The Nation 1908-04-30: Vol 86 Iss 2235

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rv VOL. LXXXVI—NO. 2235.

The Natiex = $$$ _1

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NEW BOOKS THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF GEORGE BANCROFT M. A. DeWOLFE HOWE ~ Two volumes, illustrated, $4.00 net; postpaid $4.30 This is not only the life and career of one of the most distinguished Americans of the last century, but in a remarkable : $<} degree a picture of the political and social changes and events of nearly two-thirds of that great period. The book will take a high rank among American biographies, both from the importance of its material and the excellence of the literary workmanship. The account of Mr. Bancroft’s life as a student at Gottingen, in 1818-1826, and his travels in Germany and in Italy, when he visited Goethe, Wolff, Humboldt and Lord Byron; his experiences as minister to England in 1846, and as minister to Germany from 1867 to 1874, a period covering the Franco-Prussian War, are of the greatest interest and historical value, and his intimate friendships with such men as Von Moltke, the Emperor William, Bismarck, and other important men, give his letters great importance. Mr. Bancroft’s life in this country as teacher, historian and Secretary of the Navy, is filled with accounts of people and things most entertaining and interesting.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY MEN OF LATITUDE By EDWARD AUGUSTUS [GEORGE $1.25 net; postpaid $1.35 Brilliant and fascinating studies of the lives and writings of a number of men of broad views in a most intolerant cen- tury. These men are Hales of Eton, Chillingworth, Browne, Whichcote, Taylor, More, Baxter and Smith. THE ESSENTIAL LIFE By STEPHEN B. STANTON $1.00 net; postpaid $1.10 No profounder or more spirited essays on what may be called the philosophy of life have appeared in many seasons. Some of the essays are: ‘The Spirit in Man,” ‘‘Time,”’ “‘In- dividuality,’’ “‘Imagination,’’ ‘‘Happiness,’’ ‘‘Morality,” ‘“En- vironment,” ‘Spiritual Companionship,’”’ ‘Eternal Youth.” IN KOREA WITH MARQUIS ITO By GEORGE TRUMBULL LADD Illustrated $2.50 net; postpaid $2.70 ‘The book is written with great care, and is one of the most informing books on the East yet published.” —Phila. Inquirer. | THE MONEY GOD By JOHN C. VAN DYKE $1.00 net; postpaid $1.10 Brilliant and powerful discussion of modern business methods and money ideals in American life to-day. Stirring and of deepest appeal at the moment. MIND IN THE MAKING By EDGAR J. SWIFT $1.50 net; postpaid $1.65 A clear, direct, and deeply interesting study of the various phases of achild’s growth, both physical and mental, full of invaluable suggestions for parents and teachers, showing the results of wide study and investigation, simply expressed. THE OLD DOMINION By THOMAS NELSON PAGE $1.50 net; postpaid $1.65 **One of the most charming volumes ever written about Virginia.”—Newark News. ‘*A graphic portrayal of Southern life as it was and as | he hopes it may be.”"—Bostom Transcript,

THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF JOHN THADEUS BDELANE Editor of the London Times, 1840-1877 By ARTHUR IRWIN DASENT With Portraits. 2 Volumes. $7.50 net Mr. Delane’s private diaries and correspondence during his long tenure of power cover the period between Sir Robert Peel’s return to office and Disraeli’s last administration, and describe at first hand, the Repeal of the Corn Laws, the Crimean War and the Fall of the ‘‘Coalition’’ Cabinet, the Indian Mutiny, the Schleswig-Holstein Dispute, the Reform Bills of 1866 and 1867, the Fenian Conspiracy, the American Civil War, the Franco-Prussian War, and the Recrudescence of the Eastern Question. ; His correspondence includes not only numerous confidential letters from Palmerston, Disraeli, Lord Clarendon and other Statesmen of the Victorian age, but others, of hardly inferior interest, from m2n and women prominent in literary, political, artistic and social life.

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ae a The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 he Nation. A WEEKLY JOURNAL. FOUNDED IN 1865. [Batered at the New York City Post Office as second-class mati matter.) The Nation is published and owned by the New York Evening Post Co. Oswald Garrison Villard, President; Philip Loring Allen, Treasurer; Ham- mond Lamont, Editor; Paul Elmer More, Asso- clate Editor. Three dollare per year in advance, postpaid, in any part of the United States or Mewzico; to Can- ada $3.50, and to foreign countries comprised in the Postal Union 84.00. Address THE NATION, Bow 794, New York. Publication Office, 20 Vesey Street. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. Bam WEE c ccc ccc ccccccccecceccocccccsesce 387 EDITORIAL ARTICLES: The Arbitration Treaties .............. 390 “Spanking” Castro ......sccececceeceeees 390 Stratified History ..........cceeceeeees 391 Campbell-Bannerman’s Popularity .... 391 “That Horrible Tennyson” 392 SPECIAL ARTICLES: Rousseau and Education ..........+++++ 393 News for Bibliophiles ............+++««+ 396 CORRESPONDENCE: An Artistic Interchange Between America and Germany .......+..++++. 396 Infant Criticism Once More ........... 396 The Teaching of Thought and Expres- BOOM o.c00ss0 cc0 cea cee con cese cece ccoseeesee 397 ED, ic ccccccveucinesecesbescacoeseseseceee OOM Book REVIEWS: Notes on Text Books ......++sseeee0s 399 The Weight of the Name .......+.++++- 401 The Daughter .........csccececeecceeeees 401 Seeing England with penuh John...... 402 The Supreme Gift .......... cose Ge Be MGB occccccccccccccccscccecccccecceee 402 Marcia Schuyler ........ss-ceeeeeeeeeee 402 In the Potter’s House ......--ss-seeee: 402 Concerning Lafcadio Hearn .........-- 402 Literature and the American College.. 403 Old and New Japan.—The Unveiled East.—The Japanese Nation in Evo- Do ccceseecescesocoscoocceseocces 404 Histoire de la Maison de Baglion .... 404 Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne.. 3 To the Top of the Continent .......... SCIENCE: BOROMASER occ ccccceccscecccocoecsccceceses 406 BABES, acco ccocesccecccencsecosesesosesoons 407 BOUTBD cccccccccccccccccccecscccecceccoesces 408 ART: Athenian Lekythoi with Outline Draw- ing in Glaze Varnish on a White Ground ....... . ° -. 408 FINANCE: The Outflow of Gold ...........ee000-- 409 BOOKS OF THE WEEK ......cceccecceeeees 410 SAMPLE COPIES THE NATION will be sent to any address for three weeks without charge. Address The Nation 20 Vesey St. New York City PUBLISHED THIS WEEK The Struggle for American Independence By SYDNEY GEORGE FISHER Author of “The True History of the American Revolution,” “ The True B njamin Franklin,” etc. This valuable contribution to American his- torical literature is a comprehensive history of the whole revolutionary movement from a point of view quite different from the usual one. A great deal of the original evidence, which has heretofore been ignored by his- torlans, is brought to light and made acces- sible to the ordinary reader. The loyalists, their writings, arguments. and actions are treated for the first time as the testimony of eyewitnesses, to be weighed along with the rest. The navigation laws, the stamp act, the paint, paper, and glass act, the tea act, and all the other parlia- mentary legislation, instead of ing con- demned as unquali ified absurdities, are dis- cussed more thoroughly than ever before and treated from the English as well as from the American standpoint. Two Volumes. Illustrated. Crown octavo. Cloth, gilt top, $4.00 net, per set. Postage extra. VOL. ONE—NOW READY The Works of James Buchanan Collected and Edited By JOHN BASSETT MOORE Professor of International Law and Diplomacy at Columbia University This comprehensive work, embracing the speeches, State papers, and private corre- spondence of our fifteenth President, is ex- ceptionally rich in historical materials. Many of the documents bave never before been ublished, and many others now first appear n textual integrity. No care has been spared to render the text accurate. To those who are interested in the study of American History, either in its domestic or international aspects, the work is invalu- able. To be completed in twelve volumes, which will ~ ay separately. Two volumes will probably be ready this spring. Twelve volumes. Containing a por- trait in color and a photogravure. Octavo. Cloth, $5.00 net, per volume. READY SHORTLY The Life and Works of Christopher Dock With a Translation of his Works into the English Language by MARTIN G. BRUMBAUGH, Ph.D., LL.D. Superintendent of Schools, Philadelphia With an Introduction by Hon. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER Ex-Gov. of the Comm nwealth of Pennsylvania This volume is devoted to the life and a translation of the works of America’s pioneer writer on education—Christopher Dock. His manuscript remains, consisting of Hymns and Schriften, used as copying exer- cises in his school, have been collected and all this data, with the original text in fac-simile, followed by a literal rendering into English, is here brought together by the editor, and, for the first time, made available to the modern student of Education and of Educa- tional history in America. Edition limited to 1,000 Numbered Copies. Illustrated. Octavo. Cloth, $5.00 net J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Publishers Philadelphia JUDGE BEN B. LINDSEY the best known authority in America on Children’s Courts, says—in an able introduction to e Sunte of Young = Malefactor quency THOMAS TRAVIS, Ph.D. “It was with the greatest interest that I read the pres- ent book. In it Dr. Travis has shown exceptional quali- fications to deal with the sub- ject. He has covered this important field in an admir- able manner. . 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XUM April 30, 1908] The Nation. lili EDUCATIONAL BOOKS A TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSICS BY VARIOUS AUTHORS | Edited by WILLIAM HALLOCK, Ph.D., re ; : Professor of Physics and Dean of the ver 550 Illustrations. Small Octavo Paculty of Pure Science, Cole NEARLY READY \ umbia University, New York LIST OF SECTIONS AND AUTHORS MECHANICS. By A. Witmer Durr, A.M., Se.D., Pro. | ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. By Arravur W. fessor of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Wor- GoopsPEED, Ph.D., Professor of Paysics, University of cester, Mass. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. HEAT. By Kart E. Gurue, Ph.D., Professor and Head of the |ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION. By Avserr P. Car- Department of Physics, Stat> University of Iowa, Iowa City, MAN, A.M., Sc.D, Professor of Physics, University of Ili- Iowa. nois, Urbana, Illinois. SOUND. By Wictiam Haccock, Ph.D., Professor of Physics CQgNDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY THROUGH GASES and Doan of the Faculty of Pure Science, Colum- AND RADIO-ACTIVITY. By R. K. 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The Nation. | Carnegie Technical Schools Text Books The Series of Mathematical Text-Books by Prof, S. S. KELLER HE- is for students, not scholars. It has been written primarily for students of Engineering, but is not MAT MATICS exclusively for them. It is the author’s ambition to make Mathematics serve its legitimate end for the average student, namely, that of a tool to assist in the prosecution of the student’s future vocation and to rob as far as possible the study of Mathematics of the esoteric qualities with which most students invest it. To this end explanations are as untechnical as possible; they are given in the familiar language of the student, and he is encouraged to approach the subject in confidence, as he would his daily affairs, and [Vol. 86, No. 2235 not in fear and trembling. 8vo. Algebra Section. A common sense reason is given and required in all cases and his everyday reasoning processes are appealed to rather than a strained and unnatural state of mind. ALCEBRA AND TRICONOMETRY WITH AN ADDITIONAL CHAPTER ON VECTORS Half Leather. 113 Pages. 250 Pages. 8vo. Half Leather. 212 Pages. Price $1.25 Net. ANALYTICAL CEOMETRY AND CALCULUS Prof. S. 8» KELLER and Prof. W. F. KNOX 8vo. Half Leather. 359 Pages. Price $2.00 Net. Special Separate Edition. PLANE AND SOLID CEOMETRY Price $1.50 Net. $1.00 Net. DRAWING | MECHANICAL DRAWING FOR TRADE SCHOOLS Text and Pilates, 10M inches by 7% inches » « ° The author of the above book, Prof. C. C. LEEDS, is of the gonntation that the use ot models serves to develop copyists and often tends to stunt or destroy a draftsman’s creative faculties, which led him to discard entirely the use of models in teaching Mechanical Drawing, and he has arranged these lessons in a manner which he believes will attract and hold the attention of the student. illustrate some fundamental point in Mechanical Drawing,and work as a whole towards the development of the creative draftsman. 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April 30, 1908] The Nation. Vv JOHN WILEY AND SONS’ ,Gsiicetions THE BUILDING MECHANICS’ READY REFERENCE By H. G. Richey, Superintendent of Construction, U. S. Public Buildings. 16mo, Morocco, each, $1.50. CEMENT WORKERS’ AND PLASTERERS’ EDITION. (In press.) PLUMBERS’, STEAM-FITTERS’, and TINNERS’ EDITION. (In preparation.) THE BUILDING FOREMAN’S POCKET-BOOK AND READY REFERENCE. (In preparation.) EX-MERIDIAN ALTITUDE, AZIMUTH, AND STAR-FINDING TABLES With Diagrams for Finding the Latitude and Facilitating Plotting Lines of Position and giving New and Practical Meth- ods for Identifying Stars in Cloudy Weather. Latitudes 0°-65°; Declinations 0°-71° North and South. By Lieutenant-Commander Armistead Rust, U. S. Navy. 8vo. (In press.) TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY IN THIRTY LECTURES By Emil Abderhalden, Ph.D., Privatdozent at the University of Berlin. Authorized translation by William T. Hall, S.B., Instructor in Chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, assisted by George Defren, S.B., Consulting Chemist. (In press.) SYNTHETIC INORGANIC CHEMISTRY A Laboratory Course illustrating the Methods and Principles involved in the Preparation of Typical Inorganic Substances, with Study Questions and Supplementary Experiments. Arranged for First-year College Students. By Arthur A. Blanchard, Ph.D., Instructor of Inorganic Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 12mo, viii+90 pages. Cloth, $1.00 net. THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS By Charles Baskerville, Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Laboratory, College of the City of New York. (In preparation.) THE ELEMENTS OF METALLOGRAPHY By Dr. Rudolf Ruer, Privatdozent at the University of Géttingen. Translated by Dr. C. H. Mathewson, Instructor in Chemistry and Metallography, Yale University. (In preparation.) THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF SURVEYING By Charles B. Breed and George L. Hosmer, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology. In 2 Volumes. Vol. I. Second Edition. 8vo, xviii+540 pages, 195 figures. Cloth, $3.00. Volume II.—HIGHER SURVEYING. (In preparation.) PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE By L. P. Kinnicut, Professor of Chemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Charles-Edward A. Winslow, Assistant Professor of Sanitary Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and R. Winthrop Pratt, Chief Engineer Ohio State Board of Health. (In preparation.) THE ELEMENTS OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING By Charles E. Morrison, A.M., C.E. (In press.) THE AIR AND VENTILATION OF SUBWAYS By George A. Soper, Ph.D., Member American Society of Civil Engineers, etc. (In press.) A VEST-POCKET HANDBOOK OF MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS By L. A. Waterbury, C.E., Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Arizona. 2%x5% inches. vi+91 pages, 61 figures. Morocco, $1.00. SECONDARY STRESSES IN BRIDGE TRUSSES By C. R. Grimm, C.E., Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 8vo, viii+140 pages, with 60 illustrations and 13 numerical examples. Cloth, $2.50. HYDRAULICS OF RIVERS, WEIRS, AND SLUICES The Derivation of New and More Accurate Formule for Discharge through Rivers and Canals Obstructed by Weirs, Sluices, etc., according to the Principles of Gustav Ritter von Wex. By David A. Molitor, C.E., Mem. Am. Soc. C. E., Designing Engineer, Isthmian Canal Commission. (In press.) HIGH-SPEED DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINERY By H. M. Hobart, Member Institute of Civil Engineers, and A. G. Ellis, Associate A. I. E. E. (In press.) COMPRESSED AIR PLANT FOR MINES The Production, Transmission, and Use of Compressed Air, with Special Reference to Mine Service. By Robert Peele, Mining Engineer and Professor of Mining in the School of Mines, Columbia University. (In press.) GOLD AND SILVER Comprising an Economic History of Mining in the United States, the Geographical and Geological Occurrence of the Prec- ious Metals, with their Mineralogical Associations, History, and Description of Methods of Mining and Extraction of Values, and a Detailed Discussion of the Production of Gold and Silver in the World and the United States. By Walter R. Crane, Ph.D., Instructor in Mining, School of Mines, Columbia University. (In press.) ROCKS AND ROCK-MINERALS A Manual of the Elements of Petrology without the Use of the Microscope. For the Geologist, Engineer, Miner, Archi- tect, etc., and for Instruction in Colleges and Schools. By Louis V. Pirsson, Professor of Physical Geology in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University; Assistant Editor American Journal of Science, etc. (In preparation.) THE SANITATION OF RECREATION CAMPS AND PARKS By Doctor Harvey B. Bashore, Medical Inspector for Pennsylvania Department of Health. 12mo, xii+109 pages, 19 full- page half-tone illustrations. Cloth, $1.00. 43 and 45 East 19th St. = = New York City

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The Nation. 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XUM April 30, 1908 | The Nation. RECENT PUBLICATIONS English Poems By E. C. Baldwin, Assi:tant Professor of English Liter- | ature; and H. G. Paul, Assistant Professor of English | Language and Literature, University of Illinois. Introductory Course in Argumenta-| tion ‘ ; . $1.00 Introductory Course in Exposition $1.00 By Frances M. Perry, Instructor in English, Wellesley College. The Short-Story. ¥ Specimens !llustrat- ing Its Development. $1.00 By Brander Matthews, Professor of Dramatic Lit- erature, Columbia University. American Poems $0.90 By Augustus White Long, Preceptor in English, Princeton University. FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS (/n press) | Source Book of Mediaeval History $1.50 Edited by Frederic Austin Ogg, Assistant in History, Harvard University, and Instructor in Simmons College. Text-Book of General Physics . $3.50 By Joseph S. Ames, Professor of Physicsand Director of the Physical Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University. Elementary Text-Book of Theoretical Mechanics $1.50 By George A. Merrill, Principal, California School of Mechanica! Arts, and Director, Wilmerding School of In- dustrial Arts, San Francisco. Gray’s Manual of Botany—New Edition Un press) Thoroughly revised and largely rewritten by Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Professor of Systematic Botany, and Merritt Lyndon Fernald, Assistant Professor of | Botany, Harvard University. FOR ;HIGH {SCHOOLS Teacher’s Outlines for Studies in Eng- | lish (/n press) For use in connection with the Gateway Texts for admis- sion to jcollege. English, Morris High School, New York City. Composition-Rhetoric $1.00 By Stratton D. Brooks, Superintendent of Schools: Boston, Mass., and Marietta Hubbard, formerly of | the English Department, High School, La Salle, Ill. Outline for Review in American History ; . $0.25 Outline for Review in English History j ; 25 Outline for Review in Greek History ; 25 Outline for Review in Roman History. - . .25 By Charles Bertram Newton, Head of the Depart- | By Gilbert S. Blakeley, Teacher of | Text-Book in General Zoology. $1.20 By Glenn W. Herrick, Professor of Biology, Missis- sippi Agricultural and Mechanical College. Text-Book in General Physiology and Anatomy . ; $1.20 By Walter 7H. Eddy, Chairman ‘of Department of Biology, High School of Commerce, New York City. _Maury-Simonds Physical . Geography $1.20 Revised and largely rewritten by Frederic William Simonds, Professor of Geology in the University of Texas. _Laboratory Lessons in Physical Geo- graphy $0.56 By L. L. Everly, Department of Geography, State Nor- mal School, Winona, Minn., Ralph E. Blount, and Calvin L. Walton, Instructors in Physical Geography, High Schools, Chicago. ment of History in Lawrenceville School,and Edward | Bryant Treat, Master in Lawrenceville School. Elementary Algebra . , ; . $1.00 by Frederick H. Somerville, The William Penn | Charter School, Philadelphia. High School Algebra $1.00 By J. H. Tanner, Professor of Mathematics, Cornell University. Plane and Solid Geometry By Edward R. Robbins, Senior Mathematical Master, The William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia. Text-Book in Physics - ‘ . 20 By William N. Mumper, Instructor in Physics, New Jersey State Normal School, Trenton. Elements of Biology $1.25 By George William Hunter, Instructor in Biology, De Witt Clinton High School, New York City. $1.25 | Reader of French Pronunciation . $0.50 By Julius Tuckerman, Head of the Modern Language Department, Central High School, Springfield, Mass. Spanish Prose Composition $0.75 By G. W. Umphrey, Assistant Professor of Romance Languages, University of Cincinnati. , La Comedie Classique en France . $0.50 By Edith Healy. | Xenophon’s Hellenica. Selections $1.65 Edited by Carleton L. Brownson, Assistant Professor of Greek, College of the City of New York. ‘Homer’s Iliad. First Three Books and | Selections . . $1.60 Edited by J. R. S. Sterrett, Professor of Greek, Cor- i nell University. Send for our new 1908 Catalogue of High School and College Text-Books Cincinnati Chicago New York AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Boston Atlanta Dallas San Francisco

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viii The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2235 | J; | “The Most Notable Fiction of the Year.’’ | THE NEW NOVEL—JUST READY—BY THE AUTHOR OF “SARACINESCA.” a a The Primadonna _ By F. Marion Crawford | “MR. CRAWFORD is at his best in this ro- “THE PRIMADONNA is a story of extra- | mance. He tells an absorbing story, and he ordinary interest. . . . Mr. Crawford is places at the centre of it a woman whose char- the chief of all our storytellers, and his fancy | acter is full of interest."—New York Tribune. is as abundant as though he had never before | “You may always trust Mr. Crawford to in- turned the tap to draw from his seemingly vent a good plot.”—Record Herald, Chicago. inexhaustible store.” —Public Ledger, Phila. A plot with Mr. Crawford’s characteristic dash of mystery brings together two of the author’s most delightful and original creations—Paul Griggs, called by some the best of all his people, and Cordova, the singer, whom many know as “ Fair Margaret.” Cloth, with frontispiece, $1.50 | Mr. Jack London’s ¢hr://ing nove/_ | Frank Danby’s finely told story | The Iron Heel | The Heart of a Child “‘A powerful story, destined to be widely discussed, | “A book of vigor, daring, honesty and charm . viciously denounced and enthusiastically supported.”— | SO a ee ‘aur a ae pictures of Brooklyn Eagle. Cloth, $1.50 | perience.” —Albany Argus. Cloth, $1.50 THE NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF “CONISTON ”—READY MAY 9 Mr. Crewe’s Career By Winston Churchill By the Author of “RICHARD CARVEL,” “THE CRISIS,” etc. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50. Ready May g NEW BOOKS READY A new volume of the Eversley Tennyson | A new volume of Frederic Harrison’s Essays The Works of Alfred Lord Tennyson National and Social Problems Annotated by Himself, and Edited by his Son. By Frederic Harrison Vol. Il. IDYLLS OF THE KING Uniform with “The Creed of a Layman” and “The Phi- Cloth, $1.50 net. Ready this week | losophy of Common Sense.” Cloth, $1.75 net OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO TEACHERS AND SCHOOL OFFICIALS Principles of Secondary Education By Charles De Garmo Professor of the Science and Art of Education in Cornell University. To be complete in three volumes | Vol. I. THE STUDIES | Vol. II. PROCESSES OF | Vol. Il. THE PROCESSES OF 22mo, xi.+299 pages. $1.25 net| INSTRUCTION Ready this week | TRAINING In preparation ee ae LS eee and Pedagogy of Reading. By | SHALLOW and CULLEN—Nature Study Made Easy E.B ‘ Cloth, xvi.+469 pages, illus, $1.40 net By EDWARD B. SHALLOW and WINIFRED T. CULLEN. Lilus., goc. net KILPATRICK—Departmental Voy, in Elementary Schools. By VAN EVRIE KILPATRICK. | SNEDDEN and ALLEN—School Reports and School Cloth, 12mo, 60 cts. met Efficiency. By DAVID S. SNEDDEN, Ph.D., and WM. \ H. ALLEN, Ph.D. For the New York Committee on PARK — Educational Wood-working for Home and | Physical Welfare of School Children. School. By JOSEPH C. PARK, Instructor in the State | Cloth, xi.+-183 pages, $1.50 net Normal and Training School, Oswego, / ve Cloth, xtii.+-770 pages, illus., $1 net | | VANDEWALKER— The Kindergarten in American Ed- ucation. By NINA C. VANDEWALKER, Director of PERRY—The Management of a City School. By A.C. | Kindergarden Training Department, Milwaukee State PERRY, Jr., Ph.D. Cloth, viti.4-750 pp., $1.25 net i Normal School. Cloth, xiti.4-274 pp., portrait, $1.25 nez |. Published THE MACMILLAN COMPANY “£¢Fih gre SS. 2m

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Lhe Nation. NEW YORK, THURSDAY, APRIL 30, 1908. The Week. Considerably more than half of the delegates to the Chicago Convention have now been chosen. ‘rhe fuil roll, as fixed by the National Committee, will be 930—491 to nominate. Secretary Taft has a far larger number than any other candidate. His total is variously stated; but a reasonable estimate would be that he has now at least 280 upon whom he can absolutely depend. With so great an acquired momentum, it is not surprising that his nomination is regarded as highly probable. Yet it has often happened that the leading candi- date has been beaten by a combination of his rivals. This was so in the Re- publican Conventions of 1860, 1876, 1880, and 1888. The question now chiefly in debate is whether Taft will be able to pick up enough votes to secure the nom- ination on the first ballot. Where will he get the 220 additional delegates that he needs? New England has distinctly disappointed his managers. They confi- dently predicted that Taft would have at least 52 out of the 82 New England delegates; but it will apparently stand at about 34 for Taft to 48 against him. Turning to the other Republican or doubtful States, we find that Secretary Taft is likely to fall considerably short of a nomination on the first ballot, with- out support from the Southern States. To succeed, he will have to secure and hold the delegations from States like Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama, where there is no Republican vote, and no Republican party except office-hold- ers. The fact that the Illinois Democratic Convention has voted instructions for Bryan is not so important as the way in which that result was brought about. Roger Sullivan dominated the conven- tion, and himself heads the list of Bry- an delegates at large. Now, he is the man whom Bryan denounced at St Louis in 1904 as no better than a hig” wayman. Nor can people have forgot- ten Bryan’s attack on Sullivan two years ago, when he tried to read the II- linois boss out of the party, and de- clared that no self-respecting and honest Democrat could have anything to do with so corrupt a politician. To-day, however, this same political highway- man and corruptionist is holding his State for Bryan. The spectacle cannot fail to disturb those who have believed that Mr. Bryan, with all his vagaries, Was morally sound and sincere and would not stoop to a sacrifice of prin- ciple in order to profit personally. He, of course, will have his retort ready. He will point to Boss Cox, now a Taft dele- gate, after being excoriated by Taft. He may even point to “Lou” Payn as a dis- trict delegate for Hughes. In the lat- ter case, however, nobody can allege that there was anything approaching confer- ence or agreement. Gov. Hughes has kept his hands off wholly; and if dis- trict conventions chose disreputable men, that was their affair. But in I’ linois, Bryan came to an understanding with Sullivan, put his interests in the hands of the boss, and, on the plea of “harmony,” urged his friends to acqui- esce in a coalition with a man whom he had affirmed to be an unmitigated scoundrel. This can but imperil one of Mr. Bryan’s best assets. People have thought him a fanatic, but have believ- ed him straight. Can they believe him so after his striking hands with Sulli- van? The President’s friends are just now introducing us to a new conception of his character. After long holding him up as the most simple and direct of men, they to-day picture him as a statesman who goes to his goal by the most cir- cuitous of routes. He urgently asked Congress for four battleships, and set all his faithful servants to working for them night and day; but he did not really want them. He was actually after only two, which Congress was all along prepared to give him. Hence, his ap- parent rebuff is truly a triumph. He is fairly “exuberant” with joy, the New York Tribune’s Washington correspon- dent tells us, at having been voted down in the House by 199 to 83, and in the Senate by 50 to 23. This is exactly what he was working for. A similar explana- tion is made of Mr. Roosevelt’s latest special message to Congress, enumerat- ing again the things he wishes done be- fore adjournment. In sober fact, we are told, he has not the slightest expec- tation that they will be done; indeed, he does not really want them done. He is not thinking of Congress. His thoughts are as far away from the present scene as those of the dying gladiator. This “special-extra” message is designed for some veiled and distant purpose—per- haps for the Republican platform; pos- sibly, for a Roosevelt campaign in 1912. This is uncertain; the only certain thing is that the message has not t* aim that it pretends to have. The hunt- er is not shooting where he looks. One part of this new theory of the Presi- dent as a man who gains his ends by indirection, it is, of course, easy to un- derstand. He never loses. That is a fixed point. It is inconceivable that he should not have his way. Therefore, if he appears not to get it, this only shows that his real objective has not been un- derstood. His bullet always goes home. Foolish people may think that he was intending to bring down four battle- ships, but the result shows that he never had a thought of bagging more than two. This we can readily understand. It is a necessary part of that logic about Roosevelt, which, like that celebrated by old Thomas Fuller, whatever the premises, always brings out praise and glory in the conclusion. We must say, however, that it in- volves something of a wrench to break away from our fond idea of the Presi- dent as one all spontaneity and straight- forwardness. Americans have taken deep satisfaction in his bluntness, his openness, his advertising of his pur- poses, his whole-hearted fashion of see- ing what he wants and going after it without qualm or hesitation. The thought of slyness is absolutely con- tradictory to current thought of Mr. Roosevelt. That he should ever come to think that a zig-zag is the short- est line between two points, one would have said to be incredible. But since his closest friends now insist upon clothing him in craft as with a garment, we must do our best to adjust ourselves to the new version of his na- ture. Evidently, this makes it hard t~ comment intelligently upon what he says or demands, because, according to this latter-day theory of President Roosevelt, he means and desires some- thing quite different. His special mes- sage crying aloud for four battleships was thus all a blind. When he wrote to Congressman Humphrey “I am unable to understand objection to building these four battleships by any good American,” he did it with a wink. Then, too, if special messages are not what they seem, it is rather futile to try either to criticise or to commend them. When the President leaves out, in his list of the measures which he desired to see “enacted into law,” the removal of the duty on wood pulp, and the reduc- tion of the rates on printing paper, that may be oniy his way of laying fresh em- phasis upon that-subject. When once you accept the view that the President is roundabout and furtive, as his friends proudly assert, troubles of interpreta- tion thicken upon you. For our part even though it be taken as an unfriend- ly attitude, we cannot go over to this notion of a “devilish sly” Roosevelt. We must go on thinking of him as one who talks straight and hits out from the shoulder. This implies, of course, that he sometimes makes mistakes,and some- times gets beaten. This is hard for flat- terers to admit, but better that than to set up the doctrine that the frank and

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388 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 forthright Roosevelt is two-faced an two-tongued. It ought not to be consid- ered praise of anybody but a Turkish statesman, that the only safe inference to make from his words ‘s that they dc not mean what they say. When you consider for a moment that this $500,000 which was contributed by a single corporation in this city was more than we were able to raise in either of the campaigns in which I was a candidate from more than 6,000,000 voters, you get a fair idea of the tremendous influence, one way or another, that the corporations can exert if they want to. In these words Mr. Bryan comments on the revelation that the street railways of New York city had contributed with- in a few years a half-million or more to politics. This fact, brought out by Thomas F. Ryan’s testimony before the grand jury, is, as Mr. Bryan says, not exactly news; “it merely gives us some details we did not know be- fore.” Since the last Presidential election the evidence has poured upon us in a torrent. The echoes of Mr. Roosevelt’s impassioned denial of Judge Parker’s charge as to campaign contributions from the corporations had hardly died away, when the flood-gates were opened. First came the admission that each of the three large life insur- ance companies had paid $50,000 to help elect Mr. Roosevelt; and behind this dis- play of patriotism loomed the whole vast system, managed by Andrew Hamilton, for accelerating or stopping the passage of laws. Then the letters between E. H. Harriman and President Roosevelt were published—“You and I are _ practical men’’—showing that the President had persuaded Mr. Harriman to raise $260,- 000 late in October, 1904, for the obvi- ous purpose of buying votes in this State. “The result,” said Mr. Harriman, was “that at least 50,000 votes were turned in the city of New York alone.” And now comes this last addition to the list—the Metropolitan Street Railway. It backed any party from which it could secure a quid pro quo. The managers of this traction company robbed their stockholders in order to oppose Mr. Bryan; robbed them in order to pur- chase support of Democrats and Repub- licans at Albany; robbed them in or- der to fatten Tammany under Charles F. Murphy. It was an orgy of politica! debauchery. But people are stirred as never before about the relations between corporations and politics In the coming election it will go hard with any party which is believed to draw support from the treasuries of railways, lighting com- panies, protected manufacturers, and Trusts. If Mr. Bryan runs for Presi- dent, that adroit speaker will make the Republi- re- terrible onslaughts cans, against whom upon the evidence lating to the use of corporation money already in former elections is over- whelming. Then, should Congress re- fuse to pass Representative McCall’s bill providing for publicity of campaign con- tributions, the argument can be used with double force. Fervent protests of injured innocence, either from Mr. Roosevelt or Mr. Taft, will fall on dull ears. When party leaders frantically urge Congress to “do something,” in an in- tricate matter like currency legislation, there is danger ahead. The burden of the news from Washington is that the President, the Speaker, and Senator Al- drich are convinced that “something” must be done. What it is, they do not know and cannot agree; but they assert that the country was promised a law of some kind, and that at all haz- ards, some kind of hugger-mugger bill must be whipped through. The present plan appears to be to get the whole matter into conference between the House and Senate. Speaker Cannon is to drive a mutilated measure through the House; when it gets to the Senate, Aldrich is to amend it by substituting his own bill; and then everything will be left to a conference committee. Tar- iffs have been made in that way, so why not currency laws? It is expected that Congress will be jaded in the flurry of the closing session, and that the Aldrich bill can thus be snatched from defeat at the last moment. Not only is such procedure highly objectionable, but the results, if the plan succeeds, will be not at all what is predicted. Instead of Re- publicans being able to point to a cur- rency bill which keeps the party’s prom- ise and satisfies the country, they will be on the defensive. The party will be charged with passing a law which the banking opinion and expert economists of the country almost unanimously con- demned. Another charge, difficult of de- nial, will be that the Aldrich bill was forced through by a speculative clique, with its own ends to serve. The West would resound with the cry of a Wall Street job behind Aldrich. Further- more, a makeshift measure would dis- tract attention from the need of thor- ough reform. From every point of view, therefore, the scheme to pass a vicious currency bill on the plea of political ex- igency ought to be fought without truce by all clear-headed and patriotic mem- bers of Congress. The Aldrich bill has been fairly beaten by open argument. It should not now be allowed to succeed by a deal in conference committee or a parliamentary trick. The representatives of 774 newspapers assembled in this city at their annual convention unanimously asked that Congress and President grant them “im- mediate relief from the exactions of combinations of paper-makers.” At the same time, in Washington, one man was thwarting all prospects of aid at this session of Congress. Speaker Cannon was bringing about the adoption of a resolution for a special committee to investigate conditions in the paper trade. The obedient Republican major- ity voted as he wished, thereby putting an end to all hopes of change in the tariff at this session. The “stand-pat- ters” have won all along the line; the President, the great body of revision- ists, the newspapers of the country have appealed in vain. The press may as well acknowledge its defeat cheerfully. It is mightier than the sword, but less powerful than the Speaker of the House —and those interests whose will he obeys. The decision of the Judiciary Commit- tee of the House of Representatives that the bills for the purchase of the Appa- iachian and White Mountain forests are unconstitutional is accompanied by an important opinion. The committee held that the Federal government has no power to acquire lands within a State solely for forest reserves, but that un- der its Constitutional power over navi- gation Congress may purchase lands and forest reserves in a State, provided it is clear that such reserves have a “di- rect and substantial connection with the conservation and improvement of the navigability of a river, actually naviga- ble either in whole or in part, and any appropriation made therefor is limited to that purpose.” While this is, on its face, a defeat for those who have been backing the existing bills, it really means that a road to certain success bas been pointed out. A new bill comply- ing with the requirements of the com- mittee will be before Congress in a day or two, and if it does not pass at this session, it will be pushed with greater energy at the next, with the question of Constitutionality wholly out of the way. More than this, the committee’s decision is of vast importance as open- ing the way to that most desirable end —the preservation of the headwaters of all our great rivers. Hence, the forest enthusiasts and the Bureau of Forestry are reported to be in high spirits over the prospects of the immediate and the distant future. Why did the Legislature of the State of New York adjourn with open insults to the Governor? Had any member a grievance against him which could be publicly stated? The most embittered Assemblyman could not allege that Gov. Hughes has not been absolutely honest. The most drunken Tammany Senator could not assert that he has not been unusually laborious, conscientious to a degree, patient and courteous; nor that he has brought to his work great abil- ity and lofty personal standards. He has not attempted to cheat the Legisla-

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April 30, 1908} The Nation. 389 ture. He has neither bargained nor log- rolled; has not used his veto power, or the threat of it, to terrorize legislators, nor has he trafficked in patronage to buy their votes. Furthermore, it is admit- ted by all impartial observers, outside the State as well as in it, that Gov Hughes has won a reputation and con- quered an admiration not equalled any Governor of New York since Tilden and Cleveland. What, then, is the ex- planation of the strong dislike? Putting minor reasons one side, the chief one is that the Governor has endeavored to hold the Legislature to its duty. He has sought to make it in fact, what it is i theory, truly representative of the whole people. What he had to face was a set of men too many of whom were “owned” by bosses like Barnes of Al- bany. To such legislators broad an sound public policy meant little com- pared with the exigent demands of poli ticians whom they feared, or powerful men whom they courted. And the se- cret of their rage at the Governor is that he has not only stood for the peo ple in general, but has gone out into the districts and proved that many legisla- tors were misrepresenting their partic- ular constituencies. Wherever you find any kind of association of God-fearing and right-living citizens, there you find cordial and admiring support of Gov. Hughes. In flouting him, the Legisla- ture is but flouting the most respecta- ble and weighty sentiment of the State. Now, we would ask if the Republican party in New York can afford to see a man like this thwarted by crawling po!- iticians? Can New York Republicans sit by unmoved and see this Governor frustrated by such creatures as Barnes and Woodruff, in alliance with McCar- ren and Grady? Above all, can they contemplate without dismay the spec- tacle of the plain mandate of the people, as written in the Constitution, nullified by politicians making themselves tools of men who would coin money out of public vice? If Gov. Hughes's sincere and determined effort to get the peo- ple’s will against licensed gambling enacted into law be defeated by partisan schemers and underground intriguers, what is going to be the effect on the political party responsible for the griev- ous failure? The celebration of the centenary of the Catholic diocese of New York this week is an event to appeal strongly even to those not of the Catholic faith. Note, for example, how much the steady on- going of Catholic activity has done to extinguish, or at least silence, ancient prejudices. Remembering the old and bitter anti-Catholic feeling, we mark a great transformation in saying that to day the Protestant churches would look upon the extinction or withdrawal of the Catholic churches as a great calam- ity. This does not imply that religious or even theological conviction has brok- en down; but that tolerance has broad- ened and that eyes have been opened to see the facts. We are certain that Prot- estant denominations would be appalled if they were asked to take over the work of the Catholic Church in New York. They could not begin to do it. Even if they had the physical resources—the men and money and buildings—they would have neither the mental nor mor- al ability. For long years now, the Cath- olic Church in this great port has been receiving and controlling and assimilat- ing one influx of foreign peoples after another. It has held them for religion, and it has held them for citizenship No one can soberly refiect upon this vast labor of education and restraint without becoming convinced that it has been an indispensable fcrce in our pub- lic life. The Protestant churches have been and are now more than ever un- fitted, whether by temperament or meth ods, to attack so gigantic a problem They lack the authority—the compe | ing force of supernatural fears, if one insists. Nothing but a venerable an universal institution, always the same yet always changing, could have taken her incoming children—the raw mate- rial of Americans—and done for them what the Catholic Church in this city has done during the memorable century now rolled past. Even those who cannot pretend to speak of Catholic dogma wi' entire sympathy, must confess that some of its moral results have been admira- ble. The firm stand of the Church in the matter of marriage and divorce, for ex- ample, seems more and more a blessing as the laxness of law and of custom, in that respect, goes on increasing. The testimony which the Church has borne to the ideal of the Christian family is something which cannot be overlooked when those who are not sons of the Church are reckoning up their debt to her. We may be grateful for every steady and powerful teacher of good- ness, like the Catholic Church. More and more is the world coming over to the position of George Eliot’s dear wo. man who said that if there was any good to be got in this world, mercy knew we were in need of it. As Winston Churchill himself admits, his defeat for reélection in the north- west division of Manchester is a serious blow to the new Ministry. And yet it must not be overlooked that this is nor- mally a Conservative constituency, con- sistently held by the Conservatives by large majorities until 1906. It was, therefore, known that the contest would be a serious one for the Liberals. Mr. Churchill showed himself an excel- lent campaigner, keen, vigorous, and energetic besides being quite imperturb- able when under fire. At one of his meetings, a man in the gallery called out “Rot.” “The gentleman who says rot,” responded Mr. Churchill instantly, “no doubt expresses very well what is in his head.” When the speaker said that he felt confident of success, the gal- lery disturber replied: “IT don't.” “Well,” said Churchill, “I have fought four elections, which is more than the gentleman in the gallery has.” When Churchill asked what would be the con- sequence of his defeat, the gallery heck- lers responded: “Beer.” “That,” an- swered Churchill, “might be the cause. I am talking of the consequences.” But his readiness and good temper have now availed him not at all, and though, as he has declared, his defeat will not cause the resignation of the government, it is plain that this fresh blow to the Liber- als is to be made much of by the Con- servatives as a victory for protection. Free trade in England is fortunately not dependent upon one bye-election or ten; and it is open to much question whether the old-age pension policy of the gov- ernment and other acts are not as much responsible for Mr. Churchill’s defeat as any desire for protective duties. At any rate, it is a plain warning to the new Prime Minister to set his house in order. Political discussion in Europe turns for the moment from Macedonia and the Baltic to the North Sea and the succes- sion to the Dutch throne. Queen Wil- helmina’s narrow escape from a car- riage accident a few weeks ago has help- ed to bring forward in the public mind the possibility of a sudden change of dynasty, if not of régime. The old Ger- man spectre has loomed up again. The nearest legal heir, in case of the Queen's dying without issue, is a Prince Henry of Reuss, and it is assumed that the suc- cession of a German prince would mean the hastening of.the absorption of Hol- land by the German Empire. The way out is by a change in the Constitution which should vest in the Dutch Parlia- ment, sitting as a convention, the power of selecting a successor to Queen Wil- helmina or of transforming the mon- archy into a republic. A revision of the Constitution was first broached in 1905, but two years later, when the Queen outlined the scope of the commission’s work, the articles dealing with the suc- cession to the throne were om'tted. The powerful conservative element headed by ex-Premier Kuijper is sharply oppos- ed to the suggestion of a republic, and the chances are that nothing radical will be done in the way of Constitutional changes. Why it should be taken for granted tlat a German prince, when paced on the Dutch throne, would lend himself to Pan-Germanic ambitions, is not quite apparent. Human nature and experience would argue that such a rul- er would give his first care to retaining for himself and his successors an inde- pendent throne that is well worth oc- cupying.

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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 THE ARBITRATION TREATIES. Too little attention has been given by press or public to the ratification by the Senate of the arbitration treaties with Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Switz- erland, Portugal, and France. Only two weeks ago it was thought that the con- vention with England would fail because of Irish opposition; yet it went through with no trouble whatever, to the great credit of the Senate. Indeed, those who are inclined to find fault with that body for its sins of omission, ought to write this action large on the credit side. The ratification of these treaties is not only in itself a reason for national pride, but is another long step in the direction of international peace. In 1905 general treaties of arbitration with the same countries were signed and laid before the Senate. Those treaties undertook to specify the main classes of international differences to be submitted to arbitration after a special agreement between the two nations. The Senate then held that there could not be a general agreement, but that there must be a treaty to cover each specific case, the treaty to be laid, of course, before the When the Senate enforced this view by its amendments, the State De- partment declined to accept the treaties, and they perished. So far as the British treaty of 1905 was concerned, the Sen- ate really set out to destroy it because of the Irish agitation against it. In all fairness to the Senate, it should, how- ever, be added that Mr. Roosevelt, by his sweeping proposal that he should have complete discretion as to an agree- ment with San Domingo, gave the Sen- ate the very excuse it was looking for an end to the arbitration trea- Senate. to put ties. The Senate’s kindlier disposition to- wards the treaties of 1908 is due pri- marily to the recession of the Executive from its previous position. In the Eng- lish treaty, for instance, il is now express- ly stipulated that special agreements for arbitration are to be made by the Presi- dent “by and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate”; while Ambassador Bryce obtained for England the right to refer to any self-governing dominion of the British Empire for its concurrence a special agreement affecting its inter- ests in any manner. In so far as this admission of the Senate as a party to the procedure weakens the arbitration, it is to be regretted. On the other hand, if reference of an arbitration agreement to the Senate for approval introduces, beyond dispute, some clumsy machinery and causes delay, it nevertheless gives another opportunity to bring to public attention the facts in each particular case and to build up a sound opinion. It is evident that both Secretary Root and Mr. Roosevelt have come to rec- ognize that even with this reference of each case to the Senate, the treaties the po'nt are of such great value that may properly be conceded. The general public will, we think, concur. After the failure of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty of 1897, as well as that of 1905, it marks distinct progress, not only to have the treaty go through, but to have it ratified without the usual accompani- ment of threats and insinuations that behind the treaty lies an intention to steal Cuba or the Philippines, or what not. We may add that a similar treaty with Germany is now being drafted. Japan, also, we hope, will not be over- looked. Since all questions adopted for ar- bitration are to go to the permanent court of arbitration at The Hague, the importance of that body is demon- strated anew; and it is therefore par- ticularly fitting that the Senate should deal generously with the conventions signed by the American delegation to the last Hague Conference. Of the ten signed, all but one have been favorably reported by the Committee on Foreign Relations; and also one of the three not signed by our representatives. Of course, the new treaties do not mean that each nation binds itself to submit every question to arbitration and to abide by the result. The subjects to be arbitrated do not affect the “vital interests, independence, or the honor of the contracting states’—and the last term may cover anything in the eyes of a jingo. None the less, the habit of ar- bitrating disputes is what lovers of peace wish their governments to ac- quire, and the more questions are arbi- trated the easier will it be to submit others to the decision of a third per- son or of an international tribunal; the more difficult it will be to stir up a feel- ing that this country is going to be forever humiliated by a failure to win its point in a fisheries or a boundary dispute. Eighteen years ago internation- al arbitration was little more than a hope; to-day it is an accepted policy; and since this country has already made twelve specific special agreements for arbitration, there is every ground to be- lieve that as time passes the Senate will view this policy more and more broadly. “SPANKING” CASTRO. Only last week flaring headlines an- nounced: “Roosevelt Will Humble Cas- tro.” Now we read that the Adminis- tration has practically abandoned hope that Congress will at this session au- thorize the President to take punitive measures against Venezuela. It looks, therefore, as if Castro would once more escape that “spanking” to which the Ad- ministration and some gray-haired Sen- ators believe him thoroughly entitled. Our ungrateful South American pro- tégé is to go his Own way once more; nothing is to prevent Castro from mak- ing faces at us, writing sarcastic edi- torials in his pet newspaper, and saying that Americans are “vain with the thought that they are standard-bearers of justice and the paladins of liberty.” President Roosevelt may rage if he pleases; Secretary Root may continue to feel that the dignity of the United States has been flouted and the decencies of diplomatic intercourse violated. Cas- tro will hold to his course, cheered by the thought of having once more balk- ed an adversary many times bigger than himself. The Senate is well advised in not com- missioning the President to do as he sees fit along the coast of Venezuela th’s summer. This is not merely because of Mr. Roosevelt’s impulsiveness and love of military glory. Such an enterprise should not be undertaken without care- ful consideration of consequences. One reason for the sudden cessation of the clamor for reprisals is that many per- sons doing business with Venezuela “have urged that nothing be done.” Their trade would be ruined, perhaps for years to come, since other foreign- ers would quickly seize the opportunity to step in. Another result would be to intensify the existing dislike of Ameri- cans, and to: solidify the entire Ven- ezuelan people under Castro's leadership. When the allies, Germany, Italy, and England, undertook to blockade the Ven- ezuelan ports and to bombard Puerto Cabello, in 1902, men whom Castro was said to have ruined, the political exiles in Caracas, even those who had been thrown into jail for opposing the will of the dictator, offered him their swords and begged to be allowed to fight against the foreigners. From this point of view, the United States could do Castro no greater favor than to resort to bellig- erent or quasi-belligerent measures. We should thus relieve him of all fear of a revolution for some time to come. Even if the United States should blockade the ports cf La Guayra and Puerto Cabello, Castro would remain un- moved. We might indeed take posses- sion of the customs houses, although we have no money claims against Venezu- ela. Were we prepared to land an army of 25,000 men, we might even capture Caracas. But with the capital in our hands, we should neither lay hands on the government that is said to have ill- treated us, nor win the submission of the people. It is well to remember that when President Roosevelt succeeded in inducing Germany and England and their ally to submit their claims to ar- bitration in 1902, Castro was quite ready to fight on, even with Puerto Cabello at the mercy of the foreign vessels. What is more, the Venezuelans are warlike by nature. Castro’s army of 10,- 000 men suggests comic opera in its ap- pearance; but they are remarkably ready to die for their country or cause. In one of their recent revolutions, at the battle of Victoria, 6,000 out of the 24,000 men engaged were killed in almost hand- XUM

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ve ise ild are 10,- ap- dy the 000 April 30, 1908] The Nation. 391 to-hand conflict. Not on:y are they fight- ers, but in repelling an inva-ion they would have the help of great natural advantages. Caracas itself lies 3,000 feet high, and, although less than seven miles from the coast as the bird flies, is separated from it by mountain peaks rising 6,000 feet above the city’s streets. The defiles through which any invaders must pass afford abundant opportunity for vigorous defence by small bodies of men. Indeed, Caracas is held to be im- pregnable from the Puerto Cabello side. The Venezuelans would be further as- sisted by their climate, which is more deadly than that of Cuba, or, as some think, than that of the Philippines. Caracas is damp and malarious, and i-: inhabitants suffer from mountain fevers, eatarrh, liver troubles, and severe rheu- matic complaints. During the summer it is visited by la fiebre perniciosa—a kind of yellow fever. At La Guayra the port has just now had to be closed be- cause of the appearance of a mysterious plague. Obviously, shonld Mr. Roose- velt ever seriously take in hand the spanking of Castro, he would be forced either to keep his forces on his ships, or to pay a heavy price for his temerity. The reasons, then, for going slow in this business of spanking Castro are strong enough to appeal even to one who despises a weakling and craven. But behind all this is the question whe- ther we ought to take up arms at all against a weaker nation because we do not like the decision of its courts, or the manners and actions of its officials. Those citizens and investors who went to Venezuela knowing just how bad y i! is governed and precisely how despotic. arbitrary, and probably corrupt Castro is, took chances of loss with their eyes open. Moreover, the United States could ill afford to take up the case of an asphalt company which has been prov- ed guilty of fomenting one revolution. To go behind court decisions is what this country asks of Venezuela; yet plenty of foreigners residing there believe in the honesty of the courts. Refusal to arbitrate individual claims is Castro's chief offence. Shall the United States for that cause reverse an historic po icy, risk a long and bloody campaign, de- stroy a valuable trade, and spread fear and hatred throughout South America? The sober common sense of the Senate has said no. STRATIFIED HISTORY. Recent disclosures of the practices of public service corporations will compe! the scientific historian to add another important source to the recognized ma- terial from which history is now pain- fully educed. We refer, of course, to books of account, where they have not been prudentially committed to the flames like their Sibylline predecessors. And in the same rank must be placed the checkbook stub and the tell-tale vouchers—where they remain to chal- lenge the scrutiny of the investigator or the grand jury. To the importance of these sources histor:aos have been strangely blind. They have unearthei and ransacked almost a!i other material which promised disclosure of the acts or motives of important personages. Correspondence, public and _ private, diaries which trickle with gossip anc tittle-tattle, public documents by the car- load lot, and the innumerable mass of monuments—coins, armor, weapons, tap- estries, flags, and trophies—have been cross-examined with unflagging to!l and energy. But the ledger and the coun- terfoil await their question. Had they always yielded up their secrets, we might have escaped the well-known damnatory dictum—“Anything but his- tory; for history must be false.” The peculiar advantage derived from these new-found sources is the chron- ological light which they shed upon events. The geological strata are hard- ly more inerrant in their disclosure of the sequence of events in the earth’s past history. “The Testimony of th Rocks” can hardly be discredited in re- creating the past of corporate manage- ment. How striking is the analogy will appear both in the domain of individual biography and in the ampler field of cor- porate manipulation. Any executor or administrator whose sombre duty it has been to canvass the returned vouchers covering the lifetime of an individual deceased, knows how easy it would be to construct a_ biog- raphy from such data alone. Checks in profusion payable to the florist, to the confectioner, and to the fashionable tailor are the economic counterpart of “love’s voung dream.” To these succeed the orders payable to the house-furnish- er, the paperhanger, and the painter. Then the more commonplace signatures ef the butcher and the grocer figure ‘n the sheaf of receipts. Shakespeare's seven ages are not more unmistakable than tke chronological succession of these silent records. They alow us to track their authors at home and abroad, in sickness and in health, in prosperity and in despair. They disclose his frai!- ties, reveal his benevolence, unbosom his investments, mirror his hopes, and follow him to the very shadow of the grave. Every man who keeps a bank account is perforce his own Boswell, and no library contains such autobiograph‘c material as reposes in the banker's pig- eorhole. The leaves of the Judgment Pook could be posted from their en- tries, and sentence itself cou'd almost be passed unerringly upon their silent tes- timony. When we turn to paint the broader canvas of corporation history, the same material is present, or should be, in abundance. Acts of the Legislature will! have to be re-read in the light of th corporation treasurer’s checkbook. i... the same token permits to open streets for transit lines become lum-nous, Tie Listoriographer must add to his equip- ment the art of the expert accountant, and his identification of the actors in the game of frenzied finance will be as indisputable as that of the Bertillon measurements or registered thumb- prints. In the superposed strata of re- turned bank checks, the evolution of corporate practices wil] stand self-reveal- ed. We may well anticipate the discov- ery of remnants of “simple faith,” per- haps even of fair dealing, in the palzo- zoic age of business enterprise. Then the diluvian age of Gould and Fiske and Drew will doubtless become clear, and possibly the glacial drift of Harriman. The more recent strata may be depend- ed on to disclose the fossil remains o: many species “of whom the earth was not worthy’—the cerberus croceus, or yellow dog, of the insurance era, and the accelerator or Quiggotherium of a more recent transitional epoch. Of paramount importance, clearly, i: the preservation of the precious ar- chives of such moment. The law has already done well to inhibit the destruc- tion of corporate books of account, | clearly the scope of the law should be extended. The movement making for the preservation of our national re- sources might well be made to embrace this object, and the American Hist: cal Society ought to memorialize Con- gress in the premises. A new “Mirror for Magistrates” can be compi‘ed only by the aid of this material, which stan *~ every hour in jeopardy. The significance of this new source of economic illumina- tion goes far to answer the almost de- spairing cry of a recent economic wri' er. Astounded at the pert'nacity with which the historical economists seek accumulate “all the facts,” he asks: How is the world to contain the writings, statistical, historical, critical. which must be accymnulated ere this enormous diag- nosis of trade and manufacture shal! be completed in its details? The reply is simple. The short cut to the truth is found in the preservation of the ledger and the checkbook. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN'S LARITY. Sir Henry Cam pbell-Bannerman’s death has called forth tributes more personal and feeling than were the expressions at the time of his resig- nation as Prime Minister. For Sir Henry's personality had become endear- ed to great multitudes. He might have been truthfully described, at any time within the past two years, as tle most popular man in Engiand. Yet eight years ago, during the Boer war, he was one of the most unpopular. The causes of the change make up an instructive study in statesmanship. POPU-

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392 Much of the late Premier’s hold on the public was due to his gifts at the hand of nature. With a certain rugged directness and bluff heartiness, which his countrymen have traditionally ad- mired, he had also a great personal kindness and a good-nature which no strain could break. These traits in com- bination made him, as Mr. Asquith de- clared in the House, both “revered and beloved”; and this characterization was handsomely and heartily subscribed to by Mr. Balfour. The laiter, indeed, said of Sir Henry before he became Prime Minister, that he was “happily endowed by nature and education with all the qualities which will enable him to Shine in this or any other position in which the fortune of political war may place him.” Geniality and courtesy ever marked Campbell-Bannerman’s public as well as private conduct. Political op- ponents could not but be fond of him and proud of him even when they at- tacked his measures. And in his con- tact with the great world outside the House, Sir Henry was able to win friends and conquer enemies by his transparent honesty and by a “pawky” kind of Scotch humor and imperturba- bility which served him well. Not long after he became Prime Minister, he ad- dressed an out-doors meeting in Liver- pool, which a few people tried to dis- turb by making unearthly noises. Sir Henry merely took off his hat to them with a smile, and said: “A pinch of mustard makes the beef appetizing.” But there was much more than jolly humor in Sir Henry Campbeii-Banner- man. Great force and tenacity lay be- neath his smiling exterior. A sort of dour obstinacy in sticking to his point and clinging to his convictions mark- ed his entire political career. This was foreshadowed in the first address which he made to the electors of Stirling in 1868. The son of a stanch Tory, he came forward as a Liberal—a fact which might make some think that he ought to apologize for being the son of his father. That he would not do, but he went on: If you wish to draw any augury from my close connection with Sir James Campbell this I would have you believe—that pos- sibly the stanchness may run in the blood, that I may inherit his tenacity without in- heriting his principles, and that, as my father, through a long public life, through good report, and through evil report, in fair weather and foul, has stuck to his party and his principles, so his son in like manner will stick to his In that forecast, so remarkably ful- filled during the subsequent forty years, sounds one true note of the ieal pub- lic man—steadiness. There was nothing flighty about Campbell-Bannerman. He was not always running after the latest political whimsies. With a clear body of convictions, he was ever ready to make varying applicaticns of them to the differing needs of the age, but from the principles themselves he would not [Vol. 86, No. 2235 The Nation. budge. His ideal of statesmanship was thus not that of a weathercock, point ing to the shifting wind, but of a com pass, with needle showing the north by which to steer the ship of state. Still higher was the merit of Camp bell-Bannerman in having the courage to tell his countrymen unpalatable truths, and in having the patience and inextinguishable hope to wait for them to see and vindicate the right. He was able, like John Bright, to withstand even an overwhelming popular senti- ment when he believed it in his heart to be wrong. He could do this, as in the melancholy days of war mania, without bitterness and without exaggeration, yet in the clear strength of a man who had his own conscience to satisfy. He was not content, with others, to sit one side till the storm had blown itself out, but manfully lifted up his voice against the prevailing fury, even though he knew that it would beat pitilessly upon his own head. Hence his popularity, when it came, was of the deeper kind which can be won only by those who do not try to win it. People saw him stanch and true and unruffled; and, when the revulsion occurred, were moved to put their trust in the steady man whom in their passion they had execrated. The success of such a man as Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman helps one’s faith in the soundness of democratic in- stincts. He rose by compelling appre- ciation of the stuff that goes to the mak- ing of useful public servants. Never brilliant, not even clever; no skilled dia lectician; no juggler with the hearts of the people; he won by his rare and sin cere humaneness, his indomitable cour- age, his unwearied patience, his politi- cal consistency and plain dealing and speaking. The people honored and trusted him because they came to be lieve implicitly in his desire to serve his country, not for what he could get out of it, nor for personal glory, but for what he could do to advance the com- mon weal. “THAT HORRIBLE TENNYSON.” Jules Lemaftre’s lectures on Racine, soon to be published in took form, have provoked the question, “Who reads Ra- cine?” “In France,” writes the corre- spondent of an English paper, “nobody!” The writer adds: As an old Polytechnicien and distinguish- ed soldier once said to me: ‘We have so much rabaché (gabbled) Racine at school that we are sick to death of him by the time we are grown up.” It is a case of— “Then farewell Horace, whom I hated so!” All this recalls Tennyson's lament: “They use me as a lesson-book at school, and they will call me ‘that hor- rible Tennyson.’” Indeed, the steady development of the teaching of English in recent years—a development which has produced many admirable results— threatens to make Shakespeare, Milton, and Coleridge as nauseous to the chil- dren of to-day as Ca#sar and Virgil, Xenophon and Homer were to their fathers. Something may be urged for the former practice of omitting English literature from the list of studies. When literature was not a part of the cur- riculum, students in school and col- lege would frequently turn to it for re- freshment and recreation. It presented such a sharp contrast to the rigidities and aridities of mathematics and the classics that boys and girls, when they took to literature at all, often found it a source of sheer delight. “The Mer- chant of Venice” was not a lesson to be learned; on the contrary, it was some- thing to be read half surreptitiously, perhaps between the covers of a geom- etry. It had the delicious flavor of for- bidden fruit. “When the master tor- mented me,” says Leigh Hunt in his “Autobiography,” “when I used to hate and loathe the sight of Homer and Demosthenes and Cicero, I would com- fort myself with thinking of the six- pence in my pocket, with which I should go out to Paternoster-row when the school was over, and buy another num- ber of an English poet.” And Tenny- son, when he was only twelve, wrote in one of his letters: “Going into the library this morning, I picked up ‘Samp- son Agonistes.’” Neither of these sen- tences could come from a modern Amer- ican schoolboy. However much he loathes Demosthenes and Cicero, he finds little comfort in the English poet, who is thrust upon him at the next recita- tion; and he fights shy of “Samson Agonistes” as of some monster that will soon pick him up and make his life miserable. To say this, however, is not to say that the study of literature in second- ary school and college may not be use ful and stimulating. If all our boys and girls came from cultivated families, where they had, like the Tennysons, “the run of their father’s excellent li- brary,” the books required for admis- sion to college would be a superfluity, and most of the college courses in mod- ern literature would be a throwing of pearls before Sindbad the Sailor. But with the vast foreign element in our population and with the thousands of natives who inherit no tradition of cul- ture, we cannot assume that the rising generation knows any literature beyond that of the penny newspaper and the ten- cent magazine. The college prescription in English is, then, for a lamentably large number of children, a necessity, if they are ever to read any books worthy of the name. The problem of the teacher is to bring the boy and the book together, but to do it so tactfully that the boy shall not abhor the book. Such tact, such skill, is all too rare. It implies, on the part of the teacher, taste, judgment, and en-

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XUM April 30, 1908] thusiasm, but at the same time a full appreciation of the boys shortcomings and his point of view. These are quali- ties seldom to be had for a thousand dollars a year, or even two thousand. really competent teacher of literature is hard to get at any price. Probably) not one in fifty of our active practition- ers is fairly qualified for the work. And the task is rendered still more difficul: by character of the college examina- tions. The questions have too often im- plied a minute knowledge of the book, to be attained only by the painful pro- cess of grinding. In an article in the Nation of February 20 Miss Agnes F. Perkins of Wellesley pointed out that these required books—both those in the list for mere reading as well as those for “careful study’—are read “two, three, and even four times,’ and that the luckless pupil is asked to make ab- stracts, outlines, and topic sentences, and to write themes about the charac- ters, the plots, the diction, and a dozen other similar subjects. This repetition is, aS Miss Perkins observes, “deaden- ing. The bloom is soon gone from the handled peach; the zest of discovery is lacking in the forced return to the fa- “The Idylls_ of the King” be- literally “that horrib!e Tenny- miliar.” comes son.” Yet, despite this possibility of alienat- ing pupils from literature instead of attracting them to it, the high school must try to form in them the habit of reading with intelligence and preci- sion. “The common slovenliness in reading” is one of the things of which Prof. W. A. Neilson of Harvard com- plained in an address last November be- fore the New England Association of Teachers of English. He has found that in a college class in Bacon’s Essays the chief difficulty lies “in leading the stu- dents to realize when they have not un- derstood.” He therefore urges “the training of the mind to concentrate up- on the sense of what is written, and to refuse to pass on until the sense has been grasped”—a bit of discipline that is prerequisite to real enjoyment of lit- erature. This discipline it is that stu- dents are expected to get from the books for “careful study.” The allusions, for example, where they are not clear, must be followed up and explained. Professor Neilson continues: The two great sources of allusion in our literature are the Bible and the classics. Neither of these is known to our genera- tion of students as they were known to readers contemporary with the authors of the chief masterpieces of English litera- ture; and matters are becoming worse rather than better. Clearly then, so far from giving up the laborious explanation of these things, teachers of English have to face the task of making up for this lack of literary background by supplying generously whatever is called for to insure complete intelligibility of the texts read in school. The Nation. It is a cruel alternative which the teach- er has to face. If he allows pupils to glide insensibly over such phrases as “Memorize another Golgotha,” and “Sis- ters of the sacred well,” he can be sure that much of the meaning of play or poem is lost; if he insists on thorough- ness, he can be almost sure that the play or poem is detested. Various rem- edies have been proposed. Some would add the Bible and the classical diction- ary to the already crowded curriculum. Professor Neilson would frankly pick out one or two pieces of literature—say, a play of Shakespeare and Milton’s minor poems—as a corpus vile for dis- section. On this material the student shall be exercised in the art of reading with understanding. It is on this theory of “spoiling” as little literature as pos- sible that Harvard has recently reduced to the lowest terms its list of books for “eareful study.” The discipline is too valuable to be wholly neglected, too dan- gerous to be pursued very far. All these difficulties arise because school and college are virtually compell- ed to do by formal, direct instruction what can be much more successfully accomplished by informal and indirect methods. The right way to acquire a literary background is to live where good books are an integral part of daily life—to take them in with the mother’s milk. In many cases teacher and school are, perhaps, the best substitute to be had; but even at their best they are a wretched makeshift. ROUSSEAU AND EDUCATION. We are perhaps hearing too much of Rousseau these days, and he threatens té@ become a kind of fetich of criticism. Tar the French he is, more than any other one man, the author of the Revolution with all the subsequent good or evil implied in that And now the Germans have dis- covered in him the father of their ro- manticism. ‘In reality his influence is ac- complished on German soil,” Paul Hensel in the latest monograph on the sub- ject; “here Rousseau was not the basis of a guillotine, but of a new culture. . Kant and Herder, Goethe and Schiller are not to be conceived without Rousseau, and through them is formed the new science, the new philosophy, the new poetry of Ger- man idealism.’”” One has an impulse to avoid a theme that has grown cheap from too much writing of this sort; but how escape the writer who gathered up in him- self the floating ideas of his age, and, by simplifying them to a portable creed and infusing into them the carrying power of his own great personality, made them the chief formative influence down to our own times? movement. says L One thing becomes clear as we study the ideas of the eighteenth century—liberty and progress anti innate goodness and natural Deism—that they all, until the ap- pearance of this man, imply a_ denial of that dualism of good and_ evil tendencies within the heart, which — hitherto had lain at the base of re- philosophy, ani that lack- sense they seem always to be shirking certain of the more trouble- some problems of life. The artificiality of that literature has become a proverb. This is not to say that the eighteenth century did not have its own theories of dualism. There was in Germany, for instance, that amusing doctrine of the harmonia prestabilita, spun by perhaps the shallow- est wit that ever imposed on the world as a profound philosopher. ‘The soul,” says Leibnitz, ‘follows its proper laws, and the body likewise follows those which are proper to it, and they meet in virtue of the preéstablished harmony which exists between all substances, as representations of one and the same universe.’’ According to which system, “bodies act as if there were no souls, and souls act as if there were no bodies; and yet both act as though the one influenced the other,’ etc. But these vagaries of a mechanical parallelism are, so to speak, a bye-product of the age, developed fromthe metaphysics of Descartes, aside from the naturalistic influences of England. The dominating line of thought runs from Newton and Locke, who formu- lated the laws of nature in the physical world and in the human intellect, through the French philosophes, to Condillac, who banishes dualism so far as to derive the including Locke's reflective sense, and ligion and ing this whole faculty, the ness, from the effect of physical impact. man, moral conscious- One thing was wanting to all these the- ories—to the dead parallelism of Leibnitz, to the moral rationalism of Toland and Chubb, to Shaftesbury’s florid Deism of the imagination, to the cynical or boisterous philosophy of Voltaire and Diderot—they all excluded the sense of that deep cleft within the human soul itself, which springs from the bitter consciousness of evil. This, in a way, Rousseau supplied, and through him what was a theme of speculation for the few was vivified into a new gospel. child continual re- How thoroughly Rousseau was a of his age is proved by the currence of English names in his works. Intellectually, he has little that is origi- nal; his Deism, his passion for liberty, his doctrine of instinctive goodness, are all avowedly from over the sea, and even his minor ideas can, for the most part, be traced to his predecessors. he made all these subservient to a pas- It was because sionate proclamation of a dualism between the individual and society, between nature and art, that he became so powerfully pro- vocative of change. In a way, even this dogma—for it is as arbitrary a dogma as any set up by St. Augustine—was not his own. It may be found implicit in English Deism, in the discrepancy between Pope's praise of the savage, to whom “‘full instinct is the unerring guide,’’ and his satire of a malignant society; it could even, in a later day, temper the rigid orthodoxy of Cowper: God made the country, and man made the town. In his “Fable of the Bees’’ Mandeville had given it an odd twist by vindicating the old notion of inherent evil and making the progress of depend on this cor- ruption of the individual. But these were unfruitful hints and thoughtless inconsis- tencies; they became a social force through the temperament of one man who, as Mad- society

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394 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2235 ame de Staél said, discovered perhaps noth- ing, but set everything ablaze II From lonely brooding on his own divided self, Rousseau was led to erect the dual- ism implicit in the philosophy of his day popular per- religion The Pelagian innate faculty of good- into a formula with all the suasiveness of a man's with his doctrine of ness united egotism to intense create the idea of the individual, himself and unmodified by otners, con- ceived in product of na- felt, by as a pure uncontaminated ture He, instinets good, yet he was painfully aware turpitude and the respon- Rousseau, was, he his into shift sibility of this corruption upon outside in- Here room for the Au- gustinian idealization of the good in man as an infinite God set over against the finite erring natural man; on the con- of his actual lapses shame he could only fluences was no and hence trary, he was driven to the conception of his own personality, and of every person- ality in so far as he projected himself into another, as good, and of other personali- ties, in hostile to him and limit or pervert his native proclivities, so far as they are as evil. Hence the dualism of the individ- ual in the state of nature and of society, of the one and the many without the old accompaniment of the infinite and the finite.* And evil to him was not a thing of jest and satire, but, by the whole weight of his being, a to be fear- ed and spurned. As embodied in society it his like living monster, lying in emotional power looms up in writings some malign wait rupt and destroy the unwary individual. It is the Dev'l of the mediwval monks reborn ir the height of the boastful age of reason te trouble for who and to cor- the consciences of men, can say how long a time In 1755, at the age of forty-three, he pub- lished Inequality,’” in which this theory is found fully developed his “Discourse on Here we have the picture of primitive man, living in solitude, mating by chance, and following undisturbed his healthy animal instincts. The first law of nature is love of self, and in this paradise of primeval isolation there is nothing to distort that innocent impulse. When by chance man meets with man he is kept from wrong- doing by the feeling of sympathy and pity which is, after the instinct of self-preserva- tion, the second law of nature. But—*‘The first man who, having enclosed some land, enought of saying this is mine, and found people simple enough to believe him, was the real founder of civilized society. How many crimes, murders, how many miseries and horrors would have been spar- ed human nature had some snatched away the stakes, or filled in the ditch, calling out to his neighbors: ‘Beware of listening to this impostor!’ ’’+ With the acknowledg- wars, one *Ginstave Lanson, in his ture francaise,” has with veloped this antinomy of the individual and the State running through all Rousseau's works, but he bas not analyzed its philosophic causes and cunsequences, “Histoire de la littéra- great shrewdness de- Taken from ‘Jean Jacques Rousseau,’’ by Jules Lemaitre. translated by Jeanne Mairet. New York: The McClure Co. M. Lemaftre’s lectures have all the bitterness of a converted Rousselian. He displays extreme cleverness in deriving all Rousseau’s theories from personal weaknesses and venities, showing in this perhaps a little too much of the romanticist @ rebours. As a philosophical treatise: the work Is not significant, except ‘n so far as it is a sign that the best-instructed minds of France are turning away from the romanticism The ver- of Rousseau in which they were schooled comes the division of ment of property more and less out of which springs all the brood of ambitions, crimes, penalties. Sym- pathy is stifled in envy, and harmless amour de soi-méme is converted into that social disease amour-propre; in a word, There is nothing this marvellous property means society. fanciful in comparing change from the individual] in a state of natural innocence to the same individual as corrupted by society with the theological doctrine of the Fall. They are both an at- tempt to transfer the inexplicable dualism within the heart of man to some ancient mythological event; nor does Rousseau de- nounce the evil introduced by property with less unctuous and priestly fervor than was used by a Bossuet in laying bare the depths of total depravity For the rest of his life he merely developed in various ways the thesis of his “‘Discourse on Inequality.” As he said himself at the end of his career, speaking of his own works: Following as best I could the thread of his meditations, I saw everywhere the de- velopment of his main principle, that na- ture has made man happy and good, but that society depraves him and renders him miserable. And particularly “Emile,” that book so much read, so little understood, and so ill appreciated, is nothing but a treatise on the original goodness of man, with the aim of showing how vice and error, strangers to his constitution, are in- troduced from without and imperceptibly work a change. IIL. In reality “Emile” is something more than a treatise on original goodness; it is an elaborate plea for a form of education by which the individual may be rescued from the perverting influences of society and restored to his primitive state of in- nocence. It is thus in a manner to the “Discourse” what “Paradise Regained’ is to “Paradise Lost.”” The instincts implant- ed in the child by nature are right; there- fore the aim of education is to place the child in such a position that these instincts may develop freely without any thwarting from master or society. To this end he separates his typical child Emile from family and comrades, and gives him a home in the country with a guardian, whose duty is, not to but to preserve him from physical accidents, and to act as a kind of Providence. Books during his early years are eschewed; all information is brought to the boy through the pleasure of observing natural processes and through play cunningly directed to Such a plan is, as Rous- willingly acknowledged, impossible except for a favored few, if not for all; but as an ideal toward which education might tend, it has exercised through the theories of Pestalozzi, Froebel, and other German pedagogues an enormous influence, and is still to-day the inspiration of most writers on education. In part the book is admir- ably wise; in its provision for training the in many other details, even, one gladly admits, in its opposition to an un- reasoning system of compression, it was not only a wholesome reaction from the practice of the day, but is full of sugges- tions of permanent value. But there is a growing belief among a certain class that the fundamental thesis of the book has control instruct, concealed manual training. seau body, sion by Jeanne Mairet (Mme. Charles Bigot) fol- lows the original faithfully and is fairly successful in avoiding the usual awkwardness of translations. worked, and is still working, like a poison in the blood of society.* To make instinct instead of experienced judgment the basis of education, impulse instead of control, unbridled liberty instead of obedience, na- ture instead of discipline, to foster the emotions as if the uniting bond of mankind were sentiment rather than reason, might seem of itself so monstrous a perversion of the truth as to awaken abhorrence in any considerate reader. And, indeed, these no- tions were slow in making their way against long-established traditions. Yet so honorable is the name of liberty, even when it is a masque for license, so flat- tering is the appeal to the individual's de- sire of unchecked autonomy, that Rousseau’s “education of nature” has deeply modified, if it has not en- tirely transformed, the practice of our schools. It is seen at work in the vagaries of the elective system, in the advocating of manual training as an equiv- alent for books, in the unbounded enthusi- asm for nature-study, in the encroachment of science on the character-discipline of the humanities, in the general substitu- tion of persuasion for authority. To some observers certain traits of irresponsibility in the individual and certain symptoms of disintegration in society are the direct fruit of this teaching. From this reverence man it is but a step Nature. Everybody is familiar with the scene in “Emile” where the Savoyard Vicar leads his young friend at sunrise to a hill rising above the fair valley of the Po and looking off afar to the chain of the Alps, and there in language of melting charm expounds his profession of faith. There is much that is discordant in the ideas of that document. The retention of the old belief in a heaven and hell has nv justification in Rousseau’s theory of man’s essential goodness, and in fact might with- out injury be removed from his greeny. The gist of his faith is a pure Deism, a trustful reliance on some beneficent God’ who is united with Nature by a mutual sym- pathy corresponding to that which he him- self feels, and who is in fact no more than a magnified projection of his own brood- ing personality into the infinite vold— himself and Nature, God and Nature. Be- yond this is no need of dogma or revelation or faith. Rousseau felt the instability of such a religion, and recommended a con- formity te the popular forms of worship in whatever land a man might be, as a guide and stay, so to speak, to this vague emo- tionalism. It is a pretty theory, not with- out its advantages, and warmed the fancy of more than one poet to noble utterance. But it has one insurmountable element of for nature within to the religion of *The latest book on “‘Emile’’ available in Eng- lish is Gabriel Compayré’s ‘Jean Jacques Rous- seau and Education from Nature,"’ translated by R. P. Jago (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.). This belongs to a series of Pioneers in Education, of which volumes on Pestalozzi, Herbart, Horace Mann, Spencer, and Montaigne have already ap- peared, besides the Rousseau. M. Campayré, like most professional students of pedagogics. is a convinced Rousseauist. He finds much that is impracticable or perverted in the details of “Pmile,"" but regards its total inspiration as wholesome. ‘‘We cannot, i ."’ he says, “‘hope to derive from Rousseau’s pedagogics a definite and final system of methods and procedure. But what is perhaps better, he handed on to his successors and still imparts to all who read him a spark, at least, of the flame which burned in him."’ To the critics, on the contrary, who look more deeply and dispassionately into human nature than is common with the specia.ist in pedagog- iex, it is just this fame which is beginning to be regarded as dangerous.

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weakness. It depends for its strength, for its very vitality, on the more precise faith of those whose worship it adopts. So long as these believe energetically in the virtue of forms and creeds, your Deist may prey upon their emotions; but a lasting church made up of Deists is inconceivable. Rous- seau’s Deism in fact came toward the end and not at the beginning of a movement; it flashed out into a grotesque worship of the Etre Supréme at the Revolution, but it has had no permanent and fruitful re- sults. He has, more than any other one man, given us our religion of to-day; but it is a religion of the state, as we shall see, and not of God. Iv. That change from theology to sociology is announced in the most radical of his works. “There is then,” he says, ‘‘a pro- fession of faith purely civil of which it pertains to the sovereign [people] to fix the principles, not exactly as dogmas of religion, but as sentiments of sociability without which it is impossible to be a good citizen or a faithful subject.”” The de- termining principle of this creed is the sanctity of the Social Contract as he has developed it in his treatise of that name. Man, he declares in his opening sentence, with that precision and vehemence that have made his words the battle cry of revolu- tion—‘‘man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.’’ Property has introduced a harsh inequality among men, and estab- lished those conventions of society upon which rests the right of the stronger. There is but one way in which liberty can be restored: society itself must be transformed into a composite individual equivalent so far as possible to thd isolated individual in the state of nature. That is the work of the Social Contract. His theories re- duce themselves to this single proposi- tion: The complete alienation of each associ- ate with all his rights to the whole com- munity; for, in the first place, each man giving himself entirely, the condition is equal for all; and, the condition being equal for all, no one has any interest in rendering it burdensome to the others {oh, most holy innocence! ]. . Each of us places his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and we receive back each member as an indtvisible part of the whole. At bottom his proposal comes to this: by some persuasion of a divine legislator [he has an eye on himself] or some incalcula- ble interference of Providence that sense of sympathy, which we found in the nat- ural man along with an innocuous self-love, shall suddenly take possession of man- kind as corrupted by society into a con- glomeration of warring egotisms and trans- form that society itself into a quasi indi- vidual with a single purpose and a single will; and so the antinomy of the one and the many shall be finally solved. It is a vain utopia or a prophesy of terrible des- potism, as you will; but you cannot doubt that this ideal of social sympathy has wrought enormously in the civilization of the present day. Vv. In part, Rousseau’s influence was gained by his pure literary talent. His was the faculty of creating phrases which remai in the memory after all the Reema. and chimerical follies of his writings have’ been forgotten, and which ring like trum-*

pet calls to action. But beneath it all lies the dzmonic personality of the writer, the inexplicable force that imposed the experience of this man Rousseau-—vaga- bond as he was, a foe of convention, be- trayer of sacred trust. morbid self-analyst ending with fixed hallucination of a con- spiracy of society against him—the magic glamour that imposed the private emotions of this man upon the world. As the creed of Christianity came to the Middle Ages colored by the intense self-absorption of St. Augustine’s “Confessions,” so the new faith has flamed up from the ‘‘Confessions”’ of Rousseau. The Roman had set an ex- ample for the pride of the saints; our mod- ern confessor proclaimed a similar pride for all the weak and downtrodden. In the audacity of his self-justification as of one who dares say, I am that I am, in his boastful admission that it was always im- possible for him to act contrary to his in- clination, in his defiant cry against a Prov- idence that caused him to be born among men yet made him of a different species from them, in all this itching to exhibit himself, he was the father of romanticism and of a morbid individualism that seeks to hide itself under the cloak of a collective ideal. For in reality his double motive of self- love and sympathy was one thing, and not two. The full development of the no- tion of sympathy will be found in Adam Smith’s “Theory of Moral Sentiments,” where either independently or through the influence of Rousseau’s “‘Discourse’”’ moral- ity is based systematically on that sense Both the Scot and the Frenchman would perhaps admit that, to a certain extent, sympathy, as the faculty of putting one’s self in the place of another, is a phase of <amour-propre, in so far as we are led thereby to convert the pain of others into fear for ourselves and the joy of others into hope for ourselves. But nei- ther of them recognizes the cognate truth that when the condition of others is con- ceived in a-causal relation to ourselves this order is reversed. That is to say, if the pain or loss of another in any way contributes to our own advantage, we re- joice in it even when the feeling of un- easiness remains more or less consciously present; and contrariwise with the joy or gain of another which effects our own dis- advantage. Thus a son must harbor some Satisfaction in the death of a father where- by he comes into an estate; while at the same time he may feel a sorrow derived both from the severance of long ties and from the uneasy foreboding of his own future fate as brought home to him by the present example. It is because of this ambiguous character of sympathy that it can never take the place of discipline and justice in regulating the affairs of men; as it is at best an extension of self-love, so it is always, when interests clash, in peril of unmasking as downright selfish- ness. A little honest observation of the actual working of Rousseauism in modern society would confirm this opinion only too cruelly. vi. It will have been remarked that one dom- inant idea of the eighteenth century finds no place in Rousseau’s system; the idea of progress he even repudiated. Yet, by a paradox, the believers in progress have

found in him weapons ready-forged to their hands, for that doctrine, it is clear, derives its strength from a trust in the essen- tial and natural rightness of human instincts which need only freedom to de- velop into right institutions. In practice, however, this faith in evolution has as- sumed seemingly diverse forms as it has at- tached itself to the principle of self-love or sympathy. On the one hand we have the unabashed acceptance of egotism as worked out in the philosophy of Nietzsche, and as shown in the unconscious acts of the domi- nant controllers of the material world. Nietzsche’s theory is beautifully simple. Society as he sees it now existent is a conspiracy against the individual. The re- ligious creeds, with their preaching of sym- pathy and renunciation, the curbing laws of the state, are merely an organized hypoc- risy by which the few strong are held in subjection to the many weak. In time the Will to Power (der Wille zur Macht) will become conscious and assert itself; then the instincts of the strong will break from pusillanimous control, and we shall have an harmonious civilization in which the few, following their unhampered desires, will rise on the labors of the submissive many, as now man makes use of a beast of bur- den. On the other side stands the whole group of theories known as Socialism. To Marx and his followers mankind is divided between the great mass of workers and the few capitalists who by the iron law of wages exploit them ruthlessly. Such a con- dition is the result of economic evolution; it will be cured when the workers, through the growth of class-consciousness, learn their sovereign power, and take full posses- sion of the sources of production and wealth. Competition and all its consequent suffering will thus cease when the people are welded into a unit by sympathy. The workers are in the solidarity of their inter- ests a kind of individual oppressed and cor- rupted by the privileged class who repre- sent the traditional institutions of the state. It might seem fanciful to derive systems so contrary in tendency from the same origin, yet both are alike in that they re- gard the evils of civilization as caused by that dualism of the individual and society, which was imposed upon the world as a new religion by one who sought in this way to escape the burden of personal responsibili- ty. Both look to relief in the solution of that antinomy through the application of natural science to human affairs and through the resulting free development of man’s natural instincts, one in the direc- tion of egotism, the other of sympathy. Nor is this difference of direction so real as may appear. It-is like a bad jest to suppose that under the Nietzschean régime, when the liberated superman has thrown off all sense of responsibility and self-con- trol, the masses would not be driven by unity of interests to combine for retalia- tion. To many it will seem an equally bad jest to pretend that a social sympathy based avowedly on class hatred would not, if relieved from the constraint of that op- position, fly into an anarchy of egotisms. One wonders curiously, or sadly sometimes, that the preachers who abdicate the fear of God for humanitarianism, and the teach- ers who surrender the higher discipline for subservience to individual choice, do not

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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 see, or, seeing, do notdread, the goal toward which they are facing P. E. M. NEWS FOR BIBLIOPHILES In 1886 there was published at Plymouth, England, a Bibliography of Sir Walter Ral- eigh by T. N. Brushfield—a pamphlet of only thirty-six pages. Now. in his eighti- eth year, Mr. Brushfield has published a second and much enlarged edition, forming a quarto volume of 181 pages, recording 330 titles, with 20 reproductions of title-pages, 16 half-tones, and a reproduction of Ral- eigh’s map of the Amazon and the Orinoco The first 115 numbers record biographies of Raleigh and sketches of his life in books and periodicals. While Mr. Brushfield men- tions that there were three distinct im- pressions of “The Discoveries of the Large, Rich, and Bewtiful Empire of Guiana,” in 1596, he does not distinguish between them. matter of fact, as noted by Mr there is a variation in the title of making four forms of AS a Eames, one of the editions the title-page The Trustees and Guardians of Shakespeare's Birthplace have, as we not- ed in our of March 19, published a pamphlet by Sidney Lee, “Four Quarto Editions of Plays by Shakespeare,”’ dealing with recent acquisitions by the Birthplace These four plays are “The Mer- chant of 1600; “A Midsummer Night’s Dream, “King Lear,”’ 1608; “The Merry Wives of Windsor,” 1619. The first and third of from a volume of plays Edward Windsor Hussey, which was broken up and May, 1906. The other Van Antwerp collec- the issue Museum Venice.” 1600: and these were belonging to it Sotheby's in from the sold two were tion, dispersed at Sotheby's in March, 1907 Mr. Lee is mistaken in saying that these were both from the Rowfant Library. One, “The Midsummer Night's Dream,” was the Rowfant copy, as has been pointed out before in this column; but the Rowfant copy of “The Merry Wives of Windsor” is still in New York. Mr. Lee’s pamphlet contains much interesting matter about the four quartos and their printers Though editors have been divided in opinion which of the two 1600 editions of “The Merchant of Venice’’ was the earlier, Mr. Lee seems to have proved that the edition ‘Printed by J. Roberts” is actually the first, and that the other, the rarer and more valua- ble one, “Printed by I. R. for Thomas Heyes,” was the second. Dr. Oscar Jennings of Paris, the possessor of a notable collection of engraved initial letters, publishes a large folio volume on a his material, “Early Initial Let- ters.” The book is fully and richly illus- trated with 1,300 good reproductions of or- namented letters of the fifteenth and six- teenth centuries. There is an introduction on the ornamentation of the primitive man- uscript book by rubricators and illumina- tors. There are sixteen chapters of text, from block books at the invention of print- ing through all the evolution of the art in connection with engraving. The instances are taken from all the earliest printers, with names of artists like Holbein and Al- bert Diirer, and examples of many others. The author says: part of With very few exceptions the decorative and pictorial initials reproduced from for- eign books have been chosen from works printed before 1525, and in most cases be- fore 1500. In Germany, Italy, France, and the Netherlands, schools of cutters and en- gravers in wood and soft metal, with strongly marked local characteristics, came into existence before 1490—in Germany some twenty years earlier—and during the last decade of the century numerous finely illus- trated books were issued from the chief continental presses. Corresp« mndence. AN ARTISTIC INTERCHANGE BETWEEN AMERICA AND GERMANY. To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Srr: The interchange of professors be- tween America and Germany has now had a fair trial. Although some of the difficulties attending this experiment—notably the dif- ficulty of arousing the American student mind to the unusual opportunities of an in- timate contact with representative men of learning from another country—have be- come more apparent through experiences of our German visitors at Harvard and Colum- bia, yet there can be no doubt that, on the whole, this interchange has been highly stimulating and enlightening to the academ- ie world, both of Berlin and of the Ameri- ca. institutions of learning engaged in it. Having contributed to some extent to the bringing this academic inter- change, I perhaps, be permitted to an enlargement and further devel- about of may, suggest opment of it in the sphere of art. It is high time that Germany should know more of what is going on in contemporary American art, and that America should be introduced into the new life stirring in con- temporary German painting and sculpture. No one even slightly familiar with Ameri- ean art of to-day can fail to be convinced that America now possesses painters and sculptors who need not fear comparison with those of other nation. Even so small a group of artists as the Ten Ameri- can Painters—Tarbell, Benson, De Camp, Childe Hassam, and their associates—who, at the present moment, are exhibiting in Philadelphia the harvest of their work of the last decade, offers something to the world which, in its delicacy and refinement of feeling, its subtle poetry and measure, its purity of imagination, is distinctly above the mass of Continental work with its fatal tendency to exaggeration and eccentricity. Add to these men other names of interna- tional fame, such as Abbey, Sargent, Mel- chers, and there can be no question that a judiciously selected exhibition in Berlin and other German cities of the works of living American painters would be nothing less than epoch-making for Germany. On the other hand, how can one be blind to the fact that German art of to-day, with all its eccentricity and capriciousness, is a most striking and effective expression of the well-nigh boundless vitality, vigor, and intensity of modern German life? Ger- many to-day is reaching out into the realm of great art. Men like Klinger, Stuck, Lud- wig von Hofmann, Lederer, Tuaillon—to mention only a few of the greatest—belong in the front rank of those who, of what- ever nationality and in whatever form, are trying to give an artistic expression to the ideal aspirations of modern life. To bring these men and their compeers in a truly any representatiye exhibition before the eyes of the American public, would mean indeed a heightening and quickening of the national imagination. For a number of years, a de- voted friend of German art in this country, Mr. Hugo Reisinger of New York, has been making arrangements for such a represen- tative exhibition; and it is devoutly to be hoped that his efforts be at last crowned with success. I would suggest that the leading art in- stitutes and artists’ organizations of the country appoint a committee, to arrange, in conjunction with Mr. Reisinger’s plans, for two simultaneous exhibitions, of American art in Germany and of German art in Amer- ica; and I venture to predict that such a committee would find in Germany, both of- ficially and among the artists themselves, a most ready welcome. KuUNO FRANCKE. Germanic Museum of Harvard University, April INFANT CRITICISM ONCE MORE. Tc THE EDITOR OF THE EVENING PostT: Str: I have been much interested in the views on “infant criticism’’—as you happily term it—set forth in your editorial of Feb- ruary 27, and in the letters of Prof. J. H. Gardiner, March 19, and Mr. W. S. Hinch- man, April 2. That there are two sides to the question seems clear. In some of its aspects, “infant criticism” is certainly lud- icrous enough. Still, this hardly proves that schoolboy criticism is per se ridiculous. It is. of course, absurd to expect a boy of thirteen or fourteen to write intelligently on abstract subjects ‘about which he neith- er knows nor can know anything. For that matter, it would be equally absurd to ex- pect anybody to write intelligently on such subjects under such circumstances. It may, perhaps, be somewhat like demanding bricks without furnishing the straw to ask a mere schoolboy to set forth the true inwardness of Sir Roger de Coverley’s “‘pe- culiar humor.” But is it any more absurd to ask him, after he has read the Sir Roger de Coverley Papers, to give his opinion of Sir Roger than to ask him to give his opinion about any other matter of fact that has come under his notice? I fail to see that it is. If “infant criticism’ were confined to subjects well within the grasp of the “in- fant’ mind, there would, I think, not only be no harm, but positive benefit in it when practised in moderation. That it would not be good criticism may be admitted. But then, does it follow that what a boy cannot do well, he should not try to do at all? If so, our “infants’’ must eschew not only criticism, but many other kinds of intellectual discipline usually regarded as fit and proper for them. The truth is, as Mr. Hinchman points out, it matters very little whether a boy can write goodcriticism or not. Whether he can even be taught to write good criticism, matters just as little. The important thing is that he should get the right kind of discipline to develop a taste for literature and a power of ex- pressing himself with at least an approxi- mation towards fluency and ease. To ac- custom a boy to the atmosphere of books and to discussions about books, ought not, therefore, to be regarded as impertinent to

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won April 30, 1908] The Nation. 397 the business of teaching him how to pro- duce effects like those he sees produced on the written page. It is, of course, con- ceivable that the art of writing can be taught without requiring the pupil so much as to look at a book. It is also conceiva- ble, perhaps, that the art of swimming can be taught wholly on dry land; but for most people it would seem advisable to provide for at least an occasional contact with the water. It is worth noting how teachers of other countries regard this question. French teachers, for example, seem to have no hor- ror of “infant criticism” in itself, at least to judge from the interesting account of the methods employed in teaching com- position in a number of the schools of Paris given by Mr. P. J. Hartog (see “The Writ- ing of English,” Henry Frowde, 1907), as the result of an investigation made by him recently. Making proper allowance for dif- ferences in the age of the pupils and for the peculiarities of the teachers, there is he says, substantial uniformity in the methods employed in all schools. In the elementary schools, the subjects assigned are ‘chiefly moral. In the compositions, however, “every general statement must be either illustrated by facts, or the sum- mary of facts already quoted.” In the higher primary schools, to which the pupils are admitted at the age of twelve or thir- teen, moral subjects give place largely to narration and description. The plan of a simple story is given to the pupil, and he is obliged to fill in the details, ‘“‘keep- ing the whole story in the same proportion as the outline.”” As he progresses, the out- line is reduced and he is thrown more and more on his own resources. In time, he is able, on his own plan, to build up fairly good little stories or descriptions. But— and this is the point to be noted—this abil- ity does not come to him solely because of practice in writing. There is a second ele- ment in the teaching of style which is re- garded by the French as no less essential: the systematic study and analysis of the French classics. The pupils are taught tu read great French authors and constantly to analyze what they read, to pass backward from the developed composition to the plan. In the secondary schools, the teaching dif- fers from that in the higher primary schools rather in the results obtained than in the method. ‘‘The pupils live in a more literary atmosphere, and home training has done more for them.”’ As illustrations of the kind of subject assigned to the pupils here, Mr. Hartog cites, among others, the following from actual lists at the Lycée Henri IV., and the Lycée Louis le Grand: Give an account of the Bourgeois Gentil- homme of Moliére, on the model of La Bruyére. Compare the account of the affair of the Allobroges in Sallust’s Catilina and Cice- r.’s third Catiline Oration. The childhood of the Cid (purely imag- inary). An imaginary conversation between Fla- vius and Arminius (a plan founded on chapters 9 and 10 of Book II. of the Annals of Tacitus being given). In what does the originality of Voltaire’s work in history consist? French types in the sixteenth century. These subjects would seem to be quite beyond the range of our “infant critics’; yet Mr. Hartog implies that the French boys to whom they were assigned ac- quitted themselves creditably. EDWARD FULTON. University of Illinois, April 11. THE TEACHING OF THOUGHT AND EX- PRESSION. To THE EDITOR OF THE NATION: Str: In your issue of March 19 you say: “The truth is that if all the teachers did their duty towards English, the special teacher of English composition would be a superfluity.”. This truth will appear still more important when we consider the re- lationship existing between thought and expression. So close is the intimacy that Prof. Max Muller affirmed the practical identity of thought and linguistic expres- sion in his seemingly extreme dictum, ‘‘No language without thought, no _ thought without language.’”’ This dictum we need not accept in its entirety, but we can no more conceive of language existing with- out thought than we can conceive of the skin of an animal coming into existence without an animal inside of it. It is per- fectly obvious therefore that the very first essential of expression is to have some- thing to express; that the first essential of clear expression is clear thought; and that the most effective way of gaining clearness of thought is to labor for clear expression. That the teaching of expression must suffer from being separated from the teaching of thought is therefore evident. But it does not suffer alone. The teaching of thought also must suffer, perhaps even more, from such separation, because the power to express the imparted thought is an essential element in the pupil’s mastery of the thought itself. The effective teach- ing of thought is not merely a process of pouring in, but is also one of drawing out, and the latter, which is no less essential than the former, can evidently be best ap- plied contemporaneously with the former, and by the same teacher. In short, the best way to teach either thought or expression is to teach thought in such a way as to at once arouse and stimulate the pupil’s own powers of expression. In view of these considerations, the prac- tice of having various teachers on various subjects apply, by lecture or otherwise, the pouring in process exclusively for days and weeks together, until the punil has become more or less water-logged mental- ly, and then sending him to another teach- er to learn how to pump himself out, seems a peculiarly abortive one. By fixing the attention upon form, to the neglect, if not the exclusion, of subject matter, this prac- tice involves a separation between the teaching of thought and the teaching of expression, which is equally hostile to both. Hence your assertion, “‘that the for- mal exercises in English composition are likely to become artificial and wholly de- tached from the pupil's interests, either in play or study, and in so far forth almost useless,”” is not only true, but is putting the case very mildly—perhaps too mildly. In my judgment it is not only “almost use- less,” but, in so far as it displaces the conjoint teaching of thought and expres- sion, it is a positive detriment. It is to be hoped that the agitation of this subject will be continued and be in- strumental in inaugurating methods where- by the teaching of thought and expression will go hand in hand to their mutual ad- vantage, instead of disjointedly, as now. HERBERT L. BAKER. Detroit, April 20. Notes. Frederick Moore's “Passing of Morocco,” is about to appear from the press of Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. Harper & Bros. will have a new volume of stories by Mrs. Deland ready within a fortnight. Early next month we are to have from L. C. Page & Co., a volume of interest to sportsmen, entitled, “In the Woods and on the Shore,”’ by Richard D. Ware. The Hon. Arthur Elliot requests the loan of any letters from the late Lord Goschen, whose life he is preparing to write. His address is No. 27 Rutland Gate, London, Ss. W. The last two volumes of Col. Dodge’s mil- itary history of “Napoleon” have recently been published (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), and their perusal confirms the opinion of Vols. I. and II., already expressed in our columns. The book constitutes the most extensive treatment of the whole of Na- poleon’s military career to be found in English; it is well supplied with maps and illustrations; and the author has diligence, enthusiasm, and a military point of view. But the method is somewhat slipshod, and the scale is not equal to that on which skilled military historians have dealt with Napoleon’s campaigns singly. The author, too, lacks the balanced judgment, wide in- formation, and sense of preciseness in lan- guage, without which the attempt at fram- ing historical generalities becomes a snare. As an example of this we may pick the dic- tum that “history narrates but one bril- liant victory gained by an army fighting with a river at its back—Cannez”’; yet only a few pages previously may be read an account of Napoleon’s victory at Dresden, won under precisely such conditions. It is further the case that Col. Dodge is decided- ly inclined to become the victim of a pet thesis; thus one may complain of a military historian who, when dealing with the cam- paign of 1813, constantly explains French reverses on the basis of a passing intel- lectual inferiority on the part of the Em- peror, but completely fails to bring out the technical point that dominated the whole campaign, which was that in 1813, and only in 1813, superior mobility had passed from the French armies to those of her enemies. The well-known Antiquariat of Jacques Rosenthal of Munich. has just published in three parts, under the title, ‘‘Biblio- theca Pedagogica,” one of the most comprehensive catalogues of educational works ever issued; it covers 590 pages and describes 8,241 numbers. It is particular- ly rich in the bibliography of educational publications of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The first part contains chiefly works down to the close of the eighteenth century, including a large list of incuna- bula and manuscripts. Erasmus alone is represented in 171 separate numbers. The second part contains editions of Latin and Greek classics and commentaries on them;

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398 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2235 here again incunabula and manuscripts are well represented. The third division deals chiefly with university and higher school publications, including also modern edu- cational works. The appendix includes sev- eral manuscripts dating back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The price is five marks. The recent work of Ferdinand Jakob Schmidt, “Zur Wiedergeburt des _ Ideal- ismus: Philosophische Studien” (Liep- zig: Diirrsche Buchhandlung), is another effort to revive German idealism, especially along the lines of Hegel's philosophy. The author confidently predicts such a regen- eration, and contends against the idols of our days, namely Psychologism, His- tovism, and Positivism. Prof. Julius Wellhausen of Gdéttingen, whose literary reconstruction of the Pen- tateuch was epoch-making, has not been able to resist the temptation to apply his methods to the Apocalypse of John also. In his “Analyse der Offenbarung Johannis,” originally an Abhandlung in the Reports of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Gétt- ingen, and now published by Weidmann, Berlin, Wellhausen discriminates sharply between the primary and _ secondary sources, both chiefly Jewish, that have en- into the composition of the Apoca- He concludes that this enigmatical is not a drama but a Bilderbuch. in however, the pictures are not all arranged. tered lypse work which, historically Under the title Beitrage zur Wissenschaft vom Alten Testament, Prof. Rudolf Kittel of the University of Leipzig has begun the publication (Leipzig: Hinrichs) of a series on Old Testament problems. The first Heft contains four papers by the editor himself, with the special title “Studien zur He- briischen Archzologie und Religionsge- schichte.” The bulk of the matter is the re- sult of Kittel’s investigations in Palestine in 1907; and the purpose is to bring the facts of archwology to bear on the inter- pretation of the Old Testament. The first and the last two studies are largely topo- graphical; the first is “Der heilige Fels auf dem Moria und seine Altiire’’; and the second deals with the stone of Zoheleth (Il. Kings, i. 9.) where Adonijah met his followers; and the last gives a reconstruc- tion of Solomon's laver chariot (I. Kings, vii. 27-39). A leading thought is the differ- ence between the religious ideals of the Israelites and those of the Canaanites who preceded them. Max Kielmann, Stuttgart, publishes a popular series of more or less apologetic discussions of phil-sophical and Biblical problems under the general title Christen- tum und Zeitgeist. Of the second series, lately begun, four brochures have appear- ed; two by Dr. E. Dennert, “Der Darwin- ismus und sein Einfluss auf die heutige Volksbewegung” and “‘Moses oder Darwin?” a third by Dr. Adolf Moyer, “Nietzsche als Denker, Dichter und Verderber’; and a fourth by Pastor J. Strehle, ‘“‘Der metaphy- sische Monismus.” Partly because the author is the present occupant of the chair of apologetics in the Catholic faculty of Wiirzburg formerly oc- cupied by Hermann Schell, sometimes call- ed the father of the whole Modernistic movement, the booklet of Prof. Philipp Kneib, ““‘Wesen und Bedeutung der Ency- klika gegen den Modernismus” (Mainz: Kirchheim) demands attention in passing. The work offers no evidence of that inde- pendent scholarship that distinguished Schell. “Sokrates und das alte Christentum” is the title of an address recently delivered at the University of Rostock by J. Geffcken and now published by Winter of Heidel- berg. It contains an abundance of material showing estimates of Socrates in the Chris- tian Church, from the early fathers down to Harnack, and then seeks to answer more particularly the question, “What do the teachings of Socrates mean for our genera- tion?’”” The work is an appeal to revive the Socratic ethical ideals, but not in the anti-Christian spirit that influenced Nietzsche’s similar appeal. The one hundred and twentieth meeting of the American Oriental Society was held on April 23 and 24, at Cambridge, Mass. The annual presidential address, by Prof. Charles R. Lanman of Harvard, was a dis- cussion of the aims, work, and needs of the society. He pointed out the imperative need of sustaining in its ever-widening scope this, the only society in America de- voted to the publication of strictly scien- tific papers on the Orient. Some forty-five papers were presented; several, however, were read by title only. Among those actually read should be mentioned that of Dr. J. E. Abbott of Bombay, on Indian in- scriptions at Baku, especially since the author’s modesty did not make it suffi- ciently clear that the interesting inscrip- tion first deciphered was one that had previously baffled the ingenuity of several foreign scholars of note. Sanskrit sub- jects formed the contents of a large num- ber of papers. Prof. Maurice Bloomfield of Johns Hopkins gave an account of work to be done in continuance of his Vedic concordance, and offered some ingenious if daring etymologies of Vedic words. Prof. George M. Bolling of the Catholic University of America, and Dr. Julius von Negelein, presented their completed edition of Parishishtas of the Atharva Veda, a valuable work, which the society hopes to publish in due time. Papers on some as- pects of the physical soul and on the of- fice of the Vedic Fire-god were offered by Prof. E. Washburn Hopkins of Yale; and his colleague, Prof. Hanns Oertel, spoke on the mechanical adaptation of words in Sanskrit, in accordance with which one form through mere juxtaposition is made similar to another form. Prof. A. V. W. Jackson of Columbia gave a popular ac- count of the home of Omar Khayyam (with photographs); and Dr. Truman Michelson a study of the Puranas. Prof. George A. Barton of Bryn Mawr discussed Plato’s “mystic number” (its Babylonian origin), and also the troublesome Lushtamar let- ter. Prof. Paul Haupt of Johns Hopkins treated Assyrian etymologies, explain- ed the Biblical phrase “upon whom my name was called,” and supported the view that Christ was not a Jew. Prof. D. G. Lyon of Harvard (who was on the eve of de- parture for the Orient) lectured on ex- cavations in Samaria; Prof. C. C. Torrey of Yale, in an explanation of “Huram-abi, the Pheenician craftsman,"’ contended that Huram or Hiram was not a proper name; Prof. W. Max Mueller of Philadelphia pre- sented an instructive series of Egyptian illustrations of manners and costumes of Western Asia in the third millennium B. c.; and Mrs. S. B. Scott set forth the theory that the harvest festivals of the Land Dyaks are economically conditioned. Count Okuma, ex-Premier of Japan, has given the society a complete font of Chinese and Japanese movable type, of which the so- ciety had long stood in need. The new officers are: President, Professor Hopkins (who has been secretary for twelve years); corresponding secretary, Professor Jack- son. Professor Hopkins and Professor Tor- rey, who have served together for eight years, resigned as editors of the journal of the society, and Professor Oertel and Prof. J. R. Jewett of Chicago succeed them. The next meeting will be in New York, April 15, 1909. At the sixteenth annual meeting of the American Jewish Historical Society, to be held at the Hotel Astor in this city May 17, the following papers will be read: Albert M Friedenberg, New York city, “The Jews of New Jersey from the Earliest Times to 1850” and “‘West Indian Jewish Cemeteries: a Proposal”; Dr. Herbert Friedenwald, New York eity, “Why This Is Not a Christian Country”; the Rev. P. A. Hilfman, Para- maribo, Surinam, “Additional Notes on the History of the Jews in Surinam’; Leon Huhner, New York city, “Some Additional Notes on the History of the Jews of Geor- gia in Colonial Times” and “Some Jewish Associates of John Brown’’; Max J. Kohler, New York city, ‘“‘Roderigo Lopez, Queen Elizabeth’s Physician, and his Relations to America” and “Phases of Jewish Life in New York before 1800—III."”; Walter H. Liebmann, New York city, ‘“‘Correspon- dence between Henry Clay and Solomon Etting, and Notes Thereon’’; Isaac Mar- kens, New York city, “Lincoln and _ the Jews.’ President Cyrus Adler will deliver the annua! address. In connection with the celebration of the semi-centennial of the liberation of Italy, an important educational exposition, simi- lar to that held in Vienna in 1873, will be opened in Rome. It is expected that the collections thus brought together will form the nucleus for a national pedagogic mu- seum. Jacob Voorsanger, rabbi of Temple Em- anuel, San Francisco, since 1896, and pro- fessor of Semitics in the University of Cali- fornia since 1895, died April 27. He was born in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1852, and was a graduate of the university there. He had been rabbi in Philadelphia, Provi- dence, and Houston. Among his books are “Life and Works of Moses Mendelssohn” and “The Chronicles of Emmanuel.” He was consulting editor of the “Jewish En- cyclopedia.” Prof. Nicolas-Emile Gebhart, a member of the French Academy and member of the Faculty of Letters at Paris, died April 21. He was born in 1839, and he had been professor in the lycée at Nice and in the Faculty of Letters at Nancy. His books are “Praxitéle,” “La Peinture de genre dans |’antiquité,” ‘“‘Rabelais,” “‘L’Italie mys- tique,”” “Origines de la renaissance en Italie,” “‘Moines et papes,” and ‘“Autour d’un tiare.” He was a contributor to the Revue Hebdomadaire, Revue Bleue, and Revue des Deuzr-Mondes. Carl Gustaf Styffe, the historian, and

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. 399 former university librarian of Upsala, died in Stockholm last month, nearly ninety- one years old. His magnum opus is the collection of documents published in five large volumes, from 1859 to 1884, under the title “Bidrag till Skandinaviens historia ur utlandska arkiv.” Better known, perhaps, is his study in historical geography, “Skandinavien under Unionstiden,”’ first published in 1867, and issued in a new edi- tion in 1880. Lately he was one of the editors of the writings of Axel Oxenstjerna. NOTES ON TEXT BOOKS. Among recent books relating to both the philosophy and the practice of education perhaps the most ambitious is “A Theory of Motives, Ideals, and Values in Educa- tion,” by William E. Chancellor (Hough- ton, Miffin & Co.). The author endeavors to formulate not merely a philosophy of education, but a philosophy of life. In spite of the title, however, he does not offer any coherent theory upon which the science or the art of education may build. Frequent- ly, his meaning is not clear, and his conclu- sions are not warranted. The book shows wide knowledge of history, science, and philosophy, and discusses a great variety of topics; but while it is stimulating and will doubtless be read by many teachers, it will have little influence upon the course of education. That the kindergarten move- ment in America has been one of the most significant phases of the revolution in the ideals of education in this country is the central thought of “The Kindergarten in American Education,” by Miss Nina C. Vandewalker (The Macmillan Co.). The book gives a history of a half-century of kindergarten development, exhibits its re- lation to other movements that have been significant in American life and education, and shows how its practice is being grad- ually modified by the new educational psy- chology. The interest in this volume is not for the teacher alone, but is for all stu- dents of social and educational problems. ‘The Management of a City School,” by Arthur C. Perry, jr. (The Macmillan Co.), discusses public school administration from the point of view of the principal as dis- tinguished from that of the superintendent, who deals with the broader questions of policy and of organization, and that of the teacher, whose problems relate to the in- dividual child and to the presentation of the subjects in the curriculum. The prin- cipal is in many respects the most impor- tant person in the school system. His re- lation to his superior officers, to the com- munity, to the parents, to the teachers, to the pupils, and to his profession are treat- ed by Mr. Perry in a thoughiful and ra- tional manner. The book should be help- ful to young principals and to those who are fitting themselves for such work; and it can be read with profit by all who are concerned jn the work of the public schools. A citizen of California recently offered two prizes for the best essays on ‘Moral Train- ing in the Public Schools.” The two es- says to which prizes were awarded and three others of special merit are publish- ed by Ginn & Co. under the above title. The writers are clergymen and teachers, whose joint product is a fairly complete statement of prevailing thought and prac- tice. The book deserves attention from parents as well as teachers. Many experi- ments in self-government by pupils of all grades have been tried with varying de- grees of success. Dr. Bernard Cronson in “Pupil Self-Government”. (The Macmillan Co.) gives an account of one of these ex- periments which has resulted in valuable ethical as well as civic training. The prin- cipal who is interested in the subject will find in this book a very definite statement as to methods and as to conditions essen- tial for success. Whether he can obtain such results as are here described will de- pend largely upon himself, for a principal endowed with the requisite tact and wisdom is the chief condition which makes real pupil self-government possible. The most important place among English texts prepared for school and home use must be given to “The Essays of Francis Bacon” (Scribners), edited by Prof. Mary Augusta Scott. The Introduction is full, dealing with the life and literary work of Bacon, and the notes let nothing pass. We cannot always follow the judgment of Miss Scott, cannot, for example, see that “the ‘Essays’ are as surely the expression of a genuinely religious spirit, as of a worldly- wise one.” ‘Ve think the editor, in the de- sire to be complete, has loaded her anno- tations with a good deal of dead matter. Thus, glancing over the pages, one finds brief and perfunctory definitions of such words as Alcoran, discontentment, unguent, etc., with statements of such obvious facts as that Cicero was a ‘“‘Roman orator, phil- osopher, and statesman.”’ The student who needs such notes had better leave Bacon alone; they only serve to increase the pe- dagogical tone of the book without adding to its value. Yet withal the editing shows considerable learning, and it is a pleasure to find an editor pleading valiantly for Latin as the basis of English instruction. Among the recent aids to work in writing we should name “‘Specimens of Prose Com- position” (Ginn), edited by C. R. Nutter, F. W. C. Hersey, and Prof. C. N. Greenough, which gives as examples to be followed a selection of extracts about the length of daily or weekly themes; a “Handbook of Composition” (Heath), by Edwin C. Wool- ley, being a compendium of rules in gram- mar, sentence structure, paragraphing, and the other elements of good writing; “Gram- mar and Its Reasons” (A. S. Barnes & Co.), by Mary Hall Leonard, a thoroughly sensi- ble treatise in which definition, history, and example go hand in hand together; and Frances M. Perry’s ‘“‘Introductory Course in Exposition” (American Book Co.), a good third of which is given up to a study of the various forms of literary criticism with numerous examples. Asacompanion volume to the last-named Prof William T. Brew- ster’s “Specimens of Modern English Lit- erary Criticism’’ (Macmillan) might be taken up. Here whole chapters and essays are given, ranging from Johnson's ‘‘Meta- physical Poets,’’ to Henry James’s ‘‘Art of Fiction,” and including Matthew Arnold’s “Study of Poetry,’”’ Coleridge’s chapter “On Poetry and Poetic Power,” and Shel- ley’s “‘Defence of Poetry.”” Most important, at least most significant, among the books of select readings, is “A Collection of Eighteenth Century Verse”’ (Macmillan), by Prof. Margaret Lynn. It presents chiefly the earlier poets of the century, including besides the greater names such minor writers as Pomfret, Som- erville, Philips, Tickell, and Dyer, and omitting Cowper and Blake. It seems to us eminently wise to call the attention of young students to these sane, if not always inspired, writers. Other good volumes of selections are: “John Henry Newman” (Houghton), edited by Prof. Maurice Fran- cis Egan; ‘“‘Dryden” (Frowde), by G. E. Hadow; “Byron” (Ginn), by Prof. S. M. Tucker; “Poe” (Ginn), by J. Montgomery Gambrill; “Shelley” (Houghton), by Prof. G. H. Clarke; and “Chaucer” (Scott, Fores- man & Co.), by Prof. Edwin A. Greenlaw. Among recent editions of German texts for school and college use there may be singled out as particularly useful the fol- lowing: Lessing’s ““Minna von Barnhelm,” by Prof. Philip S. Allen (C. E. Merrill Co.); Goethe’s Sesenheim episode from ‘“‘Dichtung und Wahrheit,” by Prof. A. B. Nichols (Henry Holt & Co.); Goethe’s ‘Torquato Tasso,” by Prof. J. F. Coar (Ginn & Co.); Grillparzer’s ‘“‘Ahnfrau,” by Profs. G. H. Dan- ton and F. W. Heuser (Holt); Hoffmann’s “Meister Martin,”’ by Prof. R.H. Fife (Holt); and Keller’s “Das Fiahnlein der sieben Aufrechten,” by W. G. Howard and A. M. Sturtevant (D. C. Heath & Co.). All these editions are carefully and judiciously done and bear evidence of the marked improve- ment, which the academic study of German literature in this country has wndergone during recent years in seriousness, solidity, and comprehensiveness. Of especial merit and interest is Professor Coar’s introduc- tion to “Tasso” with its skilful unravelling of the manifold threads which constitute the somewhat perplexing fabric of Goethe’s drama. The “Abhnfrau’’ is preceded by a good account of Grillparzer’s life and by a critical discussion of the relation of the play to its sources and to the Fate Tra- gedy. The value of the Sesenheim extracts from “Dichtung und Wahrheit” is in- creased by an appendix containing those of Goethe's poems that were inspired by Fried- erike and other contemporary accounts of Goethe's Strassburg days. Hoffmann’s posi- tion in the history of German literature and his influence on European literature are well brought out in the introduction to “Meister Martin.” The volumes added during the past twelve months to the Oxford Higher French Series ‘(Henry Frowde) have been numer- ous, and the authors represented are drawn from a wide field, upon which an American publisher would probably often hesitate to venture, if anxious for profit. For instance, Michelet’s “‘La Mer’ appears in an edition of two hundred and fifty pages, accom- panied by “L’Oiseau” in another briefer volume. Editions of Barbier’s “Iambes,” of Chénier’s Poems, and of Daniel Stern’s “Les Journées de juin, 1848,” are also un- familiar to the ordinary catalogues of text- books, but should prove useful to venture- some students or advanced teachers. More familiar titles are Balzac’s ‘“‘Eugénie Gran- det” and selections from Mérimée and from Coppée. The introductions and notes of these volumes are nearly always above the average, and contain many an interesting parallel passage and useful reference. The Oxford Modern French Series, issued by the same publishers and under the same gen- eral editor, Léon Delbos, contains more ele- mentary texts, less elaborately an-

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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 400 notated Alfred de Vigny’s “Servi- tude et grandeur militaires’” and Feu- illet’s “Jeune homme pauvre” are accom- panied by stories and descriptions of trav- el such as Marmier’s “Fiancés du Spitz- berg’’ and René Bellot’s “Journal d'un voy- age aux mers polaires.”” D. C. Heath & Co issue two volumes of selections from Dau- det, edited by C. Fontaine, and from René Bazin, edited by Victor E. Francois. Dau- det has been long in use in schools, but the present volume contains a rather new and unhackneyed, though no less characteristic Bazin is also destined, in all to supply the demand for brief, selection probability, interesting, and well-written stories for beginners in French. Messrs. Shippee and Greene “Stories from French Realists,”’ Maupassant and Zola (American Book Co.) may also meet the craving of many teach ers for modernity. “Selections from Boi- leau,”’ edited by Prof. Oscar Kuhns of Wes- leyan University, appears in Heath’s Mod- ern Language Series. The “Art poétique”’ and the dialogue of the “‘Héros de roman” are given in full, with selections from the satires, epistles, and miscellaneous vers¢ The edition is carefully annotated. though the plan of extracts makes the work of rather transient value to the student If he is capable of appreciating Boileau at all, he has reached a stage in the study of French literature which will make him need to consult more than this brief vol ume contains Livy, Book I, and Selections from Books II.-X by Prof. W. Dennison, and Three Tragedies of Seneca (“Hercules Furens,”’ *Troades Medea’’) by Prof. H. M. King- ery, have recently been published by the Macmillan Company, as the initial volumes of a new series of Latin texts for college use rhe impression has been growing that college texts have been annotated more in the interest of teachers than of students. This series is intended to contain nothing that is not of immediate use to the stu- dent To accomplish this object is hard, as these editions show Livy is difficult and should be read by fresh- only in spots men; while Seneca’s tragedies are never easy, and should be read by seniors. Yet both these books seem to have been pre- pared for the same grade of students, namely, freshmen. They both contain short introductions, in which the important facts and works of the authors are summarized; and the text is followed by brief commentaries, in which a secking light on difficult passages would probably be disappointed. This is the more regrettable in the case of Seneca, edition of his plays In the commen- in regard to the lives student because there is no with English commentary. tary on Livy we find little as to Latin idiom and nothing as to Livy’s style. We look in vain for any indication that the first book is almost epic in character or that the student is reading the work of a great literary artist. One feature of the commentary is, however, valuable; at ap- propriate places are inserted references to various handbooks for parallel reading, which, if done, would make the course of importance for the study of Roman history. In the commentary on Seneca we are struck by the large amount of translation, often where there seems to be no occasion for it, if the author is to be read by seniors The quality, too, of this transla- tion, is often inferior. The various metres are treated somewhat elaborately in the introduction, but their effect is not dis- cussed. The position of Seneca in the de- velopment of the Latin literature and lan- guage is dismissed with half a page. Despite these defects the edition is useful, for it makes accessible to students what has been thus far barred. Prof. F. H. Potter’s “New Method for Cwsar,’’ published by B. H. Sanborn & Co., is likely to prove useful. A real difficulty in high school teaching has been the change from the disconnected reading of the beginner’s book to the con- of Cesar. The various selections used to bridge the gap are not entirely successful; while the use of Cz#sar itself as a beginner’s book is open to grave tinuous narrative objections. Professor Potter treats the Helvetian war in a new way. Dividing the narrative into reading lessons of conven- ient length, he prefixes to every reading les- son a preliminary study, in which he gives the vocabulary, the idioms, and the chief syntactical principles illustrated reading exer- consisting of the substance of the passage in the form of detached After this preliminary study, the discusses n the text, and provides a cise Cesarian sentences student reads the passage from Ceasar as a review, in which all the elements are known. The is well worked out. The chief objection is that no effort is made to estimate the value of individual words. Exercises for translation into English, em- not the syntax, of book bodying the vocabulary the various lessons, would add to the value of the work The appearance of two new elementary Greek books within a year shows that teachers of Greek are alive to the critical position of that subject in our educational system. These are the “‘Beginner’s Greek Book,” by A. R. Benner and H. W. Smyth (American Book Co.), and the more recent “Elementary Greek” by T. C. Burgess, aul R. J. Bonner (Scott, Foresman & Co.). Both books are similar in general arrange- ment, albeit with innumerable divergences in detail. Both seek to arouse interest by inserting Eng!ish derivatives in the vocab- ularies English words are remote from common use. Both base their choice of material on Xenophon’s “Anaba- sis,” for which they form an immediate preparation. Finally, both are lavishly as well as carefully illustrated, and in this respect might serve as an introduction to the study of Greek art. But here the re- semblance ceases. In the “‘Beginner’s Greek Bock” we are at once impressed by the small space given to exercises from Eng- lish into Greek. The authors justify this by insisting that the best exercises of this kind consist in turning the English render- ing of the Greek text back into Greek with- out using the book. For most _ schools, however, this is a counsel of perfection. “Elementary Greek” is much more conser- vative. making the English-Greek exercises of equal size with the Greek-English. The reading material differs greatly in the two books. In the former the translation is of detached sentences throughout, many of them taken bodily or with slight changes from the “Anabasis.” Supplementary read- ing is added at the end, consisting of a few selections from the “Anabasis,’’ some of them simplified; the object of the authors !s to preserve Xenophon practically undefiled even when the for later study. In “Elementary Greek,” on the other hand, the reading, beginning with the eighth lesson, is the ‘“‘Anabasis” it- self. with some slight modifications in the first few lessons. This plan enables the student to cover during the study of this book the first two chapters of the ‘“‘Ana- basis,”” and makes the completion of the first book no difficult matter for the year. The most notable of recent American text-books of mathematics are Bodcher and Duval’s “Introduction to Higher Algebra’ (The Macmillan Co.), Townsend and Good- enough’s ‘“‘First Course in Calculus’’ (Henry Holt & Co.), Osgood’s “Differential and In- tegral Calculus” (The Macmillan Co.), and Woods and Bailey’s “Course in Mathemat- (Ginn & Co.). These works are all out- instruction. Prof. strictly an ics” growths of courses of Maxime Bocher’s book, introduction to, and not a compendium of, higher algebra, is far less comprehensive than the works it resembles in spirit and grasp, namely, Serret’s cele- brated “Cours d’algébre supérieure” and Weber’s ‘“‘Lehrbuch der Algebra.’’ For ex- ample, the great doctrines of invariants and groups are treated only briefly, and the Galois theory of algebraic not at all. Nevertheless, the rich in content, including such cardinal matters as polynomials, linear dependence, trans- formations and combinations of matrices, bilinear and quadratic forms, the theory of elementary diviscrs, and related topics. modern being classic most ‘quations volume is critical spirit of is here The minutely mathematics manifest in the em- phasis rightly placed on the consideration of exceptions to the ‘‘general’’ validity of sweeping propositions. The most conspicu- ous merit of Townsend Goodenough’'s “Course” is due to its- being a joint prod- uct of a professional mathematician, who is responsible for the theory, and a pro- fessional teacher of mechanical engineer- ing, who is mainly responsible for the practical aspects of the work. The authors deserve hearty commendation for thus at- tempting to meet the demand, coming from that those who teaching of funda- and technological schools, are charged with the mental mathematical subjects shall be less indifferent than hitherto to their instru- mental as distinguished from their purely Prof. W. F. Os- efforts of a scientific significance. In book culminate the generation of mathematicians to produce a beginner’s calculus that shall be botb rigorous and understandable, theoretic enough to be scientific, and sufficiently prac- tical for the needs of the engineering stu- dent. For directness and simplicity of presentation, clearness and correctness of statement, judicious accentuation, and hap- py mingling of the concrete and particular with the abstract and general, this work both makes and marks an epoch in the his- tory of its subject. In view of such merit one hesitates to note so minor an infelicity as the recurring phrase, tangent in a point; or to query why the basal notion of limit defined, instead of being taken Woods and Bailey’s book volume of a work which aims to present together—in a_ single course—the algebra, analytic geometry, calculus, and differential equations usually required of engineering students in the first two years of their professional study. The attempt represents a wholesome reac- tion against the long prevailing practice of good's is. not for granted. is the first

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. 401 presenting these subjects in as many sep- arate courses, and of thus incidentally giv- ing the student the impression that the several doctrines are essentially insulated and independent, instead of being, as in fact they are, but different parts of one complicate instrument or different organs of a single body of doctrine. The danger of the reaction lies in the opposite extreme namely, of so presenting a group of in- terpenetrating disciplines that they shall have the effect of a mere mélange. Among books on electricity we may note ‘Elementary Principles of Continuous-Cur- rent Dynamo Design,” by H. M. Hobart (The Macmillan Co.). The several chapters, excepting the last, “The Application of Re- versing Poles to Continuous-Current Dyna- mos, and the Design of Continuous-Current Dynamos for High Speeds and Voltages,” deal in an excellent manner with the va- rious items which must be considered in the design of direct current machinery. The final chapter, however, is extremely weak, not do credit to the well-known ability of the author. This book may be regarded as a modification of the direct current section of the excellent volume on “Electrical Generators,’ written by Mr. Ho- bart in collaboration with Mr. Parshall. The work is now brought within such di- mensions as to be available for the “‘pock- et” of the student, for whom it is undoubt- and does edly an excellent text-book “Continuous Current Engineering,” by Alfred Hay (D. Van Nostrand Co.), deals with the ele- mentary electrical and magnetic phe- nomena, and with their various appli- cations to practice. The matter is well presented, and the work forms a fine com- volume to the author’s excellent “Alternating Currents.”’ The book should be of considerable value to the student in engineering, since it com- bines within the same covers the fundamen- tal phenomena and their applications. ‘The Construction of Dynamos,’ by Tyson Sew- ell, lecturer at The Polytechnic, London (D. Van Nostrand Co.), may be criticised upon the ground that certain matter is intro- duced which is foreign to the design of dy- namos. The work is an ambitious attemp: to produce a book in a field already well covered; and, while forming, perhaps, an ex- cellent lot of lecture notes, it is not ona par with other works in its field. ‘Electric Railways,” Vol. II., by Sydney W. Ashe of the Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn (D. Van Nostrand Co.), contains some excellent ar- ticles, such as “Cost Data’’ and Mailloux’s panion treatise on treatment of “Car Distribution’; but the author has not always shown sound judgment in the selection of his illustra- tions or specific examples. Taken as a whole, however, the work should be useful to the student in showing the various fac- tors which must be considered in the sim- ple layout of an electrical railroad system. ‘Manual of Wireless Telegraphy,’’ by James Erskine Murray (D. Van Nostrand Co.), dis- cusses the phenomena and pieces of appa- ratus employed in wireless telegraphy. The final chapter is an excellent treatment of all the problems to be considered in the Gesign and calculations of a specific wire- less telegraph station. The book is well arranged, and is a valuable addition to the literature of wireless telegraphy. less Telephony,” lated by James Erskine Murray “Wire- by Ernst Ruhmer, trans- (D. Van Nostrand Co.), discusses the problems of the wireless telephone as developed by light or heat, radiation, and electrical forces. The subject in itself is not far advanced, the theory not definitely settled; and this fact the author recognizes by giv- ing a semi-popular treatment. The mat- ter is well presented, and it should prove interesting reading to all who take an in- terest in the advances of electrical engi- neering “Practical Physics,” by C. M. Crawford and Barry Macnutt (3 vols., the Macmillan Co), is an attempt to make the laboratory course in physics more than a succession of measurements. By the assignment of p-oblems, the solution of which requires ex- perimental data to be found by the student, the course becomes, as it should be, a means of obtaining clear conceptions of the subject, and thereby extending knowledge of physics by future research. The work is well done, thovgh an elementary study of physics is a prerequisite to the use of the book. ‘Principles of Physics,’”’ by Alfrea Page, revised by Arthur W. Goodspeed of the University of Pennsylvania (Ginn & Co.), is a modern edition of an older book, covering the subject as required for col- lege entrance and for the first year of some colleges. The treatment is consistent and clear; the problems are numerous and mod- “A Text Book in Physics,’ by William N. Mumper, professor of physics in the State Normal and Model Schools of Tren- ton, N. J. (American Book Co.), is an ele- mentary text from the school point of view, but not intended for a laboratory manual. lt is easy reading; too easy, if anything. Moreover, the attempt to introduce into au extremely elementary text any ideas con- cerning the operation of steam engines and steam turbines, both of which are illus- trated and briefly described, follows an un- happy tendency in much of the present ele- mentary instruction throughout the country. This superficial treatment in elementary schools leads students to think they know a subject when they have learned scarcely more than its technical words. ern. CURRENT FICTION. The Weight of the Name. By Paul Bourget; translated from the French by George Burnham Ives. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. In the hands of so skilful a translator as Mr. Ives, there was no need to fear a serious loss of that delicate precision which counts for so much in M. Bourget. This touching story keeps in its English dress much of the peculiar charm, the quivering intensity of emotion never verg- ing upon mawkishness, of the original. The theme is that very ancient one most recent- ly, perhaps, treated by Mrs. Wharton in her ‘“‘Madame de Treymes’’—the struggle of the new régime and the old, of the ambi- tious modern against the tyranny of race! In this case the issue is decided by fate, but the conflict is none the less sharp be- cause the decision is in the hands of the gods. It is hard to say which of the pro- tagonists arouses the greater sympathy— the young malcontents or the guardian of tradition. Qount Landri de Claviers-Grandchamp, son of the Marquis of that ancient name, has reached his thirtieth year before his reaction against the restraint of caste comes to the point of open revolt. Natur- ally active and ambitious, he has early been made to feel the barrier of his no- bility, to experience “that paralysis of the youthful being, quivering with life, hungry for action, because of a past which was not his own, suffocation by prejudices which he does not even share.’’ The situa- tion has been made but the more difficult from the lofty character of the old mar- quis, who adores the past without being a fool. The son has taken advantage of the only semblance of career offering itself by entering the army, and has become devotedly attached to the widow of a fel- low-officer, bourgeoise by birth, but of a sensibility and refinement equal to his own. Such a marriage will be a criminal mésal- liance in the eyes of the father, and the young man finds himself, when the nar- rative begins, confronting the necessity of announcing his betrothal with the certainty of alienation from his family. It is prob- able also that unless he leaves the army he will have to conduct a forced inventory of church property, which will seem to the father an act of treason and sacrilege com- bined. Suddenly the fact is revealed to the count that he is not a Claviers-Grand- champ, but the son of a liaison between his mother and a friend of the marquis. The real father dies, leaving his fortune to the marquis, who is badly in need of it, but who is informed anonymously of the fact of the former relation between his benefactor and his wife, and of the real parentage of the count. Meanwhile the un- fortunate has judged it his duty to con- ceal the fact from his supposed father, and to submit himself finally to the tyran- ny of the name. He refuses to make the church inventory, and is retired from the army just before the marquis’s discovery makes the sacrifice vain. But the name is still to be protected. It is arranged that the marriage with the bourgeoise, no long- er really a mésalliance, shall take place, to be made the pretext of a breach between the marquis and his supposed son. The plan is carried out; and the young pair de- termine to leave France, so that the name to which they have no right may be drop- ped without scandal. The stern old mar- quis determines that the race shall die with him, and sells all his property in order to repay the accursed legacy of his wife’s lover. The final scene, in which, vanquished by the love which his rich na- ture cannot unlearn, he hastens to the dingy Liverpool hotel to give his final farewell and blessing to the _ self-exiled pair, sets its benign signature upon a por- trait noble in many senses. The New York: Daughter. By Constance Smedley. Moffat, Yard & Co. This workmanlike and readable novel is an English story, having for its heroine Delia Willett, the daughter of rich people who could not dissuade her from plunging into active socialistic work in London. A millionaire whom she does not know, hears her addressing a meeting, falls in love with her, and contrives that she, in order to raise a large sum for the “Cause,” shall marry a young mechanic—himself in thin disguise. The trick wins her, and though she vows he’s a wretch for a season, it is chiefly

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The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 because of her former hate for the million- aire and snob. The author has turned out a good tale—a sane mixture of the socialistic, purposeful, and often hectic novel, with the healthy story of an admirable love match. There are crudities by the way, such as the poor bluster of the father, and conven- tional turns of phrases. But “The Daugh- " has interest, the interest not of a great or a literary product, but of a faith- fully planned and well told story. ter Uncle John By Anne The Century Co. Seeing England with Warner. New York Uncle John, an American and proud of it, is showing a silent and unseen gentleman called Dilly about England. Uncle John’s niece, married to an Englishman, pursues him throughout the book with ready hospi- tality and no success till the last few pages. The volume consists of the inde- pendent comment of uncle and niece on sights of guide-book interest. In antiphonal chapters the uncle discourses to his dumb companion, and the girl rivals Clarissa Har- lowe in the length of her letters. The fol- lowing is typical of Uncle John’s wit: Curious—very curious! I never saw the place a king lived in before. Look at the soldiers with muffs on their heads: it must be handy to pull down over their ears cold days in winter! As the author states, the method is sten- ographic; it is therefore inartistic. And consequently, as the native humor has little savor, one prefers the twenty odd pages of letters, it should be said, index Yvonne's are fairly pleasant feminine reading Grace Denio Litch- Brown & Co. The field. Gift By Little, Supreme Boston A careless philanthropist, who ruins him- self and his dependents, and whose daugh- ter shows her willingness to marry a de- testable man in order to pay off all money debts—such is the skeleton of this novel. In it “Society’’ is nonchalant, superbly dressed, toys with its priceless fan, and either adores or ignores the poor. The characters who are mancuvred through wear such definite out- but weak; she is a noble Hallam, the vil- lain who can quote French at will, is meant for a puppy, but acts like a puppet. The erring parent worries the reader with his continued hysteric appeals to the Deity. As for the heroine, Joan, the sentimental re- viewer would love her readily for the dan- gers could he convince himself real. One searching “as she is advertised to this “The Supreme Gift” lines as: he is good soul; he is a cad. has passed, that the dangers are earnestly for the novel must be bitterly dis- she be,” appointed in volume. The Nun. By René Bazin. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. This is the story of a weaver's daughter, Pascale, who, with her companion nuns, is expelled from her congregation of St. Hilde- garde by order of government. The others find comparative safety and em- ployments ranging from railway gate-keep- ing to nursing, while she falls into the care of her Adolphe Mouvand. Her rescue the who have maintained a constant watch over her, but while escaping she is shot by Adolphe. The peace in criminal is planned by cousin, sisters book is typically French in its clear construction and dramatic curtness. The indicative mood prevails—things are ex- plained, demonstrated, or reasoned out rather than acted; and the characterization is clever, but compressed for each indi- vidual into a page or so of initial biography. The translation suffers but little from those frequent untranslations or settings over from the original, so often lamentably pres- ent. It is probable that the large success of “The Nun” abroad is due to a sympathy for the plight of the Church, impossible for many American readers to share. Marcia Schuyler. By Grace Livingston Hill Lutz. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippin- cott Co. What starts the series of conventional in- cidents in this romance is the readiness with which David Spafford marries Marcia, the younger sister of Kate Schuyler, to whom he has long been engaged. Kate has just eloped with a military man, and the guests must be given a wedding. In order make the family disgrace too ap- parent, the father suggests that Marcia make amends for her sister's misconduct. She agrees, and her bridegroom instantly remarks: not to Child, you are good to me, and I thank you. I will try to make you happy if you will go with me, and I am sure your going will be a comfort in many ways, but | would not have you go unwillingly. After this beginning the story David's terrible and gradual for Marcia, a would-be lover's stereotyped villany, Kate’s jealous machinations, and the acid tiresomeness of maiden aunts. The date of the action is fixed by the popular- tells of sorrow love ity in its pages of “‘Home, Sweet Home,” and a description of the first steam rail- way. Girlishness is the key-note. Little new, brilliant, or finished in the way of narrative writing can be discovered. The book needs a very hot day and a ham- mock. In the Potter’s House. By George Dyre Eldridge. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. This exhibition of shapes of clay includes the wide extremes that may be met in a Maine village untouched by modern thought It embraces the minister who is of the oldest theological type, and the par- ticularly unpleasant and explicit primitive man. Between these are to be found every shade of the godless and the hell-fearing; deacons and Dogberries with varyingly elastic views of theology and conduct; the young girl who confesses; the woman for whom Christianity was “a theory of salva- tion which, once accepted, marked no real- ly distinctive attitude toward the affairs of practical life,” with whom “two and a half centuries of New England ethics out- weighed nineteen centuries of the Christian Churech.”” The exposition is of sin, intol- erance, dogma, and salvation. While cer- tain incidents may be classed as “‘power- ful’ the really strong is outweighed by the repellant The offers here and there an epigram, but too often recalls Dis- raeli’s criticism of Gladstone that he was “intoxicated by the exuberance of his own writer verbosity.”’ Concerning Lafcadio Hearn. By George M. Gould, M.D. With a Bibliography by Laura Stedman: Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. So much of the best material has already been printed in “The Life and Letters of Lafcadio Hearn,” by Elizabeth Bisland, that Dr. Gould’s volume, as he himself would no doubt gladly admit, must be re- garded as a complement and, to a certain extent, a corrective of that work. For psy- chological value, it is not likely that any documents will be discovered equal to the autobiographical notes on Hearn’s early life and the letters to H. E. Krehbiel pub- lished by Mrs. Bisland. Yet there is much that is interesting in Dr. Gould’s book. To begin with, he approaches the subject from a novel point of view. He is an eye special- ist, well known for a series of studies in which he has derived the eccentricities of various geniuses from faulty vision. In this respect Hearn, with his one eye in- tensely myopic, offered a tempting field which the oculist could not avoid. We confess to have entered with some misgiv- ings upon the chapter called “The Poet of Myopia,” for physical derivations may be so easily exaggerated and are at bottom so dangerously elusive. lt is tempt- ing to explain the almost complete sub- stitution of color for form in Hearn’s de- scriptive writing by the fact that he ac- tually saw the world as a flat plane, and to hold that his ghostly imagination was due largely to the vague and sudden appear- ance of physical objects as they passed into But such a theory to have any Now, Samuel these his vision. real value must be constant. Johnson was also extremely short-sighted, and by the same token he should have writ- ten in the vein of Lafcadio Hearn. The truth is that the substitution of color for form and the delight in the vague and the ghostly and the grewsome are a recognized feature of the whole romantic movement of which Hearn is a late and exaggerated ex- ample. Hearn’s defective vision may have strengthened this romantic tendency. but to look upon it as a cause is to ignore history. And indeed, Dr. Gould does not deny the validity of character, or lack of character, in shaping this artistic impressionism, al- though he subordinates it to the effects of morbid vision. Hearn, he says in the Pref- ace, was ‘deprived by nature, by the neces- sities of his life, or by conscious intuition, of religion, morality, scholarship, magnan- imity, loyalty, character, benevolence.”’ And again, to defend him against the charge of disloyalty to friends: There was nothing behind the physical and neurologic machine to be loyal or dis- loyal. He had no mind, or character, to be possessed of loyalty or disloyalty. For the most part, he simply dropped his friends, and rarely spoke ill of them or of his enemies. There was nothing whatever in him, except perhaps for the short time when he said his friends had given him a soul, to take the cast and function of loyal- ty or disloyalty, gratitude or ingratitude. One does not ask originality or even great consistency of an echo, and, of all men that have ever lived, Hearn, mentally and spir- itually, was most perfectiy an echo. The sole quality, the only originality, he brought to the fact, or to the echo, was color—a peculiar derivation of a maimed sense. He created or invented nothing; his stories were always told him by others. It is an ambiguous form of defence, and, in truth, there is something too much of it in

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. 403 the book. Dr. Gould returns again and again to this essential lack of will and character in Hearn, and his testimony is the more disquieting because he knew Hearn intimately, was Hearn’s host in Philadelphia, and, as he says, inspired the poor outcast with the only notions of mor- ality and faith that ever came to him. In the actual details of Hearn’s life Dr. Gould presents not much that is new. He brings evidence to show that the common. ly accepted story of Hearn’s birth and fam- ily is highly doubtful; he has some words about an unnamed gentleman in Cincinnati to whom Lafcadio was, as it were, consign- ed by a brother-in-law in Ireland, and whv is curiously non-committalabout his charge: “I know nothing, nobody knows anything true of Hearn’s life. He may have been related to my wife’s family, but I never knew.”” We learn also from Dr. Gould that Hearn was discharged from the Cincinnat: Commercial because he sought a license for an open marriage with a colored wo- man; we get rather more precise glimpses of the reckless immorality of the man’s ways in New Orleans and elsewhere (of which we already knew quite enough), but on the whole, the picture of the strange ex- otic wanderer is the same as what we had, only with the shadows darkened. By far the most valuable parts of the book are those in which Hearn’s literary activities are traced. Dr. Gould gives an altogether preciser account of the newspa- per work in Cincinnati and New Orleans. He quotes fully in a note the story of the Tan- Yard Murder case in the Enquirer, which first brought the young reporter into notice —one of the most hideously repulsive things ever written. He reproduces one or twoofthe editorials in the New Orleans Times-Dem- ocrat, including an exposition of Hearn’s theory of translation suggested by ‘‘a num- ber of interesting and severe criticisms up- on translations from foreign authors’ in the Nation; and he gives also a list of these editorials, with the welcome promise that a large amount of Hearn’s work for the Times-Democrat is to be reprinted in book form. And there are other extracts and quotations given by Dr. Gould—bits of strange confession and extraordinary de- scription from letters and fugitive publi- cations,a group of charming Japanese fairy tales, and the like. It is worth while to get this bit of characteristic revery: So that when the long, burning summer comes, and the city roars dustily around you, and your ears are filled with the droning hum of machinery, and your heart full of the bitterness of the struggle for life, there comes to you at long intervals in the dingy office or the crowded street some memory of white breakers and vast stretches of wrinkled sand and far-flutter- ing breezes that seem to whisper, ““Come!”’ So that when the silent night comes,— you find yourself revisiting in dreams those ocean-shores thousands of miles away. The wrinkled sand, ever shifting yet ever the same, has the same old familiar patches of vari-colored weeds and shining rocks along its level expanse; and the thunder- chant of the sea which echoes round the world, eternal yet ever new, is rolling up to heaven. The glad waves leap up to em- brace you; the free winds shout welcome in your ears; white sails are shining in the west; white sea-birds are flying over the gleaming swells. And from the infinite expanse of eternal sky and everlasting sea, there comes to you, with the heavenly ocean-breeze, a thrilling sense of unbound- ed freedom, a delicious feeling as of life renewed, an ecstasy as of life restored. And so you start into wakefulness with the thunder of that sea-dream in your ears and tears of regret in your eyes to find about vou only heat and dust and toil; the awakening rumble of traffic, and ‘the city sickening on its own thick breath.” Besides Dr. Gould’s long and complete analysis of all Hearn’s published works, with extracts from reviews of the time, there is a full bibliography added by Miss Laura Stedman, which includes even the manu- scripts left by Hearn. These two sections will prove perhaps the most valuable part of the book for future writers and publish- ers. One is surprised at the large amount of writing he has already called out, and the high praise he has elicited; one has thought of him rather as the delight of the few, and finds on the contrary that he is in a fair way to rival the international reputation of Poe. Literature and the American College. By Irving Babbitt. Boston: Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. $1.25 net. Professor Babbitt’s readable and admira- bly written little volume is made up of four or five essays already printed in the Nation, the Atlantic Monthly and the Har- vard Graduates’ Magazine, and an equal amount of new introductory matter and con- nective tissue—aliter non fit, Avite, liber. The occasional repetitions and slight de- fects in unity of composition that result from this economy are more than redeemed by the greater wealth of ideas and illustra- tions that deposit themselves in chapters written at different times and revised in altered moods. The central thought of the book is that the old-fashioned culture and discipline of the American College (some- what idealized perhaps in the retrospect) are being crowded out of modern life and education by the encroachment of the sen- timental license of the kindergarten from below, and the pressure from above of spec- ialized pedantry in the graduate school. The remedy is to be found in a return to humanism, as Professor Babbitt would de- fine it—the severe selective and assimi- lative study of great literature in a spirit of high seriousness, equally removed from the philology of the graduate school at one extreme and the impressionism of the extension lecturer at the other. The entire first chapter is given to the working out of this definition with the aid of Gaston Boissier’s study of humanitas. The word in order to serve our purpose must be re- claimed from the pragmatists who have an- nexed its gracious associations to the latest philosophical fad; it must be generalized from its accidental historical connotation of the undiscriminating enthusiasm of renais- sance erudition, or the rigid pedantry of seventeenth century pseudo-classicism; and it must be sharply distinguished from hu- manitarianism with which it is commonly confused. Terence’s ‘“‘Humani nihil a me alienum puto” and Schiller’s “Seid um- schlungen, Millionen” are ejaculations of humanitarianism not formulas of human- ism, which “is more selective in its ca- resses.”’ With Professor Babbitt’s main ideas we are in cordial sympathy. In the chapters on “Literature and the College,” ‘The Doctor’s Degree,’’ and ‘“‘The Rational Study of the Classics,’’ for example, we heartily concur with the essential purport and spirit of Mr. Babbitt’s admonitions, yet with some reserves as to the impression that they are likely to make upon hasty readers. He brilliantly satirizes the aping of scien- tific methods in literary studies, the “hard literalness of mind’’ which deprives even the humanities of all humane quality, the fetich worship of the doctor’s degree, the source hunter who never asks himself whe- ther either model or copy possesses any significance for the human spirit, the stu- dent of comparative literature whose com- parisons have no reference to any absolute standards of literary values, the medizval- ist who is deeply versed in worthless chansons de geste but ignorant of Dante, Petrarch, and Chaucer, the philologist who strains to be “‘literary’’ and achieves only dilettanteism. And if at any time his vi- vacity betrays his ideal of a judicially pois- ed humanism, Turning to scorn with lips divine The falsehood of extremes, he disarms criticism by the deft interposi- tion by the side of every epigram or hyper- bole of its appropriate qualification. Nev- ertheless, we may retort upon him his own treatment of the “Chicago professors,” specimens of whose discoveries he cites from the cheap newspapers. He is aware that the men quoted are generally not pro- fessors, and that the discoveries are large- ly due to the originality of the reporters. But he is only “giving the general impres- sion.” Similarly, our general impression is that Professor Babbitt is not quite fair or generous in his treatment of American clas- sical scholarship. It is not necessary to dwell on the taunt that ‘‘we do not get from our teachers of the classics any equiv- alent of such writing as that of Professor Butcher in England or of Gaston Boissier in France.””’ There may be many reasons be- sides a perverse and narrow scholarship why we have no one man who writes with the charm and abundance of the French Academician. The type of pedant and Dryasdust that provokes Mr. Bab- bitt’s satire—unread in the literature which he professes to teach, incapa- ble of general ideas—is only too com- mon. But the “philological syndicate”’’ that reserves promotion for men of this stamp is surely an exaggeration; and the young philologist who said of one of his col- leagues: ‘“‘He is almost a dilettante—he reads Dante and Shakespeare’’—was evi- dently jesting. The literary pose of the philologist who has arrived is doubtless very funny. But it is unfair to announce that the literary velleities of the philolo- gist are always merely a pose of a mood of dilettanteisni, and never the revelation of an indwelling humanistic spirit. It is impossible to mention names. But many of the foremost American philologists have certainly been lifelong enthusiastic and intelligently appreciative readers of the classics. If some of them are inclined to reserve this humanism for their own inner life and emphasize linguistic and the tech- nique of scholarship in their teaching and writing, they have some excuse in the qual- ity of the students sent up to them from the secondary schools, and the lack of an appreciative public. They do not care to vie in eloquence with the department of “Literature in English,” and they find the class-room hour too short for interpreting

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404 The Nation. [ Vol. 86, No. 2235 literature and life to students who ‘have not learned to construe. In his assault upon doctoral tation Mr. Babbitt sometimes seems to for- get own distinction between the col- lege and the The composition of the dissertation occupies one year at the of eight or more years of classical study The writing of dissertations by students to whom these years have brought neither scholarship nor culture is to be de- disser- the his university. close precated The habitual choice of narrow and trivial themes is a legitimate topic of satire Premature specialization, even in the graduate school, that incapacitates the student for any other choice is a deplorable error. But for the dissertationitselfasan in- strument of graduate instruction something may still be The very experience of producing, seeing through the press, and submitting to thejudgment of the competent one piece of exact scholarly worth may be a valuable preparation for future work. If the candidate for a degree has not acquired scholarship and assimilated culture at this stage of his career, he will not gain these the one year given said. precious possessions in up to his dissertation And the attempt to write a dissertation which the univer- sity is willing to publish is an easily avail- able test of both student and teacher. In practice it is doubtless true that men of in- ferior capacity are, in the competition for too often encouraged to take the degree; and that, partly for this reason, partly from the limitations of the teacher, petty and mechanical subjects are too often is to be numbers chosen or imposed. The remedy sought, not in the complete abandonment of the dissertation, but in the limiting of it to the proper students, as also in the courageous maintenance of high standards and the gradual broadening of our schol- arship. Old and New Japan, By Clive Holland; with 50 colored pictures by Montagu Smyth. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $5.00. The Unveiled Hast. By F. A. McKenzie. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50. The Japanese Nation in Evolution. By W. E. Griffis. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. $1.25 net. The tide of books on Japan still flows. Every reader may have a land to his choice —quot homines tot sententia—and the three volumes on our list represent three differ- ent worlds. Does one love sentiment and a land where every prospect pleases and never man is vile, let him purchase “Old and New Japan"; if he despises, yet fears, the Asiatics, he can satisfy his soul with “The Unveiled East’; while if he wishes studies in history, politics, and religion, there is “The Japanese Nation in Evolu- tion.”’ But if one will read the three works together, he perhaps repeat the old question, What is truth? For example, from “Old and New Japan” we quote: may Owing to the absence of any considerable number of great manufactories, the pol- luting smoke, which is the ban of large Western cities, is never seen hovering like a heavy pall over the Mikado’s Empire. And with the absence of these there is a cor- responding absence of the terrible, soul- destroying, and unhealthy conditions of fac- tory life, which afflicts the more progressive of Western nations—p. 140. | Nevertheless | thor of “The Unveiled East’! And then from “The Unveiled East’’: in the main street of Osaka and gazed around. Was this Japan? A murky river with muddy and malodorous water and carrying many ugly lighters bordered one side of the road. The sky-line was marked by giant factory chimneys, each belching forth its thick, black smoke. The I stood air, heavy, damp, and gloomy, might have | been that of Manchester on an unfavor- able day. A party of women passed by. Where were now the dainty daughters of Japan? These were tired, for factory hours are long in Osaka. Their clothes, shabby and sad-colored, matched their premature- ly aged faces. There were children among them, little girls of nine and ten, had been all day at work in the mills, like their elders—p. 140. “Old and New Japan” is a beautiful piece of book-making—almost noyge of the many beautiful books upon Japan excels it. It has thick beautiful type, broad margins, artistic cover, and charming pictures. author loves the scenes he describes he has sought to understand sympathetically the people with whom he has sojourned. Pictures and text go well together, but, after all, the pictures are the chief attraction. They are delightful. not to be mistaken for photographs or for reproductions of things as they paper, an Its and realistic are. It is Japan arranged, posed, colored, made artistic. In the text, too, we never quite touch reality. Indeed, why should we? Let Japan remain soft, peaceful, po- lite, happy, picturesque, v please us in a brief visit when we desire a picnic. Here there the author goes beyond his and one must nct take his learn- ing too seriously. He transcribes parts of Chamberlain's translation of the ‘‘Kojiki,”’ but evidently he did not read the preface, for he still takes the official chronology at He has heard of the “Ni- hongi,”’ and tells his readers that it has not been completely translated, though Mr. Aston admirably performed that feat years ago. We are informed that Shinto is the true religion of Japan, and that it con- sists in nature worship and reverence for dead ancestors; that patriotism is its off- spring and that Buddhism and Confucian- ism, while modified by Shinto, left the earlier faith intact. None of these state- ments is exact. Original Shinto had noth- ing to do with reverence for dead ancestors, this element in Japanese religion being the offspring of Chinese religion. A cursory study of Mr. Satow’s “Revival of Pure Shin- to” in comparison with the ““Kojiki’’ and the “Nihongi’’ would have shown that it Shinto which has been modified throughout. One notes inaccuracies even in the few and superficial criticisms of the Japanese: “A different price for the foreigners is the recognized rule.” A different price for the rich, the noble, the distinguished Jap- for, with the still re- and province, its face value. , is anese is the recognized rule; traditions of the feudal system maining, price is based on the ability of the purchaser to as indeed it still with lawyers and doctors. the book is a charming des- cription of a charming land and people. But how different it all looks to the au- He discloses an awful reality—the Yellow Peril. He sums up his thesis in the second sentence in the book: “Japan has entered fully upon a campaign of aggressive imperialism.” Again, Men four years ago feared a Russian Col- ossus, but that which men yesterday be- lieved Russia to be in the Far East, Japan pay, is among us who } The policy is forced upon national pride and now is. . . Japan by two causes, commercial interest. Mr. McKenzie assures us that Japan, in seeking to dominate the Pacific, advances along three lines: territorial expansion, in- creased fighting power, and an aggressive commercial campaign. Japan is building up an immense navy, of course for pur- poses of further aggression. The volume is intensely British in its prejudices, fervent- ly anti-Japanese, and journalistic in style It makes serious statements, but without naming authorities. The Japanese are shown, as indeed all confess, brutally to have mistreated the Koreans after the war, when a swarm of the lowest representatives of the race poured into the country. Yet similar indictments have been framed against the Americans in the Philippines, the British in South Africa, the British and the Germans in Africa, and the French in Southern China. We would not mitigate censure by such comparisons, but would point out that a people is always seen at its worst after conquest. For the rest, the increase of Japan’s navy represents a pol- icy of aggression precisely as much as does the increase of the navy of the United States. It is in other directions that Japan turns its energies, in the direction of peace and commerce. That certain industries of the West will find Japan a serious com- petitor is plain; but that Japan when rich will be a less important customer of the United Stutes than is Japan poor it is hard to believe. The book, with all its ear- nestness, is not so true to essential facts as is “Old and New Japan,” for the true East has not unveiled itself to the author’s eyes or mind. Dr. Griffis is our veteran authority upon Japan. He gave us “‘The Mikado’s Empire” in 1876, and jt still remains, in many re- spects, one of our best books upon the sub- ject. For the thirty years succeeding he has faithfully studied the available mate- rial, and it is interesting to compare his last book with his earliest. The volume contains no novelties for those who are familiar with the recognized authorities; and Dr. Griffis makes ample acknowledg- ments of his indebtedness. But he has brought together, in convenient though somewhat ill-ordered shape, the results of his reading. The main purpose of the work seems to be to disprove the Mongolian ori- gin of the nation. He begins by attempting to prove that the Japanese are Aryan; but our older terms for races have lost their significance. Years ago we knew what Aryan meant, but who knows now? The theory is gone and no new one replaces it. If only Dr. Griffis would prove that the Ainu are Aryan, we should rejoice; for then once more the word would have a meaning. Histoire de la Maison de Baglion: Les Bag- lioni de Pérouse, d’aprés les chroni- queurs, les historiens, les archives. Par Comte de La Dufferie. Pp. 571. Poitiers: Société Francaise d'imprimerie et de librairie. This enormous volume is published in two editions; one embellished by 46 full-page illustrations, the other consisting of the text alone. As a work to be placed among the family archives of the French branch of the House of Baglioni it has, no doubt,

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. 405 an excellent raison d’étre; but’ we believe that it will have but scant attractions for the general reader and still fewer for the serious student. To most tourists the Baglioni are known only through an eminently picturesque chapter in the late John Addington Sy- monds’s “Sketches in Italy’; and though some, perhaps, have also profited by Ed- ward Strachan Morgan’s translation of the Chronicle of Matarazzo, there are few who realize what a prominent part that great house played in the history of Perugia from the days of Frederick Barbarossa to the death of Giovan Paolo in 1520 (see the t..o monographs of Count Vincenzo Ansidei on “La storia delle famiglie perugine Bag- lioni e Degli Oddi” 1901 and 1902). Unfor- tunately, however, the Count L. de Bag- lion de La Dufferie fails to perceive that the history of which the wars and violences of the Baglioni formed a part is of in- finitely more importance than are the Bag- lioni themselves. His genealogical tables may be unimpeachable, but his historical knowledge is neither accurate nor profound. We will content ourselves with a single typical instance. In 1358, the Perugians defeated the Sie- nese at Torrita in the Valdichiana, and ad« vanced to the walls of Siena, whence (in the words of one of their own chroniclers) they carried away as a trophy “le catene de la iustizia de Siena,” i. e., the chains of the gallows which stood outside the Por- t. Nuova. In this matter all the chron- iclers, whether Sienese or Perugian, are in agreement; but Count L. de Baglion de La Dufferie will have it otherwise. On page 15, he says: Pérouse connut cependant de beaux succés; celui de 1358 marque un point cul- minant dans sa gloire. Les siennois sont écrasés a Turrita. 42 de leurs banniéres, prises en trophées, sont trainées 4 la queue des chevaux dans la capitale ombrienne, alors que sous les pattes du griffon com- munal les vainqueurs § accrochent les chaines du Palais de Justice de Sienne. We will not discuss the absurdity of the statement that the war of 1358 ‘“‘marked a culminating point in the glory of Perugia” (that misconception has been fully ex- posed in a recent article in the Bollettino Senese di Storia Patria anno xiv., Fasc. iii.) and will confine ourselves to the startling assertion that the Perugians “accrochent les chaines du Palais de Jus- tice de Sienne.’” Where did our author get his facts? His authority is not the chron- icles and archives of his title-page, but none other than “The Story of Perugia,” by Miss Symonds and Miss Duff Gordon. The originator of the fable is, of course, the always inaccurate Bonazzi, who on page 447 of his “Storia di Perugia” informs us: “Si portavano in trionfo le catene del palazzo di giustizia di Siena.” Follow- ing in his footsteps, the authors of “The Story of Perugia” assure us, on page 22: Perugia’s culminating success seems to have been at Torrita in 1358, when the Sien- ese were defeated, and forty-nine banners brought back tied to the horses’ tails, and the chains of the Palace of Justice torn away and hung in triumph at the feet of the Perugian griffin. Elsewhere (p. 118) they convert the chains into keys, and quote the late Adamo Rossi as the authority for their preposter- ous assertion. What Professor Rossi real- ly wrote is this (“Il Palazzo del Popolo in Perugia,” 1864, p. 19): Ai piedi di questi animali (é. e. the bronze griffin and lion above the northern door of the Palazzo) si appesero ... nel 1321 i ferramenti e chiavi delle porte di Assisi, e nel 1358 le catene della gius- tizia di Siena. It is, of course, possible that the Count was misled by this misuse of an honored name; but apparently he preferred to trust to a statement in a modern work by foreign authors rather than to the contemporary chronicles of Siena and of Perugia. Nor does the blunder stand alone. Did space permit, we could adduce plenty more to bear it company. Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne. Ed- ited by Charles Nicoullaud. Vol. IL, 1815-1819; Vol. III., 1820-1830. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. $2.50 net, each. The second volume of the Comtesse de Boigne’s “Memoirs” is of greater interest than the previous volume (reviewed in the Nation September 12, 1907, p. 237), al- tbough the writer’s strong temperamental prejudices invalidate the work as a con- iibution, not to say to history, but even to the interpretation of character. Her cditor has to confess: There is always a substratum of truth ‘n her stories, but she often uses it, though always with wit, to subserve her own inclinations to what she believes to be the welfare of her party. This very worldly countess had above all an aversion to devout and religious spirits. The Queen of Etruria, Marie-Louise de Bourbon, afterwards canonized by Pius IX., was “untidy,” a ‘“‘vulgar personage,” and “her conversation no better than her ap- pearance.” Louise de Condé, abbess of Remiremont, was “low, vulgar, and igno- rant,” the “caricature of the stage-nun,”’ and “one was inclined to sympathize with the Deity, whom she was continually be- slieging with her prayers.”’ Mme. de Boigne relates her experiences at Turin and in England where her father was successively the French representa- tive. One gets a vivid impression of life, er rather its absence, at the beginning of the nineteenth century in the capital of a third-rate kingdom like Piedmont, under 4 narrow-minded king, in a gossiping and ecandal-mongering court, whose only diver- sion was the opera; and of society in Eng- land under the Prince Regent, among its niatch-making women. It is of her own sex that Mme. de Boigne gives the most life- like portraits, and the descriptions are very striking of the mystical Mme. de Kriidener, whose strange influence over the Emperor Alexander is thought to have contributed to the Holy Alliance and the destinies of Europe; of Princess Caroline, wife of the Regent, chasing Murat over Europe and riding through Genoa in attire as suited for the circus as the street; or of Princess Charlotte, whimsical and quick-tempered, but the darling of the English people, whose queen she would have been but for her early death. Mme. de Boigne’s witty cynicism concern- ing her friends inclines the reader to that sympathy towards her husband, with whom she could not live, which she herself felt for the Deity in the case of the Princesse €e Condé. But she is an amusing com- panion from a safe distance beyond the grave, where she has perhaps learned to appreciate the old precept which she did not practise, of only good concerning the éecad. The third volume, completing the work, deserves less consideration. The most viv- id pages are those describing the circum- stances connected with the death of the Duc de Berry, but for the larger part the vol- ume is made up of small talk. To the Top of the Continent: Discovery, Exploration, and Adventure in Sub-arctic Alaska; the first Ascent of Mt. McKinley, 1903-1906. By Frederick A. Cook. Illus- trated. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. $2.50 net. The conquest of Mt. McKinley, the high- est peak in North America, by Dr. F. A. Ccok was a notable feat in mountaineering. For, to the perils and hardships of high Alpine or Himalayan ascents were added most of the difficulties of Arctic explora- tion. The foot of the mountain could be reached only by passing through immense swamps and fording mnumberless icy streams amid constant and drenching rains. Then the climb was over glaciers and up almost perpendicular slopes of crusted snow down which avalanches were continu- ally thundering. Torrid heat and polar cold were at times combined; for the bright burning sunbeams caused to fall “from our faces big beads of perspiration which froze in icy pinnacles on our gar- ments.”’ Significant also is the fact that the summit was reached after an eight days’ climb by Dr. Cook and a single com- panion, who carried on their backs not only food and fuel for a fortnight, but a tent and sleeping bag. A remarkable ex- perience was the immunity from disease in both expeditions: For two months we travelled with wet feet. In rain or sunshine, in wind or calm we went without coats. We slept in drip- ping jungles, on floating marshes, in wind- swept clouds, on wet snow, and in peren- nial frost, . but we never enjoyed better health. No colds, no rheumatism, and no sickness of any consequence was reported. This uniqueness of adventure constitutes the special interest of this account of the two expeditions: the one in 1903, which failed; and the successful one three years later, the story of both of which, it should be added, is an amplification of articles ia Harper's Magazine. As a mere record of travel the book is rather dull, for the task of crossing the wilderness between the coast and the Alaskan range was very monotonous, and months at times elapsed without the party seeing a “speck of hu- man life.” After the first ascent of a rapid and the fording of a mountain torrent, the tale lacks variety, though a few bears were encountered. The explorers saw much big game, and they make an urgent appeal for the establishment of a preserve. Its need is shown by the fact that ‘“‘near the head waters of the Skwent- na River there are thousands of square feet covered with moose hair to the depth of three feet. Here Indians have massacred hundreds of moose in the deep snows, tak- ing only the skins for souvenir moccasins, leaving heaps of heads and tons of meat to rot.” Occasional gleams of humor illu-

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406 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No 2235 mine the narrative and throw light on life in Alaska. For example: We saw a big dory drifting down the stream. A corpulent miner with all kinds of things was in the boat. To our ques- tion: “How far to Youngstown?” he an- swered: “It used to be twenty miles above, but it just moved. I have the town in the dory, and am taking it down the stream ”’ The scientific work of the expeditions seems to have been limited to tracing sev- eral rivers to their glacial sources, and the exploration of an extensive tract along the foothills of the range. The results are given in a sketch of the geology of the Mt. McKinley region, by Alfred H. Brooks, in an appendix. The make-up of the volume is excellent—the sixty-nine full-page illus- trations being portraits, reproductions of photographs of the mountain scenery, and pictures of camp life. One of peculiar in- terest is of a camp just below the top of McKinley, on a slope so steep that “we wrapped ourselves in a bundle with all of our belongings, then lashed the bundle to the axes, which were securely driven into the ice, and in this way we held on for the night.” It is to be regretted that there is no index, and that the routes of the expe- ditions are not marked on the map, as it is difficult from the narrative alone to trace them Science. Attention. By W. B. Pillsbury. Pp. xii, 346. New York: The Macmillan Co net. 2.75 This volume is the English edition of Professor Pillsbury’s “L’Attention,” which was published in 1906 in the Bibliothéque internationale de psychologie expérimen- tale. It is not simply an English version of the French edition, but is revised and enlarged, and contains several new chap- ters. It is a clear, conservative, and com- prehensive presentation of the psychology of attention from a particular point of view. The chief business of psychology is re- garded as the analysis of mind into sensations as its structural elements, and the determination of the ways in which these elementary states function in combination in higher mental pro- cesses. From this point of view Professor Pillsbury leaves little to be desired. De- fining attention as “an increased clearness and prominence of some one idea, sensa- tion, or object, whether remembered or di- rectly given from the external world, so that for the time it is made to constitute the most important feature of conscious- ness,’ he finds it to depend not upon some original conative effort, but upon two gen- eral factors, “the present environment ou the one side, and the entire past history of the individual on the other.”” To these two factors is due whatever prominence any fact in consciousness may possess. A loud noise, for instance, will force its way into consciousness of any person, and com- pel attention. On the other hand, a savage, on account of his habits, will notice a foot- print where a civilized man will see no dis- turbance of the ground. The relations be tween attention thus conceived, and in- terest, ideas, association, memory, will, reason, emotion, and the self are set forth with abundant detail. The methods of measuring attention, its motor concomi- tants, its anatomical basis, its physiology and pathology, prevailing theories regard- ing it, and certain applications of the au- thor’s results to education are considered with similar completeness. The work is marked throughout by accuracy of state- ment, wide familiarity with the literature of the subject, and fairness and discrim- ination in criticism. But in spite of the undoubted excellence of the book, we have read it with a sense of profound disappointment. The disap- pointment is not with Professor Pillsbury’s exposition or scholarship. It is with the results which psychology, as he conceives it. has to offer. That psychology undoubt- edly clarifies mental life at many points, but it raises serious doubts regarding the validity and fruitfulness of its basal con- ceptions. To regard mind as a structure of elementary sensations woven together into complex mental processes impresses us as a decidedly artificial procedure. The con- clusions to which this procedure leads ap- pear deficient in explanatory value; and the ultimate problems to which it gives rise are of a kind which has been discussed without much profit or illumination. In support of this opinion two illustrations from Professor Pillsbury’s book may be cited. As already stated, he finds attention to depend upon the present environment, anda the entire past history of the individual. With regard to these factors he says: These two together are, of course, co- extensive with the known universe in the case of the ideal man. Man’s experience is not alone composed of the comparatively few events which have brought him into direct contact with nature, but through tradition and books he has summed up within himself the entire experience of the human race as a whole in all times and places. On the other side, too, through heredity, it would be possible to trace some small number of the conditions which have to be taken into consideration in explaining any act of attention back to the acts and surroundings of his predecessors in the course of evolution. While no single man reaches this ideal condition, it is yet true for every man that the elements which may be said to determine his attention are not to be found in any chance movement of the body at the moment, in any feeling of pleasure or of effort that may accom- pany or precede the attending. but are to be found in the entirety of the preceding life of the individual and indirectly in the race history of mankind in general. (P. 308.) Does this mean that what psychology has finally to say about the attention we have given to Professor Pillsbury’s book—or to anything else, for that matter—is that it is due to our entire preceding life and the race history of mankind in general? If so. we do not dispute the statement, but we emphatically claim that it is eminently lacking in explanatory value. For the ex- planation, being generally adequate for all cases, is specifically adequate for none. What we desire to know is how the atten- tion of a person of defined mental traits is affected by specified conditions. Take the average freshman in college to-day. What subjects attract his attention and under what conditions? So much psychology of this type eva»- orates into comprehensive generalities. The reason for such a_ disappointing and inadequate result, we believe, resides in the psychological point of view adopted. For, when the mind is conceived as a struc- ture of elementary sensations, it becomes necessary to determine the particular ef- ficiency of any one of these sensations in the process in which it occurs. Since, how- ever, this efficiency is determined by the relation of the element in question to all other possible elements, and the structure of mind is modified by environment an? heredity, we seem at last driven to ‘“‘the entire experience of the human race as a whole in all times and places.”” Were it possible, as some psychologists once hoped, actually to discover genuinely elementary sensations and assign to them definite and > stable values for any process in which they might occur, we might be spared such com- prehensive, but inadequate, explanations. Or if the hypothesis of “mental states” were discarded and psychology concerned itself, not with the “structure of mind,’’ but with the measurement and coérdination of individual reactions, the results reached would probably be marked by greater pre- cision and fruitfulness. Mental traits can be correlated and their correlation measured statistically with marked success. What relation exists be- tween quickness of perception and a ready memory? How far is rapidity in acquiring manual skill coupled with logical ability? How far does mastering one task help in the mastering of a different one? Such questions indicate a psychology of a differ- ent kind from that which has aroused our suspicion, and promises, we believe, more different results. It is when such results are brought out by Professor Pillsbury that his discussion is most illuminating. As an illustration of the unprofitable problems to which the notion of sensations as the structural elements of mind may lead, we may cite Professor Pillsbury’s statement that “psychologists have very generally adopted the doctrine of psycho- physical parallelism.’”’ They have adopted this doctrine because when they consider the problem of the connection between “physical states’’ and “mental processes,” they “seem compelled either to give up the doctrine of the conservation of energy, to abandon all distinction between the bodily and mental processes, or to deny that there is a causal relation between body and mind. Of these possible solutions, modern psychology has chosen the last’ (p. 222). But we fail to see how psycho-physical parallelism is a solution of anything. Not only does it signally fail to explain the connection on which it is invoked to throw light, but it is also inherently unintelligi- ble. “It depends,” and as we read we re- call volumes of discussion of the subject, “in the last analysis upon the fact that no man has ever seen a bodily process pass over into a mental process, and in all prob- ability never will see such a passage”’ (p. 223). We heartily agree that he probably never will. But did any man ever see a “‘bodi- ly process” or a “mental process”? It is as- sumed that we are perfectly familiar with these two kinds of processes, and that they are so clearly distin- guished from each other and so con- trasted that passage from one to the other is not discoverable. Now it is just this familiarity which is crucially necessary to make the doctrine of psycho-physical par- allelism intelligible, but it is also just this familiarity which we do not possess. In the

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. 407 light of this fact we do not hesitate to re- affirm that psycho-physical parallelism is not a solution of any problem. It is rather a statement of the perplexity which may attend psychological theory. The terms “body” and “mind” undoubtedly express a distinction, but the theory of psycho-physi- cal parallelism gives ample warrant for the suspicion that it is unprofitable to inter- pret this distinction in terms of physiobogi- eal states and processes on the one hand end sensations as structural elements of mind on the other. So interpreted, the dis- tinction may eventually confront us with the alternatives suggested by Professor Pillsbury, but we are unwilling to admit that there is any valid necessity for such an interpretation. It is the excellence of Professor Pills- bury’s bovk which has emphasized for us the difficulties on which we have comment- ed. It is a valuable contribution to psycho- logical literature, but it warrants, in our estimation, the opinion that fruitful ad- vance in the science is not accelerated by attempts to construct a system of mental states or processes or by conceiving sensa- tions to be the structural elements of mind. “Strength of Materials: A Manual for Students of Engineering,” by William Charles Popplewell, lecturer at Manchester Municipal School of Technical Engineering (Oliver & Boyd), is a book which, though prepared for English students, will prove of equal value to Americans who wish a short, correct, and rigorous treatment of the subject. It is not, however, by any means complete. “Handbook of American Gas Engineering Practice,’””’ by M. Nisbet Latta (D. Van Nostrand Co.), is on a sub- ject which has hitherto received inadequate treatment in America. In this country, in- deed, no book equal to this one has appear- ei. It is a compilation, and a rather good one, of modern papers on the topic, together with such explanatory and connecting ma- terial as is necessary to make them in- telligible. In “Immuno-Chemistry: The Application of the Principles of Physical Chemistry to the Study of the Biological Antibodies,” by Svante Arrhenius (The Macmillan Co.), is described the pioneer wvrk of Arrhenius and others in that new and promisi.g branch of science, immuno-chemistry—the application of the laws of chemical mechan- ics to the reactions taking place in the blood in consequence of the injection of foreign substances. Although the subject of toxins and antitoxins, or of antibodies in general, has always been fascinating, it becomes, now that it is shown that the laws governing chemical reactions in general also govern these, even more fascinating than before. The book is to be recommend- ed to all who have an elementary knowl- edge of physical chemistry. ‘“Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances: A Handbook of the Most Reliable Quantitative Solubility Determinations,” recalculated and compiled by Atherton Seidell, is pub- lished by D. Van Nostrand Co. In prepar- ing this admirable set of solubility tables Dr. Seidell has earned the gratitude of all chemists. The book should be in every laboratory and chemical library. The irrigation works of our Reclama- tion Service are described in detail by its statistician, C. J. Blanchard, in a re- cent address now published in the Nartonai Geographic Magazine for April. He says that in the summer of 1904 he camped in a vast sage-brush plain in Idaho, thirty miles from any human habitation. Last year a school-house was opened on the site of the camp with 74 pupils; 1400 fam- ilies are living on farms, and three towns with a thousand inhabitants have sprung up where “a trifle over three years ago the eye met nothing but dust, and desola- tion.”” The service has spent more than $120,000,000, ‘“‘and 70,000 miles of canals now carry the life-giving waters to 10,000,000 acres, which each year produce crops val- ued at more than $250,000,000."" The numerous illustrations emphasize the won- derful character and results of the work. Lack of funds has temporarily check- ed the further preparation and publica- tion of the large trilingual ‘“‘Wérterbuch der technischen Wissenschaften,” begun about five years ago by the National-Ver- ein deutscher Ingenieure; but the French government through the Minister of Agri- culture has decided to publish a Technol- ogical Repertorium of. the Industrial Arts anl the Technical Sciences. This is to be not only a philological lexicon of these branches, but also an account of the dif- ferent technological callings, together with an interpretation of technical terms in French, English, and German. The Ger- man and the English parts of the work are to be in the hands of native scholars. “Von der Adria, zum Schwarzen Drin” is a further instalment of 78 pages in the series Zur Kunde der Balkanhalbin- sel: Reisen und Beobachtungen, edited by Dr. Carl Patsch of the National Mus- eum in Serajewo, and published by Dan- iel A. Kajon of that city. The author, Karl Steinmetz, gives a scientific account of travels in portions of Albania, starting from Kalmeti, south of Scutari. He consid- ers geography, topography, ethnology, and related topics. The Naples Table Association for Pro- moting Laboratory Research by Women offers a fourth prize of $1,000 for the best thesis written by a woman on a scientific subject, embodying new observations and new conclusions based on an independent laboratory research in biological, chemical, or physical science. The theses must be in the hands of the chairman of the commit- tee on the prize, Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bos- ton, Mass., before February 25, 1909. The prize will be awarded at the annual meet- ing in April, 1909. Application blanks and circulars giving the conditions of the award of the prize will be furnished by the sec- retary, Mrs. Ada Wing Mead, No. 283 Way- land Avenue, Providence, R. I. Leopold Schrétter, Ritter von Kristelli, professor in the University of Vienna, died April 21 at the age of seventy-one. Dr. Schrétter had made a specialty of laryngology, and is best known popularly for his diagnosis of Frederick of Germany's trouble as cancer and his attendance on the emperor at San Remo. He has a large number of scientific books to his credit, in- cluding: ‘“Endolaryngeole Operation der Kehlkopfpolypen,” ‘‘Laryngologische Mit- teilungen,”’ “Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Tuberkulose,”’ etc. The death in his eighty-ninth year is announced from Vienna of Ludwig Schmar- da, traveller and naturalist. He was pro- fessor of zodlogy at the University of Vienna from 1862 to 1883. Among his works are “Reise um die Erde in den Jahren 1853-7,"" “Zur Naturgeschichte Aegyptens,” and “Neue wirbellose Tiere.” Carl Agardh Westerlund, malacologist and ornithologist, has died at the age of seventy-seven years, in Ronneby, Sweden, where for many years he had been teacher in the grammar school. Besides the large “Fauna der in der Palaarktischen Region lebenden Binnenconchylien” (7 volumes, 1884-1890), and “Skandinaviska foglarnas fortplantningshistoria,”’ 1878-1904, he con- tributed numerous papers to Swedish and foreign scientific periodicals, and was col- laborator in many collections of fauna. Drama. J. B. Lippincott Co. announces that the publication of the Variorum ‘Richard the Third,’ edited by H. H. Furness, jr., has been postponed until the early autumn. The printed edition of Charles Rann Kennedy’s “The Servant in the House,” just published by Harper & Brothers, is a solid and attractive volume, with bold type and choice paper worthy of this notable work. A deliberate study of the text amply con- firms the opinion set forth in these col- umns, after the first stage performance, that it is one of the most notable of re- cent plays, not only on account of its high moral and social purpose, but in its sus- tained interest, its swift, compact, and logi- eal action and its compliance with the classic laws of dramatic construction. All the unities are faithfully observed. The dialogue is of striking quality. It contains but one passage of descriptive and imagina- tive eloquence—Manson’s picture of the ideal church—but is composed of idiomatic English, simple, pregnant, and thoroughly characteristic of the person speaking. Often it is charged with a significance which might easily be less apparent to the spec- tator in a theatre than to the reader, dif- fering vastly in this respect from the flip- pant chatter of most current shows. Almost every phrase in Mr. Kennedy's play is vital to the scene, the main theme, or the de- velopment of character. It is not necessary at this time to repeat the story of the piece with its practical application of the law of universal brotherhood, but it should be said that the power and appeal of it, and the ingenuity with which the interaction of contrasted and vital human types is made to bring about the desired solution of the dramatic problem, are just as apparent upon the printed page as when they are backed by the glamour of the theatre. “Yolanda of Cyprus” (The McClure Co.), by Cale Young Rice, is a passionate melo- drama in verse, of the sixteenth century, and exhibits both literary facility and poetic imagination. It contains, indeed, many melodious and some striking passages, but its general conception is so extrava- gant, its construction so crude, and its semi-miraculous happy ending so con- ventionally theatrical in its futility, that as drama it is inconsiderable. Moreover, the theme is unpleasant, profitless, and un- natural. It is a pity that the ability dis-

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408 The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2235 played in the elaboration of it should not be employed to better purpose. The style is modern though the tale is antique. Stephen Phillips’s dramatization of “The Bride of Lammermoor” will be called “The Lost Heir’’ when it is produced at the London Adelphi by Martin Harvey. The appearance in the Bijou Theatre on Tuesday evening of Henry E. Dixey, in the central character of Jean Aijicard’s ‘“‘Le Pére Lebonnard,” attracted considerable at- tention as an ambitious effort on the part of a veteran farcical comedian to make an upward step in his profession and prove his capacity in the more serious drama. His own individual performance was a distinct- ly creditable, though never brilliant, achievement. It was simple, natural, and sympathetic, but neither the humor nor the pathos of it had much depth, while the pas- sion showed more of external than internal convulsion. Nevertheless, considering the antecedents of the actor, it was a respect- able achievement. Unfortunately, the adapters had divested the play of nearly all its finer qualities, leaving nothing but the skeleton of the story, while the supporting cast was wholly unequal to the task as- signed to it. The representation of the play given here by Signor Novelli was vastly superior in every respect One of the current theatrical successes in Paris is a Russian revolutionary melo- drama, “‘Le Grand soir,” translated from the German of Leopold Kampf by Robert @’ Humiéres, and played at the Théatre des Arts. It reproduces in realistic fashion police raids upon the secret resorts of con- spirators, and the ruthless dispersal of mobs of strikers by volleys from cavalry carbines. The piece apparently is one suc- cession of thrills from beginning to end. Music. One of the best compliments ever paid to an American author by the Germans was their ucceptance of Alexander Thayer's as the standard biography of Beethoven. Thay- er devoted most of the leisure hours of his long life to this task, yet he died (1897) before he had completed much more than half. The third volume of his biography appeared in 1879; the fourth has just been issued by Breitkopf & Hartel, and the fifth is to follow next year. The whole work, however, is no longer Thayer's alone. The first volume has been revised and brought up to date, and the second and third are being edited now and may be expected within two years. The fourth and fifth are largely from the pen of Herman Dei- ters, who built on the foundations left by Thayer two volumes which take cognizance of everything of value in regard to Bee- thoven brought forth since Thayer's death. When completed, the Thayer-Deiters Bee- tboven will be a monumental work, to be classed with Spitta’s “Bach,”’ Jahn’'s “Mozart,"’ Chrysander’s ‘‘Handel,”’ Pohl’s “Haydn,” Glasenapp’s ‘“‘Wagner,” and Ra- mann’s “Liszt.” It should be added that Hugo Riemann has provided the new Vol- ume IV. with a preface, corrections, and additions, as well as an index. In a search for material for a biography of Nicolo Paganini, Aristide Manassero, the music critic, has found at Chiavari four un- published nocturnes for violin and piano, twenty-five autograph letters, and a Steiner violin which belonged to that composer. Hitherto only a fragment of a movement for violin and piano had been known. Simi- lar discoveries and the fact that much valuable musical material lies neglected in public and private libraries in Italy has led Guido Gasparini, the librarian of the Con- servatory of Music at Parma, to form an association for the double purpose of mak- ing an inventory of the autograph music, written before the nineteenth century, ex- isting in Italy, and of taking steps for its preservation. The convention of musicians to be held in Ferrara in May is expected to support this movement. The death is announced of Joseph Sucher, who was appointed conductor of the Royal Opera at Berlin in 1888 and retained that post for a decade. He was born in 1843, studied law in Vienna, but soon took up music as a profession. In 1876 he was ap- pointed conductor of the Leipzig opera, and married the famous dramatic soprano, Rosa Hasselbeck. In 1878 both were engaged by Pollini for Hamburg. Ten years later they became members of the Royal Opera in Ber- lin. Art. with Outline Drawing White Ground. With 15 Plates New Athenian Lekythoi in Glaze Varnish on a By Arthur Fairbanks. and 57 Illustrations in the Text. York: The Macmillan Co. The white Athenian lekythoi, or oil-jugs, form a distinct class in the history of Greek vase-painting. The delicate draw- ing on them and the varied scheme of their coloring have long made them one of the most interesting subjects of study for the archzologist. Several books and many articles have been written about them, notably Pottier’s “Etude sur les lécythes blancs attiques a représentations funéraires”; but the subject has by no means been exhausted. The present mono- graph supplies a much-felt need. It gives us a systematic classification of white le- kythoi into well-defined groups, which are, in the main, chronological, so that each series can be dated within ten or twenty years. The two large classes into which the author divides his material are lekythoi in which the lines of the drawing are in glaze, and lekythoi in which the lines are in dull color. The present volume deals with the glaze-outline lekythoi; the second class is reserved for another oc- casion. The purpose of the author is not to make a thesaurus, but to study white lekythoi in their relation to each other and to vases in a different technique. The result of this minute research is to fix approximately the time of lekythoi with glaze outline drawing between 475 and 430, B. c. Within this period the writer places four distinct groups, subdivided into eight smaller classes. Under each class is given a list of vases, described in detail, which show the required character- istics. The number of vases described is large; many are published for the first time, and as the book is well illustrated, we gain a clear survey of the field. The concluding chapter deals with the scenes depicted on white lekythoi. In Athenian vases of the fifth century we can generally judge of the purpose which they served by the scenes depicted on them. The exact uses for which white lekythoi were employed is an interesting problem. Some time after the middle of the fifth century they seem to have been used only in connection with burials, since scenes connected with death and the grave occur to the exclusion of oth- ers. But before that domestic scenes are prevalent and during that time these white lekythoi were doubtless used by the women as simple toilet vases. Scenes connected with mythology and religion are also of common occurrence. In connection with these the author makes an interesting ob- servation. He points out that while on black-figured vases “the gods are depicted as engaged in some form of distinctly hu- man activity,” the painter of the white lekythos selects rather “the human act of worship” and treats the gods almost al- ways from this standpoint. This leads the author to surmise that some of these lekythoi were intended for use in a relig- ious ceremony. Just what use there would be for small perfume jars in connection with worship cannot be determined from the dita at our command. But, as the au- thor says, it is by no means unlikely that perfumes as well as incense were used in the ceremony of burnt offerings. As regards the much-discussed problem of the place of manufacture of the white lekythoi found outside Attica, the writer is in favor of an Attic origin for the Sicilian lekythoi, since “the slight dif- ferences between them and the lekythol found in Attica are just such as might be expected between products for export and products for the local market.” For the Eretrian vases also an Athenian origin is claimed; unless, indeed, Athenian workmen went over and worked in Eretria itself. The only white lekythoi which are undoubtedly of non-Attic manufacture are those from Corinth. They form a class by themselves in that they are rude in shape and rudely decorated; moreover, they seem to be made of Corinthian clay, and thus are certainly a local product. It is to be hoped that the author will soon bring out the second part of his book, treated in the same thorough and scholarly manner. The most important articles in the Burlington Magazine for April are devoted to Puvis de Chavannes, and to the Ameri- can, Albert P. Ryder. In the former, which is described as ‘‘A Chapter from Modern Painters,” Charles Ricketts treats Puvis, mainly, as a great inventor in landscape— with Millet almost the only innovator in the essential pattern of landscape design. The study of light he dismisses in a paragraph worthy of quotation: This new study is in itself hardly more valuable than the conquest of relief which was the aim of the Tenebrosi. If this fashion in the painting of the seventeenth century stifled painting, and poisoned the color sense of a whole period, the land- scape painters’ rendering of the glitter of sunlight and sunset has disintegrated the plastic sense, narrowed the outlook, and established a convention in the conduct of pigment which is unsuited to the expres- sion of form, and so affected the standard of figure painting. At any rate it has be-

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XUM April 30, 1908] The Nation. 409 come a common fashion hardly more valu- able than the light, animated manner affect- ed by Ricci and Piazetta, who reacted against the cellar light of the Tenebrosi. If this is not all the truth, it yet contains an element of truth worth considering by our modern figure painters. Roger Fry writes of Ryder with much sympathy, and illustrates his article with five reproduc- tions, which succeed in conveying more of that painter’s strange impressiveness than one would have thought translatable into black and white. In the Rassegna d’Arte for April Nelly Erichsen reports the discovery of a series of damaged frescoes by Benozzo Gozzoli in the Church of S. Francesco Lucca. Of these the Presentation and the Marriage of the Virgin, in a single composition, are fairly preserved, and seem a distinct ad- dition to the work of this prolific master. Vv. Fazio Allmayer continues his concise but meaty articles on “The Arabs and Art in Sicily."". He makes a good case for the originality of Saracenic art—the Byzantine origin of which has frequently been as- sumed—and for its enduring influence in Sicily, particularly in textile design. “The Architecture of Greece and Rome: a Sketch of its Historic Development,” by William J. Anderson and R. Phené Spiers, has been issued in a second edition, revised and enlarged by Mr. Spiers (imported by Charles Scribner’s Sons). The first edition was reviewed at length in these columns March 12, 1903. We then noted that the book contained excellent material; that the contribution of William J. Anderson was valuable, and that the work of Mr. Spiers was the most trustworthy and suggestive to be found anywhere; but that the work was not well arranged, and in spite of valuable illustrations and sound teaching was inadequate. The present issue is im- proved in every important respect. The contents have been carefully rearranged. There are nearly eighty new illustrations (255 in all), and but few of those of the first edition have been dropped. Among the new are the plan of the palace at Cnossus and several details of sculpture from the same building, a valuable set of plans of the Selinus temples, and a plan of the famous temple-group at Baalbek. There is also much new text; and there are useful tables, such as the chronological list of Greek temples and other buildings, and chronological lists of historical events. The work is now an excellent book of ref- erence, and if it is hardly interesting to read, that defect is the almost inevitable result of the compact presentation of so much and such varied material. The posthumous book of J. K. Huysmans —‘Trois églises et trois primitifs’—is in the best style of his later years. The three churches are of Paris, with their art full of the symbolism of the ages of faith, and with all sorts of human incrustations from their centuries of growth; and the three artists are Primitives of like kind. The prose of this writer, and perhaps his in- cisive, original thought, seem likely to have more influence after his death than during his life in its disconcerting course. “Benvenuto Cellini 4 Paris sous Francois ler,” by Gailly de Taurines, is a book deal- ing lightly with the love and gallantries of the great artist who took pains to docu- ment posterity for his history; the volume belongs to the collection Bibliothéque du vieux Paris. Paul Klincksieck and Th. Vallette, chem- ists at the Gobelins, publish a “Code des couleurs,” with 720 color types, as a prac- tical means by which naturalists, artists, merchants, and manufacturers may under- stand “with certainty’’ the designations made of distinct shades of color. It is a simplification of the Chevreul method. Among the exhibitions at the dealers’ galleries in this city are paintings by wom- en at Knoedler’s, till May 2; paintings by Matilda Browne at George A. Glaenzer & Co.’s, May 5; and mezzzotints, W. K. O’Brien & Co.’s, May 30. Finance. THE OUTFLOW OF GOLD. During the last fortnight there has been exported, from New York to Europe, $9,- 000,000 in gold, and by all indications, a much larger export is to follow. Exactly what does this mean? When our bankers. at the time of panic, went into Europe's markets, and, through the bid of 5 per cent. premium, drew $85,000,000 gold from Eu- rope, and some $15,000,000 more from other parts of the world, the question whether that gold would stay in the United States was much discussed. Something was to be said on both sides. The most obvious contention was that, in theory, at all events, this $100,000,000 foreign gold was borrowed for an emergency, and should normally be returned when the emergency was over. True, this gold was not obtained through the placing of ‘‘finance bills” by our bank- ers, like those put out in London, Paris, and Berlin, when they drew on Europe for the great Wall Street speculation of 1906. The gold imports of last Novem- ber and December were largely financed through drafts, in advance of shipment, on European merchants’ purchases of our grain and cotton. Nevertheless, the fact was that we procured this gold, not on an ordinary basis of exchange, and not to pro- vide for expanding trade, but simply and solely because some $200,000,000 in cash had been taken by hoarders out of the chan- nels of circulation. So long as this hoard- ing continued, there was an economic need for the new gold; had our inland trade ex- panded further after the $100,000,000 im- port, the gold might have been required as a basis for this larger volume of business. But in point of fact, commercial activity, at the opening of April, as measured by ex- change of checks at the country’s clearing- houses, was less by 33 per cent. than a year before; and, in the face of this diminished need for _ circulating medium, the currency in_ circulation, outside the Treasury. was $174,000.000 more than on April 1, 1907. For it must be remembered that, quite aside from the gold imports, the Treasury dur- ing the panic threw $79,000,000 of its cash surplus into the banks, and national bank note circulation was increased by $85,000,- 000. In the period which provides the nearest parallel—that which followed the panic of 1893—a similar movement ensued. In the panic months we imported, through pay- ment of a premium, $61,000,000 of gold, and put out $26,000,000 new bank currency. In 1893 a heavy Treasury deficit reduced the public surplus (in 1907 it was released through deposit in banks); the net result was an increase of $144,000,000 in the circu- lating medium, between midsummer, 1893, and the end of January, 1894. Yet, at the last-named date, the country’s clearing- house exchanges, and hence, inferentially its volume of trade, were running less by 32 per cent, than a year before. The sequel to these conditions, during 1894, was a de- cided movement of international exchange rates against this country, and, in the end, export of $80,000,000 gold. The force of this precedent was conceded, three or four months ago, but the reply was that we were paying for last autumn’s imported gold by export of commodities, if indeed we had not already paid for it. Our exports had increased since the panic to a magnitude quite unparalleled—which was natural when producers were anxious to raise cash on goods for which the domestic sale was slow. Our imports fell to the lowest point in four years—which was also easy to explain, when the buying craze of a few months earlier had suddenly van- ished. Consequently, not only did the ex- cess of merchandise exports over imports surpass the highest previous monthly rec- ords, but it ran, during December, $58,- 000,000 beyond the excess of December, 1906, and in January $57,000,000 beyond that of January, 1907. Here, it was contended, was visible evi- dence that at least the $100,000,000 gold im- ports of the panic period had been paid for, and therefore need not be returned. The argument was plausible; but it was offset by two considerations. First, the course of merchandise trade, after 1893, was precisely similar. In the twelve months before that panic outbreak, imports exceed- ed exports by $18,700,000; in the next twelve months the export excess was no less than $237,000,000. Yet, as we have seen, even more gold went back to Europe during 1894 than we had imported in the pre- ceding pan'c. But there is yet a second point. Every one who has studied the bewildering prob- lem of international trade and internation- al gold movements knows that export and import of merchandise is only one factor in the case. What is commonly called the “invisible trade balance’ plays an impor- tant and at times a leading part. By that term is meant, either export and import of securities, or the movement of capital to be loaned outright, in the open markets of one country _or another. Europe may have bought our securities at the low prices of the panic; but if it did, it prob- ably sold them back when our prices had gone up 20 or 25 points in the recovery ot January and March. As for uninvested capital, it must be recalled that for several years our rates tor loans, in the Wall Street market, have been far above those obtainable in Europe. At times, long before the panic, an actually extravagant rate was bid by New York tor European capital, and that capital was certainly taken in quantity from Europe. But with the panic shock, the bursting of the bubble of speculation, and the reduc- tion of one-third to one-half in trade ac-

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condition of the money mar- Instead of bidding higher our borrowers bid as is no demand for loans for two brought loans tivity, this ket changed rates than Europe's, people do when there money This week, when months, on Wall Street collateral, 2% per cent., and when three months’ commanded only 2%, similar loans for the maturities have gone at 4% per cent. same in Berlin and Vienna, at 3 to 3% in Am- sterdam and Brussels, and at 2% even in Paris and London. In other words, New | Chambers, Julius. York to-day bids less for money than any | European market. This is most unusual; the inevitable sequel is that capital vested here will go home to Europe. its transfer cannot fail to move exchange rates heavily against us and start the east- ward flow of gold. How large the outflow will be, on other considerations—on oer foreign trade, for one thing, and therefore on our harvests, and on the question whether re- vival of our internal trade will once more stimulate home demand for money. But in the meantime, with the New York sur- plus bank reserves already at the highest level reached since 1898, the gold sent back will not be missed by domestic markets. BOOKS OF THE WEEK. Allen, George Henry, and others. Supple- mentary Papers of the American School of Classical Studies in Rome Vol. il Macmillan Allier, Raoul. Le Protestantisme au Japon in- | But | depends | don: Anti-Socialist Press. Deering, John R. Lee and His Cause. Neale Publishing Co. $1.50. De Garmo, Charles. Principles of Sec- ondary Education. Vol. II. Macmil- lan. $1 net. Earle, F. 8. Southern Agriculture. Mac- millan $1.25 net. Eldridge, William Tillinghast. Meryl. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50. Eliot, Sir Charles. Turkey in Europe. Lon- don: Edward Arnold. Ellis, Havelock. The Soul of Spain. Bos- ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2 net. | Ferguson, W. B. M. Zollenstein. Apple- tons. $1.50. Ford, Sewell. Side-stepping with Shorty. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50. Ganghofer, Ludwig. Gesammelte Schrift. en. Second Series. Lemcke & Buechner. Gardner, William Amory. In Greece with Hasse, Adelaide R. Index of Economic Material in Documents of the States of the United States, Rhode Island, 1789- 1904. Washington: Carnegie Institution. | Henshall, James A. Favorite Fish and Fishing. Outing Publishing Co. $1.25 net. Herrick, Robert. The Master of the Inn. Scribners. ] Jones, J. Arnold. A Short Practice of Aural Surgery. Lane. $1.75. Paris: Felix Alcan. Barrus, Clara. Nursing the Insane. Mac- millan. $2 net. Bates, Arlo. The Intoxicated Ghost and Other Stories. Boston: Houghton, Mif- fliin & Co. $4.50. ' Battell, Joseph. Ellen, or Whisperings of an Old Pine. Vol. Il American Publishing Co. Boileau, Selections from. Kuhns. Boston: Heath. Brown, Alice. Rose Macleod. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50. Carter, John F., jr. The Destroyer. Publishing Co. $1.50. Edited by Oscar 50 cents. Boston: Neale Middlebury, Vt.: | | Mitchell On a Margin. Kennerley. $1.50. Connor, Arthur B. Highways and Byways in Hampshire. Macmillan. 2. Corbin, John. Which College for the Boy?

Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50 | net. Crooker, Joseph Henry. The Church of To- day. Boston: Pilgrim Press. Cust, R. H. Hobart. Leonardo Da Vinci. London: George Bell & Sons. Daw, George W. Socialism Unmasked. Lon- the Classics. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. Goethe, J. W. von. Poetry and Truth from My Own Life. Translated by Minna S. Smith. 2 vols. London: George Bell & Sons. Hardy, Thomas J. The Gospel of Pain. London: George Bell & Sons. | Harper, Walter B. The Utilization of Wood Waste by Distillation. Van Nos- trand Co. $3 net. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774- 1789. Vol. X. Washington: Government Printing Office. Kennedy, Charles Rann. The Servant in the House. Harpers. $1.25. . Lanehart, Lola. Drift O’ Dreams. Los An- geles, Cal.: Times-Mirror. The Husbands $1.25. McCutcheon, George Barr. of Edith. Dodd, Mead & Co.

The Economic Functions National Tri- John. Washington: McElroy, of Vice. bune. More, Paul Elmer. Shelburne Essays. Fifth Series. Putnams. $1.25 net. Moryson, Fynes. An Itinerary. Vols. III and IV. Macmillan. $3.25 net each vol. Noyes, Ella. The Story of Milan. Mac- millan. $2. Okabe-Kakuya. Japanese Sword Guards. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. Orr, Mrs. Sutherland. Life and Letters of Robert Browning. Revised edition. Bos- ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2 net. Palmer, George Herbert. The Life of Alice Freeman Palmer. Boston: Houghton, Mif- flin & Co. Partsch. Herman. Message Paul Elder & Co. $1.50 net. Report of the New York Produce Exchange. 1907. John Polhemus Printing Co. Report of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the American Bar Association, 1907. Vol. XXXI. Baltimore: The Lord Balti- more Press. Sabatier, Paul. An Open Letter to His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Translated by John R. Slattery. Boston: Sherman, French & Co. 60 cents net. Schechter, S. Studies in Judaism. Phila- delphia: Jewish Publication Society of America Schultze, Ernst von. Kulturgeschichtliche Streifziige. Lemcke & Buechner. Scollard, Clinton. Voices and Visions. Bos- ton: Sherman, French & Co. $1 net. Sedgwick, Henry Dwight. The New Amer- ican Type and Other Essays. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50 net. Stanton, Stephen Berrien. The Essential Life. Scribners. $1 net. Sullivan, T. R. Lands of Summer. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50 net. Thayer, William Roscoe. Italica: Studies in Italian Life and Letters. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50 net. Van Dyke, John C. The Money God. Scrib- to Mothers. Boston: ners. $1 net. Wales, Hubert. The Yoke. Stuyvesant Press. $1.50. The Disinherited. J. 8. $1. Some Nature Biographies. Wallace, George. Ogilvie Publishing Co. Ward, John J. Lane. $1.50. Watts, W. Benedict. The Engineers’ Quiz Book. Democracy and Civil Service News. Webb, M. de P. India and the Empire. Longmans. $1.20 net. Woodward, Ida. In and Around the Isle of Purbeck. John Lane Co. Yardley, Maud H. Nor Ail Your Tears. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.50.

As The Hague Ordains Journal of a Russian Prisoner's Wife in Japan. By Eliza R. Scidmore. Illustrated. $1.50 net. Living Age—‘‘One closes it with virtuous satisfaction, firmly convinced that one has learned something of Russia and of Russian feeling Instantly takes rank as far above anything preced- ing . it." i = : ‘ HENRY HOLT & CO., N. Y. Children’s Books and Reading By MONTROSE J. MOSES In consultation with librarians of children’s libraries, Mr. Moses has written a book that will ‘‘make instant appeal to parents, teachers, and librarians.”’ — Boston Globe.

Write for prospectus. 288 pp., Cloth, $1.50 net (postpaid) MITCHELL KENNERLEY al\\ Publisher NEW YORK

| ‘Comparative | Electro-Physiology By JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE, M.A., | D.Sc. Professor, Presidency College, Calcutta. $5.75. | 8vo. Bs xl vii-760. _LONGMANS, GREEN, & & CO. New York OUR COLONIAL CURRICULUM By COLYER MERIWETHER, Ph.D. WJ. H. U.) The only book in existence devoted tothat subject. 8vo, 301 pages. Cloth, $2.00 prepaid. Only a sma!l edition. CENTRAL PUBLISHING COMPANY WASHINGTON, D. C.

LIBRARY RESEARCH | Topics of all kinds and in any language looked | up in the Bosten and Harvard libraries for schol- ars, writers, and others Abstracts, copies, trans- | lations, and bibliographies made. Proof-reading | Highest BUCKINGHAM, university | Boston, Mass. | | } ' and revision of manuscript anl library references. MISS M. H. on 96 Chestnut Street, NOTES ON CHAUCER. jo Preise . the Prolog and Stx Canterbury Tales. By HENRY BARRETT HINCK LEY. 260 pages, beside Index and Bibliography. Cloth, gilt top. Now ready. Price $3.00. Circular on a cation. Address THE NONOTUCK PRESS, Box

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Fifth Series ShelburneEssays By PAUL ELMER MORE Crown vo. $1.25 net. CONTENTS: The Greek Anthology The Praise of Dickens George Gissing Mrs. Gaskell Philip Freneau Thoreau’s Journal The Centenary of Longfellow Donald G. Mitchell James Thomson (‘B.V.’’) Chesterfield Sir Henry Wotton ‘We believe that we are in the pres- ence of a critic who must be counted among the first who take literature and life for their theme.’’— London < peaker. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, My.xsck,

A Noteworthy New Book BLISS CARMAN’S THE MAKING OF PERSONALITY

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. ix (ee THE STUDY OF STELLAR EVOLUTION An Account of Some Modern Methods of Astrophysical Research By GEORGE ELLERY HALE CONTENTS The Problem of Stellar Evolution | Astronomical Advantages of High Altitudes The Student of the New Astronomy The Mount Wilson Solar Observatory The Sun as a Typical Star The Snow Telescope Large and Small Telescopes Some Uses of Spectroheliograph Plates Astronomical Photography withCameraLenses A Study of Sun-Spots Development of the Reflecting Telescope | Stellar Temperatures Elementary Principles of Spectrum Analysis The Nebular Hypothesis Grating Spectroscopes and the Chemical Com- Stellar Development position of the Sun | The Meteoritic and Planetesimal Hypotheses Phenomena of the Sun’s Surface | Does the Solar Heat Vary? The Sun’s Surroundings | The Construction of Large Reflecting Tele- The Spectroheliograph scopes The Yerkes Observatory | Some Possibilities of New Instruments Opportunities for Amateur Observers The introduction of photographic methods, the improvement of telescopes, and the rapidly increasing appreciation of the value to astronomy of physical instruments and processes have revolutionized the observatory. From a simple observing station, it has been transformed into a great physical laboratory, where images of the sun and stars are studied with many powerful instruments, and celestial phenomena are experimentally imitated with the aid of electric furnaces and other sources of intense heat. The result has been a great gain in our knowledge of the origin, development, and decay of stars This book explains in a popular way how the life histories of the sun and stars are inves- tigated. 104 half-tone plates, made-from the best astronomical negatives, place before the reader the most recent results of celestial photography in most of its phases. Professor Hale has shown a most unusual skill in the adapting of difficult material to the popular comprehension. After reading his fascinating chapters, the man of average learning will have a clear idea of the latest phases of theory and investigation in the most stupendous of all problems. 250 pages, 104 plates, 8vo, cloth; net $4.00, postpaid, $4.27. ADDRESS DEPT. 21 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO NEW YORK and

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x The Nation. [Vol. 86, No. 2235 Not condensations or abstracts or extracts, but complete articles, reproduced Not Scraps and Snippets without change from the leading English quarterlies, monthlies and weeklies, by the ablest writers, on the most timely and important subjects, go to the making of THE LIVING AGE Published weekly, it is able to present its material while the topics considered are still fresh in the public mind. With the whole range of English periodical literature to select from, it is able to present more important articles by well known and brilliant writers than any other single magazine. It publishes The Best Fiction The Best Literary Criticism The Best Essays The Best Travel Articles The Ablest Discussions of Public Affairs The single numbers are light and easy to hold, and the reading matter is not smothered in advertising. The numbers for a year contain as much as two of the four-dollar magazines. The LIVING AGE has been published every Saturday without missing an issue for 64 years, and was never more indispens- able than now to intelligent readers. . 7 . ° 2 , ic , ; xc ; , , t int- THE LIVING AGE is Alone in its Field The only American Magazine exclusively devoted to he reprin ing, without abridgement, of the most important and interesting articles from the best English periodicals. Specimen copy free. Terms: $6.00 a Year. Three Months’ Trial Subscription, $1.00. THE LIVING AGE COMPANY, 6 Beacon Street, BOSTON, MASS. NEW CLARENDON PRESS PUBLICATIONS THE WORKS OF ARISTOTLE, Translated into English under the Editorship of J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross. Part 1. The Parva Naturalia. $1.15. BIOGRAPHIA LITERARIA. By S. T. Coleridge. Edited, with his zsthetical essays, by J. Shawcross. 2 vols. Crown 8vo, $2.75. THE OXFORD BOOK OF FRENCH VERSE—Thirteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Chosen by St. John Lucas. Uxzjorm with the Oxyord Book of English Verse. Cloth extra, gilt top, $1.90. India paper, cloth extra, gilt edges, $2.60. ** From the ‘ Belle Erembor’ of the twelfth century to the ‘Sagesse’ of Verlaine in the nineteenth, here is a stream of melody and grace, of gau/ois humor, sly wit, and pathetic revery which may stand beside the anthology from any language We have only praise for Mr. Lucas's taste and scope. He has made a volume to read and to keep.""—N. Y. Evening. Post, January 17, 1908. THE WRITING OF ENGLISH. By P. T. Hartog. Crown 8vo, cloth, 60 cents. **A4 new book that every teacher of composition should masticate. A distinct contribution to the history of style."’— N. Y. Nation, January 23, 1908. BONAPARTISM. Six Lectures delivered in the University of London, by H. A. L. Fisher, Fellow of the British Academy. 8vo, cloth, $1.15. Sent postpaid on receipt of price. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, AMERICAN BRANCH, 29-35 West 32d St., New York

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April 30, 1908] The Nation. xi A HANDBOOK OF MUSIC HISTORY For Classes, Musical Clubs and the Home Student OUTLINES OF MUSIC HISTORY CLARENCE G. HAMILTON, Lecturer and Associate Professor of Music, Wellesley College TMustrated. Price, $1.50 postpaid PRACTICAL POINTS FOR STUDENTS 1. Paragraphs are numbered consecutively and 4. Notes on representative works of the great com- have specific headings, enabling the student at one | posers to serve asa basis for the study of musical com- glance to get the gist of an entire paragraph. positions as illustrative of the development of music. 2. The book is divided into sections, each of which 5. Comprehensive sketches of modern p s. contains the amount of work the average pupil can pre- pare in one lesson. 3. Each chapter ends with a summary (a great as- sistance in review work and for examinations) and a reading list of references to standard works on the his- tory of music. 8. Complete index. 6. Chronological tables of events ‘n music history paralleled with contemporaneous events in general and American history. 7. Many illustrations, portraits, music examples. SOME APPRECIATIONS : It is intended primarily for class work, but also for the general reader. It has been the author’s aim to survey the entire field of musical development in the light of recent research, and he has succeeded in making a volume commendably free from superfluous facts. There are numerous illustrations, including portraits of the leading composers.—/NVation. As a very concise text-book on its subject, a basis from which the teacher can work to a more elaborate presentation of the subject, this book can be cordially recommended.—Louis C. Elson, Boston Daily Advertiser, This book of Hamilton’s is in the Music Students Library and it is certainly one of the best things in its line that has been recently produced. __ It is short, concise and at the same time comprehensive. It is a book that every student of music should have in his library. — The Musical Courier. There is a valuable little table in parallel columns, synchronizing the milestones in music’s long record with the chief events in world’s history. Prof. Hamilton’s study is condensed in form, and, while it makes no claim to be more than an outline, it may be commended within its intended scope.—New York Tribune. Prof. Hamilton’s ideas are admirable. He writes of musical development, makes comparisons, gives illustrations, and, in fact, offers to the student a charming book on many musical subjects. Instead of giving dry facts, the professor has incorporated his messages of enlightenment in attractive guise, presenting his very important subject in a pleasing and bright manner. The reference list closing each chapter adds to the strength of the “Outlines.” —The Seattle Post-Intelligencer. The author gives acceptably a concise survey of the entire field in the light of recent research. —The Chicage Daily News. OUTLINES OF MUSIC HISTORY is one of the Music Students Library of which sixteen volumes have so far been published. Send for a descriptive list OLIVER DITSON COMPANY, Boston CHAS. H. DITSON & CO., New York LYON & HEALY, Chicago J. E. DITSON & CO., Philadelphia Order of your home dealer or any of the above houses

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[ Vol. 86, No. 2235

Your choice of 318 Standard Volumes at only 35c. per vol. cloth, and 70c. leather. This unusual offer allows every lover of books to establish a library of the best literature at a very moderate cost. Postage 7c. per volume. Through the Everyman’s Library you can buy one book at a time or as many more as you please and in the order in which you want them. Partial list of the books found in Everyman’s Library, list even-

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