point to a BOOKS OF THE WEEK. $1.50 net. Re- Anglican Liberalism. Putnams. Bennett, John W. Roosevelt and the public. Broadway Publishing Co. Campbell, Robert G. Neutral Rights and Obligations in the Anglo-Boer War. Bal- timore: Johns Hopkins Press. Cambridge History of English Literature. Vol. I. The End of the Middle Ages Putnams. $2.50 net. Carter, Samuel T Wanted—A Theology Funk & Wagnalls Co. 75 cents net. Case Against Socialism. Macmillan. | Catholic Encyclopedia. Edited by Charles G. Hebermann and others. Vol. IIT. Rob- ert Appleton Co Chamberlain, Jacob. The Kingdom in In- | dia. 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